1.2 AAO part_of NCBITaxon:8292 ABA Alan Ruttenberg Alex Decechi Alexander Diehl Ann Maglia Anna Anagnostopoulos Anne Niknejad Aurelie Comte BILA BSPO Bgee Project - http://bgee.unil.ch Bill Bug Brian K Hall CARO Carlo Torniai Ceri Van Slyke Chris Mungall - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cynthia Smith David Blackburn David Hill David Osumi-Sutherland Duncan Davidson EHDAA EHDAA2 part_of NCBITaxon:9606 EMAPA EV Erik Segerdell FBbt part_of NCBITaxon:7227 FBdv part_of NCBITaxon:7227 FMA part_of NCBITaxon:9606 Frederic Bastian GO Gene Ontology Consortium George Gkoutos HAO part_of NCBITaxon:7399 Hilmar Lapp HsapDv part_of NCBITaxon:9606 ISBN-10:0226313379 Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation, Hall ISBN-10:0443065837 Human embryology, Larsen ISBN10:0073040584 Vertebrates, Kardong ISBN10:0123813611 Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse and Human Atlas, Treuting and Dintzis ISBN10:0471888893 Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation by Butler and Hodos ISBN10:1588900649 Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy: Nervous system and sensory organs By Werner Kahle, Michael Frotscher ISBN10:1588903958 Principles and practice of pediatric neurosurgery By A. Leland Albright, P. David Adelson, Ian F. Pollack ISBN10:1607950324 Craniofacial Embryogenetics & Development, 2nd edition, Sperber ISBN:0030229073 Invertebrate Zoology, Barnes ISBN:0683400088 Stedman's Medical Dictionary ISBN:978-0-12-369548-2 Principles of Developmental Genetics, Sally A Moody ISBN:9780120749034 The laboratory rat ISBN:9780397517251 Surgical anatomy of the hand and upper extremity. By James R. Doyle and Michael J. Botte ISBN:9780674021839 The Tree of Life - Guillaume Lecointre, Herve Le Guyader ISBN:9780878932504 Developmental Biology James Balhoff Jonathan Bard MA part_of NCBITaxon:10088 MESH MFO part_of NCBITaxon:8089 Marc Robinson-Rechavi Maryann Martone Melissa Haendel MmusDv part_of NCBITaxon:10088 NIF Project - http://neuinfo.org/ NIF_GrossAnatomy Nizar Ibrahim OG OGES OlatDv part_of NCBITaxon:8089 Onard Mejino PATO Project PMID:11433360 Placental development: lessons from mouse mutants PMID:16417468 Forgotten and novel aspects in pancreas development, Pieler and Chen Paul Schofield Paula Mabee Phenoscape Project Rebecca Foulger Robert Druzinsky SCTID SPD part_of NCBITaxon:6893 Sarah Whitcher Kansa - https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-5321 Shahim Essaid Suzanna Lewis TADS part_of NCBITaxon:6939 TAO part_of NCBITaxon:32443 TGMA part_of NCBITaxon:44484 Terry Hayamizu Terry Meehan Uber-anatomy ontology Uberon is an integrated cross-species anatomy ontology representing a variety of entities classified according to traditional anatomical criteria such as structure, function and developmental lineage. The ontology includes comprehensive relationships to taxon-specific anatomical ontologies, allowing integration of functional, phenotype and expression data. VHOG VSAO WBbt part_of NCBITaxon:6237 Wasila Dahdul XAO part_of NCBITaxon:8353 Yvonne Bradford ZFA part_of NCBITaxon:7954 ZFS part_of NCBITaxon:7954 http://genomebiology.com/2012/13/1/R5 http://obolibrary.org http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/ http://uberon.org http://wiki.phenotypercn.org/wg/phenotypercn/index.php?title=Neural_Crest_Workshop http://wiki.phenotypercn.org/wiki/August_2012_Notes http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293552 https://docs.google.com/document/d/16JZOuH9sh_a8uIXA4cqg0Q1H6MV5yCj3-rhuKsZoV_U/edit https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MnUgispgGfNQoezYzWzzGTnkAnI0gzRnJIwdip6MMtw/edit https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cPWBqrl_Qy7XHEWFqtR_PgQX61yRkgGuLaiDpnEXxkE/edit https://docs.google.com/document/d/1r9kNPpFYGdu0SpJDLyFAVQczBlG0wAZCBMd18gG3Ot8/edit# https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0Aj8NJdyb-leqdDM0R3hTVTRHRExDVjRCSkZEbDc5N1E#gid=0 https://github.com/cmungall/uberon/ https://obo.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/obo/uberon/ ncithesaurus uberon definition example of usage IAO:0000122 example_of_usage example_of_usage true uberon expand expression to expand assertion to term replaced by never_in_taxon Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: ?X and (RO_0002162 some ?Y) RO:0002161 S never_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only not T never_in_taxon never_in_taxon true true uberon PMID:20973947 S never_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only not T external_definition An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000001 external_definition external_definition true uberon An alternate textual definition for a class taken unmodified from an external source. This definition may have been used to derive a generalized definition for the new class. UBERON:cjm axiom_lost_from_external_ontology A textual description of an axiom loss in this ontology compared to an external ontology. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000002 axiom_lost_from_external_ontology axiom_lost_from_external_ontology true uberon A textual description of an axiom loss in this ontology compared to an external ontology. UBERON:cjm homology_notes Notes on the homology status of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000003 homology_notes homology_notes true uberon Notes on the homology status of this class. UBERON:cjm provenance_notes Notes on the provenance of this class. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000004 provenance_notes provenance_notes true uberon Notes on the provenance of this class. UBERON:cjm external_comment An alternate comment for a class taken unmodified from an external source. Note that obo format only allows a single comment for a class, and does not provide a structured means of adding provenance info. This annotation property may be replaced with an annotation property from an external ontology such as IAO UBPROP:0000005 external_comment external_comment true uberon An alternate comment for a class taken unmodified from an external source. Note that obo format only allows a single comment for a class, and does not provide a structured means of adding provenance info. UBERON:cjm implements_design_pattern UBPROP:0000006 implements_design_pattern implements_design_pattern true uberon has_relational_adjective UBPROP:0000007 Used to connect a class to an adjectival form of its label. For example, a class with label 'intestine' may have a relational adjective 'intestinal'. has_relational_adjective has_relational_adjective true uberon taxon_notes UBPROP:0000008 taxon_notes taxon_notes true uberon abbreviation expert consultation and attribution required A historic synonym, no longer encouraged developmental term dubious or contested synonym a synonym made on the basis of a possibly homologous structure in another species preferred term when talking about an instance of this class in Homo sapiens indicates that a synonym is used in an inconsistent or confusing way, typically between species latin term plural term taxonomic disambiguation appendage segment number Examples: in dropsphila coxa=1, trochanter=2, femur=3, tibia=4, tarsal segments 1-5=5-9, pretarsus=10 appendage_segment_number true uberon x appendage_segment_number N if and only if (i) x is a appendage_segment, and (ii) x is appendage_segment number N in a series of appendage_segments repeated along an proximo-distal axis, with appendage_segment_number 1 being the proximalmost appendage_segment (in tetrapods this would be the stylopod, as we do not classify girdles as appendage segments). UBERON:cjm x appendage_segment_number N if and only if (i) x is a appendage_segment, and (ii) x is appendage_segment number N in a series of appendage_segments repeated along an proximo-distal axis, with appendage_segment_number 1 being the proximalmost appendage_segment (in tetrapods this would be the stylopod, as we do not classify girdles as appendage segments). cyclostome structures classes that are defined by relative position counting from first in a series of elements along an axis in an individual organism rather than by strict homology dental formula Syntax: upper/lower = I.C.P.M / I.C.P.M. When used with generic tooth class applies to both deciduous and primary. Should also be used with a taxon property. dental_formula true uberon Syntax: upper/lower = I.C.P.M / I.C.P.M. When used with generic tooth class applies to both deciduous and primary. Should also be used with a taxon property. Wikipedia:Dentition#Dental_formula developmental_classification A class which has a weakened disjointness axiom, to avoid inconsistency. These are kept separately in the uberon_disjoint_from_strict ontology. dubious_for_taxon S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T. dubious_for_taxon this relation lacks a strong logical interpretation, but can be used in place of never_in_taxon where it is desirable to state that the definition of the class is too strict for the taxon under consideration, but placing a never_in_taxon link would result in a chain of inconsistencies that will take time to resolve. Example: metencephalon in teleost true true uberon S dubious_for_taxon T if it is probably the case that no instances of S can be found in any instance of T. UBERON:cjm Indicates that subclasses in AOs may be inappropriately linked A class that represents an early developmental structure, like a blastocyst. This part of the ontology is undergoing review to remove inappropriate grouping classes. derived from the union of EHDAA2 and EMAPA - still to be checked functional_classification Subset consisting of classes creating for grouping purposes has_no_connections_with A is has_no_connections_with B if there are no parts of A or B that have a connection with the other. Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (UBREL_0000001 some (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)), (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) and (UBREL_0000001 some (BFO_0000050 some ?X)) has_no_connections_with true true uberon A is has_no_connections_with B if there are no parts of A or B that have a connection with the other. UBERON:cjm classes that have some inconsistency with FMA A grouping class that originates in two or more separate anatomical ontologies. Includes 'region of X' type terms is count of is_count_of true uberon loose concept somewhat fuzzy grouping for analysis purposes, currently composed of something like: liver, heart, skeletal, kidney, bladder, brain, skin, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, trachea nose, lungs, brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, gonads core classes typically found across metazoa. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new metazoan AO. Note this subset is not yet fully fleshed out abstract class brought in to group ontology classes but not informative organs, excluding individual muscles and skeletal elements paired_appendage number paired_appendage_number true uberon x paired_appendage_number N if and only if (i) x is a paired_appendage, and (ii) x is paired_appendage number N in a series of paired_appendages repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with paired_appendage_number 1 being the anteriormost paired_appendage. In vertebrates, this is the pectoral appendage UBERON:cjm x paired_appendage_number N if and only if (i) x is a paired_appendage, and (ii) x is paired_appendage number N in a series of paired_appendages repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with paired_appendage_number 1 being the anteriormost paired_appendage. In vertebrates, this is the pectoral appendage phalanx number Most land mammals including humans have a 2-3-3-3-3 formula in both the hands (or paws) and feet. Primitive reptiles typically had the formula 2-3-4-4-5, and this pattern, with some modification, remained in many later reptiles and in the mammal-like reptiles. The phalangeal formula in the flippers of cetaceans (marine mammals) is 2-12-8-1 phalanx_number true uberon x phalanx_number N if and only if (i) x is a phalanx, and (ii) x is phalanx number N in a series of phalanges repeated along an prixomo-distal axis, with phalanx_number 1 being the proximalmost phalanx. Note that in humans, the distalmost phalanx has phlanax_number 3, except in ray_number 1, where the distalmost has phalanx_number 2 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Phalanx_bone#Phalangeal_formula x phalanx_number N if and only if (i) x is a phalanx, and (ii) x is phalanx number N in a series of phalanges repeated along an prixomo-distal axis, with phalanx_number 1 being the proximalmost phalanx. Note that in humans, the distalmost phalanx has phlanax_number 3, except in ray_number 1, where the distalmost has phalanx_number 2 pharyngeal arch number Note that gill arch N = PA N-2. the term branchial_arch is ambiguous. pharyngeal_arch_number true uberon x pharyngeal_arch_number N if and only if (i) x is a pharyngeal arch, and (ii) x is ancestrally pharyngeal arch number N in a series of pharyngeal arches repeated along a antero-posterior axis, with arch_number 1 being the mandibular arch. UBERON:cjm x pharyngeal_arch_number N if and only if (i) x is a pharyngeal arch, and (ii) x is ancestrally pharyngeal arch number N in a series of pharyngeal arches repeated along a antero-posterior axis, with arch_number 1 being the mandibular arch. A subset specifically created for the 2012 Phenotype RCN meeting. Includes some human-specific terms that may eventually be removed when they are adequately represented with part of relationships in FMA preceding element is A property used in conjunction with repeated_element_number to indicate an axis and directionality along that axis. If P preceding_element_is R, and P is_count_of S, and X P N, and X' P N+1, then it follows that every X R some X', and the class expression [S and R some X' and inv(R) some X] is empty (i.e. X is followed by X', with no intermediates) preceding_element_is true uberon A property used in conjunction with repeated_element_number to indicate an axis and directionality along that axis. If P preceding_element_is R, and P is_count_of S, and X P N, and X' P N+1, then it follows that every X R some X', and the class expression [S and R some X' and inv(R) some X] is empty (i.e. X is followed by X', with no intermediates) UBERON:cjm present_in_taxon S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S applicable for taxon present_in_taxon true true uberon S present_in_taxon T if some instance of T has some S. This does not means that all instances of T have an S - it may only be certain life stages or sexes that have S UBERON:cjm ray number The correct terminology is yet to be established; in tetrapods 'ray' might mean the mereological sum of the phalanges of a manual digit plus a metatarsal bone (or equivalent for hindlimb) ray_number true uberon x ray_number N if and only if (i) x is a ray, and (ii) x is ancestrally associated with ray number N in a series of phalanges repeated along a radio-ulnar or equivalent axis, with ray_number 1 being the anteriormost ray. UBERON:cjm x ray_number N if and only if (i) x is a ray, and (ii) x is ancestrally associated with ray number N in a series of phalanges repeated along a radio-ulnar or equivalent axis, with ray_number 1 being the anteriormost ray. repeated element number A property used to indicate the position of an element where that element is of a type that is serially repeated linearly along some axis for which a total ordering exists. The ordering may represent an ancestral condition The range is currently non-negative integer repeated_element_number true uberon A property used to indicate the position of an element where that element is of a type that is serially repeated linearly along some axis for which a total ordering exists. The ordering may represent an ancestral condition UBERON:cjm rhombomere number rhombomere_number true uberon x rhombomere_number N if and only if (i) x is a rhombomere, and (ii) x is rhombomere number N in a series of rhombomeres repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with rhombomere_number 1 being the anteriormost rhombomere. UBERON:cjm x rhombomere_number N if and only if (i) x is a rhombomere, and (ii) x is rhombomere number N in a series of rhombomeres repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with rhombomere_number 1 being the anteriormost rhombomere. rib number AO notes: Note that in TAO, ribs are numbered by *vertebrae*. Taxon notes: In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals. rib_number true uberon x rib_number N if and only if (i) x is a rib, and (ii) x is rib number N in a series of ribs repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with rib_number 1 being the anteriormost rib. Note that this property counts ribs, *not* the adjoining vertebrae. UBERON:cjm x rib_number N if and only if (i) x is a rib, and (ii) x is rib number N in a series of ribs repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with rib_number 1 being the anteriormost rib. Note that this property counts ribs, *not* the adjoining vertebrae. sexually_homologous_to sexually_homologous_to true uberon somite number somite_number true uberon x somite_number N if and only if (i) x is a somite, and (ii) x is somite number N in a series of somites repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with somite_number 1 being the anteriormost somite. UBERON:cjm x somite_number N if and only if (i) x is a somite, and (ii) x is somite number N in a series of somites repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with somite_number 1 being the anteriormost somite. spatially_disjoint_from A is spatially_disjoint_from B if they have no parts in common. Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) non_overlapping_with shares_no_parts_with spatially_disjoint_from true true uberon A is spatially_disjoint_from B if they have no parts in common. SO:cjm tooth number see also: dental_formula tooth_number true uberon x tooth_number N if and only if (i) x is a tooth, and (ii) x is ancestrally tooth number N in a series of teeth repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, typically on the lateral side of a structure such as a jaw, with tooth_number 1 being the anteriormost. Note that this count refers to the total number of teeth starting from the first, regardless of the type of tooth. If sub-systems are required for numbering within a series of teeth of the same type, consider a subproperty. For example, in a human, maxillary canine = tooth 3 of upper jaw = canine_tooth 1 of upper jaw Uberon slim - somewhat arbitrary subset that excludes obscure terms and deep compositional terms Indicates that the class encompasses classes from other AOs that have not been verified abstract upper-level terms not directly useful for analysis Terms in this subset group together terms from different anatomy ontologies that have conflicting upper ontology/CARO assignments. For example, in FMA the naris is immaterial and in ZFA it is an organism subdivision. vertebra number true uberon vertebra_number x vertebra_number N if and only if (i) x is a vertebra, and (ii) x is vertebra number N in a series of vertebras repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with vertebra_number 1 being the anteriormost vertebra (also known as the atlas). UBERON:cjm x vertebra_number N if and only if (i) x is a vertebra, and (ii) x is vertebra number N in a series of vertebras repeated along an anterior-posterior axis, with vertebra_number 1 being the anteriormost vertebra (also known as the atlas). core classes typically found across vertebrates. one purpose is to create a rough set of terms that could be used to start a new vertebrate AO A term classified differently in FMA due to its treatment of branching structures - to be reviewed and revised by editors contributor dc-contributor dc-contributor http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor true uberon creator dc-creator dc-creator http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator true uberon description dc-description dc-description http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description true uberon publisher dc-publisher dc-publisher http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher true uberon derived from resource dc-source dc-source http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/source true uberon title dc-title dc-title http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title true uberon is referenced by dcterms-isReferencedBy dcterms-isReferencedBy http://purl.org/dc/terms/isReferencedBy true uberon Git repository doap-GitRepository doap-GitRepository http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#GitRepository true uberon SVN repository doap-SVNRepository doap-SVNRepository http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#SVNRepository true uberon bug database doap-bug-database doap-bug-database http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#bug-database true uberon wiki doap-wiki doap-wiki http://usefulinc.com/ns/doap#wiki true uberon subset_property synonym_type_property consider has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has_scope has_synonym_type in_subset shorthand treat-xrefs-as-equivalent treat-xrefs-as-has-subclass treat-xrefs-as-is_a treat-xrefs-as-reverse-genus-differentia see also http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso seeAlso seeAlso true uberon depicted_by foaf-depicted_by foaf-depicted_by http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/depicted_by true uberon homepage foaf-homepage foaf-homepage http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage true uberon part_of BFO:0000050 part_of part_of uberon has_part BFO:0000051 has_part has_part uberon bearer of BFO BFO:0000053 bearer_of bearer_of realized by BFO BFO:0000054 realized_by realized_by participates in BFO:0000056 participates_in participates_in uberon preceded_by BFO:0000062 X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X) disjoint_from part_of, but this cannot be expressed in OWL2 is preceded by preceded_by preceded_by takes place after uberon SIO:000249 is preceded by Allen:precedes takes place after existence_starts_during BFO:0000068 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. begins_to_exist_during existence_starts_during existence_starts_during uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. UBERON:cjm existence_ends_during BFO:0000069 Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. ceases_to_exist_during existence_ends_during existence_ends_during todo - add full axioms to bfo uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. UBERON:cjm anterior_to 2009-07-31T02:15:46Z BSPO:0000096 anterior_to anterior_to cjm uberon x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer BSPO:cjm x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer distal_to BSPO:0000097 distal_to distal_to uberon x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). BSPO:cjm x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). dorsal_to BSPO:0000098 dorsal_to dorsal_to uberon x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). posterior_to BSPO:0000099 caudal_to posterior_to posterior_to uberon x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:cjm x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. proximal_to BSPO:0000100 proximal_to proximal_to uberon x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. BSPO:cjm x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. ventral_to BSPO:0000102 uberon ventral_to ventral_to x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). deep_to BSPO:0000107 Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. deep_to deep_to uberon BSPO:cjm Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. in_left_side_of BSPO:0000120 X left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000014 in_left_side_of in_left_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. in_right_side_of BSPO:0000121 X right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000014 in_right_side_of in_right_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. in_posterior_side_of BSPO:0000122 X posterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the posterior portion. in_posterior_side_of in_posterior_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X posterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the posterior portion. in_anterior_side_of BSPO:0000123 X anterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the anterior portion. in_anterior_side_of in_anterior_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X anterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the anterior portion. in_proximal_side_of BSPO:0000124 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. in_proximal_side_of in_proximal_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. in_distal_side_of BSPO:0000125 X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. in_distal_side_of in_distal_side_of uberon BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. in_lateral_side_of BSPO:0000126 X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000014 in_lateral_side_of in_lateral_side_of uberon UBERON:cjm X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure in_median_plane_of BSPO:0000127 X in_median_plane_of Y <=> if X lies on the median plane of Y; i.e. X overlaps o in_left_side_of Y and X overlaps o in_right_side_of Y. X is an unpaired structure in sagittal plane of in_median_plane_of in_median_plane_of uberon UBERON:cjm X in_median_plane_of Y <=> if X lies on the median plane of Y; i.e. X overlaps o in_left_side_of Y and X overlaps o in_right_side_of Y. X is an unpaired structure in_superficial_part_of BSPO:0001100 in_superficial_part_of in_superficial_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon in_deep_part_of BSPO:0001101 in_deep_part_of in_deep_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon posterior_part_of BSPO:0001102 X posterior_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the posterior boundary of Y posterior_part_of posterior_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon UBERON:cjm X posterior_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the posterior boundary of Y has_posterior_part BSPO:0001103 has_posterior_part has_posterior_part to be added to BSPO uberon anterior_part_of BSPO:0001104 X anterior_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the anterior boundary of Y anterior_part_of anterior_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon UBERON:cjm X anterior_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the anterior boundary of Y has_anterior_part BSPO:0001105 has_anterior_part has_anterior_part to be added to BSPO uberon proximal_part_of BSPO:0001106 X proximal_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y proximal_part_of proximal_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon UBERON:cjm X proximal_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y immediately_deep_to BSPO:0001107 This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold. immediately_deep_to immediately_deep_to uberon BSPO:cjm This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold. distal_part_of BSPO:0001108 X distal_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y distal_part_of distal_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon UBERON:cjm X distal_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y has_distal_part BSPO:0001109 has_distal_part has_distal_part to be added to BSPO uberon superficial_to BSPO:0001110 superficial_to superficial_to to be added to BSPO uberon dorsal_part_of BSPO:0001111 dorsal_part_of dorsal_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon ventral_part_of BSPO:0001112 to be added to BSPO uberon ventral_part_of ventral_part_of preaxial_part_of BSPO:0001113 preaxial_part_of preaxial_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon postaxial_to BSPO:0001114 postaxial_to postaxial_to posterior_to (developmentally) to be added to BSPO uberon x preaxial_to y iff x is further along the preaxial-postaxial axis than y, towards the rear. MA:th posterior_to (developmentally) http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/postaxial x preaxial_to y iff x is further along the preaxial-postaxial axis than y, towards the rear. postaxial_part_of BSPO:0001115 postaxial_part_of postaxial_part_of to be added to BSPO uberon has_proximal_part BSPO:0001207 has_proximal_part has_proximal_part to be added to BSPO uberon preaxial_to BSPO:1000000 anterior_to (developmentally) lateral (radial) to medial (tibial) to preaxial_to preaxial_to uberon x preaxial_to y iff x is further along the preaxial-postaxial axis than y, towards the front. MA:th anterior_to (developmentally) http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/preaxial x preaxial_to y iff x is further along the preaxial-postaxial axis than y, towards the front. continuous_with FMA:85972 continuous_with continuous_with sourced from FMA uberon supplies FMA:86003 arterial supply of relation between an artery and the structure is supplies with blood. source: FMA supplies supplies uberon FMA:86003 arterial supply of simultaneous_with RO:0002082 Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. coincides_with is_equal_to simultaneous_with simultaneous_with uberon Allen:is_equal_to Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. UBERON:cjm immediately_preceded_by A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251]. RO:0002087 X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) directly preceded by http://semanticscience.org/resource/SIO_000251 immediately_preceded_by immediately_preceded_by is directly preceded by is immediately preceded by starts_at_end_of uberon SIO:000251 is immediately preceded by A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251]. SIO:000251 overlaps A overlaps B if they share some part in common. BFO_0000051 some (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) RO:0002131 overlaps overlaps uberon homologous_to RO:0002158 homologous_to homologous_to uberon serially_homologous_to RO:0002159 serially_homologous_to serially_homologous_to uberon only_in_taxon RO:0002160 S only_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only T only_in_taxon only_in_taxon uberon PMID:20973947 S only_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only T in taxon RO:0002162 in_taxon in_taxon uberon develops_from RO:0002202 develops_from develops_from uberon develops_into RO:0002203 develops_into develops_into uberon directly_develops_from RO:0002207 directly_develops_from directly_develops_from uberon capable_of RO:0002215 capable_of capable_of uberon surrounded_by RO:0002219 surrounded_by surrounded_by uberon x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y UBERON:cjm x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y adjacent_to RO:0002220 adjacent_to adjacent_to uberon x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary surrounds RO:0002221 inverse of surrounded_by surrounds surrounds uberon UBERON:cjm inverse of surrounded_by starts RO:0002224 Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. starts starts uberon Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. UBERON:cjm develops_from_part_of RO:0002225 develops_from_part_of develops_from_part_of uberon develops_in RO:0002226 develops_in develops_in uberon x develops_in y if x is located in x whilst x is developing. finishes RO:0002229 Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. ends finishes finishes uberon RO:0002229 ends Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. UBERON:cjm ZFS:finishes has developmental contribution from RO:0002254 has_developmental_contribution_from has_developmental_contribution_from uberon developmentally_contributes_to RO:0002255 developmentally_contributes_to developmentally_contributes_to uberon developmentally_replaces RO:0002285 developmentally_replaces developmentally_replaces uberon connected to Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. Connection does not imply overlaps. UBREL:0000001 connected_to connected_to http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000004 uberon Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. UBERONREF:0000004 composed_primarily_of UBREL:0000002 composed_primarily_of composed_primarily_of uberon x composed_primarily_of y iff: more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y anteriorly connected to anteriorly_connected_to uberon x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. UBERONREF:0000004 x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. attaches_to FMA:85990 attaches_to uberon branch_of FMA:85994 Source: FMA. Editor note: we need to check if FMA branch_of implies part_of. the relation we intend to use here should - for example, see vestibulocochlear nerve branch_of uberon channel for carries channel_for uberon channels_from channels_from uberon channels_into channels_into uberon confers_advantage_in An experimental relation currently used to connect an anatomical structure to a habitat or environment to which that structure is well suited, adapted or provides an advantage for the organism. For example, fins to an aquatic environment. Usually this will mean that the structure is adapted for this environment, but we avoid saying this directly - primitive forms of the structure may not have evolved specifically for that environment (for example, early wings were not necessarily adapted for an aerial environment). Note also that this is a statement about the general class of structures - not every instance of a limb need confer an advantage for a terrestrial environment, e.g. if the limb is vestigial. adapted_for confers_advantage_in uberon connects Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. Editors note: this is currently used for both structural relationships (such as between a valve and the chamber it connects) and abstract relationships (anatomical lines and the entities they connect) connects uberon Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. UBERONREF:0000004 contains contains uberon distally connected to distally_connected_to uberon x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. UBERONREF:0000004 x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. drains drains drains blood from drains from source: Wikipedia uberon enclosed_by enclosed_by uberon encloses encloses uberon x encloses y iff the convex hull formed by x contains all or the majority of y. UBERON:cjm x encloses y iff the convex hull formed by x contains all or the majority of y. existence_ends_at c existence_ends_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e before e2). existence_ends_at uberon UBERON:cjm c existence_ends_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e before e2). existence_ends_before Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist before s. existence_ends_before uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist before s. UBERON:cjm existence_ends_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. existence_ends_with uberon Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. UBERON:cjm existence_starts_after Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing after some s has completed. disjoint_from existence_starts_during (but this cannot be expressed in OWL2) existence_starts_after uberon Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing after some s has completed. UBERON:cjm existence_starts_and_ends_during existence_starts_and_ends_during uberon existence_starts_at c existence_starts_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e2 before e) existence_starts_at uberon UBERON:cjm c existence_starts_at e iff c exists_at e and not ( exists e2 : c exists_at e2 and e2 before e) existence_starts_or_ends_during existence_starts_or_ends_during uberon existence_starts_with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. existence_starts_with uberon Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. UBERON:cjm exists_during exists_during uberon has_end has_end uberon has_function_in has_function_in uberon has_fused_element A single bone in one species may correspond to the fusion of two or more bones found as distinct elements in another. For example, tibiofibula has_fused_element tibia. A has_fused_element B does not imply that A has_part some B, rather than A has_part some B', where B' is not a subtype of B (because B is a distinct element but B' is a regional part) but has some evolutionary relationship to B. has_fused_element uberon x has_fused_element y iff: there exists some z : x has_part z, z homologous_to y, and y is a distinct element, the boundary between x and z is largely fiat has_muscle_antagonist dbpprop:antagonist has_muscle_antagonist m1 has_muscle_antagonist m2 iff m1 acts in opposition to m2, and m2 is responsible for returning the structure to its initial position. uberon Wikipedia:Antagonist_(muscle) m1 has_muscle_antagonist m2 iff m1 acts in opposition to m2, and m2 is responsible for returning the structure to its initial position. has_muscle_insertion dbpprop:insertion has_muscle_insertion m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone. uberon Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy) m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone. has_muscle_origin dbpprop:origin has_muscle_origin m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to. uberon Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy)#Muscles m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to. has_start has_start uberon induced_by induced_by sources for induced_by relationships in Uberon: Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. uberon GO:0001759 t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. innervated_by FMA:85999 dbprop:nerve innervated_by nerve supply uberon FMA:85999 nerve supply located_in located_in uberon location_of 2009-07-30T10:22:21Z cjm location_of uberon output_of output_of uberon posteriorly connected to posteriorly_connected_to uberon x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. UBERONREF:0000004 x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. proximally connected to proximally_connected_to uberon x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. UBERONREF:0000004 x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. secreted_by secreted_by uberon secretes secretes uberon site_of C site_of P iff exists species S such that P occurs_in C for all members of S. Example: bursa of Fabricius site_of B-cell differentiation. site_of uberon C site_of P iff exists species S such that P occurs_in C for all members of S. Example: bursa of Fabricius site_of B-cell differentiation. GOC:cjm start_of start_of uberon subdivision of placeholder relation. X = 'subdivision of A' and subdivision_of some B means that X is the mereological sum of A and B subdivision_of uberon transitively anteriorly connected to . transitively_anteriorly_connected_to uberon . UBERONREF:0000004 transitively_connected to transitively_connected_to uberon transitively distally connected to . transitively_distally_connected_to uberon . UBERONREF:0000004 transitively proximally connected to . transitively_proximally_connected_to uberon . UBERONREF:0000004 tributary_of taken from the FMA tributary_of uberon has_quality has_quality has_quality http://semanticscience.org/resource/SIO_000008 uberon transformation_of http://semanticscience.org/resource/SIO_000657 transformation_of transformation_of transforms from uberon SIO:000657 transforms from immediate_transformation_of direct_transformation_of http://semanticscience.org/resource/SIO_000658 immediate_transformation_of immediate_transformation_of immediately transforms from uberon UBERON:cjm direct_transformation_of SIO:000658 immediately transforms from processual entity An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. UBERON:0000000 uberon An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. span:ProcessualEntity uterine cervix BTO:0001421 BTO:0002249 EFO:0000979 EMAPA:29927 EV:0100114 FMA:17740 GAID:376 Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. MA:0000392 MAT:0000292 MESH:A05.360.319.679.256 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245494008 The evolution of mammals is associated with radical changes in their reproductive biology, particularly the structure and function of the female reproductive organs. These changes include the evolution of the uterus, cervix, vagina, placenta and specialized cell types associated with each of those structures.[well established][VHOG] The narrow caudal end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000002 UMLS:C0007874 VHOG:0001359 canalis cervicis uteri caudal segment of uterus cervical cervical canal cervical canal of uterus cervix cervix uteri galen:CervixUteri ncithesaurus:Cervix neck of uterus uberon uterine cervix FMA:TA canalis cervicis uteri FMA:17740 uterine cervix FMA Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. Wikipedia:Cervix FMA:17740 FMA:TA canalis cervicis uteri EFO:0000979 cervix FMA:17740 cervical canal FMA:17740 cervical canal of uterus 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2848 Lynch VJ, Roth JJ, Takahashi K, Dunn CW, Nonaka DF, Stopper GF, Wagner GP, Adaptive evolution of HoxA-11 and HoxA-13 at the origin of the uterus in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B (2004) The evolution of mammals is associated with radical changes in their reproductive biology, particularly the structure and function of the female reproductive organs. These changes include the evolution of the uterus, cervix, vagina, placenta and specialized cell types associated with each of those structures.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001359 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:17740 neck of uterus 2012-09-17 The narrow caudal end of the uterus that opens into the vagina. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001359 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/uterine+cervix EMAPA:29927 cervix uteri naris AAO:0000311 EHDAA2:0001225 EHDAA:9083 EMAPA:17847 MA:0000282 Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] One of paired external openings of the nasal chamber.[AAO] Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. SCTID:272650008 UBERON:0000003 VHOG:0000663 consistency notes: we have classified this as an orifice, according to FMA. Note that in FMA, orifices are immaterial entities, but in ZFA this is a surface structure. Taxon notes: in actinopterygians, both pairs of nares are external. In tetrapods, the exhalant empties into the buccal cavity galen:Naris uberon FMA Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. UBERON:MAH 2012-09-17 Naris refer to the external and interior naris (choana) of tetrapods, and to anterior and posterior naris of zebrafish. It seems now accepted that the structure is homologous: The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000663 doi:10.1038/nature02843 Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000311 AAO:EJS One of paired external openings of the nasal chamber.[AAO] ZFA olfactory apparatus BTO:0000840 EFO:0000828 EHDAA2:0001274 EHDAA:1502 EMAPA:16542 EV:0100037 EV:0100370 FMA:46472 GAID:77 MA:0000281 MAT:0000139 MESH:A01.456.505.733 MIAA:0000139 Nasus OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCbJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181195007 TAO:0000047 TODO - distinguish generic olfactory apparatus from nose; we have olfactory organ for the generic organ - add new class 'olfactory structure'? UBERON:0000004 UMLS:C0028429 ZFA:0000047 a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). galen:Nose http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Canine-nose.jpg nasal sac ncithesaurus:Nose nose peripheral olfactory organ proboscis uberon Wikipedia:Nose a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face; on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout[WP]. GO: The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity). ZFA:0000047 nasal sac Nasus Wikipedia:Nose chemosensory organ FBbt:00005157 UBERON:0000005 chemosensory sensory organ uberon FBbt:00005157 chemosensory sensory organ islet of Langerhans A primitive exocrine pancreas can be found in holocephalan cartilaginous fish; a pancreatic duct directly ending in the gut lumen is connected to a glandular structure made of exocrine cells and associated with cell islets, which comprises three different hormone-producing cell types: insulin, somatostatin and glucagon (Yui and Fujita, 1986)[PMID:16417468] AAO:0010406 Anatomical structure which consists of glands developed from pancreatic ducts in the larvae and secrete insulin.[AAO] BTO:0000991 EFO:0000856 EMAPA:19246 EMAPA:19247 EMAPA:19248 EV:0100130 FMA:16016 GAID:324 MA:0000127 MAT:0000076 MESH:A03.734.414 MIAA:0000076 Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies.[well established][VHOG] Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells. UBERON:0000006 UMLS:C0022131 VHOG:0000646 XAO:0000159 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png island of Langerhans island of pancreas islets of langerhans ncithesaurus:Islet_of_Langerhans pancreatic insula pancreatic islet uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010406 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which consists of glands developed from pancreatic ducts in the larvae and secrete insulin.[AAO] 2012-09-17 Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians have a pancreas with similar histology and mode of development, while in some fish, the islet cells are segregated as Brockmann bodies.[well established][VHOG] PMID:7600975 Slack JMW, Developmental biology of the pancreas. Development (1995) VHOG VHOG:0000646 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells. Wikipedia:Islets_of_Langerhans BTO:0000991 island of Langerhans BTO:0000991 island of pancreas pituitary gland AAO:0010536 An endocrine gland derived from infundibulum of the floor of the diencephalon and an ectodermal dorsal protrusion from the buccal cavity which controls the secretion of many hormones influencing the function of various organs of the body.[AAO] An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin.[TAO] BM:Die-Hy-HY BTO:0001073 EFO:0000857 EHDAA2:0001471 EHDAA:2183 EHDAA:4477 EMAPA:16647 EMAPA:16898 EV:0100132 FMA:13889 GAID:457 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000176 MAT:0000077 MESH:A06.407.747 MIAA:0000077 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1353 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6NQYJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181125003 TAO:0000118 Taxon notes: The lamprey possesses a distinct pituitary organ and hormones, the ascidian does not show distinct evidence of them [Sower S, Freamat M, Kavanaugh S. The origins of the vertebrate hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) endocrine systems: new insights from lampreys. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2009;161:20-9] The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. UBERON:0000007 UMLS:C0032005 VHOG:0000143 XAO:0000017 ZFA:0000118 glandula pituitaria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray1180.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/200px-Gray1180.png hypophysis hypophysis cerebri hypophysis, glandula pituitaria ncithesaurus:Pituitary_Gland pituitary pituitary body uberon Wikipedia:Pituitary_gland hypophysis, glandula pituitaria 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010536 AAO:BJB An endocrine gland derived from infundibulum of the floor of the diencephalon and an ectodermal dorsal protrusion from the buccal cavity which controls the secretion of many hormones influencing the function of various organs of the body.[AAO] BTO:0001073 pituitary ZFA Wikipedia BTO:0001073 pituitary body BTO:0001073 glandula pituitaria 2012-08-14 An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000118 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000143 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0000176 hypophysis cerebri The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. Wikipedia:Pituitary_gland ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000118 hypophysis submucosa A layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the gastrointestinal tract that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002107 FMA:85391 FMA:85392 SCTID:68439008 UBERON:0000009 UMLS:C0225344 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png ncithesaurus:Submucosa organ submucosa region of submucosa submucosa of organ submucosa of region of organ submucosal submucous layer tela submucosa tunica submucosa uberon BTO:0002107 submucous layer FMA:85392 submucosa of region of organ FMA:85391 organ submucosa A layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the gastrointestinal tract that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submucosa FMA:85392 region of submucosa FMA:85391 submucosa of organ BTO:0002107 tela submucosa peripheral nervous system (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000429 BILA:0000081 BTO:0001028 EFO:0000891 EHDAA2:0001445 EHDAA:2893 EMAPA:16665 EMAPA:18370 EV:0100335 FBbt:00005098 FMA:9903 GAID:715 MA:0000218 MAT:0000338 MESH:A08.800 MIAA:0000338 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1111 Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] PNS Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] SCTID:362292005 TAO:0000142 UBERON:0000010 UMLS:C0206417 VHOG:0000399 XAO:0000178 ZFA:0000142 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nervous_System pars peripherica; systema nervosum periphericum uberon FB:gg Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Divided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system OMD:peripheral+nervous+system Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000429 AAO:BJB Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] cjm 2012-08-14 Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000142 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system pars peripherica; systema nervosum periphericum (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006) VHOG VHOG:0000399 http://bgee.unil.ch/ parasympathetic nervous system AAO:0010488 BTO:0001833 Development notes: has developmental contribution from NC in verteberates (UBERONREF:0000002) EFO:0000894 EHDA:10096 EHDAA2:0001402 EHDAA:4655 EMAPA:17270 FMA:9907 GAID:708 In mammals, the autonomic nervous system is divided into two contrasting, antagonistic systems of control over visceral activity: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system (reference 1); In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] MA:0000223 MAT:0000101 MESH:A08.800.050.600 MIAA:0000101 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2517 PNS - parasympathetic Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples include decreasing the heart rate or dilating the blood vessels.[AAO] SCTID:362496006 TAO:0001575 The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). The ANS is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ANS sends fibers to three tissues: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular tissue. This stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, is to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion [Wikipedia]. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia [GO]. UBERON:0000011 UMLS:C0030510 VHOG:0000755 ZFA:0001575 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Parasympathetic_Nervous_System parasympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010488 AAO:BJB Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples include decreasing the heart rate or dilating the blood vessels.[AAO] The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS). The ANS is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). ANS sends fibers to three tissues: cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, or glandular tissue. This stimulation, sympathetic or parasympathetic, is to control smooth muscle contraction, regulate cardiac muscle, or stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion [Wikipedia]. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia [GO]. Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_nervous_system Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_nervous_system pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi FMA:9907 FMA:TA pars parasympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.634, DOI:10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00057-2 Porges SW, Love: an emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology (1998) In mammals, the autonomic nervous system is divided into two contrasting, antagonistic systems of control over visceral activity: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system (reference 1); In general, the teleosts may be considered phylogenetically the first class of vertebrates in which the heart is regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000755 http://bgee.unil.ch/ somatic nervous system EFO:0000892 EFO:0000898 FMA:9904 MA:0002850 MAT:0000099 MAT:0000342 MIAA:0000099 MIAA:0000342 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 PNS - somatic The part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs[WP, modified]. UBERON:0000012 WBbt:0005760 somatic nervous system, somatic division somatic peripheral nervous system uberon cjm The part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Somatic_nervous_system NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 somatic nervous system, somatic division NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100301 somatic peripheral nervous system sympathetic nervous system AAO:0010487 BTO:0001832 Development notes: has developmental contribution from NC in verteberates (UBERONREF:0000002) EFO:0000893 EHDAA2:0001971 EHDAA:3769 EMAPA:16985 FMA:9906 GAID:710 MA:0000225 MESH:A08.800.050.800 MIAA:0000100 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2516 Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Examples include increasing the heart rate or constricting the blood vessels.[AAO] SCTID:362484004 TAO:0001576 The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system along with the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight response [Wikipedia]. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage.[well established][VHOG] The part of the autonomic nervous system which chiefly contains adrenergic fibres and tends to control and reduce secretions, decrease the contractility and hence the tone of smooth muscles and provoke the contraction of blood vessels. Essentially, it consists of preganglionic fibres from the thoracic and upper lumbar parts of the spinal cord. These fibres, by means of delicate rami communicantes, cross over to ganglia sited in a pair of ganglionated cords on each side of the vertebral column or to more peripheral ganglia. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0000013 UMLS:C0039044 VHOG:0000384 ZFA:0001576 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Nervous_System pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.461-463 The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000384 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010487 AAO:BJB Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Examples include increasing the heart rate or constricting the blood vessels.[AAO] The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the autonomic nervous system along with the enteric nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. It is always active at a basal level (called sympathetic tone) and becomes more active during times of stress. Its actions during the stress response comprise the fight-or-flight response [Wikipedia]. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system FMA:9906 FMA:TA pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi 2012-09-17 The part of the autonomic nervous system which chiefly contains adrenergic fibres and tends to control and reduce secretions, decrease the contractility and hence the tone of smooth muscles and provoke the contraction of blood vessels. Essentially, it consists of preganglionic fibres from the thoracic and upper lumbar parts of the spinal cord. These fibres, by means of delicate rami communicantes, cross over to ganglia sited in a pair of ganglionated cords on each side of the vertebral column or to more peripheral ganglia. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000384 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi zone of skin (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] A sub-region of the skin. Note the distinct between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee EHDAA2:0001844 EHDAA:6530 EV:0100152 FMA:86166 GAID:933 MA:0000151 MAT:0000284 MESH:A17.815 MIAA:0000284 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:20795001 UBERON:0000014 VHOG:0000860 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/HumanSkinDiagram.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone uberon we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) VHOG VHOG:0000860 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0000151 skin A sub-region of the skin. Note the distinct between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee GOC:cjm Wikipedia:Skin anatomical boundary AEO:0000192 FMA:50705 Structural anatomical relation which holds between each anatomical entity of one to three dimensions and some immaterial anatomical entity of one lower dimension such that the latter demarcates (delimits) the former from its neighborhood. UBERON:0000015 anatomical boundary entity uberon FMA:256502 Structural anatomical relation which holds between each anatomical entity of one to three dimensions and some immaterial anatomical entity of one lower dimension such that the latter demarcates (delimits) the former from its neighborhood. FMA:50705 anatomical boundary entity endocrine pancreas BTO:0000650 EV:0100129 Editor notes - endocrine and exocrine pancrease are not co-associated in hagfishes or lampreys [PMID:20959416] - create a separate class for these? FMA:16018 In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001582 SCTID:361339003 TAO:0001260 The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG] The zebrafish endocrine pancreas is composed of small groups of islet cells that are distributed throughout the exocrine pancreas. The islet cells produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.[TAO] UBERON:0000016 VHOG:0000049 ZFA:0001260 endocrine pancreas endocrine part of pancreas islets of Langerhans part of pancreas ncithesaurus:Endocrine_Pancreas pars endocrina pancreatis uberon BTO:0000650 endocrine part of pancreas GOC:GO The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin[GO]. Wikipedia:Islets_of_Langerhans 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001260 The zebrafish endocrine pancreas is composed of small groups of islet cells that are distributed throughout the exocrine pancreas. The islet cells produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007) In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000049 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The part of the pancreas that acts as an endocrine gland, consisting of the islets of Langerhans, which secrete insulin and other hormones. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000049 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas exocrine pancreas AAO:0010407 BTO:0000434 EV:0100093 FMA:16017 In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] MA:0002415 SCTID:248202004 TAO:0001249 The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion.[TAO] The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000017 UMLS:C0553695 VHOG:0000048 XAO:0000137 ZFA:0001249 exocrine pancreas exocrine part of pancreas ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Pancreas pars exocrina pancreatis uberon 2012-09-17 The part of the pancreas that acts as an exocrine gland, consisting of the pancreatic acini, which produce pancreatic juice and secrete it into the intestine to aid in protein digestion. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000048 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Pancreas 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001249 The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007) In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000048 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000434 exocrine part of pancreas GOC:GO The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. The exocrine pancreas is composed of acinar epithelial cells and ductal epithelium that manufacture the proteolytic enzymes and bicarbonate required for digestion. Wikipedia:Exocrine_component_of_pancreas compound eye A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia BTO:0001921 FBbt:00004508 Facettenauge HAO:0000217 Komplexauge TGMA:0000024 UBERON:0000018 adult compound eye insect eye uberon zusammengesetztes Auge A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia FB:gg Wikipedia:Compound_eye BTO:0001921 Komplexauge BTO:0001921 Facettenauge BTO:0001921 zusammengesetztes Auge camera-type eye A cavitated compound organ that transduces light waves into neural signals.[TAO] AAO:0010340 AO notes: FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) which has its parts an Eyeball (organ). MA includes eyelid, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus as part of MA:eye - consistent with FMA - so we can infer that MA:eye is more like FMA:eye than FMA:eyeball. For other AOs this distinction is less meaningful - e.g. ZFA has no eyelid; XAO has no eyelid, but it has conjuctiva, which is considered part of the xao:eye. GO considers eyelid development part of eye development. See also notes on optic nerve - XAO, AAO and BTO consider this part of the eye. MA considers the eye muscles part of the eye, whereas FMA has a class 'orbital content' for this BTO:0004688 EHDAA2:0000484 EHDAA:936 EMAPA:16198 FMA:54448 MA:0000261 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1169 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngx4rwKSh9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVil5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181143004 TAO:0000107 The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[GO]. The eye contains the following parts (when they are present in the organism): the eyeball (eye proper), the lacrimal apparatus, the conjuctival, the eyelid. The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000019 UMLS:C0015392 VHOG:0000275 XAO:0000179 ZFA:0000107 camera-type eye plus associated structures eye eyes ncithesaurus:Eye orbital part of face orbital region regio orbitalis uberon vertebrate eye GO:0043010 The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field[GO]. The eye contains the following parts (when they are present in the organism): the eyeball (eye proper), the lacrimal apparatus, the conjuctival, the eyelid. UBERON:cjm 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000275 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:54448 orbital region FMA:54448 orbital part of face FMA:54448 FMA:TA regio orbitalis TAO:0000107 eyes UBERONREF:0000002 2012-08-14 A cavitated compound organ that transduces light waves into neural signals.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000107 TAO:wd FMA:54448 eye definitional sense organ AEO:0000094 An organ that is capable of detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell. BTO:0000202 EHDAA2:0001824 EHDAA:500 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00005155 GAID:63 HAO:0000930 MA:0000017 MESH:A09 SCTID:244485009 Sinnesorgan UBERON:0000020 UMLS:C0935626 VHOG:0001407 WBbt:0006929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png ncithesaurus:Organ_of_the_Special_Sense organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensillum sensor sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ uberon OBOL:accepted organ of sensory system OBOL:automatic sensory organ system organ OBOL:accepted sensory system organ An organ that is capable of detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell. UBERON:cjm OBOL:accepted organ of sense organ system OBOL:automatic sense organ system organ BTO:0000202 Sinnesorgan WBbt:0006929 sensillum OBOL:accepted organ of sensory organ system cutaneous appendage Appendage that protrudes from the skin. Examples: hair, nail (FMA); feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, scale(?), antler, bristle. Editors note: Mammary glands develop by similar mechanisms, and there is an argument for including them here (e.g. PMID:20484386), but these structures do not fit the current definition (lactiferous glands are part of the integumentary system in FMA). Note the FMA class is a subdivision of epidermis, which may be too restrictive for our purposes here. TODO: revise after definition of appendage is finalized in CARO2; in addition, verify subtypes w.r.t definition - e.g. beaks may overlap with skin of body rather than being part of it - rhamphotheca may be more appropriate FMA:71012 SCTID:276160000 UBERON:0000021 epidermal appendage epidermal growth skin appendage uberon FMA:71012 skin appendage subject to revision Appendage that protrudes from the skin. UBERON:cjm feather BTO:0000447 EFO:0000955 GAID:1214 MAT:0000156 MESH:A13.370 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjW-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:410027006 Taxon notes: They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant Aves from other living groups. Feathers have also been noticed in those Theropoda which have been termed feathered dinosaurs. Although feathers cover most parts of the body of birds, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, waterproofing and coloration that helps in communication and protection. Structure notes: The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. UBERON:0000022 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Parts_of_feather_modified.jpg http://xkcd.com/1104/ one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. uberon Wikipedia:Feather one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws — and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles — are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg. wing Appendage that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. BTO:0001463 EFO:0000885 GAID:1217 MAT:0000202 MESH:A13.395.823 MIAA:0000202 This class is not monophyletic. See also: GO:0007629 UBERON:0000023 alar uberon Appendage that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. Wikipedia:Wing forelimb wing Examples: bat wing, bird wing Forelimb that is used to produce lift for flight through the air. UBERON:0000024 uberon wing wing NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing wing tube UBERON:0000025 epithelial or endothelial lined tube galen:Tube tubular uberon appendage AEO:0000193 BILA:0000018 BTO:0001492 CARO:0010003 EFO:0000799 EHDAA2:0003193 EV:0100155 Extremitaet FBbt:00007000 GO includes tree trunks, but excludes antennae. We modify trunk to body in our definition. Note this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers HAO:0000144 MAT:0000023 MESH:A01.378 MIAA:0000023 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA]. OpenCyc:Mx4rvViC-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000026 UMLS:C0598782 VSAO:0000075 XAO:0000218 appendicular extremity limbs/digits/tail ncithesaurus:Appendage uberon MP:0000001 limbs/digits/tail BTO:0001492 Extremitaet BILA:0000018 GO:0048736 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA]. Wikipedia:Appendage lymph node BTO:0000784 EFO:0000872 EV:0100050 FMA:5034 GAID:947 Lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic system have evolved in mammals.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000139 MAT:0000442 MESH:A15.382.520.604.412 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLPqLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. SCTID:181756000 TAO:0005318 UBERON:0000029 UMLS:C0024204 VHOG:0001273 ZFA:0005318 galen:Lymphnode http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png lymph gland ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node nodus lymphaticus uberon Wikipedia VHOG:0001273 lymph gland Wikipedia:Lymph_node nodus lymphaticus ZFA doie:10.1177/0192623311409597 GAID:947 Oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are garrisons of B, T, and other immune cells. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and act as filters or traps for foreign particles. They contain white blood cells that use oxygen to process. Thus they are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, and inside the lymph node the fibrous capsule extends to form trabeculae. The substance of the lymph node is divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla surrounded by the former all around except for at the hilum, where the medulla comes in direct contact with the surface. Thin reticular fibers, elastin and reticular fibers form a supporting meshwork called reticular network (RN) inside the node, within which the white blood cells (WBCs), most prominently, lymphocytes are tightly packed as follicles in the cortex. Elsewhere, there are only occasional WBCs. The RN provides not just the structural support, but also provide surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It allows for exchange of material with blood through the high endothelial venules and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph_node 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.630 Lymph nodes that are associated with the lymphatic system have evolved in mammals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001273 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lamina propria A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. BTO:0002330 Editor notes: need to implement rules such that "lamina propria of X" is classified as part of some "mucosa of X" FMA:62517 SCTID:298225002 UBERON:0000030 UMLS:C1179187 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GI_Organization.svg/250px-GI_Organization.svg.png lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosae ncithesaurus:Lamina_Propria tunica propria uberon A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. Wikipedia:Lamina_propria BTO:0002330 tunica propria lamina propria of trachea A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. MA:0001858 UBERON:0000031 UMLS:C1710457 lamina propria mucosa of trachea lamina propria mucosa of windpipe lamina propria mucosae of trachea lamina propria mucosae of windpipe lamina propria of windpipe ncithesaurus:Trachea_Lamina_Propria trachea lamina propria trachea lamina propria mucosa trachea lamina propria mucosae tracheal lamina propria uberon windpipe lamina propria windpipe lamina propria mucosa windpipe lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of trachea A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina propria of windpipe reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of trachea obsolete cranial structure UBERON:0000032 obsoleted as it was a grouping class that served no purpose true uberon head AAO:0010335 AEO:0000106 BILA:0000115 BTO:0000282 EFO:0000964 EHDAA2:0003106 FBbt:00000004 FMA:7154 GAID:61 HAO:0000397 MA:0000023 MAT:0000294 MESH:A01.456 MIAA:0000294 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1230 OpenCyc:Mx4rEOLm4rgPEdmAAAACs6hRjg OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi6YJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO] SCTID:302548004 SPD:0000016 TAO:0001114 TGMA:0000002 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. UBERON:0000033 UMLS:C0018670 VHOG:0001644 Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] WBbt:0005739 XAO:0003024 ZFA:0001114 adult head cephalic area galen:Head head (volume) ncithesaurus:Head uberon FMA:7154 head (volume) 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82 VHOG VHOG:0001644 Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ SPD:0000016 cephalic area 2012-08-14 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001114 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010335 AAO:BJB Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO] GO:0060322 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. Wikipedia:Head primary ovarian follicle BTO:0000410 EMAPA:19284 FMA:18634 MA:0002907 SCTID:258665002 UBERON:0000035 folliculus ovaricus primarius ovary primary follicle preantral follicle of ovary primary egg follicle primary follicle of ovary uberon FMA:18634 primary follicle of ovary MA:0002907 ovary primary follicle secondary ovarian follicle EMAPA:29862 FMA:18637 MA:0002908 MA:0002909 UBERON:0000036 antral follice antral follicle of ovary antral ovarian follice folliculus ovaricus secondarius ovary antral follicle ovary secondary follicle secondary egg follicle secondary follicle of ovary uberon GO:0001547 antral follice MA:0002909 ovary antral follicle GO:0001547 antral ovarian follice MA:0002908 ovary secondary follicle tertiary ovarian follicle EMAPA:30763 FMA:18641 Graafian follicle Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (i. e, once a month). [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:362261008 UBERON:0000037 UMLS:C0600225 folliculi ovarici vesiculosi folliculus ovaricus tertiarius folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculosus) folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculous) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Primary_follicle-4.JPG/200px-Primary_follicle-4.JPG ncithesaurus:Graafian_Follicle tertiary egg follicle tertiary follicle of ovary uberon vesicular follicle of ovary vesicular ovarian follicle FMA:18641 folliculus ovaricus tertiarius (vesiculosus) FMA:18641 FMA:TA folliculi ovarici vesiculosi FMA:18641 vesicular ovarian follicle Ovarian follicle is the basic unit of female reproductive biology and is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (i. e, once a month). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Graafian_follicle FMA:18641 vesicular follicle of ovary FMA:18641 tertiary follicle of ovary follicular fluid BTO:0004383 FMA:18665 Follicular fluid is a liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid. GAID:372 MA:0002511 MESH:A05.360.319.114.630.535.150 The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle ( OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes. UBERON:0000038 UMLS:C1709369 antral fluid, ovarian follicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray3.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png liquor follicularis liquor folliculi liquor folliculi ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Follicle_Fluid ovarian follicular fluid ovary follicle fluid ovary follicular fluid uberon FMA:18665 liquor follicularis Wikipedia:Follicular_fluid liquor folliculi MA:0002511 ovary follicle fluid BTO:0004383 ovary follicular fluid BTO:0004383 ovarian follicular fluid MESH:D015571 The fluid surrounding the OVUM and GRANULOSA CELLS in the Graafian follicle ( OVARIAN FOLLICLE). The follicular fluid contains sex steroids, glycoprotein hormones, plasma proteins, mucopolysaccharides, and enzymes. Wikipedia:Follicular_fluid follicular antrum FMA:18675 Region of ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid. UBERON:0000039 antral cavity antrum folliculare antrum follicularum uberon Region of ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid. Wikipedia:Follicular_antrum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_antrum FMA:18675 antral cavity FMA:18675 antrum folliculare Wikipedia:Follicular_antrum antrum follicularum Leydig's organ A hemopoietic organ found in elasmobranchs. Along with the spleen and special tissue around the gonads, this structure produces red blood cells and it is nestled along the top and bottom of the esophagus. Taxon notes: Found in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) but with some exceptions. Phenotype notes: Leydig's organ can be quite large - a 1.6-kilogram (3.5-pound) one was reported from a 1.8-metre (6-foot) long Bluntnose Sixgill Shark (Hexanchus griseus). Structure notes: divided into dorsal and ventral patches, gradation varies between species. Lacks erythroblasts and fat cells[Honma 1983] UBERON:0000040 uberon A hemopoietic organ found in elasmobranchs. Along with the spleen and special tissue around the gonads, this structure produces red blood cells and it is nestled along the top and bottom of the esophagus. Wikipedia:Leydig's_organ http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_blood_cells.htm Wikipedia dermal denticle Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis.[VSAO] Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VSAO]. small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP]. TODO check dentin def // Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. UBERON:0000041 VSAO:0000079 odontode scale placoid scale uberon Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis[VSAO]. small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks. They are similar in structure to teeth, and teeth may have evolved from denticle-like structures in primitive fish.[citation needed] The placoid scales in sharks are formed of dentine with dermal papillae located in the core. These scales develop from the dermal layer of the skin, which is in contrast to the epidermal development seen the in the elasmoid scales of tetrapods. The shape of denticle varies from species to species and can be used in identification. Studies have found that the denticles create tiny vortices that reduce drag to make swimming more efficient. Denticles also allow sharks to swim silently compared to other fish that generate considerable noise when they ply the water[WP]. VSAO:0000079 Wikipedia:Dermal_denticle 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue structure composed of enameloid, dentine surrounding a pulp cavity, and bone of attachment anchoring the element into the dermis.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000079 VSAO:0000079 odontode scale serous membrane A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] FMA:9581 GAID:19 MESH:A10.615.789 SCTID:362878009 TAO:0005425 UBERON:0000042 UMLS:C0036760 ZFA:0005425 a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png in FMA, SM = mesothelium + connective tissue. It excludes the cavity. Serous sac = SM + cavity. Note that the SM is a subtype of wall in FMA. multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. ncithesaurus:Serosa serosa tunica serosa uberon wall of serous sac 2012-08-14 A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005425 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane Wikipedia:Serous_membrane http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/86 multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. Wikipedia FMA:9581 tunica serosa a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_membrane FMA:9581 wall of serous sac Wikipedia:Serous_membrane serosa tendon AEO:0000091 AO notes: in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis BTO:0001356 Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO] Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. EHDAA2:0003091 EV:0100149 FMA:9721 GAID:276 MA:0000115 MESH:A02.880 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjefJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:256667004 UBERON:0000043 UMLS:C0039508 VHOG:0001286 VSAO:0000073 XAO:0000173 ZFA:0005647 galen:Tendon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg/200px-Achilles-tendon.jpg ncithesaurus:Tendon sinew tendo uberon Wikipedia:Tendon sinew 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00241-6 Summers AP, Koob TJ, The evolution of tendon - morphology and material properties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2002) Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001286 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000073 VSAO Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. VSAO:0000073 Wikipedia:Tendon Wikipedia:Tendon tendo OG dorsal root ganglion AAO:0011032 BTO:0001264 DRG Development notes: The sensory ganglia of spinal nerves arise only from the neural crest, whereas many sensory ganglia of the “dorsal” cranial nerves arise from epibranchial placodes as well as the neural crest[doi: 10.1093/icb/icn065]. Other ontology notes: FMA treats dorsal root ganglion and spinal ganglion as equivalent labels. MA is the only ontology to introduce two classes here (also EHDAA2) EFO:0000900 EHDAA2:0000418 EHDAA2:0001897 EHDAA:2899 EMAPA:16668 EMAPA:18372 EV:0100373 FMA:5888 From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000231 MA:0000232 MAT:0000162 MIAA:0000162 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2596 SCTID:244455004 TAO:0000200 Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves.[TAO] UBERON:0000044 UMLS:C0017070 VHOG:0000222 XAO:0000210 ZFA:0000200 dorsal root ganglia dorsal root ganglion ganglion of dorsal root ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve that is one of a series of ganglia lodging cell bodies of sensory neurons[BTO]. Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves[..]. one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve[TFD]. ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis ganglion spinale ganglion spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg/200px-DRG_Chicken_e7.jpg ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Root_Ganglion spinal ganglion uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_root_ganglion ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000200 Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves.[TAO] ZFIN:curator BTO:0001264 dorsal root ganglion FMA:5888 ganglion spinalis MA OBOL:automatic ganglion of dorsal root UBERONREF:0000002 ZFA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000) From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000222 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:5888 spinal ganglion dorsal root ganglia Wikipedia:Dorsal_root_ganglion ganglion on the dorsal root of each spinal nerve that is one of a series of ganglia lodging cell bodies of sensory neurons[BTO]. Trunk ganglion which is located adjacent to the spine on a dorsal root and contains the cell bodies of afferent sensory nerves[..]. one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve[TFD]. BTO:0001264 ganglion spinale BTO:0001264 ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis ganglion A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. AAO:0010426 AEO:0000135 BTO:0000497 Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000899 EHDAA2:0003135 EHDAA:2897 EHDAA:4662 EHDAA:5621 EHDAA:918 EV:0100372 FBbt:00005137 FMA:5884 MA:0002406 MAT:0000207 MAT:0000343 MESH:A08.340 MIAA:0000207 MIAA:0000343 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100302 Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO] Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] TAO:0000190 TGMA:0001016 TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system. // Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com). UBERON:0000045 UMLS:C0017067 VHOG:0000156 WBbt:0005189 XAO:0000209 ZFA:0000190 ganglia ganglionic ncithesaurus:Ganglion neural ganglion uberon EHDAA2 BTO:0000497 neural ganglion A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. Wikipedia:Ganglion BTO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010426 AAO:EJS Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO] 2012-09-17 Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000156 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000190 ZFIN:curator definitional stemma UBERON:0000046 eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light pit eye uberon Wikipedia:Eye#Pit_eyes pit eye Wikipedia:Eye#Pit_eyes Wikipedia:Stemma eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eyespot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light simple eye An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. TGMA:0000729 UBERON:0000047 uberon An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Wikipedia:Eye#Simple_eyes pinhole eye Simple eye that has a small aperture (which may be adjustable) and deep pit. It is only found in the nautiloids. UBERON:0000048 uberon DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 Simple eye that has a small aperture (which may be adjustable) and deep pit. It is only found in the nautiloids. Wikipedia:Pinhole_eye spherical lensed eye UBERON:0000049 simple eye that consists of a lens of one refractive index uberon Wikipepedia:Eye#Spherical_lensed_eye simple eye that consists of a lens of one refractive index simple eye with multiple lenses UBERON:0000050 simple eye that has two or more lenses. Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the copeopod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Copilla's eyes have two lenses, which move in and out like a telescope uberon Wikipedia:Eye#Multiple_lenses simple eye that has two or more lenses. Some marine organisms bear more than one lens; for instance the copeopod Pontella has three. The outer has a parabolic surface, countering the effects of spherical aberration while allowing a sharp image to be formed. Copilla's eyes have two lenses, which move in and out like a telescope fornix of vagina FMA:19985 SCTID:245475003 The deepest portions of the vagina, extending into the recesses created by the vaginal portion of cervix[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000051 UMLS:C0227794 fornix fornix vaginae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Fornix uberon vaginal fornices vaginal fornix The deepest portions of the vagina, extending into the recesses created by the vaginal portion of cervix[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_fornix vaginal fornices FMA:19985 FMA:TA fornix vaginae fornix of brain FMA:83865 MA:0002747 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_705 SCTID:279302004 The fornix (Latin, 'vault' or 'arch') is a C-shaped bundle of fibres in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000052 UMLS:C0458370 brain fornix cerebral fornix fornix fornix of neuraxis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Fornix neuraxis fornix uberon FMA:83865 neuraxis fornix FMA:83865 fornix of neuraxis The fornix (Latin, 'vault' or 'arch') is a C-shaped bundle of fibres in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_fornix_of_brain_of_brain macula lutea BTO:0003015 EV:0100349 FMA:58637 GAID:909 MA:0001306 MESH:A09.371.729.522 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2540 Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) SCTID:362517001 UBERON:0000053 UMLS:C0450295 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png macula macula flava retinae macula retinae maculae ncithesaurus:Macula ncithesaurus:Macula_Lutea uberon BTO:0003015 macula flava retinae BTO:0003015 macula retinae MESH:A09.371.729.522 Oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye. It has a diameter of around 5 mm and is often histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells. Near its center is the fovea, a small pit that contains the largest concentration of cone cells in the eye and is responsible for central vision, and also contains the parafovea and perifovea[WP]. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) Wikipedia:Macula_of_retina macula GAID:777 MESH:A09.246.631.909.625.125 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000386 Thickened areas of the saccule or utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs[MESH,modified]. UBERON:0000054 Usage notes: this refers to the inner ear structure, not the macula of the retina. We follow ZFA in including a grouping class for the macula of utricle and sacule ZFA:0000386 acoustic macula acoustic maculae macula maculae macular sensory macula sensory patch uberon 2012-08-14 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000386 ZFIN:curator MESH:A09.246.631.909.625.125 acoustic maculae ZFA:0000386 sensory patch MESH:A09.246.631.909.625.125 Thickened areas of the saccule or utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs[MESH,modified]. ZFA:0000386 sensory macula MESH:A09.246.631.909.625.125 acoustic macula maculae vessel A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. UBERON:0000055 compare with UBERON:0008782 uberon A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. UBERON:cjm ureter AAO:0010254 Anatomical structure consisting of long narrow duct which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.[AAO] BTO:0001409 EFO:0000930 EHDAA2:0002139 EHDAA:9341 EMAPA:17950 EV:0100097 FMA:9704 GAID:438 MA:0000378 MAT:0000120 MESH:A05.810.776 MIAA:0000120 Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: the right and the left ureters. OpenCyc:Mx4rvhmm6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302511008 The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000056 UMLS:C0041951 VHOG:0000605 XAO:0000144 galen:Ureter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Urinary_system.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png metanephric duct ncithesaurus:Ureter uberon ureteral ureteric FMA MA:0000378 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000605 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO 2012-09-17 The duct of amniotes that carries urine from a metanephric kidney to the urinary bladder. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000605 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:9704 GO:0090189 Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. In humans, organ with organ cavity which connects the renal sinus to the urinary bladder. Examples: the right and the left ureters. Wikipedia:Ureter 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010254 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure consisting of long narrow duct which carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.[AAO] ISBN10:0073040584 VHOG:0000605 metanephric duct urethra A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. BTO:0001426 EFO:0000931 EMAPA:30901 EV:0100099 FMA:19667 GAID:390 MA:0000379 MAT:0000121 MESH:A05.360.444.492.726 MIAA:0000121 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkypwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302513006 UBERON:0000057 UMLS:C0041967 VHOG:0001264 XAO:0000153 galen:Urethra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Urethra uberon urethral Wikipedia pelvic part of UG sinus gives rise to prostatic and membranous parts of urethra A tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, the urethra travels through the penis, and carries semen as well as urine. In females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. Wikipedia:Urethra duct A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA]. AAO:0011123 FBbt:00100314 FMA:30320 SCTID:91726008 TAO:0005171 TODO - make distinctions between duct and tube clearer. Single layer of cells vs multiples? Function (e.g. exocrine gland duct?). Different ontologies use it in different ways (e.g. isa epithelial tube in FBbt). Consider adding duct of gland UBERON:0000058 UMLS:C0687028 XAO:0004000 ZFA:0005171 anatomical duct exocrine duct exocrine gland duct galen:Duct ncithesaurus:Duct uberon A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Duct_(anatomy) ZFA:0005171 large intestine A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. AAO:0010396 BTO:0000706 EFO:0000840 EMAPA:19252 EV:0100077 FMA:7201 GAID:306 Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000333 MESH:A03.492.411.495 MIAA:0000046 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkF5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181254001 UBERON:0000059 UMLS:C0021851 VHOG:0000054 XAO:0000131 galen:LargeIntestine intestinum crassum ncithesaurus:Large_Intestine uberon BTO:0000706 intestinum crassum A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Large_intestine_(anatomy) 2 cjm 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566 Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000054 http://bgee.unil.ch/ anatomical wall AO notes: in FMA, serosa is a wall EMAPA:25036 FMA:82482 Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. UBERON:0000060 UBERON:0009915 galen:Wall organ wall uberon wall wall of organ FMA:82482 organ wall FMA:82482 Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. FMA:82482 wall of organ anatomical structure AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 FBbt:00007001 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MA:0003000 MESH:A13 Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. SCTID:362889002 TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 UBERON:0000061 VHOG:0001759 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 biological structure uberon CARO:0000003 Material anatomical entity that has inherent 3D shape and is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. organ Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions[GO]. EFO:0000634 FMA:67498 MA:0003001 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5XMb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3iWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272625005 UBERON:0000062 UMLS:C0178784 body organ element ncithesaurus:Organ note that CARO does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ uberon Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions[GO]. Wikipedia:Organ_(anatomy) Wikipedia organ segment FMA:86140 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball[FMA]. UBERON:0000063 organ region with fixed fiat boundary segment of organ uberon FMA:86140 organ region with fixed fiat boundary FMA:86140 segment of organ FMA:86140 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball[FMA]. organ part AAO:0011124 EFO:0000635 FMA:82472 SCTID:113343008 SCTID:91717005 UBERON:0000064 anatomical structure which has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. Examples: osteon, cortical bone, neck of femur, bronchopulmonary segment, left lobe of liver, anterior right side of heart, interventricular branch of left coronary artery, right atrium, mitral valve, head of pancreas[FMA]. cardinal organ part uberon FMA:82472 anatomical structure which has as its direct parts two or more types of tissue and is continuous with one or more anatomical structures likewise constituted by two or more portions of tissues distinct from those of their complement. Examples: osteon, cortical bone, neck of femur, bronchopulmonary segment, left lobe of liver, anterior right side of heart, interventricular branch of left coronary artery, right atrium, mitral valve, head of pancreas[FMA]. respiratory tract EHDAA2:0001606 EHDAA:1568 EHDAA:2219 EMAPA:16737 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvM--pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361110005 UBERON:0000065 VHOG:0000393 anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts uberon UBERON:cjm anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts NBK10107 fully formed stage BTO:0001043 BilaDO:0000004 EFO:0001272 FBdv:00005369 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both juvenile stage, and adult stage. UBERON:0000066 WBls:0000041 XtroDO:0000084 adult stage fully formed animal stage juvenile-adult stage uberon The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both juvenile stage, and adult stage. UBERON:cjm embryo stage part A stage that is part of the embryo stage. UBERON:0000067 embryonic stage part uberon A stage that is part of the embryo stage. UBERON:cjm embryo stage A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. BilaDO:0000002 EV:0300001 FBdv:00005289 HsapDv:0000002 MmusDv:0000002 OGES:000000 OGES:000022 SCTID:296280003 UBERON:0000068 XAO:1000012 embryogenesis embryonic stage uberon larval stage BTO:0000915 BTO:0000954 EFO:0001303 FBdv:00005336 It is a misunderstanding that the larval form always reflects the group's evolutionary history. It could be the case, but often the larval stage has evolved secondarily, as in insects. In these cases the larval form might differ more from the group's common origin than the adult form[WP]. Uberon includes clade-specific subclasses. MIAA:0000400 OGES:000008 UBERON:0000069 ZFS:0000048 a distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ammocoete ammocoete stage bipinnaria bipinnaria stage caterpillar caterpillar stage glochidium glochidium stage grub grub stage larva larva stage leptocephalus leptocephalus stage maggot maggot stage metacestode naiad, nymph naiad, nymph stage nauplius nauplius stage nymph nymph stage planula planula stage tornaria trochophore trochophore stage uberon veliger veliger stage wriggler wriggler stage zoea zoea stage Wikipedia:Larva grub Wikipedia:Larva wriggler stage Wikipedia:Larva nauplius Wikipedia:Larva trochophore stage Wikipedia:Larva naiad, nymph Wikipedia:Larva nymph BTO:0000859 metacestode Wikipedia:Larva wriggler Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar Wikipedia:Larva planula stage Wikipedia:Larva veliger Wikipedia:Larva veliger stage Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria Wikipedia:Larva glochidium Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar stage Wikipedia:Larva glochidium stage Wikipedia:Larva nymph stage Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria stage NCBITaxon:10219 tornaria Wikipedia:Larva grub stage Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus stage Wikipedia:Larva a distinct juvenile stage many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva planula Wikipedia:Larva maggot stage Wikipedia:Larva zoea Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus Wikipedia:Larva trochophore Wikipedia:Larva nauplius stage Wikipedia:Larva zoea stage Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete stage Wikipedia:Larva maggot Wikipedia:Larva naiad, nymph stage pupal stage A life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. FBdv:00005349 UBERON:0000070 aurelia stage chrysalides stage chrysalis stage pupa stage uberon NCBITaxon:37572 Wikipedia:Pupa aurelia stage NCBITaxon:37572 Wikipedia:Pupa chrysalis stage NCBITaxon:37572 Wikipedia:Pupa chrysalides stage A life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. Wikipedia:Pupa death stage AO notes - ncit:Death is an outcome End of the life of an organism. UBERON:0000071 XAO:0000437 XtroDO:0000085 death uberon End of the life of an organism. XAO:0000437 segment of respiratory tract An organ segment that is part of a respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000434 Note that MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole UBERON:0000072 respiratory tract uberon MA:0000434 respiratory tract An organ segment that is part of a respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic regional part of nervous system 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z An anatomical structure that is part of a nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. Melissa Haendel NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1157 SCTID:25087005 UBERON:0000073 UMLS:C1518256 ncithesaurus:Nervous_System_Part part of nervous system uberon An anatomical structure that is part of a nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1157 part of nervous system renal glomerulus 2009-06-18T09:26:37Z A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. BTO:0000530 EFO:0003667 EV:0100386 FMA:15624 MA:0001657 MESH:A05.810.453.736.520 Melissa Haendel SCTID:362217000 TAO:0001288 UBERON:0000074 UMLS:C0022663 ZFA - The multi-tissue structure where the glomerular basement membrane supported by mesonephric podocytes filters blood from the glomerular capillaries. TODO - split glomerulus and glomerular tuft? DONE. GUDMAP: 'Together, the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle.' - here the glomerulus is part of the capsule? ZFA:0001288 glomerular capillary tuft glomerular tuft glomerulus glomerulus renis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Renal_corpuscle.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray1130.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png malphigian glomerulus ncithesaurus:Glomerulus renal corpuscle renal glomeruli uberon renal corpuscle BTO:0000530 malphigian glomerulus MA ZFA:0001288 glomerular capillary tuft A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. MP:0005325 Wikipedia:Glomerulus glomerular tuft TAO:0001288 renal glomeruli Wikipedia:Glomerulus glomerulus renis subdivision of skeletal system Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. FMA:85544 SCTID:118966000 UBERON:0000075 UBERON:0010322 UMLS:C1519343 galen:ComplexSkeletalStructure ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System_Part skeletal system part skeletal system subdivision uberon FMA:85544 skeletal system subdivision Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 cjm external ectoderm EHDAA2:0001968 EHDAA:1494 EHDAA:350 EHDAA:4784 EHDAA:4790 EHDAA:4796 EHDAA:7860 EMAPA:16096 EMAPA:16539 Editor note: merge with non-neural. In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube). FMA:87656 The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000076 UMLS:C1515087 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ectoderm.png/200px-Ectoderm.png ncithesaurus:Surface_Ectoderm surface ectoderm uberon The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_ectoderm mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. Notes that the developmental relationships are being refined such that most structures should develop in whole from at most one layer, but may have contributions from multiple UBERON:0000077 uberon An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. UBERON:cjm mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. Notes that the developmental relationships are being refined such that most structures should develop in whole from at most one layer, but may have contributions from multiple UBERON:0000078 uberon An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. UBERON:cjm male reproductive system BTO:0000082 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000970 EHDAA2:0001054 EHDAA:8136 EMAPA:17968 EV:0100101 FBbt:00004927 FMA:45664 GAID:386 HAO:0000505 MA:0000396 MESH:A05.360.444 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361340001 TGMA:0000634 UBERON:0000079 UMLS:C0017422 UMLS:C1963704 VHOG:0000725 WBbt:0008423 XAO:0000155 genitalia of male organism male genital organ male genital system male genitalia male genitals male organism genitalia male organism reproductive system male reproductive tract ncithesaurus:Male_Genitalia ncithesaurus:Male_Reproductive_System reproductive system of male organism systema genitale masculinum the organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. uberon MP:0001145 the organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. FMA:45664 male genital system OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism MA:0000396 male reproductive tract OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism 2012-09-17 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0792383369 Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000725 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000082 male genital organ BTO:0000082 systema genitale masculinum OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system mesonephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the middle region of the nephric ridge; a transient embryonic stage that replaces the pronephros, but is itself replaced by the adult metanephros [in mammals; in fishes and amphibians it is the adult kidney]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] AAO:0010384 As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001542 By contrast to the pronephros, the histological features of the mesonephros, with its primitive glomeruli, suggest that it probably functions as a primitive kidney, and is involved in the production of much of the amniotic fluid. Within the two mesonephroi, one located on either side of the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut, a substantial number (in the region of about 40 or more) of cranio-caudally segmented mesonephric tubules are formed. It has, however, been suggested that only the most rostrally located 4-6 pairs of mesonephric tubules drain into the mesonephric portion of the nephric duct. This is now seen to extend along the length of the mesonephroi, being located towards their lateral sides. The mesonephros is also retained over a considerably longer period than the pronephros, but gradually undergoes regression in a cranio-caudal direction. While the rostral part displays clear evidence of regression its more caudal part appears to display evidence of functional activity. Within the medial part of the mesonephros, vesicles are formed, although no glomeruli are formed there in this species. It is, however, difficult to believe that the relatively enormous mesonephroi do not have an excretory role in the mouse, only serving as a base for gonadal differentiation. In the human embryo, the medial part of the mesonephric tubules enlarges, become invaginated by capillaries, and form glomeruli. These then take on an excretory role. In the mouse, the mesonephric ducts appear to be patent throughout their length[GUDMAP] comment: Taxon notes: The mesonephros persists and form the permanent kidneys in fishes and amphibians, but in reptiles, birds, and mammals, it atrophies and for the most part disappears rapidly as the permanent kidney (metanephros) begins to develop during the sixth or seventh week. By the beginning of the fifth month only the ducts and a few of the tubules of the mesonephros remain[WP] EFO:0000928 EHDAA2:0001130 EHDAA:1581 EHDAA:5903 EMAPA:16744 EMAPA:17369 EMAPA:27644 FMA:72171 GAID:1308 In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney[GO]. One of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. MESH:A16.254.500 Organ that is the definitive adult kidney. It replaces the earlier pronephros, which degenerates as the mesonephros becomes functional in feeding stage tadpoles.[AAO] SCTID:308799002 TAO:0000529 UBERON:0000080 UMLS:C0025492 VHOG:0000038 Wolffian body XAO:0000141 ZFA:0000529 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gray986.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray986.png/200px-Gray986.png mesonephric mesonephric kidney mesonephroi ncithesaurus:Mesonephros opisthonephros opisto nephros opistonephros uberon XAO:0000141 mesonephric kidney 2012-09-17 As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates. (...) In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 VHOG VHOG:0000038 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0001823 In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney[GO]. One of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. Wikipedia:Mesonephros 2012-09-17 A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the middle region of the nephric ridge; a transient embryonic stage that replaces the pronephros, but is itself replaced by the adult metanephros [in mammals; in fishes and amphibians it is the adult kidney]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000038 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010384 AAO:BJB Organ that is the definitive adult kidney. It replaces the earlier pronephros, which degenerates as the mesonephros becomes functional in feeding stage tadpoles.[AAO] BTO:0001542 GOC:yaf MESH:A16.254.500 Wikipedia:Mesonephros Wolffian body http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html opistonephros VHOG:0000038 XAO:0000141 opisthonephros http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron mesonephroi metanephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] BTO:0001543 EHDAA2:0001137 EHDAA:3089 EHDAA:5911 EMAPA:17207 EMAPA:17373 FMA:72172 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. SCTID:308797000 TODO check developmental relationships The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000081 UMLS:C0231049 VHOG:0000039 definite kidney definitive kidney hind kidney metanephric metanephric kidney metanephron ncithesaurus:Metanephros uberon GO:0001656 In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO]. During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis. Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros VHOG:0000039 metanephric kidney ISBN:9780878932504 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000039 http://bgee.unil.ch/ definitional BTO:0001543 metanephron GO BTO:0001543 hind kidney BTO:0001543 definite kidney 2012-09-17 A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the posterior region of the nephric ridge and drained by a ureter; replaces the embryonic pronephros and mesonephros [in mammals]. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.745][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000039 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001543 definitive kidney adult mammalian kidney UBERON:0000082 uberon mesonephric tubule A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. AAO:0010389 Any of the renal tubules composing the mesonephros. In mammals they function as excretory structures during the early embryonic development but are later incorporated into the reproductive system. [TFD][VHOG] As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001134 EMAPA:27588 EMAPA:27659 TODO check UBERON:0000083 VHOG:0000500 XAO:0000148 renal tubules tubuli mesonephrici uberon VHOG:0000500 renal tubules 2012-09-17 As the pronephros regresses, the archinephric duct induces the sequential differentiation of tubules in the more caudal parts of the nephric ridge. (...) Tubules that differentiate in the middle part of the nephric ridge form a kidney called the mesonephros. This kidney functions in the embryos and larvae of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 VHOG VHOG:0000500 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Mesonephric_tubules tubuli mesonephrici A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. Wikipedia:Mesonephric_tubules 2012-09-17 Any of the renal tubules composing the mesonephros. In mammals they function as excretory structures during the early embryonic development but are later incorporated into the reproductive system. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000500 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesonephric+tubule ureteric bud BTO:0001646 EHDAA2:0002140 EHDAA:3091 EHDAA:5917 EMAPA:17209 EMAPA:17376 Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts. [Embryology, See_Dudek_RW_and_Fix_JD, Third_Edition_(2004)_Philadelphia:_Lippincott_William_and_Wilkins, p.137][VHOG] SCTID:361528000 The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000084 UMLS:C1284058 VHOG:0000541 a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It later develops into the adult kidney, except for the nephrons, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema[WP]. epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] diverticulum diverticulum metanephricum gemma ureterica metanephric bud metanephric diverticulum ncithesaurus:Metanephric_Diverticulum uberon ureteric ampulla ureteric diverticulum EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud diverticulum metanephricum BTO:0001646 metanephric bud MP:0010979 PMID:19828308 Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It later develops into the adult kidney, except for the nephrons, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema[WP]. epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=36855&atid=440764 BTO:0001646 diverticulum 2012-09-17 Outgrowth of the mesonephric duct that penetrates the metanephric mesoderm and forms the ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts. [Embryology, See_Dudek_RW_and_Fix_JD, Third_Edition_(2004)_Philadelphia:_Lippincott_William_and_Wilkins, p.137][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000541 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 The first embryonic hint of a metanephros is the formation of the metanephric duct that appears as a ureteric diverticulum arising at the base of preexisting mesonephric duct. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes, and the metanephric duct is usually called the ureter.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000541 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros metanephric diverticulum ISBN:9780878932504 EHDAA2 VHOG:0000541 ureteric diverticulum Wikipedia:Ureteric_bud gemma ureterica morula An embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida[WP] The compacted embryo before cavity formation. BTO:0001508 EHDAA2 has embryo starting later EHDAA2:0000005 GAID:1295 MESH:A16.254.270.550 SCTID:361474003 UBERON:0000085 UMLS:C0026573 XAO:1000029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png morula (2-16 cells) ncithesaurus:Morula uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000005 morula (2-16 cells) An embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, consisting of cells (called blastomeres) in a solid ball contained within the zona pellucida[WP] The compacted embryo before cavity formation. Wikipedia:Morula zona pellucida A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. BTO:0003135 EHDAA2:0002220 EHDAA:31 EHDAA:62 EMAPA:16035 EMAPA:16049 FMA:18674 GAID:410 MA:0001715 MESH:A05.360.490.690.950 Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001111 UBERON:0000086 UMLS:C0043519 VHOG:0000720 ZFA:0001111 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray3.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray3.png/200px-Gray3.png ncithesaurus:Zona_Pellucida oolemma pellucid zone striated membrane uberon vitelline envelope vitelline membrane zona pellucida - vitelline membrane zona radiata zona striata BTO:0003135 pellucid zone 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000720 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida BTO:0003135 striated membrane VHOG:0000720 zona pellucida - vitelline membrane BTO:0003135 zona striata BTO:0003135 zona radiata BTO:0003135 oolemma inner cell mass A group of cells found in the mammalian blastocyst that give rise to the embryo. [Biology_Online][VHOG] A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast (of all eutherian mammals).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000547 EHDAA2:0000830 EHDAA:40 EMAPA:16041 FMA:86557 ICM Mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred. The ICM lies within the blastocoele (more correctly termed 'blastocyst cavity', as it is not strictly homologous to the blastocoele of anamniote vertebrates) and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. SCTID:361456007 UBERON:0000087 UMLS:C1283994 VHOG:0000742 embryoblast embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Inner_Cell_Mass pluriblast uberon ICM VHOG:0000742 EHDAA2 Wikipedia Mass of cells inside the primordial embryo that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred. The ICM lies within the blastocoele (more correctly termed 'blastocyst cavity', as it is not strictly homologous to the blastocoele of anamniote vertebrates) and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass 2012-09-17 A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast (of all eutherian mammals).[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144 VHOG VHOG:0000742 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 2012-09-17 A group of cells found in the mammalian blastocyst that give rise to the embryo. [Biology_Online][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000742 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior trophoblast Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. BTO:0001079 Development notes: The postimplantation derivatives of the trophectoderm, which make up most of the fetal part of the placenta[PMID:19829370] EV:0100120 FMA:83029 GAID:1152 MESH:A11.936 SCTID:362839005 UBERON:0000088 UMLS:C0041178 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png massa cellularis externa ncithesaurus:Trophoblast the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta[MP] trophoblast layer trophoblastic trophoblastus trophoderm uberon 2012-08-23 ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP MP:0005031 the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta[MP] trophoblast layer MP:0005031 trophoblast layer BTO:0001079 trophoderm MP-def PMID:19829370 Wikipedia:Trophoblast trophoblastus Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. Wikipedia:Trophoblast Wikipedia:Trophoblast massa cellularis externa hypoblast (generic) . A primary germ layer that can give rise to both mesoderm and endoderm.[AAO] AAO:0000229 AAO:0010619 BTO:0003953 EFO:0001930 In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] MAT:0000418 MIAA:0000418 TAO:0000117 The inner of the two layers of the blastoderm that forms during gastrulation and give rise to the definitive mesoderm and endoderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0000089 UMLS:C1512561 VHOG:0001222 XAO:0003044 ZFA:0000117 endomesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Cell_differentiation_gastrula.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png hypoblast hypoblastus mesendoderm ncithesaurus:Hypoblast this term groups together disparate structures with different relationships. TODO - consider relationship to UBERON:0000091 uberon 2012-06-20 A primary germ layer that can give rise to both mesoderm and endoderm.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010619 AAO:EJS 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000117 The inner of the two layers of the blastoderm that forms during gastrulation and give rise to the definitive mesoderm and endoderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.05.543 Takeuchi M, Takahashi M, Okabe M, Aizawa S, Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates. Developmental Biology (2009) (reference 1), Darras S, Gerhart J, Terasaki M, Kirschner M, Lowe CJ, Beta-catenin specifies the endomesoderm and defines the posterior organizer of the hemichordate Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Development (2011) (reference 2) In mammal and avian, extraembryonic endoderm such as visceral endoderm and hypoblast play essential roles in the embryonic axis formation and germ layer development. These extraembryonic tissues are generally considered to have been created in ancestral amniotes evolved from the Xenopus-type ancestor (reference 1); The endomesoderm secretes as yet unidentified signals that posteriorize the ectoderm, which would otherwise adopt an anterior fate. Our results point to a conserved function at the base of deuterostomes for beta-catenin in germ layer specification and to a causal link in the definition of the posterior part of the embryonic ectoderm by way of activating posteriorizing endomesodermal factors (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001222 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001222 hypoblast . Wikipedia:Hypoblast https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3560500&group_id=36855&atid=440764 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 mesendoderm Wikipedia:Hypoblast hypoblastus VHOG:0001222 endomesoderm blastocele A blastocoel forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. The blastocoel is the cavity of the blastula, a closed space which is invaded by early mesenchyme and later obliterated by the enlarging archenteron.[AAO] AAO:0010433 EHDAA2:0000175 EHDAA:50 EMAPA:16044 In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361455006 The cavity inside the blastula. [The_evolution_of_organ_systems_(2007)_Oxford:_Oxford_University_Press, p.150, see_Schmidt-Rhaesa_A][VHOG] UBERON:0000090 VHOG:0000811 XAO:0000294 blastocoel blastocoele blastocoelic cavity blastocyst cavity cleavage cavity fluid-filled central region of a blastocyst. A blastocoele forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blastocyst.gif/200px-Blastocyst.gif segmentation cavity uberon 2012-09-17 The cavity inside the blastula. [The_evolution_of_organ_systems_(2007)_Oxford:_Oxford_University_Press, p.150, see_Schmidt-Rhaesa_A][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000811 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000811 blastocoel Wikipedia:Blastocele fluid-filled central region of a blastocyst. A blastocoele forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. EHDAA2:0000175 blastocoelic cavity 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.150 In the development of many animals, a hollow blastula stage is formed during early embryogenesis. Such a hollow blastula is even regarded as an autapomorphy of Metazoa and is present already in some sponges.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000811 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html 2012-06-20 A blastocoel forms during embryogenesis when a zygote (a fertilized ovum) divides into many cells through mitosis. The blastocoel is the cavity of the blastula, a closed space which is invaded by early mesenchyme and later obliterated by the enlarging archenteron.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010433 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 ISBN:0815318960 bilaminar disc UBERON:0000091 UMLS:C1283997 bilaminar disk bilaminary embryonic disc bilaminary germ disc http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gray21.png/200px-Gray21.png ncithesaurus:Bilaminar_Embryonic_Disc the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast uberon Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc the epiblast and the hypoblast, evolved from the embryoblast Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc bilaminar disk ISBN:9780878932504 bilaminary germ disc Wikipedia post-embryonic stage BilaDO:0000003 In birds, the postnatal stage begins when the beak penetrates the shell (i.e., external pipping) (Brown et al. 1997) MmusDv:0000030 OGES:000010 OGES:000014 OGES:000024 UBERON:0000092 WBls:0000022 post-hatching stage postembryonic postembryonic stage stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure uberon UBERON:cjm stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure sulcus 2009-04-09T06:23:22Z UBERON:0000093 a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. cjm uberon Wikipedia:Sulcus_(anatomy) a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ. membrane organ 2009-07-30T05:19:13Z FMA:7145 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] UBERON:0000094 cjm membrane of organ uberon FMA:7145 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] cardiac neural crest 2009-07-30T07:57:38Z AO notes - ZFA treats this as a subtype of NC. TAO:0002173 UBERON:0000095 XAO:0004190 ZFA:0001648 cardiac neural crest complex cjm complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] uberon Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest cardiac neural crest complex Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus Wikipedia blastopore A slit-like invagination on the dorsal side of the blastula surface of the embryo where the mesoderm and endoderm move inside the embryo at gatrulation.[AAO] AAO:0000045 BTO:0001695 In protostome development, the first opening in development, the blastopore, becomes the animal's mouth; In deuterostome development, the blastopore becomes the animal's anus Structure around the opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism. The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on the direction in which the mouth (stoma) develops in relation to the blastopore. UBERON:0000100 XAO:0000208 uberon 2012-06-20 A slit-like invagination on the dorsal side of the blastula surface of the embryo where the mesoderm and endoderm move inside the embryo at gatrulation.[AAO] AAO AAO:0000045 AAO:BJB Structure around the opening into the archenteron during the embryonic stages of an organism. The distinction between protostomes and deuterostomes is based on the direction in which the mouth (stoma) develops in relation to the blastopore. Wikipedia:Blastopore http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html lobe of lung A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO]. FMA:7311 OpenCyc:Mx4rvo6-vpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245524004 UBERON:0000101 UMLS:C0225752 galen:LobeOfLung lung lobe ncithesaurus:Lung_Lobe pulminory lobe pulmonary lobe uberon FMA:7311 pulmonary lobe A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung[GO]. GOC:GO lung vasculature FMA:73750 The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. UBERON:0000102 lung vascular network pulmonary vasculature uberon vascular network of lung vasculature of lung OBOL:automatic lung vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of lung GOC:GO The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. FMA:73750 pulmonary vasculature OBOL:automatic vasculature of lung life cycle stage boundary Instant starting or ending a life cycle stage. These can be arbitrary/fiat. UBERON:0000103 life cycle stage transition event life cycle stage transition instant span:ProcessBoundary uberon Instant starting or ending a life cycle stage. These can be arbitrary/fiat. UBERON:cjm life cycle An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. FBdv_root:00000000 HsapDv:0000000 MmusDv:0000000 OGES:000011 UBERON:0000104 life lifespan ncithesaurus:Life uberon An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. UBERON:cjm life cycle stage A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. BILS:0000105 EFO:0000399 Editor notes: we map the ZFS unknown stage here as it is logically equivalent to saying *some* life cycle stage MmusDv:0000001 OlatDv:0000010 UBERON:0000105 WBls:0000002 XAO:1000000 ZFS:0000000 ZFS:0100000 developmental stage ncithesaurus:Developmental_Stage stage uberon A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. UBERON:cjm zygote stage 1-cell stage A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] BILS:0000106 BilaDO:0000005 EFO:0001322 EHDAA:27 EMAPA:16033 FBdv:00005288 UBERON:0000106 VHOG:0000745 XAO:1000001 ZFS:0000001 fertilized egg stage fertilized egg stage one cell stage one-cell stage uberon zygote zygotum VHOG:0000745 one-cell stage Wikipedia:Zygote zygotum A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. Wikipedia:Zygote 2012-09-17 As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107 VHOG VHOG:0000745 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000854 fertilized egg stage VHOG:0000745 zygote cleavage stage BILS:0000107 BilaDO:0000006 EFO:0001290 MESH:A16.254.270 MmusDv:0000004 OGES:000015 OGES:000020 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. UBERON:0000107 XAO:1000004 ZFS:0000046 uberon GO:0040016 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) blastula stage An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. BILS:0000108 BilaDO:0000007 EFO:0001282 HsapDv:0000006 MmusDv:0000007 OGES:000003 OGES:000016 OGES:000021 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg UBERON:0000108 XAO:1000003 ZFS:0000045 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png uberon An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula gastrula stage A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. BILS:0000109 BilaDO:0000008 EFO:0001296 FBdv:00005317 HsapDv:0000010 MmusDv:0000013 OGES:000004 OGES:000019 UBERON:0000109 XAO:1000005 ZFS:0000047 blastocystis trilaminaris stage trilaminar blastocyst stage trilaminar blastoderm stage trilaminar disk stage trilaminar germ stage trilaminar stage uberon UBERON:cjm trilaminar blastocyst stage UBERON:cjm trilaminar stage BILS UBERON:cjm blastocystis trilaminaris stage A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GO:0007369 UBERON:cjm trilaminar disk stage UBERON:cjm trilaminar germ stage UBERON:cjm trilaminar blastoderm stage neurula stage BILS:0000110 BilaDO:0000009 HsapDv:0000012 MmusDv:0000016 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. UBERON:0000110 XAO:1000006 uberon GO:0001841 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. organogenesis stage A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. BILS:0000111 BilaDO:0000010 HsapDv:0000015 MmusDv:0000018 OGES:000005 OGES:000032 UBERON:0000111 segmentation stage uberon A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Wikipedia:Organogenesis juvenile stage BILS:0000112 BTO:0002168 Consider renaming this to '(sexually) immature stage'; in mammals this would include infant (nourishment from lactation) and juvenile (prepubertal no longer dependent on mother) EFO:0001300 EV:0300051 OGES:000009 TS28 The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal[XAO:1000010]. UBERON:0000112 XAO:1000010 XtroDO:0000083 ZFS:0000051 immature stage uberon VHOG:FB immature stage The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal[XAO:1000010]. XAO:1000010 post-juvenile adult stage BILS:0000113 EFO:0001272 EV:0300064 EV:0300070 MIAA:0000403 MmusDv:0000039 MmusDv:0000040 OGES:000026 OGES:000027 The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. UBERON:0000113 XAO:1000009 ZFS:0000044 adult stage uberon The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. UBERON:cjm lung connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001782 SCTID:201609008 UBERON:0000114 connective tissue of lung lung interstitial tissue lung portion of connective tissue lung textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lung textus connectivus of lung uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lung OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic lung textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lung portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lung A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001782 lung interstitial tissue lung epithelium BTO:0001653 MA:0001783 UBERON:0000115 epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue pulmonary epithelium the epithelial layer of the lung. uberon BTO:0001653 pulmonary epithelium OBOL:automatic lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of lung OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lung MP:0006382 the epithelial layer of the lung. lung saccule Primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells[GO]. UBERON:0000116 uberon GO GO:0060430 Primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells[GO]. respiratory tube A tube in the respiratory tract. Consider merging into respiratory tract FMA:12224 UBERON:0000117 segment of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial tree segment uberon A tube in the respiratory tract. GO:0030323 FMA:12224 tracheobronchial tree segment FMA:12224 segment of tracheobronchial tree lung bud BTO:0001643 EHDAA2:0004089 Editors note: clarify successors - include bronchi? SCTID:361427007 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. UBERON:0000118 UMLS:C1514420 UMLS:C1514897 gemma pulmonalis gemma respiratoria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray948.png/200px-Gray948.png lung bud ncithesaurus:Primary_Bronchial_Bud ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Diverticulum primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum uberon Wikipedia:Lung_buds gemma respiratoria GO:0060431 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. Wikipedia:Respiratory_bud EHDAA2 GO:0060441 GO:0060572 primary lung bud lung bud Wikipedia:Lung_buds gemma pulmonalis Wikipedia:Lung_buds respiratory diverticulum cell layer Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of cells connected to each other by cell junctions UBERON:0000119 cell sheath layer of cells uberon Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of cells connected to each other by cell junctions UBERON:cjm blood brain barrier BBB Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions. UBERON:0000120 UMLS:C0005854 blood-brain barrier ncithesaurus:Blood-Brain_Barrier uberon Cell layer consisting of lining cells that separates the central nervous system and the bloodstream. The BBB may consist of endothelial cells or glial cells. An endothelial barrier may have arisen independently several times during evolution. In bichir and lungfish the barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells, while in sturgeon it is formed by a complex perivascular glial sheath, but with no detectable tight junctions. DOI:10.1002/glia.20642 Wikipedia:Blood-brain_barrier perineurium BTO:0003153 Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. FMA:52585 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090205 SCTID:362299001 UBERON:0000121 UMLS:C0205890 consider FBbt:00007090 (perineurium): The outer two layers of glial cells that cover the central nervous system and the nerves. The outer layer is the perineurial sheath (sometimes referred to as the perineurial sheath outer layer); the inner layer is the sub-perineural glial sheath (sometimes referred to as the perineurial sheath inner layer) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Gray636.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray636.png/200px-Gray636.png ncithesaurus:Perineurium uberon Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle. Wikipedia:Perineurium neuron projection bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBbt:00005099 UBERON:0000122 UBERON:0005163 funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle uberon FBbt:00005099 nerve fiber bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBC:DOS FBbt:00005099 endoneurium FMA:52586 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090202 SCTID:15931004 UBERON:0000123 UMLS:C0205888 a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber within a funiculus. ncithesaurus:Endoneurium uberon Wikipedia:Endodeurium a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber within a funiculus. epineurium BTO:0003154 FMA:12234 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090203 SCTID:64482002 UBERON:0000124 UMLS:C0205889 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Gray636.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray636.png/200px-Gray636.png ncithesaurus:Epineurium outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It includes the blood vessels supplying the nerve. It consists of adipose tissue and fibrocollagenous tissues. uberon Wikipedia:Epineurium outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve. It includes the blood vessels supplying the nerve. It consists of adipose tissue and fibrocollagenous tissues. neural nucleus AEO:0000136 Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO]. FMA:83686 UBERON:0000125 do not include NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Nucleus. Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in "subcortical" because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in "relatively compact" and "distiguishable by histology" because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate. neuraxis nucleus neuronal nucleus nucleus nucleus of neuraxis uberon FMA:83686 neuraxis nucleus AEO:0000136 neuronal nucleus Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO]. GO:0048857 GO_REF:0000021 Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54501 SCTID:280160003 UBERON:0000126 collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. cranial neural nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png nucleus nervi cranialis nucleus of cranial nerve uberon Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus nucleus nervi cranialis FMA:54501 cranial neural nucleus Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. facial nucleus BM:Pons-VII EHDAA2:0004638 EV:0100267 FMA has 3 subclasses - left, right and motor nucleus of facial nerve, but no defs. It's not clear how facial nucleus is distinct from facial motor nucleus. FMA:54572 MA:0001014 SCTID:280166009 UBERON:0000127 UMLS:C0228740 VHOG:0001412 facial VII motor nucleus facial VII nucleus facial nerve nucleus ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve_Nucleus nucleus of facial nerve uberon MA:0001014 facial VII nucleus MA:0001014 facial VII motor nucleus definitional FMA:54572 nucleus of facial nerve olivary body BTO:0002299 SCTID:279293003 UBERON:0000128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gray679.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/200px-Gray679.png oliva olive olive body prominent oval structure in the medulla oblongata, present in pairs, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei uberon Wikipedia:Olivary_body prominent oval structure in the medulla oblongata, present in pairs, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei Wikipedia:Olivary_body oliva transverse foramen FMA:23997 Foramen that pierces the transverse processes of the seven cervical vertebrae. In the upper six vertebrae, the foramen gives passage to the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The seventh foramen lacks the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves. SCTID:280735005 UBERON:0000130 foramen transversarium foramen transversarium foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Gray84.png transverse foramen of cervical vertebra uberon Foramen that pierces the transverse processes of the seven cervical vertebrae. In the upper six vertebrae, the foramen gives passage to the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The seventh foramen lacks the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves. Wikipedia:Transverse_foramen FMA:23997 transverse foramen of cervical vertebra Wikipedia:Transverse_foramen foramen transversarium FMA:23998 foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra Wikipedia:Transverse_foramen foramen transversarium trochlea of humerus FMA:23370 SCTID:282817004 The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. UBERON:0000144 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Trochleahumeri.png humeral trochlea uberon FMA:23370 humeral trochlea The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity. It is directly inferior to the most prominent anterior humeral fossia, the Coronoid fossia. It articulates with the ulna. Wikipedia:Trochlea_of_humerus pectoral fin BTO:0004653 Paired fin that is located in the thoracic region of the body.[TAO] Paired fin that is located in the thoracic region of the body.[VSAO] SCTID:416982006 TAO:0001161 The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. UBERON:0000151 VSAO:0000147 ZFA:0001161 check definition of limb such that is excludes fins. Note the GO includes pectoral and pelvic fins as types of limbs. The Actinopterygii (ray finned fish) pectoral and pelvic fins aren't homologous as fore- or hindlimbs to those of tetrapods, whereas those of the Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fish) are in fact homologous. forefin nageoire pectorale@fr omoptcérygie@fr thoracoptcérygie@fr uberon true VSAO:0000147 forefin The paired pectoral fins are located on each side, usually just behind the operculum, and are homologous to the forelimbs of tetrapods. Wikipedia:Pectoral_fin#Fins 2012-08-14 Paired fin that is located in the thoracic region of the body.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001161 TAO:wd VSAO:0000147 thoracoptcérygie@fr VSAO:0000147 nageoire pectorale@fr 2012-08-14 Paired fin that is located in the thoracic region of the body.[VSAO] TAO:curator VSAO VSAO:0000147 VSAO:0000147 omoptcérygie@fr pelvic fin BTO:0004651 EFO:0003644 Paired fin located in the abdominal position of the body.[TAO] Paired fin located in the abdominal position of the body.[VSAO] TAO:0001184 The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly. UBERON:0000152 VSAO:0000129 ZFA:0001184 check definition of limb such that is excludes fins. Note the GO includes pectoral and pelvic fins as types of limbs. ischioptcérygie@fr nageoire pelvienne@fr uberon The paired pelvic or ventral fins are located ventrally below the pectoral fins. They are homologous to the hindlimbs of tetrapods. The pelvic fin assists the fish in going up or down through the water, turning sharply, and stopping quickly. Wikipedia:Pectoral_fin#Fins VSAO:0000129 ischioptcérygie@fr VSAO:0000129 nageoire pelvienne@fr 2012-08-14 Paired fin located in the abdominal position of the body.[VSAO] TAO:curator VSAO VSAO:0000129 2012-08-14 Paired fin located in the abdominal position of the body.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001184 TAO:wd true anterior region of body UBERON:0000153 uberon posterior region of body UBERON:0000154 uberon theca cell layer A layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become tertiary follicles. The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. BTO:0002853 EFO:0003629 FMA:18656 SCTID:361385000 TAO:0001113 UBERON:0000155 ZFA:0001113 layer of theca cells theca cell layer of ovarian follicle theca folliculi theca of follicle thecal cell layer uberon ZFA:0001113 thecal cell layer Wikipedia:Theca_of_follicle theca folliculi A layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become tertiary follicles. The theca folliculi are responsible for the production of testosterone from androstenedione in females, and indirectly the production of estrogens by supplying the neighboring granulosa cells with androstenedione that can then be used as a substrate for aromatase. Wikipedia:Theca_of_follicle theca externa BTO:0002852 FMA:18657 MA:0001713 SCTID:258767003 The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. It contains abundant collagen and is mainly supportive. UBERON:0000156 UBERON:0005182 external coat of theca folliculi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mature_Graffian_follicle.jpg/200px-Mature_Graffian_follicle.jpg ovary theca externa theca externa (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) tunica externa of theca folliculi tunica externa thecae folliculi uberon MA:0001713 ovary theca externa FMA:18657 tunica externa of theca folliculi Wikipedia:Theca_externa tunica externa thecae folliculi BTO:0002852 external coat of theca folliculi BTO:0002852 tunica externa thecae folliculi FMA:18657 theca externa (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. It contains abundant collagen and is mainly supportive. Wikipedia:Theca_externa theca interna BTO:0002851 FMA:18658 MA:0001714 SCTID:258869006 Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone, which when activated will stimulate the production of androstenedione from cholesterol by the enzyme desmolase. Androstenedione ultimately gives the granulosa cells the precursor substrate for estrogen manufacturing. UBERON:0000157 UBERON:0005183 internal coat of capsule of graafian follicle ovary theca interna theca interna (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) tunica interna of theca folliculi tunica interna thecae folliculi uberon BTO:0002851 internal coat of capsule of graafian follicle FMA:18658 tunica interna of theca folliculi MA:0001714 ovary theca interna BTO:0002851 tunica interna thecae folliculi FMA:18658 theca interna (folliculus ovaricus tertiarius) Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone, which when activated will stimulate the production of androstenedione from cholesterol by the enzyme desmolase. Androstenedione ultimately gives the granulosa cells the precursor substrate for estrogen manufacturing. Wikipedia:Theca_externa#Theca_interna membranous layer FMA:82500 UBERON:0000158 membranous organ component uberon FMA:82500 membranous organ component anal canal BTO:0001978 EMAPA:18256 Editor notes: requires alignment with EHDAA2 and complete developmental relationships FMA:15703 MA:0000330 SCTID:245438008 The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. UBERON:0000159 UMLS:C0227411 anal canal anal canal viewed anatomically anal pad anatomical anal canal anus canalis analis cloaca cloacal chamber galen:AnalCanal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Gray1078.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray1078.png/200px-Gray1078.png mesenteron ncithesaurus:Anal_Canal pars analis recti uberon The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. Wikipedia:Anal_canal Wikipedia:Anal_canal canalis analis BTO:0001978 canalis analis BTO:0001978 pars analis recti Wikipathways:WP2062 intestine AAO:0000246 ANISEED:1235303 BTO:0000648 EFO:0000834 EV:0100071 FMA:7199 GAID:295 MA also has a class MA:0001524 bowel, not clear how this is different. Usage notes: this class is currently very general, encompassing the C elegans 'intestine', which is a tube of epithelial cells extending from the 'pharynx' to 'rectum'. Taxon notes: [in zebrafish] No stomach, small intestine, or large intestine can be distinguished. However, differences can be found in the morphology of the mucosa columnar epithelial cells and the number of goblet cells, suggesting functional differentiation. The intestine has numerous folds that become progressively shorter in a rostral-to-caudal direction. Proportionally, these folds are significantly larger than the finger-like intestinal villi of mammals and other amniotes (Wallace et al. 2005). Columnar-shaped absorptive enterocytes are the most numerous in the zebrafish intestinal epithelium. Goblet cells are the second most populous epithelial cell type. MA:0000328 MA:0001524 MESH:A03.492.411 MIAA:0000043 Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO] SCTID:256876008 Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. TAO:0001338 The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0000160 UMLS:C0021853 VHOG:0000056 WBbt:0005772 XAO:0000129 ZFA:0001338 bowel galen:Intestine intestinal ncithesaurus:Intestine uberon 2012-09-17 The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000056 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000246 AAO:EJS Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO] cjm GOC:GO Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. Wikipedia:Intestine orifice Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces, surrounded by two or more subdivisions of two or more organs. Examples: right atrioventricular orifice, orifice of artery, hilum of kidney, porta hepatis[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 SCTID:91837002 UBERON:0000161 anatomical orifice anatomical ostium hilum in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit uberon Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces, surrounded by two or more subdivisions of two or more organs. Examples: right atrioventricular orifice, orifice of artery, hilum of kidney, porta hepatis[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 FMA:3724 anatomical orifice FMA:3724 anatomical ostium cloaca A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0000095 Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO] Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures Development notes: hindgut endoderm and proctodeal ectoderm. Taxon notes: Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs[WP]. Editor notes: adding df link to embryonic cloaca leads to a cycle in uberon-simple, as cloaca is a suberclass of embryonic cloaca GAID:1206 MESH:A13.223 SCTID:362857006 UBERON:0000162 UMLS:C0008987 VHOG:0001186 XAO:0000244 cloacal cloacal chamber ncithesaurus:Cloaca uberon vent 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000095 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO] AAO XAO:0000244 vent ZFA 2012-09-17 A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001186 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cloaca AAO:0000095 cloacal chamber Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Cloaca most adult placentals have no trace of a cloaca. However, the tenrecs and golden moles, small placental mammals native to Africa, retain a cloaca as adults. 2012-09-17 A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.572 VHOG VHOG:0001186 http://bgee.unil.ch/ embryonic cloaca EHDAA2:0000256 EHDAA:4895 EMAPA:27573 EMAPA:27638 UBERON:0000163 cloaca compare UBERON:0000162 cloaca endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. uberon MP:0010115 Wikipedia:Cloaca_(embryology) endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. EHDAA2 cloaca EHDAA2 primitive urogenital sinus EHDAA2:0004060 EHDAA:5029 EHDAA:5919 EMAPA:17211 EMAPA:17379 In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] Note that the term "urogenital sinus" may refer to the primitive urogenital sinus present as a transient developmental structure in most mammals or it may refer to a condition in which an unseptated cloaca persists in animals longer than normal[MP] SCTID:50961009 The ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum, giving rise to the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, to the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and to the urethra and vestibule in the female. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000164 UGS UMLS:C0231057 VHOG:0000414 Ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females[MP]. fetal UGS http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png ncithesaurus:Urogenital_Sinus sinus urogenitalis uberon urogenital sinus sinus urogenitalis MP:0010116 urogenital sinus EHDAA2 2012-09-17 The ventral part of the cloaca after its separation from the rectum, giving rise to the lower part of the bladder in both sexes, to the prostatic portion of the male urethra, and to the urethra and vestibule in the female. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000414 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urogenital+sinus PMID:18977204 fetal UGS Ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females[MP]. Wikipedia:Definitive_urogenital_sinus 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970)p.388-89 and Figure 300 In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000414 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MP-def MP:0010116 UGS mouth AAO:0010355 AO notes: in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. BTO:0001090 BTO:0004698 Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO] EFO:0000825 EHDAA2:0001326 EHDAA:542 EMAPA:16262 FBbt:00003126 FMA:49184 GAID:75 MA:0000341 MA:0002474 MAT:0000038 MESH:A01.456.505.631 MIAA:0000038 Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVidh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:21082005 TADS:0000040 TAO:0000547 TAO:0000590 TGMA:0000131 The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes teeth, gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. UBERON:0000165 VHOG:0000280 VHOG:0000812 XAO:0003029 ZFA:0000547 ZFA:0000590 adult mouth cavital oralis cavitas oris cavum oris galen:Mouth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/images/lamprey_sucker_rosava_3238889218.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mouth_illustration-Otis_Archives.jpg/180px-Mouth_illustration-Otis_Archives.jpg mouth cavity oral oral region oral vestibule regio oralis rima oris stoma stomatodaeum uberon vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008) Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000812 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Mouth cavital oralis BTO:0001090 cavum oris VHOG:0000812 stomatodaeum BTO:0001090 vestibule of mouth BTO:0001090 rima oris The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes teeth, gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Wikipedia:Mouth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000034 EHDAA2:0001326 oral region BTO:0001090 oral vestibule BTO:0004698 regio oralis exceptions in some taxa 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010355 AAO:BJB Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO] BTO:0001090 mouth cavity BTO:0001090 cavitas oris FMA:49184 FMA:TA regio oralis BTO:0001090 vestibulum oris oral opening (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] FMA:59806 The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterio of the body. UBERON:0000166 mouth oral fissure oral orifice oral part of face subdivision of mouth uberon FMA:59806 oral orifice (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007) VHOG VHOG:0000280 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:59806 oral fissure FMA mouth The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterio of the body. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000034 oral cavity AAO:0000053 AAO:0000960 Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present) Anatomical cavity bounded anteriorly by the mouth and posteriorly by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] EFO:0001975 EHDAA2:0001324 EHDAA:6970 EMAPA:17411 EMAPA:18399 EV:0100057 Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] FMA:20292 HAO:0000669 SCTID:181220002 TAO:0001027 TGMA:0000102 The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000167 UMLS:C0226896 VHOG:0000188 WBbt:0005255 XAO:0000126 ZFA:0001027 bucca buccal cavity cavity of mouth ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity uberon FMA:20292 ISBN10:0073040584 buccal cavity 2012-09-17 The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000188 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oral+cavity 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000960 AAO:EJS Anatomical cavity bounded anteriorly by the mouth and posteriorly by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present) ISBN10:0073040584 UBERON:cjm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000034 2012-09-17 Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32 VHOG VHOG:0000188 http://bgee.unil.ch/ segment of colon An organ segment that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:222905 UBERON:0000168 uberon An organ segment that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4 cjm pair of lungs FMA:68877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000170 lungs lungs pair pulmones set of lungs uberon FMA:68877 FMA:TA pulmones FMA-abduced respiration organ EMAPA:17607 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. SCTID:272626006 SPD:0000428 TGMA:0001247 UBERON:0000171 apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ gas exchange organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ uberon OBOL:automatic organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system organ OBOL:automatic organ of respiratory system GO:0007585 Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius organ vomit ENVO:00000338 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViQTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000172 Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. galen:Vomitus ncithesaurus:Vomitus uberon ENVO:00000338 Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. amniotic fluid Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. BTO:0000068 ENVO:02000021 EV:0100123 GAID:1155 MA:0002893 MESH:A12.098 UBERON:0000173 UMLS:C0002638 VHOG:0001267 acqua amnii liquor amnii ncithesaurus:Amniotic_Fluid uberon BTO:0000068 acqua amnii BTO:0000068 liquor amnii Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. ENVO:02000021 excreta AEO:0000184 BTO:0000491 EHDAA2:0003184 ENVO:02000022 Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. FMA:9674 UBERON:0000174 UBERON:0000324 UBERON:0007550 excreted substance excretion galen:Excretion uberon waste substance BTO:0000491 excretion AEO:0000184 waste substance ENVO:02000022 Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. pleural effusion ENVO:02000033 OpenCyc:Mx4rLaTGCK2TEduAAAAOpmP6tw Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. UBERON:0000175 cede to MPATH? Note the ncit class is under finding. ncithesaurus:Pleural_Effusion uberon ENVO:02000033 Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. oronasal secretion ENVO:02000035 Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. UBERON:0000176 uberon ENVO:02000035 Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. pus AO notes: biospecimen in NCIT ENVO:02000038 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjG6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. UBERON:0000177 galen:Pus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swollen_eye_with_conjunctivitis.jpg/180px-Swollen_eye_with_conjunctivitis.jpg ncithesaurus:Pus purulent exudate uberon ENVO:02000038 Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. Wikipedia:Pus blood A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] AAO:0000046 BTO:0000089 Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). EFO:0000296 EHDAA2:0000176 EHDAA:418 EMAPA:16332 ENVO:02000027 EV:0100047 FMA:9670 GAID:965 Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] MA:0000059 MESH:A12.207.152 MIAA:0000315 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjI8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0000007 UBERON:0000178 UMLS:C0005767 VHOG:0000224 XAO:0000124 ZFA:0000007 galen:Blood ncithesaurus:Blood portion of blood relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] uberon vertebrate blood whole blood 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000224 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000046 relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] BTO:0000089 whole blood 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000046 AAO:LAP Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] Circulating body substance which consists of blood plasma and hemoglobin-carrying red blood cells. Excludes blood analogues (see UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid). FMA:9670 Wikipedia:Blood 2012-08-14 A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000007 ZFIN:curator haemolymphatic fluid 2009-04-08T04:38:19Z Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. UBERON:0000179 blood or blood analog cjm uberon lateral lumbar region of abdomen FMA:14603 SCTID:243329008 UBERON:0000180 UMLS:C0230171 a region of the posterior torso (lower back) beneath the ribs and above the ilium. flank galen:Flank http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray1220.png lateral region lateral region of abdomen latus ncithesaurus:Flank regio lateralis uberon FMA:14603 lateral region of abdomen FMA:14603 regio lateralis FMA:14603 lateral region Wikipedia:Abdomen#9-region_scheme Wikipedia:Latus_(anatomy) a region of the posterior torso (lower back) beneath the ribs and above the ilium. FMA:14603 latus Wikipedia:Latus_(anatomy) flank neck of radius FMA:23479 SCTID:181942005 UBERON:0000199 galen:NeckOfRadius radial neck the narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. uberon http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=58913 the narrow part of the shaft of the radius just below the head. FMA FMA:23479 radial neck gyrus A ridge, generally surrounded by one or more sulci. BTO:0002495 FMA:83874 SCTID:279165009 UBERON:0000200 UMLS:C0458308 cerebral gyrus gyri gyri of cerebrum gyrus of cerebrum gyrus of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gyrus neuraxis gyrus uberon FMA:83874 gyrus of neuraxis BTO:0002495 gyri of cerebrum BTO:0002495 gyri A ridge, generally surrounded by one or more sulci. Wikipedia:Gyrus BTO:0002495 gyrus of cerebrum FMA:83874 neuraxis gyrus BTO:0002495 cerebral gyrus endothelial blood brain barrier 2009-04-10T08:15:44Z A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells. NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100205 UBERON:0000201 cjm uberon A blood brain barrier that is composed of endothelial cells. UBERON:cjm glial blood brain barrier 2009-04-10T08:42:24Z A blood brain barrier composed of glial cells. FBbt:00007091 UBERON:0000202 cjm uberon A blood brain barrier composed of glial cells. UBERON:cjm pallium 2009-04-18T12:03:09Z Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO]. EFO:0003534 SCTID:369224000 TAO:0000505 TAO:0007007 Taxon notes: In humans the cerebrum has three parts: the archipallium, the paleopallium and the neopallium. The developing telencephalon or forebrain is divided into pallium and subpallium. In amphibians, the cerebrum includes archipallium, paleopallium and some of the basal nuclei. Reptiles first developed a neopallium, which continued to develop in the brains of more recent species to become the neocortex of humans and Old World monkeys. In fish, the archipallium is the largest part of the cerebrum. Some researchers suggest the early archipallium gave rise to the human hippocampus[WP] The mantle of gray matter forming the cerebral cortex. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pallium[TAO] UBERON:0000203 ZFA:0000505 area dorsalis telencephali cjm dorsal part of telencephalon dorsal telencephalic area dorsal telencephalon uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0007007 The mantle of gray matter forming the cerebral cortex. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pallium[TAO] ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000505 area dorsalis telencephali ZFA:0000505 dorsal telencephalic area Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO]. GO:0021543 ISBN10:0471888893 Wikipedia:Pallium_(neuroanatomy) https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3535324&group_id=76834&atid=994726 ZFA:0000505 dorsal telencephalon ISBN10:0471888893 dorsal part of telencephalon ventral part of telencephalon 2009-04-18T12:12:27Z AO notes: BTO term refers specifically to the avian structure BTO:0003401 Dorsal part (base region) of the telencephalon. EFO:0003522 TAO:0000304 UBERON:0000204 ZFA:0000304 area ventralis telencephali cjm subpallium subpallium uberon ventral telencephalon ZFA:0000304 area ventralis telencephali Dorsal part (base region) of the telencephalon. GO:0021544 GO_REF:0000021 ISBN10:0471888893 PMID:12626695 GO:0021544 ZFA:0000304 subpallium BTO:0003401 subpallium ZFA:0000304 ventral telencephalon papula 2009-04-18T01:13:57Z A thin protuberance on the surface of the body of an echinoderm containing diverticula of the water vascular system lined by ciliated peritoneum. Along with tube feet, provide the principle gas exchange surfaces.. UBERON:0000205 cjm papulae papulli uberon A thin protuberance on the surface of the body of an echinoderm containing diverticula of the water vascular system lined by ciliated peritoneum. Along with tube feet, provide the principle gas exchange surfaces.. ISBN:0030229073 ISBN:0030229073 papulae papulli pharyngeal gill 2009-04-18T01:18:17Z ANISEED:1235300 Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. UBERON:0000206 cjm uberon Gills of vertebrates are developed in the walls of the pharynx along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. In fish, the gills are located on both sides of the pharynx. Gills are made of filaments which help increase surface area for oxygen exchange. In bony fish, the gills are covered by a bony cover called an operculum. When a fish breathes, it opens its mouth at regular times and draws in a mouthful of water. It then draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings. The water passes over the gills on the outside. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping through the mouth again. The operculum can be very important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills. Lampreys and sharks lack an operculum, they have multiple gill openings. Also, they must use different methods to force water over the gills. In sharks and rays, this ventilation of the gills is achieved either by the use of spiracles or ram ventilation (ventilation by constantly swimming). Although some animals use this method it is much better for animals to use a spiracle because they are less susceptible to injury. Wikipedia:Gill#Vertebrate_gills compound eye corneal lens 2009-04-18T01:35:32Z A chitinous extracellular secretion of the four underlying cone cells and the pigment cells. FBbt:00004199 TADS:0000304 UBERON:0000207 acellular lens cjm uberon A chitinous extracellular secretion of the four underlying cone cells and the pigment cells. GO:0048058 obsolete cellular lens 2009-04-18T01:37:39Z UBERON:0000208 UBERON:0000965 cjm true uberon tetrapod frontal bone AAO:0000206 EMAPA:19016 FMA:52734 GAID:226 In humans: A bone resembling a cockleshell in two portions the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead, and an orbital or horizontal portion, the pars orbitalis, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. MA:0001466 MESH:A02.835.232.781.375 SCTID:181793006 Taxon notes: fused in humans, paired in other animals Development notes: In the mouse the parietal originates from cephalic paraxial mesoderm (Jiang 2000; Morriss-Kay 2001), whereas in the chicken it is traced back to either mesodermal (Noden 1978) or neural crest (Couly 1992, 1993). UBERON:0000209 UMLS:C0016732 VHOG:0001324 VSAO:0000208 frontal frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Frontal_bone.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray136.png/200px-Gray136.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Bone os frontal os frontale uberon FMA cjm FMA:52734 MA:0001466 frontal bone Wikipedia:Frontal_bone os frontal In humans: A bone resembling a cockleshell in two portions the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead, and an orbital or horizontal portion, the pars orbitalis, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. Wikipedia:Frontal_bone Wikipedia:Frontal_bone os frontale AAO:0000206 frontal tetrapod parietal bone AAO:0000390 EMAPA:18715 FMA:9613 GAID:229 In humans: bone forming side and roof of cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. MA:0001469 MESH:A02.835.232.781.651 SCTID:181794000 Taxon notes: The frontal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the parietal bone in tetrapods[various]. In many non-mammalian tetrapods, they are bordered to the rear by a pair of postparietal bones that may be solely in the roof of the skull, or slope downwards to contribute to the back of the skull, depending on the species. In the living tuatara, and many fossil species, a small opening, the parietal foramen, lies between the two parietal bones. This opening is the location of a third eye in the midline of the skull, which is much smaller than the two main eyes[WP] The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000210 UMLS:C0030558 VHOG:0001324 VHOG:0001326 actinopterygian frontal bone frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Gray132.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray132.png/200px-Gray132.png ncithesaurus:Parietal_Bone os parietale parietal parietal bone uberon Wikipedia:Parietal_bone os parietale Wikipedia:Parietal_bone os parietale TAO:0000514 frontal bone FMA:9613 parietal bone 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001326 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA AAO:0000390 parietal TAO:0000514 actinopterygian frontal bone In humans: bone forming side and roof of cranium. Each bone is irregularly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. Wikipedia:Parietal_bone ZFA:0000514 PMID:11523816 ligament Compared with their Ediacarian predecessor, Cambrian animals in general were characterized by their much stouter bodies. The stoutness of the body is likely due to the formation of ligaments and tendons, which in turn requires the crosslinking of collagen triple helices.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0001966 FMA:21496 MA:0000113 MESH:A02.513 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA]. Note this groups both skeletal and non-skeletal ligaments. What is called a "ligament" in many AOs is actually a skeletal ligament OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjqpZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of connective tissue that connects bone or cartilage.[TAO] SCTID:182358004 TAO:0001682 UBERON:0000211 UMLS:C0023685 VHOG:0001272 XAO:0004031 ZFA:0001675 galen:Ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg ligament organ ncithesaurus:Ligament uberon 2012-09-17 Compared with their Ediacarian predecessor, Cambrian animals in general were characterized by their much stouter bodies. The stoutness of the body is likely due to the formation of ligaments and tendons, which in turn requires the crosslinking of collagen triple helices.[well established][VHOG] PMID:8710894 Ohno S, The notion of the Cambrian pananimalia genome. PNAS (1996) VHOG VHOG:0001272 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Portion of connective tissue that connects bone or cartilage.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001682 TAO:wd VSAO FMA:21496 ligament organ FMA:21496 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi by connective tissue. Examples: sutural ligament, radiate sternocostal ligament, ligament of liver, ovarian ligament[FMA]. Wikipedia:Ligament toilet claw 2009-05-19T08:19:58Z UBERON:0000212 cjm specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming. uberon Wikipedia:Toilet-claw specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming. vertebral arch of axis A neural arch that is part of a cervical vertebra 2. FMA:24053 UBERON:0000218 uberon vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra 2 A neural arch that is part of a cervical vertebra 2. OBOL:automatic vertebral foramen of atlas . FMA:24293 SCTID:281228008 UBERON:0000219 uberon vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra 1 . Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy)#Vertebral_foramen atlanto-occipital joint FMA:24939 SCTID:361831006 The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital UBERON:0000220 UMLS:C0004169 articulatio atlanto-occipitalis articulatio atlantooccipitalis atlanto occipital joint atlantooccipital joint craniovertebral joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray304.png ncithesaurus:Atlanto-occipital_Joint ncithesaurus:Atlanto-occipital_Joint-Atlanto occipito atlantal joint occipito-atlantal joint uberon The Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints. The atlanto-occipital joint is a synovial joint. The ligaments connecting the bones are: Two Articular capsules; Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Anterior atlantoöccipital membrane; Lateral atlantoöccipital Wikipedia:Atlanto-occipital_joint FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Atlanto-occipital_joint articulatio atlantooccipitalis FMA:24939 craniovertebral joint FMA:24939 articulatio atlanto-occipitalis FMA supraauricular point FMA:224222 UBERON:0000221 a craniometric point on the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone directly above the auricular point. supra-auricular part of head uberon a craniometric point on the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone directly above the auricular point. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70620 FMA:224222 supra-auricular part of head FMA amniotic cavity BTO:0000025 EHDAA2:0000119 EHDAA:83 EMAPA:16079 FMA:63941 SCTID:280366002 The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo. As the amniotic fold rises and fuses over the dorsal aspect of the embryo, the amniotic cavity is formed. [WP,unvetted]. The closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. [Free_Online_Medical_Dictionary] UBERON:0000301 UMLS:C0230976 VHOG:0000855 cavitas amniotica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray31.png ncithesaurus:Amniotic_Cavity uberon EHDAA2 2012-09-17 The closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. [Free_Online_Medical_Dictionary] VHOG VHOG:0000855 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amniotic+cavity The amniotic cavity is formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold, which first makes its appearance at the cephalic extremity, and subsequently at the caudal end and sides of the embryo. As the amniotic fold rises and fuses over the dorsal aspect of the embryo, the amniotic cavity is formed. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Amniotic_cavity Wikipedia:Amniotic_cavity cavitas amniotica EHDAA2 adductor longus AAO:0010034 An adductor muscle that attaches to the hip and femur. In humans, it is a part of the adductor group of the thigh, that as the name suggests adducts the thigh. The adductor longus muscle forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle[WP, generalized]. BTO:0000029 Definition generalized to accommodate AAO class - "Originates on the iliac portion of the ventral iliac rim and inserts on the lateral surface of the M. adductor magnus." [AAO:0010034] FMA:22441 Musculus adductor longus Originates on the iliac portion of the ventral iliac rim and inserts on the lateral surface of the M. adductor magnus.[AAO] SCTID:181686003 UBERON:0000303 adductor longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG long adductor muscle musculus adductor longus uberon Musculus adductor longus Wikipedia:Adductor_longus_muscle dbpedia linea aspera 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010034 AAO:EJS Originates on the iliac portion of the ventral iliac rim and inserts on the lateral surface of the M. adductor magnus.[AAO] An adductor muscle that attaches to the hip and femur. In humans, it is a part of the adductor group of the thigh, that as the name suggests adducts the thigh. The adductor longus muscle forms the medial wall of the femoral triangle[WP, generalized]. Wikipedia:Adductor_longus_muscle BTO:0000029 musculus adductor longus Wikipedia dbpedia pubic body just below the pubic crest BTO:0000029 long adductor muscle tendon sheath A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath BTO:0000051 FMA:45087 FMA:76715 SCTID:361885006 TODO: add layer relations. 'tendon sheath' GAT in FMA. UBERON:0000304 UMLS:C0224856 ncithesaurus:Tendon_Sheath synovial tendon sheath uberon vagina tendinis Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath vagina tendinis FMA:45087 synovial tendon sheath A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath amnion A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. A thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the fEtus and the amniotic fluid around it. [Biology_Online][VHOG] BTO:0000065 EHDAA2:0000116 EHDAA:136 EMAPA:16109 EV:0100122 FMA:80223 GAID:1298 MESH:A16.254.403.277 SCTID:181457005 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000305 UMLS:C0002630 VHOG:0000721 amniotic http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Gray14.png ncithesaurus:Amnion uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000721 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the fEtus and the amniotic fluid around it. [Biology_Online][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000721 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0073040584-table5.4 ISBN10:0073040584-table5.4 A membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which are hence called “Amniota”; but not in amphibians and fish (Ichthyopsida), which are consequently termed “Anamniota”. The primary function of this is the protection of the embryo for its development. It stems from parts of the mesoderm on the outer side and the ectoderm on the inner side[WP]. Wikipedia:Amnion ISBN10:0073040584 blastula BILA:0000059 BTO:0000128 GAID:1294 MESH:A16.254.270.274 OGEM:000006 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula UBERON:0000307 UBERON:0007011 blastosphere blastula embryo http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blastulation.png/200px-Blastulation.png uberon Wikipedia:Blastula blastosphere Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula BILA:0000059 blastula embryo body wall BTO:0000139 FMA:10427 Koerperwand SCTID:281483004 UBERON:0000309 galen:BodyWall the external portion of an animal body comprised of ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. trunk wall uberon wall of trunk MP:0003385 the external portion of an animal body comprised of ectoderm and mesoderm layers that encloses the body cavity. FMA BTO:0000139 Koerperwand FMA:10427 wall of trunk FMA:10427 trunk wall breast BTO:0000149 EV:0100124 FMA:9601 GAID:33 MESH:A01.236 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjV7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181131000 The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal's torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000310 UMLS:C0006141 galen:Breast http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Closeup_of_female_breast.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Closeup_of_female_breast.jpg/200px-Closeup_of_female_breast.jpg mamma mammary part of chest mammary region ncithesaurus:Breast uberon FMA:9601 mammary part of chest FMA:9601 mammary region The breast is the upper ventral region of an animal's torso, particularly that of mammals, including human beings. The breasts of a female primate’s body contain the mammary glands, which secrete milk used to feed infants. Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. However, at puberty female sex hormones, mainly estrogens, promote breast development, which does not happen with men. As a result women's breasts become more prominent than men's. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Breast Wikipedia:Breast mamma extensor muscle A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] BTO:0000151 FMA:75000 UBERON:0000311 extensor uberon A muscle that, upon contraction, tends to straighten a joint or limb. The antagonist of a flexor muscle[BTO]. Any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward. The movement is usually directed backward, with the notable exception of the knee joint. In humans, certain muscles of the hand and foot are named for this function. In the hand these include the extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi ulnaris, which run from the humerus (bone of the upper arm) along the back of the forearm to the metacarpal bones at the back of the hand[Britannica] http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198909/extensor-muscle inner cambium layer of periosteum FMA:234358 UBERON:0000312 cambial layer cambial layer of periosteum cambium cambium layer of periosteum inner cambial layer of periosteum internal layer of periosteum internal periosteum osteogenic layer of periosteum uberon FMA:234358 cambial layer FMA FMA:234358 cambium layer of periosteum FMA:234358 cambial layer of periosteum FMA:234358 inner cambial layer of periosteum Wikipedia:Periosteum osteogenic layer of periosteum tibial cartilage BTO:0000207 Cartilage pertaining to the tibia. FMA:33923 TODO UBERON:0000313 cartilage of tibia uberon FMA:33923 cartilage of tibia Cartilage pertaining to the tibia. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource cecum mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000213 Cecal mucosa FMA:14998 UBERON:0000314 caecum mucosa caecum mucosa of organ caecum mucous membrane caecum organ mucosa cecum mucosa of organ cecum mucous membrane cecum organ mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa mucosa of caecum mucosa of cecum mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ of caecum mucosa of organ of cecum mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane of caecum mucous membrane of cecum mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa of caecum organ mucosa of cecum organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum uberon OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic caecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic cecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic caecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of cecum OBOL:automatic cecum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic caecum mucosa OBOL:automatic caecum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cecum Cecal mucosa FMA:14998 OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of caecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cecum OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cecum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cecum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of caecum OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum subarachnoid space BTO:0000230 FMA:83716 GAID:689 MESH:A08.186.566.166.686 SCTID:362311001 The space between the arachnoid and pia mater. UBERON:0000315 cavitas subarachnoidea cavum subarachnoideale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray769-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray769.png/200px-Gray769.png spatium leptomeningeum spatium subarachnoideum subarachnoid cavity uberon BTO:0000230 subarachnoid cavity BTO:0000230 spatium leptomeningeum BTO:0000230 spatium subarachnoideum ISBN10:0471888893 Wikipedia:Subarachnoid_space cavum subarachnoideale BTO:0000230 cavitas subarachnoidea GOC:add The space between the arachnoid and pia mater. Wikipedia:Subarachnoid_space http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1109502&aid=3535256&group_id=76834 Wikipedia:Subarachnoid_space spatium subarachnoideum cervical mucus A substance produced by the cervix and endocervical glands[BTO]. Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus. BTO:0000242 FMA:83689 MESH:A12.200.503.339 UBERON:0000316 cervix mucus uberon FMA A substance produced by the cervix and endocervical glands[BTO]. Thick acidic mucus that blocks the cervical os after mestruation[WP]. This 'infertile' mucus blocks spermatozoa from entering the uterus. BTO:0000242 Wikipedia:Cervix#Cervical_mucus Wikipedia:Mucus#Reproductive_system OBOL:automatic cervix mucus colonic mucosa A mucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000271 EFO:0003038 EMAPA:27375 FMA:14984 FMA:85388 SCTID:362157008 UBERON:0000317 UBERON:0003347 UBERON:0004981 colon mucosa colon mucosa of organ colon mucous membrane colon organ mucosa colonic mucosa colonic mucous membrane large bowel mucosa large bowel mucosa of organ large bowel mucous membrane large bowel organ mucosa mucosa of colon mucosa of large bowel mucosa of organ of colon mucosa of organ of large bowel mucosa of segment of colon mucous membrane of colon mucous membrane of large bowel organ mucosa of colon organ mucosa of large bowel uberon OBOL:automatic large bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic large bowel mucous membrane FMA:14984 mucosa of colon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of colon FMA:14984 colon mucosa OBOL:automatic large bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic colon mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14984 colonic mucous membrane OBOL:automatic colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of colon OBOL:automatic large bowel mucosa FMA:85388 mucosa of segment of colon OBOL:automatic mucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of large bowel cytotrophoblast A derivative layer of the trophoblast, the cells of which retain their boundaries and contribute to the extraembryonic mesoderm [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.189, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] BTO:0000322 EHDAA:127 EHDAA:152 EHDAA:89 EMAPA:16067 Editors note: todo - unify with EHDAA2, which distinguishes multiple types of cytotrophoblast FMA:83039 Langhans' layer SCTID:308841008 The cytotrophoblast (or layer of Langhans) is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo. It serves to anchor the embryonic chorion to the maternal endometrium. Cytotrophoblasts are stem cells in the chorionic villi. During differentiation, mononuclear cytotrophoblast fuse together into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. The primary villi has only the cytotrophoblast as an axe. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000319 UMLS:C0230960 VHOG:0000683 cellular trophoblast cytotrophoblastic cell cytotrophoblastic cell layer cytotrophoblastus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray36.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray36.png/200px-Gray36.png layer of Langhans ncithesaurus:Cytotrophoblast uberon 2012-09-17 A derivative layer of the trophoblast, the cells of which retain their boundaries and contribute to the extraembryonic mesoderm [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.189, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000683 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Cytotrophoblast cytotrophoblastus BTO:0000322 Langhans' layer The cytotrophoblast (or layer of Langhans) is the inner layer of the trophoblast, interior to the syncytiotrophoblast in an embryo. It serves to anchor the embryonic chorion to the maternal endometrium. Cytotrophoblasts are stem cells in the chorionic villi. During differentiation, mononuclear cytotrophoblast fuse together into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts. The primary villi has only the cytotrophoblast as an axe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cytotrophoblast FMA:83039 cellular trophoblast UBERON:cjm cytotrophoblastic cell layer FMA:83039 cytotrophoblastic cell duodenal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000367 Doudenal mucosa Duodenal mucous membrane EMAPA:27235 FMA:14942 SCTID:362146003 UBERON:0000320 UBERON:0003348 duodenum mucosa mucosa of duodenum mucous membrane of duodenum uberon A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of duodenum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of duodenum Doudenal mucosa FMA:14942 Duodenal mucous membrane FMA:14942 BTO:0000367 duodenum mucosa cerebral lobe BTO:0000445 Cerebral lobes Cerebral lobes set FMA:77800 SCTID:272632001 UBERON:0000322 lobi cerebri set of cerebral lobes set/singular uberon FMA:77800 set of cerebral lobes Cerebral lobes FMA:77800 Cerebral lobes set FMA:77800 FMA:77800 FMA:TA lobi cerebri late embryo BTO:0000449 CALOHA:TS-0360 EFO:0001323 FBbt:00005333 FMA:63919 GAID:552 MESH:A16.378 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZfC2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:83418008 TODO - check fetus/embryo. WP: An embryo is a multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development, from the time of first cell division until birth, hatching, or germination. In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization (i.e. ten weeks LMP), and from then it is instead called a fetus. UBERON:0000323 UMLS:C0015965 embryo late growth stage embryo late stage fetus ncithesaurus:Fetus uberon BTO:0000449 fetus BTO:0000449 embryo late growth stage BTO:0000449 embryo late stage gastric gland BTO:0000503 FMA:14919 UBERON:0000325 any of the branched tubules in the inner lining of the stomach that secrete gastric juice and protective mucus. uberon ISBN10:0073040584 cjm pancreatic juice BTO:0000504 FMA:62973 GAID:1166 MESH:A12.200.567 Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. UBERON:0000326 succus pancreaticus uberon BTO:0000504 succus pancreaticus GO:0030157 Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach. gut wall BTO:0000547 FMA:45653 UBERON:0000328 uberon wall of alimentary tract wall of digestive tract wall of gut FMA:45653 wall of gut hair root BTO:0000555 FMA:70730 The enlarged basal part of a hair within the skin[BTO]. The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle. [Wikipedia]. UBERON:0000329 UMLS:C1182707 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray944.png/200px-Gray944.png ncithesaurus:Hair_Root root of hair uberon BTO:0000555 The enlarged basal part of a hair within the skin[BTO]. The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Hair_root FMA:70730 root of hair ileal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000619 FMA:14956 SCTID:85458007 UBERON:0000331 ileal mucous membrane ileum mucosa ileum mucosa of organ ileum mucous membrane ileum organ mucosa mucosa of ileum mucosa of organ of ileum mucous membrane of ileum organ mucosa of ileum uberon FMA:14956 ileum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of ileum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ileum FMA:14956 ileal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ileum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ileum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ileum mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ileum OBOL:automatic ileum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ileum yellow bone marrow BTO:0000635 FMA:74596 SCTID:328639002 SCTID:5023006 UBERON:0000332 bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. fat marrow medulla ossium flava uberon yellow marrow BTO:0000635 yellow marrow BTO:0000635 medulla ossium flava BTO:0000635 fat marrow bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Yellow+Marrow intestinal gland A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. BTO:0000640 FMA:15052 Lieberkuehn`s gland Note that some sources treat 'intestinal gland' as synonymous with SCTID:266297002 UBERON:0000333 bowel mucosa gland bowel mucosa of organ gland bowel mucous membrane gland bowel organ mucosa gland crypt of Lieberkuehn gland of Lieberkuehn gland of bowel mucosa gland of bowel mucosa of organ gland of bowel mucous membrane gland of bowel organ mucosa gland of intestinal mucosa gland of intestine mucosa gland of intestine mucosa of organ gland of intestine mucous membrane gland of intestine organ mucosa gland of mucosa of bowel gland of mucosa of intestine gland of mucosa of organ of bowel gland of mucosa of organ of intestine gland of mucous membrane of bowel gland of mucous membrane of intestine gland of organ mucosa of bowel gland of organ mucosa of intestine glandula intestinalis glandulae intestinales intestinal mucosa gland intestine mucosa gland intestine mucosa of organ gland intestine mucous membrane gland intestine organ mucosa gland mucosa of bowel gland mucosa of intestine gland mucosa of organ of bowel gland mucosa of organ of intestine gland mucous membrane of bowel gland mucous membrane of intestine gland organ mucosa of bowel gland organ mucosa of intestine gland uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic intestinal mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of intestinal mucosa A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. UBERON:cjm OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa FMA:15052 glandula intestinalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of intestine organ mucosa BTO:0000640 crypt of Lieberkuehn BTO:0000640 Lieberkuehn`s gland OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane gland BTO:0000640 gland of Lieberkuehn OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine gland OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of intestine throat BTO:0000828 FMA:228738 In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtO_JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Taxon notes: The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. UBERON:0000341 UMLS:C0230069 gula gular http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Throat_Diagram.png/200px-Throat_Diagram.png ncithesaurus:Throat uberon gula In anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the esophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink. The throat contains various blood vessels, various pharyngeal muscles, the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus. The hyoid bone and the clavicle are the only bones located in the throat of mammals. It is sometimes considered a synonym for fauces. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Throat mucosa A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] AEO:0000199 AO notes: FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately BTO:0000886 EHDAA2:0003234 EV:0100382 FMA:85355 FMA:85358 GAID:297 MESH:A10.615.550 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361693009 UBERON:0000344 UMLS:C0026724 galen:Mucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal mucosal region mucous membrane ncithesaurus:Mucosa organ mucosa region of mucosa tunica mucosa uberon BTO:0000886 tunica mucosa A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane FMA:85358 mucosal region FMA:85355 mucosa of organ FMA:85355 mucous membrane FMA:85355 organ mucosa FMA:85358 mucosa of organ part FMA:85358 region of mucosa Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane tunica mucosa myelin BTO:0000894 FMA:62977 UBERON:0000345 a dielectric (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. Myelin is about 40 % water; the dry mass of myelin is about 70 - 85 % lipids and about 15 - 30 % proteins. Some of the proteins that make up myelin are myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside (GalC). The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin serve to strengthen the myelin sheath. editor note: cede to other ontology. Retired in ncit ncithesaurus:Myelin uberon Wikipedia:Myelin a dielectric (electrically insulating) material that forms a layer, the myelin sheath, usually around only the axon of a neuron. Myelin is about 40 % water; the dry mass of myelin is about 70 - 85 % lipids and about 15 - 30 % proteins. Some of the proteins that make up myelin are myelin basic protein (MBP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and proteolipid protein (PLP). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside (GalC). The intertwining hydrocarbon chains of sphingomyelin serve to strengthen the myelin sheath. myelin membrane BTO has def The multilamellar myelin membrane is a specisalised lipid-rich domain of the glial cell plasma membrane. FMA has primary term name Myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell BTO:0000895 FMA:73417 UBERON:0000346 myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell uberon FMA:73417 myelinated plasma membrane of Schwann cell myelin sheath BTO:0000900 FMA:62983 GAID:731 GO:0043209 MESH:A08.637.600.500 UBERON:0000347 UMLS:C0026973 medullary sheath ncithesaurus:Myelin_Sheath the insulating envelope that surrounds nerve fibers or axons. uberon BTO:0000900 medullary sheath MP:0003871 the insulating envelope that surrounds nerve fibers or axons. ophthalmic nerve AAO:0010648 BTO:0000926 EHDAA2:0002088 EHDAA:3744 EMAPA:17800 FMA:52621 GAID:837 MA:0001104 MESH:A08.800.800.120.760.650 OpenCyc:Mx4rwEs_K5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280210000 Sensory medial ramus of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] Taxon notes. See: http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html The profundus nerve is a distinct nerve only in fishes. (...) In mammals, the profundus nerve is the same as the most rostral (ophthalmic) branch of the trigeminal nerve.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000348 UMLS:C0029082 VHOG:0001349 ciliary nerve ethmoidal nerve first division of fifth cranial nerve first division of trigeminal nerve ncithesaurus:Ophthalmic_Nerve nervus ophthalmicus (V1) nervus ophthalmicus (Va) nervus ophthalmicus [v1] nervus ophthalmicus [va] ophthalmic division ophthalmic division [V1] ophthalmic division [Va] ophthalmic division of fifth cranial nerve ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1) ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (Va) ophthalmic nerve [V1] ophthalmic nerve [Va] opthalmic nerve profundus nerve ramus opthalmicus profundus (ramus V1) the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead. trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division uberon Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_nerve ethmoidal nerve FMA:52621 nervus ophthalmicus (Va) MA:0001104 trigeminal V nerve ophthalmic division FMA:52621 FMA:TA nervus ophthalmicus [v1] FMA:52621 FMA:TA nervus ophthalmicus [va] FMA:52621 ophthalmic nerve [Va] AAO:0010648 ramus opthalmicus profundus (ramus V1) FMA:52621 ophthalmic nerve [V1] Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_nerve opthalmic nerve FMA:52621 first division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52621 first division of fifth cranial nerve BTO:0000926 ophthalmic division ciliary nerve http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html FMA:52621 ophthalmic division of fifth cranial nerve http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html profundus nerve FMA FMA:52621 ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (V1) ncithesaurus FMA:52621 ophthalmic division [V1] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010648 AAO:EJS Sensory medial ramus of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] MP:0009798 Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_nerve the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the orbit and its contents, the nasal cavity and the skin of the nose and forehead. FMA:52621 nervus ophthalmicus (V1) 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.177 The profundus nerve is a distinct nerve only in fishes. (...) In mammals, the profundus nerve is the same as the most rostral (ophthalmic) branch of the trigeminal nerve.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001349 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:52621 ophthalmic division [Va] FMA:52621 ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (Va) Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_nerve ophthalmic division limbic system A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. BTO:0000928 FMA:242000 GAID:615 MESH:A08.186.211.577 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAeba5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361342009 UBERON:0000349 UMLS:C0023715 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg/200px-Brain_limbicsystem.jpg ncithesaurus:Limbic_System obsoletion recommended. The current part_of children were chosen as the intersection of what is stated in wikipedia and in the FMA. NIF: We are including Limbic System because it is still used by neuroscientists and others, but as a data annotation term, it is very poor because it is not a clearly defined entity. uberon A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, and limbic cortex, which support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction [Wikipedia]. BIRNLEX:Limbic_system Wikipedia:Limbic_system GO nuchal ligament BTO:0000952 EMAPA:19207 FMA:13427 SCTID:166962007 UBERON:0000351 a fibrous membrane, which, in the neck, represents the supraspinal ligaments of the upper vertebræ. As it is required for running, not all animals have a nuchal ligament ligament of neck ligamentum nuchae paddywhack paxwax uberon FMA:13427 ligament of neck Wikipedia:Nuchal_ligament a fibrous membrane, which, in the neck, represents the supraspinal ligaments of the upper vertebræ. As it is required for running, not all animals have a nuchal ligament Wikipedia:Paddywhack paddywhack FMA:13427 ligamentum nuchae BTO parenchyma EHDAA:3015 EHDAA:3905 EHDAA:3999 EHDAA:4005 EHDAA:6899 EHDAA:6903 EHDAA:6994 EHDAA:8086 EHDAA:9182 EHDAA:9190 EHDAA:9196 EHDAA:9202 FMA:45732 UBERON:0000353 UMLS:C0933845 functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. ncithesaurus:Parenchyma uberon Wikipedia:Parenchyma functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin[WP]. pharyngeal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001047 EMAPA:26957 EMAPA:26965 FMA:55031 Mucous membrane of pharynx SCTID:362121003 UBERON:0000355 UBERON:0003344 mucosa of organ of pharynx mucosa of pharynx mucous membrane of pharynx mucous membrane of the pharynx organ mucosa of pharynx pharynx mucosa pharynx mucosa of organ pharynx mucous membrane pharynx organ mucosa tunica mucosa pharyngea tunica mucosa pharyngis uberon FMA:55031 FMA:TA tunica mucosa pharyngea OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pharynx FMA:55031 Mucous membrane of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pharynx BTO:0001047 mucous membrane of the pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pharynx A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pharynx organ mucosa blastocyst BTO:0001099 EFO:0000295 EV:0100394 Editor's note: Gilbert fig11.32 has blastocyst has giving rise to ICM and trophoblast (which in this source is a synonym for trophectoderm) FMA:83041 GAID:1153 MESH:A16.254.085 SCTID:308837009 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. UBERON:0000358 UMLS:C1281743 blastocystis blastula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg/200px-Blastocyst_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Blastocyst uberon FMA:83041 blastula GO:0001824 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. Wikipedia:Blastocyst Wikipedia:Blastocyst blastocystis preputial gland An exocrine gland that are located in front of the genitals of some mammals (including mice) and produce pheromones[WP]. FMA:71652 SCTID:278916008 There is debate about whether humans have functional homologues to preputial glands. UBERON:0000359 UMLS:C1947929 glandulae preputiales ncithesaurus:Prepucial_Gland_MMHCC preputial glands preputial glands set set of preputial glands the paired, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands of the corona, the neck of the glans penis, and the inner surface of the prepuce with pheromonal functions in male rodents; male preputial secretions strongly attract females, may accelerate estrus, and have been implicated in intermale aggression; homologous to the clitoral glands (aka female preputial glands) in female rodents; there is no true anatomical equivalent in humans. uberon FMA:71652 preputial glands set FMA:71652 FMA:TA glandulae preputiales FMA:71652 preputial glands An exocrine gland that are located in front of the genitals of some mammals (including mice) and produce pheromones[WP]. Wikipedia:Preputial_gland MP MP:0002717 the paired, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands of the corona, the neck of the glans penis, and the inner surface of the prepuce with pheromonal functions in male rodents; male preputial secretions strongly attract females, may accelerate estrus, and have been implicated in intermale aggression; homologous to the clitoral glands (aka female preputial glands) in female rodents; there is no true anatomical equivalent in humans. There is debate about whether humans have functional homologues to preputial glands. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preputial_gland#Human_homologoues ISBN10:0123813611 FMA:71652 set of preputial glands obsolete rectal gland UBERON:0000360 UBERON:0004757 UBERON:0004758 UBERON:0004759 UBERON:0004760 true uberon red bone marrow BTO:0001160 FMA:74595 SCTID:328538003 SCTID:75330005 The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. UBERON:0000361 medulla ossium rubra red marrow uberon BTO:0001160 medulla ossium rubra BTO:0001160 red marrow The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/red+marrow renal medulla BTO:0001167 EMAPA:19279 FMA:74268 GAID:425 MA:0000373 MESH:A05.810.453.466 SCTID:30737000 The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000362 UMLS:C0022664 galen:MedullaOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg kidney medulla medulla of kidney medulla renalis medullary pyramids ncithesaurus:Renal_Medulla pyramides renales renal marrow renal medullae renal medullae set renal pyramids renal pyramids set set of medullary pyramids set of renal pyramids uberon FMA:74268 renal pyramids set FMA:74268 set of medullary pyramids FMA:74268 set of renal pyramids OBOL:automatic kidney medulla FMA:74268 FMA:TA pyramides renales FMA:86327 renal medullae set OBOL:automatic medulla of kidney The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney. The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections, known as the renal pyramids. Blood enters into the kidney via the renal artery, which then splits up to form the arcuate arterioles. The arcuate arterioles each in turn branch into interlobular arterioles, which finally reach the glomeruli. At the glomerulus the blood reaches a highly disfavourable pressure gradient and a large exchange surface area, which forces the serum portion of the blood out of the vessel into the renal tubules. Flow continues through the renal tubules, including the proximal tubule, the Loop of Henle, and finally leaves the kidney by means of the collecting duct, leading to the renal ureter. The renal medulla (latin renes medulla = kidney middle) contains the structures of the nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance of the blood. The renal medulla is hypertonic to the filtrate in the nephron and aids in the reabsorption of water. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_medulla FMA:86327 renal medullae FMA:74268 renal pyramids FMA:74268 medullary pyramids FMA:74268 FMA:TA medulla renalis BTO:0001167 renal marrow reticuloendothelial system A part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the RES. A lymphoma of the reticuloendothelial system is called reticuloendotheliosis[WP]. BTO:0001174 EV:0100048 FMA:84189 GAID:1004 MESH:A15.382.812 RES SCTID:278874002 UBERON:0000363 UMLS:C0035287 lymphoreticular lymphoreticular system mononuclear phagocyte system ncithesaurus:Reticuloendothelial_System uberon RES Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system FMA:84189 mononuclear phagocyte system A part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of the RES. A lymphoma of the reticuloendothelial system is called reticuloendotheliosis[WP]. Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system BioMart:BioMart lymphoreticular Wikipedia:Reticuloendothelial_system lymphoreticular system obsolete rootlet BTO:0001192 Rootlets Rootlets set UBERON:0000364 fila radicularia true uberon FMA:76787 Rootlets set FMA:76787 Rootlets FMA:76787 FMA:TA fila radicularia urothelium BTO:0003906 EMAPA:28089 FMA:67695 GAID:935 MESH:A10.272.850 SCTID:57789003 The urothelium is the epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. UBERON:0000365 UMLS:C0227598 consider merging with transitional epithelium. MA uses the label 'urothelium' exclusively. FMA uses 'transitional epithelium' and has 'urothelium' as a sibling. FMA also lists 'urothelium' as the only example of 'transitional epithelium' http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Harnblase_Urothel.png ncithesaurus:Urothelium transitional epithelium uberon uroepithelium urothelial The urothelium is the epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. Wikipedia:Urothelium FMA:67695 uroepithelium transitional epithelium flexor muscle A muscle that decreases the angle of a joint.[TAO] A muscle that when contracted acts to bend a joint or limb in the body. BTO:0001257 FMA:74559 FMA:74999 TAO:0005271 UBERON:0000366 ZFA:0005271 flexor uberon A muscle that when contracted acts to bend a joint or limb in the body. BTO:0001257 2012-08-14 A muscle that decreases the angle of a joint.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005271 ZFIN:curator adductor brevis BTO:0001288 FMA:22442 Musculus adductos brevis OpenCyc:Mx4rv13lfJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181687007 The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. UBERON:0000368 adductor brevis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG uberon The adductor brevis is a muscle in the thigh situated immediately behind the pectineus and adductor longus. It is somewhat triangular in form, and arises by a narrow origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis, between the gracilis and obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward, lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the pectineus and upper part of the adductor longus.[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_brevis_muscle FMA:22442 Musculus adductos brevis anterior surface of the inferior ramus and body of the pubis dbpedia dbpedia the lesser trochanter and linea aspera of the femur dbpedia Wikipedia corpus striatum BTO:0001311 CALOHA:TS-0183 EFO:0000381 EMAPA:17549 EV:0100184 FMA:77616 GAID:667 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.105.487 SCTID:279318005 The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. The term has been used in a few different ways: * It is a pair of nuclear masses which form the basal ganglia, along with the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. * It may also refer to both the basal ganglia and internal capsule collectively.[2] * According to the 1917 version of Gray's Anatomy, it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus (also known as the lenticular nucleus) and the caudate nucleus * According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum Thus, certain telencephalic characters - such as the presence of a pallium divided into lateral, dorsal, and medial formations and a subpallium divided into striatum and septum - appear to characterize all vertebrates. They are primitive characters and are homologous among all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000369 UMLS:C0010097 VHOG:0001175 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray656.png/200px-Gray656.png ncithesaurus:Corpus_Striatum striate body striated body uberon definitional BTO:0001311 striate body MA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.487 Figure 14-10 Thus, certain telencephalic characters - such as the presence of a pallium divided into lateral, dorsal, and medial formations and a subpallium divided into striatum and septum - appear to characterize all vertebrates. They are primitive characters and are homologous among all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001175 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. Wikipedia:Corpus_striatum BTO:0001311 striated body adductor magnus AAO:0010040 An adductor muscle that attaches to the pelvic bone and the femur. In humans, the adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the 'adductor magnesius portion', and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the 'hamstring portion'. The hamstring portion is not considered part of the hamstring group of muscles, but it is adjacent to it.[WP,generalized]. BTO:0001312 Definition generalized to accommodate AAO class - "Origin by two heads that are separated by a ventral tendon of the M. semitendinosus. One head originates from the ventral border of the pubic portion of the pelvic rim. The other head originates from the ischiatic border of the pelvic rim. The ventral head fuses with accessory head from the M. semitendinosus and inserts along the ventro-medial border of the femur. The dorsal belly merges with the ventral and accessory heads and inserts along the medial surface of the femur." [AAO:0010040] FMA:22443 OpenCyc:Mx4rvuSd6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Origin by two heads that are separated by a ventral tendon of the M. semitendinosus. One head originates from the ventral border of the pubic portion of the pelvic rim. The other head originates from the ischiatic border of the pelvic rim. The ventral head fuses with accessory head from the M. semitendinosus and inserts along the ventro-medial border of the femur. The dorsal belly merges with the ventral and accessory heads and inserts along the medial surface of the femur.[AAO] SCTID:181688002 UBERON:0000370 adductor magnus muscle galen:AdductorMagnus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG musculus adductor magnus uberon dbpedia tuberosity of the ischium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010040 AAO:EJS Origin by two heads that are separated by a ventral tendon of the M. semitendinosus. One head originates from the ventral border of the pubic portion of the pelvic rim. The other head originates from the ischiatic border of the pelvic rim. The ventral head fuses with accessory head from the M. semitendinosus and inserts along the ventro-medial border of the femur. The dorsal belly merges with the ventral and accessory heads and inserts along the medial surface of the femur.[AAO] dbpedia posterior branch of obturator nerve and sciatic nerve An adductor muscle that attaches to the pelvic bone and the femur. In humans, the adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the 'adductor magnesius portion', and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the 'hamstring portion'. The hamstring portion is not considered part of the hamstring group of muscles, but it is adjacent to it.[WP,generalized]. Wikipedia:Adductor_magnus_muscle Wikipedia:Adductor_magnus_muscle musculus adductor magnus Wikipedia dbpedia dbpedia posterior branch of obturator nerve and sciatic nerve syncytiotrophoblast BTO:0001335 EHDAA:129 EHDAA:91 EMAPA:16068 FMA:83040 SCTID:256965005 UBERON:0000371 UMLS:C1135936 extraembryonic cells of trophoblastic shell surrounding embryo, outside the cytotrophoblast layer, involved with implantation of the blastocyst by eroding extracellular matrix surrounding maternal endometrial cells at site of implantation, also contribute to villi. (dark staining, multinucleated). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray36.png ncithesaurus:Syncytiotrophoblast syncitiotrophoblast syncitiotrophoblastus syncytial trophoblast syntrophoblast syntrophoblast layer uberon EMAPA Wikipedia:Syncytiotrophoblast syncitiotrophoblastus FMA:83040 syncytial trophoblast Wikipedia:Syncytiotrophoblast extraembryonic cells of trophoblastic shell surrounding embryo, outside the cytotrophoblast layer, involved with implantation of the blastocyst by eroding extracellular matrix surrounding maternal endometrial cells at site of implantation, also contribute to villi. (dark staining, multinucleated). http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/placenta5.htm FMA BTO ISBN10:0073040584 syntrophoblast layer extensor digitorum brevis BTO:0001337 FMA:51140 UBERON:0000372 a muscle on the upper surface of the foot that helps extend digits 2 through 4. extensor digitorum brevis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray441.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1241.png/200px-Gray1241.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray441.png/200px-Gray441.png musculus extensor digitorum brevis uberon dbpedia proximal dorsal region of middle phalanges 2 3 and 4 Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_brevis_muscle musculus extensor digitorum brevis BTO Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_brevis_muscle a muscle on the upper surface of the foot that helps extend digits 2 through 4. dbpedia dorsal surface of calcaneus tapetum of corpus callosum FMA:77208 On either side of the corpus collosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior. Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the tapetum and extend laterally on either side into the temporal lobe, and cover in the central part of the lateral ventricle. [Wikipedia via Greys] SCTID:279312006 UBERON:0000373 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Gray733.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gray733.png/200px-Gray733.png not to be confused with BTO:0001350 or GO:0048655-tapetal layer morphogenesis tapetum tapetum corporis callosi uberon Wikipedia:Tapetum_of_corpus_callosum tapetum corporis callosi FMA:77208 tapetum On either side of the corpus collosum, the fibers radiate in the white substance and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobe constitute the forceps anterior, and those curving backward into the occipital lobe, the forceps posterior. Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the tapetum and extend laterally on either side into the temporal lobe, and cover in the central part of the lateral ventricle. [Wikipedia via Greys] Wikipedia:Tapetum_of_corpus_callosum mandibular nerve AAO:0010688 AAO:0010703 BTO:0001375 EHDAA2:0002086 FMA:52996 GAID:834 MA:0001101 MESH:A08.800.800.120.760.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcQKSpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280212008 UBERON:0000375 UMLS:C0024695 VHOG:0001345 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray781.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray781.png/200px-Gray781.png inferior maxillary nerve mandibular division [V3] mandibular division [Vc] mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] mandibular nerve [V3] mandibular nerve [Vc] n. mandibularis ncithesaurus:Inferior_Maxillary_Nerve nervus mandibularis nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] nervus mandibularis [v3] nervus mandibularis [vc] ramus mandibularis (ramus V3) the motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. third division of fifth cranial nerve third division of trigeminal nerve trigeminal V nerve mandibular division uberon MA:0001101 trigeminal V nerve mandibular division FMA:52996 mandibular division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52996 mandibular nerve [V3] FMA:52996 mandibular division [V3] FMA:52996 mandibular division [Vc] FMA:52996 third division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52996 FMA:TA nervus mandibularis [vc] AAO:0010688 ramus mandibularis (ramus V3) BTO:0001375 nervus mandibularis MP:0009800 Wikipedia:Mandibular_nerve the motor and sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the auricle, the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, temporal region, the cheek, the skin overlying the mandible, the anterior portion of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, lower teeth and gingiva and transmits motor information from the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle and the muscles tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini. FMA:52996 inferior maxillary nerve FMA:52996 mandibular nerve [Vc] FMA:52996 mandibular division of trigeminal nerve [Vc; V3] FMA:52996 FMA:TA nervus mandibularis [v3] Wikipedia:Mandibular_nerve n. mandibularis FMA:52996 nervus mandibularis [Vc; V3] FMA:52996 third division of trigeminal nerve hindlimb stylopod AAO:0000887 BTO:0001376 EFO:0001943 EHDAA2:0002130 EHDAA:5171 EHDAA:6200 EMAPA:17499 FMA:24967 GAID:50 In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000052 MESH:A01.378.610.750 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. TODO - add distinct term for skeleton and place AAO class here OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjN7JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302544002 Segment of the forearm corresponding to the humerus.[AAO] UBERON:0000376 UMLS:C0039866 VHOG:0000349 femur galen:Thigh hind limb stylopod hind limb stylopodium hind propodium hindlimb propodium hindlimb stylopod hindlimb stylopodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Gray1238.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gray1238.png/200px-Gray1238.png inferior member stylopod lower extremity stylopod ncithesaurus:Thigh proximal segment of free lower limb stylopod of hind limb stylopod of hindlimb stylopod of inferior member stylopod of lower extremity stylopod of lower limb thigh uberon upper leg OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopodium Wikipedia:Thigh femur OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod FMA:24967 proximal segment of free lower limb 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000199 AAO:LAP Segment of the forearm corresponding to the humerus.[AAO] OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod VHOG:0000349 hind limb stylopodium AAO:0000887 hind propodium In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thigh OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member MA:0000052 upper leg 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000349 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity AAO:0000887 hindlimb propodium MA maxillary nerve AAO:0010670 BTO:0001378 EHDAA2:0002087 FMA:52724 GAID:836 MA:0001103 MESH:A08.800.800.120.760.550 Medial ramus (sensory) of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNU9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280211001 UBERON:0000377 VHOG:0001346 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray779.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray779.png/200px-Gray779.png maxillary division [V2] maxillary division [Vb] maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) maxillary nerve [V2] maxillary nerve [Vb] n. maxillaris nervus maxillaris nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) nervus maxillaris [v2] nervus maxillaris [vb] ramus maxillaris (ramus V2) relationship loss: part_of trunk maxillary-mandibularis (AAO:0010669)[AAO] second division of fifth cranial nerve second division of trigeminal nerve the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. trigeminal V nerve maxillary division uberon AAO:0010670 ramus maxillaris (ramus V2) 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010670 AAO:EJS Medial ramus (sensory) of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve n. maxillaris FMA:52724 maxillary division [V2] BTO:0001378 nervus maxillaris FMA:52724 maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 maxillary division [Vb] FMA:52724 maxillary nerve [Vb] FMA:52724 second division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [vb] MP:0009799 Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve the sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. FMA:52724 maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [v2] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010670 relationship loss: part_of trunk maxillary-mandibularis (AAO:0010669)[AAO] FMA:52724 maxillary nerve [V2] MA:0001103 trigeminal V nerve maxillary division FMA:52724 second division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52724 nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) tongue muscle BTO:0001386 FMA:46689 SCTID:244781004 UBERON:0000378 UMLS:C0448325 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Gray1019.png muscle of tongue musculi linguae ncithesaurus:Tongue_Muscle the muscular portion of the tongue. uberon FMA:46689 muscle of tongue MP:0004136 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue the muscular portion of the tongue. ISBN10:1607950324 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_tongue musculi linguae tracheal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. BTO:0001390 FMA:7471 Mucous membrane of trachea SCTID:660006 Tracheal mucous membrane Tunica mucosa (tracheae) UBERON:0000379 mucosa of organ of trachea mucosa of organ of windpipe mucosa of trachea mucosa of windpipe mucous membrane of trachea mucous membrane of windpipe organ mucosa of trachea organ mucosa of windpipe trachea mucosa trachea mucosa of organ trachea mucous membrane trachea organ mucosa tunica mucosa tracheae uberon windpipe mucosa windpipe mucosa of organ windpipe mucous membrane windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of windpipe FMA:7471 Mucous membrane of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa of organ FMA:7471 Tracheal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trachea FMA:7471 FMA:TA tunica mucosa tracheae OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe mucous membrane OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of trachea FMA:7471 Tunica mucosa (tracheae) OBOL:automatic trachea organ mucosa obsolete tuber BTO:0001400 OpenCyc:Mx4raeDj5Cw8QdiT7e8pb2JzAA UBERON:0000380 true uberon undefined in FMA. BTO and MIAA refers to plant structure only urinary bladder detrusor smooth muscle BTO:0001453 EMAPA:28637 FMA:68018 MA:0001698 SCTID:279414008 UBERON:0000381 bundles of smooth muscle fibers forming the muscular wall of the urinary bladder, which are arranged in a longitudinal and a circular layer and, on contraction, serve to expel urine[MP]. detrusor detrusor muscle detrusor muscle of bladder detrusor urinae muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg/200px-Illu_bladder.jpg muscularis propria muscularis propria of the urinary bladder musculus detrusor vesicae urinariae ncithesaurus:Muscularis_Propria uberon urinary bladder detrusor muscle urinary bladder detrussor smooth muscle Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle muscularis propria ncithesaurus:Muscularis_Propria FMA:68018 detrusor Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle muscularis propria of the urinary bladder EMAPA:28637 detrusor muscle of bladder dbpedia posterior surface of the body of the pubis Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle musculus detrusor vesicae urinariae MP:0011774 Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle bundles of smooth muscle fibers forming the muscular wall of the urinary bladder, which are arranged in a longitudinal and a circular layer and, on contraction, serve to expel urine[MP]. BTO:0001453 detrusor muscle FMA MA:0001698 urinary bladder detrusor muscle MA:0001698 urinary bladder detrussor smooth muscle Wikipedia:Detrusor_urinae_muscle detrusor urinae muscle apocrine sweat gland A note of confusion is the difference between apocrine secretion and apocrine sweat gland. Apocrine secretion refers to the apical loss of a cell's membrane to create cell blebs, thus creating a secretory product. Apocrine sweat gland refers to a structure, not a secretion process. Apocrine sweat glands actually use a merocrine type secretion, or that mediated by exocytosis of secretory granules. When "apocrine gland" is used without the word sweat, it is often referring to the gland which uses merocrine secretion, and not the secretion method. The important difference in apocrine sweat gland structure is its larger lumen, compared to the more narrow lumen of the eccrine sweat gland. Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), the areola of the nipples, and the genitoanal region. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. BTO:0001458 FMA:59155 MESH:A10.336.899.206 SCTID:399916008 UBERON:0000382 UMLS:C0930083 glandula sudorifera apocrina ncithesaurus:Apocrine_Sweat_Gland uberon FMA Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), the areola of the nipples, and the genitoanal region. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. Wikipedia:Apocrine_sweat_gland FMA Wikipedia:Apocrine_sweat_gland glandula sudorifera apocrina The term apocrine sweat gland is a misnomer. While it was once thought that apocrine sweat glands were true apocrine glands, it is now known that they use merocrine excretion. However, they have retained the original name Wikipedia http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/swine/swine.htm musculature of body AAO:0000307 AO notes: we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA Anatomical system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO] BILA:0000088 BTO:0001369 BTO:0001485 EFO:0000801 FBbt:00005069 FMA:72954 MA:0002888 MAT:0000025 MIAA:0000025 UBERON:0000383 VSAO:0000033 XAO:0004042 muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system muskelsystem set of all muscles set of muscles of body uberon vertebrate muscular system BTO:0001369 vertebrate muscular system Anatomical system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0000033 FMA:72954 set of muscles of body FMA:72954 set of all muscles BTO:0001485 muskelsystem FMA:72954 muscular system 2012-08-14 Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000033 VSAO:curator BILA:0000088 musculature system obsolete labial gland BTO:0001548 Labial glands Labial glands set UBERON:0000385 glandulae labiales the label 'labial gland' refers to two distinct classes. From the BTO def: 1. One of the small tubular mucous and serous glands lying beneath the mucous membrane of the lips.n2. A salivary gland, or modification thereof, opening at the base of the labium in certain insects. true uberon FMA:71613 Labial glands set FMA:71613 FMA:TA glandulae labiales FMA:71613 Labial glands meniscus BTO:0001592 EV:0100145 FMA:76690 UBERON:0000387 UMLS:C0224498 articular disc crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. galen:Meniscus ncithesaurus:Meniscus uberon Wikipedia:Meniscus_(anatomy) crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure present in the knee, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, and temporomandibular joints[2] that, in contrast to articular disks, only partly divides a joint cavity.[3] A small meniscus also occurs in the radio-carpal joint. FMA:76690 articular disc epiglottis BTO:0001628 EHDAA2:0004081 EMAPA:18289 Editor note: refine definition to better distinguish cartilage from the whole structure FMA:55130 GAID:111 MESH:A02.165.507.411 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245502004 UBERON:0000388 UMLS:C0014540 a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. epiglottal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray958.png ncithesaurus:Epiglottis uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Epiglottis a flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally. lens cortex BTO:0001632 FMA:58970 MESH:A09.371.509.225 SCTID:280626006 UBERON:0000389 cortex of lens uberon FMA:58970 cortex of lens lens nucleus BTO:0001633 FMA:58971 MESH:A09.371.509.670 SCTID:280628007 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. UBERON:0000390 editor note: needs checked; cf nucleus in GO nucleus of lens uberon BTO:0001633 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. FMA:58971 nucleus of lens leptomeninx AO notes: in FMA/NIF this is a superclass of PM/AM - in BTO it is the mereological sum. We go with superclass here, as we are naming the class in the singular. Editor notes: check relationship to secondary meninx BTO:0001634 FMA:231515 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090207 SCTID:362303006 UBERON:0000391 UMLS:C0228126 arachnoidea mater et pia mater leptomeninges ncithesaurus:Leptomeninges pia mater or arachnoid mater. pia-arachnoid uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090207 leptomeninges BTO:0001634 pia-arachnoid Wikipedia:Leptomeninges pia mater or arachnoid mater. BTO:0001634 arachnoidea mater et pia mater longissimus muscle BTO:0001648 FMA:77178 SCTID:244858006 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000392 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Longissimus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png intermediate column of erector spinae longissimus musculus longissimus musculus longissimus uberon FMA dbpedia dbpedia FMA:77178 longissimus Wikipedia:Longissimus musculus longissimus BTO:0001648 musculus longissimus The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus BTO dbpedia cochlear ganglion BTO:0001688 Corti's ganglion EHDAA2:0002198 Editor notes: in BTO this is part of the cochlear modiolus, but this leads to the CG being in both the nervous and skeletal systems FMA:53445 GAID:722 MA:0001085 MESH:A08.340.390.800 SCTID:368955007 UBERON:0000395 VHOG:0001183 ganglion cochlearis ganglion of Corti ganglion spirale ganglion spirale cochleae group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the spiral ganglion neurons are found in the spiral structure of the cochlea[WP]. the group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray903.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray903.png/200px-Gray903.png spiral ganglion spiral ganglion of cochlea uberon vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component BTO:0001688 spiral ganglion of cochlea Corti's ganglion FMA:53445 FMA:53445 spiral ganglion MP:0002855 Wikipedia:Spiral_ganglion group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain. The cell bodies of the spiral ganglion neurons are found in the spiral structure of the cochlea[WP]. the group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. BTO-modified MA BTO:0001688 ganglion spirale cochleae Wikipedia:Spiral_ganglion ganglion spirale MA:0001085 vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component FMA:53445 ganglion of Corti BTO:0001688 ganglion cochlearis FMA vallate papilla Any one of the largest papilla of the tongue, 8 to 12 in number, arranged in the form of a V anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue BTO:0001705 EMAPA:18271 EMAPA:18654 EMAPA:18871 FMA:54822 MA:0001594 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4106_2 SCTID:69517000 UBERON:0000396 UBERON:0002927 UMLS:C1182961 circumvallate papilla circumvallate papilla of tongue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray1015.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1015.png/200px-Gray1015.png ncithesaurus:Circumvallate_Papilla papilla vallatae uberon vallate papilla of tongue MA:0001594 circumvallate papilla FMA:71449 FMA:TA papilla vallatae FMA:54822 circumvallate papilla of tongue Any one of the largest papilla of the tongue, 8 to 12 in number, arranged in the form of a V anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue BTO:0001705 Wikipedia:Vallate_papilla colonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001709 Colon epithelium FMA:17302 Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the posterior intestine.[TAO] SCTID:42978003 TAO:0005128 UBERON:0000397 ZFA:0005128 colon epithelial tissue colon epithelium epithelial tissue of colon epithelial tissue of large bowel epithelium of colon epithelium of large bowel large bowel epithelial tissue large bowel epithelium posterior intestine epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic colon epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of colon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large bowel 2012-08-14 Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the posterior intestine.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005128 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic epithelium of large bowel An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of colon ZFA:0005128 posterior intestine epithelium OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic colon epithelium Colon epithelium FMA:17302 cartilage tissue of sternum Any portion of cartilage tissue that is part of the sternum Examples: cartilage of manubrium, cartilage of xiphoid process FMA:32567 UBERON:0000398 cartilage of sternum uberon FMA:32567 cartilage of sternum Any portion of cartilage tissue that is part of the sternum UBERON:cjm jejunal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001742 EMAPA:27109 EMAPA:27347 FMA:14949 SCTID:362151009 UBERON:0000399 UBERON:0003349 jejunal mucous membrane jejunum mucosa jejunum mucosa of organ jejunum mucous membrane jejunum organ mucosa mucosa of jejunum mucosa of organ of jejunum mucous membrane of jejunum organ mucosa of jejunum uberon A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14949 mucosa of jejunum OBOL:automatic jejunum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of jejunum FMA:14949 jejunum mucosa OBOL:automatic jejunum organ mucosa FMA:14949 jejunal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic jejunum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of jejunum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of jejunum jejunal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a jejunum. BTO:0001743 FMA:17232 SCTID:57300004 UBERON:0000400 epithelium of jejunum uberon FMA An epithelium that is part of a jejunum. OBOL:automatic mandibular ramus BTO:0001751 EMAPA:25100 FMA:52828 MA:0002815 SCTID:361739000 The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes[WP]. UBERON:0000401 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray176.png lower ramus mandible ramus rami mandibulae ramus mandibulae ramus of mandible uberon Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible ramus mandibulae MA:0002815 mandible ramus Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible lower ramus Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible ramus mandibulae Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible rami mandibulae FMA:52828 ramus of mandible The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes[WP]. Wikipedia:Ramus_of_the_mandible nasal vestibule BTO:0001761 FMA:59644 SCTID:278940000 The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000402 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gray994.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray994.png/200px-Gray994.png uberon vestibular part of nasal cavity vestibulum nasale vestibulum nasi Wikipedia:Nasal_vestibule vestibulum nasi BTO:0001761 vestibulum nasale FMA:59644 vestibular part of nasal cavity The nasal vestibule is the most anterior part of the nasal cavity. It's enclosed by the cartilages of nose and lined by the same epithelium of the skin. The other part of the nasal cavity, which is lined by the respiratory epithelium, is called nasal cavity proper. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_vestibule BTO:0001761 vestibulum nasi scalp BTO:0001809 FMA:46494 GAID:80 MESH:A01.456.810 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNtaz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181480002 The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendonous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). UBERON:0000403 UMLS:C0036270 galen:Scalp http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Layers_of_the_scalp_and_meninges.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Double_cowlick.jpg/200px-Double_cowlick.jpg ncithesaurus:Scalp scalpus uberon MESH:A01.456.810 The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendonous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL). Wikipedia:Scalp BTO BTO Wikipedia:Scalp scalpus sympathetic trunk AAO:0010791 BTO:0001834 EV:0100374 FMA:6258 One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. SCTID:181099004 UBERON:0000407 XAO:0000211 gangliated cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray847.png sympathetic chain sympathetic ganglionic chain truncus sympathicus uberon Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk truncus sympathicus Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk gangliated cord FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk sympathetic ganglionic chain FMA:6258 sympathetic chain One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_trunk vertebral ganglion BTO:0001835 FMA:6572 Intermediate ganglion SCTID:176596009 UBERON:0000408 uberon FMA:6572 Intermediate ganglion serous gland BTO:0001837 FMA:62889 Serous glands contain serous acini, a grouping of serous cells that secrete a fluid, isotonic with blood plasma, that contains enzymes such as alpha amylase. Serous glands are most common in the parotid gland and lacrimal gland but are also present in the submandibular gland and, to a far lesser extent, the sublingual gland. UBERON:0000409 glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray1021.png uberon Serous glands contain serous acini, a grouping of serous cells that secrete a fluid, isotonic with blood plasma, that contains enzymes such as alpha amylase. Serous glands are most common in the parotid gland and lacrimal gland but are also present in the submandibular gland and, to a far lesser extent, the sublingual gland. Wikipedia:Serous_gland MP:0008052 glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052]. bronchial mucosa A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001846 FMA:62652 Mucous membrane of bronchus SCTID:30802009 UBERON:0000410 bronchi mucosa bronchi mucosa of organ bronchi mucous membrane bronchi organ mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa of organ bronchial trunk mucous membrane bronchial trunk organ mucosa bronchus mucosa bronchus mucosa of organ bronchus mucous membrane bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchi mucosa of bronchial trunk mucosa of bronchus mucosa of organ of bronchi mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk mucosa of organ of bronchus mucous membrane of bronchi mucous membrane of bronchial trunk mucous membrane of bronchus organ mucosa of bronchi organ mucosa of bronchial trunk organ mucosa of bronchus tunica mucosa bronchi uberon OBOL:automatic bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchial trunk FMA:62652 FMA:TA tunica mucosa bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus mucosa of organ FMA:62652 Mucous membrane of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchi OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchi visual cortex Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. BTO:0001857 EFO:0000916 EV:0100171 Editor note: merge with primary visual cortex? FMA and BTO treat as distinct FMA:242644 GAID:679 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 UBERON:0000411 V1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png/200px-Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png striate cortex uberon V1 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 striate cortex BTO Area of the occipital lobe concerned with vision. MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.571.735 dermal papilla BTO:0001858 Consider adding grouping class for TAO:0001995 DPC FMA:70737 SCTID:320101005 UBERON:0000412 UMLS:C0221931 dermal papilla cell dermal papillae follicular papilla hair follicle dermal papilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Skin.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Skin.jpg/200px-Skin.jpg ncithesaurus:Dermal_Papilla papilla corii papilla dermatis papilla dermis papilla of corium papillae dermis skin papilla small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis' main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling uberon BTO:0001858 papilla dermatis BTO:0001858 DPC BTO:0001858 papilla dermis BTO:0001858 dermal papilla cell FMA:70737 follicular papilla BTO:0001858 papilla corii dermal papillae Wikipedia:Dermal_papillae papillae dermis BTO:0001858 skin papilla Wikipedia:Dermal_papillae small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. They can be observed at the surface of the skin in hands and feet as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints). The dermal papillae nourishes all hair follicles and bring food and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells. The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are inherited features that are developed before birth. They remain unaltered (except size) throughout life, and are therefore used for fingerprints. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the dermis' main function is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevent the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each others by strengthening the junction between them. With age, the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in numbers. Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation, growth and, cycling MP:0010687 hair follicle dermal papilla BTO:0001858 papilla of corium mucous gland A gland that secretes mucus[cjm]. In humans, these are found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation. Most are multicellular, but goblet cell are single-celled glands. [WP,modified]. AAO:0010601 BTO:0001979 FMA:62888 In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong] UBERON:0000414 glandula mucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray1021.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/200px-Gray1021.png muciparous gland mucus gland uberon Wikipedia:Mucous_gland glandula mucosa BTO:0001979 muciparous gland In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong] Kardong NCBITaxon:8292 BTO:0001979 glandula mucosa A gland that secretes mucus[cjm]. In humans, these are found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation. Most are multicellular, but goblet cell are single-celled glands. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Mucous_gland artery wall An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. Arterial wall BTO:0002009 FMA:14155 UBERON:0000415 galen:ArterialWall uberon wall of artery FMA:14155 wall of artery An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Arterial wall FMA:14155 subdural space A narrow fluid-containing space, often only a potential space, between the dura mater and the arachnoid. BTO:0002082 Consider obsoleting - see PMID:8421539 FMA:83803 GAID:692 MESH:A08.186.566.395.687 SCTID:362308002 UBERON:0000416 cavum subdurale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray769-en.svg spatium subdurale spatium subdurale, cavum subdurale subdural cavity subdural cleavage subdural cleft uberon Wikipedia:Subdural_space spatium subdurale, cavum subdurale BTO:0002082 subdural cleft BTO:0002082 subdural cavity BTO:0002082 cavum subdurale A narrow fluid-containing space, often only a potential space, between the dura mater and the arachnoid. BTO:0002082 PMID:8421539 Wikipedia:Subdural_space BTO:0002082 subdural cleavage BTO:0002082 spatium subdurale obsolete tubercle UBERON:0000418 true uberon myoepithelium An epithelium consisting of myopethelial cells, which are contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament[CL]. BTO:0002308 FMA:67805 UBERON:0000420 myo-epithelium myoepitheliocytus uberon Wikipedia:Myoepithelial_cell myoepitheliocytus An epithelium consisting of myopethelial cells, which are contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament[CL]. CL:0000185 Wikipedia:Myoepithelial_cell FMA:67805 myo-epithelium eccrine sweat gland An ordinary, or simple, sweat gland; they are of the merocrine type, unbranched, coiled, tubular glands that are distributed over almost all of the body surface, and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretion. BTO:0002323 FMA:59154 GAID:945 MESH:A10.336.899.480 SCTID:361699008 UBERON:0000423 UMLS:C0013492 eccrine gland glandula sudorifera eccrina glandula sudorifera merocrina merocrine sweat gland ncithesaurus:Eccrine_Sweat_Gland uberon FMA FMA:59154 eccrine gland Wikipedia:Eccrine_sweat_gland glandula sudorifera eccrina An ordinary, or simple, sweat gland; they are of the merocrine type, unbranched, coiled, tubular glands that are distributed over almost all of the body surface, and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretion. BTO:0002323 Wikipedia:Eccrine_sweat_gland Wikipedia:Eccrine_sweat_gland glandula sudorifera merocrina BTO gastric pit BTO:0002364 FMA:62947 Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the gastric glands. They are deeper in the pylorus than they are in the other parts of the stomach. The human stomach has several million of these pits. SCTID:268426007 UBERON:0000424 UBERON:0000425 UMLS:C0227203 foveola gastrica foveolae gastricae foveolae gastricae gastric foveola http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Illu_stomach_layers.jpg ncithesaurus:Gastric_Pit uberon FMA:62947 gastric foveola Gastric pits are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the gastric glands. They are deeper in the pylorus than they are in the other parts of the stomach. The human stomach has several million of these pits. Wikipedia:Gastric_pits BTO:0002364 foveola gastrica BTO Wikipedia:Gastric_pits foveolae gastricae FMA:76583 FMA:TA foveolae gastricae extravillous trophoblast BTO:0002366 FMA:86561 UBERON:0000426 intermediate trophoblast interstitial trophoblast uberon BTO:0002366 interstitial trophoblast FMA:86561 intermediate trophoblast obsolete cytotrophoblastic cell UBERON:0000427 true uberon prostate epithelium BTO:0002397 FMA:66812 FMA:79643 MA:0001737 TODO - check 2 FMA IDs UBERON:0000428 UBERON:0002452 UMLS:C1179826 epithelial tissue of prostate epithelial tissue of prostate gland epithelium of prostate epithelium of prostate gland epithelium of prostatic gland ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Epithelium prostate epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelium prostatic epithelium prostatic gland epithelium the prostate epithelium. uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prostate OBOL:automatic prostate gland epithelial tissue MP:0001168 the prostate epithelium. OBOL:automatic epithelium of prostate FMA:66812 prostatic epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of prostate gland OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prostate gland OBOL:automatic prostate epithelial tissue FMA:79643 epithelium of prostatic gland enteric plexus A plexus of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tube, and made up of the submucosal, myenteric, and subserosal plexuses; it contains visceral afferent fibers, sympathetic postganglionic fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies. BTO:0002437 FMA:77597 MA:0001147 UBERON:0000429 UBERON:0012372 enteric nerve plexus intrinsic nerve plexus plexus entericus plexus nervosus entericus sympathetic enteric nerve plexus uberon MA:0001147 intrinsic nerve plexus FMA:77597 enteric nerve plexus FMA:77597 FMA:TA plexus nervosus entericus FMA:77597 sympathetic enteric nerve plexus BTO:0002437 plexus entericus A plexus of autonomic nerve fibers within the wall of the digestive tube, and made up of the submucosal, myenteric, and subserosal plexuses; it contains visceral afferent fibers, sympathetic postganglionic fibers, parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers, and parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies. BTO:0002437 ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus A nucleus medially located within the ventral nuclei of the thalamus. BTO:0002469 EV:0100208 FMA:84347 TAO:0000370 UBERON:0000430 ZFA:0000370 intermediate thalamic nucleus nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami uberon BTO-definition ZFA A nucleus medially located within the ventral nuclei of the thalamus. BTO:0002469 BTO:0002469 nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami TAO:0000370 intermediate thalamic nucleus ventral medial complex of thalamus BTO:0002470 FMA:77795 UBERON:0000431 nuclei ventrales mediales thalami set of ventral medial nuclei of thalamus uberon ventral medial complex of thalamus ventral medial nuclei of thalamus FMA:77795 ventral medial nuclei of thalamus BTO:0002470 nuclei ventrales mediales thalami FMA:77795 ventral medial complex of thalamus FMA:77795 set of ventral medial nuclei of thalamus endopeduncular nucleus A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human. BTO:0002475 FMA:77691 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.800.240 SCTID:82705008 The term entopeduncular nucleus in human neuroanatomy refers to a portion of the nucleus of the ansa lenticularis described variously as located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule ( Riley-1943 ), along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle ( Crosby-1962 ), or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial segment of the globus pallidus ( Nomina-1983 ).[NN] UBERON:0000432 entopeduncular nucleus nucleus endopeduncularis nucleus entopeduncularis uberon A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human. MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.800.240 BTO:0002475 nucleus endopeduncularis NN posterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002477 FMA:76961 UBERON:0000433 dorsal paraventricular nucleus of thalamus nucleus paraventricularis posterior thalami uberon FMA:76961 dorsal paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002477 nucleus paraventricularis posterior thalami anterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002478 FMA:76962 UBERON:0000434 nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami uberon ventral paraventricular nucleus of thalamus BTO:0002478 nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami FMA:76962 ventral paraventricular nucleus of thalamus lateral tuberal nucleus ABA:TU BM:TU BTO:0002481 EV:0100240 FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal hypothalamic nuclei Lateral tuberal nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1206 Nerve cell nuclei situated ventrally in the intermediate hypothalamic region, mainly in the lateral hypothalamic area. UBERON:0000435 lateral tuberal nuclear complex nuclei tuberales laterales uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1206 lateral tuberal nuclear complex FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal hypothalamic nuclei BTO:0002481 Nerve cell nuclei situated ventrally in the intermediate hypothalamic region, mainly in the lateral hypothalamic area. FMA:62336 Lateral tuberal nuclei BTO:0002481 nuclei tuberales laterales arachnoid barrier layer BTO:0002498 FMA:231559 The arachnoid barrier layer is a part of the arachnoid meningeal layer. It is formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries in the arachnoid mater. UBERON:0000437 uberon FMA BTO:0002498 The arachnoid barrier layer is a part of the arachnoid meningeal layer. It is formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries in the arachnoid mater. FMA obsolete set of arachnoid trabecula Arachnoid trabeculae set UBERON:0000438 trabeculae arachnoideae true uberon Arachnoid trabeculae set FMA:77761 FMA:77761 FMA:TA trabeculae arachnoideae arachnoid trabecula BTO:0002500 FMA:83979 UBERON:0000439 a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. trabecula arachnoideum uberon trabecula arachnoideum GO:0060343 a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. trabecula A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. BTO:0002501 FMA:85273 UBERON:0000440 trabecular uberon A small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue. On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.. Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen. They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle[WP]. GO:0060343 Wikipedia:Trabecula right testicular vein A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. BTO:0002679 FMA:14341 MA:0002220 SCTID:53500001 UBERON:0000442 right spermatic vein uberon vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra A vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus and empties into the left renal vein. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource MA:0002220 right spermatic vein FMA:14341 vena testicularis (adrenalis) dextra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis dextra BTO:0002680 vena testicularis sinistra left testicular vein A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. BTO:0002680 FMA:14345 MA:0002219 SCTID:90988008 UBERON:0000443 left spermatic vein uberon vena testicularis dextra vena testicularis sinistra BTO:0002679 vena testicularis dextra MA:0002219 left spermatic vein A vein that drains the right pampiniform plexus and empties into the inferior vena cava. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource BTO:0002680 vena testicularis sinistra lymphoid follicle . BTO:0002684 FMA:55222 SCTID:64626006 UBERON:0000444 UMLS:C0229654 folliculus lymphaticus introducing part_of to 'cortex of lymph node' as in issue 7 introduces equivalencies; the part_of has instead been added to 'lymph node follicle' lymphatic follicle lymphatic nodule lymphoid nodule ncithesaurus:Lymphoid_Follicle nodular lymphoid tissue nodulus lymphaticus nodulus lymphoideus uberon BTO:0002684 nodulus lymphoideus FMA:55222 lymphoid nodule BTO:0002684 folliculus lymphaticus BTO:0002684 nodulus lymphaticus FMA:55222 nodular lymphoid tissue BTO:0002684 lymphatic follicle FMA BTO:0002684 lymphatic nodule . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/6 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/7 habenular trigone BTO:0002700 FMA:74868 The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. UBERON:0000445 superclass in BTO is thalamic nucleus, not present in most ontologies trigone of habenulae trigonum habenulae uberon The habenular trigone is a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the taenia thalami. It contains a group of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulC&. Fibers enter it from the stalk of the pineal body, and others, forming what is termed the habenular commissure, pass across the middle line to the corresponding ganglion of the opposite side. Most of its fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Wikipedia:Habenular_trigone BTO:0002700 trigone of habenulae BTO:0002700 trigonum habenulae Wikipedia:Habenular_trigone trigonum habenulae septum of telencephalon BTO:0002705 FMA:61842 MA:0000924 MESH:A08.186.211.577.750 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_963 Subdivision of the telencephalon on the midline between the lateral ventricles which contains the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei[FMA]. UBERON:0000446 area septalis septal area septum septum (NN) telencephalon septum uberon FMA:61842 telencephalon septum FMA:61842 septal area FMA:61842 septum (NN) FMA:61842 FMA:TA area septalis FMA:61842 Subdivision of the telencephalon on the midline between the lateral ventricles which contains the septum pellucidum and the septal nuclei[FMA]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_963 septum decidual cell BTO:0002770 Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:86480 UBERON:0000449 UMLS:C1511740 ncithesaurus:Decidual_Cell request from CL uberon Before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, the mucous membrane of the body of the uterus undergoes important changes and is then known as the decidua. The thickness and vascularity of the mucous membrane are greatly increased; its glands are elongated and open on its free surface by funnel-shaped orifices, while their deeper portions are tortuous and dilated into irregular spaces. The interglandular tissue is also increased in quantity, and is crowded with large round, oval, or polygonal cells, termed decidual cells. Their enlargement is due to glycogen and lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm allowing these cells to provide a rich source of nutrition for the developing embryo. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Decidual_cells corpus albicans BTO:0002784 EMAPA:29888 FMA:18620 SCTID:258043001 UBERON:0000450 White fibrous tissue that replaces the regressing corpus luteum in the human ovary in the latter half of pregnancy, or soon after ovulation when pregnancy does not supervene. corpus albicans of ovary corpus fibrosum corpus mamillare mamillary body mammillary body uberon FMA:18620 corpus albicans of ovary BTO:0002784 mammillary body BTO BTO:0002784 mamillary body BTO:0002784 White fibrous tissue that replaces the regressing corpus luteum in the human ovary in the latter half of pregnancy, or soon after ovulation when pregnancy does not supervene. BTO:0002784 corpus mamillare BTO:0002784 corpus fibrosum prefrontal cortex BTO:0002807 EFO:0001384 FMA:224850 GAID:676 MA:0000906 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.270.700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090801 TODO - check MA The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000451 frontal association cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/200px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png prefrontal association complex prefrontal association cortex uberon BTO:0002807 prefrontal association complex MA:0000906 frontal association cortex FMA:224850 prefrontal association cortex The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the pre-frontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social 'control' (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Prefrontal_cortex decidua basalis BTO:0002819 EFO:0001918 FMA:86477 MA:0002905 Region between the blastocyst and the myometrium. SCTID:362841006 UBERON:0000453 UMLS:C0230965 decidua serotina development notes: As the embryo enlarges, the decidua capsularis becomes stretched and smooth. Eventually the decidua capsularis merges with the decidua parietalis, obliterating the uterine cavity ncithesaurus:Decidua_Basalis uberon BTO:0002819 decidua serotina Region between the blastocyst and the myometrium. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm cerebral subcortex BTO:0002858 Cerebral medulla FMA:242188 UBERON:0000454 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Subcortex subcortex uberon Cerebral medulla FMA:242188 BTO:0002858 subcortex bodily secretion AEO:0001005 AO notes: BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions BTO:0002977 BTO:0002979 Body substance in a liquid or semisolid state produced by an exocrine gland. Example: saliva, sebum, blood, plasma, semen, urine. FMA:9675 MA:0002504 MESH:A12.200 UBERON:0000456 UBERON:0006540 UMLS:C1516992 exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland fluid or secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion exocrine gland secretion external secretion galen:Secretion ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland_Fluid_or_Secretion secreted substance secretion uberon BTO:0002977 external secretion FMA:9675 secretion MA:0002504 exocrine gland fluid/secretion Body substance in a liquid or semisolid state produced by an exocrine gland. Example: saliva, sebum, blood, plasma, semen, urine. FMA:9675 cavernous artery BTO:0002996 Cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery FMA:70527 UBERON:0000457 ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) uberon Cavernous branch of cavernous part of internal carotid artery FMA:70527 FMA:70527 FMA:TA ramus sinus cavernosi (pars cavernosa) (arteria carotis interna) endocervix 1. The mucous membrane lining the canal of the cervix uteri. 2. The region of the opening of the uterine cervix into the uterine cavity. BTO:0003002 FMA:86485 SCTID:264460007 UBERON:0000458 UMLS:C0227837 ncithesaurus:Endocervix uberon 1. The mucous membrane lining the canal of the cervix uteri. 2. The region of the opening of the uterine cervix into the uterine cavity. BTO:0003002 uterine wall An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003083 FMA:17560 SCTID:245485002 UBERON:0000459 anatomical wall of uterus uberon uterus anatomical wall uterus wall wall of uterus An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of uterus OBOL:automatic wall of uterus OBOL:automatic uterus wall OBOL:automatic uterus anatomical wall major vestibular gland BTO:0003115 Bartholin's gland Duverney's gland FMA:9598 GAID:384 Gland found in pairs located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. Bartholin's glands are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males. However, while Bartholin's glands are located in the superficial perineal pouch, bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch. They secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication. MA:0002936 MESH:A05.360.319.887.220 SCTID:362244005 Tiedemann's gland UBERON:0000460 glandula vestibularis major greater vestibular gland greater vestibular glands of bartholin uberon vulvovaginal gland Gland found in pairs located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. Bartholin's glands are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males. However, while Bartholin's glands are located in the superficial perineal pouch, bulbourethral glands are located in the deep perineal pouch. They secrete mucus to provide vaginal lubrication. Wikipedia:Bartholin's_gland FMA Wikipedia:Bartholin%27s_gland greater vestibular glands of bartholin Bartholin's gland FMA:9598 MA:0002936 greater vestibular gland FMA:9598 Tiedemann's gland Wikipedia FMA:9598 vulvovaginal gland Wikipedia BTO:0003115 glandula vestibularis major Duverney's gland FMA:9598 FMA-abduced-lr minor vestibular gland BTO:0003116 Editors note: compare with Skene's gland. Structure notes: check and part_of relationships to mammalian vulva / urethra FMA:20019 Guerin's gland Guérin's gland SCTID:279869001 Schueller's gland Small mucous glands opening upon the vestibular mucous membrane between the urethral and the vaginal orifice. UBERON:0000461 female urethral gland glandula vestibular minor glandula vestibulares minor lesser vestibular gland ncithesaurus:Skene_s_Gland paraurethral gland periurethral gland skene's gland uberon urethral gland of female urethra BTO:0003116 urethral gland of female urethra ncithesaurus EMAPA:29653 female urethral gland BTO:0003116 Small mucous glands opening upon the vestibular mucous membrane between the urethral and the vaginal orifice. FMA:20019 lesser vestibular gland BTO:0003116 paraurethral gland FMA:20019 glandula vestibular minor BTO:0003116 glandula vestibulares minor BTO:0003116 periurethral gland BTO:0003116 Schueller's gland BTO:0003116 Guerin's gland FMA BTO:0003116 skene's gland obsolete villus UBERON:0000462 true uberon portion of organism substance AAO:0010839 AEO:0000004 BILA:0000004 CARO:0000004 EHDAA2:0003004 FBbt:00007019 FMA:9669 HAO:0000004 MA:0002450 Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. SPD:0000008 TAO:0001487 TGMA:0001824 UBERON:0000463 VHOG:0001726 XAO:0004001 ZFA:0001487 body fluid or substance body substance galen:BodySubstance ncithesaurus:Body_Fluid_or_Substance organism substance portion of body substance uberon FMA:9669 body substance FMA:9669 portion of body substance MA:0002450 body fluid or substance CARO:MAH Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. anatomical space AAO:0010110 AEO:0000005 BILA:0000005 CARO:0000005 EHDAA2:0003005 FBbt:00007017 FMA:5897 HAO:0000005 Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. TAO:0001668 TGMA:0001825 UBERON:0000464 UMLS:C0524461 VHOG:0001728 XAO:0003190 ZFA:0001643 lumen lumen space ncithesaurus:Lumen_Space space uberon CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. material anatomical entity AAO:0010264 AEO:0000006 Anatomical entity that has mass. BILA:0000006 CARO:0000006 EHDAA2:0003006 FBbt:00007016 FMA:67165 HAO:0000006 TAO:0001836 TGMA:0001826 UBERON:0000465 VHOG:0001721 uberon Anatomical entity that has mass. CARO:MAH immaterial anatomical entity AAO:0010265 AEO:0000007 Anatomical entity that has no mass. BILA:0000007 CARO:0000007 EHDAA2:0003007 FBbt:00007015 FMA:67112 HAO:0000007 TAO:0001835 TGMA:0001827 UBERON:0000466 VHOG:0001727 immaterial physical anatomical entity uberon FMA:67112 immaterial physical anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has no mass. CARO:MAH anatomical system AAO:0000007 AEO:0000011 Anatomical group that has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity.[TAO] Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity.[AAO] Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity.[CARO] Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity[CARO]. A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task [Wikipedia]. BILA:0000011 CARO:0000011 EHDAA2:0001330 EHDAA2:0003011 EHDAA:392 EMAPA:16103 EV:0100000 FBbt:00004856 FMA:7149 HAO:0000011 MA:0000003 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_14 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWM0QCtDEdyAAADggVbxzQ SCTID:278195005 TAO:0001439 TGMA:0001831 UBERON:0000467 UMLS:C0460002 VHOG:0001725 WBbt:0005746 XAO:0003002 ZFA:0001439 body system galen:AnatomicalSystem ncithesaurus:Organ_System organ system system uberon GO:0048731 system 2012-08-14 Anatomical group that has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001439 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000007 AAO:BJB Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity.[AAO] Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity[CARO]. A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task [Wikipedia]. CARO:0000011 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Organ_system NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_14 body system 2012-06-20 Anatomical group that is has as its parts distinct anatomical structures interconnected by anatomical structures at a lower level of granularity.[CARO] CARO CARO:0000011 CARO:MAH FMA:7149 multi-cellular organism AAO:0010026 AEO:0000103 AEO:0000191 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species.[TAO] BILA:0000012 BTO:0001489 CARO:0000012 EFO:0002906 EHDAA2:0003103 EHDAA2:0003191 EHDAA:1 EHDAA:9178 EMAPA:25765 EV:0100016 FBbt:00000001 FMA:256135 HAO:0000012 Koerper MA:0002405 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_18 SCTID:243928005 TADS:0000001 TAO:0001094 TGMA:0001832 TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage TS28 UBERON:0000468 VHOG:0000671 WBbt:0007833 XAO:0003004 ZFA:0001094 adult mouse body galen:Organism ncithesaurus:Whole_Organism organism organismal uberon whole body whole organism BTO:0001489 Koerper 2012-08-14 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001094 ZFIN:curator MA:0002405 adult mouse Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. CARO:0000012 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Multi-cellular_organism BTO:0001489 whole body MA:0002405 TS28 cell part AAO:0010271 Anatomical structure that is a direct part of the cell. BILA:0000014 CARO:0000014 FBbt:00007012 FMA:86454 GO:0044464 HAO:0000014 NIF_Subcellular:sao-1337158144 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQwkcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0001834 UBERON:0000470 UMLS:C1178969 cell component ncithesaurus:Cell_Part todo - move metadata to GO and obsolete this class. Note the inconsistency between the usage of the label 'cell component' in GO and CARO uberon Anatomical structure that is a direct part of the cell. CARO:MAH CARO:0000014 cell component compound organ component AAO:0010017 AEO:0000019 BILA:0000019 CARO:0000019 EHDAA2:0003019 HAO:0000019 Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. TAO:0001489 TGMA:0001835 UBERON:0000471 XAO:0003039 ZFA:0001489 uberon CARO:0000019 CARO:MAH Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. simple organ AAO:0010051 AEO:0000190 BILA:0000021 CARO:0000021 EHDAA2:0003190 HAO:0000021 Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. TAO:0001492 TGMA:0001836 UBERON:0000472 XAO:0003038 ZFA:0001492 uberon CARO:0000021 CARO:MAH Multi-tissue structure that is not part of a compound organ. testis (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] AAO:0000606 BILA:0000124 BTO:0001363 EFO:0000984 EHDAA2:0002007 EHDAA:8146 EMAPA:17972 EV:0100102 Either of paired male reproductive organs which are involved in the production of sperm and male sex hormones.[AAO] FBbt:00004928 FMA:7210 GAID:396 HAO:0001007 MA:0000411 MAT:0000132 MESH:A05.360.444.849 MIAA:0000132 Male reproductive organ.[TAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjM25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181431007 TAO:0000598 UBERON:0000473 UBERON:0002117 UMLS:C0039597 VHOG:0000252 WBbt:0006794 XAO:0000157 ZFA:0000598 galen:Testis genitalia of male organism gonad genitalia of male organism gonada gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. gonad of genitalia of male organism gonad of male genitalia gonad of male genitals gonad of male organism genitalia gonad of male organism reproductive system gonad of male reproductive system gonad of reproductive system of male organism gonada of genitalia of male organism gonada of male genitalia gonada of male genitals gonada of male organism genitalia gonada of male organism reproductive system gonada of male reproductive system gonada of reproductive system of male organism http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/200px-Gray1144.png male genitalia gonad male genitalia gonada male genitals gonad male gonad male organism genitalia gonad male organism genitalia gonada male organism reproductive system gonad male organism reproductive system gonada male reproductive system gonad male reproductive system gonada ncithesaurus:Testis orchis reproductive system of male organism gonad reproductive system of male organism gonada testes testicle testicular testiculus uberon OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitals OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonad 2012-08-14 Male reproductive organ.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000598 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitalia testes 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000606 AAO:BJB Either of paired male reproductive organs which are involved in the production of sperm and male sex hormones.[AAO] OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic gonad of male genitals OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonada BTO:0001363 orchis BTO:0001363 testiculus OBOL:automatic male genitals gonad OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia gonada (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) VHOG VHOG:0000252 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic male gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of male organism OBOL:automatic gonada of male organism genitalia Wikipedia:Testis gonad of a male animal, produces and releases sperm. OBOL:automatic gonada of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of male organism genitalia OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism gonada OBOL:automatic male reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic male genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of male reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of male organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of male genitalia OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic male organism genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic genitalia of male organism gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of male organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of male organism FMA:7210 testicle OBOL:automatic reproductive system of male organism gonada female reproductive system BTO:0000083 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000969 EHDAA2:0000506 EHDAA:8116 EMAPA:17959 EV:0100110 FBbt:00004864 FMA:45663 GAID:364 HAO:0000324 MA:0000381 MESH:A05.360.319 MIAA:0000028 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361386004 TGMA:0000635 The organs of the female reproductive system. UBERON:0000474 UMLS:C0700038 VHOG:0000726 WBbt:0006748 WikipediaCategory:Female_reproductive_system XAO:0000156 female genital system female genitalia female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system female reproductive tract genitalia of female organism gynaecological tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/200px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Female_Reproductive_System reproductive system of female organism systema genitale femininum uberon OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia BTO:0000083 gynaecological tissue OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism MA:0000381 female reproductive tract OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system 2012-09-17 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0792383369 Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000726 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000083 systema genitale femininum The organs of the female reproductive system. Wikipedia:Female_genitalia organism subdivision AAO:0010053 AEO:0000032 Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism. BILA:0000032 CARO:0000032 EFO:0000808 EHDAA2:0003032 Editor note: revise after CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency FBbt:00007009 FMA:7153 HAO:0000032 MA:0002433 MAT:0000293 MESH:A01 MIAA:0000293 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViAHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001308 TGMA:0001840 UBERON:0000475 UMLS:C0229962 VHOG:0001758 XAO:0003013 ZFA:0001308 anatomic region body part body region cardinal body part galen:BodyPart ncithesaurus:Body_Part uberon FMA:7153 body region MA:0002433 anatomic region Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism. CARO:0000032 CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Body_part FMA:7153 cardinal body part acellular anatomical structure AAO:0010268 AEO:0000040 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or tissue.[AAO] BILA:0000040 CARO:0000040 EHDAA2:0003040 FBbt:00007013 FMA:63863 HAO:0000040 TAO:0000382 TGMA:0001841 UBERON:0000476 XAO:0003162 ZFA:0000382 uberon Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. CARO:MAH 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010268 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or tissue.[AAO] anatomical cluster AAO:0010009 AEO:0000041 Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. BILA:0000041 CARO:0000041 EHDAA2:0003041 FBbt:00007277 FMA:49443 HAO:0000041 TADS:0000605 TAO:0001478 TGMA:0001842 UBERON:0000477 VHOG:0001737 XAO:0003160 ZFA:0001478 uberon Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. CARO:MAH extraembryonic structure AAO:0010020 AEO:0000042 Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. BILA:0000042 CARO:0000042 EHDAA2:0003042 EHDAA:46 EMAPA:16042 FMA:85537 HAO:0000042 SCTID:314908006 TAO:0000020 TGMA:0001843 UBERON:0000478 UMLS:C1282438 VHOG:0000292 XAO:0004005 ZFA:0000020 extra-embryonic structure extraembryonic component extraembryonic tissue ncithesaurus:Extraembryonic_Structure see also conceptus extraembryonic component in EHDAA2. Note that the FBbt class is *not* placed here until the tracker issue is resolved. uberon Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. CARO:MAH https://cedar.bio.indiana.edu/trac/env/ontologies/ticket/279 tissue AAO:0000607 AAO:0010054 AEO:0000043 Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships. BILA:0000043 CARO:0000043 EHDAA2:0003043 FBbt:00007003 FMA:9637 HAO:0000043 MA:0003002 MESH:A10 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_19 TAO:0001477 TGMA:0001844 This class was sourced from CARO, which was initially sourced from FMA. Nomenclature changes have been made. Note also AEO introduces a class AEO:0000013 'single-cell tissue' UBERON:0000479 UMLS:C0040300 VHOG:0001757 WBbt:0005729 XAO:0003040 ZFA:0001477 galen:Tissue ncithesaurus:Tissue portion of tissue simple tissue tissue portion uberon CARO:0000043 portion of tissue AEO:0000043 simple tissue Anatomical structure, that consists of similar cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships. CARO:0000043 CARO:MAH FMA:9637 anatomical group AAO:0010008 AEO:0000054 Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. BILA:0000054 CARO:0000054 EHDAA2:0003054 HAO:0000054 TAO:0001512 TGMA:0001846 UBERON:0000480 VHOG:0001724 XAO:0003001 ZFA:0001512 uberon Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. CARO:0000054 CARO:MAH multi-tissue structure AAO:0010048 AEO:0000055 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. BILA:0000055 CARO:0000055 EHDAA2:0003055 FBbt:00007010 HAO:0000055 TAO:0001488 TGMA:0001847 UBERON:0000481 VHOG:0001762 XAO:0003037 ZFA:0001488 uberon Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 CARO:MAH basal lamina A basal lamina is certainly present in Bilateria and was evaluated as an autapomorphy of this taxon.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010269 AEO:0000065 Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. BILA:0000065 CARO:0000065 EHDAA2:0003065 FMA:62918 GO:0005605 HAO:0000065 MESH:A10.272.220 NIF_Subcellular:sao1397492660 TAO:0001485 TGMA:0001850 TODO - use GO. UBERON:0000482 UMLS:C0085872 VHOG:0001592 WBbt:0005756 XAO:0003163 ZFA:0001485 basal lamina of connective tissue basal laminae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Basal_lamina.jpg lamina basalis ncithesaurus:Basal_Lamina uberon 2012-09-17 A basal lamina is certainly present in Bilateria and was evaluated as an autapomorphy of this taxon.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.57 VHOG VHOG:0001592 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Acellular anatomical structure that consists of a thin sheet of fibrous proteins that underlie and support the cells of an epithelium. It separates the cells of an epithelium from any underlying tissue. CARO:MAH Wikipedia:Basal_lamina Wikipedia:Basal_lamina lamina basalis VHOG:0001592 basal laminae epithelium AAO:0000144 AAO:0010055 AEO:0000066 BILA:0000066 BTO:0000416 CARO:0000066 EHDAA2:0003066 FBbt:00007005 FMA:9639 GAID:402 HAO:0000066 MESH:A10.272 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina.[AAO] Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina.[CARO] Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina.[TAO] SCTID:31610004 TAO:0001486 The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000483 UMLS:C0014609 VHOG:0000387 XAO:0003045 ZFA:0001486 epithelial epithelial tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Tkanka_nablonkowa.png ncithesaurus:Epithelium portion of epithelium uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.59 The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000387 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 CARO CARO:0000066 CARO:MAH FMA:9639 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina.[CARO] CARO:MAH Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. Wikipedia:Epithelium 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001486 ZFIN:curator FMA:9639 portion of epithelium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010055 AAO:BJB Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina.[AAO] simple cuboidal epithelium AAO:0010064 AEO:0000067 BILA:0000067 CARO:0000067 EHDAA2:0003067 Editor notes: needs to be synchronized with CL - there is no distinct cuboidal cell in CL FMA:45566 HAO:0000067 TAO:0001497 UBERON:0000484 UMLS:C0836134 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. XAO:0004009 ZFA:0001497 epithelium simplex cuboideum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Gray1133.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray1133.png/200px-Gray1133.png ncithesaurus:Simple_Cuboidal_Epithelium uberon CARO:MAH Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium simple columnar epithelium AAO:0010063 AEO:0000068 BILA:0000068 CARO:0000068 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003068 FBbt:00007027 FMA:45567 HAO:0000068 SCTID:32210007 TAO:0001496 UBERON:0000485 UMLS:C0836135 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells.[AAO] Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells.[CARO] Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells.[TAO] Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] XAO:0004008 ZFA:0001496 columnar epithelium columnar epithlium epithelium simplex columnare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray1059.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray1059.png/200px-Gray1059.png ncithesaurus:Simple_Columnar_Epithelium simple columnar epithelium uberon AEO:0000068 columnar epithlium EHDAA2:0003068 columnar epithelium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010063 AAO:BJB Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells.[AAO] CARO:MAH FMA:FMA Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium 2012-06-20 CARO CARO:0000068 CARO:MAH FMA:45567 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells.[CARO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001496 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of columnar cells.[TAO] ZFIN:curator multilaminar epithelium AAO:0010059 AEO:0000069 BILA:0000069 BTO:0002074 CARO:0000069 EHDAA2:0003069 Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[AAO] Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[TAO] Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45562 HAO:0000069 SCTID:309044005 TAO:0001494 UBERON:0000486 UMLS:C0682575 XAO:0004006 ZFA:0001494 laminated epithelium ncithesaurus:Stratified_Epithelium stratified epithelium uberon CARO:MAH Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium 2012-06-20 CARO CARO:0000069 CARO:MAH Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] FMA:45562 2012-08-14 Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001494 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010059 AAO:BJB Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[AAO] BTO:0002074 laminated epithelium simple squamous epithelium AAO:0010066 AEO:0000070 BILA:0000070 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000070 EHDAA2:0003070 FMA:45565 HAO:0000070 TAO:0001498 UBERON:0000487 UMLS:C0836133 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[AAO] Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[TAO] Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] XAO:0004010 ZFA:0001498 epithelium simplex squamosum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg ncithesaurus:Simple_Squamous_Epithelium uberon CARO:MAH FMA:45565 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010066 AAO:BJB Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001498 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 CARO CARO:0000070 CARO:MAH FMA:45565 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] atypical epithelium AAO:0010057 AEO:0000071 BILA:0000071 CARO:0000071 EHDAA2:0003071 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one or more layers.[TAO] Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. FMA:61741 HAO:0000071 TAO:0001493 UBERON:0000488 XAO:0004004 ZFA:0001493 heterogenous epithelium uberon 2012-08-14 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one or more layers.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001493 ZFIN:curator CARO:MAH Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. cavitated compound organ AAO:0010016 AEO:0000072 BILA:0000072 CARO:0000072 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. EHDAA2:0003072 FMA:55671 HAO:0000072 TAO:0001490 TGMA:0001857 UBERON:0000489 VHOG:0001730 XAO:0003165 ZFA:0001490 cavitated organ uberon FMA:55671 cavitated organ CARO:MAH Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. unilaminar epithelium AAO:0010062 AEO:0000073 AO/editor notes: consider adding disjointness axiom between unilaminar and multilaminar - but note that this will render EHDAA2:0003244 (chorionic trophoblast) unsatisfiable BILA:0000073 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000073 EHDAA2:0003073 Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[AAO] Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[TAO] Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45561 HAO:0000073 SCTID:309043004 TAO:0001495 UBERON:0000490 UMLS:C0682574 XAO:0004007 ZFA:0001495 ncithesaurus:Simple_Epithelium simple epithelium uberon 2012-06-20 CARO CARO:0000073 CARO:MAH Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] FMA:45561 FMA:45561 simple epithelium 2012-08-14 Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001495 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010062 AAO:BJB Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[AAO] CARO:MAH Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] FMA:45561 solid compound organ AAO:0010019 AEO:0000074 BILA:0000074 CARO:0000074 Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. EHDAA2:0003074 HAO:0000074 TAO:0001491 TGMA:0001859 UBERON:0000491 XAO:0003164 ZFA:0001491 uberon CARO:MAH Compound organ that does not contain macroscopic anatomical spaces. ileocecal valve FMA:15973 SCTID:362153007 The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. Tulp's valve UBERON:0000569 UMLS:C0020880 galen:IleocecalValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Gray1075.png ncithesaurus:Ileocecal_Valve uberon valva ileocaecalis valva ileocaecalis (valva ilealis) FMA:15973 valva ileocaecalis (valva ilealis) The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. Wikipedia:Ileocecal_valve Wikipedia:Ileocecal_valve valva ileocaecalis FMA Obol Tulp's valve Wikipedia:Ileocecal_valve suspensory ligament of duodenum FMA:20509 Ligament that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. It contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. When it contracts, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, allowing movement of the intestinal contents It arises from the right crus as it passes around the esophagus, continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and inserts into the third and fourth portions of the duodenum and frequently into the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure (between the duodenum and the jejunum) as well. SCTID:279979000 UBERON:0000642 an especially important landmark to note when looking at the bowel for the presence of malrotation of the gut, a syndrome often suspected in young children when they have episodes of recurrent vomiting. Visualizing a normal location of the ligament of Treitz in radiological images is critical in ruling out malrotation of the gut in a child; it is abnormally located when malrotation is present. An abnormally low and fixed position of the ligament of Treitz is a known cause of superior mesenteric artery syndrome. However, identifying it on a CT scan is difficult. Hematemesis (blood in the vomit) or melena (black tarry stools) usually indicate a gastrointestinal bleed from a location proximal to the ligament. Hematochezia (bright red blood or clots in the stools) usually indicates a gastrointestinal bleed from a location distal to the ligament. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Gray1042.png ligament of Treitz muscle of Treitz musculus suspensorius duodeni musculus suspensorius duodeni suspensory muscle of duodenum uberon FMA:20509 ligament of Treitz Ligament that connects the duodenum of the small intestines to the diaphragm. It contains a slender band of skeletal muscle from the diaphragm and a fibromuscular band of smooth muscle from the horizontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. When it contracts, the suspensory muscle of the duodenum widens the angle of the duodenojejunal flexure, allowing movement of the intestinal contents It arises from the right crus as it passes around the esophagus, continues as connective tissue around the stems of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery and inserts into the third and fourth portions of the duodenum and frequently into the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure (between the duodenum and the jejunum) as well. Wikipedia:Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum Obol Obol FMA:20509 muscle of Treitz FMA:20509 suspensory muscle of duodenum Wikipedia:Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum musculus suspensorius duodeni FMA:20509 musculus suspensorius duodeni Obol splenius capitis FMA:22653 SCTID:244850004 The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The Splenius Capitis muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C3-C4. The splenius muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine. UBERON:0000711 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Splenius.png musculus splenius capitis splenius capitis muscle uberon The splenius capitis is a broad, straplike muscle in the back of the neck. It pulls on the base of the skull from vertebrae in the neck and upper thorax. It arises from the lower half of the ligamentum nuchæ, from the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and from the spinous processes of the upper three or four thoracic vertebræ. The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. The Splenius Capitis muscle is innervated by the dorsal rami of spinal nerves C3-C4. The splenius muscle is a prime mover for head extension. The splenius capitis can also allow lateral flexion and rotation of the cervical spine. Wikipedia:Splenius_capitis_muscle Ligamentum nuchae spinous process of C7-T6 dbpedia FMA Wikipedia:Splenius_capitis_muscle musculus splenius capitis Wikipedia:Mastoid_process Wikipedia:Splenius_capitis_muscle splenius capitis muscle hippocampal commissure FMA:61970 MA:0002723 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_746 SCTID:369115003 The lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium (lyra). This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure). This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000908 UBERON:Commissure-MA_0002723 commissura hippocampi commissure of fornix commissure of fornix of forebrain delta fornicis dorsal hippocampal commissure fornical commissure fornix commissure hippocampus commissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Gray747.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png uberon The lateral portions of the body of the fornix are joined by a thin triangular lamina, named the psalterium (lyra). This lamina contains some transverse fibers that connect the two hippocampi across the middle line and constitute the commissure of fornix (hippocampal commissure). Wikipedia:Commissure_of_fornix FMA:61970 dorsal hippocampal commissure FMA:61970 commissure of fornix of forebrain FMA:61970 fornical commissure MP:0008221 delta fornicis FMA:61970 fornix commissure MP:0008221 hippocampus commissure Wikipedia:Commissure_of_fornix commissure of fornix FMA:61970 FMA:TA commissura hippocampi chyme Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. ENVO:02000026 FMA:62961 UBERON:0000910 chymus uberon Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Wikipedia:Chyme FMA ENVO:02000026 chymus chyle Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. ENVO:02000030 FMA:61403 GAID:1187 MESH:A12.207.630.350 UBERON:0000911 UMLS:C0008730 ncithesaurus:Chyle uberon Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. Wikipedia:Chyle http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=chyle mucus ENVO:02000040 FMA:66938 GAID:1164 MESH:A12.200.503 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjHq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000912 UMLS:C0026727 galen:Mucus mucoid mucous ncithesaurus:Mucus uberon Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. Wikipedia:Mucus interstitial fluid ENVO:02000042 FMA:9673 Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. UBERON:0000913 intercellular fluid tissue fluid uberon FMA:9673 Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. Wikipedia:Interstitial_fluid ENVO:02000042 intercellular fluid ENVO:02000042 tissue fluid organismal segment FBbt:00000003 HAO:0000929 MAT:0000271 MIAA:0000271 One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism. UBERON:0000914 editor note: review this post-CARO2 segment uberon FBbt:00000003 segment FB:gg One of the repeated divisions of the whole organism. Wikipedia:Segmentation_(biology) thoracic segment of trunk FMA:259209 MA:0000022 Organismal subdivision of body that lies between the head and the abdomen [Wikipedia]. SCTID:302551006 UBERON:0000915 Usage notes: note that we use the slightly verbose term 'thoracic segment of trunk' to avoid confusuon with insect thorax. todo - taxonomic constraints. Also, in FMA 'thorax' is a synonym for chest thorax uberon upper body FMA Organismal subdivision of body that lies between the head and the abdomen [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Thorax MA:0000022 thorax abdomen BTO:0000020 EFO:0000968 EV:0100011 FMA:9577 GAID:16 In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. MA:0000029 MAT:0000298 MESH:A01.047 MIAA:0000298 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjgyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302553009 Taxon notes: Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class UBERON:0000916 abdominal abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis adult abdomen belly celiac region galen:Abdomen uberon MA FMA:9577 abdominopelvic region FMA:9577 abdominopelvis In vertebrates such as mammals the abdomen (belly) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis. The region enclosed by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. Wikipedia:Abdomen obsolete abdominal segment UBERON:0000917 UBERON:0002417 segment of abdomen true uberon OBOL:automatic segment of abdomen obsolete yolk MAT:0000335 MIAA:0000335 The nutritive substance contained in the egg. UBERON:0000918 UBERON:0007378 true uberon vegetal yolk mass yolk cell FB:gg The nutritive substance contained in the egg. obsolete lipid droplet UBERON:0000919 true uberon egg chorion A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish [GO]. FBbt:00000038 TAO:0000329 TGMA:0000681 The egg shell. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0000920 ZFA:0000329 chorion chorion (egg) uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000329 The egg shell. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish [GO]. GO:0042600 Wikipedia:Chorion_(egg) obsolete pronucleus . UBERON:0000921 true uberon . Wikipedia:Pronucleus embryo AAO:0011035 AEO:0000169 Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BILA:0000056 BTO:0000379 EFO:0001367 EHDAA2:0000002 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003236 EHDAA:38 EMAPA:16039 FBbt:00000052 FMA:69068 GAID:963 MAT:0000226 MESH:A16.254 MIAA:0000019 OGEM:000001 Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ceZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:57991002 UBERON:0000922 UMLS:C0013935 VHOG:0001766 XAO:0000113 ZFA:0000103 developing organism developmental tissue embryonic embryonic organism http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Embryonic_organism http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg ncithesaurus:Embryo uberon Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BTO:0000379 FB:FBrf0039741 FB:FBrf0041814 GO:0009790 Wikipedia:Embryo BILA:0000056 embryonic organism BILA:0000056 developing organism germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. AAO:0000480 BILA:0000035 BTO:0000556 Classically the germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Alternatively: primary = ectoderm, endoderm; secondary=mesoderm; tertiary=dorsal mesoderm, NC[UBERONREF:0000002] FBbt:00000110 FMA:69069 GAID:1303 MESH:A16.254.425 TAO:0001122 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000923 UMLS:C0920502 UMLS:C1708239 VHOG:0001223 XAO:0003011 ZFA:0001122 embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers embryonic tissue germinal layer ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Tissue ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer primary germ layer uberon FMA:69069 embryonic tissue germinal layer ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer GO:0001704 ZFA:0001122 primary germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. Wikipedia:Germ_layer 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001223 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ectoderm AAO:0000137 BILA:0000036 BTO:0000315 EFO:0000414 EHDAA2:0000428 EMAPA:16069 EV:0100003 FBbt:00000111 FMA:69070 GAID:1304 MAT:0000155 MAT:0000173 MESH:A16.254.425.273 MIAA:0000173 Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO] SCTID:362851007 TAO:0000016 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0000924 UMLS:C0013574 VHOG:0000153 XAO:0000001 ZFA:0000016 ectodermal embryonic ectoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray32.png ncithesaurus:Ectoderm uberon cjm VHOG:0000153 embryonic ectoderm 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000137 AAO:EJS Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000153 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Wikipedia:Ectoderm endoderm AAO:0000139 BILA:0000038 BTO:0000800 EFO:0002545 EHDAA2:0000436 EV:0100005 FBbt:00000125 FMA:69071 GAID:1305 MAT:0000175 MESH:A16.254.425.407 MIAA:0000175 Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. SCTID:362855003 TAO:0000017 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000925 UMLS:C0014144 VHOG:0000154 XAO:0000090 ZFA:0000017 endodermal entoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Endoderm2.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray10.png/200px-Gray10.png ncithesaurus:Endoderm uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000154 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. Wikipedia:Endoderm mesoderm AAO:0000304 BILA:0000037 BTO:0000839 EFO:0001981 EHDAA2:0001128 EHDAA:124 EHDAA:160 EHDAA:168 EHDAA:183 EMAPA:16083 EV:0100006 FBbt:00000126 FMA:69072 GAID:522 MAT:0000174 MESH:A16.254.425.660 MIAA:0000174 Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO] SCTID:362854004 TAO:0000041 Taxon notes: sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates[UBERONREF:0000002] The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. UBERON:0000926 UBERON:0003263 UMLS:C0025485 VHOG:0000152 XAO:0000050 ZFA:0000041 embryonic mesoderm entire mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Mesoderm.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mesoderm.png/200px-Mesoderm.png mesodermal mesodermal mantle ncithesaurus:Mesoderm uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000152 http://bgee.unil.ch/ SCTID:362854004 UBERON:cjm entire mesoderm sometimes not considered primary ZFA The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Wikipedia:Mesoderm VHOG:0000152 embryonic mesoderm 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000304 AAO:EJS Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO] mesectoderm A double row of cells which are located at the midline from the end of gastrulations. The morphology of these cells is distinct from adjacent ectodermal cells - they are elongated such that one end remains exposed to the outside of the embryo at the mideline while the other end bissects the internalised mesoderm. FBbt:00000136 MAT:0000243 MIAA:0000243 MesEc Split term? The part of the mesenchyme derived from ectoderm, especially from the embryonic neural crest from which the pigment cells, meninges, and most of the branchial cartilages develop.[TFD] UBERON:0000927 mesectodermal uberon A double row of cells which are located at the midline from the end of gastrulations. The morphology of these cells is distinct from adjacent ectodermal cells - they are elongated such that one end remains exposed to the outside of the embryo at the mideline while the other end bissects the internalised mesoderm. FB:FBrf0089570 embryonic segment FBbt:00000154 MAT:0000244 MIAA:0000244 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000928 segment - embryonic uberon pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve FMA:6234 Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve. SCTID:280298006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png pharyngeal branch pharyngeal branch of inferior vagal ganglion pharyngeal branch of vagus pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve ramus pharyngealis nervi vagalis ramus pharyngeus ramus pharyngeus nervi vagi tenth cranial nerve pharyngeal branch uberon vagal pharyngeal branch vagus nerve pharyngeal branch FMA:6234 pharyngeal branch of vagus FMA:6234 FMA:TA ramus pharyngeus Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve ramus pharyngeus nervi vagi Motor nerve of the pharynx, arises from the upper part of the ganglion nodosum, and consists principally of filaments from the cranial portion of the accessory nerve. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve stomodeum Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO] Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth[ZFA]. In humans, a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane. This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx[WP]. The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm[FBbt]. BTO:0004224 EHDAA2:0001929 EMAPA:16263 Editor note: consider indicating location. e.g. anterior. Note some AOs place this as part of oral opening, but it's not clear when this structure comes into existence. Taxon note: This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity. FBbt:00000439 TAO:0001290 TGMA:0000135 UBERON:0000930 UMLS:C1514977 XAO:0000269 ZFA:0001290 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray977.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray977.png/200px-Gray977.png mouth primordium ncithesaurus:Stomodeum primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum stomodeal uberon ZFA Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth[ZFA]. In humans, a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane. This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx[WP]. The anterior part of the embryonic digestive system deriving from the stomodeal invagination of the ectoderm[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Stomodeum Wikipedia:Stomodeum stomatodeum UBERON:cjm primitive oral cavity XAO:0000269 mouth primordium 2012-08-14 Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001290 ZFIN:curator proctodeum AAO:0011087 An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000121 FBbt:00000440 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO] Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage[ZFA]. A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall[WP]. TAO:0000066 UBERON:0000931 UMLS:C0231054 VHOG:0000139 XAO:0001019 ZFA:0000066 anal pit embryonic proctodaeum ncithesaurus:Proctodeum proctodaeum proctodeal removed WBbt:0006795 - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male. uberon Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage[ZFA]. A proctodeum is the back ectodermal part of an alimentary canal. It is created during embryogenesis by a folding of the outer body wall[WP]. Wikipedia:Proctodeum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011087 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO] ZFA:0000066 2012-08-14 An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000066 ZFIN:curator VHOG:0000139 anal pit obsolete ventral longitudinal muscle UBERON:0000932 originally unified on basis of terminological similarity true uberon pharyngeal muscle A muscle that acts on the pharynx[WP, vetted]. A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx[GO]. BTO:0001048 EFO:0003504 FMA:46619 GAID:154 Innervation notes: They are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the Vagus nerve (CN X) with the exception of the stylopharyngeus muscle which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).[WP] MA:0001797 MESH:A02.633.567.800 SCTID:244798004 TAO:0000172 UBERON:0000933 UMLS:C0031346 ZFA:0000172 branchial muscle branchial muscles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray1030.png muscle of pharynx muscle organ of pharynx musculi pharyngis musculus pharyngis ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Muscle pharynx muscle pharynx muscle organ tunica muscularis pharyngis uberon BTO:0001048 musculus pharyngis ZFA:0000172 branchial muscle 2012-06-30 A pharyngeal muscle is any muscle that forms part of the pharynx[GO]. GO GO:0043282 GOC:go_curators does not quite work for some muscles such as stylopharyngeus ZFA A muscle that acts on the pharynx[WP, vetted]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_muscles OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx muscle organ TAO:0000172 branchial muscles Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_muscles tunica muscularis pharyngis Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_muscles musculi pharyngis ventral nerve cord BTO:0002328 EFO:0000896 FBbt:00001102 MAT:0000339 MIAA:0000339 The pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO]. The ventral nerve cords make up the nervous system of some phyla of the invertebrates, particularly within the nematodes, annelids and the arthropods. It usually consists of cerebral ganglia anteriorly with the nerve cords running down the ventral ('belly', as opposed to back) plane of the organism. This characteristic is important in qualifying the difference compared to the chordates, which have a dorsal nerve cord. Ventral nerve cords from anterior to posterior (the thoracic and abdominal tagma in the arthropods) are made up of segmented ganglia that are connected by a tract of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other of the nerve cord called commissures. The complete system bears some likeness to a rope ladder. In some animals the bilateral ganglia are fused into a single large ganglion per segment. This characteristic is found mostly in the insects. UBERON:0000934 WBbt:0005829 uberon ventral cord GO:0007419 ventral cord BTO:0002328 GO:0007419 The pair of closely united ventral longitudinal nerves with their segmental ganglia that is characteristic of many elongate invertebrates (as earthworms)[BTO]. A large process bundle that runs along the vental mid-line extending from the ventral region of the nerve ring[WB]. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms[GO]. WB:Paper00000938 Wikipedia:Ventral_nerve_cord anterior commissure BM:Tel-AC BTO:0002169 EMAPA:19038 FMA:61961 In all vertebrates the thin structure that connects the two halves of the telencephalon shows a ridge-like thickening at the basal side known as the anterior commissure.[well established][VHOG] MA:0002722 NIF_GrossAnatomy:Class_4 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1557 SCTID:369119009 TAO:0001108 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000935 UMLS:C0152335 VHOG:0001558 ZFA:0001108 bundle of nerve fibers (white matter), connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. commissura anterior commissura rostral commissura rostralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Gray744.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gray744.png/200px-Gray744.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Commissure precommisure rostral commissure uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_commissure commissura anterior Wikipedia:Anterior_commisure precommisure 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20432.x In all vertebrates the thin structure that connects the two halves of the telencephalon shows a ridge-like thickening at the basal side known as the anterior commissure.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001558 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA MA Wikipedia:Anterior_commissure bundle of nerve fibers (white matter), connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals. posterior commissure AO notes: part_of brainstem in MA; midbrain tectum in NIF BM:MB-Tec-PC FMA:62072 MA:0002743 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1026 Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP].Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. TAO:0000320 UBERON:0000936 UMLS:C0152327 ZFA:0000320 caudal commissure commissura posterior epithalamic commissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Commissure uberon FMA:62072 ZFA:0000320 caudal commissure Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. It is important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex. Its fibers acquire their medullary sheaths early, but their connections have not been definitely determined. Most of them have their origin in a nucleus, the nucleus of the posterior commissure (nucleus of Darkschewitsch), which lies in the central gray substance of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct, in front of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Some are probably derived from the posterior part of the thalamus and from the superior colliculus, whereas others are believed to be continued downward into the medial longitudinal fasciculus. The posterior commissure interconnects the pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex[WP].Diencephalic tract which is located in the vicinity of the dorsal diencephalon and mesencephalon and connects the pretectal nuclei. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Posterior_commissure ZFA:0000320 Wikipedia:Posterior_commissure commissura posterior FMA:62072 epithalamic commissure FMA obsolete proneural cluster UBERON:0000937 obsoleted because inconsistencies arise due to ZFA term being both embryonic and extraembryonic proneural clusters true uberon ZFA:0000068 proneural clusters imaginal disc A tissue in the larva which gives rise to the adult external cuticle. BTO:0004658 FBbt:00001761 MAT:0000064 MIAA:0000064 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000939 imaginal disk uberon A tissue in the larva which gives rise to the adult external cuticle. FB:gg Wikipedia:Imaginal_disc cranial nerve II (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 02 optic nerve A collection of nerve cells that project visual information from the eyes to the brain. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] AAO:0010345 CN-II Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. EFO:0004258 EHDAA2:0001313 EHDAA:6788 EMAPA:17575 EMAPA:17846 Editor notes: A sensory tract that develops as an outpocketing of the brain - we classify as a cranial nerve as is traditional, but not strictly a nerve. AO notes: (relaion to eye): MA, XAO, AAO and BTO consider this part of the eye. This is in contrast to GO, FMA, EHDAA2 (FMA has a class 'intra-ocular part of optic nerve' which represents the region of overlap). Relation to brain: part of diencephalon in EHDAA2, ZFA. In NIF, has the optic nerve root as part, which is a feature part of the diencphalon. Structure notes: We are consistent here with the FMA in considering CN-II continuous with the retina. Editor notes: - determine the precise relationship between CN II and the CNS FMA:50863 Fibrous, somatic sensory element covered by a fibrous connective-tissue sheath and is continuous with the layer of nerve cells on the inner surface of the eye.[AAO] GAID:831 MA:0001097 MESH:A08.800.800.120.680 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1640 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180938001 TAO:0000435 UBERON:0000941 UMLS:C0029130 VHOG:0000543 XAO:0000188 ZFA:0000435 cranial II ncithesaurus:Optic_Nerve nervus opticus nervus opticus [II] optic optic II optic II nerve optic nerve optic nerve [II] second cranial nerve uberon EHDAA2:0001313 optic II nerve FMA:50863 FMA:TA nervus opticus [II] TAO:0000435 optic EHDAA2 CN-II ZFA:0000435 Cranial nerve which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA]. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Optic_nerve ZFA:0000435 EHDAA2:0001313 optic II FMA:50863 ZFA:0000435 optic nerve (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup (reference 1); The (optic) stalk persists as the optic nerve (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429, http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk VHOG VHOG:0000543 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 02 optic nerve AAO:0010345 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010345 AAO:EJS Fibrous, somatic sensory element covered by a fibrous connective-tissue sheath and is continuous with the layer of nerve cells on the inner surface of the eye.[AAO] 2012-08-14 A collection of nerve cells that project visual information from the eyes to the brain. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000435 ZFIN:curator frontal nerve (branch of ophthalmic) FMA:52638 SCTID:280219004 The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve. It enters the orbit through the supraorbital foramen, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the periosteum. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000942 UMLS:C0228712 frontal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gray787.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gray787.png/200px-Gray787.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Nerve nervus frontalis uberon FMA:52638 frontal nerve The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve. It enters the orbit through the supraorbital foramen, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the periosteum. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, supratrochlear nerve and supraorbital nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_nerve FMA Wikipedia:Frontal_nerve nervus frontalis obsolete labial sensillum UBERON:0000943 true uberon obsolete dorsal branch UBERON:0000944 dorsal vein ramus dorsalis true uberon FMA:76733 FMA:TA ramus dorsalis stomach AAO:0000579 ANISEED:1235297 An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. BTO:0001307 EFO:0000837 EHDAA2:0001915 EHDAA:2993 EMAPA:17021 EMAPA:18889 EV:0100070 FMA:7148 GAID:293 It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000353 MAT:0000051 MESH:A03.492.766 MIAA:0000051 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] SCTID:181246003 TAO:0002121 Taxon notes: We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa -- Stomach#In_other_animals UBERON:0000945 UMLS:C0038351 VHOG:0000408 Ventricular XAO:0000128 anterior intestine galen:Stomach gaster http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Stomach_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stomach_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_diagram.svg.png mesenteron ncithesaurus:Stomach stomach chamber uberon ventriculus Ventricular Wikipedia:Stomach ZFA BTO:0001307 gaster 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000579 AAO:EJS Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. ISBN10:0073040584 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Stomach cjm 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000) It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000408 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cjm cardial valve BTO:0000564 EMAPA:17869 EV:0100024 Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[well established][VHOG] FMA:7110 Flap of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. GAID:176 MA:0000086 MESH:A07.541.510 One of the four structures within the heart that prevent backflow of blood by opening and closing with each heartbeat. The valves include two semilunar valves, the aortic and pulmonary; the mitral or bicuspid valve; and the tricuspid valve. The valves permit blood flow in only one direction. [TFD][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rv8oyuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181285005 TAO:0005065 Terminology notes: Rector et al: One might be tempted to define “heart valve” equivalently to “valve in the heart”, and “valve” as a “structure which functions as a valve”. But this combination results in the “foramen ovale” being classified as a kind of “heart valve”, since it is undoubtedly located in the heart and functions as a valve UBERON:0000946 UMLS:C0018826 VHOG:0000818 XAO:0004126 ZFA:0005065 cardiac valve galen:HeartValve heart valve heart valves ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Valve stomodaeal valve uberon valve of heart Flap of tissue that prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. Wikipedia:Cardiac_valve 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000818 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0003170 cardiac valve PMID:15797462 2012-09-17 One of the four structures within the heart that prevent backflow of blood by opening and closing with each heartbeat. The valves include two semilunar valves, the aortic and pulmonary; the mitral or bicuspid valve; and the tricuspid valve. The valves permit blood flow in only one direction. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000818 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/heart+valve aorta AAO:0010213 Artery carrying blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation BTO:0000135 EFO:0000265 EMAPA:18601 EV:0100027 Editor notes: This class is currently a mixed bag, encompassing (1) the entirety of the mammalian aorta together with (2) the developmental and phylogenetic homologs of its segments: the ventral aorta and dorsal aortae. Taxon notes: All amniotes have a broadly similar arrangement to that of humans, albeit with a number of individual variations. In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods. The two aortas are connected by a number of vessels, one passing through each of the gills. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches[WP]. FMA:3734 GAID:469 MA:0000062 MAT:0000035 MESH:A07.231.114.056 MIAA:0000035 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181298001 The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs.[AAO] UBERON:0000947 UMLS:C0003483 VHOG:0001523 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003010 aorta, arteria maxima aortic dorsal aorta galen:Aorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Aorta_scheme.jpg ncithesaurus:Aorta trunk of aortic tree trunk of systemic arterial tree uberon Wikipedia:Aorta aorta, arteria maxima MA-modified Artery carrying blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation Wikipedia:Aorta Wikipedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Aorta#In_other_animals ZFA:0000014 dorsal aorta 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010213 AAO:BJB The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 VHOG VHOG:0001523 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ heart AAO:0010210 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] BILA:0000020 BTO:0000562 Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] EFO:0000815 EHDAA2:0000738 EHDAA:420 EMAPA:16105 EV:0100018 FMA:7088 GAID:174 Herz MA:0000072 MAT:0000036 MESH:A07.541 MIAA:0000036 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO] SCTID:302509004 TAO:0000114 UBERON:0000948 UMLS:C0018787 VHOG:0000276 XAO:0000064 ZFA:0000114 a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. branchial heart cardiac chambered heart galen:Heart ncithesaurus:Heart note that we use the term 'circulatory organ' for the generic class. Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepi- thelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" doi:10.1101/gad.1485706 relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] uberon vertebrate heart 2012-08-14 Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000114 ZFIN:curator BTO:0000562 Herz UBERON:cjm chambered heart 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010210 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO] Wikipedia:Heart a myogenic muscular organ found in the cardiovascular system. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. Primitive fish have a four-chambered heart; however, the chambers are arranged sequentially so that this primitive heart is quite unlike the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds. The first chamber is the sinus venosus, which collects de-oxygenated blood, from the body, through the hepatic and cardinal veins. From here, blood flows into the atrium and then to the powerful muscular ventricle where the main pumping action takes place. The fourth and final chamber is the conus arteriosus which contains several valves and sends blood to the ventral aorta. The ventral aorta delivers blood to the gills where it is oxygenated and flows, through the dorsal aorta, into the rest of the body. (In tetrapods, the ventral aorta has divided in two; one half forms the ascending aorta, while the other forms the pulmonary artery. In the adult fish, the four chambers are not arranged in a straight row but, instead, form an S-shape with the latter two chambers lying above the former two. This relatively simpler pattern is found in cartilaginous fish and in the more primitive ray-finned fish. In teleosts, the conus arteriosus is very small and can more accurately be described as part of the aorta rather than of the heart proper. The conus arteriosus is not present in any amniotes which presumably having been absorbed into the ventricles over the course of evolution. Similarly, while the sinus venosus is present as a vestigial structure in some reptiles and birds, it is otherwise absorbed into the right atrium and is no longer distinguishable[WP]. UBERONREF:0000002 branchial heart 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010210 relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] 2012-09-17 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 VHOG VHOG:0000276 http://bgee.unil.ch/ endocrine system AAO:0010279 Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. EFO:0002969 EHDAA2:0002224 EV:0100128 FBbt:00005068 FMA:9668 GAID:439 MA:0000012 MESH:A06 Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] SCTID:278876000 TAO:0001158 UBERON:0000949 UMLS:C0014136 VHOG:0000098 XAO:0000158 ZFA:0001158 endocrine endocrine glandular system endocrine system ncithesaurus:Endocrine_System systema endocrinum uberon Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. NLM:endocrine+system Wikipedia:Endocrine_system 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010279 AAO:BJB Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] EHDAA2:0002224 endocrine glandular system 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009) Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000098 http://bgee.unil.ch/ gracilis BTO:0000536 Editor's note: AAO has minor and major gracilis, which merge together, attaching the pelvic rim to the tibiofibula - this could be grouped with the mammalian gracilis at some level; note the current insertion site is 'tibia' which would be modified for amphibian tibiafibula FMA:43882 MA:0002311 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7If8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181689005 The most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch. UBERON:0000950 UMLS:C0224439 galen:Gracilis gracilis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG musculus gracilis ncithesaurus:Gracilis uberon dbpedia ischiopubic ramus BTO:0000536 gracilis muscle The most superficial muscle on the medial side of the thigh. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below. It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the anterior margins of the lower half of the symphysis pubis and the upper half of the pubic arch. Wikipedia:Gracilis_muscle Kardong Wikipedia:Gracilis_muscle musculus gracilis Wikipedia dbpedia pes anserinus rotator muscle of the vertebral column Any of a number of short transversospinal muscles chiefly developed in cervical, lumbar, and thoracic regions, arising from the transverse process of one vertebra and inserted into the root of the spinous process of the next two or three vertebrae above, with nerve supply from the dorsal branches of the spinal nerve, and whose actions rotate the vertebral column. FMA:23081 SCTID:244872002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000951 rotator muscle uberon FMA:23081 rotator muscle Any of a number of short transversospinal muscles chiefly developed in cervical, lumbar, and thoracic regions, arising from the transverse process of one vertebra and inserted into the root of the spinous process of the next two or three vertebrae above, with nerve supply from the dorsal branches of the spinal nerve, and whose actions rotate the vertebral column. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rotator+muscle obsolete adductor muscle UBERON:0000952 UBERON:0011144 UBERON:0011145 obsoleted as it conflated a generic functional grouping with a specific group of muscles in the leg/hip true uberon obsolete visceral muscle UBERON:0000953 adult visceral muscle involuntary non-striated muscle. smooth muscle terminological note: GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably true uberon Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle involuntary non-striated muscle. obsolete intestine muscle UBERON:0000954 intestinal muscle intestinal muscle cell, attach to intestine and body wall anterior to anus true uberon WB:Paper00000653 intestinal muscle cell, attach to intestine and body wall anterior to anus brain (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010478 ABA:Brain BILA:0000135 BTO:0000142 Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] EFO:0000302 EHDAA2:0000183 EHDAA:2641 EHDAA:6485 EMAPA:16894 EV:0100164 FBbt:00005095 FMA:50801 GAID:571 MA:0000168 MAT:0000098 MESH:A08.186.211 MIAA:0000098 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_796 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjT65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] SCTID:258335003 TAO:0000008 The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. UBERON:0000955 UMLS:C0006104 VHOG:0000157 XAO:0000010 ZFA:0000008 encephalon galen:Brain include synganglion? ncithesaurus:Brain synganglion uberon 2012-08-14 Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000008 ZFIN:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 VHOG VHOG:0000157 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.[1] Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. Wikipedia:Brain BTO:0000142 encephalon FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010478 AAO:BJB Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] GO cerebral cortex ABA:CTX BM:Tel-Cx BTO:0000233 EFO:0000328 EHDAA2:0000234 EHDAA:5464 EMAPA:17544 EV:0100166 FMA:61830 GAID:629 MA:0000185 MAT:0000108 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213 MIAA:0000108 Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals.[well established][VHOG] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1494 SCTID:362880003 The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000956 UMLS:C0007776 VHOG:0000722 brain cortex cortex cerebri cortex of cerebral hemisphere http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg/200px-Cerebral_Cortex_location.jpg ncithesaurus:Cortex pallium of the brain uberon BTO:0000233 pallium of the brain The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. It constitutes the outermost layer of the cerebrum. In preserved brains, it has a grey color, hence the name 'grey matter'. Grey matter is formed by neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, whereas the white matter below the grey matter of the cortex is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting different regions of the central nervous system. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick. The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the grooves, called 'sulci. ' The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the neocortex, also called isocortex, is differentiated into six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus (also called archicortex), has at most three cellular layers, and is divided into subfields. Relative variations in thickness or cell type (among other parameters) allow us to distinguish between different neocortical architectonic fields. The geometry of at least some of these fields seems to be related to the anatomy of the cortical folds, and, for example, layers in the upper part of the cortical ridges seem to be more clearly differentiated than in its deeper parts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20437.x Kruger L, Experimental analyses of the reptilian nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969) Migration of neurons from the basal or striatal portions of the anterior part of the neural tube occurs to varying degrees in different vertebrate classes, but a true cerebral cortex is generally acknowledged to have made its first appearance in reptiles. The definition can be unambiguous, since 'cortex' simply implies the existence of a surface neuronal layer with an overlying 'zonal lamina' or 'molecular' layer containing dendrites and axons, which is separated from the underlying basal 'matrix' by white matter. Although reptilian cerebral cortex does indeed fulfill these conditions in certain locations, the separation from striatal structures is often indistinct, so that it may even be argued that some primitive dipnoans possess a pallium or cortex. Nevertheless, an extensive laminated layer separated by underlying white matter is well represented only in reptiles and mammals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex cortex cerebri GO ISBN10:0471888893 BTO:0000233 brain cortex lamina Any thin layer or plate. TODO - merge with cell layer? UBERON:0000957 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Laminaarcusvertebrae.png laminal uberon Any thin layer or plate. Wikipedia:Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch medulla BM:Me FMA:61108 Middle part of an organ (as opposed to the cortex)[WP]. This class is used in a very general sense UBERON:0000958 galen:Medulla medullary uberon Middle part of an organ (as opposed to the cortex)[WP]. Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary optic chiasma AAO:0010622 BM:Tel-OCX EHDAA2:0001302 EHDAA:10227 EMAPA:17603 FMA:62045 GAID:832 MA:0001098 MESH:A08.800.800.120.680.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1416 Nerve trunk which is continuous with right and left optic nerves and right and left optic tracts.[FMA] SCTID:244453006 TAO:0000556 The chiasm has been studied in great detail in some animals, while in others relatively little or nothing is known. Although there are some gross architectural features that are conserved within some animals, such as birds and fish, the general picture is one of diversity. This review will attempt to consider the key features of such diversity of chiasmatic organisation in vertebrates and the mechanisms that sculpt them from the limited literature that is available. However, as so much research has been undertaken on the structure and development of the chiasm in laboratory animals, any review must consider the information that has been gleaned from them and hope that future studies will determine whether the features revealed in these animals, and the underlying mechanisms that generate them, have a common vertebrate plan.[uncertain][VHOG] The point at which fibers of the optic nerves cross.[AAO] UBERON:0000959 UMLS:C0029126 VHOG:0000190 XAO:0004071 ZFA:0000556 chiasma opticum decussation of optic nerve fibers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/1543%2CVisalius%27OpticChiasma.jpg/200px-1543%2CVisalius%27OpticChiasma.jpg ncithesaurus:Optic_Chiasm optic chiasm uberon Wikipedia:Optic_chiasm optic chiasm Wikipedia:Optic_chiasm chiasma opticum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010622 AAO:DSM The point at which fibers of the optic nerves cross.[AAO] FMA:62045 FMA:TA chiasma opticum 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.005 Jeffery G, Erskine L, Variations in the architecture and development of the vertebrate optic chiasm. Progress in retinal and eye research (2005) The chiasm has been studied in great detail in some animals, while in others relatively little or nothing is known. Although there are some gross architectural features that are conserved within some animals, such as birds and fish, the general picture is one of diversity. This review will attempt to consider the key features of such diversity of chiasmatic organisation in vertebrates and the mechanisms that sculpt them from the limited literature that is available. However, as so much research has been undertaken on the structure and development of the chiasm in laboratory animals, any review must consider the information that has been gleaned from them and hope that future studies will determine whether the features revealed in these animals, and the underlying mechanisms that generate them, have a common vertebrate plan.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000190 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Nerve trunk which is continuous with right and left optic nerves and right and left optic tracts.[FMA] Wikipedia:Optic_chiasm ZFIN:curator obsolete pharyngeal nerve OBSOLETE. Original definition: The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000960 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray780.png/200px-Gray780.png true uberon OBSOLETE. Original definition: The pharyngeal nerve (pterygopalatine nerve) is a small branch arising from the posterior part of the pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes through the pharyngeal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery, and is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, behind the auditory tube. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_nerve thoracic ganglion BTO:0001831 EHDAA:4664 EMAPA:17158 FMA:6471 MA:0001159 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002012 SCTID:181102004 The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000961 UMLS:C0229010 VHOG:0000515 ganglion of thorax ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray849.png/200px-Gray849.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Ganglion thoracic paravertebral ganglion thoracic splanchnic ganglion thoracic sympathetic ganglion thorax ganglion uberon OBOL:automatic thorax ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of thorax FMA:6471 FMA:TA ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_ganglion nerve of cervical vertebra FMA:5859 Innervates: sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, omohyoid muscle[WP] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090207 SCTID:360497008 The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000962 UMLS:C0228815 cervical nerve cervical nerve tree cervical spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray795.png/200px-Gray795.png ncithesaurus:Cervical_Nerve uberon FMA:5859 cervical nerve The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_nerves head sensillum FBbt:00004114 MAT:0000204 MIAA:0000204 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000963 uberon cornea AAO:0010344 BTO:0000286 EFO:0000377 EHDAA2:0000316 EHDAA:10199 EMAPA:17161 EV:0100341 FMA:58238 GAID:892 MA:0000266 MESH:A09.371.060.217 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViBa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181162001 TAO:0000640 Taxon notes: Compared to terrestial animals, the cornea [of zebrafish] is relatively flat. It consists of nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman’s membrane in mammals UBERON:0000964 UMLS:C0010031 VHOG:0000164 XAO:0000180 ZFA:0000640 cornea of camera-type eye corneal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Cornea transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. tunica cornea uberon definitional MA MA FMA Wikipedia:Cornea transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. GO:0061303 cornea of camera-type eye lens of camera-type eye AAO:0010348 BTO:0000723 EHDAA:9057 EMAPA:17838 EV:0100343 FMA:58241 MA:0000275 MAT:0000141 MESH:A09.371.509 MIAA:0000141 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj0fZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000975 SCTID:181169005 TAO:0000035 Taxon notes: This class excludes compound eye corneal lenses. The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. UBERON:0000965 UMLS:C0023317 VHOG:0000169 XAO:0000008 ZFA:0000035 camera-type eye lens crystalline lens eye lens lens lens crystallina ncithesaurus:Crystalline_Lens ocular lens uberon eye lens GO:0002088 camera-type eye lens 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000169 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lens BTO:0000723 crystalline lens BTO:0000723 ocular lens Wikipedia:Lens_%28anatomy%29 lens crystallina Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) retina AAO:0010352 BTO:0001175 Currently this class encompasses only verteberate AOs but could in theory also include cephalopod - we may want to make a more specific class for vertebrate retina. note that this class excludes ommatidial retinas, as the retina must be part of an eyeball. Use the parent class photoreceptor array / light-sensitive tissue for arthropods EFO:0000832 EHDAA2:0001627 EHDAA:4757 EMAPA:17168 EV:0100348 FMA:58301 GAID:755 MA:0000276 MAT:0000142 MESH:A09.371.729 MIAA:0000142 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1153 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1156 Netzhaut OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181171005 TAO:0000152 The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] The portion of the eye developing from the optic primordium and including the neural retina and the retinal pigment layer. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. UBERON:0000966 UMLS:C0035298 VHOG:0000229 XAO:0000009 ZFA:0000152 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png/200px-Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png inner layer of eyeball ncithesaurus:Retina retina of camera-type eye retinal tunica interna of eyeball uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000229 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. Wikipedia:Retina ZFIN:curator BTO:0001175 Netzhaut EHDAA2 GO:0060041 retina of camera-type eye 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000152 The portion of the eye developing from the optic primordium and including the neural retina and the retinal pigment layer. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator obsolete adult thoracic sensillum UBERON:0000967 arthropod sensillum of thorax sensillum of thorax thoracic sensillum thorax arthropod sensillum thorax sensillum true uberon OBOL:automatic thorax sensillum OBOL:automatic sensillum of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax arthropod sensillum OBOL:automatic arthropod sensillum of thorax obsolete adult abdominal sensillum UBERON:0000968 abdomen arthropod sensillum abdomen sensillum abdominal sensillum arthropod sensillum of abdomen sensillum of abdomen true uberon OBOL:automatic abdomen sensillum OBOL:automatic sensillum of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen arthropod sensillum OBOL:automatic arthropod sensillum of abdomen obsolete joint connecting hardened body parts UBERON:0000969 true uberon eye An organ that detects light. BILA:0000017 BTO:0000439 EFO:0000827 EV:0100336 FBbt:00005162 GAID:69 MAT:0000140 MESH:A01.456.505.420 MIAA:0000140 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0000970 Usage notes: This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each). Structure notes: Note that whilst this is classified as an organ, it is in fact more of a unit composed of different structures: in Drosophila, it includes the interommatidial bristle as a part; we consider here the vertebrate eye to include the eyeball/eye proper as a part, with the eye having as parts (when present): eyelids, conjuctiva, light-detecting organ optic photoreceptor uberon visual apparatus EV:0100336 visual apparatus An organ that detects light. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Eye http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye ommatidium BTO:0001922 FBbt:00004510 HAO:0000666 MAT:0000143 MIAA:0000143 One of the small facets of the compound eye. UBERON:0000971 omatidium ommatidial uberon ISBN:3110148986 One of the small facets of the compound eye. Wikipedia:Ommatidium antenna AEO:0000198 BTO:0000074 EFO:0000874 Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00004511 HAO:0000101 MAT:0000086 MIAA:0000086 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjSAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TGMA:0000007 The paired, usually multiple jointed, sensory organs articulating on the procephalic region of the head capsule; its highly versatile sensory structures are capable to detect the various environmental stimuli. In the context of Drosophila refers to they are the most anterior segmented sensory appendage of the head. UBERON:0000972 antennal antenno feeler uberon BTO:0000074 feeler FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 The paired, usually multiple jointed, sensory organs articulating on the procephalic region of the head capsule; its highly versatile sensory structures are capable to detect the various environmental stimuli. In the context of Drosophila refers to they are the most anterior segmented sensory appendage of the head. Wikipedia:Antenna_(biology) obsolete labrum UBERON:0000973 true uberon neck AEO:0000108 BTO:0000420 EFO:0000967 EHDAA2:0003108 FMA:7155 GAID:86 MA:0000024 MAT:0000297 MESH:A01.598 MIAA:0000297 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302550007 Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck[FMA]. UBERON:0000974 UMLS:C0027530 Usage notes: true necks are considered to be present when the pectoral girdle is separate from the skull - Tiktaalik is the earliest known fish to have a true neck. cervical collum galen:Neck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Female_neck.jpg/200px-Female_neck.jpg ncithesaurus:Neck neck (volume) uberon ISBN:9780674021839 Subdivision of body proper, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the cervical vertebral coumn, it is partially surrounded by skin of neck. Examples: There is only one neck[FMA]. Wikipedia:Neck FMA:7155 neck (volume) Wikipedia:Neck collum sternum A midventral endochondral skeletal element which represents the origin site of the pectoral muscles[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. AAO:0000765 BTO:0001302 Development notes: While its developmental origins are similar to the ribs (from the myospetum and septum of the trunk region), it is often associated with the pectoral skeleton, due to both function and physical connections (i.e. the coracoid of archosaurs). It may be a single element or a series of smaller structure (sternebrae). Based on Kardong 2012. [ad]. Editor note: in EMAPA and EHDAA2 this is part of the skeleton of pectoral girdle; the classic def of pectoral girdle (see WP) excludes the rib cage and sternum. Taxon notes: It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent in both turtles and snakes. In birds it is a relatively large bone and typically bears an enormous projecting keel to which the flight muscles are attached. Only in mammals does the sternum take on the elongated, segmented form seen in humans. In some mammals, such as opossums, the individual segments never fuse and remain separated by cartilagenous plates throughout life[WP] EHDAA2:0001914 EHDAA:9561 EMAPA:18344 FMA:7485 Fishes lack a sternum. (...) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (...) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue.[well established][VHOG] GAID:246 MA:0001331 MESH:A02.835.232.904.766 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjO6JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302522007 Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] UBERON:0000975 UMLS:C0038293 VHOG:0000856 breastbone galen:Sternum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg/200px-Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg ncithesaurus:Sternum relationship loss: part_of postzonal element (AAO:0000938)[AAO] sternal uberon vertebrate sternum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000765 AAO:LAP Single element that constitutes the postzonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] FMA Kardong 2012-09-17 Fishes lack a sternum. (...) A sternum is absent in the first fossil tetrapods, but it is present in modern amphibians. (...) Thus, a sternum occurs in some modern amphibians, birds, mammals and archosaurs. However, its absence in the common ancestors to these groups means that it has arisen independently several times within the field of the midventral connective tissue.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.294 VHOG VHOG:0000856 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001302 breastbone A midventral endochondral skeletal element which represents the origin site of the pectoral muscles[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Sternum Wikipedia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000765 relationship loss: part_of postzonal element (AAO:0000938)[AAO] humerus AAO:0000679 EFO:0001398 EMAPA:18468 EMAPA:19106 FMA:13303 GAID:183 MA:0001356 MESH:A02.835.232.087.412 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah] Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows.[AAO] SCTID:181923006 UBERON:0000976 UMLS:C0020164 VHOG:0001158 XAO:0003210 galen:Humerus homologous to proximal metapterygial mesomere of pectoral appendage [Hall 2007] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_upper_extremity.jpg humeral humeri humerus bone ncithesaurus:Humerus uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000679 AAO:LAP Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that extend from the pectoral girdle to the elbows.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001158 http://bgee.unil.ch/ PHENOSCAPE:ad humeri FMA FMA AAO:0000679 PHENOSCAPE:mah Paired endochondral long bone that extends between the pectoral girdle and the skeletal parts of the forelimb. [PHENOSCAPE:mah] Wikipedia:Humerus definitional pleura BTO:0001791 EFO:0001980 EV:0100044 FMA:9583 GAID:360 In mouse, is_a cavity lining. In FMA, is_a (viscous) serous membrane (which includes mesothelium plus connective tissue). Note the MA structure should probably be associated with the mesothelium of pleura in FMA. JB/EHDAA2 argues the term 'pleura' is best used for the mesothelial lining (thus excluding connective tissue). See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/86 MA:0000433 MESH:A04.716 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3zwLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181609007 The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side[BTO]. The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the pleural cavity. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.264][VHOG] UBERON:0000977 UMLS:C0032225 VHOG:0000394 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray965.png/200px-Gray965.png ncithesaurus:Pleural_Tissue pleura pleural pleural tissue uberon wall of pleural sac 2012-09-17 The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the pleural cavity. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.264][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000394 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001791 pleural tissue MESH The delicate serous membrane that lines each half of the thorax of mammals and is folded back over the surface of the lung of the same side[BTO]. Wikipedia:Pleura FMA leg BTO:0000721 EFO:0001411 EHDAA2:0000972 EHDAA:5151 EHDAA:6176 EHDAA:8289 EMAPA:17489 GAID:49 MA:0000047 MESH:A01.378.610 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvViYzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. The term leg can mean: [1] an appendage on which an animal walks [2] the entire hindlimb of a tetrapod [3] the segment of a human leg between knee and ankle (cf FMA) [4] the region of a hindlimb include the stylopod and zeugopod, but excluding the autopod. We define this class as [4], and thus 'leg' is compltely analagous to 'arm'. For [1], see the class 'locomotive weight-bearing appendage'. For [2] we use 'hindlimb'. For [3] we use the less open to misinterpretation 'hindlimb zeugopod'. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping foot, as AOs disagree over whether some ankle parts are in the leg or foot UBERON:0000978 VHOG:0000345 lower extremity tetrapod leg uberon MESH:A01.378.610 lower extremity 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000345 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. Wikipedia:Leg#Limb tibia AAO:0000890 BTO:0001252 EFO:0003054 EMAPA:19142 FMA:24476 GAID:204 MA:0001361 MESH:A02.835.232.500.883 One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvtq3-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182061009 The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0000979 UMLS:C0040184 galen:Tibia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Gray260.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray260.png/200px-Gray260.png ncithesaurus:Tibia shankbone shinbone uberon Wikipedia:Tibia shankbone 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000890 AAO:LAP One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a straight, simple bone whose section is more or less rectangular at the ends and circular at its central portion.[AAO] Wikipedia:Tibia shinbone PHENOSCAPE:mah The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. Wikipedia:Tibia trochanter AAO:0000897 FMA:82513 MA:0002821 Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur.[AAO] SCTID:182047004 UBERON:0000980 UMLS:C0162370 bony prominences near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third); these normally serve as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP] femoral trochanter ncithesaurus:Trochanter trochanter of femur uberon Wikipedia:Trochanter bony prominences near the upper extremity of the femur; there are two in human (greater and lesser trochanters) and three in many other mammalian species (greater, lesser and third); these normally serve as attachment points for hip and thigh muscles[MP] AAO:0000897 femoral trochanter MA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000897 AAO:LAP Process on the ventral surface of the shaft of the femur.[AAO] femur AAO:0000889 BTO:0001284 EFO:0001396 EMAPA:18514 EMAPA:19143 Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified]. Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium.[VSAO] FMA:9611 GAID:199 MA:0001359 MESH:A02.835.232.500.247 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees.[AAO] SCTID:182046008 UBERON:0000981 UMLS:C0015811 VHOG:0001159 VSAO:0000186 XAO:0003214 femoral femoral bone galen:Femur homologous to proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage [Hall 2007]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Gray252.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray252.png/200px-Gray252.png ncithesaurus:Femur os femorale os femoris os femoris, os longissimum thigh bone uberon Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0000186 Wikipedia:Femur MA FMA definitional BTO:0001284 os femoris BTO:0001284 os femorale BTO:0001284 femoral bone 2012-08-14 Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000186 VSAO:NI 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001159 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000889 AAO:LAP Paired, elongate, cylindrical bones of endochondral origin that form the thighs, extending from the pelvic girdles to the knees.[AAO] Wikipedia:Femur os femoris, os longissimum FMA skeletal joint AEO:0000182 Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO] Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO] BTO:0001686 EFO:0000948 FMA:7490 GAID:102 MA:0000319 MAT:0000188 MESH:A02.835.583 MIAA:0000188 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003182 SCTID:302536002 TAO:0000367 UBERON:0000982 UMLS:C0022417 VHOG:0001276 VSAO:0000101 XAO:0000171 ZFA:0001596 articular joint articulation galen:Joint joint ncithesaurus:Joint uberon 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000101 VSAO:0000101 articulation BTO:0001686 articular joint 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000367 TAO:pem Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. VSAO:0000101 Wikipedia:Joint FMA:7490 VSAO:0000101 joint metatarsus region A metapodium region that is part of a pes. FMA:24997 MA:0000049 Note that mammalian and non-mammalian AOs differ in whether they consider this a part of the skeleton SCTID:280711000 UBERON:0000983 hind metapodium metatarsal part of foot metatarsal region metatarsus regio metatarsalis uberon FMA:24997 metatarsal region PHENOSCAPE:ni FMA:24997 metatarsal part of foot FMA:24997 FMA:TA regio metatarsalis A metapodium region that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic MA:0000049 metatarsus AAO:0000221 MA:th hind metapodium http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial imaginal disc-derived wing A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc. FBbt:00004729 HAO:0001089 TGMA:0000196 TODO: review. hymenoptera thorax = fusion of thorax and mesosoma/metasoma UBERON:0000984 adult mesothoracic wing adult metathoracic wing thoracic wing thorax wing uberon wing wing of thorax OBOL:automatic wing of thorax A flight organ of the adult external thorax that is derived from a dorsal mesothoracic disc. FB:gg OBOL:automatic thorax wing FBbt:00004729 wing axillary vein EMAPA:18758 FMA:13329 GAID:527 In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002084 MESH:A07.231.908.077 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLSHK5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181389002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000985 UMLS:C0004456 galen:AxillaryVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray576.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Axillary_Vein subcostal vein uberon vena axillaris In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body. Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein. Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins. It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein. It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_vein Wikipedia:Axillary_vein vena axillaris haltere EFO:0000886 Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00004783 MAT:0000203 MIAA:0000203 OpenCyc:Mx4rwL1JcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The capitate stalk on both sides of the thorax having developed from the dorsal metathoracic wing-buds, it is freely movable and capable of vibration, representing the hind wing of Diptera; used for flight balance. UBERON:0000987 balancer organ uberon FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 The capitate stalk on both sides of the thorax having developed from the dorsal metathoracic wing-buds, it is freely movable and capable of vibration, representing the hind wing of Diptera; used for flight balance. Wikipedia:Haltere pons ABA:P BM:Pons BTO:0001101 Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]. During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0001394 EHDAA2:0004394 EMAPA:17563 EV:0100253 FMA:67943 GAID:578 MA:0000204 MAT:0000115 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.600 MIAA:0000115 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_733 SCTID:279103004 The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG] The pons is not present in zebrafish. In this ontology we currently have some structures which are applicable to zebrafish appearing as parts of the pons. Currently we only include the weaker dubious_for_taxon relationship ubtil this is resolved UBERON:0000988 UMLS:C0032639 VHOG:0001176 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray768.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gray768.png/200px-Gray768.png ncithesaurus:Pons_Varolii pons Varolii pons of Varolius uberon 2012-09-17 The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001176 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pons ABA 2012-09-17 During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...).[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.474 VHOG VHOG:0001176 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ncithesaurus:Pons_Varolii pons Varolii Brainstrem structure that has as its parts the pontine tegmentum and basal part of pons[FMA]. FMA:67943 Wikipedia:Pons penis BTO:0000405 EFO:0000987 EHDAA2:0001433 EHDAA:9380 EMAPA:18682 EMAPA:18996 EV:0100107 FMA:9707 GAID:389 MA:0000408 MAT:0000186 MESH:A05.360.444.492 MIAA:0000186 Most male birds (e.g., roosters and turkeys) have a cloaca (also present on the female), but not a penis. Among bird species with a penis are paleognathes (tinamous and ratites), Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans), and a very few other species (such as flamingoes). A bird penis is different in structure from mammal penises, being an erectile expansion of the cloacal wall and being erected by lymph, not blood. It is usually partially feathered and in some species features spines and brush-like filaments, and in flaccid state curls up inside the cloaca[WP] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265793009 The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000989 UMLS:C0030851 VHOG:0000727 galen:Penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg/200px-Labelled_flaccid_penis.jpg ncithesaurus:Penis penile phallic phallus uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia Wikipedia The penis (plural penises, penes) is an external sexual organ of certain biologically male organisms, in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The penis is a reproductive organ, technically an intromittent organ, and for placental mammals, additionally serves as the external organ of urination. The penis is generally found on mammals and reptiles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Penis reproductive system AAO:0010258 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] BILA:0000103 BTO:0000081 EFO:0000809 EHDAA2:0001603 EHDAA:5923 EMAPA:17381 EV:0100100 Editor notes: consider splitting genitalia from reproductive system FBbt:00004857 FMA:7160 GAID:363 Geschlechtsorgan HAO:0000374 HAO:0000895 MA:0000326 MIAA:0000305 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVja4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278875001 TAO:0000632 UBERON:0000990 UMLS:C1261210 VHOG:0000182 WBbt:0005747 XAO:0000142 ZFA:0000632 animal reproductive system genital system genitalia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Penis.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Penis.svg/200px-Penis.svg.png ncithesaurus:Reproductive_System organa genitalia reproductive tissue systemata genitalia uberon Wikipedia:Reproductive_system systemata genitalia genitalia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010258 AAO:BJB Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] BTO:0000081 organa genitalia BTO:0000081 Geschlechtsorgan BTO:0000081 animal reproductive system BTO:0000081 reproductive tissue 2012-09-17 Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] PMID:21672850 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007) VHOG VHOG:0000182 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Wikipedia:Reproductive_system gonad AAO:0000213 Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO] BILA:0000123 BTO:0000534 EMAPA:16857 EMAPA:17383 Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] FBbt:00004858 FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' FMA:18250 GAID:368 HAO:0000379 MA:0002420 MESH:A05.360.576 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQvdiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). SCTID:304623008 TAO:0000413 The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO] UBERON:0000991 UMLS:C0018067 VHOG:0000397 WBbt:0005175 XAO:0003146 ZFA:0000413 gonada gonadal ncithesaurus:Gonad uberon ISBN:0140512888 Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). Wikipedia:Gonad ZFA:0000413 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000397 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000413 The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000213 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO] female gonad (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] AAO:0000371 BILA:0000125 BTO:0000975 EFO:0000973 EHDAA2:0001360 EHDAA:8124 EMAPA:17962 EV:0100111 Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones.[AAO] FBbt:00004865 FMA:7209 Female reproductive organ.[TAO] GAID:367 MA:0000384 MESH:A05.360.319.114.630 MIAA:0000125 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo[WP]. Ovum-producing female reproductive organ. SCTID:181464007 TAO:0000403 UBERON:0000992 UMLS:C0029939 VHOG:0000251 XAO:0000258 ZFA:0000403 female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray589.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Ovary ovarian ovaries ovarium ovary ovum-producing ovary relationship type change: subclass gonad (TAO:0000413) CHANGED TO: develops_from gonad (UBERON:0000991)[TAO] reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada uberon (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) VHOG VHOG:0000251 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonada ovaries OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism genitalia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000371 AAO:BJB Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones.[AAO] OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of female organism Wikipedia:Ovary ovarium Ovum-producing female reproductive organ. Wikipedia:Ovary GO:0061039 ovum-producing ovary OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad 2012-08-14 Female reproductive organ.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000403 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonada 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000403 relationship type change: subclass gonad (TAO:0000413) CHANGED TO: develops_from gonad (UBERON:0000991)[TAO] oviduct A passage through which ova leave the maternal body or pass to an organ communicating with the exterior of the body. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0010533 BTO:0000980 EFO:0000974 EMAPA:18984 GAID:366 In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros.[well established][VHOG] MAT:0000126 MESH:A13.706 MIAA:0000126 TAO:0000560 UBERON:0000993 UMLS:C0029954 Usage notes: sometimes oviduct is used interchangeably with follaopian tube. Here they are different - the oviduct connects the gonad to the outside in a variety of animals. The mammal-class fallopian tube is derived from the mullerian duct and connects the gonads to the uterus. Taxon notes: in birds divided into infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina VHOG:0001136 XAO:0003052 ZFA:0000560 ncithesaurus:Oviduct passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body[Wikipedia:Oviduct]. tuba uterina tuba uterinae uberon uterine tube BTO:0000980 tuba uterina 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.687-688 In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001136 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A passage through which ova leave the maternal body or pass to an organ communicating with the exterior of the body. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001136 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct BTO:0000980 tuba uterinae Wikipedia:Oviduct passage from the ovaries to the outside of the body[Wikipedia:Oviduct]. spermathecum BTO:0001273 EFO:0000977 FBbt:00004921 HAO:0000945 MAT:0000168 MIAA:0000168 TGMA:0000560 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0000994 WBbt:0005319 an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. receptaculum seminis seminal receptacle spermatheca uberon BTO:0001273 receptaculum seminis spermatheca Wikipedia:Spermatheca an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, some molluscs, oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates.[1] Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the male, and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when the oocytes are ready.[2] Some species have multiple spermathecae, as seen in earthworms, where four pairs of spermathecae are present. One pair in 6,7,8 and 9 segments. They receive and store the spermatozoa of another earthworm during copulation.[3] They are lined with epithelium and are variable in shape; some are thin, heavily coiled tubes, others are vague outpocketings from the main reproductive tract. It is one of the many variations in sexual reproduction[WP]. an accordion-like tube that contains sperm and is the site of oocyte fertilization. uterus An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001424 EFO:0000975 EMAPA:29915 EV:0100113 FMA:17558 GAID:172 MA:0000389 MAT:0000127 MESH:A05.360.319.679 MIAA:0000127 Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs and include the platypus, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization. Marsupials have two uteruses, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle "vagina" which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline "placenta" (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a "true" placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. OpenCyc:Mx4rvViojJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181452004 The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000995 UMLS:C0042149 VHOG:0001137 a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. galen:Uterus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_nolabel.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Uterus uberon uterine 2012-09-17 An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.678 VHOG VHOG:0001137 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Uterus a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation, usually developing completely in placental mammals such as humans and partially in marsupials such as kangaroos and opossums. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused[WP]. 2012-09-17 The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001137 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/uterus cjm vagina BTO:0000243 EFO:0000976 EMAPA:18986 EV:0100117 FMA:19949 GAID:381 MA:0000394 MAT:0000128 MESH:A05.360.319.779 MIAA:0000128 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj1B5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA] SCTID:181441005 Taxon notes (via vHOG): "The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria." Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, Third Edition (2001) Orlando Fla.: Harcourt College Publishers, p.688 The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria.[well established][VHOG] The genital canal in the female, leading from the opening of the vulva to the cervix of the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000996 UMLS:C0042232 VHOG:0001138 a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. distal oviductal region distal portion of oviduct galen:Vagina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Illu_repdt_female.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Vaginal_opening_-_english_description.jpg/200px-Vaginal_opening_-_english_description.jpg ncithesaurus:Vagina uberon vaginae vaginal cjm FMA:19949 Wikipedia:Vagina a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. 2012-11-29 FMA FMA:19949 Organ with organ cavity which connects the cervical canal of uterus to the vestibule of vagina.[FMA] Wikipedia 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 The distal end of the oviducts differentiates as a vagina in Metatheria and Eutheria.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001138 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The genital canal in the female, leading from the opening of the vulva to the cervix of the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001138 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vagina FMA vaginae mammalian vulva BTO:0003101 EFO:0000978 EV:0100118 FMA:20462 GAID:383 MA:0000395 MAT:0000169 MESH:A05.360.319.887 MIAA:0000169 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgAWeJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265796001 The external genital organs of the female, including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0000997 UMLS:C0042993 VHOG:0001458 editor note: todo - add pudendum external genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. female pudendum galen:Vulva http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Female_unshaved_genitalia.jpg mammalian vulva ncithesaurus:Vulva puboperineal region pudendum femininum pudendum femininum skin of female pudendum skin of vulva uberon vulva vulval MA:0000395 vulva FMA:20462 puboperineal region Wikipedia:Vulva external genital organs of the female mammal[WP]. BTO:0003101 female pudendum FMA:20462 FMA:TA pudendum femininum FMA:20462 female pudendum Wikipedia:Vulva pudendum femininum 2012-09-17 The external genital organs of the female, including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibule of the vagina. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001458 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vulva seminal vesicle (In mammalian testis) Along the way (the sperm travel), three accessory sex glands, the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, respectively, add their secretions as sperm move from the testes to the urethra.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010788 BTO:0001234 EFO:0000986 EMAPA:19180 EV:0100106 Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. Either of a pair of pouchlike glands situated on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and nourish and promote the movement of spermatozoa through the urethra. [TFD][VHOG] FMA:19386 Function notes: The seminal vesicles secrete a significant proportion of the fluid that ultimately becomes semen. Lipofuscin granules from dead epithelial cells give the secretion its yellowish color. About 50-70%[2] of the seminal fluid in humans originates from the seminal vesicles, but is not expelled in the first ejaculate fractions which are dominated by spermatozoa and zinc-rich prostatic fluid. GAID:394 MA:0000410 MAT:0000171 MESH:A05.360.444.713 MIAA:0000171 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTtRpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181434004 UBERON:0000998 UMLS:C0036628 VHOG:0001379 glandula seminalis glandula vesiculosa gon_male_sves http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg/200px-Male_anatomy_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle seminal gland uberon vas efferens vesicul%c3%a6 seminales vesicula seminalis vesiculae seminales vesicular gland vesicular glands vesicular seminalis vesiculæ seminales Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicula seminalis (In mammalian testis) Along the way (the sperm travel), three accessory sex glands, the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland, respectively, add their secretions as sperm move from the testes to the urethra.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.556 VHOG VHOG:0001379 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001234 Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle 2012-09-17 Either of a pair of pouchlike glands situated on each side of the male urinary bladder that secrete seminal fluid and nourish and promote the movement of spermatozoa through the urethra. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001379 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/prominence Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular seminalis BTO:0001234 glandula seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesiculae seminales BTO:0001234 glandula vesiculosa Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular glands BTO:0001234 vesicula seminalis Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicular gland Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesiculæ seminales Wikipedia:Seminal_vesicle vesicul%c3%a6 seminales ejaculatory duct BTO:0001580 EFO:0000985 EMAPA:19088 FMA:19325 GAID:388 MAT:0000170 MESH:A05.360.444.251 MIAA:0000170 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOt7MJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279665005 The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0000999 UMLS:C0013747 ductus ejaculatorii ductus ejaculatorii ductus ejaculatorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Male_anatomy.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Ejaculatory_Duct uberon BTO:0001580 ductus ejaculatorii The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ejaculatory_duct BTO:0001580 ductus ejaculatorius Wikipedia:Ejaculatory_duct ductus ejaculatorii vas deferens BTO:0001427 EFO:0000981 EMAPA:18681 EV:0100105 FMA:19234 GAID:404 MA:0000413 MESH:A05.360.444.930 MIAA:0000129 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjv7bpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245467009 Taxon notes (from WP): Most vertebrates have some form of duct to transfer the sperm from the testes to the urethra. In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm is carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts, there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters, and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans. In cartilaginous fishes, the part of the archinephric duct closest to the testis is coiled up to form an epididymis. Below this are a number of small glands secreting components of the seminal fluid. The final portion of the duct also receives ducts from the kidneys in most species. In amniotes, however, the archinephric duct has become a true vas deferens, and is used only for conducting sperm, never urine. As in cartilaginous fish, the upper part of the duct forms the epididymis. In many species, the vas deferens ends in a small sac for storing sperm. The only vertebrates to lack any structure resembling a vas deferens are the primitive jawless fishes, which release sperm directly into the body cavity, and then into the surrounding water through a simple opening in the body wall. The continuation of the archinephric duct, now called the deferent duct, extends caudally to the cloaca or to the part of the mammalian urethra that is derived from the cloaca.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001000 UMLS:C0042360 VHOG:0001135 deferent duct duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is from the epididymis. ductus deferens galen:VasDeferens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Male_anatomy_en.svg/200px-Male_anatomy_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vas_Deferens sperm duct uberon vas deferen vasa deferentia FMA Wikipedia:Vas_deferens ductus deferens Wikipedia:Vas_deferens duct that transports sperm from the testis. In mammals this is from the epididymis. 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.670 The continuation of the archinephric duct, now called the deferent duct, extends caudally to the cloaca or to the part of the mammalian urethra that is derived from the cloaca.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001135 http://bgee.unil.ch/ chitin-based cuticle EFO:0000944 FBbt:00004970 HAO:0000240 MAT:0000150 MIAA:0000150 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkBTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TODO - split from exoskeleton? Also: See above sf item to see if this belongs in GO The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:0001001 UBERON:FBbt_00004970 arthropod cuticle cuticle exoskeleton insect cuticle uberon FBbt:00004970 cuticle The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Cuticle#Invertebrate_zoology https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3348965&group_id=36855&atid=440764 cuticle BTO:0001600 TODO - check cuticle vs exoskeleton. Note that GO has a very generic definition of cuticle. See also arthropod-anatomy ontology. Note in ncit Cuticle is a plant part UBERON:0001002 cuticula cuticular tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. uberon BTO:0001600 cuticula Wikipedia:Cuticle http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3348965&group_id=36855&atid=440764 tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. epidermis (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] AAO:0000143 BTO:0000404 EFO:0000954 EV:0100153 FMA:70596 GAID:932 MA:0000153 MAT:0000154 MESH:A10.272.497 MIAA:0000154 SCTID:361694003 TAO:0000105 The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO] The outer layer of the skin[WP]. cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm[ZFA]. UBERON:0001003 UMLS:C0014520 VHOG:0000077 XAO:0000028 ZFA:0000105 Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes). adult epidermis epidermal ncithesaurus:Epidermis relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO] skin uberon vertebrate epidermis 2012-08-14 A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000105 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000143 relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000143 AAO:BJB The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO] ISBN10:0073040584 The outer layer of the skin[WP]. cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Epidermis_(skin) (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72 VHOG VHOG:0000077 http://bgee.unil.ch/ respiratory system AAO:0000541 Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 EFO:0000804 EHDAA2:0001604 EHDAA:2203 EMAPA:16727 EV:0100036 FMA:7158 Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. GAID:78 MA:0000327 MAT:0000030 MESH:A04 MIAA:0000030 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278197002 TAO:0000272 The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001004 UMLS:C0035237 VHOG:0000202 XAO:0000117 ZFA:0000272 apparatus respiratorius apparatus respiratorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/200px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System respiratory system systema respiratorium uberon Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000541 AAO:BJB The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] BTO:0000203 apparatus respiratorius 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23 There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000202 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. Wikipedia:Respiratory_system Wikipedia:Respiratory_system systema respiratorium respiratory airway An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. SCTID:361380005 This class generically groups trachea and analagous structures throughout metazoa. Consider renaming, as the term could be taken to mean lumen of tracheal system (e.g. in SNOMED) UBERON:0001005 uberon An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. Wikipedia:Trachea obsolete spiracle EFO:0000936 MAT:0000208 MIAA:0000208 OBSOLETE: The mostly slit-like opening on the body surface through which air is taken into the respiratory system. This class was obsoleted as it grouped together disparate classes. For the fish structure, see UBERON:0010019. The arthropod structure will presumably be added to the arthropod anatomy UBERON:0001006 UBERON:0010019 open tracheal system spiracle spiracle of open tracheal system spiracular gland true uberon GO:0035277 spiracle of open tracheal system GO:0035277 open tracheal system spiracle ISBN:3110148986 OBSOLETE: The mostly slit-like opening on the body surface through which air is taken into the respiratory system. Wikipedia:Spiracle digestive system AAO:0000129 An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. BILA:0000082 BTO:0000058 EFO:0000793 EV:0100056 FBbt:00005055 FMA:7152 GAID:278 MA:0002431 MAT:0000018 MESH:A03 MIAA:0000018 SCTID:278859004 TADS:0000170 TAO:0000339 UBERON:0001007 WBbt:0005748 XAO:0000125 ZFA:0000339 alimentary system alimentary tract digestive galen:DigestiveSystem gastrointestinal system gut ncithesaurus:Digestive_System note that many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class uberon Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. FB:gg NLM:alimentary+system Wikipedia:Digestive_system, 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000129 AAO:BJB An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] excretory system AAO:0010257 An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO] BILA:0000015 BTO:0001244 BTO:0003092 EFO:0000803 EHDAA2:0001601 EHDAA:5901 EMAPA:17366 EV:0100095 Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] FBbt:00005056 FMA:7159 GAID:391 In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page); we merge two BTO classes here MA:0000325 MAT:0000027 MESH:A05.810 MIAA:0000027 SCTID:362204003 TADS:0000162 TAO:0000163 The excretory system is the system of an organism that mainly performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by the processes that maintain homeostasis. UBERON:0001008 UMLS:C1508753 VHOG:0000723 WBbt:0005736 XAO:0000143 ZFA:0000163 galen:UrinaryTract ncithesaurus:Urinary_System renal or urinary system renal system renal/urinary system systema urinaria systema urinarium uberon urinary system urinary tract 2012-09-17 Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406 VHOG VHOG:0000723 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha BTO:0003092 systema urinarium EHDAA:5901 renal or urinary system BILA:0000015 The excretory system is the system of an organism that mainly performs the function of excretion, the bodily process of discharging wastes. It is responsible for the elimination of wastes produced by the processes that maintain homeostasis. Wikipedia:Excretory_system Wikipedia FMA:7159 systema urinaria 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010257 AAO:BJB An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO] GO:0001977 renal system circulatory system AAO:0000959 Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] FBbt:00005057 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001009 VHOG:0001248 We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. systema cardiovasculare the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493 VHOG VHOG:0001248 We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Circulatory_system systema cardiovasculare Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha Wikipedia:Circulatory_system organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000959 AAO:BJB Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] diaphysis of ulna FMA:33760 SCTID:302520004 The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces. UBERON:0001010 body of ulna corpus ulnae shaft of ulna shaft of ulna supinator crest uberon ulnar diaphysis Wikipedia:Body_of_ulna shaft of ulna FMA:33760 corpus ulnae The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces. Wikipedia:Body_of_ulna Wikipedia:Body_of_ulna supinator crest FMA:33760 shaft of ulna FMA:33760 ulnar diaphysis FMA:33760 body of ulna hemolymph BTO:0000572 Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. FBbt:00005061 GAID:1220 MAT:0000054 MESH:A13.453 MIAA:0000054 TGMA:0000000 UBERON:0001011 haemolymph uberon Blood analogue used by all arthropods and most mollusks that have an open circulatory system. In these animals there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. The liquid fills all of the interior (the hemocoel) of the body and surrounds all cells. Wikipedia:Hemolymph head of radius FMA:33773 SCTID:181941003 The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. UBERON:0001012 caput radii galen:HeadOfRadius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Gray214.png radial head uberon Wikipedia:Head_of_radius caput radii FMA FMA:33773 radial head FMA The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum (or capitellum) of the humerus. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the annular ligament. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination[WP]. Wikipedia:Head_of_radius adipose tissue AAO:0000001 AEO:000020 Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001487 Connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO] EFO:0000234 EFO:0000790 EHDAA2:0003120 EV:0100381 FMA:20110 GAID:920 MA:0000009 MAT:0000015 MESH:A10.165.114 MIAA:0000015 Note in FMA this is dense irregular connective tissue. Taxon notes: n humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and in breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels.; Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the stomach and spleen, and, when massive, extends into the ventral abdomen. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjc_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:55603005 TAO:0002134 Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO] UBERON:0001013 UMLS:C0001527 VHOG:0001284 XAO:0003049 ZFA:0005345 adipose adipose bodyfat fat fat tissue fatty depot fatty tissue galen:FattyTissue ncithesaurus:Adipose_Tissue relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] uberon 2012-08-14 Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002134 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000001 AAO:LAP Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO] 2012-09-17 Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1017/S0029665107005423 Haugen F, Drevon CA, The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2007) VHOG VHOG:0001284 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA BTO:0001487 adipose 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000001 relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] BTO:0001487 bodyfat MA:0000009 fat Connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue obsolete fat body UBERON:0001014 UBERON:0003917 fat pad true uberon musculature A subdivision of the muscular system. AAO:0011066 AO notes: In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (*not* MA:musculature). AAO is generally confused here. BTO:0000887 EFO:0001949 FMA:32558 MA:0000165 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000548 UBERON:0001015 UMLS:C0026845 VSAO:0005038 WBbt:0005737 ZFA:0000548 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Muscles_anterior_labeled.png muscle group muscle system muscles muscles set musculature musculature system musculi ncithesaurus:Muscle set of muscles set of skeletal muscles uberon A subdivision of the muscular system. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Muscular_system MA:0000165 set of skeletal muscles FMA:32558 set of muscles FMA:32558 FMA:TA musculi nervous system A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] AAO:0000324 Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] BILA:0000079 BTO:0001484 EFO:0000802 EHDAA2:0001246 EHDAA:826 EMAPA:16469 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005093 FMA:7157 GAID:466 MA:0000016 MAT:0000026 MESH:A08 MIAA:0000026 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_844 Nervensystem Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278196006 TAO:0000396 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001016 UMLS:C0027763 VHOG:0000402 WBbt:0005735 XAO:0000177 ZFA:0000396 a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself[Wikipedia]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Nervous_System nerve net nervous neural relationship type change: differentiates_from ectoderm (AAO:0000137) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[AAO] systema nervosum uberon 2012-08-14 A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000396 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000324 relationship type change: differentiates_from ectoderm (AAO:0000137) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117 Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000402 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001484 Nervensystem 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000324 AAO:BJB Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] Wikipedia:Nerve_net nerve net ISBN:0-14-051288-8 ISBN:3110148986 NLM:nervous+system WB:rynl Wikipedia:Nervous_system ZFIN:curator a network of specialized cells that communicate information about an organism's surroundings and itself[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Nervous_system systema nervosum central nervous system (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000090 BILA:0000080 BTO:0000227 CNS EFO:0000908 EHDAA2:0000225 EHDAA:828 EMAPA:16470 EMAPA:16754 EV:0100163 FBbt:00005094 FMA:55675 GAID:570 MA:0000167 MAT:0000457 MESH:A08.186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1099 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYt3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] SCTID:278199004 TAO:0000012 The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord[GO]. The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system[XAO]. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. UBERON:0001017 UMLS:C0927232 VHOG:0000293 XAO:0000215 ZFA:0000012 cerebrospinal axis ncithesaurus:Central_Nervous_System neuraxis systema nervosum centrale uberon FMA:55675 FMA:TA systema nervosum centrale (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1), ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2), DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3) VHOG VHOG:0000293 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha cjm 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000012 The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000090 AAO:BJB Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] FMA:55675 cerebrospinal axis FB:gg ISBN:3110148986 NLM:central+nervous+system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord[GO]. The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system[XAO]. Neuraxis plus retina[INCF]. Wikipedia:Central_nervous_system ZFIN:curator FMA:55675 neuraxis axon tract A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. EV:0100304 FBbt:00005100 FMA:83847 UBERON:0001018 WP says this is the analog of peripheral nerves in CNS axonal tract neuraxis tract tract tract of neuraxis uberon FMA:83847 neuraxis tract FMA:83847 tract of neuraxis A group of axons linking two or more neuropils and having a common origin, termination[FBbt]. http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html fascicle A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]. BTO:0004101 FBbt:00005101 FMA:12235 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_872 TGMA:0000088 TODO - invert specific? note FBbt class not disjoint from tract. Consider merging with 'neuron projection bundle' UBERON:0001019 UMLS:C1185741 fasciculus ncithesaurus:Fascicle nerve bundle nerve fasciculus neural fasciculus uberon A slender neuron projection bundle[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fascicle FMA:12235 neural fasciculus FMA:12235 nerve bundle FMA:12235 nerve fasciculus commissure *not* the same as FMA:76741 Commissure FBbt:00005103 FMA:83906 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090513 OpenCyc:Mx4rdBrmE6gOEdudWQACs5b6Bw TADS:0000201 UBERON:0001020 UMLS:C1185742 White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord[NIF]. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting the same neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]. commissural commissure of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Commissure neuraxis commissure uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090513 White matter fiber bundle that crosses the midline of the brain or spinal cord[NIF]. In the context of Drosophila refers to a broad band of axons connecting the same neuropils each side of the brain[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Commissure FMA:83906 neuraxis commissure FMA:83906 commissure of neuraxis nerve A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO] AAO:0011070 AEO:0000137 BTO:0000925 EHDAA2:0003137 EHDAA:2851 EHDAA:3776 EHDAA:4657 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005105 FMA:65132 GAID:758 MA:0000217 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3lkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:256864008 TAO:0007009 UBERON:0001021 UMLS:C0027740 XAO:0003047 ZFA:0007009 an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons [wikipedia]. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons[ZFA]. Segment of neural tree organ which has as its parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree. Examples: chorda tympani, digastric branch of facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, posterior cutaneous branch of posterior ramus of cervical nerve, superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm[FMA]. check nerve vs peripheral nerve vs tract. Check isa hierarchy - we include under neural tissue as well as neuron projection bundle for now. FMA also has this under organ segment galen:Nerve ncithesaurus:Nerve nerves nervous neural subtree uberon EHDAA2 FBbt FMA:65132 Wikipedia:Nervous_system ZFA:0007009 ZFIN:curator an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons [wikipedia]. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons[ZFA]. Segment of neural tree organ which has as its parts a nerve trunk and its branches; together with other nerves of the same tree it constitutes a neural tree. Examples: chorda tympani, digastric branch of facial nerve, greater petrosal nerve, posterior cutaneous branch of posterior ramus of cervical nerve, superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm[FMA]. 2012-08-14 A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO] TAO TAO:0007009 ZFIN:curator FMA:65132 neural subtree TAO:0007009 nerves cell body Cell component which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.[FMA] FBbt:00005107 FMA:67301 GO:0043025 NIF_Subcellular:sao1044911821 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001022 cell soma soma uberon Cell component which consists of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Cell_body http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html obsolete dendrite Made obsolete as it was equivalent to GO class The region of a neuron receiving inputs from other neurons, typically a slender neurite, often branched. In insect neurons, this is often not a clear designation and often presynaptic sites co-extend with postsynaptic ones. UBERON:0001023 dendritic true uberon The region of a neuron receiving inputs from other neurons, typically a slender neurite, often branched. In insect neurons, this is often not a clear designation and often presynaptic sites co-extend with postsynaptic ones. Wikipedia:Dendrite http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html obsolete neurite Made obsolete as it was equivalent to GO class One of the processes or extensions of a neuron, axon or dendrite or cell body fiber. // Cell appendage of the neuron which includes the axon and the dendrite. UBERON:0001024 true uberon One of the processes or extensions of a neuron, axon or dendrite or cell body fiber. // Cell appendage of the neuron which includes the axon and the dendrite. Wikipedia:Neurite http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html obsolete synapse Made obsolete as it was equivalent to GO class The structural contact that is the site of transmission between neurons, identified by a presynaptic ribbon and synaptic vesicles as the input element and one or (usually) more postsynaptic elements with various specializations (membrane densities, cisternae, etc.). UBERON:0001025 synaptic synaptic junction true uberon The structural contact that is the site of transmission between neurons, identified by a presynaptic ribbon and synaptic vesicles as the input element and one or (usually) more postsynaptic elements with various specializations (membrane densities, cisternae, etc.). Wikipedia:Synapse http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html obsolete motor nerve General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic efferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. A motor nerve is an efferent nerve that exclusively contains the axons of somatic and branchial motoneurons, which innervate skeletal muscles (that ensure locomotion) and branchial muscles (that motorize the face and neck)[WP]. UBERON:0001026 efferent nerve nervus motorius true uberon General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic efferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. A motor nerve is an efferent nerve that exclusively contains the axons of somatic and branchial motoneurons, which innervate skeletal muscles (that ensure locomotion) and branchial muscles (that motorize the face and neck)[WP]. Wikipedia:Motor_nerve sensory nerve A group of neurons that provides a nervous response from a tissue[AEO]. AEO:0000201 EHDAA2:0003200 FBbt:00005136 FMA:5868 General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic afferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. nerves that receive sensory stimuli made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers (mechanoreceptor fibers sense body movement and pressure placed against the body, and nociceptor fibers sense tissue injury)[WP][Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve]. OpenCyc:Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001027 afferent nerve nervus sensorius nervus sensorius uberon Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve nervus sensorius A group of neurons that provides a nervous response from a tissue[AEO]. AEO:0000201 Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve General anatomical term applied to nerves in which somatic afferent nerve fibers predominate[FMA]. nerves that receive sensory stimuli made up of nerve fibers, called sensory fibers (mechanoreceptor fibers sense body movement and pressure placed against the body, and nociceptor fibers sense tissue injury)[WP][Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve]. Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve diaphysis of radius A diaphysis that is part of a radius bone[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33782 SCTID:302518002 The body of the radius (or shaft of radius) is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_radius]. UBERON:0001028 body of radius corpus radii radial diaphysis radial shaft shaft of radius shaft of radius uberon FMA:33782 radial diaphysis FMA:33782 body of radius A diaphysis that is part of a radius bone[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_radius Wikipedia:Body_of_radius shaft of radius FMA:33782 shaft of radius The body of the radius (or shaft of radius) is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_radius]. Wikipedia:Body_of_radius Wikipedia:Body_of_radius radial shaft FMA:33782 corpus radii neuromuscular junction . FBbt:00005142 FMA:61803 GAID:809 GO:0031594 MESH:A08.800.550.550.550 NIF_Subcellular:sao1124888485 TODO - use GO UBERON:0001029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/NMJ.jpg myoneural junction synapsis neuromuscularis; junctio neuromuscularis uberon Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction synapsis neuromuscularis; junctio neuromuscularis . Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction obsolete synaptic ribbon UBERON:0001030 ribbon synapse true uberon neurilemma BTO:0003048 FBbt:00005151 FMA def is 'Neural tissue which consists of Schwann cells' which does not fit, but we still use 'neural tissue' here. WP def specifically states Schwann cells, which would restrict it to PNS FMA:62976 GAID:730 MESH:A08.561.600 Schwann's membrane UBERON:0001031 UMLS:C0027807 endoneural membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gray631.png/200px-Gray631.png ncithesaurus:Sheath_of_Schwann neurolemma sheath of Schwann thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber[TFD]. uberon BTO:0003048 Schwann's membrane Wikipedia:Neurilemma http://www.thefreedictionary.com/neurolemma thin membranous sheath around a nerve fiber[TFD]. BTO:0003048 endoneural membrane sensory system AAO:0000555 An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. BILA:0000099 EFO:0000805 EHDAA2:0003094 FBbt:00005827 FMA:75259 MA:0002442 MAT:0000031 MIAA:0000031 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090816 TAO:0000282 UBERON:0001032 VHOG:0001674 XAO:0003194 ZFA:0000282 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray722.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs organa sensuum organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory organ system sensory subsystem sensory systems set of sense organs uberon FMA:75259 set of sense organs Wikipedia:Sensory_system organa sensuum Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. Wikipedia:Sensory_system FMA:75259 FMA:TA organa sensuum TAO:0000282 sensory systems 2012-09-17 An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) VHOG VHOG:0001674 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:75259 sense organs set FMA:75259 sense organs gustatory system A subset of the sensory system for the sensing of taste. AAO:0010577 BILA:0000143 EFO:0000830 FMA:7194 MA:0002446 MAT:0000275 MIAA:0000275 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090803 SCTID:423940004 TAO:0001101 The sensory system used for the sense of taste.[AAO] UBERON:0001033 XAO:0003197 ZFA:0001101 gustatory gustatory organ system in ZFA and MA this is a subtype of sensory system. we should change sensory system to disambiguate parts and wholes taste system uberon A subset of the sensory system for the sensing of taste. Wikipedia:Gustatory_system 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010577 AAO:EJS The sensory system used for the sense of taste.[AAO] obsolete photoreceptor BTO:0001060 Can refer to a light sensitive organ, a photoreceptor cell or a photoreceptor protein. This class was made obsolete because it was ambiguous UBERON:0001034 true uberon Can refer to a light sensitive organ, a photoreceptor cell or a photoreceptor protein. This class was made obsolete because it was ambiguous Wikipedia:Photoreceptor dento-alveolar joint FMA:7495 Fibrous joint in which the periodontal ligament connects a tooth to the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible. Examples: Dento-alveolar joint of incisor tooth.[FMA] MA:0001499 OpenCyc:Mx4rveAQeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:50870008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001035 dento-alveolar syndesmosis gomphosis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray1003.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray1003.png/200px-Gray1003.png peg-and-socket joint socket syndesmosis dentoalveolaris uberon FMA:7495 FMA:TA syndesmosis dentoalveolaris FMA MA FMA:7495 dento-alveolar syndesmosis FMA:FMA Fibrous joint in which the periodontal ligament connects a tooth to the alveolar bone of the maxilla or mandible. Examples: Dento-alveolar joint of incisor tooth.[FMA] Wikipedia:Gomphosis FMA:7495 peg-and-socket joint MA:0001499 gomphosis FMA:7495 socket strand of hair A filament, mostly protein, that grows from follicles found in the dermis[WP]. BTO:0001501 EFO:0000958 EMAPA:18769 EV:0100157 FMA:53667 GAID:71 MA:0000155 MAT:0000160 MESH:A17.360 MIAA:0000160 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA-Mp88EdaAAACgycbRww SCTID:361702001 UBERON:0001037 UMLS:C0018494 VHOG:0001191 coat hair coat/ hair fur hair http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Gray945.png microchaeta ncithesaurus:Hair quill setulae this class defines an individual hair. todo - consider fur / coat of fur, which has_part hair. TODO: for now we treat vibrissa/whisker as a syonym, but these have different follicles. We could introduce subclasses (see also: Pangolin scales) uberon vibrissa whisker quill vibrissa whisker A filament, mostly protein, that grows from follicles found in the dermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Hair FMA FMA FMA chordotonal organ Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. EFO:0000940 FBbt:00005215 MAT:0000209 MIAA:0000209 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001038 ch scolopophorous organ uberon Chordotonal organs are arthropod sensory structures consisting of special sensilla called the scolopidia, which are mechano-transducers and respond mainly to stretch or flexion. In insects, they consist of bundles of internal sensilla, each of which has a cap cell, an enveloping cell and one or more sense cells. The distal end of the organ is usually attached to the cuticle of the body wall, marked by a pit, a thickened disc or a nodule of chitin, and the base of the organ is connected with the hypodermis, often by a special ligament. FB:FBrf0056378 Wikipedia:Chordotonal_organ yolk sac BTO:0001471 EFO:0003078 EHDAA2:0002212 EHDAA:164 EMAPA:16085 FMA:87180 GAID:1301 MESH:A16.254.403.981 Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes. One of the extraembryonic fetal membranes that balloons out from the fetal midgut. [TFD][VHOG] SCTID:362845002 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] Taxon notes: In therians, a structure homologous to the yolk sac is is present, but contains no yolk platelets. Instead it is filled with fluid [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"] UBERON:0001040 UMLS:C0043425 VHOG:0000830 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Gray22.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray22.png/200px-Gray22.png ncithesaurus:Yolk_Sac saccus vitellinus uberon vesicula umbilicalis Wikipedia:Yolk_sac vesicula umbilicalis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000830 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Yolk_sac saccus vitellinus 2012-09-17 One of the extraembryonic fetal membranes that balloons out from the fetal midgut. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000830 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/yolk+sac ISBN10:0073040584 Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes. Wikipedia:Yolk_sac ISBN10:0073040584 foregut AAO:0011042 Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm[WP]. BILA:0000085 BTO:0000507 EHDAA2:0000557 EHDAA:520 EMAPA:16548 Editor notes: Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class (as it appears to be in FMA) FBbt:00005379 FMA:45616 MA:0001526 SCTID:361409009 TGMA:0001014 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001041 UMLS:C0231051 VHOG:0000285 XAO:0000232 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gray27.png ncithesaurus:Foregut praeenteron proenteron uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000285 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. An anterior part of the alimentary canal derived from the ectoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Foregut Wikipedia:Foregut praeenteron Wikipedia:Foregut proenteron chordate pharynx (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000967 Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] BTO:0001049 EFO:0000836 EHDAA2:0001458 EHDAA:2947 EMAPA:16706 EMAPA:18838 EV:0100065 FMA:46688 Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynyx and lungs. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH]. Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA]. GAID:155 MA:0000432 MESH:A03.867 Note that MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we follow their lead here OpenCyc:Mx4rvViv7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181211006 Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000056 The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001042 UMLS:C0031354 VHOG:0000462 XAO:0003227 ZFA:0000056 galen:Pharynx ncithesaurus:Pharynx pharynx relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] uberon (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503 VHOG VHOG:0000462 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000462 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000056 ZFIN:curator Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the esophagus, and air to the larynyx and lungs. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH]. Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Pharynx 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000967 relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] EHDAA2 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000967 AAO:EJS Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] FMA:46688 pharynx 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000967 relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] esophagus AAO:0000145 ANISEED:1235301 AO notes: esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] BTO:0000959 EFO:0000835 EHDAA2:0001285 EHDAA:2937 EMAPA:16833 EMAPA:18860 EV:0100069 FMA:7131 GAID:291 MA:0000352 MAT:0000048 MESH:A03.365 MIAA:0000048 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj9Q5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181245004 TAO:0000204 The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). UBERON:0001043 UMLS:C0014876 VHOG:0000450 XAO:0000127 ZFA:0000204 esophageal galen:Esophagus gullet http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg ncithesaurus:Esophagus oesophagus uberon œsophagus Wikipedia:Esophagus œsophagus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000145 AAO:EJS Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996) The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000450 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Wikipedia:Esophagus http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/ salivary gland A gland that produces the saliva. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-25, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] BTO:0001203 EFO:0000859 EHDAA2:0001775 EHDAA:7987 EMAPA:17751 EV:0100059 FBbt:00005382 FMA:9597 GAID:937 In air-feeding animals, the lack of water column to lubricate the food has been compensated for by the evolution of the salivary glands. These glands are present only in amniotes and are controlled by the parasympathetic system.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000346 MAT:0000079 MESH:A10.336.779 MIAA:0000079 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjl5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181236000 UBERON:0001044 UMLS:C0036098 VHOG:0000376 currently we define saliva and salivary glands very generally in functional terms but it may be more appropriate to split this class. From WP: In most vertebrates, saliva does not contain any enzymes, consisting of mucus and water only, and its primary function is to moisten food while eating. As a result, true salivary glands are rarely found in fish or aquatic tetrapods, although there are often individual mucus-secreting cells. Amphibians have a single salivary gland, the intermaxillary gland, located in the forward part of the palate. Reptiles and birds normally have only very small glands on the lips, palate, and base of the mouth, although there are some birds with large glands, which produce a sticky saliva that helps in nest-building. The distinct parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are only developed in mammals.[3] The salivary glands of some species, however, are modified to produce enzymes; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the venom glands of poisonous snakes, Gila monsters, and some shrews, are modified salivary glands galen:SalivaryGland glandulae salivariae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg ncithesaurus:Salivary_Gland saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research[WP]. uberon GO:0007431 Wikipedia:Salivary_gland saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO]. The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research[WP]. 2012-09-17 A gland that produces the saliva. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-25, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000376 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Salivary_gland glandulae salivariae 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptationm(2005) p.211 In air-feeding animals, the lack of water column to lubricate the food has been compensated for by the evolution of the salivary glands. These glands are present only in amniotes and are controlled by the parasympathetic system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000376 http://bgee.unil.ch/ midgut BILA:0000086 BTO:0000863 EFO:0001950 EHDAA2:0001185 EHDAA:983 EMAPA:16255 Editor notes: Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class. AO Notes: in FMA this class has no children. FBbt:00005383 FMA:45617 MA:0001564 Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. SCTID:361410004 TGMA:0001036 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001045 UMLS:C0231052 VHOG:0000290 XAO:0000103 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg mesenteron ncithesaurus:Midgut uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000290 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0007494 Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. That part of the alimentary canal which lies between the gizzard and the hind intestine. Wikipedia:Midgut Wikipedia:Midgut mesenteron hindgut AAO:0011052 BILA:0000087 BTO:0000510 EHDAA2:0000779 EHDAA:975 EMAPA:16715 Editor notes: Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future (vertebrates have some contribution from NC - UBERONREF:0000002). We may explicitly make this a developmental class. AO Notes: in FMA this class has no children. FBbt:00005384 FMA:45618 MA:0001527 Posterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. SCTID:362856002 TGMA:0001020 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001046 UMLS:C0231053 VHOG:0000459 XAO:0000104 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray472.png metenteron ncithesaurus:Hindgut uberon Posterior subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. Wikipedia:Hindgut Wikipedia:Hindgut metenteron Wikipedia 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000459 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural glomerulus FBbt:00005386 Large synaptic bouton found in areas like olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex and thalamus, that contacts many post-synaptic targets[NIF]. NIF_Subcellular:sao587858733 UBERON:0001047 UBERON:FBbt_00005386 glomerulus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png isa or partof neuropil? TODO. Add to GO-CC? uberon Large synaptic bouton found in areas like olfactory bulb, cerebellar cortex and thalamus, that contacts many post-synaptic targets[NIF]. http://ccdb.ucsd.edu/SAO/images/glomerulus_sw_512x512.jpg http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html FBbt:00005386 NIF_Subcellular:sao587858733 glomerulus primordium AEO:0000171 BTO:0001886 EFO:0001652 EHDAA2:0003171 FBbt:00005495 FMA:86589 MAT:0000482 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt]. An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001048 UMLS:C0678727 XAO:0003043 bud ncithesaurus:Primordium placode rudiment uberon BTO:0001886 FB:DJS FB:FBrf0089570 FB:FBrf0178740 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt]. An embryonic structure that is the rudiment or commencement of a part or organ. Wikipedia:Primordium FBbt:00005495 placode EHDAA2 neural tube (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010617 BTO:0001057 EHDAA2:0001254 EHDAA:2869 EHDAA:908 EMAPA:16164 EMAPA:16530 EMAPA:16757 Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO] In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. MAT:0000069 MIAA:0000069 SCTID:362852000 TAO:0001135 The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium[GO:0021915] UBERON:0001049 UMLS:C0231024 VHOG:0000307 XAO:0003204 ZFA:0001135 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png ncithesaurus:Neural_Tube presumptive central nervous system tubus neuralis uberon Wikipedia:Neural_tube tubus neuralis (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0000307 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000307 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neural+tube EHDAA2 GO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010617 AAO:JOR Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO] In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neural_tube obsolete atrium Anatomical chamber. Examples: right atrium of heart, atrium of middle nasal meatus, atrium of tympanic cavity, atrium of alveolus. UBERON:0001050 UBERON:0002081 obsoleted because 'atrium' as a general grouping class that encompasses the cardiac atrium and atrium of alveolus atrium is of questionable value. Furthermore, the use of the term 'atrium' in the generic sense is misleading, as this is commonly used to refer specifically to the cardiac atrium true uberon Anatomical chamber. Examples: right atrium of heart, atrium of middle nasal meatus, atrium of tympanic cavity, atrium of alveolus. FMA:85574 hypopharynx BTO:0001740 Bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. EFO:0001388 EHDAA2:0004574 EV:0100068 FMA:54880 GAID:338 MA:0001796 MESH:A03.867.490 OpenCyc:Mx4rvq5O0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281490009 The inferior portion of the pharynx, between the epiglottis and the larynx. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001051 UMLS:C0020629 VHOG:0000445 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg hypopharyngeal laryngeal pharynx laryngopharynx ncithesaurus:Hypopharynx pars laryngea pharyngis uberon FMA:54877 laryngeal pharynx Wikipedia:Hypopharynx pars laryngea pharyngis BTO:0001740 pars laryngea pharyngis 2012-09-17 The inferior portion of the pharynx, between the epiglottis and the larynx. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000445 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hypopharynx Bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus. Wikipedia:Hypopharynx FMA:54877 laryngopharynx rectum AAO:0010401 BTO:0001158 EFO:0000848 EHDAA2:0001592 EHDAA:5836 EMAPA:17896 EMAPA:18925 EV:0100081 FMA:14544 GAID:311 MA:0000336 MAT:0000050 MESH:A03.492.411.495.767 MIAA:0000050 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181261002 Taxon notes: In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html The terminal portion of the intestine. The terminal portion of the large intestine between the ileo-pelvic colon and the anus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001052 UMLS:C0034896 VHOG:0000427 VHOG:0001751 XAO:0000238 galen:Rectum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Anorectum.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif intestinum rectum ncithesaurus:Rectum rectal rectal sac terminal portion of intestine terminal portion of large intestine uberon Kardong BTO:0001158 intestinum rectum 2012-09-17 The terminal portion of the large intestine between the ileo-pelvic colon and the anus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001751 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA The terminal portion of the intestine. Wikipedia:Rectum EHDAA2 4 cjm neurohemal organ A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. BTO:0002106 EFO:0000864 FBbt:00005757 MAT:0000212 MIAA:0000212 UBERON:0001053 neurohaemal organ uberon BTO A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. BTO:0002106 Malpighian tubule BTO:0000810 EFO:0000243 Editor note: this will be ceded to the Arthropod Anatomy Ontology FBbt:00001896 FBbt:00005786 GAID:1228 MAT:0000123 MESH:A13.574 MIAA:0000123 Malphigian tube SCTID:41055008 TADS:0000163 TGMA:0001038 The most important structure of the insect's excretory organ, which may comprise cystiform or labyrinthine highly versatile tubules having their outlet into the inital section of the rectum[FBbt]. Any of a group of long blind vessels opening into the posterior part of the alimentary canal in most insects and some other arthropods and functioning primarily as excretory organs[BTO]. UBERON:0001054 tuba Malpighii uberon BTO:0000810 Malphigian tube GO BTO:0000810 tuba Malpighii ISBN:3110148986 The most important structure of the insect's excretory organ, which may comprise cystiform or labyrinthine highly versatile tubules having their outlet into the inital section of the rectum[FBbt]. Any of a group of long blind vessels opening into the posterior part of the alimentary canal in most insects and some other arthropods and functioning primarily as excretory organs[BTO]. Wikipedia:Malpighian_tubule obsolete ureter UBERON:0000056 UBERON:0000057 UBERON:0001055 the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. true uberon MP:0000534 the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. corpus cardiacum BTO:0000432 EFO:0000380 FBbt:00005799 MAT:0000211 MIAA:0000211 One of a pair of neurohemal organs located on the walls of the aorta just behind the brain. The corpora cardiaca release their store of PTTH only after they receive a signal from neurosecretory cells in the brain. UBERON:0001056 corpora cardiaca uberon will be ceded to arthropod anatomy ontology BTO:0000432 One of a pair of neurohemal organs located on the walls of the aorta just behind the brain. The corpora cardiaca release their store of PTTH only after they receive a signal from neurosecretory cells in the brain. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_cardiacum#Endocrine_system BTO:0000432 corpora cardiaca BTO-modified BTO corpus allatum BTO:0000291 EFO:0000379 FBbt:00005800 MAT:0000210 MESH:A08.713.100 MIAA:0000210 One of a pair of separate or fused bodies in many insects that are sometimes closely associated with the corpora cardiaca and that secrete hormones (as juvenile hormone)[BTO]. UBERON:0001057 corpora allata uberon will be ceded to arthropod anatomy ontology BTO:0000291 One of a pair of separate or fused bodies in many insects that are sometimes closely associated with the corpora cardiaca and that secrete hormones (as juvenile hormone)[BTO]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora_allata BTO:0000291 corpora allata BTO-modified BTO mushroom body BTO:0002675 EFO:0000925 FBbt:00005801 GAID:1231 MAT:0000336 MESH:A13.641 MIAA:0000336 Prominent lobed neuropils found in annelids and all arthropods except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory associative learning and memory[MESH] Mushroom body neuropils are divided into calyces, pedunculus, and its subsequent lobes. In Drosophila these are the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes. Taxon notes: Also in annelids. "Comparison to the verte- brate pallium reveals that the annelid mushroom bodies develop from similar molecular coordinates within a conserved overall molecular brain topology and that their development involves conserved patterning mechanisms and produces conserved neuron types that existed already in the proto- stome-deuterostome ancestors. These data indicate deep homology of pallium and mushroom bodies and date back the origin of higher brain centers to prebilaterian times" [PMID:20813265] UBERON:0001058 corpora pedunculata mushroom bodies uberon FBbt:00005801 corpora pedunculata mushroom bodies MESH:A13.641 Prominent lobed neuropils found in annelids and all arthropods except crustaceans. They are thought to be involved in olfactory associative learning and memory[MESH] Mushroom body neuropils are divided into calyces, pedunculus, and its subsequent lobes. In Drosophila these are the alpha, beta, and gamma lobes. Wikipedia:Mushroom_body http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html pars intercerebralis EFO:0000926 FBbt:00005802 MAT:0000337 MIAA:0000337 UBERON:0001059 a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. uberon will be ceded to arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt a neurosecretory center of the insect brain, located along the anterior midline[wiktionary]. A medial cleft or depression dividing the left and right protocerebrum and containing numerous large and small somata of neurosecretory and neuromodulatory neurons[FBbt]. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pars_intercerebralis http://flybrain.uni-freiburg.de/Flybrain/html/terms/terms.html anatomical entity AAO:0010841 AEO:0000000 BILA:0000000 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. CARO:0000000 EHDAA2:0002229 FBbt:10000000 FBbt_root:00000000 FMA:62955 HAO:0000000 MA:0000001 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_6 TAO:0100000 TGMA:0001822 UBERON:0001062 UMLS:C1515976 ZFA:0100000 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Structure_System_or_Substance uberon Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. CARO:MAH FMA:62955 flocculus ABA:FL AO Notes: flocculus is an exact label for two distinct classes in NIF. Function notes: At its base, the flocculus receives input from the middle ears vestibular system and regulates balance. Many floccular projections descend to the spinal cord and connect to the motor nuclei involved in control of eye movement.[WP]. Taxon notes: enlarged in pterosaurs[PMID:14586467] FMA:83881 H X MA:0000992 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1329 SCTID:30711003 UBERON:0001063 UBERON:Flocculus-MA_0000992 a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule[WP]. flocculus of cerebellum hemispheric lobule X lobule X neuraxis flocculus uberon FMA-abduced-lr FMA:83881 neuraxis flocculus FMA:83881 flocculus of cerebellum ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081213 hemispheric lobule X Wikipedia:Flocculus_(cerebellar) a small lobe of the cerebellum at the posterior border of the middle cerebellar peduncle anterior to the biventer lobule[WP]. ABA FMA:83881 lobule X FMA:83881 H X ABA ABA ventral pancreatic duct BTO:0002362 Development notes: Upon reaching its final destination, the ventral pancreatic bud fuses with the much larger dorsal pancreatic bud. At this point of fusion, the main ducts of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse, forming the duct of Wirsung, the main pancreatic duct.[WP] EHDAA2:0001396 EHDAA:6905 EMAPA:18821 FMA:16003 GAID:337 MA:0000126 MESH:A03.734.667 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002177 SCTID:245385001 These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0001064 UBERON:0005627 UMLS:C0030288 VHOG:0000256 a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. canal of Wirsung chief pancreatic duct duct of Wirsung ductus pancreatis ventralis hepaticopancreatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1100.png/200px-Gray1100.png main pancreatic duct ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Duct pancreatic duct uberon MESH:A03.734.667 pancreatic duct BTO:0002362 canal of Wirsung Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct duct of Wirsung 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005) These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000256 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct a duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. BTO:0002362 hepaticopancreatic duct MA:0000126 main pancreatic duct FMA:16003 chief pancreatic duct FMA EHDAA2 parotid duct BTO:0004554 FMA:10420 MA:0002697 SCTID:362175009 Stensen's duct Stensens's duct The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth. It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth. The buccinator acts as a valve that prevents inflation of the duct during blowing. Running along with the duct superiorly is the transverse facial artery and upper buccal nerve; running along with the duct inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001065 UMLS:C0227458 duct of parotid duct of parotid gland ductus parotideus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gray1023.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray1023.png/200px-Gray1023.png ncithesaurus:Parotid_Duct parotid gland duct stenon duct uberon OBOL:automatic parotid gland duct Wikipedia:Parotid_duct ductus parotideus The parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, is the route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth. It passes through the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia, and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper second molar tooth. The buccinator acts as a valve that prevents inflation of the duct during blowing. Running along with the duct superiorly is the transverse facial artery and upper buccal nerve; running along with the duct inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parotid_duct OBOL:automatic duct of parotid intervertebral disk A pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of two successive vertebral centra which has nucleus pulposus at its core. BTO:0003625 EFO:0001370 FMA:10446 GAID:105 MA:0000110 MESH:A02.165.410 OpenCyc:Mx4rv11AcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244570000 Taxon/Terminology notes: strictly speaking the term intervertebral disk [applies to intervertebral cartilage] whose gel-like core is nucleus puloposus, by this definition only in mammals UBERON:0001066 UMLS:C0021815 discus intervertebralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray301.png/200px-Gray301.png intervertebral disc intervertebral fibrocartilage ncithesaurus:Intervertebral_Disc spinal disc spinal disk uberon Wikipedia:Spinal_disc spinal disc A pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of two successive vertebral centra which has nucleus pulposus at its core. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Intervertebral_disk BTO:0003625 spinal disk BTO:0003625 intervertebral fibrocartilage FMA:10446 FMA:TA discus intervertebralis vertebral arch joint FMA:10447 GAID:275 MA:0001513 MESH:A02.835.583.979 OpenCyc:Mx4rvorHEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:89836005 UBERON:0001067 UMLS:C0224521 a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. articulationes zygapophysiales facet joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray90.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray90.png/200px-Gray90.png joint of vertebral arch joint of vertebral articular process ncithesaurus:Facet_Joint spinal facet joint uberon zygapophyseal joint zygapophysial joint Wikipedia:Zygapophysial_joint a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment[WP]. Wikipedia:Zygapophysial_joint articulationes zygapophysiales HP:0008482 spinal facet joint skin of back A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:10462 FMA:22985 MA:0000498 SCTID:181492002 UBERON:0001068 back skin back zone of skin skin, dorsal region todo - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region uberon zone of skin of back MA A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of back MA UBERON:cjm skin, dorsal region OBOL:automatic back zone of skin head of pancreas EHDAA2:0001374 EMAPA:17507 EMAPA:18820 FMA:10468 Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000122 SCTID:362201006 The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly (from before). The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail. Its upper border is overlapped by the superior part of the duodenum and its lower overlaps the horizontal part; its right and left borders overlap in front, and insinuate themselves behind, the descending and ascending parts of the duodenum respectively. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001069 UMLS:C0227579 VHOG:0000448 caput pancreatis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Pancreas pancreas head pancreatic head right extremity of pancreas uberon EHDAA2-inferred WP The head of pancreas is a portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum, and is flattened anteriorly (from before). The other parts of the pancreas are the body and the tail. Its upper border is overlapped by the superior part of the duodenum and its lower overlaps the horizontal part; its right and left borders overlap in front, and insinuate themselves behind, the descending and ascending parts of the duodenum respectively. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Head_of_pancreas Wikipedia:Head_of_pancreas caput pancreatis 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007) Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000448 http://bgee.unil.ch/ external carotid artery AAO:0010416 BTO:0004696 EFO:0001953 EHDAA2:0000461 EMAPA:18611 FMA:10635 GAID:480 In human anatomy, the external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it bifurcates into the external and internal carotid artery. MA:0001929 MESH:A07.231.114.186.200.210 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVJkPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362044002 Taxon notes: not homologous to the external carotid of zebrafish (Goodrich, 1958) - http://zfish.nichd.nih.gov/zfatlas/Intro%20Page/comparative.html; check XAO UBERON:0001070 UMLS:C0007275 VHOG:0000265 XAO:0000345 arteria carotis externa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/External_carotid_a.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/External_carotid_a.gif/200px-External_carotid_a.gif ncithesaurus:External_Carotid_Artery uberon MA EHDAA2 In human anatomy, the external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it bifurcates into the external and internal carotid artery. Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486863&group_id=76834&atid=1127722 FMA FMA Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery arteria carotis externa superficial cervical artery FMA:10665 It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery. . MA:0002052 SCTID:161746006 The transverse cervical artery splits into two branches, a superficial one and a deep one[WP] UBERON:0001071 UMLS:C0226271 Wikipedia:Superficial_branch_of_transverse_cervical_artery ncithesaurus:Superficial_Cervical_Artery superficial branch of transverse cervical artery uberon Wikipedia:Superficial_branch_of_transverse_cervical_artery superficial branch of transverse cervical artery It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery. . Wikipedia:Superficial_branch_of_transverse_cervical_artery inferior vena cava AAO:0011083 BTO:0002682 EHDAA2:0000611 EMAPA:18416 FMA:10951 GAID:548 MA:0000480 MESH:A07.231.908.949.648 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:181369003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium. UBERON:0001072 UMLS:C0042458 VHOG:0001194 XAO:0000388 caudal vena cava galen:InferiorVenaCava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray577.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray577.png/200px-Gray577.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vena_Cava posterior vena cava uberon vena cava inferior Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein BTO:0002682 vena cava inferior Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium. Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava VHOG:0001194 caudal vena cava Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava vena cava inferior 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001194 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ileocecal junction A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice FMA:11338 MA:0000332 SCTID:264021000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001073 ileocaecal junction uberon A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=46539 pericardial cavity Anatomical space in which the heart is located and is surrounded by the pericardium.[TAO] Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001434 EMAPA:18447 EMAPA:18448 FMA:11350 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000053 SCTID:362027001 TAO:0002220 UBERON:0001074 UMLS:C0225972 VHOG:0000556 ZFA:0001655 cavitas pericardiaca cavity of pericardial sac galen:PericardialSpace http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png ncithesaurus:Pericardial_Cavity pericardial space uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity cavitas pericardiaca 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000556 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity pericardial space FMA Cavity of serous sac surrounded by serous pericardium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity MA PMID:20959416 2012-08-14 Anatomical space in which the heart is located and is surrounded by the pericardium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002220 ZFIN:curator body of vertebra AAO:0000697 AO notes: VSAO definition states it surrounds notochord but not applicable to post-natal. Editor notes: vertebra classes required generalization for cartilage columns // todo - add subclasses: acoelus, amphicoelus, procoelus, opsithocoelus, heterocoelus; pleurocentrum, intercentrum; todo: add developmental relationships Centra are represented by mineralized, calcified, or ossified portions that surround the notochord. The autocentrum, present in Danio and all other living teleosts, is formed by direct ossification outside the elastica externa of the notochord (Arratia, 1999).[TAO] Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord.[AAO] FMA:11945 MA:0001457 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXU4VpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361745008 SCTID:362867001 Skeletal element that surrounds the notochord.[VSAO] TAO:0000126 The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted]. The vertebral centrum may be cartilaginous, develop as cartilage but be replaced by bone or mineralized, or form directly through intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] UBERON:0001075 UMLS:C0223084 VSAO:0000183 ZFA:0000126 autocentrum centra centre vertcébral@fr centrum centrum of vertebra corpus vertebrae corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Corpusvertebrae.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Corpusvertebrae.png/200px-Corpusvertebrae.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Body pcérichorde@fr uberon vertebral body vertebral centrum ZFA:0000126 autocentrum FMA:11945 corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000697 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_2008 Cylindrical body of bone, round or oval in cross section, which functionally replaces the notochord.[AAO] VSAO 2012-08-14 Centra are represented by mineralized, calcified, or ossified portions that surround the notochord. The autocentrum, present in Danio and all other living teleosts, is formed by direct ossification outside the elastica externa of the notochord (Arratia, 1999).[TAO] TAO TAO:0000126 ZFIN:curator MA:0001457 vertebral centrum Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra corpus vertebrae TAO:0000126 centre vertcébral@fr Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra corpus vertebrae 2012-08-14 Skeletal element that surrounds the notochord.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000183 VSAO:curator The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. Its upper and lower surfaces are flattened and rough, and give attachment to the intervertebral fibrocartilages, and each presents a rim around its circumference. In front, the body is convex from side to side and concave from above downward. Behind, it is flat from above downward and slightly concave from side to side. Its anterior surface presents a few small apertures, for the passage of nutrient vessels. On the posterior surface is a single large, irregular aperture, or occasionally more than one, for the exit of the basi-vertebral veins from the body of the vertebra. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_vertebra FMA:11945 vertebral body PHENOSCAPE:ad centra 2012-09-06 Curator The vertebral centrum may be cartilaginous, develop as cartilage but be replaced by bone or mineralized, or form directly through intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000183 MA TAO:0000126 pcérichorde@fr spinous process of vertebra AAO:0000705 AAO:0000739 EMAPA:25107 Editor notes: todo - reconcile AAO def: "Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine." [AAO:0000739] Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process.[AAO] FMA:11948 MA:0001455 Neural spines are extensions of neural arches dorsal to the neural canal in the median skeletogenous septum. Neural spines are typically unpaired median structures but can be paired in some instances, e.g., in the abdominal region of basal teleosts such as Leptolepis, Elops, Megalops, and Hiodon).[TAO] SCTID:264259004 Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine.[AAO] TAO:0001336 The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. UBERON:0001076 ZFA:0001336 cépine neurale@fr http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Processusspinosusvertebrae.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Processusspinosusvertebrae.png/200px-Processusspinosusvertebrae.png neuracanthe@fr neural spine processus spinosus processus spinosus vertebrae relationship loss: part_of mid-dorsal keel (AAO:0000735)[AAO] spinous process uberon vertebra spinous process 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000705 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Elaboration of the mid-dorsal keel into a posterior or posterolateral process.[AAO] TAO:0001336 cépine neurale@fr The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback. Wikipedia:Spinous_process 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000705 relationship loss: part_of mid-dorsal keel (AAO:0000735)[AAO] TAO:0001336 neuracanthe@fr 2012-08-14 Neural spines are extensions of neural arches dorsal to the neural canal in the median skeletogenous septum. Neural spines are typically unpaired median structures but can be paired in some instances, e.g., in the abdominal region of basal teleosts such as Leptolepis, Elops, Megalops, and Hiodon).[TAO] TAO TAO:0001336 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000739 AAO:Pugener_2002 Small, posteriorly directed process at the posterior margin of each neural arch lamina; it is not a neural spine.[AAO] transverse process of vertebra AAO:0000698 FMA:11949 MA:0001456 SCTID:264238006 The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001077 XAO:0003102 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Processustransversusvertebrae.PNG/200px-Processustransversusvertebrae.PNG processus transversus processus transversus vertebrae transverse process uberon vertebra transverse process The transverse or costal processes of a vertebra, two in number, project one at either side from the point where the lamina joins the pedicle, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_process pedicle of vertebra FMA:11950 MA:0001458 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYdjdJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277422007 The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001078 UMLS:C0223080 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Pediculusarcusvertebrae.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pediculusarcusvertebrae.png/200px-Pediculusarcusvertebrae.png ncithesaurus:Pedicle_of_Vertebral_Arch pedicle pedicle of vertebral arch pediculus arcus vertebrae pediculus arcus vertebrae, radix arcus vertebrae uberon vertebral pedicle FMA:11950 vertebral pedicle FMA:TA pediculus arcus vertebrae The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project backward, one on either side, from the upper part of the body, at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch FMA:11950 pedicle of vertebral arch Wikipedia:Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch pediculus arcus vertebrae, radix arcus vertebrae superior articular process of vertebra AAO:0000703 FMA:11953 MA:0001452 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. Paired, anteromedially directed processes from the neural arches, ligamentously joined to the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra.[TAO] SCTID:42424006 TAO:0001325 TODO - add distinct classes for hemal vs neural? UBERON:0001079 ZFA:0001325 cranial articular process of vertebra http://www.informatics.jax.org/cookbook/figures/figure20.shtml neural prezygapophyses neural prezygapophysis neural prezygopophyses prezygapophysis processus articularis superior uberon vertebra cranial articular process AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired processes at the cephalic end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the prezygapophyses face dorsomedially and articulate with the lateroventrally facing facets of the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra. 2012-08-14 Paired, anteromedially directed processes from the neural arches, ligamentously joined to the postzygapophyses of the preceding vertebra.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001325 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001325 neural prezygapophysis TAO:0001325 neural prezygapophyses ZFA:0001325 neural prezygopophyses inferior articular process of vertebra AAO:0000702 FMA:11954 MA:0001451 Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. Paired, dorsomedially directed processes on the posterior ends of the centra, ligamentously joined to the neural prezygapophyses of the immediately posterior vertebra.[TAO] SCTID:30079000 TAO:0000681 TODO - add distinct classes for hemal vs neural? UBERON:0001080 ZFA:0000681 caudal articular process of vertebra neural postzygapophyses neural postzygapophysis neural postzygopophyses neural postzygopophysis postzygapophysis processus articularis inferior processus obliquus posterior uberon vertebra caudal articular process AAO:LAP Paired processes at the caudal end of the neural arch. The articular facets of the postzygapophyses face lateroventrally and articulate with the dorsomedially facing facets of the prezygapophyses of the succeeding vertebra. TAO:0000681 neural postzygapophyses ZFA:0000681 neural postzygopophysis TAO:0000681 neural postzygopophyses AAO:0000702 processus obliquus posterior ZFA:0000681 neural postzygapophysis 2012-08-14 Paired, dorsomedially directed processes on the posterior ends of the centra, ligamentously joined to the neural prezygapophyses of the immediately posterior vertebra.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000681 ZFIN:curator endocardium of ventricle Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. FMA:12148 MA:0000079 SCTID:192172004 TAO:0002247 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001081 VHOG:0000607 ZFA:0001615 cardiac ventricle endocardium endocardium of cardiac ventricle endocardium of heart ventricle endocardium of lower chamber of heart endocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle endocardium lower chamber of heart endocardium uberon ventricle endocardial tissue ventricle endocardium ventricle of heart endocardium ventricular endocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac ventricle VHOG:0000607 ventricle endocardial tissue OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic endocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle endocardium Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. ZFIN:curator reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of lower chamber of heart epicardium of ventricle FMA:12150 TAO:0005058 The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a>. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001082 ZFA:0005058 cardiac ventricle epicardium cardiac ventricle heart epicardium cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle epicardium of heart ventricle epicardium of lower chamber of heart epicardium of ventricle of heart heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle heart epicardium of heart ventricle heart epicardium of lower chamber of heart heart epicardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle epicardium heart ventricle heart epicardium heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart lower chamber of heart epicardium lower chamber of heart heart epicardium lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart uberon ventricle of heart epicardium ventricle of heart heart epicardium ventricle of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart ventricular epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart of cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart of heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart of lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic epicardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart epicardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart epicardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart epicardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart visceral serous pericardium of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle visceral serous pericardium of heart 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005058 The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic epicardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic heart epicardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic visceral serous pericardium of heart of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic epicardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart epicardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart epicardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart epicardium The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a>. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic epicardium of lower chamber of heart myocardium of ventricle As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003088 FMA:12151 MA:0000082 Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. SCTID:192084000 TAO:0005061 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001083 VHOG:0000604 ZFA:0005061 cardiac muscle of cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle of heart ventricle cardiac muscle of lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle cardiac ventricle heart muscle cardiac ventricle heart myocardium cardiac ventricle muscle of heart cardiac ventricle myocardium heart muscle of cardiac ventricle heart muscle of heart ventricle heart muscle of lower chamber of heart heart muscle of ventricle of heart heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle heart myocardium of heart ventricle heart myocardium of lower chamber of heart heart myocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle cardiac muscle heart ventricle heart muscle heart ventricle heart myocardium heart ventricle muscle of heart heart ventricle myocardium lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle lower chamber of heart heart muscle lower chamber of heart heart myocardium lower chamber of heart muscle of heart lower chamber of heart myocardium muscle of heart of cardiac ventricle muscle of heart of heart ventricle muscle of heart of lower chamber of heart muscle of heart of ventricle of heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle myocardium of heart ventricle myocardium of lower chamber of heart myocardium of ventricle of heart uberon ventricle cardiac muscle ventricle myocardium ventricle of heart cardiac muscle ventricle of heart heart muscle ventricle of heart heart myocardium ventricle of heart muscle of heart ventricle of heart myocardium ventricular myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of ventricle of heart 2012-09-17 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 VHOG VHOG:0000604 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart heart myocardium reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart myocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart ventricle VHOG:0000604 ventricle cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart muscle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle muscle of heart Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic myocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart muscle of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle muscle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic myocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle heart myocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart ventricle heart muscle 2012-08-14 Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005061 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic heart ventricle cardiac muscle skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:12166 FMA:24756 MA:0000582 SCTID:181484006 UBERON:0001084 UMLS:C0205029 adult head zone of skin head skin head zone of skin ncithesaurus:Head_Skin todo - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region uberon zone of skin of adult head zone of skin of head OBOL:automatic zone of skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic head zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head zone of skin skin of trunk A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:12167 FMA:23093 MA:0000517 SCTID:181489001 UBERON:0001085 UMLS:C0205031 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Trunk todo - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region torso zone of skin trunk skin trunk zone of skin uberon zone of skin of torso zone of skin of trunk OBOL:automatic zone of skin of trunk OBOL:automatic trunk zone of skin OBOL:automatic torso zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of torso A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic obsolete articular cartilage UBERON:0001086 UBERON:0010996 UBERON:0011002 obsoleted as it conflated two distinct classes true uberon pleural fluid BTO:0003080 FMA:12273 MA:0002532 MAT:0000500 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0001087 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Fluid uberon FMA FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the pleural cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pleural_fluid urine BTO:0001419 EFO:0001939 ENVO:00002047 Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.[FMA] FMA:12274 GAID:1189 MA:0002545 MAT:0000058 MESH:A12.207.927 MIAA:0000058 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001088 UMLS:C0042036 galen:Urine ncithesaurus:Urine uberon Excretion in liquid state processed by the kidney.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Urine sweat BTO:0001254 ENVO:02000025 FMA:12275 GAID:1172 MA:0002539 MESH:A12.200.849 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Secretion produced by a sweat gland.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001089 UMLS:C0038984 ncithesaurus:Sweat skin exudate uberon BTO:0001254 skin exudate FMA:FMA Secretion produced by a sweat gland.[FMA] Wikipedia:Sweat synovial fluid BTO:0001339 ENVO:02000039 FMA:12277 GAID:265 MA:0002544 MESH:A02.835.583.443.800.800 Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO] TAO:0005154 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.[FMA] UBERON:0001090 UMLS:C0039097 ZFA:0005154 galen:SynovialFluid joint fluid ncithesaurus:Synovial_Fluid uberon 2012-08-14 Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005154 ZFIN:curator FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae.[FMA] Wikipedia:Synovial_fluid FMA calcareous tooth AEO:0000220 BTO:0000397 EFO:0000839 EHDAA2:0004605 EV:0100063 Editors note: we place ZFA ctb 5 tooth here for now. Consider changing name from calcaeous tooth. Note that sea cucumbers develop calcareous tooth-like structures FMA:12516 GAID:1260 MA:0000348 MAT:0000041 MESH:A14.254.860 MIAA:0000041 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjUEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with a cavity which consist of dentine surrounded by enamel. Examples: incisor, molar. SCTID:302214001 TAO:0001625 The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001091 UMLS:C0040426 VHOG:0000127 VHOG:0001733 XAO:0000431 ZFA:0000694 dental dentine containing tooth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/200px-Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg ncithesaurus:Tooth tooth uberon vertebrate tooth FMA:12516 Organ with a cavity which consist of dentine surrounded by enamel. Examples: incisor, molar. Wikipedia:Tooth Wikipedia:Tooth_(animal) ZFA-modified 2012-09-17 PMID:19266065 Koussoulakou DS, Margaritis LH, Koussoulakos SL, A curriculum vitae of teeth: evolution, generation, regeneration. International Journal of Biological Sciences (2009) The ancestor of recent vertebrate teeth was a tooth-like structure on the outer body surface of jawless fishes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001733 http://bgee.unil.ch/ XAO-modified definitional cervical vertebra 1 . 1 AAO:0000709 C1 C1 vertebra EHDAA:10606 FMA:12519 First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull.[AAO] GAID:236 MA:0001421 MESH:A02.835.232.834.151.213 SCTID:181818007 TAO:0001167 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001092 UMLS:C0004170 Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to the neurocranium.[TAO] ZFA:0001167 atlas atlas (CI) atlas vertebra cervical atlas first cervical vertebra ncithesaurus:C1_Vertebra uberon vertebra 1 . Wikipedia:Atlas_(anatomy) 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000709 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 First postcranial vertebra, which is modified anteriorly to articulate with the skull.[AAO] TAO:0001167 vertebra 1 MP:0011576 cervical atlas 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001167 TAO:wd Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to the neurocranium.[TAO] cervical vertebra 2 2 C2 C2 vertebra EHDAA:10608 FMA:12520 GAID:237 MA:0001422 MESH:A02.835.232.834.151.383 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-zaJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181819004 TAO:0001168 UBERON:0001093 UMLS:C0004457 Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to vertebra 1.[TAO] ZFA:0001168 axis axis (CII) axis vertebra cervical axis cervical vertebra 2 ncithesaurus:C2_Vertebra note: not the same as ZFA term 'axis' second cervical vertebra second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine. uberon vertebra 2 Wikipedia:Axis_(anatomy) second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine. FMA MP:0004608 cervical axis 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001168 TAO:wd Vertebra that is posteriorly adjacent to vertebra 1.[TAO] ZFA:0001168 vertebra 2 MA:0001422 axis MA:0001422 cervical vertebra 2 sacral vertebra A vertebra that is part of a sacral region of vertebral column. EMAPA:18336 FMA:12526 MA:0000313 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-ZsXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361773005 UBERON:0001094 UMLS:C1261045 XAO:0003078 galen:SacralVertebra ncithesaurus:Sacral_Vertebra sacral segment segment of sacrum uberon A vertebra that is part of a sacral region of vertebral column. OBOL:automatic caudal vertebra EMAPA:18374 MA:0000310 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9IEzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000326 UBERON:0001095 Vertebrae bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae.[TAO] XAO:0003079 ZFA:0000326 bones in the tails or coccyx of mammals. In zebrafish: Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae. caudal vertebrae tail vertebra uberon Wikipedia:Caudal_vertebra ZFIN:curator bones in the tails or coccyx of mammals. In zebrafish: Vertebra bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae. caudal vertebrae MA:0000310 tail vertebra 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000326 Vertebrae bearing a hemal arch and spine. The most posterior caudal vertebrae support the caudal fin and are referred to as preural vertebrae.[TAO] ZFIN:curator wall of esophagus An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:12611 MA:0002691 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001096 anatomical wall of esophagus anatomical wall of gullet anatomical wall of oesophagus esophageal wall esophagus anatomical wall esophagus wall gullet anatomical wall gullet wall oesophagus anatomical wall oesophagus wall uberon wall of gullet wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of esophagus An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic esophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of gullet OBOL:automatic oesophagus wall OBOL:automatic gullet wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of gullet OBOL:automatic wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet anatomical wall axillary lymph node FMA:12771 MA:0000735 SCTID:181759007 The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: brachial lymph nodes (or 'lateral') pectoral axillary lymph nodes (or 'anterior') subscapular axillary lymph nodes (or 'posterior') central lymph nodes apical lymph nodes (or 'medial' or 'subclavicular') [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001097 UMLS:C0729594 axillary node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Gray607.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray607.png/200px-Gray607.png ncithesaurus:Axillary_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei axillares uberon The Axillary lymph nodes are of large size, vary from twenty to thirty in number, and may be arranged in the following groups: brachial lymph nodes (or 'lateral') pectoral axillary lymph nodes (or 'anterior') subscapular axillary lymph nodes (or 'posterior') central lymph nodes apical lymph nodes (or 'medial' or 'subclavicular') [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_node Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_nodes CL:tm Wikipedia:Axillary_lymph_nodes nodi lymphoidei axillares incisor tooth BTO:0001741 EHDAA:8011 EHDAA:8047 FMA:12823 GAID:1263 Humans normally have eight (8) incisors; Among other animals, some other primates, cats and horses have twelve. Rodents have four, while Foxes have nine. Rabbits and hares (lagomorphs) were once considered rodents, but are distinguished by having eight — one small pair, called 'peg teeth', is located directly behind the most anterior pair. Incisors are used to bite off tough foods, such as red meat Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000349 MESH:A14.254.860.425 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ch5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:420856006 UBERON:0001098 UMLS:C0021156 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Gray997.png/200px-Gray997.png incisor ncithesaurus:Incisor uberon Incisors are the first kind of tooth in heterodont mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and mandible below. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incisor_tooth MA:0000349 incisor subcostal vein FMA:12845 MA:0002222 SCTID:25248001 The subcostal vein is a vein in the human body that runs along the bottom of the twelfth rib. It has the same essential qualities as the posterior intercostal veins, except that it cannot be considered intercostal because it is not between two ribs. Each subcostal vein gives off a posterior (dorsal) branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001099 UMLS:C0226653 ncithesaurus:Subcostal_Vein uberon vena subcostalis Wikipedia:Subcostal_vein vena subcostalis The subcostal vein is a vein in the human body that runs along the bottom of the twelfth rib. It has the same essential qualities as the posterior intercostal veins, except that it cannot be considered intercostal because it is not between two ribs. Each subcostal vein gives off a posterior (dorsal) branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcostal_vein pectoralis minor EHDAA2:0001425 EHDAA:8313 EMAPA:18180 FMA:13109 MA:0002355 SCTID:181625002 The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001100 UMLS:C0224347 VHOG:0000902 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Pectoralis_minor.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pectoralis_minor.png/200px-Pectoralis_minor.png musculus pectoralis minor ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Minor pectoralis minor muscle supracoracoideus supracoracoideus muscle uberon dbpedia third to fifth ribs near their costal cartilages supracoracoideus Wikipedia:Pectoralis_minor_muscle musculus pectoralis minor The Pectoralis minor is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the Pectoralis major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pectoralis_minor_muscle dbpedia medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process of the scapula supracoracoideus muscle FMA external jugular vein AAO:0010508 EHDAA2:0000468 EHDAA:9887 EMAPA:17875 FMA:13110 MA:0002156 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrm0c5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181373000 The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the posterior facial with the posterior auricular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001101 UMLS:C0226543 Vein which collects blood from the muscles of the head and tongue and the thyroid gland.[AAO] XAO:0000379 external jugular external jugular venous tree galen:ExternalJugularVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:External_Jugular_Vein uberon vena jugularis externa 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010508 AAO:BJB Vein which collects blood from the muscles of the head and tongue and the thyroid gland.[AAO] EHDAA2:0000468 external jugular The external jugular vein receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the posterior facial with the posterior auricular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_jugular_vein FMA Wikipedia:External_jugular_vein vena jugularis externa cartilage of main bronchus A cartilage that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19092 FMA:13117 MA:0001846 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001102 bronchus principalis cartilage cartilage of bronchus principalis cartilage of primary bronchus cartilage of principal bronchus cartilaginous ring of main bronchus main bronchial cartilage main bronchus cartilage primary bronchus cartilage principal bronchus cartilage uberon EMAPA:19092 cartilaginous ring of main bronchus OBOL:automatic cartilage of primary bronchus A cartilage that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic primary bronchus cartilage OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis cartilage OBOL:automatic principal bronchus cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of principal bronchus diaphragm A musculomembranous partition separating the abdominal and thoraic cavities and functioning in respiration. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0000341 EFO:0000937 EHDAA2:0003495 EMAPA:17701 EV:0100376 FMA:13295 GAID:158 MA:0001904 MAT:0000502 MESH:A02.633.567.900.300 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVivz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181614006 The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. The existence of some membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the chordates. Thus amphioxus possesses an atrium by which water exits the pharynx, which has been argued (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in ascidians and hagfishes.[3] The urochordate epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon (Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution) The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001103 UMLS:C0011980 VHOG:0000713 diaphragm muscle midriff ncithesaurus:Diaphragm phren phrenic thoracic diaphragm uberon BTO:0000341 diaphragm muscle GO:0060539 The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. Wikipedia:Thoracid_diaphragm BTO:0000341 midriff definitional BTO:0000341 phren 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471384618 Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278 The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000713 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A musculomembranous partition separating the abdominal and thoraic cavities and functioning in respiration. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000713 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diaphragm Wikipedia:Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution anterior jugular vein FMA:13318 MA:0002155 SCTID:65478008 The anterior jugular vein begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region. It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower part of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the termination of the external jugular, or, in some instances, into the subclavian vein. It varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular; most frequently there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left; but sometimes only one. Its tributaries are some laryngeal veins, and occasionally a small thyroid vein. Just above the sternum the two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk, the venous jugular arch, which receive tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins; each also communicates with the internal jugular. There are no valves in this vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001104 UMLS:C0226545 anterior external jugular vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray558.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray558.png/200px-Gray558.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Jugular_Vein uberon vena jugularis anterior Wikipedia:Anterior_jugular_vein vena jugularis anterior FMA/obol The anterior jugular vein begins near the hyoid bone by the confluence of several superficial veins from the submaxillary region. It descends between the median line and the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, at the lower part of the neck, passes beneath that muscle to open into the termination of the external jugular, or, in some instances, into the subclavian vein. It varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular; most frequently there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left; but sometimes only one. Its tributaries are some laryngeal veins, and occasionally a small thyroid vein. Just above the sternum the two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk, the venous jugular arch, which receive tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins; each also communicates with the internal jugular. There are no valves in this vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_jugular_vein clavicle A paired dermal or endochondral bone that is part of the pectoral girdle. The clavicle may be in contact with the interclavicle or coracoid and forms an attachment site for pectoral musculature. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. AAO:0000761 EMAPA:18721 FMA:13321 GAID:182 In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001329 MESH:A02.835.232.087.227 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjijZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181910004 Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids.[AAO] Taxon notes: The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it is associated with the pectoral fin; they also have a bone called the cleithrum. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in cartilagenous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the teleosts[ISBN 0-03-910284-X] AO Notes: FMA and MA differ in whether they consider this part of the shoulder. Development notes: In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal.[ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4] UBERON:0001105 UMLS:C0008913 VHOG:0000849 VSAO:0005031 clavicle bone clavicula clavicular collar bone galen:Clavicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Clavicle relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.330-333 and Figure 9.18 In early tetrapods, the connecting skull bone, the posttemporal, and adjoining shoulder bones, supracleithrum and postcleithrum (=anocleithrum), are absent, leaving a dermal shoulder girdle composed of the remaining ventral elements: the paired cleithrum and clavicle, and an unpaired midventral interclavicle that joins both halves of the girdle across the midline. (...) Several dermal elements of the shoulder persist in early synapsids. The clavicle and interclavicle are present in therapsids and monotremes, but in marsupials and placentals, the interclavicle is absent, the clavicle often is reduced in size, and the scapula becomes the predominant shoulder element.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000849 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA A paired dermal or endochondral bone that is part of the pectoral girdle. The clavicle may be in contact with the interclavicle or coracoid and forms an attachment site for pectoral musculature. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Clavicle VSAO:0005031 clavicle bone ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 mah 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000761 relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] MA VSAO:0005031 clavicula ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4 from secondary cartilage of fusion 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000761 AAO:LAP Slender, paired bones of intramembranous origin that invest the anterior margins of the procoracoids.[AAO] FMA VSAO cephalic vein EMAPA:25075 FMA:13324 In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the 'House-man's Friend' for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002092 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTpbQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181391005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001106 UMLS:C0226802 cephalic vein of forearm galen:CephalicVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gray574.png ncithesaurus:Cephalic_Vein uberon vena cephalica vena cephalica antebrachii FMA:13324 FMA:TA vena cephalica antebrachii In human anatomy, the cephalic vein is a superficial vein of the upper limb. It is also called the antecubital vein. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. Superiorly the cephalic vein passes between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and through the deltopectoral triangle, where it empties into the axillary vein. It is often visible through the skin, and its location in the deltopectoral groove is fairly consistent, making this site a good candidate for cannulation. It is often referred to as the 'House-man's Friend' for this reason and is generally a good place for cannulaton when a large bore cannula needs to be sited. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cephalic_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol Wikipedia:Cephalic_vein vena cephalica sternohyoid muscle AO notes: Note that as defined here, this structure attaches to the sternum, which is a tetrapod structure. TAO has class 'sternohyoid' as part of mandibular muscle, but no sternum, so excluded here. The TAO/ZFA class has no definition, but the dictionary of icthyology states: "a large muscle originating on the ventral spine of the postcleithrum and inserting on the sides of the urohyal. It functions in rapid opening of the jaw and expanding the buccal cavity" - a generic way of grouping these is via a hyoid - girdle connection EMAPA:19271 FMA:13341 MA:0002383 SCTID:244830003 The sternohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the hyoid appratus and the sternum.[FEED] The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum, one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles serving to depress the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis. The muscle arises from the posterior border of the medial end of the clavicle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the upper and posterior part of the manubrium sterni. Passing upward and medially, it is inserted by short tendinous fibers into the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001107 UMLS:C0224162 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Sternohyoid_muscle.PNG musculus sternohyoideus ncithesaurus:Sternohyoid sternohyoid sternohyoidei sternohyoideus sternohyoideus muscle uberon dbpedia manubrium of sternum Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoid Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoidei dbpedia Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle musculus sternohyoideus dbpedia FMA The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum, one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles serving to depress the hyoid bone. It is innervated by the ansa cervicalis. The muscle arises from the posterior border of the medial end of the clavicle, the posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the upper and posterior part of the manubrium sterni. Passing upward and medially, it is inserted by short tendinous fibers into the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle dbpedia inferred Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoideus muscle Wikipedia:Sternohyoid_muscle sternohyoideus 2012-07-02 FEED The sternohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the hyoid appratus and the sternum.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org omohyoid muscle FMA:13342 MA:0002348 SCTID:244833001 The omohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the hyoid appratus and the scapula.[FEED] The omohyoid muscle is a muscle at the front of the neck that consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. It belongs to the group of infrahyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001108 UMLS:C0224163 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Gray1210.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray1210.png/200px-Gray1210.png interior and superior belly musculus omohyoideus ncithesaurus:Omohyoid omohyoid omohyoideus omohyoideus muscle uberon FMA dbpedia inferred 2012-07-02 FEED The omohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the hyoid appratus and the scapula.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org The omohyoid muscle is a muscle at the front of the neck that consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. It belongs to the group of infrahyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Omohyoid_muscle Wikipedia:Omohyoid_muscle omohyoideus dbpedia Wikipedia:Omohyoid_muscle musculus omohyoideus Wikipedia:Omohyoid_muscle omohyoideus muscle dbpedia sternothyroid muscle EMAPA:19272 FMA:13343 MA:0002386 SCTID:244831004 The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated. It arises from the posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, below the origin of the Sternohyoideus, and from the edge of the cartilage of the first rib, and sometimes that of the second rib, it is inserted into the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. This muscle is in close contact with its fellow at the lower part of the neck, but diverges somewhat as it ascends; it is occasionally traversed by a transverse or oblique tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. The sternothyroid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the sternum.[FEED] UBERON:0001109 UMLS:C0224166 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Sternothyroideus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sternothyroideus.png/200px-Sternothyroideus.png musculus sternothyroideus ncithesaurus:Sternothyroid sterno-thyroideus sternothyreoidei sternothyreoideus sternothyroid sternothyroideus uberon Wikipedia:Sternothyroid_muscle sternothyreoidei dbpedia 2012-07-02 FEED The sternothyroid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical plexus; it attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the sternum.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FMA Wikipedia:Sternothyroid_muscle musculus sternothyroideus dbpedia inferred Wikipedia:Sternothyroid_muscle sterno-thyroideus The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated. It arises from the posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, below the origin of the Sternohyoideus, and from the edge of the cartilage of the first rib, and sometimes that of the second rib, it is inserted into the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. This muscle is in close contact with its fellow at the lower part of the neck, but diverges somewhat as it ascends; it is occasionally traversed by a transverse or oblique tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternothyroid_muscle dbpedia dbpedia Wikipedia:Sternothyroid_muscle sternothyroideus Wikipedia:Sternothyroid_muscle sternothyreoideus thyrohyoid muscle EMAPA:19273 EMAPA:25143 FMA:13344 MA:0002393 SCTID:244832006 The thyrohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by C1 and Cranial Nerve XII ; it attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] The thyrohyoid muscle is a small, quadrilateral muscle appearing like an upward continuation of the Sternothyreoideus. It belongs to the infrahyoid muscles group. It arises from the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and is inserted into the lower border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001110 UMLS:C0224167 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Thyrohyoid_muscle.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thyrohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Thyrohyoid_muscle.PNG musculus thyrohyoideus ncithesaurus:Thyrohyoid thyreohyoideus thyreohyoideus muscle thyrohyoid thyrohyoideus uberon dbpedia first cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve dbpedia first cervical nerve via hypoglossal nerve 2012-07-02 FEED The thyrohyoid is a somitic muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by C1 and Cranial Nerve XII ; it attaches to the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FMA Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid_muscle thyreohyoideus Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid_muscle thyrohyoideus dbpedia The thyrohyoid muscle is a small, quadrilateral muscle appearing like an upward continuation of the Sternothyreoideus. It belongs to the infrahyoid muscles group. It arises from the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage, and is inserted into the lower border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid_muscle Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid_muscle thyrohyoid Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid_muscle musculus thyrohyoideus Wikipedia:Thyrohyoid_muscle thyreohyoideus muscle intercostal muscle BTO:0005281 EFO:0001368 EHDAA2:0000841 EHDAA:5988 FMA:13354 GAID:159 Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm.[well established][VHOG] Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002324 MESH:A02.633.567.900.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQo8QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181746004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001111 UMLS:C0021724 VHOG:0000903 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray411.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png intercostales ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Muscle uberon cjm dbpedia 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0262112789 Kent RD, The MIT Encyclopedia of Communication Disorders (20039 p.56 Inspiration by active expansion of the thorax evolved later, in the ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals. This was powered originally by the intercostal muscles (as in lizards or crocodilians) and later (in mammals only) by a muscular diaphragm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000903 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA dbpedia ribs 1-11 EHDAA2 dbpedia ribs 2-12 Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle latissimus dorsi muscle EFO:0003067 EHDAA2:0000932 EHDAA:8307 EMAPA:18178 FMA:13357 MA:0002331 SCTID:181747008 The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001112 UMLS:C0224362 VHOG:0000930 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png/200px-Latissimus_dorsi.png latissimus dorsi musculus latissimus dorsi musculus latissimus dorsi ncithesaurus:Musculus_Latissimus_Dorsi uberon dbpedia dbpedia floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus Wikipedia:Latissimus_dorsi_muscle musculus latissimus dorsi dbpedia spinous processes of thoracic T7-T12 thoracolumbar fascia iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs inferior angle of scapula The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Latissimus_dorsi_muscle dbpedia EHDAA2 EHDAA2 lobe of liver EMAPA:18306 FMA:13361 MA:0000360 SCTID:245378000 Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. UBERON:0001113 UMLS:C0447541 editor note: some work needs to be done to ensure the child terms of this class have correct isa/partof placement. in MA they are subclasses, in FMA they are parts hepatic lobe liver lobe lobus hepatis ncithesaurus:Liver_Lobe uberon Traditional gross anatomy divided the liver into four lobes based on surface features. The falciform ligament is visible on the front (anterior side) of the liver. This divides the liver into a left anatomical lobe, and a right anatomical lobe. Wikipedia:Liver#Lobes right lobe of liver 2nd lobe EHDAA2:0001008 EHDAA:4001 EMAPA:18311 FMA:13362 MA:0000363 Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's right side adjacent to the gall bladder.[TAO] SCTID:362182008 TAO:0005173 The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001114 UMLS:C0227481 VHOG:0001424 ZFA:0005173 gall bladder lobe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver right lobe lobus hepaticus dexter lobus hepatis dexter ncithesaurus:Right_Lobe_of_the_Liver right liver lobe second lobe uberon 2nd lobe TAO:0005173 Wikipedia:Right_lobe_of_liver lobus hepatis dexter 2012-08-14 Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's right side adjacent to the gall bladder.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005173 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005173 gall bladder lobe lobus hepaticus dexter ZFA:0005173 right liver lobe TAO:0005173 second lobe The right lobe is much larger than the left; the proportion between them being as six to one. It occupies the right hypochondrium, and is separated from the left lobe on its upper surface by the falciform ligament; on its under and posterior surfaces by the left sagittal fossa; and in front by the umbilical notch. It is of a somewhat quadrilateral form, its under and posterior surfaces being marked by three fossæ: the porta and the fossæ for the gall-bladder and inferior vena cava, which separate its left part into two smaller lobes; the quadrate and caudate lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_lobe_of_liver left lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001000 EHDAA:3995 EMAPA:18307 FMA:13363 MA:0000361 Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's left side.[TAO] SCTID:362183003 TAO:0005172 The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001115 UMLS:C0227486 VHOG:0001423 ZFA:0005172 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png left liver lobe liver left lobe lobus hepaticus sinister lobus hepatis sinister ncithesaurus:Left_Lobe_of_the_Liver uberon Wikipedia:Left_lobe_of_liver lobus hepatis sinister lobus hepaticus sinister 2012-08-14 Portion of the liver which develops on the fish's left side.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005172 ZFIN:curator The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface presents the gastric impression and omental tuberosity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_lobe_of_liver quadrate lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001012 EHDAA:8082 EMAPA:18318 FMA:13364 MA:0000365 SCTID:279929003 The portion of the right lobe of the liver between the gall bladder, the porta hepatis, the round ligament and the lower margin of the organ. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. It is oblong in shape, its antero-posterior diameter being greater than its transverse. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001116 VHOG:0000509 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver quadrate lobe lobus quadratus lobus quadratus ncithesaurus:Lobus_Quadratus uberon 2012-09-17 The portion of the right lobe of the liver between the gall bladder, the porta hepatis, the round ligament and the lower margin of the organ. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000509 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Quadrate_lobe_of_liver lobus quadratus The quadrate lobe is an area of the liver situated on the under surface of the right lobe, bounded in front by the anterior margin of the liver; behind by the porta hepatis; on the right, by the fossa for the gall-bladder; and on the left, by the fossa for the umbilical vein. It is oblong in shape, its antero-posterior diameter being greater than its transverse. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadrate_lobe_of_liver caudate lobe of liver EHDAA2:0001005 EHDAA:6990 EMAPA:18313 Editor/taxon notes: Check left vs right in mouse and human FMA:13365 MA:0000364 SCTID:362184009 The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (...) .[well established][VHOG] The portion of the right lobe of the liver between the fissure of the ligamentum venosum and the bare area of the liver. It ends into the superior recess of the lesser peritoneal sac. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001117 UMLS:C0227489 VHOG:0000508 couinaud hepatic segment i hepatovenous segment i http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png/200px-Gray1087-liver.png liver caudate lobe liver caudate process lobus caudatus ncithesaurus:Lobus_Caudatus pars posterior hepatis posterior hepatic segment i posterior liver posterior part of liver segment hepatis posterius I, lobus caudatus segment i of liver segmentum hepatis i spiegelian lobe spigel lobe uberon Wikipedia:Caudate_lobe_of_liver segment hepatis posterius I, lobus caudatus FMA:13365 FMA:TA pars posterior hepatis FMA 2012-09-17 The portion of the right lobe of the liver between the fissure of the ligamentum venosum and the bare area of the liver. It ends into the superior recess of the lesser peritoneal sac. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000508 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:13365 couinaud hepatic segment i FMA:13365 FMA:TA segmentum hepatis i The caudate lobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver, opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on the left side by the physiological division of the liver called the ligamentum venosum. It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus venosus. It looks backward, being nearly vertical in position; it is longer from above downward than from side to side, and is somewhat concave in the transverse direction. The caudate process is a small elevation of the hepatic substance extending obliquely and laterally, from the lower extremity of the caudate lobe to the under surface of the right lobe. It is situated behind the porta, and separates the fossa for the gall-bladder from the commencement of the fossa for the inferior vena cava. Budd-Chiari syndrome, caused by occlusion of hepatic venous outflow, can lead to hypertrophy of the caudate lobe due to its own caval anastomosis that allows for continued function of this lobe of the liver. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Caudate_lobe_of_liver MA 2012-09-17 PMID:1610084 Van Minh T, Galizia G, Lieto E, Anatomy of the caudate lobe of the liver. New aspects and surgical applications. (Article in French) Annales de chirurgie (1992) The caudate lobe is the only real and constant hepatic lobe of mammals (...) .[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000508 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lobe of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0002032 EMAPA:18196 EMAPA:18830 FMA:13367 MA:0000131 SCTID:245537001 The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001118 UMLS:C0447647 VHOG:0000732 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png lobuli glandulae thyroideae lobus (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Lobe thyroid gland lobe thyroid lobe uberon FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Lobes_of_thyroid_gland lobuli glandulae thyroideae The lobes of the thyroid gland are conical in shape, the apex of each being directed upward and lateralward as far as the junction of the middle with the lower third of the thyroid cartilage; the base looks downward, and is on a level with the fifth or sixth tracheal ring. Each lobe is about 5 cm. long; its greatest width is about 3 cm. , and its thickness about 2 cm. The lateral or superficial surface is convex, and covered by the skin, the superficial and deep fasciæ, the Sternocleidomastoideus, the superior belly of the Omohyoideus, the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, and beneath the last muscle by the pretracheal layer of the deep fascia, which forms a capsule for the gland. The deep or medial surface is moulded over the underlying structures, viz. , the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, the trachea, the Constrictor pharyngis inferior and posterior part of the Cricothyreoideus, the esophagus (particularly on the left side of the neck), the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the recurrent nerves. The anterior border is thin, and inclines obliquely from above downward toward the middle line of the neck, while the posterior border is thick and overlaps the common carotid artery, and, as a rule, the parathyroids. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lobes_of_thyroid_gland 2012-09-17 Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000732 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm right lobe of thyroid gland A lobe of thyroid gland that is in the right side of a thyroid gland. EHDAA2:0001759 EMAPA:18198 FMA:13368 MA:0000729 SCTID:170482008 Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001119 UMLS:C0229581 VHOG:0000733 lobus dexter (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Right_Thyroid_Gland_Lobe right thyroid lobe thyroid gland right lobe uberon 2012-09-17 Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000733 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm A lobe of thyroid gland that is in the right side of a thyroid gland. OBOL:automatic left lobe of thyroid gland A lobe of thyroid gland that is in the left side of a thyroid gland. EHDAA2:0000965 EMAPA:18197 FMA:13369 MA:0000728 SCTID:170784008 Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001120 UMLS:C0229582 VHOG:0000734 left thyroid lobe lobus sinister (glandula thyroidea) ncithesaurus:Left_Thyroid_Gland_Lobe thyroid gland left lobe uberon A lobe of thyroid gland that is in the left side of a thyroid gland. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Thus, a thyroid capable of forming iodotyrosines and iodothyronines is present in all vertebrates. (...) Certain morphologic changes occur after the biochemical evolution of the thyroid has ceased. In the adult lamprey and in most bony fishes, the gland is not encapsulated. (...) In cartilaginous fish, the thyroid is encapsulated. In the higher vertebrate forms, the thyroid is a one- or two-lobed encapsulated structure.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000734 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://www.thyroidmanager.org/Chapter1/chapter01.htm longus colli muscle FMA:13370 MA:0002341 SCTID:244836009 The Longus colli muscle is a muscle of the human body. The Longus colli is situated on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra. It is broad in the middle, narrow and pointed at either end, and consists of three portions, a superior oblique, an inferior oblique, and a vertical. The superior oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebræ and, ascending obliquely with a medial inclination, is inserted by a narrow tendon into the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas. The inferior oblique portion, the smallest part of the muscle, arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebræ; and, ascending obliquely in a lateral direction, is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ. The vertical portion arises, below, from the front of the bodies of the upper three thoracic and lower three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted into the front of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebræ. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001121 UMLS:C0224169 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Longus_colli.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Longus_colli.png/200px-Longus_colli.png longi colli longus colli longus colli muscle musculus longus colli ncithesaurus:Longus_Colli uberon Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle musculus longus colli FMA-modified MA:0002341 longus colli The Longus colli muscle is a muscle of the human body. The Longus colli is situated on the anterior surface of the vertebral column, between the atlas and the third thoracic vertebra. It is broad in the middle, narrow and pointed at either end, and consists of three portions, a superior oblique, an inferior oblique, and a vertical. The superior oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebræ and, ascending obliquely with a medial inclination, is inserted by a narrow tendon into the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas. The inferior oblique portion, the smallest part of the muscle, arises from the front of the bodies of the first two or three thoracic vertebræ; and, ascending obliquely in a lateral direction, is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ. The vertical portion arises, below, from the front of the bodies of the upper three thoracic and lower three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted into the front of the bodies of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebræ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle longus colli muscle Transverse processes of C-5 to T-3 dbpedia Wikipedia:Longus_colli_muscle longi colli dbpedia scalenus medius FMA:13386 MA:0002370 SCTID:244844009 The Scalenus medius, the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles, arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ. It descendes along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first rib, between the tubercle and the subclavian groove. The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass anterior to it. Because it elevates the upper ribs, the middle scalene muscle is also one of the accessory muscles of respiration. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001122 UMLS:C0224174 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Scalenus_medius.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Scalenus_medius.png/200px-Scalenus_medius.png medial scalene muscle middle scalene musculus scalenus medius musculus scalenus medius ncithesaurus:Scalenus_Medius scalenus medius muscle uberon FMA:13386 FMA:TA musculus scalenus medius dbpedia Wikipedia:Scalenus_medius musculus scalenus medius Ventral rami of the third to eighth cervical spinal nerves dbpedia The Scalenus medius, the largest and longest of the three scalene muscles, arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebræ. It descendes along the side of the vertebral column to insert by a broad attachment into the upper surface of the first rib, between the tubercle and the subclavian groove. The brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass anterior to it. Because it elevates the upper ribs, the middle scalene muscle is also one of the accessory muscles of respiration. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalenus_medius dbpedia scalenus posterior FMA:13387 MA:0002369 The Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus), the smallest and most deeply seated of the three Scaleni, arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind the attachment of the Serratus anterior. It is occasionally blended with the Scalenus medius. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001123 UMLS:C1710019 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Scalenus_posterior.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Scalenus_posterior.png/200px-Scalenus_posterior.png musculus scalenus posterior musculus scalenus posterior ncithesaurus:Scalenus_Dorsalis posterior scalene posterior scalene muscle scalenus dorsalis scalenus dorsalis muscle uberon Wikipedia:Scalenus_posterior musculus scalenus posterior The Scalenus posterior (Scalenus posticus), the smallest and most deeply seated of the three Scaleni, arises, by two or three separate tendons, from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower two or three cervical vertebræ, and is inserted by a thin tendon into the outer surface of the second rib, behind the attachment of the Serratus anterior. It is occasionally blended with the Scalenus medius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scalenus_posterior FMA:13387 FMA:TA musculus scalenus posterior dbpedia transverse processes of C4 - C6 pectoral limb scapula AAO:0000751 Alternate definition: A scapula that is connected to a pectoral limb. Taxon notes: present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals. Development notes: chick scapula is of dual origin and segmentally organized[ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4] BTO:0001218 EFO:0001400 EMAPA:18722 FMA:13394 GAID:186 In human anatomy, the scapula, omo (Medical Latin), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001330 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVji0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral.[AAO] SCTID:302517007 UBERON:0001124 UMLS:C0036277 VHOG:0001398 galen:Scapula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pectoral_girdles-en.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdles-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Scapula relationship loss: has pars glenoidalis of scapula (AAO:0000753)[AAO] relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] shoulder blade tetrapod scapula uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000751 AAO:LAP Paired bony elements of endochondral origin. They are situated at the level of the jaw articulation, in a vertical position, with the suprascapular margin being dorsal and the glenoid end being ventral.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000751 relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] definitional FMA In human anatomy, the scapula, omo (Medical Latin), or shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). The scapula forms the posterior (back) located part of the shoulder girdle. In humans, it is a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape, placed on a posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scapula 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000751 relationship loss: has pars glenoidalis of scapula (AAO:0000753)[AAO] serratus anterior Boxer's muscle EHDAA2:0001832 EHDAA:9463 EMAPA:18525 FMA:13397 MA:0002378 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWn_D5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181748003 The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001125 UMLS:C1710059 VHOG:0000679 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Serratus_anterior.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serratus_anterior.png/200px-Serratus_anterior.png musculus serratus anterior, serratus lateralis ncithesaurus:Serratus_Ventralis serratus anterior muscle serratus ventralis uberon The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior_muscle dbpedia long thoracic nerve Wikipedia:Serratus_anterior_muscle musculus serratus anterior, serratus lateralis EHDAA2 dbpedia fleshy slips from the outer surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs costal aspect of medial margin of the scapula dbpedia dbpedia serratus posterior superior muscle FMA:13401 MA:0002377 SCTID:244935007 The Serratus posterior superior is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, situated at the upper and back part of the thorax. It arises by a thin and broad aponeurosis from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and upper two or three thoracic vertebræ and from the supraspinal ligament. Inclining downward and lateralward it becomes muscular, and is inserted, by four fleshy digitations, into the upper borders of the second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, a little beyond their angles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001126 UMLS:C1710058 ncithesaurus:Serratus_Dorsalis_Cranialis serratus dorsalis cranialis serratus dorsalis cranialis muscle serratus posterior superior superior serratus posterior uberon 2 thru 5 in human dbpedia C7 thru T3 in human dbpedia dbpedia rib 2 thru 5 in human FMA:13401 serratus posterior superior FMA MA:0002377 serratus dorsalis cranialis The Serratus posterior superior is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, situated at the upper and back part of the thorax. It arises by a thin and broad aponeurosis from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchae, from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical and upper two or three thoracic vertebræ and from the supraspinal ligament. Inclining downward and lateralward it becomes muscular, and is inserted, by four fleshy digitations, into the upper borders of the second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs, a little beyond their angles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_posterior_superior_muscle serratus posterior inferior muscle FMA:13402 MA:0002376 SCTID:244936008 The Serratus posterior inferior muscle (or posterior serratus) is a muscle of the human body. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001127 UMLS:C1711277 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Serratus_posterior.PNG/200px-Serratus_posterior.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Serratus_posterior.PNG/250px-Serratus_posterior.PNG inferior serratus posterior ncithesaurus:Serratus_Dorsalis_Caudalis serratus dorsalis caudalis serratus posterior inferior serratus posterior inferior uberon dbpedia inferior border of 9th thru 12th in humans T9 through T12 in human dbpedia MA:0002376 serratus posterior inferior The Serratus posterior inferior muscle (or posterior serratus) is a muscle of the human body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Serratus_posterior_inferior_muscle FMA T11 through L2 in human dbpedia FMA:13402 serratus posterior inferior sternocleidomastoid BTO:0005125 EMAPA:25137 Editor notes: TODO: sternocleidomastoid = sternomastoid + Cleidomastoideus. Origin: from manubrium sterni (sterno) and clavicle (cleido) and it's insertion at the mastoid process of the temporal bone. FMA:13407 MA:0002384 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2bMg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCM SCTID:181741009 The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001128 UMLS:C0224153 VHOG:0000853 a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. [WP,unvetted]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Gray512.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray512.png/200px-Gray512.png musculus sternocleidomastoideus ncithesaurus:Sternocleidomastoid_Muscle sterno-cleido-mastoid sterno-mastoid sterno-mastoid sternocleidomastoid sternocleidomastoid muscle sternocleidomastoid muscles sternocleidomastoidei sternocleidomastoideus sternocleidomastoideus muscle sternocleidomastoids sternomastoid sternomastoid sternomastoid muscle sternomastoid muscle supraclavicularis muscle uberon SCM Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternomastoid Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternocleidomastoid dbpedia sensory: cervical plexus Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternocleidomastoidei Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sterno-cleido-mastoid BTO:0005125 sternocleidomastoid muscle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345 The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000853 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle supraclavicularis muscle Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternocleidomastoideus muscle Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternocleidomastoid muscles Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternocleidomastoids Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternocleidomastoideus Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sternomastoid muscle Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle musculus sternocleidomastoideus Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle sterno-mastoid dbpedia manubrium sterni medial portion of the clavicle Wikipedia:Sternocleidomastoid_muscle a paired muscle in the superficial layers of the anterior portion of the neck. It acts to flex and rotate the head. It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mastoid_process dbpedia manubrium sterni medial portion of the clavicle subscapularis muscle EHDAA2:0001943 EHDAA:8317 EMAPA:18181 FMA:13413 MA:0002388 OpenCyc:Mx4rviCRIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277446000 The subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001129 UMLS:C0584884 VHOG:0000850 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray411.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png musculus subscapularis ncithesaurus:Subscapularis subcoracoscapularis subscapularis uberon ISBN10:0073040584 subcoracoscapularis MA:0002388 subscapularis The subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subscapularis_muscle Wikipedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Subscapularis_muscle musculus subscapularis dbpedia lesser tubercle of humerus vertebral column AAO:0000699 AAO:0000734 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the vertebra in the body.[VSAO] BTO:0000818 EFO:0001369 EHDA:10119 EMAPA:16666 Editor notes: Note that in contrast to VSAO, this is a subset of the skeletal system, and thus includes intervertebral joints, cartilage and ligaments etc. Some ontologies such as AAO seem to purely refer to the skeleton FMA:13478 GAID:106 MA:0002416 MESH:A02.835.232.834 NIF_Subcellular:sao1145756102 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2j-CpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rv6GF55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkFEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:44300000 Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body. TAO:0001559 The vertebral column consists of a series of vertebrae connected by ligaments. It provides a supporting axis for the body and protects the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001130 UMLS:C0037949 UMLS:C1519455 VHOG:0001142 VSAO:0000185 Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003074 ZFA:0001559 backbone columna vertebralis galen:SpinalColumn ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Column ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Column spinal column spine uberon vertebral column skeleton vertebral region FMA:13478 spine MESH:A02.835.232.834 spinal column FMA:13478 backbone Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Vertebral_column https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3530322&group_id=76834&atid=2257941 cjm 2012-09-17 The vertebral column consists of a series of vertebrae connected by ligaments. It provides a supporting axis for the body and protects the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001142 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vertebral+column FMA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 VHOG VHOG:0001142 Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. First, vertebrates have a backbone composed of vertebrae (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ AAO:0000699 vertebral column skeleton BTO:0000818 columna vertebralis 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the vertebra in the body.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000185 VSAO:curator vertebral foramen AAO:0000729 FMA:13479 In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at cervical vertebrae #1 and continues inferior to lumbar vertebrae #5. Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001454 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_EvQZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal.[AAO] SCTID:280734009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001131 foramen vertebrale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Foramenvertebrale.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Foramenvertebrale.png/200px-Foramenvertebrale.png uberon vertebra neural canal 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000729 AAO:LAP Opening on the vertebra for a spinal nerve as it emerges from the spinal canal.[AAO] In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment, and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at cervical vertebrae #1 and continues inferior to lumbar vertebrae #5. Within this foramen the spinal cord and associated meninges are housed. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_foramen Wikipedia:Vertebral_foramen foramen vertebrale parathyroid gland AAO:0010545 Any one of several small structures, usually four, attached to the dorsal surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0000997 Development notes: table 13.1 of Kardong is used to create the taxon-specific developmental relationships here, although some omissions are made for simplicity. Additional notes: Parathyroid glands are found in all adult tetrapods, although they vary in their number, and in their exact position. Mammals typically have four parathyroids, while other groups typically have six. Fish do not possess parathyroid glands, although the ultimobranchial glands, which are found close to the oesophagus, may have a similar function and could even be homologous with the tetrapod parathyroids. Even these glands are absent in the most primitive vertebrates, the jawless fish, but as these species have no bone in their skeletons, only cartilage, it may be that they have less need to regulate calcium metabolism. The conserved homology of genes and calcium-sensing receptors in fish gills with those in the parathryroid glands of birds and mammals is recognized by evolutionary developmental biology as evolution-using genes and gene networks in novel ways to generate new structures with some similar functions and novel functions[WP]. The parathryoid gland is not formed in fish, but is only found in tetrapods. In humans and chick it emerges from pouches 3 and 4, but in mice it is exclusively generated by the third pouch[PMID:16313389] EFO:0000862 EV:0100134 Either of the two pairs of small, spherical, encapsulated glands which develop from ventral growths of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches and are closely associated with the external jugular veins. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are secreted by these glands.[AAO] FMA:13890 GAID:452 MA:0000128 MAT:0000082 MESH:A06.407.560 MIAA:0000082 SCTID:181121007 The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect.[well established][VHOG] The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. UBERON:0001132 UMLS:C0030518 VHOG:0001188 XAO:0000167 ncithesaurus:Parathyroid_Gland parathyroid parathyroid secreting cell uberon 2012-09-17 Any one of several small structures, usually four, attached to the dorsal surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001188 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/parathyroid+gland The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone[GO]. Parathyroid glands control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones[WP]. Wikipedia:Parathyroid_gland 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010545 AAO:BJB Either of the two pairs of small, spherical, encapsulated glands which develop from ventral growths of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches and are closely associated with the external jugular veins. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone are secreted by these glands.[AAO] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) The evolution of the tetrapods, and the shift from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, was believed to have required new controls for regulating calcium homeostasis, and thus the evolution of parathyroid glands (...) both the tetrapod parathyroid and the gills of fish contribute to the regulation of extracellular calcium levels. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that the parathyroid gland evolved as a result of the transformation of the gills into the parathyroid glands of tetrapods and the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. This interpretation would also explain the positioning of the parathyroid gland within the pharynx in the tetrapod body. Were the parathyroid gland to have emerged de novo with the evolution of the tetrapods it could, as an endocrine organ, have been placed anywhere in the body and still exert its effect.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001188 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cardiac muscle tissue AAO:0010245 AEO:0000142 BILA:0000134 BTO:0000199 EHDAA2:0003142 FMA:14068 Muscle composed of cardiac muscle cells that is part of the heart[ZFA]. involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium[Wikipedia]. Tissue which consists of cardiac myocytes surrounded by cardiac endomysium. Examples: Cardiac muscle tissue proper, conducting tissue of heart[FMA]. TAO:0005280 UBERON:0001133 UBERON:0007096 ZFA:0005280 cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis cardiac musculature check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium'. Check ncit galen:CardiacMuscle galen:CardiacMuscleTissue heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis ncithesaurus:Heart_Muscle textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium uberon OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis FMA:14068 Muscle composed of cardiac muscle cells that is part of the heart[ZFA]. involuntary striated muscle found in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium[Wikipedia]. Tissue which consists of cardiac myocytes surrounded by cardiac endomysium. Examples: Cardiac muscle tissue proper, conducting tissue of heart[FMA]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium BILA:0000134 cardiac musculature OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue ZFA OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis skeletal muscle tissue AAO:0011099 BTO:0001103 EFO:0000888 EHDAA2:0001842 EHDAA:2923 EHDAA:5035 EHDAA:5043 EHDAA:5978 EHDAA:5984 EHDAA:8277 EHDAA:8291 EHDAA:8326 EHDAA:9146 EV:0100377 FMA:14069 GAID:141 MA:0002439 MAT:0000302 MESH:A02.633.567 MIAA:0000302 Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:426215008 TAO:0005277 TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Todo - group FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle. This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]. Striated muscle tissue under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers. These fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts. The myofibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils repeated as a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the cell and responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and forming the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction. The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue[WP]. UBERON:0001134 UMLS:C0242692 VHOG:0000319 XAO:0000174 ZFA:0005277 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Skeletal_muscle.jpg ncithesaurus:Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue skeletal muscle skeletal muscle organ skeletal muscle system somatic muscle uberon BTO:0001103 skeletal muscle system BTO:0001103 somatic muscle Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA]. Striated muscle tissue under control of the somatic nervous system. It is one of three major muscle types, the others being cardiac and smooth muscle. As its name suggests, most skeletal muscle is attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons. Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers. These fibers are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts. The myofibers are long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin myofibrils repeated as a sarcomere, the basic functional unit of the cell and responsible for skeletal muscle's striated appearance and forming the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction. The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue[WP]. Wikipedia:Skeletal_striated_muscle 2012-08-14 Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005277 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 PMID:10368962 Oota S, Saitou N, Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. Mol Biol Evol (1999) This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000319 http://bgee.unil.ch/ smooth muscle tissue (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an “acoel-like” smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] A non-striated muscle that is composed of spindle-shaped cells. Smooth muscle usually is organized into sheets that line cavitated organs.[TAO] AAO:0010244 AEO:0000141 BTO:0001260 EFO:0000889 EHDAA2:0003141 EV:0100378 FBbt:00003525 FMA:14070 GAID:167 Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers.[AAO] MA:0000166 MAT:0000303 MESH:A02.633.570 MIAA:0000303 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvSS3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. TAO:0005274 UBERON:0001135 UMLS:C1267092 VHOG:0001246 WBbt:0005781 XAO:0000175 ZFA:0005274 galen:SmoothMuscle galen:SmoothMuscleTissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Glatte_Muskelzellen.jpg involuntary muscle ncithesaurus:Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle smooth muscle terminological note: GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably. However visceral can also be used in the sense of the viscera. Many fly annotations to smooth muscle terms. If we want to be inclusive of insects have to have a general definition of tissue that includes cells. textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus textus muscularis nonstriatus uberon visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue visceral muscle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010244 AAO:CAM Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers.[AAO] 2012-08-14 A non-striated muscle that is composed of spindle-shaped cells. Smooth muscle usually is organized into sheets that line cavitated organs.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005274 ZFIN:curator (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an “acoel-like” smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011) VHOG VHOG:0001246 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. Tissue which consists of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Examples: Arrector muscle of hair, Muscularis mucosae. Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue visceral muscle tissue FMA:14070 FMA:TA textus muscularis nonstriatus Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus mesothelium AEO:0000111 BTO:0002422 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003111 EHDAA:2331 EHDAA:2349 EHDAA:295 EHDAA:6073 EHDAA:640 EHDAA:646 FMA:14074 MA:0000565 SCTID:361918002 Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001136 UMLS:C0086610 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mesothelium_peritoneal_wash_high_mag.jpg ncithesaurus:Mesothelium uberon FMA:14074 Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). Wikipedia:Mesothelium FMA-inferred dorsum BTO:0001713 EFO:0001405 FMA:14181 GAID:30 MESH:A01.176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkEU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:123961009 Taxon notes: In humans, called the back, a large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body The dorsal part of an animal, which in vertebrares includes the vertebral column. [cjm]. UBERON:0001137 UMLS:C0004600 back back of body proper dorsal dorsal part of organism galen:Back http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/432px-Gray-back.PNG/200px-432px-Gray-back.PNG ncithesaurus:Back uberon FMA:14181 back The dorsal part of an animal, which in vertebrares includes the vertebral column. [cjm]. UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Dorsum_(anatomy) FMA:14181 back of body proper superior mesenteric vein BTO:0002783 EHDAA2:0001951 EHDAA:5414 EMAPA:18643 FMA:14332 In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002179 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFjmM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278031001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001138 UMLS:C0226742 VHOG:0000552 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Mesenteric_Vein uberon upper mesenteric vein vena mesenterica superior Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_vein vena mesenterica superior BTO:0002783 upper mesenteric vein In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine. At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein. The SMV lies to the right of the similarly named artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_vein common iliac vein EMAPA:17874 FMA:14333 In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002143 OpenCyc:Mx4rv92CGZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181398004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001139 UMLS:C0226758 common iliac venous tree galen:CommonIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif/200px-Iliac_veins.gif ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Vein uberon vena iliaca communis In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins and together, in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebrae, form the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by common iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein Wikipedia:Common_iliac_vein vena iliaca communis FMA-abduced-lr renal vein AO notes: see also MA:0002591 'kidney venous blood vessel'. in EHDAA2, the renal vein is part of the kidney BTO:0002681 EHDAA2:0001602 EHDAA:8722 EMAPA:19223 EMAPA:28376 FMA:14334 GAID:544 MA:0002210 MESH:A07.231.908.752 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116358006 The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001140 UMLS:C0035092 galen:RenalVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Gray1122.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png kidney vein kidney venous blood vessel ncithesaurus:Renal_Vein renal venous tree uberon vein of kidney venae renales MA:0002591 kidney venous blood vessel OBOL:automatic kidney vein OBOL:automatic vein of kidney Wikipedia:Renal_vein venae renales The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_vein right renal vein FMA:14335 MA:0002212 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116357001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001141 UMLS:C0508000 ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Vein uberon left renal vein FMA:14336 MA:0002211 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvdUXKJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116356005 The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001142 UMLS:C0508001 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Vein uberon The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition 'multiple renal veins'. It also divides into 2 divisions upon entering the kidney: the anterior branch which receives blood from the anterior portion of the kidney and, the posterior branch which receives blood from the posterior portion. Often, each renal vein will have a branch that receives blood from the ureter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_renal_vein hepatic vein AAO:0010216 Definition derived from ZFA but general enough for other species. EMAPA:19221 FMA:14337 GAID:534 MA:0003015 MESH:A07.231.908.380 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5GivJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278191001 TAO:0000670 UBERON:0001143 UMLS:C0019155 Vein that carries blood away from the liver[ZFA]. XAO:0000387 ZFA:0000670 galen:HepaticVein hepatic veins http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Gray1121.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png liver vein ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Vein uberon vein of liver vena hepatica venae hepaticae Wikipedia:Hepatic_vein venae hepaticae OBOL:automatic vein of liver Vein that carries blood away from the liver[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Hepatic_vein ZFA:0000670 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3565355&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 OBOL:automatic liver vein hepatic veins Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein FMA-abduced-lr vena hepatica testicular vein BTO:0002678 Comment: todo - check testicular vs spermatic vein (MA:0002218) EMAPA:18647 FMA:14344 MA:0002218 MA:0002234 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1WIHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264496006 The testicular vein (or spermatic vein), the male gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding testis to the inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis: the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001144 UMLS:C0226718 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Gray590.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gray590.png/200px-Gray590.png male gonadal vein ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Vein spermatic vein testicle vein testicular venous tree uberon vein of testicle vena tesicularis vena testicularis dextra, vena testicularis sinistra, venae spermaticae Wikipedia:Testicular_vein spermatic vein Wikipedia:Testicular_vein testicular venous tree Wikipedia:Testicular_vein venae spermaticae OBOL:automatic testicle vein Wikipedia:Testicular_vein vena testicularis dextra, OBOL:automatic vein of testicle BTO:0002678 vena tesicularis Wikipedia:Testicular_vein male gonadal vein The testicular vein (or spermatic vein), the male gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding testis to the inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian vein, and is the venous counterpart of the testicular artery. It is a paired vein, with one supplying each testis: the right testicular vein generally joins the inferior vena cava; the left testicular vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. The veins emerge from the back of the testis, and receive tributaries from the epididymis; they unite and form a convoluted plexus, called the pampiniform plexus, which constitutes the greater mass of the spermatic cord; the vessels composing this plexus are very numerous, and ascend along the cord, in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring, they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins, which ascend on the Psoas major, behind the peritoneum, lying one on either side of the internal spermatic artery. These unite to form a single vein, which opens, on the right side, into the inferior vena cava (at an acute angle), on the left side into the left renal vein (at a right angle). The spermatic veins are provided with valves. The left spermatic vein passes behind the iliac colon and is thus exposed to pressure from the contents of that part of the bowel. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Testicular_vein https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3220553&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 Wikipedia:Testicular_vein vena testicularis sinistra, ovarian vein EMAPA:18644 FMA:14346 MA:0002186 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrST5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278193003 The ovarian vein, the female gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It a paired vein, with one supplying each ovary. The right ovarian vein travels through the suspensatory ligament of the ovary and generally joins the inferior vena cava. The left ovarian vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001145 UMLS:C0226720 female reproductive system gonad vein female reproductive system gonada vein gonad of female reproductive system vein gonada of female reproductive system vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ovarschaf.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ovarschaf.jpg/200px-Ovarschaf.jpg ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Vein ovary vein uberon vein of female reproductive system gonad vein of female reproductive system gonada vein of gonad of female reproductive system vein of gonada of female reproductive system vein of ovary vena ovarica sinistra, vena ovarica dextra OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada vein Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein vena ovarica sinistra, vena ovarica dextra OBOL:automatic ovary vein OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad vein The ovarian vein, the female gonadal vein, carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. It is the female equivalent of the testicular vein, and is the venous counterpart of the ovarian artery. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. It a paired vein, with one supplying each ovary. The right ovarian vein travels through the suspensatory ligament of the ovary and generally joins the inferior vena cava. The left ovarian vein, unlike the right, often joins the left renal vein instead of the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic vein of ovary suprarenal vein EHDAA2:0001966 EHDAA:8731 FMA:14348 MA:0002229 SCTID:278194009 The Suprarenal veins are two in number: the right ends in the inferior vena cava. the left ends in the left renal or left inferior phrenic vein. They receive blood from the adrenal glands and will sometimes form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001146 UMLS:C0226717 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray1122.png/200px-Gray1122.png ncithesaurus:Suprarenal_Vein uberon The Suprarenal veins are two in number: the right ends in the inferior vena cava. the left ends in the left renal or left inferior phrenic vein. They receive blood from the adrenal glands and will sometimes form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Suprarenal_vein trunk of peripheral nerve EMAPA:16986 FMA:14383 MA:0000229 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001147 peripheral nerve trunk peripheral neural trunk uberon median nerve EHDAA2:0001086 EHDAA:5648 EMAPA:17277 FMA:14385 GAID:843 MA:0001168 MESH:A08.800.800.720.050.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rwF4HF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181010001 The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery. It originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001148 UMLS:C0025058 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/200px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif ncithesaurus:Median_Nerve nervus medianus uberon Wikipedia:Median_nerve nervus medianus The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals. It is in the upper limb. It is one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus. The median nerve is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery. It originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The median nerve is the only nerve that passes through the carpal tunnel, where it may be compressed to cause carpal tunnel syndrome. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_nerve bare area of liver EMAPA:17945 EMAPA:18308 EMAPA:18312 FMA:14480 MA:0000359 SCTID:279965008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001149 area nuda (hepar) area nuda hepatis liver bare area uberon body of pancreas EHDAA2:0001368 EHDAA:9178 EMAPA:17504 EMAPA:18817 FMA:14518 Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000121 SCTID:362202004 The body of the pancreas is a subsection of the pancreas organ in the human body. It is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior. It is at the same level as the transpyloric plane. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001150 UMLS:C0227582 VHOG:0000451 corpus pancreatis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg ncithesaurus:Body_of_the_Pancreas pancreas body pancreas corpus pancreatic body uberon Wikipedia:Body_of_pancreas corpus pancreatis The body of the pancreas is a subsection of the pancreas organ in the human body. It is somewhat prismatic in shape, and has three surfaces: anterior, posterior, and inferior. It is at the same level as the transpyloric plane. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_pancreas 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007) Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000451 http://bgee.unil.ch/ tail of pancreas EHDAA2:0001390 EMAPA:17511 EMAPA:18824 FMA:14519 Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000123 SCTID:245382003 The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and islet enzyme release. PP cells are found in the tail's periphery. Beta cells and delta cells are found in the central part of the tail as with the rest of the pancreas. The cells described above are located exclusively in the islet cells; their secretions reach exocrine portions of the pancreas via the capillary network surrounding the islet cell populations. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001151 UMLS:C0227590 VHOG:0000452 cauda pancreatis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg/200px-Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg left extremity of pancreas ncithesaurus:Tail_of_the_Pancreas pancreas tail pancreatic tail uberon FMA FMA:14519 left extremity of pancreas Wikipedia:Tail_of_pancreas cauda pancreatis 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. Comptes Rendus Biologies (2007) Hagfish and lampreys may have one or more endocrine buds - and later the vertebrate pancreas develop as independent ventral and dorsal buds that eventually fuse to become one organ.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000452 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 The tail of the pancreas, located anatomically left near the hilum of the spleen, is not simply an anatomical distinction. The tail is the only part of the pancreas which contains Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) cells, which are responsible for secreting pancreatic polypeptide to coordinate exocrine and islet enzyme release. PP cells are found in the tail's periphery. Beta cells and delta cells are found in the central part of the tail as with the rest of the pancreas. The cells described above are located exclusively in the islet cells; their secretions reach exocrine portions of the pancreas via the capillary network surrounding the islet cell populations. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tail_of_pancreas FMA:14519 pancreatic tail cystic duct Duct that connects the gall bladder and the common bile duct.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000333 EHDAA:3045 EMAPA:16841 FMA:14539 GAID:290 MA:0000355 MESH:A03.159.183.419 OpenCyc:Mx4rveBeC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245398005 TAO:0005166 The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains a 'spiral valve', which does not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. [WP,unvetted]. The duct of the gallbladder which joins the common hepatic duct, thus forming the common biliary duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001152 UMLS:C0010672 VHOG:0000213 ZFA:0005166 ductus cysticus galen:CysticDuct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Cystic_Duct uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Cystic_duct ductus cysticus FMA FMA The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gall bladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains a 'spiral valve', which does not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cystic_duct 2012-09-17 The duct of the gallbladder which joins the common hepatic duct, thus forming the common biliary duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000213 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Duct that connects the gall bladder and the common bile duct.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005166 ZFIN:Curator caecum BTO:0000166 EFO:0000850 EHDAA2:0000206 EHDAA:3913 EV:0100397 FMA:14541 GAID:307 MA:0000334 MESH:A03.492.411.495.209 MIAA:0000288 OpenCyc:Mx4rve6u4JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. SCTID:181256004 Taxon notes: A cecum is present in most amniote species, and also in lungfish, but not in any living species of amphibian. In reptiles, it is usually a single median structure, arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine. Birds typically have two paired ceca, as, unlike other mammals, do hyraxes. Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose; in many species, it is considerably wider than the colon. In contrast, obligatory carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, which is often partially or wholly replaced by the vermiform appendix. Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric ceca, along their intestine; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes, and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium.[2] Some invertebrates, such as squid,[3] may also have structures with the same name, but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates.[WP] Kardong: in some herbivorous lizards, a cecum is present between small and large intestines UBERON:0001153 UMLS:C0007531 VHOG:0001559 blind intestine blindgut caeca caecal ceca cecum galen:Cecum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg.png intestinum caecum intestinum crassum caecum intestinum crassum cecum ncithesaurus:Cecum uberon BTO:0000166 blind intestine Wikipedia NCBITaxon:8782 ceca Wikipedia Pouch, connecting the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. Wikipedia:Cecum EHDAA2 BTO:0000166 blindgut FMA:14541 cecum BTO:0000166 intestinum caecum Wikipedia NCBITaxon:8782 caeca BTO:0000166 intestinum crassum cecum MA vermiform appendix A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000084 EFO:0000849 EHDAA2:0000588 EV:0100076 EV:0100080 FMA:14542 GAID:308 MA:0001540 MAT:0000287 MESH:A03.492.411.495.209.290 MIAA:0000287 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix. Examples: There is only one appendix[FMA:14542]. SCTID:181255000 UBERON:0001154 UMLS:C0003617 VHOG:0001306 a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically[WP]. apex of cecum appendiceal appendix appendix vermiformis appendix vermiformis caecal appendix cecal appendix galen:AppendixVermiformis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gray536.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gray536.png/200px-Gray536.png ncithesaurus:Vermiform_Appendix uberon vermix FMA:14542 Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cecum and distally terminates in the tip of the appendix. Examples: There is only one appendix[FMA:14542]. 2012-09-17 A comparative anatomical approach reveals three apparent morphotypes of the cecal appendix, as well as appendix-like structures in some species that lack a true cecal appendix. Cladistic analyses indicate that the appendix has evolved independently at least twice (at least once in diprotodont marsupials and at least once in Euarchontoglires), shows a highly significant (P < 0.0001) phylogenetic signal in its distribution, and has been maintained in mammalian evolution for 80 million years or longer.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Randal Bollinger R, Parker W, Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix. Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2009) VHOG VHOG:0001306 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA Wikipedia:Vermiform_appendix a blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically[WP]. FMA:14542 FMA:TA appendix vermiformis Wikipedia VHOG:0001306 apex of cecum Wikipedia:Vermiform_appendix appendix vermiformis FMA colon AAO:0010400 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0000269 EFO:0000361 EMAPA:18939 EV:0100079 FMA:14543 GAID:309 Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> MA:0000335 MAP:0000001 MAT:0000526 MESH:A03.492.411.495.356 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgLEM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302508007 TAO:0000706 TODO: abstract this such that it legitimately covers all vertebrates The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body.[AAO] The posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] UBERON:0001155 UMLS:C0009368 VHOG:0000648 XAO:0000243 ZFA:0000706 colonic galen:Colon hindgut large bowel ncithesaurus:Colon posterior intestine posterior intestine - zebrafish uberon 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000648 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000706 The posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] ZFIN:curator FMA Last portion of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP]. In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050120-6'>Wallace et al, 2005.</a> Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010400 The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body.[AAO] UBERON:0001155 3 cjm ascending colon BTO:0000270 EFO:0000843 FMA:14545 MA:0001541 MAT:0000311 MIAA:0000311 Note that in MA, this is a subclass of colon OpenCyc:Mx4rv3H0FZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ part which is continuous with the cecum proximally and the transverse colon distally.[FMA] SCTID:362162009 UBERON:0001156 UMLS:C0227375 colon ascendens galen:AscendingColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ascending_Colon spiral colon uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Ascending_colon colon ascendens Wikipedia:Spiral_colon spiral colon FMA:FMA Organ part which is continuous with the cecum proximally and the transverse colon distally.[FMA] Wikipedia:Ascending_colon FMA transverse colon BTO:0000272 EFO:0000844 FMA:14546 MA:0001543 MAT:0000312 MIAA:0000312 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg7qyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362163004 The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001157 UMLS:C0227386 colon transversum galen:TransverseColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Transverse_Colon uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Transverse_colon colon transversum The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right hypochondrium region across the abdomen, opposite the confines of the epigastric and umbilical zones, into the left hypochondrium region, where it curves sharply on itself beneath the lower end of the spleen, forming the splenic or left colic flexure. The right colic flexure is adjacent to the liver. In its course, it describes an arch, the concavity of which is directed backward and a little upward; toward its splenic end there is often an abrupt U-shaped curve which may descend lower than the main curve. It is almost completely invested by peritoneum, and is connected to the inferior border of the pancreas by a large and wide duplicature of that membrane, the transverse mesocolon. It is in relation, by its upper surface, with the liver and gall-bladder, the greater curvature of the stomach, and the lower end of the spleen; by its under surface, with the small intestine; by its anterior surface, with the anterior layers of the greater omentum and the abdominal parietes; its posterior surface is in relation from right to left with the descending portion of the duodenum, the head of the pancreas, and some of the convolutions of the jejunum and ileum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_colon FMA descending colon BTO:0000641 EFO:0000845 FMA:14547 MA:0001542 MAT:0000313 MIAA:0000313 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHsNhpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362165006 The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001158 UMLS:C0227389 colon descendens galen:DescendingColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Gray1223.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gray1223.png/200px-Gray1223.png ncithesaurus:Descending_Colon uberon FMA Wikipedia The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the lateral border of the left kidney. At the lower end of the kidney it turns medialward toward the lateral border of the psoas muscle, and then descends, in the angle between psoas and quadratus lumborum, to the crest of the ilium, where it ends in the sigmoid colon. The peritoneum covers its anterior surface and sides, and therefore the descending colon is described as retroperitoneal. (The transverse colon and sigmoid colon, which are immediately proximal and distal, are intraperitoneal). Its posterior surface is connected by areolar tissue with the lower and lateral part of the left kidney, the aponeurotic origin of the transversus abdominis, and the quadratus lumborum. It is smaller in caliber and more deeply placed than the ascending colon. It has a mesentery in 33% of people, and is therefore more frequently covered with peritoneum on its posterior surface than the ascending colon (which has a mesentery in 25% of people). However, it is less likely to undergo volvulus than the ascending colon. In front of it are some coils of small intestine. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Descending_colon Wikipedia:Descending_colon colon descendens sigmoid colon BTO:0000645 EFO:0000846 FMA:14548 MAT:0000314 MESH:A03.492.411.495.356.668 MIAA:0000314 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHX_-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362166007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001159 UMLS:C0227391 UMLS:C0682612 colon sigmoideum galen:SigmoidColon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg/200px-Dickdarm-Schema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Colon ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Flexure pelvic colon sigmoid colon sigmoid flexure the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. uberon Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon colon sigmoideum Wikipedia Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. FMA fundus of stomach Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0000502 EFO:0002554 EHDAA2:0001919 EHDAA:4844 FMA:14559 GAID:320 MA:0001612 MESH:A03.492.766.419 SCTID:362139007 The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong]. The greater curvature of the stomach. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001160 UMLS:C0017129 VHOG:0000421 fundus gastricus fundus gastricus (ventricularis) fundus gastricus ventricularis fundus ventricularis fundus ventriculi galen:GastricFundus gastric fundus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Fundus_of_the_Stomach stomach fundus uberon BTO:0000502 fundus ventriculi BTO:0000502 fundus ventricularis 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000421 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The greater curvature of the stomach. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000421 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000502 fundus gastricus ventricularis BTO:0000502 fundus gastricus GO:0014825 ISBN10:0073040584 The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong]. Wikipedia:Fundus_%28stomach%29 body of stomach BTO:0000505 FMA:14560 MA:0002559 Note that we include this as zone of stomach even though it is not distinguished by gland type SCTID:362140009 The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. UBERON:0001161 UMLS:C0227230 corpus gastricum corpus gastricum (ventriculare) corpus ventriculare corpus ventriculi galen:GastricCorpus gastric body gastric corpus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Body_of_Stomach stomach body uberon GO:0014845 The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined[GO]. Wikipedia:Body_of_stomach BTO:0000505 corpus ventriculare Wikipedia:Body_of_stomach corpus gastricum FMA BTO:0000505 corpus ventriculi BTO:0000505 corpus gastricum cardia of stomach BTO:0000198 Editor notes: We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands. Boundary notes: There were previously conflicting statements in the academic anatomy community[10][11][12] over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the esophagus or a distinct entity. Modern surgical and medical textbooks have agreed that "The gastric cardia is now clearly considered to be part of the stomach"[13][14]. Classical anatomy textbooks, and some other resources[15], describe the cardia as the first of 4 regions of the stomach. This makes sense histologically because the mucosa of the cardia is the same as that of the stomach[WP]. FMA:14561 GAID:319 MA:0001609 MESH:A03.492.766.163 SCTID:362138004 The part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] UBERON:0001162 UBERON:0004712 UMLS:C0007144 antrum cardiacum cardiac antrum cardiac orifice cardiac region cardial orifice cardial part of stomach gastric cardia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Illu_stomach.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Illu_stomach.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach.jpg ncithesaurus:Cardia pars cardiaca (gaster) pars cardiaca gastricae stomach cardiac region uberon MA:0001609 stomach cardiac region Wikipedia:Cardia antrum cardiacum Wikipedia:Cardia cardial orifice Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac orifice Wikipedia:Cardia antrum cardiacum BTO:0000198 The part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] Wikipedia:Cardia Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac region FMA:14561 FMA:TA pars cardiaca gastricae lesser curvature of stomach FMA:14572 MA:0001616 SCTID:362133008 The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001163 UMLS:C0227221 galen:LesserCurvatureOfStomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Lesser_Curvature stomach lesser curvature uberon FMA The lesser curvature of the stomach, extending between the cardiac and pyloric orifices, forms the right or posterior border of the stomach. It descends as a continuation of the right margin of the esophagus in front of the fibers of the right crus of the diaphragm, and then, turning to the right, it crosses the first lumbar vertebra and ends at the pylorus. Nearer its pyloric than its cardiac end is a well-marked notch, the incisura angularis, which varies somewhat in position with the state of distension of the viscus; it serves to separate the stomach into a right and a left portion. The lesser curvature gives attachment to the two layers of the hepatogastric ligament, and between these two layers are the left gastric artery and the right gastric branch of the hepatic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_curvature_of_stomach greater curvature of stomach FMA:14574 MA:0001615 SCTID:362134002 The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001164 UMLS:C0227223 galen:GreaterCurvatureOfStomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Greater_Curvature stomach greater curvature uberon The greater curvature of the stomach is directed mainly forward, and is four or five times as long as the lesser curvature. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Greater_curvature_of_stomach FMA pyloric antrum BTO:0001732 EFO:0002555 EMAPA:17891 EMAPA:18919 FMA:14579 GAID:332 MA:0001624 MESH:A03.492.766.716 Pyloric antrum (antrum, lesser cul-de-sac) is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach on the left side of the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach by a slight groove. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:362142001 UBERON:0001165 UMLS:C0034193 antrum antrum of Willis antrum of stomach antrum pylori antrum pyloricum galen:PyloricAntrum gastric antrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Antrum_Pylori stomach antrum stomach pyloric antrum uberon BTO:0001732 antrum pylori BTO:0001732 antrum of Willis BTO:0001732 gastric antrum Pyloric antrum (antrum, lesser cul-de-sac) is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is near the bottom of the stomach on the left side of the pyloric sphincter, which separates the stomach and the duodenum. It may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric sphincter; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach by a slight groove. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pyloric_antrum Wikipedia:Pyloric_antrum antrum pyloricum BTO:0001732 antrum pyloricum Wikipedia FMA pylorus Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0001146 EHDAA2:0001580 EHDAA:4860 EMAPA:17631 EMAPA:18915 Editor notes: We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by glands FMA:14581 GAID:333 MA:0002560 MESH:A03.492.766.799 SCTID:362143006 The orifice which allows the passage from the stomach into the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001166 UMLS:C0034196 VHOG:0000420 galen:Pylorus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1046.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1046.svg/200px-Gray1046.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pylorus pars pylorica pars pylorica gastricae pyloric pyloric part of stomach pyloric region stomach pyloric region uberon valvula pylori EHDAA2:0001580 stomach pyloric region 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000420 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Pylorus valvula pylori The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum. It is divided in two parts: the pyloric antrum, which connects to the body of the stomach. the pyloric canal, which connects to the duodenum. The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal and lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from celiac ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pylorus 2012-09-17 The orifice which allows the passage from the stomach into the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000420 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:14581 FMA:TA pars pylorica gastricae pars pylorica wall of stomach An anatomical wall that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14582 MA:0002692 SCTID:279995000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001167 anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus galen:WallOfStomach gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall uberon ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus An anatomical wall that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach wall of small intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14615 MA:0002696 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001168 UMLS:C1519375 anatomical wall of small bowel anatomical wall of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Wall_Tissue small bowel anatomical wall small bowel wall small intestinal wall small intestine anatomical wall small intestine wall uberon wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic wall of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic small bowel wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of small bowel An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic wall of large intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14619 MA:0002695 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001169 anatomical wall of large intestine large intestinal wall large intestine anatomical wall large intestine wall uberon OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine anatomical wall An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of small intestine FMA:14643 MA:0001555 SCTID:245456008 UBERON:0001170 mesentery (proper) mesentery proper small intestinal mesentery small intestine mesentery the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. uberon FMA:14643 mesentery proper Wikipedia:Mesentery mesentery (proper) OBOL:automatic small intestine mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28proper.29 the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. FMA FMA:14643 small intestinal mesentery portal lobule FMA:14653 MA:0002498 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001171 UMLS:C0682620 ncithesaurus:Portal_Lobule the triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. uberon MP:0008992 the triangular region on the periphery of the liver lobules that contain a bile duct and a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel. hepatic acinus FMA:14654 MA:0002496 SCTID:272214009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001172 UMLS:C0227519 liver acinus ncithesaurus:Liver_Acinus portal acinus uberon biliary tree AAO:0011020 FMA:14665 GAID:279 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts.[AAO] Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consists of the bile ducts[FMA]. MA:0001273 MESH:A03.159 SCTID:181267003 UBERON:0001173 UMLS:C0005423 XAO:0000455 biliary tract ncithesaurus:Biliary_Tract uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011020 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consist of the bile ducts.[AAO] UBERON:0001173 FMA:14665 Hollow tree organ, the organ parts of which consists of the bile ducts[FMA]. Wikipedia:Biliary_tract common bile duct Digestive system duct that collects bile from the hepatic bile duct and the cystic duct.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000303 EHDAA:3981 EMAPA:17201 FMA:14667 GAID:282 MA:0001631 MESH:A03.159.183.079.300 SCTID:362199009 TAO:0005165 The duct formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] UBERON:0001174 UMLS:C0009437 VHOG:0000214 ZFA:0005165 a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. ductus choledochus ductus choledochus (biliaris) galen:CommonBileDuct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Common_Bile_Duct uberon Wikipedia:Common_bile_duct a tube-like anatomic structure in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. 2012-09-17 The duct formed by the union of the common hepatic and cystic ducts. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000214 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Common_bile_duct ductus choledochus 2012-08-14 Digestive system duct that collects bile from the hepatic bile duct and the cystic duct.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005165 ZFIN:Curator common hepatic duct EMAPA:19101 FMA:14668 GAID:286 MA:0002660 MESH:A03.159.183.079.600 Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. SCTID:245403006 TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same. Common is part of extra-hepatic part The duct which conveys the bile from the liver and unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001175 UMLS:C0019149 VHOG:0000220 ductus hepaticus communis hepatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg/200px-Illu_liver_gallbladder.jpg ncithesaurus:Common_Hepatic_Duct uberon MA definitional Predominantly extrahepatic bile duct which is formed by the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts, which are predominantly intrahepatic, and, in turn, joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct[GAID]. The common hepatic duct is the duct formed by the convergence of the right hepatic duct (which drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver). The common hepatic duct then joins the cystic duct coming from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_duct ZFIN:curator FMA Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_duct ductus hepaticus communis Wikipedia Wikipedia 2012-09-17 The duct which conveys the bile from the liver and unites with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000220 http://bgee.unil.ch/ right hepatic duct EHDAA2:0001727 EHDAA:3992 EMAPA:18305 EMAPA:19100 FMA:14669 MA:0001639 SCTID:245401008 The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. The duct which drains bile from the right half of the liver and unites with the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001176 UMLS:C0227557 VHOG:0000217 ductus hepaticus dexter ncithesaurus:Right_Hepatic_Duct uberon The duct that drains bile from the right half of the liver and joins the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26034 2012-09-17 The duct which drains bile from the right half of the liver and unites with the left hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000217 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ductus hepaticus dexter left hepatic duct EHDAA2:0000941 EHDAA:3990 EMAPA:18304 EMAPA:19099 FMA:14670 MA:0001638 SCTID:245400009 The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. The duct which drains bile from the left half of the liver and unites with the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] UBERON:0001177 UMLS:C0227560 VHOG:0000218 ductus hepaticus sinister ncithesaurus:Left_Hepatic_Duct uberon The duct that drains bile from the left half of the liver and joins the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26035 2012-09-17 The duct which drains bile from the left half of the liver and unites with the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic duct. [adapted_from_http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26032][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000218 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ductus hepaticus sinister visceral peritoneum FMA:14703 SCTID:362702003 TAO:0005132 The peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001178 VHOG:0001528 ZFA:0005132 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png uberon The peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs. Wikipedia:Visceral_peritoneum ZFIN:curator peritoneal cavity BTO:0001782 Cavity of serous sac surrounded by the peritoneum.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001446 EMAPA:18452 EMAPA:18454 EMAPA:18461 FMA:14704 GAID:24 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000054 MESH:A01.047.025.600.678 SCTID:181616008 The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001179 UMLS:C1704247 VHOG:0000852 cavitas peritonealis cavitas peritonealis; saccus serosus peritonei ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Cavity uberon BTO:0001782 cavitas peritonealis Cavity of serous sac surrounded by the peritoneum.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000852 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000852 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/peritoneal+cavity Wikipedia Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity cavitas peritonealis; saccus serosus peritonei superior recess of lesser sac AO notes: classified as a cavity in EHDAA2, organ segment in FMA. We hedge and use a union EHDAA2:0001958 EHDAA:2343 EMAPA:18049 FMA:14708 MA:0000447 SCTID:263190002 UBERON:0001180 UBERON:0006299 omental bursa superior recess recessus superior bursae omentalis recessus superior omentalis superior omental bursa superior recess superior recess of omental bursa uberon FMA:14708 superior recess of omental bursa EHDAA2:0001958 superior recess MA:0000447 omental bursa superior recess FMA:14708 superior omental bursa EHDAA2 FMA:14708 recessus superior omentalis FMA:14708 FMA:TA recessus superior bursae omentalis EMAPA FMA:TA recessus superior bursae omentalis inferior recess of lesser sac EHDAA2:0000825 EHDAA:6083 EMAPA:18048 FMA:14709 MA:0000446 SCTID:263261002 UBERON:0001181 UBERON:0006249 inferior omental bursa inferior recess inferior recess of omental bursa omental bursa inferior recess recessus inferior bursae omentalis recessus inferior omentalis uberon FMA:14709 inferior recess of omental bursa MA:0000446 omental bursa inferior recess FMA:14709 inferior omental bursa FMA:14709 FMA:TA recessus inferior bursae omentalis FMA:TA recessus inferior bursae omentalis FMA:14709 recessus inferior omentalis EHDAA2:0000825 inferior recess superior mesenteric artery BTO:0002303 EHDAA2:0001949 EHDAA:3358 EHDAA:5313 EMAPA:18619 FMA:14749 GAID:502 In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002005 MESH:A07.231.114.565.755 OpenCyc:Mx4rwE5KipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362048004 UBERON:0001182 UMLS:C0162861 VHOG:0000754 arteria mesenterica superior galen:SuperiorMesentericArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Superior_mesenteric_a.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gray1099.png/200px-Gray1099.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Mesenteric_Artery superior mesenteric arterial tree uberon In human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum through two-thirds of the transverse colon, as well as the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_artery MA BTO:0002303 arteria mesenterica superior Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_artery arteria mesenterica superior inferior mesenteric artery BTO:0002302 EHDAA2:0000817 EHDAA:4345 EMAPA:18618 FMA:14750 GAID:501 IMA In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002004 MESH:A07.231.114.565.510 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-t-S5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181341006 UBERON:0001183 UMLS:C0162860 VHOG:0001116 arteria mesenterica inferior galen:InferiorMesentericArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Gray538.png inferior mesenteric arterial tree ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_artery arteria mesenterica inferior BTO:0002302 arteria mesenterica inferior IMA In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_artery MA renal artery AAO:0010223 Artery which supplies blood via branches to the gonads, oviducts, and kidneys.[AAO] BTO:0001165 EFO:0002552 EHDAA2:0004100 EHDAA:5321 EHDAA:8594 EMAPA:17862 EMAPA:28373 Editor notes: renal arteries vary widely even in humans. Sub-structures should be checked for taxon variability. FMA:14751 GAID:507 MA:0002035 MESH:A07.231.114.745 One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates. OpenCyc:Mx4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001600 SCTID:181339005 TAO:0000420 The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] UBERON:0001184 UMLS:C0035065 ZFA:0000420 arteria renalis galen:RenalArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png ncithesaurus:Renal_Artery renal arterial tree renal arteries uberon The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta. The renal arteries carry a large portion of total blood flow to the kidneys. Up to a third of total cardiac output can pass through the renal arteries to be filtered by the kidneys. The arterial supply of the kidneys is variable and there may be one or more renal arteries supplying each kidney. It is located above the renal vein. It has a radius of approximately 0.25cm, 0.26 cm at the root. The measured mean diameter can differ depending on the imaging method used. For example, the diameter was found to be 5.04 ± 0.74 mm using ultrasound, but 5.68 ± 1.19 mm using angiography. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Renal_artery ISBN10:0073040584 One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the kidneys. These are large arteries that branch from the dorsal aorta in primitive vertebrates. Wikipedia:Renal_artery Wikipedia:Renal_artery arteria renalis renal arteries Wikipedia dorsal aorta in Kardong 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010223 AAO:BJB Artery which supplies blood via branches to the gonads, oviducts, and kidneys.[AAO] right renal artery FMA:14752 MA:0002037 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8I0KgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Renal artery that supplies the right kidney SCTID:36800007 The right [renal artery] passes behind the inferior vena cava, the right renal vein, the head of the pancreas, and the descending part of the duodenum[WP] UBERON:0001185 UMLS:C0226332 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png ncithesaurus:Right_Renal_Artery right renal arterial tree uberon Renal artery that supplies the right kidney UBERON:cjm left renal artery FMA:14753 MA:0002036 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8I0agEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rveOFHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Renal artery that supplies the left kidney SCTID:19215005 The left [renal artery] is somewhat higher than the right; it lies behind the left renal vein, the body of the pancreas and the splenic vein, and is crossed by the inferior mesenteric vein[WP] UBERON:0001186 UMLS:C0226333 left renal arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Renal_Artery uberon Renal artery that supplies the left kidney UBERON:cjm testicular artery EMAPA:18621 FMA:14758 MA:0002063 SCTID:244281003 The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001187 arteria testicularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png testicular arterial tree uberon The testicular artery (the male gonadal artery, also called the internal spermatic arteries in older texts) is a branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the testis. It is a paired artery, with one for each of the testes. It is the male equivalent of the ovarian artery. Because the testis is found in a different location than that of its female equivalent, it has a different course than the ovarian artery. They are two slender vessels of considerable length, and arise from the front of the aorta a little below the renal arteries. Each passes obliquely downward and lateralward behind the peritoneum, resting on the Psoas major, the right spermatic lying in front of the inferior vena cava and behind the middle colic and ileocolic arteries and the terminal part of the ileum, the left behind the left colic and sigmoid arteries and the iliac colon. Each crosses obliquely over the ureter and the lower part of the external iliac artery to reach the abdominal inguinal ring, through which it passes, and accompanies the other constituents of the spermatic cord along the inguinal canal to the scrotum, where it becomes tortuous, and divides into several branches. Two or three of these accompany the ductus deferens, and supply the epididymis, anastomosing with the artery of the ductus deferens; others pierce the back part of the tunica albuginea, and supply the substance of the testis. The internal spermatic artery supplies one or two small branches to the ureter, and in the inguinal canal gives one or two twigs to the Cremaster. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Testicular_artery Wikipedia:Testicular_artery arteria testicularis right testicular artery A testicular artery that supplies a right testicle. FMA:14759 MA:0002042 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001188 UMLS:C0734076 ncithesaurus:Right_Spermatic_Artery right spermatic artery trunk of right testicular arterial tree uberon A testicular artery that supplies a right testicle. OBOL:automatic left testicular artery A testicular artery that supplies a left testicle. FMA:14760 MA:0002041 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001189 UMLS:C0734077 left spermatic artery ncithesaurus:Left_Spermatic_Artery trunk of left testicular arterial tree uberon A testicular artery that supplies a left testicle. OBOL:automatic ovarian artery EMAPA:18620 FMA:14761 In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002012 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOa9PZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244280002 UBERON:0001190 UMLS:C0226411 arteria ovarica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gray1170.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gray1170.png/200px-Gray1170.png ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Artery ovarian arterial tree uberon Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery arteria ovarica In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery common iliac artery EHDAA2:0000311 EHDAA:2553 EMAPA:17310 FMA:14764 MA:0001972 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkZ7ZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362050007 See notes for parent class The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001191 UMLS:C1261084 arteria iliaca communis common iliac arterial tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG/200px-Iliac_artery_bifurcation_and_aorta.PNG ncithesaurus:Common_Iliac_Artery uberon The common iliac arteries are two large arteries, about 4cm long in adults but more than a centimetre in diameter, that originate from the aortic bifurcation. The arteries run inferolaterally, along the medial border of the psoas muscles to the pelvic brim, where they bifurcate into the external iliac artery and internal iliac artery. The common iliac artery, and all of its branches, exist as paired structures (that is to say, there is one on the left side and one on the right). The distribution of the common iliac artery is basically the pelvis and lower limb on the corresponding side. Both common iliac arteries are accompanied along their course by common iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_iliac_artery Wikipedia:Common_iliac_artery arteria iliaca communis MA EHDAA2 requires review EHDAA2 requires review Wikipedia left gastric artery FMA:14768 In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. Branches also supply the lower esophagus. The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001961 OpenCyc:Mx4rwMjqKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244267000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001192 UMLS:C0226299 arteria gastrica sinistra galen:LeftGastricArtery gastric artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray532.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/200px-Gray532.png ncithesaurus:Gastric_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach. Branches also supply the lower esophagus. The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_gastric_artery Wikipedia:Left_gastric_artery arteria gastrica sinistra hepatic artery An artery that supplies the liver. Artery that supplies blood to the liver.[TAO] BTO:0004307 EMAPA:17859 FMA:14769 GAID:496 MA:0001963 MESH:A07.231.114.407 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzKtFpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:76015000 TAO:0005161 UBERON:0001193 UMLS:C0019145 Usage notes: currently defined in a generic fashion. ZFA:0005161 arteria hepatica propria galen:HepaticArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Common_and_proper_hepatic_artery.png ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Artery uberon arteria hepatica propria An artery that supplies the liver. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Hepatic_artery_proper 2012-08-14 Artery that supplies blood to the liver.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005161 ZFIN:curator splenic artery EMAPA:19216 FMA:14773 GAID:510 In anatomy, the splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen. It branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001991 MESH:A07.231.114.814 OpenCyc:Mx4rv0cb2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244266009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001194 UMLS:C0037996 arteria lienalis arteria splenica galen:SplenicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Gray1188.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gray1188.png/200px-Gray1188.png lienal artery ncithesaurus:Splenic_Artery uberon In anatomy, the splenic artery (in the past called the lienal artery) is the blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the spleen. It branches from the celiac artery, and follows a course superior to the pancreas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_artery Wikipedia:Splenic_artery arteria lienalis Wikipedia:Splenic_artery arteria splenica MA:0001991 lienal artery inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery FMA:14805 MA:0002014 SCTID:244273004 The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum. It courses to the right between the head of the pancreas and duodenum, and then ascends to anastomose with the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It distributes branches to the head of the pancreas and to the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001195 UMLS:C0226319 arteriae pancreaticoduodenales inferiores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Gray533.png inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery ncithesaurus:Inferior_Pancreatico-duodenal_artery uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery arteriae pancreaticoduodenales inferiores The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum. It courses to the right between the head of the pancreas and duodenum, and then ascends to anastomose with the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. It distributes branches to the head of the pancreas and to the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery middle colic artery FMA:14810 MA:0002007 SCTID:244276007 The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left. The right branch anastomoses with the right colic artery The left branch anastomoses with the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The arches thus formed are placed about two fingers’ breadth from the transverse colon, to which they distribute branches. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001196 UMLS:C0226328 arteria colica media galen:MiddleColicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Gray537.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gray537.png/200px-Gray537.png ncithesaurus:Middle_Colic_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Middle_colic_artery arteria colica media The middle colic artery is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that mostly supplies the transverse colon. It arises just below the pancreas, and, passing downward and forward between the layers of the transverse mesocolon, divides into two branches: right and left. The right branch anastomoses with the right colic artery The left branch anastomoses with the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery. The arches thus formed are placed about two fingers’ breadth from the transverse colon, to which they distribute branches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_colic_artery ileocolic artery FMA:14815 MA:0001970 SCTID:244279000 The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001197 UMLS:C0226323 arteria ileocolica galen:IleocolicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gray536.png ncithesaurus:Ileo-colic_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Ileocolic_artery arteria ileocolica The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileocolic_artery superior suprarenal artery Each (left and right) superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body. The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:14863 MA:0002057 SCTID:303424001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001198 UMLS:C0580876 arteriae suprarenales superiores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Gray1121.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Suprarenal_Artery superior adrenal branch of inferior phrenic artery superior suprarenal branch of inferior phrenic artery uberon Each (left and right) superior suprarenal artery is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body. The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_suprarenal_artery Wikipedia:Superior_suprarenal_artery arteriae suprarenales superiores mucosa of stomach BTO:0001308 FMA:14907 GAID:321 MA:0002683 MESH:A03.492.766.440 Magenschleimhaut OpenCyc:Mx8NhB4rvcD6KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362131005 The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001199 UMLS:C0017136 galen:GastricMucosa gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_stomach2.jpg/200px-Illu_stomach2.jpg mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus ncithesaurus:Gastric_Mucosa organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae tunica mucosa gastris uberon ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach mucous membrane BTO:0001308 Magenschleimhaut FMA:14907 FMA:TA tunica mucosa gastricae OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa of organ The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general epithelial lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach mucosa of organ BTO:0001308 tunica mucosa gastris OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach OBOL:automatic ventriculus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ventriculus Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa tunica mucosa gastris submucosa of stomach A submucosa that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002110 FMA:14908 MA:0002685 SCTID:52459002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001200 UMLS:C0227211 gastric submucosa ncithesaurus:Gastric_Submucosa stomach submucosa submucosa of ventriculus tela submucosa (gaster) uberon ventriculus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of ventriculus A submucosa that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ventriculus submucosa serosa of stomach A serous membrane that is part of a wall of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14914 MA:0001626 SCTID:1353004 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001201 UMLS:C1517453 anatomical wall of stomach serosa anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric serosa gastric wall serosa gastric wall serous membrane ncithesaurus:Gastric_Serosal_Surface serosa of anatomical wall of stomach serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa of gastric wall serosa of stomach anatomical wall serosa of stomach wall serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall serosa of ventriculus wall serosa of wall of stomach serosa of wall of ventriculus serous coat of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane of gastric wall serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall serous membrane of stomach wall serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane of ventriculus wall serous membrane of wall of stomach serous membrane of wall of ventriculus stomach anatomical wall serosa stomach anatomical wall serous membrane stomach serosa stomach wall serosa stomach wall serous membrane tunica serosa (gaster) tunica serosa gastricae uberon ventriculus anatomical wall serosa ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane ventriculus wall serosa ventriculus wall serous membrane visceral peritoneum of stomach wall of stomach serosa wall of stomach serous membrane wall of ventriculus serosa wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach wall FMA:14914 FMA:TA tunica serosa gastricae OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastric wall OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a wall of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gastric wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach wall OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic gastric wall serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach wall serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of gastric wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall pyloric sphincter (...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...).[uncertain][VHOG] A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. AAO:0011093 EMAPA:19251 FMA:14916 MA:0002952 OpenCyc:Mx4rvly2ZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:268073008 UBERON:0001202 UMLS:C0227238 VHOG:0001466 XAO:0000457 ncithesaurus:Pyloric_Sphincter pyloric valve uberon (...) the adult Xenopus stomach exhibits both glandular and aglandular regions and a distinct pyloric sphincter similar to that of the amniotic vertebrates (...).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x VHOG VHOG:0001466 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pylorus pyloric valve muscularis mucosae of stomach A muscularis mucosa that is part of a mucosa of stomach. FMA:14924 MA:0002684 SCTID:64551004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001203 UMLS:C0227200 gastric muscularis mucosa lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(gaster) lamina muscularis of gastric mucosa muscular coat of stomach ncithesaurus:Gastric_Muscularis_Mucosa stomach muscularis mucosa tunica muscularis gastricae uberon A muscularis mucosa that is part of a mucosa of stomach. OBOL:automatic FMA:14924 FMA:TA tunica muscularis gastricae mucosa of small intestine A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001259 FMA:14933 MA:0002686 SCTID:362144000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001204 UMLS:C0227261 mucosa of organ of small bowel mucosa of organ of small intestine mucosa of small bowel mucous membrane of small bowel mucous membrane of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of small bowel organ mucosa of small intestine small bowel mucosa small bowel mucosa of organ small bowel mucous membrane small bowel organ mucosa small intestinal mucosa small intestine mucosa small intestine mucosa of organ small intestine mucous membrane small intestine organ mucosa tunica mucosa (intestinum tenue) tunica mucosa intestini tenuis uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of small intestine OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small intestine OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic small bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic small intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of small bowel A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa FMA:14933 FMA:TA tunica mucosa intestini tenuis OBOL:automatic small intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic small bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of small bowel submucosa of small intestine BTO:0002112 FMA:14934 MA:0001562 SCTID:691000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001205 UMLS:C0227268 ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Submucosa small bowel submucosa small intestinal submucosa small intestine submucosa submucosa of small bowel submucosal tissue in the small intestines. tela submucosa (intestinum tenue) tela submucosa intestini tenuis uberon Wikipedia:Small_intestinal_submucosa submucosal tissue in the small intestines. OBOL:automatic submucosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel submucosa BTO:0002112 tela submucosa intestini tenuis serosa of small intestine A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14938 Histology notes: duodenum, 1st part serosa, 2nd - 4th adventitia MA:0001558 SCTID:8266009 UBERON:0001206 serosa of small bowel serous coat of small intestine serous membrane of small bowel serous membrane of small intestine small bowel serosa small bowel serous membrane small intestinal serosa small intestine serosa small intestine serous membrane tunica serosa (intestinum tenue) tunica serosa intestini tenuis uberon visceral peritoneum of small intestine OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic small bowel serous membrane FMA:14938 FMA:TA tunica serosa intestini tenuis OBOL:automatic small bowel serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of small bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of small bowel mucosa of large intestine A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14969 MA:0002688 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001207 UMLS:C0734203 large intestinal mucosa large intestine mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ large intestine mucous membrane large intestine organ mucosa mucosa of organ of large intestine mucous membrane of large intestine ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of large intestine tunica mucosa intestini crassi uberon FMA:14969 FMA:TA tunica mucosa intestini crassi OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large intestine OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic large intestine organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large intestine mucous membrane submucosa of large intestine A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002111 FMA:14970 MA:0002690 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001208 UMLS:C0734204 large intestinal submucosa large intestine submucosa ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic serosa of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14975 MA:0001546 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001209 UMLS:C1517727 large intestinal serosa large intestine serosa large intestine serous membrane ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Serosal_Surface serous coat of large intestine serous membrane of large intestine tunica serosa intestini crassi uberon visceral peritoneum of large intestine OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14975 FMA:TA tunica serosa intestini crassi OBOL:automatic large intestine serous membrane muscularis mucosae of small intestine A muscularis mucosa that is part of a small intestine. FMA:15051 MA:0002687 SCTID:36401004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001210 UMLS:C0227262 lamina muscularis mucosae (tunica mucosa)(intestinum tenue) lamina muscularis of small intestine mucous membrane ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Muscularis_Mucosa small intestine muscularis mucosa uberon A muscularis mucosa that is part of a small intestine. OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch AO notes: FMA has [set of?] [aggregated,small] lymphoid [follice,nodule] of [colon, SI, I, etc] - Pp is a syn for Aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine; but MA uses Pp as covering both SI and LI. MA also includes follicle as a part. WP says duodenum and jejunum lack PPs. Taxon notes: Reptiles have accumulations of lymphocytes in their guts that may be primitive Peyer's patches (Zapata and Solas). BTO:0001784 EFO:0001381 EMAPA:19028 GAID:950 MA:0000137 MESH:A10.549.598 UBERON:0001211 UMLS:C0031272 aggregated lymphoid follicle of intestine aggregated lymphoid nodule aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine ileum in humans; as such, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum // nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. ncithesaurus:Mouse_Peyer_s_Patches ncithesaurus:Peyer_s_Patch noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis uberon FMA:76466 FMA:TA noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis Wikipedia:Peyer's_patch aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine ileum in humans; as such, they differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum // nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. duodenal gland BTO:0002376 Brunner's gland FMA:15060 GAID:314 MA:0001551 MESH:A03.492.411.620.270.322 SCTID:41298001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001212 UMLS:C0006323 compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. gland of Brunner glandula duodenales glandula duodenales Brunneri ncithesaurus:Brunner_s_Gland uberon BTO:0002376 glandula duodenales Brunneri FMA:15060 gland of Brunner MA-inferred FMA Brunner's gland FMA:15060 BTO:0002376 glandula duodenales Wikipedia:Brunner's_glands compound tubular submucosal glands found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. compound tubular intestinal villus BTO:0003121 Editor notes: in mammals, villi are (largely?) absent from the large intestine, so we treat this as equivalent to small intestinal villus. small/large subdivision may not make sense for all speciesi for which this is present (see ZFA). Note that VHOG quotes ISBN:978-0030223693 as suggesting there are some villi in the large intestine. AO Notes: the BTO class refers to a generic villous FMA:15072 MA:0001563 SCTID:23230007 TAO:0005125 The entire digestive tract is lined by well developed villi, which are longest in the intestinal bulb and decrease progressively in size towards the caudal end of the intestine. No crypts are present, but, the regions between the villi, the intervillus pockets, have a crypt-like function. Cells are produced in the intervillus pockets and shed from the villus tips. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] Tiny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall[WP] UBERON:0001213 UBERON:0007607 UMLS:C1519988 ZFA:0005125 enteric villi enteric villous enteric villus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg/200px-Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg intestinal villi intestinal villus layer ncithesaurus:Villus small intestine villus uberon villi intestinales villi intestinales villus villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) HP:0011473 enteric villus MA:0001563 small intestine villus ZFA villi intestinales Tiny, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall[WP] Wikipedia:Intestinal_villus FMA FMA:15072 villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) HP:0011473 enteric villous 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005125 The entire digestive tract is lined by well developed villi, which are longest in the intestinal bulb and decrease progressively in size towards the caudal end of the intestine. No crypts are present, but, the regions between the villi, the intervillus pockets, have a crypt-like function. Cells are produced in the intervillus pockets and shed from the villus tips. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] ZFIN:curator HP:0011473 enteric villi BTO:0003121 villus Wikipedia:Intestinal_villus villi intestinales ZFA:0005125 intestinal villi pancreatic tributary of splenic vein AO notes: see also MA:0002165 FMA:15388 MA:0002189 SCTID:264492008 The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001214 UMLS:C0226743 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Vein pancreatic vein uberon FMA/obol The pancreatic veins consist of several small vessels which drain the body and tail of the pancreas, and open into the trunk of the great pancreatic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_vein inferior mesenteric vein BTO:0002782 EHDAA2:0000819 EHDAA:8712 EMAPA:18642 FMA:15391 In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine. It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002178 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcV53ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281055007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001215 UMLS:C0226754 VHOG:0001118 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png lower mesenteric vein ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Vein uberon vena mesenterica inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein vena mesenterica inferior BTO:0002782 lower mesenteric vein FMA/obol In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine. It usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein jejunal vein FMA:15402 MA:0002153 The jejunal veins are tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001216 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png uberon venae jejunales Wikipedia:Jejunal_veins venae jejunales The jejunal veins are tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Jejunal_veins FMA/obol FMA ileal vein FMA:15405 MA:0002140 UBERON:0001217 UMLS:C1301431 ncithesaurus:Ileal_Vein uberon FMA/obol middle colic vein FMA:15406 MA:0002181 OpenCyc:Mx4rvywYIpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:9018004 The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001218 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png uberon vena colica media vena colica media (intermedia) FMA/obol Wikipedia:Middle_colic_vein vena colica media The middle colic vein drains the transverse colon. It is a tributary of the superior mesenteric vein, and follows the path of its corresponding artery, the middle colic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_colic_vein ileocolic vein FMA:15408 MA:0002141 SCTID:36208008 The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001219 UMLS:C0226744 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png ncithesaurus:Ileocolic_Vein uberon vena ileocolica The ileocolic vein is a vein which drains the ileum, colon, and cecum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileocolic_vein FMA/obol Wikipedia:Ileocolic_vein vena ileocolica quadratus lumborum EMAPA:18524 FMA:15569 MA:0002362 OpenCyc:Mx4rvj1wcpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The Quadratus lumborum is irregular and quadrilateral in shape, and broader below than above. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001220 UMLS:C0224380 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Gray1124.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray1124.png/200px-Gray1124.png muscle of posterior abdominal wall ncithesaurus:Quadratus_Lumborum uberon Last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae dbpedia Last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae dbpedia Last rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae dbpedia The Quadratus lumborum is irregular and quadrilateral in shape, and broader below than above. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadratus_lumborum_muscle transversus abdominis muscle Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0002078 EHDAA:8254 EMAPA:18165 FMA:15570 MA:0002396 One of a pair of transverse abdominal muscles that is the anterolateral muscle of the abdomen, lying immediately under the internal abdominal oblique. [TFD][VHOG] SCTID:244949003 The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transversalis muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought to be a major muscle of the functional core of the human body; although some argue that due to its small cross-sectional area, it cannot generate the forces required to be a prime core stabilizer. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001221 UMLS:C0224378 VHOG:0000845 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg musculus transversus abdominis ncithesaurus:Transversus_Abdominis transversalis transversalis muscle transverse abdominal transverse abdominal transverse abdominal muscle transverse abdominis transverse abdominus transversis abdominus transversus transversus abdominis transversus abdominis transversus abdominus transversus abdominus muscle uberon The transversus abdominis muscle, also known as the transversalis muscle and transverse abdominal muscle, is a muscle layer of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall which is just deep to (layered below) the internal oblique muscle. It is thought to be a major muscle of the functional core of the human body; although some argue that due to its small cross-sectional area, it cannot generate the forces required to be a prime core stabilizer. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle FMA:15570 transverse abdominal Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transversus abdominis EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transversus abdominus Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transverse abdominal muscle Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transversalis 2012-09-17 Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193 VHOG VHOG:0000845 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transversus abdominus muscle Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transverse abdominis Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transversis abdominus Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transverse abdominal Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transversus FMA:15570 FMA:TA musculus transversus abdominis Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transverse abdominus transversus abdominis 2012-09-17 One of a pair of transverse abdominal muscles that is the anterolateral muscle of the abdomen, lying immediately under the internal abdominal oblique. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000845 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transversus+abdominis FMA:TA musculus transversus abdominis VHOG Wikipedia:Transversus_abdominis_muscle transversalis muscle right ureter An ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15571 MA:0001685 SCTID:276251000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001222 UMLS:C0227682 ncithesaurus:Right_Ureter uberon An ureter that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left ureter An ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15572 MA:0001684 SCTID:276340002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001223 UMLS:C0227683 ncithesaurus:Left_Ureter uberon An ureter that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic renal pelvis EMAPA:17948 FMA:15575 GAID:426 In this ontology, the renal pelvis is represented as the area of part-overlap between the kidney and the ureter MA:0000374 MESH:A05.810.453.537 SCTID:362221007 UBERON:0001224 UMLS:C0227666 funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP]. galen:RenalPelvis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney2.jpg kidney pelvis ncithesaurus:Renal_Pelvis p. renallis pelvis of ureter pyelum uberon MA Wikipedia:Renal_pelvis p. renallis MP:0004194 pyelum MP:0004194 Wikipedia:Renal_pelvis funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP]. FMA cortex of kidney BTO:0001166 EMAPA:17952 FMA:15581 GAID:424 MA:0000372 MESH:A05.810.453.324 Region of parenchyma of kidney representing the outer portion.[FMA] SCTID:362211004 UBERON:0001225 UMLS:C0022655 cortex renalis galen:CortexOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg kidney cortex ncithesaurus:Renal_Cortex renal cortex uberon FMA:15581 FMA:TA cortex renalis FMA FMA:FMA Region of parenchyma of kidney representing the outer portion.[FMA] Wikipedia:Renal_cortex major calyx EMAPA:18677 FMA:15613 MA:0001644 SCTID:1106008 The major calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into a minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the renal pelvis into the ureter. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001226 calices renales majores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png major calix uberon Wikipedia:Major_calyx calices renales majores The major calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into a minor calyx then into major calyx before passing through the renal pelvis into the ureter. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Major_calyx minor calyx EMAPA:18678 FMA:15614 MA:0001645 SCTID:26293004 The minor calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into the minor calyx then into the major calyx. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001227 calices renales minores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png minor calix uberon Wikipedia:Minor_calyx calices renales minores The minor calyx, in the kidney, surrounds the apex of the malpighian pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney passes through a papilla at the apex into the minor calyx then into the major calyx. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle originating in pace-maker cells originating in the walls of the calyces propels urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Minor_calyx renal papilla BTO:0003925 FMA:15622 In the kidney, the renal papilla is the location where the Medullary pyramids empty urine into the renal pelvis. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002730 MESH:A05.810.453.466 SCTID:362214007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001228 UMLS:C0022666 galen:RenalPapilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png kidney papilla ncithesaurus:Renal_Papilla uberon In the kidney, the renal papilla is the location where the Medullary pyramids empty urine into the renal pelvis. Histologically it is marked by medullary collecting ducts converging to channel the fluid. Transitional epithelium begins to be seen. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_papilla MP:0011303 kidney papilla renal corpuscle A mass of arterial capillaries enveloped in a capsule and attached to a tubule in the kidney[BTO] A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated. Paired highly vascularized structures of the pronephros, responsible for blood filtration.[XAO] BTO:0000333 EMAPA:28236 EV:0100385 FMA:15625 In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule[WP,unvetted]. MA:0000376 Malpighian corpuscle SCTID:361329009 TAO:0005281 The part of the nephron that filters blood.[TAO] Together, the Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron UBERON:0001229 UMLS:C0227635 VHOG:0001262 ZFA:0005281 corpusculum renale corpusculum renis cortical renal corpuscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Renal_corpuscle.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Renal_corpuscle.svg/200px-Renal_corpuscle.svg.png kidney corpuscle malphighian corpuscle malphigian corpuscle ncithesaurus:Renal_Corpuscle uberon Wikipedia:Renal_corpuscle kidney corpuscle FMA MA:0000376 malphighian corpuscle 2012-11-28 A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated. Paired highly vascularized structures of the pronephros, responsible for blood filtration.[XAO] XAO XAO:0000146 XAO:curator corpusculum renale ZFA In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron. It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_corpuscle Wikipedia:Renal_corpuscle corpusculum renis 2012-11-28 A mass of arterial capillaries enveloped in a capsule and attached to a tubule in the kidney[BTO] BTO BTO:0000333 BTO:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005281 The part of the nephron that filters blood.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Malpighian corpuscle ZFA:0005281 MA:0000376 cortical renal corpuscle glomerular capsule AAO:0010526 Anatomical structure found in the kidney consisting of an expanded end of a kidney tubule surrounding a glomerulus and is the major site of filtration.[AAO] BTO:0002297 Bowman's capsule Bowmans capsule EMAPA:27973 EMAPA:28257 FMA:15626 KUPO:0001001 MA:0001660 One fold of the S-shaped body gives rise to Bowman’s capsule[GUDMAP] SCTID:361331000 TAO:0005254 TAO:0005310 The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001230 UMLS:C0524448 ZFA:0005254 ZFA:0005310 bowman's capsule capsula glomerularis capsula glomeruli http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray1130.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1130.svg/200px-Gray1130.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Capsule pronephric glomerular capsule renal glomerular capsule uberon TAO:0005254 renal glomerular capsule Bowman's capsule http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron TAO:0005310 pronephric glomerular capsule TAO:0005254 bowman's capsule capsula glomeruli 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010526 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure found in the kidney consisting of an expanded end of a kidney tubule surrounding a glomerulus and is the major site of filtration.[AAO] The Bowman's capsule is a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bowman%27s_capsule Bowmans capsule KUPO:0001001 capsula glomerularis nephron tubule An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. BTO:0000343 EFO:0003666 EMAPA:27782 EV:0100387 FMA:15627 GAID:433 MA:0000377 MESH:A05.810.453.736.560 SCTID:361332007 TAO:0001287 UBERON:0001231 UBERON:0004210 UMLS:C0022674 ZFA:0001287 kidney tubule ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule note that in ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong", the uriniferous tubule contains the nephron, so we have a separate class, rather than using a synonym, as in MA renal tubule tubulus renalis uberon uriniferous tubule GO An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. GO:0072078 Wikipedia:Renal_tubule checkme MA:0000377 uriniferous tubule GO MA ZFA GAID:433 kidney tubule collecting duct of renal tubule BTO:0000761 EMAPA:28407 EV:0100391 FMA:15628 GAID:434 MA:0000371 MESH:A05.810.453.736.560.510 Renal duct that collects the output from renal tubules.[TAO] SCTID:28202009 TAO:0005294 The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient UBERON:0001232 ZFA:0005294 arcuate renal tubule collecting duct collecting duct system collecting tubule junctional tube kidney collecting duct kidney collecting tubule note that in ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong", the nephron is adjacent to the collecting tubule, consistent with FMA, but not GO. Wikipedia says: Many sources include the connecting tubule as part of the collecting duct system. However, the embryological origin is more similar to the nephron than it is to the rest of the collecting duct (which derives from the ureteric bud), and other sources therefore classify the connecting tubule with the nephron renal collecting tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus tubulus renalis colligens uberon FMA Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus 2012-08-14 Renal duct that collects the output from renal tubules.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005294 ZFIN:curator GO:0072044 The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient Wikipedia:Collecting_tubule BTO:0000761 collecting duct system GO:0072044 collecting duct FMA:15628 renal collecting tubule GO checkme Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule junctional tube Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule arcuate renal tubule right adrenal gland An adrenal gland that is in the right side of the abdomen FMA:15629 MA:0000719 SCTID:281625001 UBERON:0001233 UMLS:C0229559 glandula suprarenalis dexter in humans, the right adrenal gland is triangular shaped[WP] ncithesaurus:Right_Adrenal_Gland right suprarenal gland uberon glandula suprarenalis dexter An adrenal gland that is in the right side of the abdomen OBOL:automatic left adrenal gland An adrenal gland that is in the left side of the abdomen FMA:15630 MA:0000718 SCTID:281626000 UBERON:0001234 UMLS:C0229560 glandula suprarenalis sinister in humans, the left adrenal gland is semilunar shaped[WP] left suprarenal gland ncithesaurus:Left_Adrenal_Gland uberon An adrenal gland that is in the left side of the abdomen OBOL:automatic glandula suprarenalis sinister adrenal cortex AAO:0011009 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000045 EFO:0000237 EMAPA:18427 EV:0100136 FMA:15632 GAID:447 MA:0000118 MAT:0000494 MESH:A06.407.071.140 SCTID:362584002 Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. [WP,unvetted]. Taxon notes: Kardong states that mammals are the first to have distinct cortext and medulla, but this contradicts XAO UBERON:0001235 UMLS:C0001613 VHOG:0001481 XAO:0000165 adrenal gland cortex cortex (glandula suprarenalis) cortex glandulae suprarenalis cortex of adrenal gland cortex of suprarenal gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Cortex suprarenal suprarenal cortex uberon Wikipedia:Adrenal_cortex cortex glandulae suprarenalis 2012-09-17 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 VHOG VHOG:0001481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia BTO:0000045 cortex glandulae suprarenalis Situated along the perimeter of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response through the production of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, including aldosterone and cortisol respectively. It is also a secondary site of androgen synthesis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_cortex adrenal medulla AAO:0011010 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000049 EFO:0000852 EMAPA:18428 EV:0100137 FMA:15633 GAID:451 MA:0000119 MAT:0000495 MESH:A06.224.161 SCTID:362585001 The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001236 UMLS:C0001629 VHOG:0001378 XAO:0000166 adrenal gland medulla chromaffin cells http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png medulla (glandula suprarenalis) medulla glandulae suprarenalis medulla of adrenal gland medulla of glandula suprarenalis medulla of suprarenal gland ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Medulla suprarenal medulla uberon FMA:15633 FMA:TA medulla glandulae suprarenalis 2012-09-17 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues (medulla), but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 VHOG VHOG:0001378 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000049 medulla of glandula suprarenalis OBOL:automatic medulla of adrenal gland The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_medulla Kardong UBERONREF:0000002 Wikipedia paraaortic body . EMAPA:18223 FMA:15647 GAID:444 MA:0001137 MESH:A06.224.636 SCTID:276159005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001237 UMLS:C0442134 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png ncithesaurus:Paraaortic organ of zuckerkandl para-aortic body paraganglia of zuckerkandl paraganglion of Zuckerkandl uberon FMA EMAPA:18223 paraganglion of Zuckerkandl . Wikipedia:Organ_of_Zuckerkandl lamina propria of small intestine FMA:15651 Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. MA:0001554 SCTID:63588008 UBERON:0001238 UMLS:C1711325 lamina propria mucosa of small bowel lamina propria mucosa of small intestine lamina propria mucosae of small bowel lamina propria mucosae of small intestine lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine lamina propria of small bowel ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Lamina_Propria small bowel lamina propria small bowel lamina propria mucosa small bowel lamina propria mucosae small intestine lamina propria small intestine lamina propria mucosa small intestine lamina propria mucosae uberon OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of small bowel OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of small bowel reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosa GOC:Obol Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. OBOL:automatic small bowel lamina propria mucosae muscularis mucosae of large intestine A muscularis mucosa that is part of a large intestine. FMA:15655 MA:0002689 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001239 UMLS:C0734776 lamina muscularis of large intestine mucosa lamina muscularis of large intestine mucous membrane large intestine muscularis mucosa ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Muscularis_Mucosa uberon A muscularis mucosa that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic muscularis mucosae of intestine A muscularis mucosa that is part of a intestine. FMA:15691 MA:0002694 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001240 intestine muscularis mucosa uberon A muscularis mucosa that is part of a intestine. OBOL:automatic crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15693 MA:0001552 SCTID:52688008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001241 UMLS:C0227267 crypt of lieberkuhn of small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine intestinal gland of small bowel intestinal gland of small intestine lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Crypt_of_Lieberkuhn small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn small bowel intestinal gland small bowel lieberkuhn crypt small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of lieberkuhn small intestine intestinal gland small intestine lieberkuhn crypt uberon OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel crypt of lieberkuhn OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic small bowel intestinal gland OBOL:automatic crypt of lieberkuhn of small bowel OBOL:automatic small intestine lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic small intestine crypt of lieberkuhn OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine intestinal gland A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine OBOL:automatic crypt of lieberkuhn of small intestine intestinal mucosa BTO:0000642 FMA:15695 GAID:296 MA:0001537 MESH:A03.492.411.369 SCTID:362080002 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) UBERON:0001242 UMLS:C0021839 bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Mucosa organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine tunica mucosa intestini uberon OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel MESH:A03.492.411.369 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa serosa of intestine A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15701 MA:0001538 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001243 anatomical wall of bowel serosa anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane anatomical wall of intestine serosa anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane bowel anatomical wall serosa bowel anatomical wall serous membrane bowel wall serosa bowel wall serous membrane intestinal serosa intestinal wall serosa intestinal wall serous membrane intestine anatomical wall serosa intestine anatomical wall serous membrane intestine serosa intestine wall serosa intestine wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of bowel serosa of anatomical wall of intestine serosa of bowel anatomical wall serosa of bowel wall serosa of intestinal wall serosa of intestine anatomical wall serosa of intestine wall serosa of wall of bowel serosa of wall of intestine serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall serous membrane of bowel wall serous membrane of intestinal wall serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall serous membrane of intestine wall serous membrane of wall of bowel serous membrane of wall of intestine uberon visceral peritoneum of intestine wall of bowel serosa wall of bowel serous membrane wall of intestine serosa wall of intestine serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine wall serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine wall OBOL:automatic intestine wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel wall OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serosa OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic bowel wall serosa OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall internal anal sphincter EMAPA:18266 FMA:15710 MA:0001534 The Sphincter ani internus (or internal anal sphincter) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm of the anal canal; its inferior border is in contact with, but quite separate from, the Sphincter ani externus. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the involuntary circular fibers of the intestine. Its lower border is about 6 mm from the orifice of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001244 UMLS:C0224394 circular layer of anal muscularis externa circular layer of muscularis externa of anal canal circular layer of muscularis propria of anal canal circular muscle layer of anal canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray1079.png/200px-Gray1079.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Anal_Sphincter uberon MA The Sphincter ani internus (or internal anal sphincter) is a muscular ring which surrounds about 2.5 cm of the anal canal; its inferior border is in contact with, but quite separate from, the Sphincter ani externus. It is about 5 mm thick, and is formed by an aggregation of the involuntary circular fibers of the intestine. Its lower border is about 6 mm from the orifice of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_anal_sphincter anus BTO:0001680 EV:0100082 FBbt:00001893 FBbt:00003148 FMA:15711 GAID:312 MA:0000331 MESH:A03.492.411.495.767.288 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. SCTID:181262009 TADS:0000066 TGMA:0001279 Taxon notes: In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html UBERON:0001245 UMLS:C0003461 WBbt:0005364 anal anal opening anal orifice galen:Anus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif ncithesaurus:Anus opening of terminal part of digestive tract proctodeum uberon Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. Wikipedia:Anus ZFIN:curator interlobular bile duct FMA:15767 MA:0002668 SCTID:83488001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001246 UMLS:C0227515 ncithesaurus:Interlobular_Bile_Duct the canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. uberon FMA FMA MP:0009500 the canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. falciform ligament EHDAA2:0000499 EHDAA:4856 EMAPA:18288 EMAPA:18908 FMA:15823 In FMA this is a subclass of mesentery. In MA it is a subclass of ligament, we infer and assert this is a nonskeletal ligament MA:0001622 SCTID:362705001 UBERON:0001247 UMLS:C0230240 VHOG:0000355 a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. falciform ligament of liver ligamentum falciforme (hepatis) ligamentum falciforme hepatis ncithesaurus:Falciform_Ligament uberon Wikipedia:Falciform_ligament a ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP]. FMA:15823 FMA:TA ligamentum falciforme hepatis MA hilum of spleen EMAPA:19303 FMA:15841 MA:0002670 SCTID:245377005 The splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen. It is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament, and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001248 UMLS:C0229685 hilum hilum lienale hilum splenicum hilum splenicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Gray1188.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Gray1188.png/200px-Gray1188.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_Hilum spleen hilum splenic hilum uberon FMA:15841 FMA:TA hilum lienale EMAPA:19303 hilum FMA:15841 FMA:TA hilum splenicum Wikipedia:Splenic_hilum hilum splenicum The splenic hilum is a location on the surface of the spleen. It is the point of attachment for the gastrosplenic ligament, and the point of insertion for the splenic artery and splenic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_hilum spleen lymphoid follicle MA:0002672 Malpighian body SCTID:35845000 UBERON:0001249 UBERON:0003969 UMLS:C1519475 lymphatic follicle of spleen lymphoid follicle of spleen lymphoid nodule of spleen ncithesaurus:Splenic_Lymphoid_Follicle spleen B cell follicle spleen lymphoid follicle spleen lymphoid nodule splenic B cell follicle splenic lymphatic follicle splenic lymphoid follicle the area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur uberon FMA:15843 lymphoid nodule of spleen FMA:15843 lymphatic follicle of spleen FMA:15843 lymphoid follicle of spleen CL:tm spleen B cell follicle CL:tm splenic B cell follicle MA:0002672 spleen lymphoid follicle FMA FMA:15843 splenic lymphatic follicle MA:0002672 spleen lymphoid nodule CL:tm MP:0008470 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/6 the area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur FMA:15843 Malpighian body CL:tm MA FMA red pulp of spleen FMA:15844 MA:0000756 Red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp. Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma. SCTID:27579002 UBERON:0001250 UMLS:C0229687 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray1191.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_Red_Pulp pulpa rubra pulpa splenica red pulp spleen red pulp splenic red pulp uberon FMA:15844 FMA:TA pulpa rubra doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 Red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinuses that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells. The spleen is made of red pulp and white pulp, separated by the marginal zone; 76-79% of a normal spleen is red pulp. Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains lymphocytes such as T cells, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including platelets, granulocytes, red blood cells, and plasma. Wikipedia:Red_pulp Wikipedia:Red_pulp pulpa splenica marginal zone of spleen FMA:15852 MA:0000755 UBERON:0001251 UMLS:C1711368 WP says - (Some sources consider it to be the part of red pulp which borders on the white pulp, while other sources consider it to be neither red pulp nor white pulp.) - we use the adjacency relation here so it overlaps neither. FMA considers this an anatomical line. Not to be confused with: Marginal zone of spleen (e.g. AAO:0010448 marginal zone) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray1191.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png junctional zone of spleen marginal zone ncithesaurus:Marginal_Zone region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. spleen marginal zone uberon Wikipedia:Marginal_zone region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. Wikipedia:Marginal_zone marginal zone adventitia of ureter An adventitia that is part of a ureter. EMAPA:28114 FMA:15892 MA:0002652 SCTID:392273001 SCTID:47879001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001252 external adventitia of ureter uberon ureter adventitia ureteral adventitia reference_0000032 An adventitia that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic lamina propria of ureter A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28841 FMA:15896 MA:0002653 SCTID:2771005 UBERON:0001253 lamina propria mucosa of ureter lamina propria mucosae of ureter uberon ureter lamina propria ureter lamina propria mucosa ureter lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of ureter A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosae reference_0000032 true reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of ureter OBOL:automatic ureter lamina propria mucosa urothelium of ureter AO notes: MP treats ureter urothelium and ureter luminal urothelium as exact synonyms, yes MA treats these as distinct; see also: transitional epithelium vs urothelium FMA:15897 MA:0002655 UBERON:0001254 the luminal epithelium of the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder[MP,unvetted] transitional epithelium of ureter uberon ureter luminal urothelium ureter transitional epithelium ureter urothelium MP:0000535 the luminal epithelium of the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder[MP,unvetted] MP:0000535 ureter luminal urothelium urinary bladder A saccular organ in which urine accumulates before discharge from the body. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] AAO:0000623 Anatomical structure which consists of a membranous sac used to temporarily store urine until it is excreted from the body.[AAO] BTO:0001418 EFO:0000290 EHDAA2:0000174 EHDAA:9328 EMAPA:18321 EV:0100098 FMA:15900 GAID:0000004 In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000380 MAT:0000122 MESH:A05.810.161 MIAA:0000122 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjMmZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302512001 UBERON:0001255 UMLS:C0005682 VHOG:0000740 XAO:0000154 bladder distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP]. galen:UrinaryBladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Urinary_system.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Urinary_system.svg/200px-Urinary_system.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bladder uberon urocyst vesica urinaria MGI:anna Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP]. FMA Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder vesica urinaria Wikipedia:Urinary_bladder urocyst 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.577-78 In tetrapods, the urinary bladder arises as an outpocketing of the cloaca. (...) The tetrapod urinary bladder appears first among amphibians and is present in Sphenodon, turtles, most lizards, ostriches among birds, and all mammals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000740 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000623 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which consists of a membranous sac used to temporarily store urine until it is excreted from the body.[AAO] 2012-09-17 A saccular organ in which urine accumulates before discharge from the body. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000740 http://bgee.unil.ch/ upper part of UG sinus wall of urinary bladder An anatomical wall that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001462 FMA:15902 MA:0002493 SCTID:362225003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001256 UMLS:C0458421 anatomical wall of bladder anatomical wall of urinary bladder bladder anatomical wall bladder wall ncithesaurus:Bladder_Wall uberon urinary bladder anatomical wall urinary bladder wall wall of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder anatomical wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic wall of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder anatomical wall OBOL:automatic bladder wall An anatomical wall that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bladder trigone of urinary bladder Development notes: Embryologically, the trigone of the bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts, which is of mesodermal origin (the rest of the bladder is endodermal). In the female the mesonephric ducts regresses, causing the trigone to be less prominent, but still present[WP] FMA:15910 Lieutaud's trigone MA:0002492 SCTID:272663002 The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill. Embryologically, the trigone of the Bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts. In the Female the mesonephric ducts break down but, thus, the Trigone of the Bladder is less prominent but, still present. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001257 UMLS:C0447586 bladder trigone deep trigone galen:TrigoneOfUrinaryBladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_bladder.jpg/200px-Illu_bladder.jpg musculus trigoni vesicae profundus ncithesaurus:Bladder_Trigone trigone of bladder trigonum vesicae trigonum vesicae urinariae uberon urinary bladder trigone vesical trigone FMA:15910 FMA:TA musculus trigoni vesicae profundus The trigone is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree, the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty. The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill. Embryologically, the trigone of the Bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts. In the Female the mesonephric ducts break down but, thus, the Trigone of the Bladder is less prominent but, still present. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trigone_of_urinary_bladder FMA:15910 FMA:TA trigonum vesicae Wikipedia:Trigone_of_urinary_bladder trigonum vesicae urinariae neck of urinary bladder FMA:15912 MA:0002491 SCTID:362227006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001258 UMLS:C0227716 bladder neck cervix vesicae cervix vesicae urinariae collum vesicae galen:UrinaryBladderNeck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray1156.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray1156.png/200px-Gray1156.png ncithesaurus:Bladder_Neck neck of bladder the constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP]. uberon urinary bladder neck vesical neck FMA:15912 FMA:TA collum vesicae Wikipedia:Neck_of_urinary_bladder cervix vesicae urinariae FMA:15912 FMA:TA cervix vesicae MP:anna Wikipedia:Neck_of_urinary_bladder the constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP]. mucosa of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0000293 FMA:15928 MA:0001692 SCTID:362224004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001259 UMLS:C0227691 bladder mucosa bladder mucosa of organ bladder mucous membrane bladder organ mucosa galen:MucousMembraneOfUrinaryBladder mucosa of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder mucous membrane of bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Mucosa organ mucosa of bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) tunica mucosa vesicae tunica mucosa vesicae urinariae uberon urinary bladder mucosa urinary bladder mucosa of organ urinary bladder mucous membrane urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vesicae A mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bladder MP:MP tunica mucosa vesicae urinariae OBOL:automatic urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic urinary bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bladder mucous membrane FMA:15928 FMA:TA tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder serosa of urinary bladder A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28661 FMA:15932 MA:0001696 SCTID:5868002 TODO - check serosa/peritoneum UBERON:0001260 bladder serosa bladder serous membrane serosa of bladder serous coat of bladder serous coat of urinary bladder serous membrane of bladder serous membrane of urinary bladder tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) tunica serosa vesicae uberon urinary bladder serosa urinary bladder serous membrane visceral peritoneum of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bladder reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic urinary bladder serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of urinary bladder FMA:15932 FMA:TA tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) OBOL:automatic bladder serous membrane FMA:15932 FMA:TA tunica serosa vesicae A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lamina propria of urinary bladder A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:30088 FMA:15935 MA:0001695 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001261 UMLS:C1706967 bladder lamina propria bladder lamina propria mucosa bladder lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bladder lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae of bladder lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder lamina propria of bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Lamina_Propria uberon urinary bladder lamina propria urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bladder reference_0000032 A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bladder lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa wall of intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000647 Editors note: we place two MA classes here due to the official ncit2ma mapping to intestinal wall tissue; not clear how bowel and intestine are different FMA:15949 MA:0001525 MA:0002693 UBERON:0001262 UMLS:C1708548 anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Wall_Tissue uberon wall of bowel OBOL:automatic wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic bowel wall MA:0001525 bowel wall pancreatic acinus FMA:16011 MA:0002417 SCTID:247604006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001263 UMLS:C0227578 acinus pancreaticus ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Acinus pancreas acinus pancreatic acinar pancreatic acini the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. uberon FMA:16011 acinus pancreaticus TEMP:MP pancreatic acinar pancreatic acini FMA MP:0009145 the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. pancreas AAO:0010112 An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. BTO:0000988 EFO:0000855 EHDAA2:0001367 EHDAA:6893 EMAPA:17503 EMAPA:18816 EV:0100092 FMA:7198 GAID:334 In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000120 MAT:0000075 MESH:A03.734 MIAA:0000075 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimZZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ which secretes a fluid containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of food.[AAO] SCTID:181277001 TAO:0000140 UBERON:0001264 UMLS:C0030274 VHOG:0000050 XAO:0000136 ZFA:0000140 galen:Pancreas http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg/200px-Illu_pancrease.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pancreas pancreatic taxon notes: As a secretory organ serving exocrine and endocrine functions, the pancreas is specific to the vertebrates[PMID:16417468] Hagfishes and lampreys are unique in the complete separation of their endocrine pancreas (islet or- gan) and their exocrine pancreas (50). The endocrine and exocrine pancreas are coassociated in crown gnathostomes (50). In Branchiostoma and Ciona, there is no diverticulum as there is in hagfishes, lampreys, and gnathostomes, only dispersed insulin-secreting cells in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract (51, 52) [PMID:20959416]. The zebrafish does not have a discrete pancreas. Exocrine pancreatic tissue can be found scattered along the intestinal tract (Figures 16 and 17 ). The acinar structure of the exocrine pancreas is very similar to that of mammals and comprises cells with a very dark, basophilic cytoplasm uberon An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. The mature pancreas of higher vertebrates and mammals comprises two major functional units: the exocrine pancreas, which is responsible for the production of digestive enzymes to be secreted into the gut lumen, and the endocrine pancreas, which has its role in the synthesis of several hormones with key regulatory functions in food uptake and metabolism. The exocrine portion constitutes the majority of the mass of the pancreas, and contains only two different cell types, the secretory acinar cells and the ductular cells. The endocrine portion, which comprises only 1–2% of the total mass, contains five different cell types, which are organized into mixed functional assemblies referred to as the islets of Langerhans[PMID]. GO:0031016 PMID:16417468 Wikipedia:Pancreas Wikipedia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010112 AAO:BJB Organ which secretes a fluid containing enzymes that aid in the digestion of food.[AAO] Wikipedia 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.03.006 Madsen OD, Pancreas phylogeny and ontogeny in relation to a 'pancreatic stem cell'. C.R. Biologies (2007) In the hagfish and lampreys (our most primitive vertebrate species of today), the first sign of 'a new organ' is found as collections of endocrine cells around the area of the bile duct connection with the duodenum. These endocrine organs are composed of 99% beta cells and 1% somatostatin-producing delta cells. Compared to the more primitive protochordates (e.g. amphioxus), this represents a stage where all previously scattered insulin-producing cells of the intestinal tissue have now quantitatively migrated to found a new organ involved in sensing blood glucose rather than gut glucose. Only later in evolution, the beta cells are joined by exocrine tissue and alpha cells (exemplified by the rat-, rabbit- and elephant-fishes). Finally, from sharks and onwards in evolution, we have the islet PP-cell entering to complete the pancreas.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000050 http://bgee.unil.ch/ trabecula of spleen A trabecula that is part of a spleen. FMA:16027 MA:0000758 SCTID:61987002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001265 UMLS:C0229688 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecula spleen trabeculum splenic trabecula uberon FMA A trabecula that is part of a spleen. OBOL:automatic splenic cord A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body's monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis. FMA:16031 MA:0002671 UBERON:0001266 UMLS:C0735011 cord of Billroth cord of Bilroth ncithesaurus:Splenic_Cord uberon MA A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body's monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis. Wikipedia:Cords_of_Billroth Wikipedia:Cords_of_Billroth cord of Billroth FMA:16031 cord of Bilroth femoral nerve EHDAA2:0000507 EHDAA:5655 FMA:16486 GAID:850 MA:0001167 MESH:A08.800.800.720.450.250 OpenCyc:Mx4rwGC03JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181051004 The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves. It descends through the fibers of the Psoas major, emerging from the muscle at the lower part of its lateral border, and passes down between it and the Iliacus, behind the iliac fascia; it then runs beneath the inguinal ligament, into the thigh, and splits into an anterior and a posterior division. Under the inguinal ligament, it is separated from the femoral artery by a portion of the Psoas major. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001267 UMLS:C0015808 VHOG:0001411 anterior crural nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gray823.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gray823.png/200px-Gray823.png ncithesaurus:Femoral_Nerve nervus femoralis uberon Wikipedia:Femoral_nerve nervus femoralis The femoral nerve, the largest branch of the lumbar plexus, arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves. It descends through the fibers of the Psoas major, emerging from the muscle at the lower part of its lateral border, and passes down between it and the Iliacus, behind the iliac fascia; it then runs beneath the inguinal ligament, into the thigh, and splits into an anterior and a posterior division. Under the inguinal ligament, it is separated from the femoral artery by a portion of the Psoas major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_nerve peritoneal fluid BTO:0001031 FMA:16515 MA:0002531 Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0001268 ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Fluid uberon FMA FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Peritoneal_fluid acetabular part of hip bone AAO:0000770 Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb.[AAO] During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA:10661 FMA:16579 GAID:206 In reptiles and in birds, the acetabula are deep sockets.[WP] Note that whilst WP defines this as a surface, MA treats it as a bone. There are other FMA classes that may be better suited to representing the surface. MA:0001335 MESH:A02.835.232.611.108 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJlP9ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001427 SCTID:182027007 The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001269 UMLS:C0000962 VHOG:0000974 acetabular region acetabulum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg ncithesaurus:Acetabulum uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000770 AAO:LAP Cavity for the articulation of the proximal bone of the hind limb.[AAO] FMA VHOG:0000974 acetabular region 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nature04119 Boisvert CA, The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion. Nature (2005) During the transformation from the osteolepiform fins to tetrapod limbs, the appendages and girdles underwent a number of radical changes. The pelvic girdle became a weight-bearing structure by evolution of an ischium, a full mesio-ventral contact between the two sides of the girdle, an ilium, and a contact between the vertebral column and the girdle through a sacral rib. Fore- and hindlimbs shifted laterally by reorientation of the glenoid and the acetabulum.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000974 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum. Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum. The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum. The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline. It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur. Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the glenoid fossa.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Acetabulum FMA MA:0001335 acetabulum bony pelvis FMA:16580 In humans, the ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. SCTID:46633002 UBERON:0001270 in FMA, this is part of the axial skeletal system. todo: add taxon-specific part of relations connecting sub-structures to this. uberon FMA In humans, the ring of bone formed by the sacrum and the first few coccygeal vertebrae as the roof, the pubis and ischia as the floor and the ilia and the acetabular part of the ischia as the walls. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bony+pelvis pelvic girdle region FMA:16581 Note that this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list SCTID:360010001 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pelvic girdle regions. Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] UBERON:0001271 UMLS:C0684083 VSAO:0000304 girdle - pelvic ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle uberon pelvic girdle 2012-08-14 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] UBERON:cjm VSAO VSAO:0000304 FMA:16581 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pelvic girdle regions. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dvdy.22617/full https://groups.google.com/d/topic/obo-anatomy/h4R4xKmINrw/discussion innominate bone A fused bone consisting of the ilium, ischium and and pubis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,modified]. AO notes: in FMA this is a paired structure. NCITA has 'pelvic bone' but this is the *superclass* of ilium/ischium/pubis. The MA class 'pelvis bone' is actually a superclass of 'pelvic girdle bone' and caudal/sacral vertebra. Taxon notes: The hip/pelvic bone/basipterygium first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column[WP] Editor notes: currently this class is restricted to exclude the teleost bone as the definition mentions ilium, ischium and pubis. In future we may add a grouping class for girdle bones that supports the appendage FMA:16585 GAID:205 MESH:A02.835.232.611 SCTID:361776002 UBERON:0001272 basipterygium bone of pelvic girdle coxal bone hip bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray341.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray341.png/200px-Gray341.png innominate innominate bone os coxae os innominatum pelvic bone uberon A fused bone consisting of the ilium, ischium and and pubis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, it comprises the pelvis. [WP,modified]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Hip_bone Wikipedia:Hip_bone os innominatum FMA FMA:16585 coxal bone FMA:16585 pelvic bone FMA:16585 bone of pelvic girdle FMA:16585 hip bone FMA:16585 FMA:TA os coxae FMA FMA:16585 innominate bone ilium AAO:0000772 EFO:0003049 FMA:16589 GAID:207 MA:0001336 MESH:A02.835.232.611.434 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA. Taxon notes: All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium[WP] OpenCyc:Mx4rvhwFJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Paired endochondral bone that is the dorsal-most of the pelvic bones, offering attachment areas for gluteal muscles on its main surface [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle.[AAO] SCTID:182029005 UBERON:0001273 UMLS:C0020889 galen:Ilium iliac ilium bone illium ncithesaurus:Ilium os iliacum os ilii uberon Wikipedia FMA MA VSAO cjm 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000772 AAO:LAP Paired, rodlike endochondral bones that constitute the anterior pelvic girdle.[AAO] PHENOSCAPE:ad Paired endochondral bone that is the dorsal-most of the pelvic bones, offering attachment areas for gluteal muscles on its main surface [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Wikipedia:Ilium_(bone) Wikipedia MA ischium AAO:0000860 Endochondral bone that is paired, forming the posterior part of the pelvis, articulating with the pubis and ilium. FMA:16592 GAID:208 MA:0001337 MESH:A02.835.232.611.548 Note that this is_a hip bone in MA; in FMA it is a zone of bone organ. OpenCyc:Mx4rvlzMKpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum.[AAO] SCTID:182025004 UBERON:0001274 UMLS:C0022122 VSAO:0005006 galen:Ischium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg/200px-Illu_pelvic_girdle.jpg ischial ncithesaurus:Ischium os ischii uberon cjm VSAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000860 AAO:LAP Paired bones of endochondral origin that constitute the posterior elements of the pelvic girdle. They are synostotically fused to each other and form the posterior part of the acetabulum.[AAO] AAO:0000860 os ischii Wikipedia:Ischium os ischii MA MA Endochondral bone that is paired, forming the posterior part of the pelvis, articulating with the pubis and ilium. VSAO:0005006 VSAO:NI Wikipedia:Ischium VSAO pubis A paired endochondral bone making up the anteroventral region of the tripartite pelvic girdle forming part of the ventral edge of the acetabulum. The origin site of many proximal hindlimb muscles. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. AAO:0000861 AO notes: isa bone zone in FMA EMAPA:18728 FMA:16595 MA:0001338 MESH:A02.835.232.611.781 Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another.[AAO] SCTID:182035005 UBERON:0001275 UMLS:C0034014 galen:Pubis ncithesaurus:Pubic_Bone os pubis pubic bone pubis bone uberon FMA Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 os pubis MA A paired endochondral bone making up the anteroventral region of the tripartite pelvic girdle forming part of the ventral edge of the acetabulum. The origin site of many proximal hindlimb muscles. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Pubis_(bone) 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000861 AAO:LAP Paired, cartilaginous (ocassionally calcified) elements that form the ventral portion of the pelvic girdle. Each is located ventral to the acetabulum between the anteroventral margin of the ischium and the posteroventral margin of the illium. When the element calcifies or ossifies, its articulation with adjacent elements is difficult to distinguish. Both pubes are synchondrotically fused to one another.[AAO] MA VSAO VSAO Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 pubis bone Wikipedia:Pubis_%28bone%29 pubic bone epithelium of stomach BTO:0000500 EHDAA2:0001918 FMA:17091 MA:0001610 SCTID:64977002 UBERON:0001276 VHOG:0001433 epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus gastric epithelium in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium the epithelial layer of the stomach . uberon ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach epithelium OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelial tissue BTO:0000500 gastric epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelium MP:0000471 the epithelial layer of the stomach . OBOL:automatic stomach epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of stomach intestinal epithelium BTO:0000781 FMA:17229 MA:0001536 SCTID:266135004 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] TAO:0005124 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) UBERON:0001277 UMLS:C0226890 ZFA:0005124 bowel epithelial tissue bowel epithelium epithelial tissue of bowel epithelial tissue of intestine epithelium of bowel epithelium of intestine intestine epithelial tissue intestine epithelium ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Epithelium uberon villous epithelium OBOL:automatic bowel epithelial tissue ZFA:0005124 villous epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of intestine 2012-08-14 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] TAO TAO:0005124 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic epithelium of bowel OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bowel MESH:A03.492.411.369 The innermost membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall, the other three being the submucosa, muscular layers, and serosa. (Berk et al., Gastroenterology, 4th ed, v.3, p1479) Wikipedia:Intestinal_epithelium OBOL:automatic intestine epithelial tissue epithelium of large intestine An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19257 EMAPA:19262 FMA:17301 MA:0001545 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001278 epithelial tissue of large intestine large intestinal epithelium large intestine epithelial tissue large intestine epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic portal triad FMA:17523 MA:0002499 SCTID:362192000 The misnomer "portal triad" traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the hepatoduodenal ligament, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver. UBERON:0001279 UMLS:C0227514 a component of the hepatic lobule, that consists of: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and the branch of the vagus nerve. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Portal_triad.JPG ncithesaurus:Portal_Triad trias hepatica trias hepatica uberon Wikipedia:Portal_triad trias hepatica Wikipedia:Portal_triad a component of the hepatic lobule, that consists of: hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, lymphatic vessels, and the branch of the vagus nerve. liver parenchyma AAO:0010405 EHDAA2:0001004 EHDAA:2201 EMAPA:17203 FMA:17540 MA:0000366 SCTID:363535004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001280 UBERON:0003223 VHOG:0000539 XAO:0000454 hepatic parenchyma hepatic parenchyme liver parenchyme parenchyma of liver the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit.[well established][VHOG] the functional units of the liver including the lobules. uberon XAO:0000454 liver parenchyme FMA:17540 hepatic parenchyma 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/ar.20524 Hardman RC, Volz DC, Kullman SW, Hinton DE, An in vivo look at vertebrate liver architecture: three-dimensional reconstruction from Medaka (Oryzias latipes). The Anatomical Record (2007) VHOG VHOG:0000539 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the (liver) tubular structure (dual layered parenchyma) appears to be conserved among all embryonic vertebrates (...) it is not unlikely that all vertebrate livers share the same fundamental functional unit.[well established][VHOG] XAO FMA:17540 parenchyma of liver MP:0008986 the functional units of the liver including the lobules. EHDAA2 VHOG:0000539 hepatic parenchyme hepatic sinusoid (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000999 EMAPA:17365 FMA:17543 MA:0000367 SCTID:67435004 TAO:0005091 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001281 UBERON:0003275 UMLS:C0227523 VHOG:0000708 Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. ZFA:0005091 hepatic sinusoids liver sinusoid liver sinusoidal blood vessel ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Sinusoid sinusoid of liver sinusoidal blood vessel of liver uberon vas capillare sinusoideum Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. Wikipedia:Hepatic_sinusoid ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic sinusoid of liver reference_0000032 (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000) VHOG VHOG:0000708 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic liver sinusoidal blood vessel OBOL:automatic sinusoidal blood vessel of liver intralobular bile duct Editor notes: Note that this is part of the intrahepatic bile duct in MA, as this class is more alike the tree in FMA. Note also that SCT has canal of Hering and Entire IBduct as the only sibling terms under 'Structure of intralobular bile duct' (i.e. the CoH is the only part of the entire IBduct) FMA:17545 MA:0002669 SCTID:227002 SCTID:269922006 The Canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver. UBERON:0001282 UMLS:C0227517 canal of Hering canal of Herring canals of Hering cholangiole duct of Herring intrahepatic bile ductule ncithesaurus:Canal_of_Hering uberon Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering intrahepatic bile ductule FMA:17545 cholangiole The Canals of Hering, or intrahepatic bile ductules, are part of the outflow system of exocrine bile product from the liver. Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering FMA Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering canals of Hering FMA FMA:17545 canal of Herring FMA Wikipedia:Canals_of_Hering duct of Herring bile canaliculus BTO:0002841 FMA:17547 Fine tubular canals running between liver cells, throughout the parenchyma, usually occurring singly between each adjacent pair of cells, and forming a three-dimensional network of polyhedral meshes, with a single cell in each mesh[BTO]. A thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct. Hepatocytes are polyhedral in shape, therefore having no set shape or design. They have surfaces facing the sinusoids, (called sinusoidal faces) and surfaces which contact other hepatocytes, (called lateral faces). Bile canaliculi are formed by grooves on some of the lateral faces of these hepatocytes. Microvilli are present in the canaliculi but are sparse. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002495 MESH:A03.159.183.158.125 SCTID:270023005 TAO:0005163 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001283 UMLS:C0005393 ZFA:0005163 bile canaliculi bile capillary biliary canaliculus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Gray1094.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gray1094.png/200px-Gray1094.png ncithesaurus:Bile_Canaliculus uberon BTO:0002841 bile capillary BTO:0002841 biliary canaliculus FMA FMA BTO BTO:0002841 Fine tubular canals running between liver cells, throughout the parenchyma, usually occurring singly between each adjacent pair of cells, and forming a three-dimensional network of polyhedral meshes, with a single cell in each mesh[BTO]. A thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct. Hepatocytes are polyhedral in shape, therefore having no set shape or design. They have surfaces facing the sinusoids, (called sinusoidal faces) and surfaces which contact other hepatocytes, (called lateral faces). Bile canaliculi are formed by grooves on some of the lateral faces of these hepatocytes. Microvilli are present in the canaliculi but are sparse. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bile_canaliculus FMA Wikipedia:Bile_canaliculus bile canaliculi renal column FMA:17633 MA:0001651 The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001284 columnae renales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Illu_kidney2.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney2.jpg kidney column renal column of bertini uberon MA:0001651 kidney column The renal column (or Bertin column, or column of Bertin) is a medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramids. It allows the cortex to be better anchored. Each column consists of lines of blood vessels and urinary tubes and a fibrous material. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_column Wikipedia:Renal_column columnae renales nephron BTO:0000924 EMAPA:28491 EV:0100384 Editor note: kidney terms require review for cross-vertebrate compatibility and developmental relationships. Taxon notes: In the avian kidney, three types of nephron are identified: mammalian-type nephrons with long and short loops of Henle, and reptilian type nephrons (Gambaryan, 1992)[GO Kidney] FMA:17640 Functional unit of the kidney that filters waste.[TAO] GAID:428 MA:0000375 MESH:A05.810.453.736 SCTID:361337001 TAO:0002153 The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] UBERON:0001285 UMLS:C0027713 ZFA:0005282 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png mature nephron ncithesaurus:Nephron nephroneum tubulus renalis uberon definitional PMID:9268568 The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] Wikipedia:Nephron 2012-08-14 Functional unit of the kidney that filters waste.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002153 ZFIN:curator FMA Wikipedia:Nephron tubulus renalis Wikipedia:Nephron nephroneum EMAPA:28491 mature nephron Bowman's space EMAPA:27985 EMAPA:28263 FMA:17676 MA:0001664 SCTID:244284006 Space between the renal glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. Renal filtrate collects here then passes into the renal tubule.[TAO] TAO:0005283 TAO:0005312 TODO - fix ZFA UBERON:0001286 UMLS:C0227643 ZFA:0005283 ZFA:0005312 a narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney[TFD]. Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the podocytes' filtration slits[WP]. luminal region between the glomerular capsule visceral and parietal layers, into which filtrate enters after passing through the filtration barrier from the glomerular capillaries[MP] bowman's space bowmanb%s space capsular space glomerular capsule space glomerular urinary space inter-glomerular space ncithesaurus:Urinary_Space pronephric capsular space renal capsular space uberon urinary space urinary space of renal corpuscle MP:0011499 Wikipedia:Bowman's_space a narrow chalice-shaped cavity between the glomerular and capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule of the kidney[TFD]. Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the podocytes' filtration slits[WP]. luminal region between the glomerular capsule visceral and parietal layers, into which filtrate enters after passing through the filtration barrier from the glomerular capillaries[MP] http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bowman's+space 2012-08-14 Space between the renal glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. Renal filtrate collects here then passes into the renal tubule.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005312 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005283 renal capsular space ZFA:0005312 inter-glomerular space capsular space http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bowman's+space ZFA:0005283 inter-glomerular space EMAPA:28263 urinary space of renal corpuscle 2012-08-14 Space between the renal glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. Renal filtrate collects here then passes into the renal tubule.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005283 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005312 pronephric capsular space MP:0011499 glomerular capsule space TAO:0005312 bowmanb%s space MP:0011499 glomerular urinary space proximal convoluted tubule 1st convoluted tubule EMAPA:28287 EV:0100388 FMA:17693 MA:0001669 PCT Renal tubule that connects to the renal corpuscle.[TAO] SCTID:362220008 TAO:0005290 TODO - cleanly define difference between proximal tubule and proximal convoluted tubule. Make definition applicable across species. The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle[WP] UBERON:0001287 UMLS:C1514580 ZFA:0005290 first convoluted tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png ncithesaurus:Proximal_Convoluted_Tube proximal convoluted renal tubule tubulus contortus proximalis tubulus contortus proximalis tubulus convolutus proximalis uberon Wikipedia:Proximal_convoluted_tubule tubulus contortus proximalis The proximal tubule is the portion of the duct system of the nephron of the kidney which leads from Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle[WP] Wikipedia:Proximal_convoluted_tubule tubulus convolutus proximalis Wikipedia checkme 2012-08-14 Renal tubule that connects to the renal corpuscle.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005290 ZFIN:curator loop of Henle A highly specialized segment of the mammalian kidney tubules, that dips into the medulla. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.648, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] BTO:0004608 EMAPA:29665 EMAPA:29679 EV:0100390 FMA:17698 GAID:437 Henle loop MA:0001675 MESH:A05.810.453.736.560.610 Note that the definitions of some kidney parts refer to Henle's loop, even in species where this may not be present. Requires review. Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. SCTID:361335009 UBERON:0001288 UMLS:C0023986 VHOG:0001270 ansa nephroni henle's loop http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png ncithesaurus:Loop_of_Henle uberon Portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. By means of a countercurrent multiplier system, which utilizes sodium pumps, it creates an area of high sodium concentration deep in the medulla, near the collecting duct. Water present in the filtrate in the collecting duct flows through aquaporin channels out of the collecting duct, moving passively down its concentration gradient. This process reabsorbs water and creates a concentrated urine for excretion[WP]. Wikipedia:Loop_of_Henle 2012-09-17 A highly specialized segment of the mammalian kidney tubules, that dips into the medulla. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.648, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001270 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Loop_of_Henle ansa nephroni descending limb of loop of Henle FMA:17705 MA:0001679 Portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle[WP]. SCTID:245350001 UBERON:0001289 UMLS:C0227657 descending limb descending limb of Henle's loop http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png loop of Henle descending limb ncithesaurus:Descending_Limb_of_the_Henle_s_Loop uberon FMA Portion of the renal tubule constituting the first part of the loop of Henle[WP]. Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_henle FMA proximal straight tubule BTO:0000055 EMAPA:29661 FMA:17716 MA:0002614 Portion of the renal tubule which is just posterior to the proximal convoluted tubule.[TAO] S3 TAO:0005291 TODO - is S3 exactly coincident with PST? Check also relationship to DL. todo - ensure relationships work across species (loop of Henle) UBERON:0001290 UBERON:0005166 ZFA:0005291 pars recta pars recta tubuli renalis part of the descending limb of the renal tubule, extending from the proximal convoluted tubule to the thin tubule[BTO]. proximal tubule segment 3 thick descending limb of proximal tubule tubulus rectus proximalis uberon GO:0072020 S3 BTO:0000055 pars recta tubuli renalis BTO:0000055 Wikipedia:Proximal_straight_tubule part of the descending limb of the renal tubule, extending from the proximal convoluted tubule to the thin tubule[BTO]. MA-isa 2012-08-14 Portion of the renal tubule which is just posterior to the proximal convoluted tubule.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005291 ZFIN:curator MA MA MA:0002614 proximal tubule segment 3 thick ascending limb of loop of Henle EMAPA:28396 EMAPA:29671 FMA:17722 MA:0001677 SCTID:244953001 TODO: thick/thin check. Also - does the loop of Henle overlap the distal convoluted tubule? FMA divides DCT into straight and convoluted portions UBERON:0001291 a segment of the nephron in the kidney. It can be divided into two parts: that in the renal medulla, and that in the renal cortex[Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle]. ascending thick limb distal straight tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment straight portion of distal convoluted renal tubule straight portion of distal convoluted tubule thick ascending limb thick ascending limb of Henle's loop thick ascending limb of distal tubule tubulus rectus distalis tubulus rectus distalis uberon Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle tubulus rectus distalis Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle a segment of the nephron in the kidney. It can be divided into two parts: that in the renal medulla, and that in the renal cortex[Wikipedia:Thick_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle]. MA:0001677 loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment FMA:17722 thick ascending limb of distal tubule FMA:17722 straight portion of distal convoluted tubule FMA:17722 tubulus rectus distalis distal convoluted tubule EMAPA:28393 EV:0100389 FMA:17721 MA:0001666 SCTID:361336005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001292 UMLS:C0022676 a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. distal convoluted renal tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Kidney_nephron.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kidney_nephron.png/200px-Kidney_nephron.png ncithesaurus:Distal_Convoluted_Tubule second convoluted tubule tubulus contortus distalis tubulus contortus distalis tubulus convolutus distalis uberon tubulus convolutus distalis Wikipedia:Distal_convoluted_tubule a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. Wikipedia:Distal_convoluted_tubule tubulus contortus distalis outer medulla of kidney BTO:0001746 EMAPA:28310 FMA:17733 MA:0001653 The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO]. UBERON:0001293 kidney outer medulla outer renal medulla outer zone of medulla of kidney outer zone of renal medulla renal outer medulla set of outer region of renal pyramids uberon zona externa (medullaris renalis) GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO]. FMA:17733 set of outer region of renal pyramids FMA:17733 FMA:TA zona externa (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001746 kidney outer medulla BTO:0001746 renal outer medulla inner medulla of kidney BTO:0001745 EMAPA:28349 FMA:17734 Innermost region of the mammalian kidney. MA:0001652 Taxon notes: unique to mammals[GO:0072053] UBERON:0001294 inner renal medulla inner zone of medulla of kidney inner zone of renal medulla kidney inner medulla renal inner medulla set of inner region of renal pyramids uberon zona interna (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001745 kidney inner medulla FMA:17734 FMA:TA zona interna (medullaris renalis) BTO:0001745 renal inner medulla GO:0072053 Innermost region of the mammalian kidney. endometrium BTO:0001422 EFO:0000980 EMAPA:29917 EV:0100115 FMA:17742 GAID:377 MA:0000390 MAT:0000319 MESH:A05.360.319.679.490 MIAA:0000319 SCTID:278867007 Taxon notes: nimals that have estrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead. AO notes: in FMA this is subdivided into basal and outer. In MA there is a single child term, endometrium epithelium The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium.[well established][VHOG] The mucous membrane lining the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001295 UMLS:C0014180 VHOG:0001285 endometrial http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg inner mucous membrane of the mammalian uterus. ncithesaurus:Endometrium tunica mucosa (endometrium) tunica mucosa uteri uberon uterine endometrium 2012-09-17 The mucous membrane lining the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001285 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Endometrium BTO:0001422 uterine endometrium 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144 The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001285 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Endometrium tunica mucosa uteri Wikipedia:Endometrium inner mucous membrane of the mammalian uterus. FMA:17742 tunica mucosa (endometrium) FMA FMA myometrium BTO:0000907 EFO:0001970 EMAPA:29923 EV:0100116 FMA:17743 GAID:171 In all mammals, the uterus develops as a specialization of the paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts, which gives rise to the infundibula, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina. Morphogenetic events common to development of all uteri include: 1) differentiation and growth of the myometrium, 2) differentiation and morphogenesis of the endometrial glands, and 3) organization and stratification of endometrial stroma. Uterine development is initiated in the fetus, but is only completed postnatally with differentiation and development of the endometrial glands.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000391 MESH:A02.633.570.500 MeSH:D009215 SCTID:279879004 The inner layer of the uterine wall is the endometrium or uterine lining, and the outer layer the serosa or perimetrium. The myometrium stretches (the smooth muscle cells expand in both size and number[1]) during pregnancy to allow for the harboring of the pregnancy, and contracts in a coordinated fashion during the process of labor. After delivery the myometrium contracts to expel the placenta and reduce blood loss. The muscular wall of the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001296 UMLS:C0027088 VHOG:0001281 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. myometrial ncithesaurus:Myometrium tunica muscularis tunica muscularis (myometrium) uberon uterine smooth muscle FMA FMA 2012-09-17 The muscular wall of the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001281 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myometrium 2012-09-17 In all mammals, the uterus develops as a specialization of the paramesonephric or Müllerian ducts, which gives rise to the infundibula, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina. Morphogenetic events common to development of all uteri include: 1) differentiation and growth of the myometrium, 2) differentiation and morphogenesis of the endometrial glands, and 3) organization and stratification of endometrial stroma. Uterine development is initiated in the fetus, but is only completed postnatally with differentiation and development of the endometrial glands.[well established][VHOG] PMID:15471813 Spencer TE, Bazer FW, Uterine and placental factors regulating conceptus growth in domestic animals. Journal of Animal Science (2004) VHOG VHOG:0001281 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Myometrium middle layer of the uterine wall consisting of smooth muscle cells and supporting stromal and vascular tissue. Wikipedia:Myometrium tunica muscularis serosa of uterus FMA:17744 MA:0001729 Outer serosa layer of the uterus. SCTID:253705006 TODO - check for parallel structure with peritoneum UBERON:0001297 UMLS:C0227824 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg ncithesaurus:Perimetrium perimetrium serous coat of uterus serous membrane of uterus tunica serosa (perimetrium) tunica serosa uteri uberon uterine serosa uterus serosa uterus serous membrane visceral peritoneum of uterus FMA:17744 FMA:TA tunica serosa uteri reference_0000032 Outer serosa layer of the uterus. Wikipedia:Perimetrium OBOL:automatic serous membrane of uterus OBOL:automatic uterus serous membrane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimetrium perimetrium psoas major muscle BTO:0001877 EMAPA:18169 FMA:18060 MA:0002358 OpenCyc:Mx4rwU5ZfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244952006 The psoas major is a long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. In less than 50 per cent of subjects the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001298 UMLS:C0224419 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG m. psoas major ncithesaurus:Psoas_Major psoas major uberon Transverse processes of T12-L5 and the lateral aspects of the discs between them dbpedia MA MA:0002358 psoas major dbpedia in the lesser trochanter of the femur Lumbar plexus via anterior branches of L1-L3 nerves dbpedia The psoas major is a long fusiform muscle placed on the side of the lumbar region of the vertebral column and brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the iliopsoas. In less than 50 per cent of subjects the psoas major is accompanied by the psoas minor. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Psoas_major_muscle Wikipedia:Psoas_major_muscle m. psoas major glans penis BTO:0003118 EMAPA:18988 EV:0100108 FMA:18247 GAID:0000012 MA:0002726 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdCpE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:263378009 The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. It is also commonly referred to as the 'head' of the penis. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001299 UMLS:C0227948 VHOG:0001475 balanus coronal sulcus glans http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Anteriorglanspenis.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Glans_Penis uberon Wikipedia:Glans_penis coronal sulcus BTO:0003118 balanus cjm EV:0100108 glans The glans penis (or simply glans) is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis. It is also commonly referred to as the 'head' of the penis. The glans penis is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the female. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glans_penis scrotum BTO:0003098 EMAPA:19296 FMA:18252 GAID:393 In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000409 MESH:A05.360.444.661 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUC_upwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265794003 UBERON:0001300 UMLS:C0036471 galen:Scrotum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Scrotum_warm_and_cold.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/HairedHumanScrotum.png/200px-HairedHumanScrotum.png ncithesaurus:Scrotum scrotal uberon In some male mammals the scrotum (also referred to as the cod) is a protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles. It is an extension of the abdomen, and is located between the penis and anus. In humans and some other mammals, the base of the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. In common speech, the scrotum is often improperly referred to as the testicles, which actually refer to organs encased inside the scrotum. The scrotum is homologous to the labia majora in females. It becomes tight when sexually aroused. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scrotum Wikipedia epididymis A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. BTO:0000408 EFO:0000982 EMAPA:19290 EV:0100103 FMA:18255 GAID:397 MA:0000397 MAT:0000130 MESH:A05.360.444.849.286 MIAA:0000130 SCTID:181432000 Taxon notes: A similar, but probably non-homologous, structure is found in cartilaginous fishes[WP]. Kardong has epididymis in elasmobranch.Structures notes: Typically divided into three main regions. In reptiles, there is an additional canal between the testis and the head of the epididymis, which receives the various efferent ducts. This is, however, absent in all birds and mammals. The epididymis is covered by a two layered pseudostratified epithelium. The epithelium is separated by a basement membrane from the connective tissue wall which has smooth muscle cells. UBERON:0001301 UMLS:C0014533 VHOG:0001265 epididymal epididymus galen:Epididymis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg/200px-Illu_testis_surface.jpg ncithesaurus:Epididymis uberon FMA A narrow, tightly-coiled tube connecting the efferent ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens. Wikipedia:Epididymis Wikipedia right uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18483 MA:0001717 SCTID:280106006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001302 UMLS:C0227900 ncithesaurus:Right_Fallopian_Tube right fallopian tube right oviduct uberon A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18484 MA:0001716 SCTID:280107002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001303 UMLS:C0227902 left fallopian tube left oviduct ncithesaurus:Left_Fallopian_Tube uberon A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic germinal epithelium of ovary BTO:0004483 Controversial - see article. Requires expert input. Also check BTO placement EHDAA:8126 EMAPA:27564 FMA:18629 MA:0001711 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001361 SCTID:258308007 UBERON:0001304 UMLS:C0227875 VHOG:0000630 epithelium superficiale (ovarium) female coelomic epithelium germinal epithelium (female) layer of simple cuboidal cells covering surface of ovary[WP]. ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Surface_Epithelium ovarian surface epithelium ovary germinal epithelium surface epithelium of ovary uberon PMID:16923182 Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(female) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Germinal_epithelium_%28female%29 layer of simple cuboidal cells covering surface of ovary[WP]. EMAPA:17384 female coelomic epithelium BTO:0004483 ovarian surface epithelium Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(female) germinal epithelium (female) ovarian follicle BTO:0000475 Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] FMA:18640 GAID:371 MA:0001707 MAT:0000449 MESH:A05.360.319.114.630.535 Oocyte development of zebrafish has been divided into five stages based on morphological criteria and on physiological and biochemical events. Stage I follicles (less than 140 microns) are primary growth stage, stage II follicles (140-340 microns) are cortical alveolus stage, stage III (340-690 microns) are vitellogenesis, stage IV (690-730 microns) are oocyte maturation, and stage V follicles are matured egg. Selman et al, 1993.[TAO] Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (e.g. once a month in humans)[WP]. SCTID:361111009 TAO:0001110 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001305 UMLS:C0018120 VHOG:0001536 ZFA:0001110 egg follicle follicle of ovary follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically folliculi ovarici primarii, folliculi ovarici vesiculosi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Human_ovarian_follicle.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Primary_follicle-4.JPG/200px-Primary_follicle-4.JPG ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Follicle ovary follicle uberon FMA:18640 follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001536 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology, each of which is composed of roughly spherical aggregations of cells found in the ovary. They contain a single oocyte (aka ovum or egg). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. These eggs/ova are only developed once every menstrual cycle (e.g. once a month in humans)[WP]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_follicle Wikipedia:Ovarian_follicle folliculi ovarici primarii, folliculi ovarici vesiculosi 2012-08-14 Oocyte development of zebrafish has been divided into five stages based on morphological criteria and on physiological and biochemical events. Stage I follicles (less than 140 microns) are primary growth stage, stage II follicles (140-340 microns) are cortical alveolus stage, stage III (340-690 microns) are vitellogenesis, stage IV (690-730 microns) are oocyte maturation, and stage V follicles are matured egg. Selman et al, 1993.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001110 ZFIN:curator cumulus oophorus At one part of the mature follicle, the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This cluster of cells is termed the cumulus oophorus (Latin cumulus=heap, Greek oo=egg + phorus=carrying) discus proligerus, and it is released with the embedded oocyte during ovulation. In order for fertilization to occur this layer must be penetrated by the spermatocyte. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:18659 MA:0002414 SCTID:258586009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001306 cumulus ovaricus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Gray1164.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1164.png/200px-Gray1164.png uberon At one part of the mature follicle, the cells of the membrana granulosa are collected into a mass which projects into the cavity of the follicle. This cluster of cells is termed the cumulus oophorus (Latin cumulus=heap, Greek oo=egg + phorus=carrying) discus proligerus, and it is released with the embedded oocyte during ovulation. In order for fertilization to occur this layer must be penetrated by the spermatocyte. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cumulus_oophorus capsule of ovary A capsule that surrounds a female gonad. FMA:18662 MA:0001706 SCTID:258491008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001307 UMLS:C0227877 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Capsule ovarian capsule ovary capsule uberon A capsule that surrounds a female gonad. OBOL:automatic external iliac artery BTO:0004666 EHDAA2:0000463 EHDAA:4337 EMAPA:17614 FMA:18805 MA:0001973 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkh47pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181352000 The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001308 UMLS:C0226398 arteria iliaca externa galen:ExternalIliacArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gray539.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray539.png/200px-Gray539.png ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Artery uberon Wikipedia:External_iliac_artery arteria iliaca externa The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_artery MA internal iliac artery BTO:0004667 EMAPA:17860 FMA:18808 MA:0001974 SCTID:181346001 The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001309 UMLS:C0226364 arteria iliaca interna galen:InternalIliacArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG/200px-Iliac_artery_bifurcation.PNG hypogastric artery ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Artery uberon MA BTO:0004667 hypogastric artery The internal iliac artery (formerly known as the hypogastric artery) is the main artery of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_artery Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_artery arteria iliaca interna umbilical artery BTO:0000841 EHDAA:1026 EHDAA:410 EMAPA:16331 EMAPA:16372 Editor notes: todo - compare with EHDAA2. Check embryonic vs extraembryonic, developmental relationships FMA:18820 GAID:516 MA:0002072 MESH:A07.231.114.929 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWdhMGWbEd2AAABQjYGu0g RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002106 SCTID:261404000 The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001310 UMLS:C0041632 a. umbilicalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray502.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Artery uberon cjm Wikipedia:Umbilical_artery a. umbilicalis The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_artery inferior vesical artery FMA:18823 MA:0002079 SCTID:43210002 The INF vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001311 UMLS:C0226377 arteria vesicali inferior arteria vesicalis inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Inferiorvesical.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vesical_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_vesical_artery arteria vesicalis inferior FMA-abduced-lr The INF vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_vesical_artery superior vesical artery FMA:18839 MA:0002080 SCTID:113268007 The superior vesical artery supplies numerous branches to the upper part of the bladder. From one of these a slender vessel, the artery to the ductus deferens, takes origin and accompanies the duct in its course to the testis, where it anastomoses with the internal spermatic artery. Other branches supply the ureter. The first part of the superior vesical artery represents the terminal section of the previous portion of the umbilical artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001312 UMLS:C0226376 arteria vesicalis superior arteriae vesicales superiores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Internal_iliac_branches.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Internal_iliac_branches.PNG/200px-Internal_iliac_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Superior_Vesical_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery arteriae vesicales superiores The superior vesical artery supplies numerous branches to the upper part of the bladder. From one of these a slender vessel, the artery to the ductus deferens, takes origin and accompanies the duct in its course to the testis, where it anastomoses with the internal spermatic artery. Other branches supply the ureter. The first part of the superior vesical artery represents the terminal section of the previous portion of the umbilical artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_vesical_artery FMA-abduced-lr iliolumbar artery FMA:18845 MA:0001976 SCTID:113267002 The iliolumbar artery is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001313 UMLS:C0226367 arteria iliolumbalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ilio-lumbar artery ncithesaurus:Iliolumbar_Artery uberon The iliolumbar artery is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_artery Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_artery arteria iliolumbalis obturator artery FMA:18865 MA:0002008 SCTID:244302006 The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001314 UMLS:C0226369 arteria obturatoria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Gray547.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gray547.png/200px-Gray547.png ncithesaurus:Obturator_Artery uberon The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_artery Wikipedia:Obturator_artery arteria obturatoria superior gluteal artery FMA:18868 MA:0002054 SCTID:181354004 The superior gluteal artery (gluteal artery) is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel. It is a short artery which runs backward between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and, passing out of the pelvis above the upper border of the Piriformis, immediately divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Within the pelvis it gives off a few branches to the Iliacus, Piriformis, and Obturator internus, and just previous to quitting that cavity, a nutrient artery which enters the ilium. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001315 UMLS:C0226371 arteria glutea superior arteria glutealis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Gray1244.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1244.png/200px-Gray1244.png ncithesaurus:Gluteal_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Superior_gluteal_artery arteria glutea superior The superior gluteal artery (gluteal artery) is the largest branch of the internal iliac artery, and appears to be the continuation of the posterior division of that vessel. It is a short artery which runs backward between the lumbosacral trunk and the first sacral nerve, and, passing out of the pelvis above the upper border of the Piriformis, immediately divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Within the pelvis it gives off a few branches to the Iliacus, Piriformis, and Obturator internus, and just previous to quitting that cavity, a nutrient artery which enters the ilium. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_gluteal_artery external iliac vein EHDAA2:0000464 FMA:18883 MA:0002144 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQUYtZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181400000 The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001316 UMLS:C0226761 galen:ExternalIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Iliac_veins.gif/200px-Iliac_veins.gif ncithesaurus:External_Iliac_Vein uberon vena iliaca externa The external iliac veins are large veins that connect the femoral veins to the common iliac veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when they join the internal iliac veins (to form the common iliac veins). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by external iliac arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:External_iliac_vein Wikipedia:External_iliac_vein vena iliaca externa internal iliac vein EHDAA2:0000874 FMA:18884 MA:0002145 SCTID:181399007 The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001317 UMLS:C0226764 VHOG:0000749 galen:InternalIliacVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Internaliliacv.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Internaliliacv.png/200px-Internaliliacv.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Iliac_Vein uberon v. hypogastrica v. iliaca interna The internal iliac vein (hypogastric vein) begins near the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen, passes upward behind and slightly medial to the hypogastric artery and, at the brim of the pelvis, joins with the external iliac to form the common iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein v. hypogastrica Wikipedia:Internal_iliac_vein v. iliaca interna inferior vesical vein FMA:18890 MA:0002264 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001318 uberon FMA/obol vaginal vein FMA:18899 MA:0002251 SCTID:424336009 The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001319 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray589.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gray589.png/200px-Gray589.png uberon vagina vein vein of vagina FMA/obol The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_venous_plexus OBOL:automatic vagina vein OBOL:automatic vein of vagina iliolumbar vein FMA:18902 MA:0002146 SCTID:286793006 The iliolumbar vein is the vena comitans of the iliolumbar artery. The obturator nerve crosses superficial to it. A single vein is found more commonly than a double vein. It drains vertebral segments four and five. It is closely related to the ascending lumbar vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001320 UMLS:C0226760 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ilio-lumbar vein ncithesaurus:Iliolumbar_Vein uberon vena iliolumbalis Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_vein vena iliolumbalis FMA/obol The iliolumbar vein is the vena comitans of the iliolumbar artery. The obturator nerve crosses superficial to it. A single vein is found more commonly than a double vein. It drains vertebral segments four and five. It is closely related to the ascending lumbar vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliolumbar_vein obturator vein FMA:18914 MA:0002183 SCTID:20146009 The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal. It runs backward and upward on the lateral wall of the pelvis below the obturator artery, and then passes between the ureter and the hypogastric artery, to end in the hypogastric vein. It has an anterior and posterior branch (similar to obturator artery). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001321 UMLS:C0226776 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png ncithesaurus:Obturator_Vein uberon The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal. It runs backward and upward on the lateral wall of the pelvis below the obturator artery, and then passes between the ureter and the hypogastric artery, to end in the hypogastric vein. It has an anterior and posterior branch (similar to obturator artery). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Obturator_veins FMA/obol sciatic nerve BTO:0001221 EFO:0001417 EHDAA2:0001779 EHDAA:5659 EMAPA:18577 FMA:19034 GAID:852 MA:0001172 MESH:A08.800.800.720.450.760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1133 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7MlDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181050003 Taxon notes: mouse sciatic nerve origins predominantly from the third lumbar (L3) and L4 spinal nerves, unlike the L4 and L5 in rats - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700063/ The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. The sciatic supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. In humans, it is derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. [WP,edited]. UBERON:0001322 UMLS:C0036394 VHOG:0000894 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Gray1244.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray1244.png/200px-Gray1244.png ischiadic nerve ischiatic nerve ncithesaurus:Sciatic_Nerve nervus ischiadicus nervus sciaticus uberon BTO:0001221 nervus sciaticus The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body. The sciatic supplies nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. In humans, it is derived from spinal nerves L4 through S3. It contains fibres from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus. [WP,edited]. Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve nervus ischiadicus Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve ischiadic nerve BTO:0001221 nervus ischiadicus Wikipedia:Sciatic_nerve ischiatic nerve tibial nerve FMA:19035 GAID:854 MA:0001173 MESH:A08.800.800.720.450.760.820 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNya8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181078002 The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001323 UMLS:C0040186 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Gray828.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Gray828.png/200px-Gray828.png medial popliteal nerve n. tibialis ncithesaurus:Tibial_Nerve uberon Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve n. tibialis The tibial nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus. In the popliteal fossa the nerve gives off branches to gastrocnemius, popliteus, soleus and plantaris muscles, an articular branch to the knee joint, and a cutaneous branch that will become the sural nerve. The sural nerve is joined by fibres from the common peroneal nerve and runs down the calf to supply the lateral side of the foot. Below the soleus muscle the nerve lies close to the tibia and supplies the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus. The nerve passes into the foot running posterior to the medial malleolus. Here it is bound down by the flexor retinaculum in company with the posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tibial_nerve common fibular nerve EFO:0003062 FMA:19039 GAID:853 MA:0001169 MESH:A08.800.800.720.450.760.640 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwKexZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181077007 UBERON:0001324 UMLS:C0031173 a nerve arising at the terminal division of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa and extending to the neck of the fibula, ultimately innervating the Peroneus muscle[MP]. The common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve), about one-half the size of the tibial nerve, is derived from the dorsal branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar and the first and second sacral nerves. It descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula, close to the medial margin of the biceps femoris muscle. It lies between the tendon of the biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, winds around the neck of the fibula, between the peronæus longus and the bone, and divides beneath the muscle into the superficial peroneal nerve (superficial fibular nerve) and deep peroneal nerve (deep fibular nerve). [WP,unvetted]. common peroneal nerve extrernal peroneal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Gray832.png lateral popliteal nerve n. fibularis communis, n. peroneus communis ncithesaurus:Peroneal_Nerve nervus peroneus communis peroneal nerve uberon MP:0011211 lateral popliteal nerve MP:0011211 extrernal peroneal nerve FMA:19039 FMA:TA nervus peroneus communis MP:0011211 Wikipedia:Common_fibular_nerve a nerve arising at the terminal division of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal fossa and extending to the neck of the fibula, ultimately innervating the Peroneus muscle[MP]. The common peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve), about one-half the size of the tibial nerve, is derived from the dorsal branches of the fourth and fifth lumbar and the first and second sacral nerves. It descends obliquely along the lateral side of the popliteal fossa to the head of the fibula, close to the medial margin of the biceps femoris muscle. It lies between the tendon of the biceps femoris and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, winds around the neck of the fibula, between the peronæus longus and the bone, and divides beneath the muscle into the superficial peroneal nerve (superficial fibular nerve) and deep peroneal nerve (deep fibular nerve). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Common_fibular_nerve n. fibularis communis, n. peroneus communis muscle of pelvis FMA:19086 MA:0000534 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, UBERON:0001325 muscle organ of pelvis pelvic muscle pelvis muscle pelvis muscle organ uberon FMA:19086 pelvic muscle FMA:19086 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, FMAdef MA OBOL:automatic pelvis muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvis levator ani muscle EMAPA:19165 FMA:19087 MA:0002332 SCTID:181753008 Taxon notes: the levator ani muscle acts to lower the tail, in animals that have one The Levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of the pelvic cavity. It supports the viscera in pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures which pass through it. In combination with the Coccygeus muscle, it forms the pelvic diaphragm. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001326 UMLS:C0224384 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray404.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray404.png/200px-Gray404.png levator ani musculus levator ani ncithesaurus:Levator_Ani uberon dbpedia inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis Wikipedia:Levator_ani musculus levator ani MA:0002332 levator ani The Levator ani is a broad, thin muscle, situated on the side of the pelvis. It is attached to the inner surface of the side of the lesser pelvis, and unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the greater part of the floor of the pelvic cavity. It supports the viscera in pelvic cavity, and surrounds the various structures which pass through it. In combination with the Coccygeus muscle, it forms the pelvic diaphragm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_ani coccygeus muscle FMA:19088 MA:0002277 The Coccygeus is a muscle of the pelvic wall (i.e. peripheral to the pelvic floor), situated behind the levator ani and in front of the sacrospinous ligament. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of the sacrum. It assists the Levator ani and Piriformis in closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001327 coccygeus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray404.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray404.png/200px-Gray404.png ischiococcygeus musculus coccygeus musculus ischiococcygeus uberon MA:0002277 coccygeus Wikipedia:Coccygeus_muscle musculus coccygeus The Coccygeus is a muscle of the pelvic wall (i.e. peripheral to the pelvic floor), situated behind the levator ani and in front of the sacrospinous ligament. It is a triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of the sacrum. It assists the Levator ani and Piriformis in closing in the back part of the outlet of the pelvis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coccygeus_muscle dbpedia sacral nerves: S4 S5 or S3-S4 Sacrospinous ligament and ischial spine dbpedia FMA:19088 FMA:TA musculus ischiococcygeus lobe of prostate Anatomically, the human prostate gland is located between the base of the bladder and the rectum, and it completely surrounds the proximal urethra (Fig. 1A). It is a single alobular structure with central (CZ), peripheral (PZ) and transitional (TZ) zones. In contrast, the mouse prostate is not merged into one compact anatomical structure. It comprises four paired lobes situated circumferentially around the urethra, immediately caudal to the urinary bladder—namely, anterior (AP), dorsal (DP), lateral (LP), and ventral (VP) prostate (Fig. 1B). Often, the dorsal and the lateral lobes are thought of in combination and referred to as the dorsolateral (DLP) lobe as they share a ductal system. The mouse AP is considered analogous to the human CZ, which is rarely a site of neoplastic transformation in humans. The mouse DLP is considered most similar to the human PZ, which is the zone in which most carcinomas arise (Xue et al. 1997). These analogies, however, are limited as they are based solely on descriptive data and need to be re-evaluated using molecular techniques before the relationship between specific mouse prostate lobes and the human prostate zones is definitively asserted (Abate-Shen & Shen 2000). The mouse VP does not have a human homologue, and the human TZ does not have a murine homologue [PMID:15163300] BTO:0000548 FMA:19570 MA:0001738 SCTID:279692004 UBERON:0001328 UMLS:C0227970 lobe of prostate gland ncithesaurus:Prostate_Gland_Lobe prostate gland lobe prostatic lobe uberon prostate gland anterior lobe BTO:0003158 FMA:19574 MA:0002422 SCTID:279693009 UBERON:0001329 anterior lobe of prostate anterior lobe of prostate gland comment: todo - check - see comments from PMID:15163300 commissura prostatae commissure of prostate isthmus of prostate isthmus of prostate gland isthmus prostatae prostate gland anterior lobe prostatic isthmus the prostate lobe that appears as a thin tubular structure, attached to the lesser curvature of the paired seminal vesicles. uberon FMA:19574 FMA:TA isthmus prostatae FMA:19574 FMA:TA commissura prostatae FMA:19574 anterior lobe of prostate MP:0001163 the prostate lobe that appears as a thin tubular structure, attached to the lesser curvature of the paired seminal vesicles. pampiniform plexus FMA:19607 MA:0001866 SCTID:279661001 The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001330 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray1147.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray1147.png/200px-Gray1147.png pampiniform venous plexus plexus of veins of fascia of prostate plexus venosus pampiniformis uberon venous plexus of fascia of prostate venous plexus of fascia of prostate gland The pampiniform plexus is a network of many small veins found in the human male spermatic cord. It is formed by the union of multiple spermatic veins from the back of the testis and tributaries from the epididymis. The veins of the plexus ascend along the cord in front of the ductus deferens. Below the subcutaneous inguinal ring they unite to form three or four veins, which pass along the inguinal canal, and, entering the abdomen through the abdominal inguinal ring, coalesce to form two veins. These again unite to form a single vein, the testicular vein, which opens on the right side into the inferior vena cava, at an acute angle, and on the left side into the left renal vein, at a right angle. The pampinoform plexus forms the chief mass of the cord. In addition to its function in venous return from the testes, the pampiniform plexus also plays a role in the temperature regulation of the testes. It acts as a heat exchanger, cooling blood in adjacent arteries. An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform plexus is a medical condition called varicocele. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pampiniform_venous_plexus FMA:19607 FMA:TA plexus venosus pampiniformis skin of penis A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19638 MA:0002727 SCTID:35900000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001331 penile skin penis skin penis zone of skin uberon zone of skin of penis OBOL:automatic penis zone of skin FMA:19638 penile skin A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of penis prepuce of penis BTO:0001113 EFO:0001664 EMAPA:18989 EV:0100109 FMA:19639 In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000407 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181426005 UBERON:0001332 UMLS:C0227952 foreskin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Foreskin_CloseupV2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Foreskin2.jpg/200px-Foreskin2.jpg ncithesaurus:Male_Prepuce penile prepuce prepuce prepuce of male prepucium, præputium preputium uberon HP:0100587 preputium EMAPA:18989 prepuce of male Wikipedia:Foreskin prepucium, præputium FMA:19639 foreskin MA:0000407 Wikipedia:Foreskin prepuce FMA:19639 penile prepuce Wikipedia In male human anatomy, the foreskin is a retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. It is also described as the prepuce, a technically broader term that also includes the clitoral hood in women, to which the foreskin is embryonically homologous. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foreskin male urethra BTO:0004089 EMAPA:18692 FMA:19668 In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002640 SCTID:264085007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001333 UMLS:C0458452 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Male_Urethra uberon In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Male_urethra Wikipedia female urethra BTO:0004088 EMAPA:28747 FMA:19669 In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002637 SCTID:264469008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001334 UMLS:C0458485 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png/200px-Female_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Female_Urethra uberon In anatomy, the urethra (from Greek οὐρήθρα - ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both sexes to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for semen. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Female_urethra prostatic urethra BTO:0003163 EMAPA:30942 FMA:19673 MA:0002646 SCTID:279434009 The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm. long. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion. A transverse section of the canal as it lies in the prostate is horse-shoe-shaped, with the convexity directed forward. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001335 UMLS:C0458450 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray1142.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png male prostatic urethra ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Portion_of_the_Male_Urethra pars prostatica urethrae pars prostatica urethrae prostatic part of male urethra prostatic part of urethra uberon Wikipedia:Prostatic_urethra pars prostatica urethrae MP:0011777 pars prostatica urethrae The prostatic urethra, the widest and most dilatable part of the urethra canal, is about 3 cm. long. It runs almost vertically through the prostate from its base to its apex, lying nearer its anterior than its posterior surface; the form of the canal is spindle-shaped, being wider in the middle than at either extremity, and narrowest below, where it joins the membranous portion. A transverse section of the canal as it lies in the prostate is horse-shoe-shaped, with the convexity directed forward. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Prostatic_urethra MP:0011777 prostatic part of male urethra FMA MA MP:0011777 male prostatic urethra FMA BTO:0003163 pars prostatica urethrae membranous urethra of male or female AO notes: MA class sex-neutral MA:0002647 UBERON:0001336 intermediate part of urethra intermediate urethra membranous part of urethra membranous urethra pars intermedia urethrae pars membranacea (urethrae) uberon MA:0002647 membranous urethra FMA:19674 FMA:TA pars intermedia urethrae spongiose part of urethra EMAPA:30944 FMA:19675 MA:0002643 SCTID:263341006 The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001337 cavernous portion of male urethra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/250px-Gray1142.png male spongiose urethra male spongy urethra pars cavernosa urethrae pars spongiosa pars spongiosa urethrae masculinae penile urethra spongiose urethra spongy urethra (male) uberon MP:0011779 male spongiose urethra MP:0011779 pars spongiosa urethrae masculinae FMA MP:0011779 pars cavernosa urethrae MP:0011779 cavernous portion of male urethra FMA MP:0011779 spongiose urethra FMA:19675 FMA:TA pars spongiosa MP:0011779 penile urethra The spongy urethra (cavernous portion of urethra, penile urethra) is the longest part of the male urethra, and is contained in the corpus spongiosum urethraeæ. It is about 15 cm long, and extends from the termination of the membranous portion to the external urethral orifice. Commencing below the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm it passes forward and upward to the front of the symphysis pubis; and then, in the flaccid condition of the penis, it bends downward and forward. It is narrow, and of uniform size in the body of the penis, measuring about 6 mm in diameter; it is dilated behind, within the bulb, and again anteriorly within the glans penis, where it forms the fossa navicularis urethrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Penile_urethra urethral gland FMA:19683 MA:0001688 SCTID:279477005 UBERON:0001338 any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine gland of urethra uberon urethra gland urethra gland (male or female) OBOL:automatic gland of urethra MP:anna any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine ischiocavernosus muscle FMA:19730 MA:0002330 SCTID:244975004 The ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the perineum, present in both men and women. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001339 UMLS:C0224401 erector penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ischiocavernosus-female.png/200px-Ischiocavernosus-female.png ischiocavernosi ischiocavernosus ischiocavernous muscle ishiocavernosus ishiocavernosus muscle musculus ishiocavernosus ncithesaurus:Ischiocavernosus uberon Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle ischiocavernous muscle Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle erector penis Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle ishiocavernosus muscle Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle musculus ishiocavernosus Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle ishiocavernosus Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle ischiocavernosus The ischiocavernosus muscle is a muscle just below the surface of the perineum, present in both men and women. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle Wikipedia:Ischiocavernosus_muscle ischiocavernosi dorsal artery of penis BTO:0005088 FMA:19795 MA:0001946 SCTID:244294001 The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001340 arteria dorsalis penis dorsal artery of the penis dorsal penile artery dorsal penis artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray1155.png/200px-Gray1155.png uberon MA:0001946 dorsal penis artery FMA:19795 dorsal penile artery FMA BTO The Dorsal Artery of the Penis ascends between the crus penis and the pubic symphysis, and, piercing the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, passes between the two layers of the suspensory ligament of the penis, and runs forward on the dorsum of the penis to the glans, where it divides into two branches, which supply the glans and prepuce. On the penis, it lies between the dorsal nerve and deep dorsal vein, the former being on its lateral side. It supplies the integument and fibrous sheath of the corpus cavernosum penis, sending branches through the sheath to anastomose with the deep artery of the penis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_artery_of_penis BTO:0005088 arteria dorsalis penis BTO:0005088 dorsal artery of the penis FMA lesser sac AO notes: classified as a cavity in EHDAA2, so this truly corresponds to FMA 'Cavity of lesser sac' - we hedge for now; todo - treat same as greater sac EHDAA2:0001296 EHDAA2:0004554 EHDAA:2335 EMAPA:16889 EMAPA:18458 FMA:19800 MA:0000445 The lesser sac of the peritoneum. Part of the peritoneal cavity behind the liver, lesser omentum and stomach. It lies across the transverse mesocolon and extends into the greater omentum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001341 UMLS:C0230212 VHOG:0000458 bursa omentalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Peritoneum.svg/200px-Peritoneum.svg.png ncithesaurus:Omental_Bursa omental bursa uberon FMA:19800 FMA:TA bursa omentalis 2012-09-17 The lesser sac of the peritoneum. Part of the peritoneal cavity behind the liver, lesser omentum and stomach. It lies across the transverse mesocolon and extends into the greater omentum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000458 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The lesser sac, also known as the omental bursa, is the cavity in the abdomen that is formed by the lesser and greater omentum. Usually found in mammals, it is connected with the greater sac via the epiploic foramen (also known as the Foramen of Winslow). In mammals, it is not uncommon for the lesser sac to contain considerable amounts of fat. In human anatomy, the wall of the stomach, pancreas and splenic artery are a part of the wall of the lesser sac. If these structures rupture they may leak into the lesser sac. For the stomach, which lies anterior to the omental bursa, the rupture must be on the posterior side; if it were anteriorly located, the leak would collect in the greater sac. The lesser sac is embryologically formed from an infolding of the greater omentum. The open end of the infolding, known as the epiploic foramen, is usually proximal to the stomach. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_sac mesovarium AAO:0010531 Anatomical structure consisting of a membrane which suspends the ovaries from the mesial side of the kidney.[AAO] EMAPA:17961 FMA:19815 SCTID:279914000 TAO:0000333 The mesentery that suspends the ovary from the dorsal wall of the coelom. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.560, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] The mesentery that suspends the ovary from the dorsal wall of the coelom[VHOG]. UBERON:0001342 UMLS:C0230310 VHOG:0001566 ZFA:0000333 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Gray1111.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gray1111.png/200px-Gray1111.png mesovarian ligament ncithesaurus:Mesovarian_Ligament uberon 2012-09-17 The mesentery that suspends the ovary from the dorsal wall of the coelom. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.560, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001566 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The mesentery that suspends the ovary from the dorsal wall of the coelom[VHOG]. VHOG:0001566 Wikipedia:Mesovarium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010531 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure consisting of a membrane which suspends the ovaries from the mesial side of the kidney.[AAO] seminiferous tubule of testis AAO:0010399 Any of the coiled tubules located in the testes in which spermatozoa are produced.[AAO] BTO:0001235 EFO:0001404 EMAPA:18685 EMAPA:31476 EV:0100380 FMA:19825 Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules.[well established][VHOG] GAID:400 MA:0000412 MAT:0000503 MESH:A05.360.444.849.700 One of two or three twisted curved tubules in each lobule of the testis in which spermatogenesis occurs. [TFD][VHOG] SCTID:279614002 Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. The epithelium of the tubule consists of sustentacular or Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. In between the Sertoli cells are spermatogenic cells, which differentiate through meiosis to sperm cells. There are two types: convoluted and straight. convuluted towards the lateral side and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts which will exit the testis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001343 UMLS:C0036630 UMLS:C1519236 VHOG:0001363 XAO:0003088 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Seminiferous_tubule_and_sperm_low_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gray1145.png/200px-Gray1145.png ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Cord ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Tubule seminiferous cord seminiferous tubule testis - seminiferous tubule tubuli seminiferi tubuli seminiferi uberon Wikipedia 2012-09-17 Frogs among amphibians and the amniotes have males with testes that are composed of seminiferous tubules, which differ from ampullae in being long, highly convoluted ductules.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.688 and Figure 21-28 VHOG VHOG:0001363 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Seminiferous_tubule tubuli seminiferi Seminiferous tubules are located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa. The epithelium of the tubule consists of sustentacular or Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule. In between the Sertoli cells are spermatogenic cells, which differentiate through meiosis to sperm cells. There are two types: convoluted and straight. convuluted towards the lateral side and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts which will exit the testis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Seminiferous_tubule EMAPA:18685 seminiferous cord 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010399 AAO:BJB Any of the coiled tubules located in the testes in which spermatozoa are produced.[AAO] 2012-09-17 One of two or three twisted curved tubules in each lobule of the testis in which spermatogenesis occurs. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001363 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/SEMINIFEROUS+TUBULE epithelium of vagina BTO:0000422 EMAPA:30991 FMA: nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; BTO: Vaginal epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium having a thickness of 15-200 microns; MA has single subclass (squamous) FMA:19978 MA:0001730 UBERON:0001344 UMLS:C0920840 epithelial tissue of vagina epithelium, vaginal ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Epithelium the epithelial layer of the vagina. uberon vagina epithelial tissue vagina epithelium vaginal epithelium BTO:0000422 epithelium, vaginal MP:0001140 the epithelial layer of the vagina. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina epithelial tissue obsolete fornix This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies This class was obsoleted. UBERON:0000051 UBERON:0000052 UBERON:0001345 true uberon This class was obsoleted. Wikipedia:Vaginal_fornix_of_brain vaginal hymen FMA:20005 MA:0002465 MESH:A05.360.319.779.479 SCTID:245473005 The hymen, or the vaginal corona, is a fold of mucous membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia[WP]. UBERON:0001346 UMLS:C0020412 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray1229.png hymen hymen of vagina hymen vaginae hymen vaginae ncithesaurus:Hymen uberon vaginal corona MESH:A05.360.319.779.479 hymen Wikipedia:Hymen hymen vaginae FMA The hymen, or the vaginal corona, is a fold of mucous membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia[WP]. Wikipedia:Hymen Wikipedia:Hymen vaginal corona FMA:20005 hymen of vagina white adipose tissue Adipose tissue, cells of which contain a single large lipid droplet.[FMA] BTO:0001456 EFO:0000813 FMA:20117 MA:0000058 MAT:0000199 MIAA:0000199 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001347 UMLS:C1704223 adipocytus unigutturalis ncithesaurus:White_Adipose_Tissue textus adiposus albus textus adiposus albus uberon unilocular adipose tissue white fat Adipose tissue, cells of which contain a single large lipid droplet.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:White_adipose_tissue Wikipedia:White_adipose_tissue textus adiposus albus brown adipose tissue Adipose tissue, cells of which contain multiple small lipid droplets.[FMA] BTO:0000156 EFO:0000812 EMAPA:19209 FMA:20118 GAID:921 MA:0000057 MAT:0000198 MESH:A10.165.114.322 MIAA:0000198 SCTID:15965003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001348 UMLS:C0006298 adipocytus multigutturalis brown fat http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Brownfat_PETCT.jpg multilocular adipose tissue ncithesaurus:Brown_Adipose_Tissue textus adiposus fuscus textus adiposus fuscus uberon Wikipedia:Brown_adipose_tissue textus adiposus fuscus Adipose tissue, cells of which contain multiple small lipid droplets.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Brown_adipose_tissue vestibule Anatomical cavity that connects an organ cavity, organ cavity subdivision or cavity of body part subdivision to the exterior, completely or partially surrounded by organs or organ parts that are lined by epithelium. Examples: preputial cavity, vestibule of vagina.[FMA] FMA:20192 UBERON:0001349 uberon Anatomical cavity that connects an organ cavity, organ cavity subdivision or cavity of body part subdivision to the exterior, completely or partially surrounded by organs or organ parts that are lined by epithelium. Examples: preputial cavity, vestibule of vagina.[FMA] FMA:20192 FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Vestibule_(disambiguation)#Anatomy coccyx A collection of caudal vertebrae in the coccygeal region - may be fused[cjm]. AAO:0000731 EHDAA2:0000259 FMA:20229 GAID:239 In MA the subclass hierarchy is cocc V is_a caud V is_a tail bone. Taxon notes: In humans: The coccyx, commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the human vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae (the coccygeal vertebrae) below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between the sacrum and the coccyx. The term coccyx comes originally from the Greek language and means 'cuckoo', referring to the curved shape of a cuckoo's beak when viewed from the side. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A02.835.232.834.229 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1XqHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182028002 Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.[AAO] UBERON:0001350 UMLS:C0009194 coccygeal coccygeal skeleton coccygeal vertebrae I-IV coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae i-iv] coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae i-iv] galen:Coccyx http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gray100.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gray100.png/200px-Gray100.png ncithesaurus:Coccyx os coccygis os coccygis tailbone uberon FMA:20229 FMA:TA coccyx [vertebrae coccygeae i-iv] Wikipedia:Coccyx os coccygis FMA:20229 coccygeal vertebrae I-IV 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000731 AAO:Pugener_2002 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Small, bony element consisting of several fused, rudimentary caudal vertebrae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.[AAO] FMA FMA FMA:20229 FMA:TA os coccygis FMA:20229 coccyx [coccygeal vertebrae i-iv] A collection of caudal vertebrae in the coccygeal region - may be fused[cjm]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Coccyx FMA:20229 tailbone EHDAA2:0000259 coccygeal skeleton lacrimal sac FMA:20289 MA:0001298 SCTID:362534009 The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001351 UMLS:C0229289 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray896.png ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Sac saccus lacrimalis uberon Wikipedia:Lacrimal_sac saccus lacrimalis The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla. It connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity. This is mainly for high amounts of tears, in which the lacrimal sac pumps inward and outward driven by the orbicularis muscle during blinking. It is oval in form and measures from 12 to 15 mm. in length; its upper end is closed and rounded; its lower is continued into the nasolacrimal duct. Its superficial surface is covered by a fibrous expansion derived from the medial palpebral ligament, and its deep surface is crossed by the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi, which is attached to the crest on the lacrimal bone. Like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, with surrounding connective tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_sac external acoustic meatus A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. AO notes: subdivision of head in FMA. Editor note: consider revisiting superclass after refinement of CARO/EAO, conduit may not be quite correct. Development notes: tympanic ring, which serves as support for the tympanic membrane, directs invagination of the first pharingeal cleft ectoderm to form the external acoustic meatus (EAM), which provides the outer layer of the membrane[PMID 11237469] EHDAA2:0000460 EHDAA:8975 EMAPA:17588 EV:0100356 FMA:61734 GAID:864 MA:0000260 MESH:A09.246.272.396 OpenCyc:Mx4rvli-nZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181178004 UBERON:0001352 UMLS:C0013444 VHOG:0000977 auditory canal auditory meatus ear canal external acoustic tube external auditory canal external auditory meatus external auditory tube galen:ExternalAuditoryMeatus ncithesaurus:External_Acoustic_Meatus uberon FMA:61734 external acoustic tube FMA:61734 external auditory tube FMA PMID:11237469 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Ear_canal ear canal EHDAA2:0000460 auditory meatus A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. Wikipedia:External_acoustic_meatus anal region Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0000847 EHDAA2:0000122 EHDAA:2931 EMAPA:16831 MA:0000329 MAT:0000042 MIAA:0000042 SCTID:362680001 The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present UBERON:0001353 UMLS:C0230120 VHOG:0000395 WBbt:0006919 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray408.png/200px-Gray408.png ncithesaurus:Anal_Region uberon definitional 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000395 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present UBERON:cjm EHDAA2 inferior epigastric artery EMAPA:18751 FMA:20686 In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the inferior epigastric vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001978 OpenCyc:Mx4rdBvQc6gOEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244288009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001354 UMLS:C0226401 arteria epigastrica inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Gray547.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Epigastric_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_epigastric_artery arteria epigastrica inferior In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the inferior epigastric vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_epigastric_artery deep femoral artery FMA:20741 MA:0002027 SCTID:181348000 The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001355 UMLS:C0226455 arteria profunda femoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray548.png/200px-Gray548.png ncithesaurus:Deep_Femoral_Artery profunda femoris artery uberon The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_femoral_artery medial circumflex femoral artery FMA:20799 MA:0001996 SCTID:244326008 The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001356 arteria circumflexa femoris medialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png/200px-Circumflex_femoral_arteries.png medial femoral circumflex artery uberon The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery Wikipedia:Medial_circumflex_femoral_artery arteria circumflexa femoris medialis inferior rectal artery FMA:20824 MA:0001979 SCTID:244304007 The inferior rectal artery (inferior hemorrhoidal artery) is an artery that supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001357 UMLS:C0226393 arteria rectalis inferior, arteria hæmorrhoidalis inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray542.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray542.png/200px-Gray542.png inferior hemorrhoidal artery ncithesaurus:Inferior_Rectal_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_rectal_artery arteria rectalis inferior, arteria hæmorrhoidalis inferior FMA-abduced-lr The inferior rectal artery (inferior hemorrhoidal artery) is an artery that supplies blood to the lower half of the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_rectal_artery FMA-abduced-lr perineal artery FMA:20836 MA:0002017 SCTID:244303001 The perineal artery (superficial perineal artery) arises from the internal pudendal artery, and turns upward, crossing either over or under the Transversus perinæi superficialis, and runs forward, parallel to the pubic arch, in the interspace between the Bulbocavernosus and Ischiocavernosus, both of which it supplies, and finally divides into several posterior scrotal branches which are distributed to the skin and dartos tunic of the scrotum. As it crosses the Transversus perinæi superficialis it gives off the transverse perineal artery which runs transversely on the cutaneous surface of the muscle, and anastomoses with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side and with the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal arteries. It supplies the Transversus perinæi superficialis and the structures between the anus and the urethral bulb. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001358 UMLS:C0226394 arteria perinei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray542.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray542.png/200px-Gray542.png ncithesaurus:Perineal_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Perineal_artery arteria perinei The perineal artery (superficial perineal artery) arises from the internal pudendal artery, and turns upward, crossing either over or under the Transversus perinæi superficialis, and runs forward, parallel to the pubic arch, in the interspace between the Bulbocavernosus and Ischiocavernosus, both of which it supplies, and finally divides into several posterior scrotal branches which are distributed to the skin and dartos tunic of the scrotum. As it crosses the Transversus perinæi superficialis it gives off the transverse perineal artery which runs transversely on the cutaneous surface of the muscle, and anastomoses with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side and with the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal arteries. It supplies the Transversus perinæi superficialis and the structures between the anus and the urethral bulb. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Perineal_artery FMA cerebrospinal fluid AO notes: the FMA def states that this is subarachnoid spaces only. ZFA def states subarachnoid spaces and brain ventricles, but not SC (and has part_of to brain). Circulation: It circulates from the lateral ventricles to the foramen of Monro (Interventricular foramen), third ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius (Cerebral aqueduct), fourth ventricle, foramen of Magendie (Median aperture) and foramina of Luschka (Lateral apertures), subarachnoid space over brain and spinal cord. It should be noted that the CSF moves in a pulsatile manner throughout the CSF system with nearly zero net flow. CSF is reabsorbed into venous sinus blood via arachnoid granulations. BTO:0000237 CSF EFO:0000329 EHDAA2:0004441 ENVO:02000029 EV:0100311 FMA:20935 GAID:1181 In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (...) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates.[uncertain][VHOG] MA:0002503 MAT:0000499 MESH:A12.207.268 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1798 Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.[TAO] TAO:0002184 UBERON:0001359 UMLS:C0007806 VHOG:0001278 ZFA:0001626 a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. cerebral spinal fluid liquor cerebrospinalis ncithesaurus:Cerebrospinal_Fluid spinal fluid uberon Wikipedia:Cerebrospinal_fluid liquor cerebrospinalis BTO:0000237 spinal fluid EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ZFA:0001626 cerebral spinal fluid Wikipedia:Cerebrospinal_fluid a clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. FMA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1021/pr050213t Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D, Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. Journal of Proteome Research (2005) In vertebrates, at early stages of Central Nervous System (CNS) development, the architecture of the brain primordium reveals the presence of the cavity of brain vesicles, which is filled by Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (E-CSF). (...) Rat and chick E-CSF proteomes are similar, although rat is more complex in certain groups of proteins, e.g., apolipoproteins, which may be involved in the control of neural diversity, and has soluble enzymes present, just like adult human CSF, but unlike chick E-CSF, revealing phylogenetic brain differences between these groups of vertebrates.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001278 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002184 ZFIN:curator deep circumflex iliac vein FMA:21182 MA:0002099 SCTID:11653007 The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venæ comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament. It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001360 deep iliac circumflex vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png uberon vena circumflexa iliaca profunda vena circumflexa ilium profunda The deep circumflex iliac vein is formed by the union of the venæ comitantes of the deep iliac circumflex artery, and joins the external iliac vein about 2 cm. above the inguinal ligament. It also receives small tributary branches from the thoracoepigastric vein [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_vein Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_vein vena circumflexa ilium profunda femoral vein AAO:0010237 EMAPA:17876 Either of the primary veins in the hindlimbs which collect blood from the hindlimb region.[AAO] FMA:21185 GAID:533 In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002118 MESH:A07.231.908.314 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFXTLJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362071002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001361 UMLS:C0015809 galen:FemoralVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Femoral_triangle.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Femoral_triangle.gif/200px-Femoral_triangle.gif ncithesaurus:Femoral_Vein uberon vena femoralis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010237 AAO:BJB Either of the primary veins in the hindlimbs which collect blood from the hindlimb region.[AAO] In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the femoral sheath. It begins at the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_vein Wikipedia:Femoral_vein vena femoralis perineal vein FMA:21246 MA:0002193 SCTID:312507009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001362 uberon FMA/obol great saphenous vein BTO:0003271 FMA:21376 MA:0002216 SCTID:181402008 The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001363 UMLS:C0392907 galen:GreatSaphenousVein galen:GreaterSaphenousVein greater saphenous vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Great_saphenous_vein.png large saphenous vein long saphenous vein ncithesaurus:Long_Saphenous_Vein uberon vena saphena magna The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous) superficial vein of the leg and thigh. The terms 'safaina' (Greek) and 'el safin' (Arabic) have both been claimed as the origin for the word 'saphenous'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Great_saphenous_vein FMA/obol BTO:0003271 large saphenous vein Wikipedia:Great_saphenous_vein vena saphena magna obsolete circumpennate OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjBSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001364 radial radialis radials true uberon FMA:21431 FMA:TA radialis sacro-iliac joint EMAPA:19300 FMA:21440 GAID:268 MA:0001506 MESH:A02.835.583.707 SCTID:182199004 UBERON:0001365 UMLS:C0036036 articulatio sacro-iliaca http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray319.png ncithesaurus:Sacroiliac_Joint sacroiliac joint the joint in the bony pelvis between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis, which are joined by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side. uberon Wikipedia:Sacroiliac_joint the joint in the bony pelvis between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis, which are joined by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side. FMA parietal peritoneum AAO:0010816 FMA:21451 MA:0000449 Peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall.[AAO] SCTID:362700006 TAO:0005131 The peritoneum that lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity. UBERON:0001366 UBERON:0004459 VHOG:0001527 ZFA:0005131 fix coordinated with ZFA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png peritoneal cavity lining uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010816 AAO:JMG Peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall.[AAO] MA:0000449 peritoneal cavity lining The peritoneum that lines the walls of the peritoneal cavity. Wikipedia:Parietal_peritoneum ZFIN:curator external anal sphincter EMAPA:18265 FMA:21930 MA:0001531 SCTID:244969008 The Sphincter ani externus (external anal sphincter) is a flat plane of muscular fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the integument surrounding the margin of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001367 UMLS:C0224395 external sphincter ani http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Anorectum.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Anorectum.gif/200px-Anorectum.gif musculus sphincter ani externus ncithesaurus:External_Anal_Sphincter sphincter ani externus uberon sphincter ani externus FMA The Sphincter ani externus (external anal sphincter) is a flat plane of muscular fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the integument surrounding the margin of the anus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sphincter_ani_externus_muscle MA obturator externus AAO:0010043 An adductor muscle that attaches to the femur and the pelvis. In humans, the obturator externus muscle is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis. It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region. [WP,generalized]. Definition generalized to accommodate AAO class - "Originates on the ventro-lateral pelvic rim and inserts on the ventral aspect of the femur, medial to the insertion of the pectineus." [AAO:0010043] FMA:22299 M. obturator externus MA:0002347 Originates on the ventro-lateral pelvic rim and inserts on the ventral aspect of the femur, medial to the insertion of the pectineus.[AAO] SCTID:245026009 UBERON:0001368 UMLS:C1518528 external obturator external obturator external obturatus externus obturator http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG musculus obturatorius externus ncithesaurus:Obturator_Externus_Muscle obturator externus obturatorius externus obturatus externus uberon Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle musculus obturatorius externus dbpedia trochanteric fossa of femur Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle obturatus externus FMA Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle external obturator Wikipedia Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle external obturatus AAO:0010043 M. obturator externus Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle obturator externus dbpedia obturator foramen and obturatory membrane FMA An adductor muscle that attaches to the femur and the pelvis. In humans, the obturator externus muscle is a flat, triangular muscle, which covers the outer surface of the anterior wall of the pelvis. It is sometimes considered part of the medial compartment of thigh, and sometimes considered part of the gluteal region. [WP,generalized]. Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle externus obturator Wikipedia:Obturator_externus_muscle obturatorius externus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010043 AAO:EJS Originates on the ventro-lateral pelvic rim and inserts on the ventral aspect of the femur, medial to the insertion of the pectineus.[AAO] FMA iliacus muscle AAO has iliacus major and minor, both of which attach to ilium and femur - consider grouping these somehow EMAPA:19164 FMA:22310 MA:0002318 SCTID:244956009 The iliacus is a flat, triangular muscle, which fills the iliac fossa. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001369 UMLS:C0224418 anterior muscle of pelvic girdle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG iliacus iliacus muscle musculus iliacus ncithesaurus:Iliacus uberon Wikipedia:Iliacus_muscle iliacus muscle dbpedia FMA dbpedia MA:0002318 iliacus Wikipedia:Iliacus_muscle musculus iliacus dbpedia dbpedia lesser trochanter of femur The iliacus is a flat, triangular muscle, which fills the iliac fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliacus_muscle gluteus maximus EMAPA:18527 FMA:22314 MA:0002309 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181674001 The gluteus maximus is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. In humans, it makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. It is a broad and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. Its large size is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, connected as it is with the power of maintaining the trunk in the erect posture. The muscle is remarkably coarse in structure, being made up of fasciculi lying parallel with one another and collected together into large bundles separated by fibrous septa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001370 UMLS:C0224424 glutaeus maximus muscle gluteus maximus muscle gluteus superficialis glutæus maximus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG m.gluteus maximus musculus gluteus maximus ncithesaurus:Gluteus_Maximus uberon Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle musculus gluteus maximus dbpedia Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle glutaeus maximus muscle Gluteal surface of ilium lumbar fascia sacrum sacrotuberous ligament dbpedia Gluteal surface of ilium lumbar fascia sacrum sacrotuberous ligament dbpedia The gluteus maximus is the largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles. In humans, it makes up a large portion of the shape and appearance of the buttocks. It is a broad and thick fleshy mass of a quadrilateral shape, and forms the prominence of the nates. Its large size is one of the most characteristic features of the muscular system in humans, connected as it is with the power of maintaining the trunk in the erect posture. The muscle is remarkably coarse in structure, being made up of fasciculi lying parallel with one another and collected together into large bundles separated by fibrous septa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle Wikipedia:Gluteus_maximus_muscle gluteus maximus muscle dbpedia Gluteal tuberosity of the femur iliotibial tract dbpedia FMA dbpedia gluteus medius EMAPA:19163 FMA:22315 MA:0002310 SCTID:181675000 The gluteus medius (or glutæus medius), one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001371 UMLS:C0224425 galen:GluteusMedius gluteus medius muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG/200px-Posterior_Hip_Muscles_3.PNG musculus gluteus medius ncithesaurus:Gluteus_Medius uberon Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle musculus gluteus medius Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle gluteus medius muscle The gluteus medius (or glutæus medius), one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis. Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle Greater trochanter of the femur dbpedia Gluteal surface of ilium under gluteus maximus dbpedia FMA FMA Wikipedia:Gluteus_medius_muscle musculus gluteus medius psoas minor muscle BTO:0001878 EMAPA:18170 FMA:22350 Human variation notes: It is absent in 40% of individuals. MA:0002359 SCTID:244954007 The psoas minor is a long, slender skeletal muscle that, when present, is placed in front of the psoas major muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001372 UMLS:C0224420 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Gray430.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray430.png/200px-Gray430.png m. psoas minor ncithesaurus:Psoas_Minor psoas minor uberon MA Wikipedia:Psoas_minor_muscle m. psoas minor MA:0002359 psoas minor Lateral surface bodies of T12 and L1 vertebrae and intervening intervertebral disc dbpedia The psoas minor is a long, slender skeletal muscle that, when present, is placed in front of the psoas major muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Psoas_minor_muscle dbpedia pectineal line sartorius muscle BTO:0001215 EHDAA2:0001776 EHDAA:10583 FMA:22353 M. sartorius MA:0002368 SCTID:181683006 Taxon notes (via VHOG): "The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius." Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, Fourth Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill, p.391 [VHOG:0001192]. No iliotibialis in AAO - M. sartorius has def: "Originates on the ventral pelvic rim, the pubic region, and the ventral surface of the adductor longus. The insertion bifurcates distally; the ventral portion attaches to the aponeurosis of the cruralis and the dorsal part attaches to the distal attachment of the gracilis major, the semitendinosus, and to the aponeurosis of the cruralis." [AAO:0010027]. We do NOT group this AAO class here at this stage until further evidence of shared attachments The Sartorius muscle – the longest muscle in the human body – is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh. Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle. The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001373 UMLS:C0224434 VHOG:0001192 galen:Sartorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Sartorius.png musculus sartorius ncithesaurus:Sartorius_Muscle sartorius uberon MA:0002368 sartorius Wikipedia:Sartorius_muscle musculus sartorius anteromedial surface of the upper tibia in the pes anserinus dbpedia 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.391 The ambiens of reptiles and the iliotibialis of amphibians are likely homologues of the sartorius.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001192 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The Sartorius muscle – the longest muscle in the human body – is a long thin muscle that runs down the length of the thigh. Its upper portion forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle. Wikipedia:Sartorius_muscle dbpedia femoral nerve biceps femoris BTO:0003418 EFO:0001418 FMA:22356 MA:0002270 SCTID:181672002 The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001374 UMLS:C0224449 biceps femoris muscle galen:BicepsFemoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG/200px-Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG musculus biceps femoris ncithesaurus:Biceps_Femoris uberon dbpedia the head of the fibula which articulates with the back of the lateral tibial condyle Wikipedia:Biceps_femoris_muscle musculus biceps femoris dbpedia dbpedia The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Biceps_femoris_muscle dbpedia the head of the fibula which articulates with the back of the lateral tibial condyle dbpedia long head: tibial nerveshort head: common peroneal nerve BTO:0003418 biceps femoris muscle semitendinosus BTO:0001236 FMA:22357 MA:0002375 SCTID:181685004 The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001375 UMLS:C0224453 galen:Semitendinosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Semitendinosus_muscle.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Semitendinosus_muscle.PNG/200px-Semitendinosus_muscle.PNG musculus semitendinosus ncithesaurus:Semitendinosus semitendinosus muscle uberon Wikipedia:Semitendinosus_muscle musculus semitendinosus dbpedia The semitendinosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh; it is one of the hamstrings. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semitendinosus_muscle dbpedia BTO:0001236 musculus semitendinosus tensor fasciae latae muscle FMA:22423 MA:0002391 SCTID:181671009 The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001376 UMLS:C1384497 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Anatomical_dissection5.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG musculus tensor fasciae latae ncithesaurus:Tensor_Fasciae_Lata tensor fasciae lata tensor fasciae lata muscle tensor fasciae latae tensor of fascia lata uberon Wikipedia:Tensor_fasciae_latae_muscle musculus tensor fasciae latae MA:0002391 tensor fasciae lata The tensor fasciae latae or tensor fasciæ latæ is a muscle of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tensor_fasciae_latae_muscle FMA:22423 tensor fasciae latae FMA:22423 FMA:TA musculus tensor fasciae latae quadriceps femoris BTO:0001149 EFO:0001938 EHDAA2:0001583 EHDAA:8299 EMAPA:19073 EMAPA:19146 FMA:22428 MA:0002363 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjd-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181669009 The quadriceps femoris, also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. It is the strongest and leanest muscle in the human body. It is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles: Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh). Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh). Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh). All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps is also involved in Lombard's Paradox. The proper plural form of the adjective quadriceps is quadricipes, a form not in general use; instead, quadriceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e. , when referring to both legs). The form quadricep &#91;sic&#93;, though common even in professional contexts, is incorrect. The error may derive from a mistaken belief that quadriceps is a plural noun (rather than an adjective in the singular), since English typically forms its plurals with the addition of the letter s to the end of a word stem. [WP,unvetted]. The quadriceps is a collective term for the rectus femoris and the three heads of the vastus (lateralis, medialis, intermedius). [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.391][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001377 UMLS:C0224440 VHOG:0000828 galen:QuadricepsFemoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg musculus quadriceps femoris ncithesaurus:Quadriceps_Muscle_of_the_Thigh quadricep muscle quadriceps quadriceps femoris muscle quadriceps muscle quadriceps muscle of the thigh quadriceps muscle of thigh uberon BTO:0001149 quadricep muscle combined rectus femoris and vastus muscles dbpedia BTO:0001149 musculus quadriceps femoris 2012-09-17 The quadriceps is a collective term for the rectus femoris and the three heads of the vastus (lateralis, medialis, intermedius). [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.391][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000828 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The quadriceps femoris, also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, quads, is a large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. It is the great extensor muscle of the knee, forming a large fleshy mass which covers the front and sides of the femur. It is the strongest and leanest muscle in the human body. It is subdivided into four separate portions or 'heads', which have received distinctive names: Rectus femoris occupies the middle of the thigh, covering most of the other three quadriceps muscles. It originates on the ilium. It is named from its straight course. The other three lie deep to rectus femoris and originate from the body of the femur, which they cover from the trochanters to the condyles: Vastus lateralis is on the lateral side of the femur (i.e. on the outer side of the thigh). Vastus medialis is on the medial side of the femur (i.e. on the inner part thigh). Vastus intermedius lies between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis on the front of the femur (i.e. on the top or front of the thigh). All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps is also involved in Lombard's Paradox. The proper plural form of the adjective quadriceps is quadricipes, a form not in general use; instead, quadriceps is used in both singular and plural (i.e. , when referring to both legs). The form quadricep &#91;sic&#93;, though common even in professional contexts, is incorrect. The error may derive from a mistaken belief that quadriceps is a plural noun (rather than an adjective in the singular), since English typically forms its plurals with the addition of the letter s to the end of a word stem. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Quadriceps_femoris_muscle Wikipedia:Quadriceps_femoris_muscle musculus quadriceps femoris BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle dbpedia BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle of thigh BTO:0001149 quadriceps muscle of the thigh dbpedia tibial tuberosity rectus femoris BTO:0001564 FMA:22430 MA:0002365 SCTID:181679006 The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001378 UMLS:C0584894 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png/200px-Rectus_femoris.png musculus rectos femoris ncithesaurus:Rectus_Femoris uberon dbpedia The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. (The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius, and the vastus lateralis. All four combine to form the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella and continues as the patellar ligament. ) The Rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight down to the deep aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rectus_femoris_muscle dbpedia anterior inferior iliac spine and the exterior surface of the bony ridge which forms the iliac portion of the acetabulum dbpedia vastus lateralis BTO:0001563 EFO:0001937 FMA:22431 MA:0002402 The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001379 UMLS:C0224444 galen:VastusLateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg lateralis ncithesaurus:Vastus_Lateralis uberon vastus externus The Vastus lateralis (Vastus externus) is the largest part of the Quadriceps femoris. It arises by a broad aponeurosis, which is attached to the upper part of the intertrochanteric line, to the anterior and inferior borders of the greater trochanter, to the lateral lip of the gluteal tuberosity, and to the upper half of the lateral lip of the linea aspera; this aponeurosis covers the upper three-fourths of the muscle, and from its deep surface many fibers take origin. A few additional fibers arise from the tendon of the Glutæus maximus, and from the lateral intermuscular septum between the Vastus lateralis and short head of the Biceps femoris. The fibers form a large fleshy mass, which is attached to a strong aponeurosis, placed on the deep surface of the lower part of the muscle: this aponeurosis becomes contracted and thickened into a flat tendon inserted into the lateral border of the patella, blending with the Quadriceps femoris tendon, and giving an expansion to the capsule of the knee-joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vastus_lateralis BTO:0001563 vastus externus vastus medialis BTO:0004913 FMA:22432 MA:0002403 The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001380 galen:VastusMedialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Vastus_medialis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Vastus_medialis.png/200px-Vastus_medialis.png medialis uberon dbpedia dbpedia The vastus medialis, often called the 'teardrop' muscle, is a medially located muscle of the quadriceps. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vastus_medialis dbpedia semimembranosus BTO:0003177 FMA:22438 MA:0002371 The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001381 UMLS:C0224452 galen:Semimembranosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Semimembranosus_muscle.PNG/200px-Semimembranosus_muscle.PNG musculus semimembranosus ncithesaurus:Semimembranosus uberon BTO:0003177 musculus semimembranosus The semimembranosus is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It is the most medial of the three hamstring muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semimembranosus pectineus muscle AAO:0010036 An adductor muscle that attaches to the pelvic bone and the femur. In humans, The pectineus muscle is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior part of the upper and medial aspect of the thigh. It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized). [WP,generalized]. Definition generalized to accommodate AAO class - "Originates on the lateral border of the ilium and the anterior margin of the pubis. It inserts on the ventral surface of the femoral shaft." [AAO:0010036] FMA:22440 M. pectineus MA:0002353 Originates on the lateral border of the ilium and the anterior margin of the pubis. It inserts on the ventral surface of the femoral shaft.[AAO] SCTID:245017006 UBERON:0001382 UMLS:C0224447 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG/200px-Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG musculus pectineus ncithesaurus:Pectineus pectineus uberon Wikipedia:Pectineus_muscle musculus pectineus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010036 AAO:EJS Originates on the lateral border of the ilium and the anterior margin of the pubis. It inserts on the ventral surface of the femoral shaft.[AAO] Wikipedia An adductor muscle that attaches to the pelvic bone and the femur. In humans, The pectineus muscle is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior part of the upper and medial aspect of the thigh. It can be classified in the medial compartment of thigh (when the function is emphasized) or the anterior compartment of thigh (when the nerve is emphasized). [WP,generalized]. Wikipedia:Pectineus_muscle dbpedia pectineal line - superior pubic ramus dbpedia Femoral nerve sometimes obturator nerve dbpedia Femoral nerve sometimes obturator nerve dbpedia AAO:0010036 M. pectineus muscle of leg A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle. BTO:0000722 MA:0000672 Terminology notes: see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg'. UBERON:0001383 leg muscle leg muscle organ muscle of hindlimb zeugopod or stylopod muscle of thigh or crus muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment muscle of upper/lower leg muscle organ of leg uberon OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm muscle of hindlimb zeugopod or stylopod OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment OBOL:automatic leg muscle organ A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Leg_muscle OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm muscle of thigh or crus OBOL:automatic muscle organ of leg primary motor cortex BM:Tel-Cx-M1 BTO:0004348 EFO:0002472 FMA:224854 MA:0000907 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.270.548 SCTID:11931008 TODO: in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 UBERON:0001384 UMLS:C0026607 a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). The human primary motor cortex is located in the dorsal part of the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the central sulcus. The precentral gyrus is in front of the postcentral gyrus from which it is separated by the central sulcus. Its anterior border is the precentral sulcus, while inferiorly it borders to the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure). Medially, it is contiguous with the paracentral lobule. gyrus precentralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Ba4.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ba4.png/200px-Ba4.png motor cortex ncithesaurus:Primary_Motor_Cortex prefrontal gyrus the area of the frontal lobe that is involved with integration of voluntary movements and with speech.[MP] uberon 2012-08-31 MGI:csmith MP MP:0000800 the area of the frontal lobe that is involved with integration of voluntary movements and with speech.[MP] MA-modified TODO: in MA this is asserted to be part_of BOTH frontal and parietal cortex. in ABA these are disjoint. FMA makes no commitment beyond cerebral cortex. Wikipedia says frontal lobe. Check if species difference or difference in definition. Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001872 Wikipedia:Primary_motor_cortex a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). The human primary motor cortex is located in the dorsal part of the precentral gyrus and the anterior bank of the central sulcus. The precentral gyrus is in front of the postcentral gyrus from which it is separated by the central sulcus. Its anterior border is the precentral sulcus, while inferiorly it borders to the lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure). Medially, it is contiguous with the paracentral lobule. FMA:224854 motor cortex MP:0000798 Wikipedia:Primary_motor_cortex prefrontal gyrus MA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Primary_motor_cortex gyrus precentralis tibialis anterior BTO:0001382 EFO:0001385 FMA:22532 In human anatomy, the tibialis anterior is a muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki]. MA:0002395 SCTID:181696007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001385 UMLS:C1710423 anterior tibialis galen:TibialisAnterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Gray1240.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray1240.png/200px-Gray1240.png ibialis anticus musculus tibialis anterior ncithesaurus:Tibialis_Cranialis tibialis anterior muscle tibialis cranialis tibilais cranialis uberon dbpedia dbpedia MA:0002395 tibialis cranialis dbpedia medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot dbpedia dbpedia medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot BTO:0001382 ibialis anticus BTO:0001382 anterior tibialis BTO:0001382 tibialis anterior muscle Wikipedia:Tibialis_anterior_muscle musculus tibialis anterior In human anatomy, the tibialis anterior is a muscle that originates in the upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia and inserts into the medial cuneiform and first metatarsal bones of the foot. Its acts to invert the foot. It is situated on the lateral side of the tibia; it is thick and fleshy above, tendinous below. This muscle overlaps the anterior tibial vessels and deep peroneal nerve in the upper part of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. The M. tibialis cranialis is a muscle that flexes the tarsometatarsus. It originates on the craniodistal aspect of the femur and proximal tibiotarsus and inserts on the cranial surface of the tarsometarsus[EvoWiki]. Wikipedia:Tibialis_anterior_muscle http://evolutionwiki.org/wiki/M._tibialis_cranialis extensor digitorum longus BTO:0000436 FMA:22534 MA:0002295 The Extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001386 UMLS:C0224464 extensor digitorum longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1241.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1241.png/200px-Gray1241.png musculus extensor digitorum longus ncithesaurus:Extensor_Digitorum_Longus toe extensor toe extensor muscle uberon dbpedia HP:0011916 toe extensor Dorsal surface; middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits dbpedia Anterior lateral condyle of tibia anterior shaft of fibula and superior of interosseous membrane dbpedia Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_longus_muscle musculus extensor digitorum longus Anterior lateral condyle of tibia anterior shaft of fibula and superior of interosseous membrane dbpedia The Extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_longus_muscle BTO BTO:0000436 extensor digitorum longus muscle Anterior lateral condyle of tibia anterior shaft of fibula and superior of interosseous membrane dbpedia fibularis longus FMA:22539 In human anatomy, the peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus) is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantar flex the ankle. It is situated at the upper part of the lateral side of the leg, and is the most superficial of the three peroneus muscles. It is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002356 SCTID:361825008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001387 UMLS:C0224469 fibularis longus fibularis longus muscle galen:PeroneusLongus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Gray1240.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray1240.png/200px-Gray1240.png musculus peroneus longus ncithesaurus:Peroneus_Longus peronaei longus peronaeus longus peroneous longus peroneus longus peroneus longus muscle peroneus longus muscle uberon dbpedia FMA:22539 FMA:TA musculus peroneus longus Wikipedia:Peroneus_longus peroneous longus Wikipedia:Peroneus_longus fibularis longus Wikipedia:Peroneus_longus peronaei longus Wikipedia:Peroneus_longus fibularis longus muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Peroneus_longus peronaeus longus Wikipedia:Peroneus_longus peroneus longus muscle In human anatomy, the peroneus longus (also known as fibularis longus) is a superficial muscle in the lateral compartment of the leg, and acts to evert and plantar flex the ankle. It is situated at the upper part of the lateral side of the leg, and is the most superficial of the three peroneus muscles. It is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve (superficial peroneal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Peroneus_longus dbpedia gastrocnemius A muscle of the shank. In mammals it has two heads[Kardong]. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. [WP]. BTO:0000506 EFO:0001413 EHDAA2:0000701 EHDAA:8293 FMA:22541 MA:0002306 SCTID:181700004 The most prominent ventral muscle of the shank is the gastrocnemius, the 'calf' muscle. In mammals, it has two heads, resulting from the fusion of two different phylogenetic predecessors.[well established][VHOG] The most superficial calf muscle in the posterior part of the leg. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001388 UMLS:C0242691 VHOG:0001193 galen:Gastrocnemius gastrocnemius muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Gastrocnemius.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gastrocnemius.png/200px-Gastrocnemius.png m. gastrocnemius m.gastrocnemius musculus gastrocnemius ncithesaurus:Gastrocnemius_Muscle uberon BTO:0000506 gastrocnemius muscle dbpedia tibial nerve from the sciatic specifically nerve roots FMA dbpedia superior to articular surfaces of lateral condyle of femur and medial condyle of femur 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.393 The most prominent ventral muscle of the shank is the gastrocnemius, the 'calf' muscle. In mammals, it has two heads, resulting from the fusion of two different phylogenetic predecessors.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001193 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dbpedia tendo calcaneus into mid-posteior calcaneus Wikipedia:Gastrocnemius_muscle musculus gastrocnemius dbpedia tendo calcaneus into mid-posteior calcaneus A muscle of the shank. In mammals it has two heads[Kardong]. It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing, walking, running and jumping. Along with the soleus muscle it forms the calf muscle. [WP]. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Gastrocnemius_muscle dbpedia 2012-09-17 The most superficial calf muscle in the posterior part of the leg. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001193 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gastrocnemius soleus muscle BTO:0001265 EFO:0001946 FMA:22542 MA:0002424 SCTID:181702007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001389 UMLS:C0242694 a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. galen:Soleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg ncithesaurus:Soleus soleal soleus uberon MA:0002424 soleus dbpedia fibula medial border of tibia ISBN10:0073040584 FMA dbpedia tibial nerve specifically nerve roots Wikipedia:Soleus dbpedia Wikipedia:Soleus_muscle a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles. The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg. Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one familiar species that lacks the soleus is the dog. dbpedia sural artery FMA:22570 MA:0002058 SCTID:302693002 TODO: check NCITA class The sural arteries (inferior muscular arteries) are two large branches, which are distributed to the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris. The term applies to any of four or five arteries arising from the popliteal artery, with distribution to the muscles and integument of the calf, and with anastomoses to the posterior tibial, medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001390 UMLS:C0226464 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gray551.png/200px-Gray551.png ncithesaurus:External_Sural_Artery uberon The sural arteries (inferior muscular arteries) are two large branches, which are distributed to the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Plantaris. The term applies to any of four or five arteries arising from the popliteal artery, with distribution to the muscles and integument of the calf, and with anastomoses to the posterior tibial, medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sural_artery popliteus muscle FMA:22590 MA:0002554 SCTID:245032004 The popliteus muscle in the leg is used to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia during a closed chain movement (such as one with the foot in contact with the ground). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001391 UMLS:C0224457 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gray439.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray439.png/200px-Gray439.png m.popliteus musculus popliteus ncithesaurus:Popliteus_Muscle popliteal popliteal muscle popliteus popliteus muscle uberon FMA:22590 popliteal muscle dbpedia posterior-medial tibia under the tibial condyles The popliteus muscle in the leg is used to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia during a closed chain movement (such as one with the foot in contact with the ground). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteus_muscle MA:0002554 popliteus dbpedia Wikipedia:Popliteus_muscle musculus popliteus dbpedia middle facet of the lateral surface of the lateral femoral condyle FMA:22590 popliteus flexor hallucis longus FMA:22593 MA:0002301 SCTID:361826009 The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001392 UMLS:C0224473 flexor hallucis longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gray442.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Hallucis_Longus uberon dbpedia fibula posterior aspect of middle 1/3 dbpedia tibial nerve S1 and S2 nerve roots The Flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is a muscle of the leg. It is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg. The other deep muscles of the leg are flexor digitorum longus and tibialis posterior. FHL is the largest and most powerful of these deep muscles. The Flexor hallucis longus is situated on the fibular side of the leg. It arises from the inferior two-thirds of the posterior surface of the body of the fibula, with the exception of 2.5 cm. at its lowest part; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; from an intermuscular septum between it and the Peronæi, laterally, and from the fascia covering the Tibialis posterior, medially. The fibers pass obliquely downward and backward, and end in a tendon which occupies nearly the whole length of the posterior surface of the muscle. This tendon lies in a groove which crosses the posterior surface of the lower end of the tibia, the posterior surface of the talus, and the under surface of the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus; in the sole of the foot it runs forward between the two heads of the Flexor hallucis brevis, and is inserted into the base of the last phalanx of the great toe. The grooves on the talus and calcaneus, which contain the tendon of the muscle, are converted by tendinous fibers into distinct canals, lined by a mucous sheath. As the tendon passes forward in the sole of the foot, it is situated above, and crosses from the lateral to the medial side of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, to which it is connected by a fibrous slip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_longus_muscle flexor hallucis longus muscle ISBN10:0073040584 Plantar surface; base of distal phalanx of hallux dbpedia auditory cortex A1 (primary auditory cortex) BA41 BA42 BTO:0004343 Brodmann area 41 Brodmann area 41 & 42 Brodmann area 42 FMA:226221 GAID:682 MA:0000942 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.863.297 The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory information. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001393 UMLS:C0004302 anterior transverse temporal area 41 auditory cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Brodmann_41_42.png/200px-Brodmann_41_42.png ncithesaurus:Auditory_Cortex posterior transverse temporal area 42 primary auditory cortex temporal auditory neocortex uberon BA42 Brodmann area 42 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex A1 (primary auditory cortex) Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex FMA Brodmann area 41 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex Brodmann area 41 & 42 Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex The primary auditory cortex is the region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory information. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auditory_cortex Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex auditory cortex Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex posterior transverse temporal area 42 BA41 Wikipedia:Auditory_cortex primary auditory cortex MA Wikipedia:Primary_auditory_cortex anterior transverse temporal area 41 GEO:GSE13344 temporal auditory neocortex axillary artery EMAPA:18749 FMA:22654 GAID:473 In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002573 MESH:A07.231.114.085 OpenCyc:Mx4rwRh-vZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181321001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001394 UMLS:C0004455 arteria axillaris axillary part of subclavian artery axillary part of trunk of subclavian artery galen:AxillaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Axillary_limits.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Axillary_limits.PNG/200px-Axillary_limits.PNG ncithesaurus:Axillary_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery. After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_artery Wikipedia:Axillary_artery arteria axillaris FMA:22654 axillary part of subclavian artery thoraco-acromial artery FMA:22671 MA:0002064 SCTID:244315002 The thoracoacromial artery (acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk, which arises from the forepart of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the Pectoralis minor. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001395 UMLS:C0226420 acromiothoracic artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Acromial_Thoracic_Artery thoracoacromial artery uberon The thoracoacromial artery (acromiothoracic artery; thoracic axis) is a short trunk, which arises from the forepart of the axillary artery, its origin being generally overlapped by the upper edge of the Pectoralis minor. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoraco-acromial_artery lateral thoracic artery FMA:22674 In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast. It originates from the axillary artery and follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor muscle to the side of the chest, supplies the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle, and sends branches across the axilla to the axillary lymph nodes and Subscapularis muscle. It anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery. In the female it supplies an external mammary branch which turns round the free edge of the Pectoralis major and supplies the breasts. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001989 SCTID:206135006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001396 UMLS:C0226421 arteria thoracalis lateralis external mammary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Lateral_Thoracic_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast. It originates from the axillary artery and follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor muscle to the side of the chest, supplies the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle, and sends branches across the axilla to the axillary lymph nodes and Subscapularis muscle. It anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery. In the female it supplies an external mammary branch which turns round the free edge of the Pectoralis major and supplies the breasts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_thoracic_artery Wikipedia:Lateral_thoracic_artery arteria thoracalis lateralis subscapular artery FMA:22677 MA:0002050 SCTID:244311006 The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001397 UMLS:C0226422 arteria subscapularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Axillary_branches.PNG/200px-Axillary_branches.PNG ncithesaurus:Subscapular_Artery uberon The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises at the lower border of the Subscapularis, which it follows to the inferior angle of the scapula, where it anastomoses with the lateral thoracic and intercostal arteries and with the descending branch of the transverse cervical, and ends in the neighboring muscles. About 4 cm. from its origin it gives off two branches, first the scapular circumflex artery and then the thoracodorsal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subscapular_artery Wikipedia:Subscapular_artery arteria subscapularis brachial artery AAO:0010504 EFO:0004231 FMA:22689 GAID:475 MA:0001921 MESH:A07.231.114.139 OpenCyc:Mx4rwM-i5JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the subclavian artery which supplies blood to the forelimb.[AAO] SCTID:181322008 The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001398 UMLS:C0006087 arteria brachialis brachial part of trunk of subclavian artery galen:BrachialArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray525.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray525.png/200px-Gray525.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Artery uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010504 AAO:BJB Part of the subclavian artery which supplies blood to the forelimb.[AAO] The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major muscle. It continues down the ventral surface of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. It then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries which run down the forearm. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The pulse of the brachial artery is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the tendon of the biceps, and, with the use of a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the blood pressure. The brachial artery is closely related to the median nerve; in proximal regions, the median nerve is immediately lateral to the brachial artery. Distally, the median nerve crosses the medial side of the brachial artery and lies anterior to the elbow joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_artery Wikipedia:Brachial_artery arteria brachialis deep brachial artery FMA:22695 MA:0002026 SCTID:41065002 The arteria profunda brachii (also known as deep artery of the arm and the deep brachial artery) is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001399 arteria profunda brachii http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray526.png/200px-Gray526.png profunda brachii artery uberon The arteria profunda brachii (also known as deep artery of the arm and the deep brachial artery) is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deep_brachial_artery FMA:22695 FMA:TA arteria profunda brachii iliocostalis thoracis muscle FMA:22703 MA:0002320 SCTID:244856005 The iliocostalis dorsi (musculus accessorius; iliocostalis thoracis) arises by flattened tendons from the upper borders of the angles of the lower six ribs medial to the tendons of insertion of the iliocostalis lumborum; these become muscular, and are inserted into the upper borders of the angles of the upper six ribs and into the back of the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra. UBERON:0001400 iliocostalis thoracis iliocostalis thoracis muscle musculus accessorius uberon The iliocostalis dorsi (musculus accessorius; iliocostalis thoracis) arises by flattened tendons from the upper borders of the angles of the lower six ribs medial to the tendons of insertion of the iliocostalis lumborum; these become muscular, and are inserted into the upper borders of the angles of the upper six ribs and into the back of the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra. Wikipedia:Iliocostalis#Iliocostalis_thoracis Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis thoracis Wikipedia:Iliocostalis musculus accessorius Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis thoracis muscle longissimus thoracis muscle AAO:0010775 BTO:0001651 Editor's note: TODO - add logical definition to determine if AAO class belongs here. Classified as erector spinae in AAO Epaxial muscle which originates on the antero-lateral urostyle and inserts variably along the neural spines and transverse processes of the presacral vertebrae to the exoccipital bone.[AAO] FMA:22709 MA:0002339 SCTID:244859003 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001401 UMLS:C0224307 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png longissimus dorsi longissimus thoracis musculus longissimus thoracis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Thoracis uberon BTO:0001651 musculus longissimus thoracis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010775 AAO:MEJ Epaxial muscle which originates on the antero-lateral urostyle and inserts variably along the neural spines and transverse processes of the presacral vertebrae to the exoccipital bone.[AAO] MA:0002339 longissimus thoracis BTO:0001651 longissimus dorsi The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus#Longissimus_thoracis FMA longissimus cervicis muscle BTO:0001650 FMA:22711 MA:0002337 SCTID:244860008 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001402 UMLS:C0224308 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png longissimus cervicis musculus longissimus cervicis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Cervicis uberon BTO:0001650 musculus longissimus cervicis MA:0002337 longissimus cervicis The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus#Longissimus_cervicis longissimus capitis BTO:0001649 FMA:22714 MA:0002336 SCTID:244861007 The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001403 UMLS:C0224309 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Longissimus.png/200px-Longissimus.png musculus longissimus capitis ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Capitis trachelomastoid muscle uberon BTO:0001649 musculus longissimus capitis The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longissimus#Longissimus_capitis BTO:0001649 trachelomastoid muscle Wikipedia:Mastoid_process radial artery A. Radialis FMA:22730 GAID:506 In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002034 MESH:A07.231.114.740 OpenCyc:Mx4rvxzeR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181332001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001404 UMLS:C0162857 galen:RadialArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray1237.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png ncithesaurus:Radial_Artery uberon A. Radialis Wikipedia:Radial_artery In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radial_artery spinalis thoracis muscle BTO:0002624 FMA:22765 MA:0002381 Origin: spinous processes of two upper lumbar and two lower thoracic; insertion: spines of upper thoracic vertebrae; innervation: branches of spinal nerves; action: extends vertebral column. SCTID:244863005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001405 UMLS:C0224311 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spinalis.png/200px-Spinalis.png musculus spinalis dorsi musculus spinalis thoracis ncithesaurus:Spinalis_Thoracis spinal muscle of thorax spinalis dorsi spinalis thoracis uberon BTO:0002624 musculus spinalis thoracis FMA MA:0002381 spinalis thoracis BTO:0002624 Origin: spinous processes of two upper lumbar and two lower thoracic; insertion: spines of upper thoracic vertebrae; innervation: branches of spinal nerves; action: extends vertebral column. BTO:0002624 spinal muscle of thorax BTO:0002624 musculus spinalis dorsi Wikipedia:Spinalis#Spinalis_dorsi spinalis dorsi ulnar artery A. Ulnaris FMA:22796 GAID:515 MA:0002069 MESH:A07.231.114.920 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAF2PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181333006 The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001406 UMLS:C0162858 galen:UlnarArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray1237.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ulnar_Artery uberon The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist. Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins. The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow in the cubital fossa, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulnar_artery A. Ulnaris Wikipedia:Ulnar_artery semispinalis thoracis FMA:22828 MA:0002374 SCTID:244868001 The Semispinalis dorsi (or semispinalis thoracis) consists of thin, narrow, fleshy fasciculi, interposed between tendons of considerable length. It arises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001407 UMLS:C0224316 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Semispinalis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Semispinalis.png/200px-Semispinalis.png musculus semispinalis thoracis, musculus semispinalis dorsi ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Thoracis semispinalis dorsi semispinalis dorsi muscle uberon dbpedia transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebre dbpedia spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae Wikipedia:Semispinalis_dorsi musculus semispinalis thoracis, musculus semispinalis dorsi Wikipedia:Semispinalis_dorsi semispinalis dorsi muscle The Semispinalis dorsi (or semispinalis thoracis) consists of thin, narrow, fleshy fasciculi, interposed between tendons of considerable length. It arises by a series of small tendons from the transverse processes of the sixth to the tenth thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted, by tendons, into the spinous processes of the upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_dorsi FMA Wikipedia:Semispinalis_dorsi semispinalis dorsi semispinalis cervicis FMA:22829 MA:0002373 SCTID:244869009 The semispinalis cervicis (semispinalis colli), thicker than the semispinalis dorsi, arises by a series of tendinous and fleshy fibers from the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth inclusive. The fasciculus connected with the axis is the largest, and is chiefly muscular in structure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001408 UMLS:C0224317 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Gray384.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gray384.png/200px-Gray384.png musculus semispinalis cervicis ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Cervicis uberon cervical spinous processes from the axis to the fifth dbpedia dbpedia transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ The semispinalis cervicis (semispinalis colli), thicker than the semispinalis dorsi, arises by a series of tendinous and fleshy fibers from the transverse processes of the upper five or six thoracic vertebræ, and is inserted into the cervical spinous processes, from the axis to the fifth inclusive. The fasciculus connected with the axis is the largest, and is chiefly muscular in structure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_cervicis FMA Wikipedia:Semispinalis_cervicis musculus semispinalis cervicis semispinalis capitis FMA:22830 MA:0002372 SCTID:244870005 The Semispinalis capitis (Complexus) is situated at the upper and back part of the neck, deep to the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis. It arises by a series of tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of the upper six or seven thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebræ, and from the articular processes of the three cervical above this. The tendons, uniting, form a broad muscle, which passes upward, and is inserted between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. The medial part, usually more or less distinct from the remainder of the muscle, is frequently termed the Spinalis capitis; it is also named the Biventer cervicis since it is traversed by an imperfect tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001409 UMLS:C0224318 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Gray384.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gray384.png/200px-Gray384.png musculus semispinalis capitis ncithesaurus:Semispinalis_Capitis uberon The Semispinalis capitis (Complexus) is situated at the upper and back part of the neck, deep to the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis. It arises by a series of tendons from the tips of the transverse processes of the upper six or seven thoracic and the seventh cervical vertebræ, and from the articular processes of the three cervical above this. The tendons, uniting, form a broad muscle, which passes upward, and is inserted between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. The medial part, usually more or less distinct from the remainder of the muscle, is frequently termed the Spinalis capitis; it is also named the Biventer cervicis since it is traversed by an imperfect tendinous inscription. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_capitis Wikipedia:Semispinalis_capitis musculus semispinalis capitis Transversal process of lower cervical and higher thoracal columna dbpedia FMA common palmar digital artery FMA:22852 MA:0001957 SCTID:38396009 Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch and proceed distally on the second, third, and fourth lumbricales muscles. UBERON:0001410 UMLS:C0226446 common palmar digital arteries ncithesaurus:Common_Palmar_Digital_Artery the MA term, even though plural, represents the singular, as it is an isa child of artery uberon Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch and proceed distally on the second, third, and fourth lumbricales muscles. Wikipedia:Common_palmar_digital_artery basilic vein FMA:22908 In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of manus and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the manus, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002086 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwrxEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181393008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001411 UMLS:C0226801 basilic vein of forearm galen:BasilicVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray576.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Basilic_Vein uberon vena basilica antebrachii FMA:22908 FMA:TA vena basilica antebrachii FMA/obol FMA/obol In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of manus and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the manus, and it travels up the base of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is superficial; it generally travels in the subcutaneous fat and other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is usually visible through the skin. Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa, in the bend of the elbow joint, the basilic vein usually connects with the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity, the cephalic vein, via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there are generally a variety of other unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with. About halfway up the arm proper (the part between the shoulder and elbow), the basilic vein goes deep, travelling under the muscles. There, around the lower border of the teres major muscle, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins feed into it, just before it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary vein. Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is a possible site for venipuncture. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basilic_vein common palmar digital vein FMA:22923 MA:0002121 Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. UBERON:0001412 proximal palmar digital vein uberon Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins proximal palmar digital vein brachial vein AAO:0010512 FMA:22934 In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002087 OpenCyc:Mx4rwS3In5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181390006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001413 UMLS:C0226812 Vein which collects blood from the forelimb and drains into the subclavian vein.[AAO] galen:BrachialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Vein uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010512 AAO:BJB Vein which collects blood from the forelimb and drains into the subclavian vein.[AAO] In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered deep veins. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where radial veins and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the teres major muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the muscles of the upper arm, such as biceps brachii muscle and triceps brachii muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_vein FMA/obol FMA/obol median cubital vein FMA:22963 In human anatomy, the median cubital vein (or median basilic vein) a superficial vein of the upper limb. It connects the basilic and cephalic vein and is often used for venipuncture (taking blood). It lies in the cubital fossa superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis. There exists a fair amount of variation of the median cubital vein. More commonly the vein forms an H-pattern with the cephalic and basilic veins making up the sides. Other forms include an M-pattern, where the vein branches to the cephalic and basilic veins. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzQSYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181392003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001414 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gray574.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray574.png/200px-Gray574.png uberon vena mediana cubiti In human anatomy, the median cubital vein (or median basilic vein) a superficial vein of the upper limb. It connects the basilic and cephalic vein and is often used for venipuncture (taking blood). It lies in the cubital fossa superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis. There exists a fair amount of variation of the median cubital vein. More commonly the vein forms an H-pattern with the cephalic and basilic veins making up the sides. Other forms include an M-pattern, where the vein branches to the cephalic and basilic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_cubital_vein FMA/obol Wikipedia:Median_cubital_vein vena mediana cubiti FMA/obol FMA/obol skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:22984 MA:0000546 SCTID:181517009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001415 pelvic skin pelvis skin pelvis zone of skin uberon zone of skin of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0000214 FMA:22988 FMA:23000 MA:0000523 SCTID:361707007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001416 UMLS:C0222166 abdomen skin abdomen zone of skin abdominal skin ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Skin skin of abdomen proper uberon zone of skin of abdomen MA FMA:22988 skin of abdomen proper MA A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdomen zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of abdomen skin of neck A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23021 FMA:23022 MA:0000590 SCTID:361705004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001417 UMLS:C0205030 ncithesaurus:Neck_Skin neck (volume) zone of skin neck skin neck zone of skin uberon zone of skin of neck zone of skin of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck OBOL:automatic neck (volume) zone of skin skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23028 FMA:23029 MA:0000564 SCTID:281723000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001418 thoracic skin thorax skin thorax zone of skin uberon upper body skin zone of skin of thorax OBOL:automatic zone of skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax zone of skin skin of limb A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23100 MA:0000694 SCTID:314403009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001419 UMLS:C1282135 limb skin limb zone of skin ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Extremity uberon zone of skin of limb OBOL:automatic limb zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of limb subscapular vein FMA:23113 MA:0002224 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001420 uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol pectoral girdle region An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There is only one instance of the pectoral girdle region per organism.[VSAO] FMA:23217 Note that this class describes the central subdivision of the pectoral girdle complex, NOT the skeleton within.[VSAO] Note that this class describes the organism subdivision, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). SCTID:229759004 UBERON:0001421 VSAO:0000305 cingulum membri superioris cingulum membri superioris galen:ShoulderGirdle girdle - pectoral pectoral girdle pectoral region shoulder girdle uberon upper limb girdle FMA:TA cingulum membri superioris FMA:23217 upper limb girdle FMA:23217 shoulder girdle 2012-08-14 An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There is only one instance of the pectoral girdle region per organism.[VSAO] UBERON:cjm VSAO VSAO:0000305 2012-09-06 Curator Note that this class describes the central subdivision of the pectoral girdle complex, NOT the skeleton within.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000305 An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. FMA:23217 UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 FMA:23217 FMA:TA cingulum membri superioris facial lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Automatically generated definition]. FL FMA:233946 TAO:0005108 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001422 ZFA:0005108 buccal lymphatic vessel face lymph vessel face lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of face lymphatic vessel of face uberon OBOL:automatic face lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel of face A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic face lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel of face radius bone AAO:0000788 Due to the presence of the radius in Tetrpodomorph fish this element is not inherently linked to the presence of digits or flexor musculature. The corresponding bone in the posterior fin/limb is the tibia.[Phenoscape]. In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs [ISBN:0-03-910284-X] EMAPA:18466 EMAPA:19103 FMA:23463 GAID:185 MA:0001357 MESH:A02.835.232.087.702 One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rwUsDcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181940002 The major preaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0001423 UMLS:C0034627 VSAO:0005012 galen:Radius ncithesaurus:Radius_Bone radius uberon PHENOSCAPE:mah The major preaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. Wikipedia:Radius_(bone) definitional MA:0001357 radius VSAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000788 AAO:LAP One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the lateral side of the ulna. Its upper end articulates with both the humerus and the ulna, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] ulna AAO:0000789 EMAPA:18467 EMAPA:19104 FMA:23466 GAID:188 MA:0001358 MESH:A02.835.232.087.911 One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rwPtIM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181948009 The corresponding bone in the posterior fin/limb is the fibula. The major postaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0001424 UMLS:C0041600 VSAO:0005013 galen:Ulna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Illu_upper_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_upper_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Ulna uberon ulnar VSAO definitional PHENOSCAPE:mah The major postaxial endochondral bone in the anterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. Wikipedia:Ulna 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000789 AAO:LAP One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the fore-epipodium; it is located on the medial (inner) side of the radius. The upper end of the ulna articulates with the lower end of the humerus forming a strong hinge joint with the carpals, whereas the lower articulates with the carpals.[AAO] pectoral lymphatic vessel FMA:234865 PL TAO:0005107 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001425 ZFA:0005107 uberon jugular lymphatic vessel FMA:234908 JL TAO:0005109 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001426 ZFA:0005109 uberon scaphoid AAO:0000790 FMA:23709 GAID:180 MA:0002555 MESH:A02.835.232.087.144.650 One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rwAwWe5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181958008 The scaphoid Bone is situated at the radial (radius bone) side of the carpus, or laterally between the manus and the forearm in standard medical posture (thumbs pointing outwards). The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium sized cashew. The bone takes a semi-similar form of a boat. In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001427 UMLS:C0223724 galen:Scaphoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png navicular bone of hand navicular bone of manus navicular of hand navicular of manus ncithesaurus:Scaphoid_Bone os carpi radiale os naviculare manus os scaphoideum radial carpal bone radiale scaphoid bone scaphoideum todo - check AAO placement; in rodents this is fused with the lunate to make the scapholunate uberon AAO:0000790 Wikipedia:Scaphoid radiale The scaphoid Bone is situated at the radial (radius bone) side of the carpus, or laterally between the manus and the forearm in standard medical posture (thumbs pointing outwards). The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. It is approximately the size and shape of a medium sized cashew. The bone takes a semi-similar form of a boat. In reptiles, birds, and amphibians, this bone is instead commonly referred to as the radiale, because of its articulation with the radius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scaphoid Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone scaphoideum Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone os scaphoideum Wikipedia:Scaphoid_bone os naviculare manus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000790 AAO:LAP One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates proximally with the radius, mesially with the ulnare (or pars intermedia of the ulnare when the ulnare is fused to the intermedium) and distally with the centrale (also recognized by some authors as element Y). This element originates from one or two condensation centers. Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the ulnare, or other elements.[AAO] lunate FMA:23712 GAID:181 MA:0002556 MESH:A02.835.232.087.144.663 SCTID:181959000 Taxon notes: articulating with the ulnare and the radiale[VSAO}. human articulations: radius proximally capitate and hamate distally scaphoid laterally triangular medially The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone (wrist bone) in the human hand that may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus (wrist) region between the fore arm and hand (manus). In standard medical posture, the lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral Scaphoid bone and medial Triquetral bone. The lunate carpal bone straddles distally the bordering ulna and radius bones and proximally to distal carpus (wrist) Trapezium bone and Trapezoid bone[WP]. UBERON:0001428 UMLS:C0036624 VSAO:0005040 galen:Lunate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png intermediate carpal bone lunar lunate bone ncithesaurus:Lunate_Bone os carpi intermedium os lunatum os lunatum semilunar semilunar bone semilunate uberon Wikipedia:Lunate_bone os lunatum The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone (wrist bone) in the human hand that may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus (wrist) region between the fore arm and hand (manus). In standard medical posture, the lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral Scaphoid bone and medial Triquetral bone. The lunate carpal bone straddles distally the bordering ulna and radius bones and proximally to distal carpus (wrist) Trapezium bone and Trapezoid bone[WP]. Wikipedia:Lunate_bone VSAO:0005040 lunar FMA VSAO:0005040 os lunatum pisiform A laterally positioned sesamoid bone found in close proximity with and occasionally fused to the ulnare. Check: accessory carpal FMA:23718 MA:0001339 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtByTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181966004 SCTID:9181003 UBERON:0001429 UMLS:C0223729 accessory carpal bone galen:Pisiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Pisiform_Bone os pisiforme pisiform bone uberon MA:0001339 accessory carpal bone FMA:23718 pisiform bone FMA MA Wikipedia:Pisiform_bone os pisiforme A laterally positioned sesamoid bone found in close proximity with and occasionally fused to the ulnare. PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Pisiform_bone distal carpal bone 1 . AAO:0010634 FMA:23721 MA:0001340 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3CbrJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361780007 Taxon notes: located between radiale and first metacarpal[VSAO]. in humans - The capitate articulates with 1st metacarpal distally, scaphoid proximally, trapezoid medially, 2nd metacarpal medially[WP] UBERON:0001430 UMLS:C0223736 VSAO:0005043 carpal 1 distal carpal 1 galen:Trapezium greater multangular greater multangular bone greater multiangular hand distal carpal bone 1 manus distal carpal bone 1 ncithesaurus:Trapezial_Bone os trapezium trapezial bone trapezium trapezium bone uberon VSAO:0005043 trapezium . Wikipedia:Trapezium_(bone) FMA:23721 trapezial bone FMA VSAO:0005043 distal carpal 1 VSAO:0005043 os trapezium MA:0001340 hand distal carpal bone 1 AAO:0010634 carpal 1 FMA:23721 trapezium bone MA:0001340 greater multiangular distal carpal bone 2 . AAO:0000848 FMA:23724 MA:0001341 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVvsjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvxNWBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361781006 Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2).[AAO] Taxon notes: located in the distal part of the carpus and articulating with the second metacarpal, the distal carpals 1 and 2 and the radiale.[VSAO] in humans - The capitate articulates with 2nd metacarpal distally, scaphoid proximally, trapezium medially, capitate medially[WP] Amphibians: Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2)[AAO] The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the "second distal carpal" of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Greek trapezion which means "irregular quadrilateral," from tra- "four" and peza "foot" or "edge. " Literally, "a little table" from trapeza meaning "table" and -oeides "shaped.[Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone] UBERON:0001431 UMLS:C0223741 VSAO:0005044 carpal 2 distal carpal 2 galen:Trapezoid hand distal carpal bone 2 lesser multangular lesser multangular bone lesser multiangular manus distal carpal bone 2 ncithesaurus:Trapezoid_Bone os trapezoideum trapezoid trapezoid bone uberon FMA:23724 lesser multangular bone AAO:0000848 carpal 2 . Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone MA:0001341 lesser multiangular The trapezoid bone (lesser multangular bone) is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each other, and separated by sharp edges. It is homologous with the "second distal carpal" of reptiles and amphibians. The etymology derives from the Greek trapezion which means "irregular quadrilateral," from tra- "four" and peza "foot" or "edge. " Literally, "a little table" from trapeza meaning "table" and -oeides "shaped.[Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone] Wikipedia:Trapezoid_bone FMA:23724 trapezoid bone VSAO:0005044 os trapezoideum VSAO:0005044 trapezoid MA:0001341 hand distal carpal bone 2 VSAO:0005044 distal carpal 2 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000848 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates with the prepollex, metacarpal II(I) and metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to element Y or carpal 3(2).[AAO] distal carpal bone 3 . AAO:0000849 FMA:23727 MA:0001342 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZFPrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181964001 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] Taxon notes: medially located and articulates with metacarpals 2-4, distal carpal 5 and the intermedium[VSAO] In the human hand, the capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist - The capitate articulates with seven bones: the scaphoid and lunate proximally, the second metacarpal, third metacarpal, and fourth metacarpal distally, the lesser multangular on the radial side, and the hamate on the ulnar side[WP] UBERON:0001432 UMLS:C0223733 VSAO:0005045 capitate capitate bone carpal 3 distal carpal 3 galen:Capitate hand distal carpal bone 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png magnum ncithesaurus:Capitate_Bone os capitatum os magnum os magnum (carpus) uberon MA:0001342 capitate MA:0001342 hand distal carpal bone 3 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000849 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal III(II). It may be fused to carpals 2(1), 4(3), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] AAO:0000849 carpal 3 Wikipedia:Capitate_bone os capitatum FMA:23727 capitate bone . Wikipedia:Capitate_bone VSAO:0005045 magnum FMA:23727 os magnum (carpus) VSAO:0005045 distal carpal 3 FMA palaeos distal carpal bone 4 . AAO:0000850 FMA:23730 MA:0001343 OpenCyc:Mx4rwFTmuJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181967008 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] Taxon notes: articulates with the lunar, distal carpal 3, the ulnare as well as metacarpals 4 and 5.[VSAO]. In the human hand the lunate proximally the fourth and fifth metacarpals distally the triangular medially the capitate laterally[WP] Amphibians: Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements[AAO] UBERON:0001433 UMLS:C0560737 VSAO:0005046 carpal 4 distal carpal 4 galen:Hamate hamate hamate bone hand distal carpal bone 4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Carpus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Hamate_Bone os hamatum uberon unciform unciform bone uncinate VSAO:0005046 os hamatum MA:0001343 hamate MA:0001343 uncinate FMA Wikipedia:Hamate_bone os hamatum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000850 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(III). It may be fused to carpal 3(2), 5(4), or other elements.[AAO] MA:0001343 hand distal carpal bone 4 FMA:23730 unciform bone VSAO:0005046 distal carpal 4 . Wikipedia:Hamate_bone AAO:0000850 carpal 4 FMA:23730 hamate bone MA:0001343 unciform skeletal system AAO:0000566 Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] BTO:0001486 By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0003168 FMA:23881 MA:0000018 Note that GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ system subdivision which consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[FMA] Skelettsystem System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] TAO:0000434 UBERON:0001434 UMLS:C0037253 VHOG:0001254 VSAO:0000027 XAO:0003060 ZFA:0000434 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000025 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System set of all bones and joints skeletal skeleton system uberon 2012-09-17 By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] DOI:10.1159/000324245 Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002) VHOG VHOG:0001254 http://bgee.unil.ch/ set of all bones and joints 2012-08-14 Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000434 TAO:wd AAO:0000566 FMA:FMA Organ system subdivision which consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[FMA] BTO:0001486 Skelettsystem 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000566 AAO:LAP System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] 2012-08-14 Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000027 carpal bone A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm]. In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:25056 FMA:23889 GAID:179 MA:0000296 MESH:A02.835.232.087.144 SCTID:83936004 UBERON:0001435 UMLS:C0007285 bone of carpus carpal carpal skeleton bone galen:CarpalBone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Carpus.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carpus.svg/200px-Carpus.svg.png ncithesaurus:Carpal_Bone uberon PHENOSCAPE:ad carpal A bone that is part of the carpal skeleton. Examples: scaphoid, lunate, capitate[cjm]. In tetrapods, the carpals is the sole cluster of the bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus. The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do. The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically, horizontally and laterally. In human anatomy, the main role of the carpus is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, but the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Carpus phalanx of manus A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000947 Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3.[AAO] FMA:23914 MA:0000306 SCTID:181976001 SCTID:361100001 UBERON:0001436 UMLS:C0223792 digital bone of manus digitus manus phalanx finger phalanx hand digit phalanx hand phalanx http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/3/613/F1.large.jpg manual phalanx ncithesaurus:Hand_Phalanx phalanges of fore digit phalanx of digit of hand phalanx of digitus manus phalanx of finger phalanx of fore digit phalanx of hand phalanx of hand digit phalanx of manual digit uberon MA:0000306 hand phalanx 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000947 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the four digits of the manus. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the manus, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2-2-3-3.[AAO] OBOL:automatic digitus manus phalanx OBOL:automatic finger phalanx AAO:0000947 phalanges of fore digit OBOL:automatic digital bone of manus A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_hand OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit OBOL:automatic hand digit phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus manus FMA:23914 phalanx of finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of digit of hand epiphysis AAO:0000742 BTO:0000413 Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column.[AAO] FMA:24012 MA:0001362 MESH:A02.835.232.251 SCTID:244701002 Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur.[FMA] UBERON:0001437 UMLS:C1708734 end of long bone epiphyseal epiphyses epiphysial http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_long_bone.jpg long bone epiphysis ncithesaurus:Long_Bone_Epiphysis see also: annular epiphysis uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of long bone which forms its expanded proximal or distal articular end; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: proximal epiphysis of humerus, distal epiphysis of femur.[FMA] Wikipedia:Epiphysis epiphyses 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000742 AAO:Pugener_2002 Cartilaginous expansion at the distal end of an anterior rib or transverse process that serves for the attachment of muscles suspending the pectoral girdle to the vertebral column.[AAO] metaphysis FMA:24014 MA:0001363 SCTID:304581004 Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] UBERON:0001438 UMLS:C0222671 adjacent to or containing epiphyseal plate? Note in FMA the metaphysis is part of the diaphysis, but not in MA. In the diagram in WP, it appears to be adjacent, not part_of. diaphyseal end of long bone long bone metaphysis metaphyses ncithesaurus:Metaphysis uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] Wikipedia:Metaphysis metaphyses compact bone FMA:24018 MA:0001461 MP distinguishes compact/cortical bone. in other AOs they are syns SCTID:361728003 UBERON:0001439 UMLS:C0222661 bony cortex compact bone tissue cortical bone cortical bone tissue cortical region of bone galen:CorticalBone ncithesaurus:Cortical_Bone one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. substantia compacta (pars ossea) substantia corticalis uberon Wikipedia:Compact_bone one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compact/Cortical bone facilitates bone's main functions: to support the body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium. As its name implies, cortical bone forms the cortex, or outer shell, of most bones. Again, as its name implies, compact bone is much denser than cancellous bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue. Furthermore, it is harder, stronger and stiffer than cancellous bone. Cortical bone contributes about 80% of the weight of a human skeleton. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cortical bone is the osteon.. HP:0002753 bony cortex FMA:24018 FMA:TA substantia corticalis forelimb skeleton AAO:0000202 EHDAA2:0002222 FMA:24142 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages.[AAO] TODO - find a home for: FMA:24139 The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle UBERON:0001440 VHOG:0001256 VSAO:0000151 XAO:0003061 bones of upper limb fore limb skeleton forelimb skeleton free upper limb skeleton ossa membri superioris pectoral limb skeleton relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] set of bones of upper limb skeleton of forelimb skeleton of free upper limb skeleton of pectoral limb skeleton of upper limb uberon upper limb skeleton wing skeleton FMA:24139 skeleton of upper limb FMA:24139 FMA:TA ossa membri superioris EHDAA2:0002222 upper limb skeleton VHOG:0001256 forelimb skeleton 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000202 AAO:LAP Skeletal structure of the paired, anterior appendages.[AAO] The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle UBERON:cjm 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001256 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:24142 skeleton of free upper limb FMA NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing skeleton FMA:24142 free upper limb skeleton 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000202 relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] hindlimb skeleton AAO:0000217 EHDAA2:0002226 FMA:24144 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvZcKkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages.[AAO] Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. TOOD - find a home for: FMA:24140 UBERON:0001441 VHOG:0001255 VSAO:0000152 XAO:0003062 bones of lower limb free lower limb skeleton hind limb skeleton hind-limb skeleton hindlimb skeleton lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] set of bones of lower limb skeleton of free lower limb skeleton of lower limb uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000217 AAO:LAP Skeletal structure of the paired, posterior appendages.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000217 relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] FMA:24144 skeleton of free lower limb VSAO:0000152 hind-limb skeleton FMA FMA:24144 free lower limb skeleton VHOG:0001255 hindlimb skeleton FMA:24140 FMA:TA ossa membri inferioris FMA:24140 skeleton of lower limb 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001255 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. UBERON:cjm XAO:0003062 hind limb skeleton skeleton of manus EHDAA2:0002227 FMA:24159 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdHPJJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0001442 VSAO:0005020 anterior autopodium anterior autopodium skeleton bones of hand fore autopod skeleton forelimb autopod skeleton hand region skeleton hand skeleton here 'manus' includes both the wrist region and hand proper http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000015 manual skeleton manus manus skeleton ossa manus set of bones of hand skeleton of hand uberon FMA:24159 FMA:TA ossa manus FMA:24159 bones of hand EHDAA2:0002227 hand region skeleton FMA:24159 hand skeleton EHDAA2 VSAO:0005020 VSAO:NI manus VSAO:0005020 VSAO:NI anterior autopodium PHENOSCAPE:MAH Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. UBERON:cjm FMA:24159 set of bones of hand FMA:24159 skeleton of hand chest BTO:0001368 EFO:0000965 EV:0100010 FMA:9576 GAID:91 MA:0000031 MAT:0000295 MESH:A01.911 MIAA:0000295 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVikFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. UBERON:0001443 UMLS:C0817096 UMLS:C1527391 anterior chest anterior thoracic region anterolateral part of thorax editor note - FMA:24216 present in FMA1, but gone in subsequent versions front of chest front of thorax galen:Chest galen:Thorax http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Chest.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chest.jpg/200px-Chest.jpg ncithesaurus:Chest ncithesaurus:Thorax pectus thoracic body wall thorax uberon ventral part of thoracic region FMA:24816 FMA:TA pectus FMA:9576 thorax FMA:24816 front of chest FMA-modified Wikipedia:Chest thorax FMA MA FMA:9576 Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. Wikipedia:Chest MA:0000031 thoracic body wall FMA:24816 anterior chest subdivision of head FMA:24218 SCTID:123852005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001444 XAO:0000040 head region head subdivision region of head uberon skeleton of pes EHDAA2:0002228 FMA:24222 Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0001445 VSAO:0005021 foot region skeleton foot skeleton here 'pes' includes both the ankle region and foot proper http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000015 pedal skeleton pes pes skeleton posterior autopodium posterior autopodium skeleton set of bones of foot skeleton of foot uberon VSAO:0005021 VSAO:NI pes FMA:24222 foot skeleton PHENOSCAPE:MAH Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. UBERON:cjm VSAO:0005021 VSAO:NI posterior autopodium EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0002228 foot region skeleton FMA:24222 skeleton of foot FMA:24222 set of bones of foot fibula AAO:0000891 BTO:0002346 EFO:0003052 EMAPA:18512 EMAPA:19141 FMA:24479 GAID:202 MA:0001360 MESH:A02.835.232.500.321 One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length.[AAO] SCTID:302529003 The major postaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0001446 UMLS:C0016068 fibular galen:Fibula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Illu_lower_extremity.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Illu_lower_extremity.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity.jpg ncithesaurus:Fibula uberon PHENOSCAPE:mah The major postaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. Wikipedia:Fibula 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000891 AAO:LAP One of the two long bones of endochondral origin of the hind-epipodium; it is a rather more slender bone than the tibia but of about the same length.[AAO] tarsal bone A bone that is part of the tarsal skeleton. Examples: calcaneus, talus, centralia. BTO:0002343 FMA:24491 GAID:194 In primitive tetrapods, such as Trematops, the tarsus consists of three rows of bones. There are three proximal tarsals, the tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare, named for their points of articulation with the bones of the lower limb. These are followed by a second row of four bones, referred to as the centralia (singular: centrale), and then a row of five distal tarsals, each articulating with a single metatarsal. In the great majority of tetrapods, including all of those alive today, this simple pattern is modified by the loss and fusion of various of the bones.[3] In reptiles and mammals, there are normally just two proximal tarsals, the calcaneus (equivalent to the amphibian fibulare) and the talus (probably derived from a fusion of multiple bones). In mammals, including humans, the talus forms a hinge joint with the tibia, a feature especially well developed in the artiodactyls. The calcaneus is also modified, forming a heel for the attachment of the Achilles tendon. Neither of these adaptations is found in reptiles, which have a relatively simple structure to both bones.[3] The fifth distal tarsal disappears relatively early in evolution, with the remainder becoming the cuneiform and cuboid bones. Reptiles usually retain two centralia, while mammals typically have only one (the navicular).[3] In birds, the tarsus has disappeared, with the proximal tarsals having fused with the tibia, the centralia having disappeared, and the distal bones having fused with the metatarsals to form a single tarsometatarsus bone, effectively giving the leg a third segment[Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton)] MA:0000297 MESH:A02.835.232.300.710 SCTID:108372004 UBERON:0001447 UMLS:C0039316 ankle bone bone of ankle bone of tarsus bony tarsus galen:TarsalBone hind mesopodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Bone ossa tarsalia ossa tarsi tarsal tarsus osseus uberon FMA:24491 bone of tarsus FMA:71339 FMA:TA ossa tarsalia FMA:24491 bone of ankle BTO:0002343 bony tarsus A bone that is part of the tarsal skeleton. Examples: calcaneus, talus, centralia. UBERON:cjm BTO:0002343 tarsal FMA:71339 FMA:TA ossa tarsi AAO:0000220 hind mesopodium BTO:0002343 tarsus osseus FMA:24491 ankle bone metatarsal bone BTO:0002347 FMA:24492 GAID:193 MA:0000303 MESH:A02.835.232.300.492 SCTID:302532000 The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the pes located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-pes and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001448 UMLS:C0025584 galen:Metatarsal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png metatarsal ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone ossa metatarsalia ossa metatarsi uberon BTO:0002347 ossa metatarsalia true The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the pes located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-pes and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side (side of big toe): the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metatarsal_bone BTO:0002347 ossa metatarsi phalanx of pes A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000930 Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2).[AAO] FMA:24493 MA:0000305 SCTID:302533005 UBERON:0001449 UBERON:0004272 UMLS:C0584876 digital bone of pes digitus pedis phalanx foot digit phalanx foot phalanx ncithesaurus:Foot_Phalanx ncithesaurus:Phalanx_of_the_Foot pedal phalanx phalanges of hind digit phalanx of digit of foot phalanx of digitus pedis phalanx of foot digit phalanx of hind digit phalanx of pes phalanx of toe toe phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic digital bone of pes OBOL:automatic toe phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Phalanges_of_the_foot OBOL:automatic phalanx of digit of foot 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000930 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that make the five digits of the pes. The terminal phalanges are much smaller than the proximal and penultimate phalanges. The typical phalangeal formula of the pes, in a medial to lateral sequence, is 2(1)-2-3-4(3)-3(2).[AAO] OBOL:automatic phalanx of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit OBOL:automatic foot digit phalanx AAO:0000930 phalanges of hind digit FMA:24493 phalanx of toe MA:0000305 foot phalanx OBOL:automatic digitus pedis phalanx calcaneus BTO:0002355 EMAPA:18501 EMAPA:19134 FMA:24496 MA:0001348 MESH:A02.835.232.300.710.300 SCTID:182099002 The postaxial bone of the proximal tarsals series[Phenoscape]. UBERON:0001450 UMLS:C0006655 VSAO:0005016 calcaneal calcaneal bone calcaneum fibulare galen:Calcaneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG/200px-Subtalar_Joint.PNG ncithesaurus:Calcaneum os calcis os tarsi fibulare synonymous with the fibulare of basal tetrapods. uberon PHENOSCAPE:mah The postaxial bone of the proximal tarsals series[Phenoscape]. Wikipedia:Calcaneus AAO:0000913 ISBN10:0073040584 VSAO:0005016 Wikipedia:Calcaneus fibulare MA:0001348 calcaneum BTO:0002355 calcaneal bone FMA:24496 os calcis BTO:0002355 os tarsi fibulare navicular bone of pes AAO:0000924 BTO:0002356 FMA:24499 MA:0001349 OpenCyc:Mx4rv67esJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5.[AAO] SCTID:182100005 The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the pes. It is located on the medial side of the pes, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally laterally with the cuboid[WP]. UBERON:0001451 UMLS:C0223947 central tarsal bone centrale centrale (hind) galen:Navicular http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray276.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray276.png/200px-Gray276.png navicular navicular bone of foot navicular of foot navicular of pes ncithesaurus:Navicular_Bone os naviculare os naviculare os naviculare pedis taxon notes: connections vary depending on species. AAO: Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5. In humans: there is a cuboid instead of distal tarsal 4 and 5 - may articulate laterally with the cuboid[WP]. TODO - add correct VSAO xref (currently broken) uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000924 AAO:LAP Oval tarsal element that is located on the center of the mesopodium. It articulates with all other elements of the tarsus except tarsal 5.[AAO] FMA:24499 navicular bone of foot The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the pes. It is located on the medial side of the pes, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally laterally with the cuboid[WP]. Wikipedia:Navicular_bone Wikipedia:Navicular_bone os naviculare numbers vary BTO:0002356 os naviculare pedis AAO:0000924 centrale (hind) FMA:24499 navicular of foot FMA:24499 FMA:TA os naviculare distal tarsal bone 1 AAO:0000918 BTO:0002360 Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 1. FMA:24518 MA:0001352 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYtfH5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182116007 Small element that articulates with the prehallux, metatarsal I and element Y. It may be fused to tarsal 2.[AAO] UBERON:0001452 UMLS:C1512869 VSAO:0005052 cuneiforme 1 distal tarsal 1 entocuneiforme first cuneiform first cuneiform bone foot distal carpal bone 1 galen:MedialCuneiform http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/images/450x218xEctocuneiform.gif.pagespeed.ic.kaiuLYQELL.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray290.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray290.png/200px-Gray290.png medial cuneiform medial cuneiform bone ncithesaurus:Internal_Cuneiform_Bone_of_the_Foot os cuneiform primum os cuneiforme mediale os cuneiforme mediale os cuneiforme primum ossa cuneiforme mediale tarsal 1 uberon Wikipedia:Medial_cuneiform_bone os cuneiform primum AAO:0000918 tarsal 1 BTO:0002360 os cuneiforme primum Wikipedia:Medial_cuneiform_bone first cuneiform Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 1. VSAO:0005052 Wikipedia:Medial_cuneiform_bone VSAO:0005052 cuneiforme 1 FMA:24518 first cuneiform bone FMA:24518 medial cuneiform bone 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000918 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates with the prehallux, metatarsal I and element Y. It may be fused to tarsal 2.[AAO] VSAO:0005052 distal tarsal 1 Wikipedia:Medial_cuneiform_bone os cuneiforme mediale FMA:24518 medial cuneiform FMA:TA os cuneiforme mediale VSAO:0005052 entocuneiforme BTO:0002360 ossa cuneiforme mediale distal tarsal bone 2 AAO:0000919 BTO:0002359 Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 2. FMA:24519 MA:0001353 SCTID:179512006 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal II. It may be fused to tarsal 1 or to tarsal 3.[AAO] The intermediate cuneiform (also known as second cuneiform / middle cuneiform) is shaped like a wedge, the thin end pointing downwards. It is situated between the other two cuneiforms (the medial and lateral cuneiforms), and articulates with the navicular posteriorly, the second metatarsal anteriorly and with the other cuneiforms on either side. [WP,unvetted] UBERON:0001453 UMLS:C1513292 VSAO:0005053 cuneiforme 2 distal tarsal 2 foot distal carpal bone 2 galen:IntermediateCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray291.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png intermediate cuneiform intermediate cuneiform bone mesocuneiforme middle cuneiform middle cuneiform bone of foot ncithesaurus:Middle_Cuneiform_Bone_of_the_Foot os cuneiforme intermedium os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme secundum os cuneiforme secundum second cuneiform bone second cuneiform bone of foot tarsal 2 uberon BTO:0002359 os cuneiforme intermedium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000919 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal II. It may be fused to tarsal 1 or to tarsal 3.[AAO] VSAO:0005053 distal tarsal 2 FMA:24519 intermediate cuneiform bone VSAO:0005053 cuneiforme 2 Wikipedia:Intermediate_cuneiform_bone os cuneiforme intermedium, os cuneiforme secundum AAO:0000919 tarsal 2 VSAO:0005053 mesocuneiforme Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 2. VSAO:0005053 Wikipedia:Intermediate_cuneiform_bone BTO:0002359 os cuneiforme secundum distal tarsal bone 3 AAO:0000920 BTO:0002358 Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 3. FMA:24520 In some types, the cuneiform is found as two or three bones, in which case the more anterior ('dorsal' in dorsal/plantar terminology) is the ectocuneiform, while the more posterior or plantar bones are the mesocuneiform and entocuneiform.[Palaeos] MA:0001354 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoLPu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182117003 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal III. It may be fused to tarsal 2.[AAO] The lateral cuneiform (also known as third cuneiform / external cuneiform) intermediate in size between the other two cuneiform bones, is also wedge-shaped, the base being uppermost. It occupies the center of the front row of the tarsal bones, between the second cuneiform medially, the cuboid laterally, the navicular posteriorly and the third metatarsal in front. [WP,unvetted] UBERON:0001454 UMLS:C1517036 VSAO:0005054 cuneiforme 3 distal tarsal 3 ectocuneiforme external cuneiform external cuneiform bone of foot foor distal carpal bone 3 galen:LateralCuneiform http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray291.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png lateral cuneiform lateral cuneiform bone ncithesaurus:External_Cuneiform_Bone_of_the_Foot os cuneiforme laterale os cuneiforme tertium ossa cuneiforme laterale tarsal 3 third cuneiform bone uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_cuneiform_bone os cuneiforme laterale AAO:0000920 tarsal 3 VSAO:0005054 ectocuneiforme 2012-09-17 In some types, the cuneiform is found as two or three bones, in which case the more anterior ('dorsal' in dorsal/plantar terminology) is the ectocuneiform, while the more posterior or plantar bones are the mesocuneiform and entocuneiform.[Palaeos] http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryE.html VSAO:0005054 distal tarsal 3 Wikipedia:Lateral_cuneiform_bone os cuneiforme tertium Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 3. VSAO:0005054 Wikipedia:Lateral_cuneiform_bone Wikipedia:Lateral_cuneiform_bone external cuneiform VSAO:0005054 cuneiforme 3 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000920 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal III. It may be fused to tarsal 2.[AAO] FMA:24520 lateral cuneiform bone BTO:0002358 ossa cuneiforme laterale cuboid bone A tarsal bone that is formed from distal tarsals 4 and 5. In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the pes. [WP,modified]. BTO:0002357 FMA:24527 MA:0001355 SCTID:182101009 UBERON:0001455 UMLS:C0376381 cuboid cuboideum foot distal carpal bone 4 and 5 galen:Cuboid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Gray274.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gray274.png/200px-Gray274.png ncithesaurus:Cuboid_Bone os cuboideum os cuboideum uberon A tarsal bone that is formed from distal tarsals 4 and 5. In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the pes. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Cuboid_bone Wikipedia:Cuboid_bone os cuboideum BTO:0002357 os cuboideum face BTO:0003369 FMA:24728 GAID:64 HAO:0000316 MA:0002473 MESH:A01.456.505 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5GZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302549007 Subdivision of head which consists of the facial skeleton and all layers superficial to it[FMA,modified]. The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence)[vanat.cvm.umn.edu/TFFlectPDFs/LectFaceDevelop.pdf] UBERON:0001456 UMLS:C0015450 facia/facies facial galen:Face http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg/200px-Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg ncithesaurus:Face uberon visage Wikipedia:Face facia/facies FMA:24728 Subdivision of head which consists of the facial skeleton and all layers superficial to it[FMA,modified]. Wikipedia:Face BTO:0003369 visage skin of eyelid A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:24760 MA:0001256 SCTID:245947005 UBERON:0001457 UMLS:C0222088 blepharon zone of skin eyelid skin eyelid zone of skin ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Skin uberon zone of skin of blepharon zone of skin of eyelid OBOL:automatic zone of skin of eyelid OBOL:automatic zone of skin of blepharon OBOL:automatic eyelid zone of skin OBOL:automatic blepharon zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skin of lip A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:24764 MA:0001579 SCTID:244092005 UBERON:0001458 UMLS:C0222101 lip skin lip zone of skin ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Lip skin of lips uberon zone of skin of lip A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skin of lips OBOL:automatic lip zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lip skin of external ear A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:24775 MA:0001233 SCTID:244073008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001459 UMLS:C0222110 auricular region of head zone of skin auricular region zone of skin ear skin external ear skin external ear zone of skin ncithesaurus:Ear_Skin outer ear zone of skin uberon zone of skin of auricular region zone of skin of auricular region of head zone of skin of external ear zone of skin of outer ear OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region OBOL:automatic outer ear zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of outer ear OBOL:automatic zone of skin of external ear OBOL:automatic auricular region of head zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of auricular region of head OBOL:automatic external ear zone of skin OBOL:automatic auricular region zone of skin arm BTO:0001435 EFO:0001410 EHDAA2:0000140 EHDAA:4164 EHDAA:6210 EHDAA:8275 EMAPA:17413 GAID:52 MA:0000033 MESH:A01.378.800 MESH:A01.378.800.075 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjp5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. This class refers to the combination of the stylopod and zeugopod of a forelimb. Sometimes (cf FMA), 'arm' denotes the stylopod only; sometimes (cf MA), 'arm' denotes the part of the forelimb covering both (i.e. shoulder to hand). Also note distinction between arm and forelimb: hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm. Editor note: currently declared as overlapping hand, as AOs disagree over whether some wrist parts are in the arm or hand UBERON:0001460 VHOG:0000339 brachium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Upperarm.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upperarm.jpg/200px-Upperarm.jpg uberon upper extremity 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000339 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. Wikipedia:Arm Wikipedia:Arm brachium MESH:A01.378.800 upper extremity elbow EFO:0003069 EHDAA2:0000429 EHDAA:4166 EHDAA:6212 EMAPA:17414 FMA:24901 GAID:54 MA:0000036 MESH:A01.378.800.420 Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjNZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:76248009 The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific]. UBERON:0001461 VHOG:0000340 articulatio cubiti cubital cubital region elbow limb segment elbow region galen:Elbow http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Elbow_coude.JPG uberon Wikipedia:Elbow articulatio cubiti The elbow is the region surrounding the elbow-joint—the ginglymus or hinge joint in the middle of the arm. Three bones form the elbow joint: the humerus of the upper arm, and the paired radius and ulna of the forearm. The bony prominence at the very tip of the elbow is the olecranon process of the ulna, and the inner aspect of the elbow is called the antecubital fossa. [WP,unvetted,human-specific]. Wikipedia:Elbow EHDAA2 manual digit 1 1st (preaxial) digit of the manus[Wikipedia]. AAO:0010639 EHDAA2:0000511 EMAPA:17429 FMA:24938 GAID:58 MA:0000454 MESH:A01.378.800.667.430.705 Not present in Anurans (Phenotype RCN Oct 2012) OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjVbpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302540006 This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). UBERON:0001463 UMLS:C0040067 alula digit 1 of fore-paw digit 1 of manus digitus 1 digitus I digitus primus digitus primus [I] finger 1 first digit of hand fore digit I fore limb digit 1 hand digit 1 hand digit 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Thumbs_up.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Thumb-up.jpg/200px-Thumb-up.jpg manual digit 1 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_1 pollex thumb uberon 1st (preaxial) digit of the manus[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Thumb http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553264 Wikipedia:Thumb digitus primus Wikipedia:Thumb pollex NCBITaxon:8782 PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). UBERON:0012260 EHDAA2:0000511 finger 1 AAO:0010639 fore digit I MA:0000454 hand digit 1 Wikipedia:Thumb digitus I thumb Wikipedia:Alula alula OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 EMAPA:17429 digit 1 of fore-paw NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 reference_0000032 hip AO notes. See notes for shoulder. in BTO this is part of the abdomen - this creates an inconsistency if limb and abdomen are spatially disjoint BTO:0001457 EFO:0001929 EHDAA2:0000783 EHDAA:5153 EHDAA:6178 EMAPA:17490 FMA:24964 GAID:47 MA:0000045 MESH:A01.378.610.400 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjhy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302543008 The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001464 UMLS:C0019552 VHOG:0000346 coxa coxal galen:Hip hip region http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Hip.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hip.jpg/200px-Hip.jpg ncithesaurus:Hip regio coxae uberon FMA:24964 regio coxae FMA-modified FMA:24964 hip region Wikipedia:Hip coxa 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000346 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The hip region is located lateral to the gluteal region (i.e. the buttock), inferior to the iliac crest, and overlying the greater trochanter of the thigh bone. In adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have fused into the hip bone which forms part of the hip region. The hip joint, scientifically referred to as the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the joint between the femur and acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary function is to support the weight of the body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running) postures. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Hip knee A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod. BTO:0003595 EFO:0001957 EHDAA2:0000895 EHDAA:5159 EHDAA:6184 EMAPA:17493 FMA:24974 GAID:48 MA:0000046 MESH:A01.378.610.450 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjPKZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361291001 UBERON:0001465 VHOG:0000347 galen:Knee http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Male_Knee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/200px-Male_Knee_by_David_Shankbone.jpg knee region uberon A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod. UBERON:cjm pedal digit A digit that is part of a pes (foot). AAO:0000888 BTO:0002348 FMA:25046 GAID:44 MA:0000048 One of the toes of the pes.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjCHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:116667001 UBERON:0000027 UBERON:0001466 UMLS:C0040357 XAO:0003035 digit of foot digit of terminal segment of lower limb digiti pedis digiti pedis digitipedis digitus pedis foot digit galen:Toe hind digit hind_digit hindlimb digit http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Toes.jpg ncithesaurus:Toe pes digit toe uberon MA:0000048 foot digit BTO:0002348 digitipedis A digit that is part of a pes (foot). Wikipedia:Toe XAO:0003035 hind digit OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of lower limb PHENOSCAPE:ni FMA:25046 toe AAO:0000888 hind_digit Wikipedia:Toe digiti pedis FMA:70664 FMA:TA digiti pedis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000888 AAO:LAP One of the toes of the pes.[AAO] shoulder (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'.[well established][VHOG] AO notes: In FMA, the shoulder is part of the pectoral girdle region. in MA, shoulder structures like shoulder joints, bones, nerves etc are part of the shoulder and the forelimb. E.g. humerus is a shoulder bone EFO:0003068 EHDAA2:0001834 EHDAA:4180 EHDAA:6228 EMAPA:17421 FMA:25202 GAID:60 In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000038 MESH:A01.378.800.750 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361103004 UBERON:0001467 UMLS:C0037004 VHOG:0000342 articulatio humeri galen:Shoulder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shoulderjoint.PNG/200px-Shoulderjoint.PNG ncithesaurus:Shoulder shoulder region uberon In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula. The shoulder refers to the group of structures in the region of the joint. It is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached. The shoulder must be flexible for the wide range of motion required in the arms and hands and also strong enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between these two functions results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Shoulder (...) endochondral elements of the early tetrapod shoulder develop from two centers of ossification, giving rise to a scapula and a 'coracoid'.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.332 VHOG VHOG:0000342 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA-modified Wikipedia:Shoulder articulatio humeri intervertebral joint 2 2 AO notes: FMA has 'intervertebral joint' as a GAT, and has two distinct classes 'intervertebral symphysis' and 'intervertebral syndesmosis', but note that the latter do not connect the centra FMA:25511 MA:0001514 SCTID:244512000 The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. UBERON:0001468 UMLS:C1182940 inter-centrum joint inter-vertebral joint intervertebral symphysis joint of vertebral body ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Joint uberon vertebral joint FMA:25511 joint of vertebral body connects successive pairs of centra FMA:25511 intervertebral symphysis FMA FMA The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=87401 sternoclavicular joint EMAPA:19203 FMA:25883 GAID:270 MA:0001507 MESH:A02.835.583.781 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_eLJZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwI-ZZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182165002 The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001469 UMLS:C0038291 articulatio sternoclavicularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Gray325.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gray325.png/200px-Gray325.png ncithesaurus:Sternoclavicular_Joint sterno clavicular joint sternoclavicular sternoclavicular articulation uberon clavicular notch of the manubrium sterni The sternoclavicular articulation is a double arthrodial joint composed of two portions separated by an articular disc. The parts entering into its formation are the sternal end of the clavicle, the upper and lateral part of the manubrium sterni, and the cartilage of the first rib, visible from the outside as the suprasternal notch. The articular surface of the clavicle is much larger than that of the sternum, and is invested with a layer of cartilage, which is considerably thicker than that on the latter bone. The ligaments of this joint are: Articular capsule Anterior sternoclavicular ligament Posterior sternoclavicular ligament Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament Articular disk [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation sternal end of the clavicle and first rib Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation articulatio sternoclavicularis FMA Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation sternoclavicular articulation Wikipedia:Sternoclavicular_articulation sternoclavicular glenohumeral joint AO notes: in FMA, this is part of the bony pectoral girdle, alongside the skeleton of pectoral girdle. Editor notes: note that in this ontology 'glenoid fossa' is a cavity (consistent with FMA) - consider adding a class for the surface of the scapula that is adjacent to this cavity, and making a more explicit connects relationship EMAPA:19105 FMA:25912 GAID:269 MA:0000459 MESH:A02.835.583.748 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP32BZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182168000 The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001470 UMLS:C0037009 VHOG:0001002 articulatio humeri articulatio humeri galen:ShoulderJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray327.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gray327.png/200px-Gray327.png humeral joint humeroscapular joint joint of shoulder ncithesaurus:Shoulder_Joint shoulder joint uberon FMA:25912 FMA:TA articulatio humeri Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint humeroscapular joint Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint articulatio humeri OBOL:automatic joint of shoulder definitional MA:0000459 shoulder joint FMA:25912 humeral joint The glenohumeral joint, commonly known as the shoulder joint, is a multiaxial synovial ball and socket joint and involves articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glenohumeral_joint FMA MA skin of prepuce of penis A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of penis [Automatically generated definition]. EV:0100109 FMA:27648 MA:0001744 SCTID:39059001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001471 VHOG:0001342 foreskin of penis foreskin zone of skin penile prepuce zone of skin penis foreskin prepuce of penis zone of skin prepuce zone of skin preputial skin uberon zone of skin of foreskin zone of skin of penile prepuce zone of skin of prepuce zone of skin of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic prepuce of penis zone of skin OBOL:automatic prepuce zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of foreskin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic penile prepuce zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of prepuce OBOL:automatic zone of skin of penile prepuce OBOL:automatic foreskin zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of penis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic vaginal venous plexus FMA:29713 MA:0002257 SCTID:294653003 The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001472 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gray589.png/200px-Gray589.png plexus venosus vaginalis uberon venous vaginal plexus The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vaginal_venous_plexus Wikipedia:Vaginal_venous_plexus plexus venosus vaginalis lymphatic vessel A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep.[TAO] A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. A vessel that contains or conveys lymph.[AAO] AAO:0011005 BTO:0000752 EFO:0000873 FMA:30315 MA:0000138 MAT:0000443 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA1fYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279089004 TAO:0005105 Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001473 UMLS:C0229889 VHOG:0001249 XAO:0000375 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg/200px-Illu_lymph_capillary.jpg lymph vessel ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Vessel uberon vas lymphaticum 2012-06-20 A vessel that contains or conveys lymph.[AAO] AAO AAO:0011005 AAO:EJS 2012-08-14 A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005105 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627 Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001249 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. BTO:0000752 Wikipedia:Lymphatic_vessel Wikipedia:Lymphatic_vessel vas lymphaticum bone element AAO:0000047 AEO:0000082 Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO] Alternate definition: Organ with cavitated organ parts, which primarily consists of compact (cortical) and cancellous bone, which surround bone marrow cavities; together with other bones, cartilages and joints, it constitutes the skeletal system. Examples: femur, sternum, maxilla, vertebra, talus[FMA] BTO:0000140 EFO:0000298 EHDAA2:0003082 ENVO:00002039 EV:0100140 FMA:30317 FMA:5018 GAID:92 MA:0001459 MAT:0000299 MIAA:0000299 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViDlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkCG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO] SCTID:90780006 Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO] Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue[VSAO]. TAO:0001514 The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] UBERON:0001474 UMLS:C0262950 VHOG:0001190 VSAO:0000057 XAO:0000169 ZFA:0001514 bone bone element bone organ galen:Bone ncithesaurus:Bone relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] uberon VSAO:0000057 bone element 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001514 ZFIN:curator Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue[VSAO]. VSAO:0000057 Wikipedia:Bone 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000047 relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1159/000324245 Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011) The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001190 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000057 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000047 AAO:LAP Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO] VSAO-modified obsolete ligament UBERON:0000211 UBERON:0001475 UBERON:0002360 made obsolete as it incorrectly grouped classes true uberon deltoid A muscle of shoulder which attaches to the scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA] AAO:0010716 EFO:0001412 EHDAA2:0000339 EMAPA:18177 FMA:32521 MA:0002286 Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181620007 UBERON:0001476 UMLS:C0224234 VHOG:0000846 We use a generic definition that includes the deltoideus as represented in AAO: 'Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus'. common shoulder muscle deltoid muscle deltoideus deltoideus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Deltoideus.png m. deltoideus musculus deltoideus musculus deltoideus ncithesaurus:Deltoid uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus muscle AAO:0010716 m. deltoideus dbpedia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010716 AAO:MEJ Muscle which originates as three heads, the pars externalis, pars clavicularis, and pars scapularis. The pars externalis originates from the lateral border of the omosternum and inserts on the distal portion of the humerus. The pars clavicularis originates from the ventro-lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The pars scapularis originates from the lateral surface of the clavicle and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus.[AAO] dbpedia deltoid tuberosity of humerus FMA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle musculus deltoideus Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle musculus deltoideus FMA dbpedia the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion spine of the scapula A muscle of shoulder which attaches to the scapula, clavicle and humerus.[FMA] Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle common shoulder muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoideus dbpedia the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion spine of the scapula Wikipedia:Deltoid_muscle deltoid muscle dbpedia the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion spine of the scapula infraspinatus muscle EHDAA2:0000826 EHDAA:8305 EMAPA:18526 FMA:32546 MA:0002323 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVT4_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277439009 Taxon notes: The pectoral muscles — the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor — evolved from a primitive muscle sheet that connected the coracoid to the humerus. In late reptilians and early mammals, this muscle structure was displaced dorsally; while most of its components evolved into the pectoralis major, some fibers eventually attached to the scapula and evolved into the supraspinatus, the infraspinatus, and parts of the subscapularis.[WP] The Infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. The infraspinatus is a muscle of the rotator cuff. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001477 UMLS:C0584882 VHOG:0000921 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png infraspinatus musculus infraspinatus ncithesaurus:Infraspinatus uberon dbpedia infraspinous fossa of the scapula Wikipedia:Infraspinatus_muscle musculus infraspinatus Wikipedia The Infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. The infraspinatus is a muscle of the rotator cuff. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Infraspinatus_muscle dbpedia middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus teres major muscle EHDAA2:0002004 EHDAA:8321 EMAPA:19069 EMAPA:19110 FMA:32549 MA:0002392 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJZqBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277444002 Teres major is a muscle of the upper limb and one of six scapulohumeral muscles. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001478 UMLS:C0224232 VHOG:0000750 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png musculus teres major ncithesaurus:Teres_Major_Muscle teres major uberon MA:0002392 teres major dbpedia medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus dbpedia posterior aspect of the inferior angle of the scapula EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Teres_major_muscle musculus teres major Teres major is a muscle of the upper limb and one of six scapulohumeral muscles. It is a thick but somewhat flattened muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Teres_major_muscle sesamoid bone AEO:0000086 EHDAA2:0003086 FMA:32672 GAID:210 MA:0001375 MESH:A02.835.232.730 Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. SCTID:362914002 Sesamoids are often endochondral replacement elements and in addition to bone tissue, may also be composed of articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and calcified cartilage.[VSAO] UBERON:0001479 UMLS:C0036846 galen:SessamoidBone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray350.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray350.png/200px-Gray350.png ncithesaurus:Sesamoid_Bone ossa sesamoidea sesamoid uberon Wikipedia:Sesamoid_bone ossa sesamoidea Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. VSAO:0000137 Wikipedia:Sesamoid_bone proximal carpal bone A carpal bone that proximally_connected_to a forelimb zeugopod skeleton. FMA:33302 MA:0002557 SCTID:306715004 UBERON:0001480 uberon A carpal bone that proximally_connected_to a forelimb zeugopod skeleton. OBOL:automatic distal carpal bone AAO:0000847 FMA:33303 MA:0002558 SCTID:306716003 Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals.[AAO] Taxon notes: Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal[WP] UBERON:0001481 distal carpal uberon AAO:0000847 distal carpal 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000847 AAO:LAP Series of elements that articulate with the metacarpals.[AAO] muscle of shoulder A muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33531 MA:0000633 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001482 muscle organ of shoulder shoulder muscle shoulder muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skin of shoulder A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder region. EMAPA:18059 FMA:34830 MA:0000635 Note in MA this is a subclass of forelimb skin, but this violates part-disjointness in Uberon SCTID:244131002 UBERON:0001483 shoulder skin shoulder zone of skin uberon zone of skin of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a shoulder region. UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 OBOL:automatic zone of skin of shoulder articular capsule An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:34836 GAID:263 MA:0001519 MESH:A02.835.583.443 SCTID:182238002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001484 UMLS:C0206207 capsula articularis capsulae articulares fibrous capsule of joint galen:JointCapsule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Joint.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gray299.png/200px-Gray299.png joint capsule joint fibrous capsule ncithesaurus:Joint_Capsule uberon Wikipedia:Articular_capsule capsulae articulares FMA:34836 FMA:TA capsula articularis An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Articular_capsule knee joint EFO:0001957 EMAPA:19137 FMA:35175 GAID:114 MA:0000471 MESH:A02.835.583.475 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCuaYZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182204005 The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001485 UMLS:C0022745 VHOG:0001003 articulatio genus galen:KneeJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Knee.agr.jpg joint of knee ncithesaurus:Knee_Joint uberon The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation. Since in humans the knee supports nearly the whole weight of the body, it is the joint most vulnerable both to acute injury and the development of osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Knee definitional OBOL:automatic joint of knee Wikipedia:Knee articulatio genus hip joint Alternate def - "The articulation between the femur and the innominate bone." [BTO:0001502] BTO:0001502 EMAPA:19136 FMA:35178 GAID:262 MA:0000470 MESH:A02.835.583.411 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP32b5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182201002 The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage. The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones — the ilium, pubis, and ischium. UBERON:0001486 UMLS:C0019558 VHOG:0001001 articulatio coxofemoralis coxal articulation femoro-iliac joint galen:HipJoint ncithesaurus:Hip_Joint uberon Wikipedia:Hip coxal articulation definitional FMA FMA The hip joint is a synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage. The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones — the ilium, pubis, and ischium. Wikipedia:Hip#Articulation FMA:35178 articulatio coxofemoralis joint of pes A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:35194 FMA:71349 GAID:256 MA:0000464 MESH:A02.835.583.378 SCTID:244555001 TODO check FMA - use the set class for now UBERON:0001487 articulationes pedis foot joint hind limb autopod joint joint of terminal segment of free lower limb joints of foot set of foot joints set of joints of foot uberon FMA:71349 joints of foot FMA:71349 set of foot joints A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic joint of terminal segment of free lower limb FMA:71349 set of joints of foot FMA:71349 FMA:TA articulationes pedis OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod joint ankle joint A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons. BTO:0004706 EFO:0001409 FMA:35195 GAID:257 MA:0000463 MESH:A02.835.583.378.062 OpenCyc:Mx4rvwiy35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182212002 Taxon notes: todo - accurately represent different types of ankle joint UBERON:0001488 UMLS:C0003087 galen:AnkleJoint gambrel hock hock joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ankle_Joint talocrural articulation talocrural joint talotibial joint uberon Wikipedia:Ankle talocrural articulation A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons. MESH:A02.835.583.378.062 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Ankle Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) hock joint Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) gambrel Wikipedia:Ankle talocrural joint Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) hock Wikipedia:Ankle talotibial joint manus joint A skeletal joint that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71345 MA:0000452 SCTID:244546004 TODO check FMA - use the set class for now UBERON:0001489 articulationes manus hand joint joint of manus joint of terminal segment of free upper limb joints of hand set of joints of hand uberon FMA:71345 FMA:TA articulationes manus OBOL:automatic joint of terminal segment of free upper limb FMA:71345 joints of hand A skeletal joint that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71345 set of joints of hand elbow joint A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol]. In human anatomy, the elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis[HP]. EMAPA:19102 FMA:35289 GAID:253 MA:0000451 MESH:A02.835.583.290 SCTID:182169008 UBERON:0001490 UMLS:C0013770 VHOG:0000997 articulatio cubiti cubital region joint galen:ElbowJoint joint of cubital region joint of elbow ncithesaurus:Elbow_Joint uberon OBOL:automatic joint of elbow articulatio cubiti OBOL:automatic joint of cubital region A joint that connects the forelimb zeugopod and stylopod skeletons[Obol]. In human anatomy, the elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis[HP]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Elbow definitional OBOL:automatic cubital region joint wrist joint A joint connecting the forelimb zeugopod skeleton with the carpal skeleton. AO notes: in FMA this includes radio-carpal and radio-ulnar *ligaments* EMAPA:19205 GAID:274 MA:0000460 MESH:A02.835.583.959 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZD2PJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182178002 UBERON:0001491 UMLS:C1322271 carpal region joint galen:WristJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Human_wrist.png/200px-Human_wrist.png joint of carpal region joint of wrist ncithesaurus:Wrist_Joint radiocarpal joint uberon OBOL:automatic carpal region joint FMA:35291 radiocarpal joint OBOL:automatic joint of carpal region A joint connecting the forelimb zeugopod skeleton with the carpal skeleton. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Wrist https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=76834&atid=1205376 radial nerve EHDAA2:0001584 EHDAA:5650 EMAPA:17278 FMA:37069 GAID:845 MA:0001171 MESH:A08.800.800.720.050.700 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfk7E5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181011002 The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001492 UMLS:C0034518 VHOG:0000896 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray818.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray818.png/200px-Gray818.png ncithesaurus:Radial_Nerve nervus radialis uberon The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the upper limb. It supplies the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm, as well as the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 &amp; T1. The radial nerve and its branches supply the dorsal muscles, such as triceps brachii, the extrinsic extensors of the wrist and hands, and the cutaneous nerve supply to most of the back of the hand. (The ulnar nerve cutaneously innervates the back of the little finger and adjacent half of the ring finger). The radial nerve divides into a deep branch (which becomes the posterior interosseous nerve), and continues as the superficial branch which goes on to innervate the dorsum (back) of the hand. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Radial_nerve Wikipedia:Radial_nerve nervus radialis axillary nerve EMAPA:18802 FMA:37072 MA:0001166 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgwMfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181009006 The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001493 UMLS:C0228885 auxillery nerve circumflex humeral nerve circumflex nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Brachial_plexus_2.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg ncithesaurus:Axillary_Nerve nervus axillaris uberon The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve nervus axillaris Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve nervus axillaris MA Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve auxillery nerve MA MA Wikipedia:Axillary_nerve circumflex nerve ulnar nerve EHDAA2:0002099 EHDAA:5652 EMAPA:17279 FMA:37319 GAID:846 In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one's 'funny bone. ' This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words 'humerus' and 'humourous' . [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001174 MESH:A08.800.800.720.050.850 SCTID:181012009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001494 UBERON:0005668 UMLS:C0041602 VHOG:0000922 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Brachial_plexus_2.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brachial_plexus.jpg/200px-Brachial_plexus.jpg ncithesaurus:Ulnar_Nerve nervus ulnaris uberon In human anatomy, the ulnar nerve is a nerve which runs near the ulna bone. The ulnar nerve is the largest unprotected nerve in the human body (meaning, unprotected by muscle or bone), and the only unprotected nerve that does not serve a purely sensory function (those nerves specifically meant to perceive changes in the environment, such as nerves in the skin). This nerve is directly connected to the little finger, and the adjacent half of the ring finger, supplying the palmar side of these fingers, including both front and back of the tips, perhaps as far back as the fingernail beds. One method of injuring the nerve is to strike the medial epicondyle of the humerus from posteriorly, or inferiorly with the elbow flexed. The ulnar nerve is trapped between the bone and the overlying skin at this point. This is commonly referred to as hitting one's 'funny bone. ' This name is thought to be a pun, based on the sound resemblance between the words 'humerus' and 'humourous' . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulnar_nerve Wikipedia:Ulnar_nerve nervus ulnaris pectoral muscle AAO:0010727 BTO:0000023 FMA:37349 GAID:153 M. pectoralis MA:0002423 MESH:A02.633.567.775 Muscle which is comprised of three heads. The anterior head is the portio epicoracoidea that originates on the epicoracoid cartilage and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The next more posterior head, portio sternalis, originates on the sternum and inserts in the groove next to the deltoid crest of the humerus. The most posterior head, portio abdominalis, arises from the M. rectus abdominis and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus.[AAO] SCTID:181621006 This currently groups the major and minor muscles (which have different attachment sites) as well as the AAO structure: Muscle which is comprised of three heads. The anterior head is the portio epicoracoidea that originates on the epicoracoid cartilage and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The next more posterior head, portio sternalis, originates on the sternum and inserts in the groove next to the deltoid crest of the humerus. The most posterior head, portio abdominalis, arises from the M. rectus abdominis and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus UBERON:0001495 UMLS:C0030747 breast muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pectoralis_major.png/200px-Pectoralis_major.png muscle of pectoral part of chest muscle of pectoral region ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Muscle pectoralis pectoralis muscle uberon FMA BTO FMA:37349 muscle of pectoral part of chest FMA:37349 muscle of pectoral region BTO:0000023 breast muscle BTO:0000023 pectoralis muscle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010727 AAO:MEJ Muscle which is comprised of three heads. The anterior head is the portio epicoracoidea that originates on the epicoracoid cartilage and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus. The next more posterior head, portio sternalis, originates on the sternum and inserts in the groove next to the deltoid crest of the humerus. The most posterior head, portio abdominalis, arises from the M. rectus abdominis and inserts on the deltoid crest of the humerus.[AAO] AAO:0010727 M. pectoralis ascending aorta EHDAA2:0000147 EHDAA:9828 EMAPA:17014 EMAPA:18604 EMAPA:25959 FMA:3736 MA:0002570 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVFqO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181299009 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia] UBERON:0001496 UMLS:C0003956 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ascending_Aorta pars ascendens aortae pars ascendens aortae, aorta ascendens uberon GO:0035905 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart’s axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta Wikipedia:Ascending_aorta pars ascendens aortae, aorta ascendens EHDAA2 muscle of pelvic girdle A muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. AO notes: Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle; in FMA this is a hindlimb muscle, but recall in FMA hindlimb includes the girdle. FMA:37367 MA:0000537 UBERON:0001497 girdle-pelvic muscle organ muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle bone muscle organ pelvic girdle muscle pelvic girdle muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of girdle-pelvic A muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic girdle-pelvic muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone muscle organ muscle of pes A muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000477 FMA:37369 MA:0000652 SCTID:67240005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001498 autopod of hind limb muscle organ autopod of hindlimb muscle organ autopod of inferior member muscle organ autopod of lower extremity muscle organ distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ foot muscle foot muscle organ hind limb autopod muscle organ hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ hindlimb autopod muscle organ hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ inferior member autopod muscle organ inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ lower extremity autopod muscle organ lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ muscle of foot muscle organ of autopod of hind limb muscle organ of autopod of hindlimb muscle organ of autopod of inferior member muscle organ of autopod of lower extremity muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ of distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ of distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ of foot muscle organ of hind limb autopod muscle organ of hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ of hindlimb autopod muscle organ of hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ of inferior member autopod muscle organ of inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ of lower extremity autopod muscle organ of lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of foot OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb distal free limb segment A muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of lower extremity FMA:37369 muscle of foot OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic foot muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb muscle organ muscle of arm A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000141 MA:0000594 See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm' UBERON:0001499 arm muscle arm muscle system muscle of upper arm or lower arm uberon upper arm / lower arm muscle MA:0000594 arm muscle A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000141 arm muscle system UBERON:cjm upper arm / lower arm muscle UBERON:cjm muscle of upper arm or lower arm muscle of manus A muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37372 MA:0000628 SCTID:110540008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001500 arm autopod muscle organ arm distal free limb segment muscle organ autopod of arm muscle organ autopod of brachial region muscle organ autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ brachial region autopod muscle organ brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ hand muscle manus muscle manus muscle organ muscle of hand muscle organ of arm autopod muscle organ of arm distal free limb segment muscle organ of autopod of arm muscle organ of autopod of brachial region muscle organ of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of brachial region autopod muscle organ of brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ of distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ of distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of manus muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic arm autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of arm autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of arm muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb muscle organ MA:0000628 hand muscle FMA:37372 muscle of hand OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm muscle organ OBOL:automatic manus muscle organ OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic muscle organ of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic muscle organ of manus OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic muscle organ of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment muscle organ OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod muscle organ OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region muscle organ lumbrical muscle of manus FMA:37385 MA:0002316 SCTID:181654008 The lumbricals are intrinsic muscles of the manus that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001501 hand lumbrical hand lumbrical muscle lumbrical of hand musculi lumbricales manus uberon MA:0002316 hand lumbrical muscle FMA:37385 lumbrical of hand Wikipedia:Lumbricals_of_the_hand musculi lumbricales manus The lumbricals are intrinsic muscles of the manus that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints Wikipedia:Lumbricals_of_the_hand interosseous muscle of manus An interosseus muscle that is part of a manus. FMA:37417 MA:0002313 SCTID:265804003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001502 UMLS:C0224295 hand interosseous muscle interosseous muscle of hand manus interosseous muscle ncithesaurus:Hand_Interosseous_Muscle uberon FMA:37417 interosseous muscle of hand An interosseus muscle that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic MA:0002313 hand interosseous muscle dorsal interosseous of manus FMA:37418 MA:0002314 SCTID:245002007 The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. UBERON:0001503 UMLS:C1744530 dorsal hand interosseus muscle dorsal interosseous of hand dorsal manus interosseus muscle musculi interossei dorsales manus ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Hand_Interosseous_Muscle uberon The dorsal interossei of the hand are muscles that occupy the space between the metacarpals. There are four dorsal interossei in each hand. They are specified as 'dorsal' to contrast them with the palmar interossei, which are located on the anterior side of the metacarpals. The dorsal interosseous muscles are bipennate, with each muscle arising by two heads from the adjacent sides of the metacarpal bones, but more extensively from the metacarpal bone of the finger into which the muscle is inserted. They are inserted into the bases of the proximal phalanges and into the extensor expansion of the corresponding extensor digitorum tendon. The middle digit has two dorsal interossei insert onto it while the first digit (thumb) and the fifth digit (little finger) have none[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_interossei_muscles_(hand) dbpedia MA:0002314 dorsal hand interosseus muscle dbpedia FMA:37418 dorsal interosseous of hand lumbrical muscle of pes FMA:37453 MA:0002305 SCTID:181715003 The lumbricals are four small skeletal muscles, accessory to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and numbered from the medial side of the pes; they arise from these tendons, as far back as their angles of division, each springing from two tendons, except the first. UBERON:0001504 foot lumbrical foot lumbrical muscle lumbrical of foot pes lumbrical pes lumbrical muscle uberon FMA:37453 lumbrical of foot FMA:37453 foot lumbrical MA:0002305 foot lumbrical muscle The lumbricals are four small skeletal muscles, accessory to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and numbered from the medial side of the pes; they arise from these tendons, as far back as their angles of division, each springing from two tendons, except the first. Wikipedia:Lumbricals_of_the_foot coracobrachialis muscle FMA:37664 MA:0002282 Pirogoff's aponeurosis SCTID:244980008 The Coracobrachialis is the smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula. (The other two muscles are pectoralis minor and biceps brachii. ) It is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It is perforated by and innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001505 UMLS:C0224246 coracobrachial coracobrachialis coracobrachialis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Coracobrachialis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coracobrachialis.png/200px-Coracobrachialis.png musculus coracobrachialis ncithesaurus:Coracobrachialis uberon dbpedia medial humerus dbpedia FMA:37664 Pirogoff's aponeurosis coracoid process of scapula dbpedia Wikipedia:Coracobrachialis_muscle musculus coracobrachialis FMA MA:0002282 coracobrachial The Coracobrachialis is the smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula. (The other two muscles are pectoralis minor and biceps brachii. ) It is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It is perforated by and innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coracobrachialis_muscle Wikipedia:Coracobrachialis_muscle coracobrachialis muscle brachialis muscle A muscle of the stylopodium, covering the distal half of the humerus and the anterior part of the elbow joint. It functions to flex the zeugopodium. [TFD][VHOG] Casserio's muscle EHDAA2:0000181 EHDAA:8281 EMAPA:19068 EMAPA:19109 FMA:37667 MA:0002271 SCTID:244982000 The brachialis (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It lies just deep of the biceps brachii, and is a synergist that assists the biceps brachii in flexing at the elbow. It makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001506 UMLS:C0224240 VHOG:0001026 brachialis brachialis anticus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Brachialis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Brachialis.png/200px-Brachialis.png musculus brachialis ncithesaurus:Brachialis uberon dbpedia anterior surface of the humerus particularly the distal half of this bone dbpedia Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle brachialis anticus muscle coronoid process and the tuberosity of the ulna dbpedia The brachialis (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint. It lies just deep of the biceps brachii, and is a synergist that assists the biceps brachii in flexing at the elbow. It makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle 2012-09-17 A muscle of the stylopodium, covering the distal half of the humerus and the anterior part of the elbow joint. It functions to flex the zeugopodium. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001026 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/brachialis Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle musculus brachialis Wikipedia:Brachialis_muscle brachialis biceps brachii A muscle in the forelimb stylopod which in humans has several functions, the most important being to rotate the forearm and to flex the elbow. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0003419 EHDAA2:0000167 EHDAA:8279 EMAPA:19067 EMAPA:19108 FMA:37670 MA:0002269 SCTID:265802004 UBERON:0001507 UMLS:C0559499 VHOG:0000861 biceps biceps brachii %26 brachialis muscles biceps brachii muscle biceps cubiti biceps muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Biceps_brachii.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Biceps_%28PSF%29.jpg/200px-Biceps_%28PSF%29.jpg musculus biceps brachii ncithesaurus:Biceps uberon dbpedia short head: coracoid process of the scapula. long head: supraglenoid tubercle A muscle in the forelimb stylopod which in humans has several functions, the most important being to rotate the forearm and to flex the elbow. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps cubiti Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps brachii %26 brachialis muscles OG EHDAA2:0000167 biceps Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps muscle Musculocutaneous nerve dbpedia dbpedia short head: coracoid process of the scapula. long head: supraglenoid tubercle Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle musculus biceps brachii dbpedia radial tuberosity and bicipittal aponeurosis into deep fascia on medial part of forearm dbpedia Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle biceps brachii muscle arch of aorta BTO:0000157 EFO:0002526 EHDAA2:0000132 EMAPA:17613 EMAPA:18602 FMA:3768 GAID:471 MA:0000475 SCTID:181300001 The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001508 Usage notes: Do not confuse with aortic arch; check EHDAA2. Taxon notes: birds have right aortic arch, mammals left. VHOG:0001196 aortic arch arcus aortae begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png thoracic aorta uberon Wikipedia:Arch_of_aorta begins at the level of the upper border of the second sternocostal articulation of the right side, and runs at first upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea; it is then directed backward on the left side of the trachea and finally passes downward on the left side of the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra, at the lower border of which it becomes continuous with the descending aorta[WP]. FMA:3768 FMA:TA arcus aortae FMA:3768 aortic arch 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20 The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001196 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GAID:471 thoracic aorta 2012-09-17 The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001196 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arch+of+aorta triceps brachii EHDAA2:0002080 EHDAA:8287 EMAPA:19070 FMA:37688 MA:0002399 SCTID:181623009 The triceps brachii muscle (Latin for 'three-headed' muscle of the arm, it is called a three headed muscle because there are three bundles of muscle, each of different origin, joining together at the elbow) is the large muscle on the back of the human upper limb. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (i.e. straightening of the arm). Though a similarly-named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called simply the 'triceps'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001509 UMLS:C0559502 VHOG:0000851 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Triceps_brachii.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Triceps_brachii.png/200px-Triceps_brachii.png musculus triceps brachii ncithesaurus:Triceps ncithesaurus:Triceps_Brachii triceps triceps brachii muscle triceps muscle uberon dbpedia radial nerve and axillary nerve The triceps brachii muscle (Latin for 'three-headed' muscle of the arm, it is called a three headed muscle because there are three bundles of muscle, each of different origin, joining together at the elbow) is the large muscle on the back of the human upper limb. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (i.e. straightening of the arm). Though a similarly-named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called simply the 'triceps'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle musculus triceps brachii OG Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle triceps muscle Wikipedia:Triceps_brachii_muscle triceps brachii muscle dbpedia long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula dbpedia radial nerve and axillary nerve dbpedia lateral head: posterior humerus dbpedia dbpedia olecranon process of ulna EHDAA2:0002080 triceps skin of knee A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18151 FMA:37800 MA:0000668 SCTID:181552001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001510 UMLS:C0222275 knee skin knee zone of skin ncithesaurus:Knee_Skin uberon zone of skin of knee OBOL:automatic knee zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of knee skin of leg A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18156 EMAPA:18159 FMA:37828 MA:0000674 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001511 UMLS:C0222279 leg skin leg zone of skin ncithesaurus:Leg_Skin uberon zone of skin of leg OBOL:automatic leg zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of leg skin of ankle A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37831 MA:0000641 SCTID:181560000 UBERON:0001512 UMLS:C0222286 ankle skin ankle zone of skin ncithesaurus:Ankle_Skin tarsal region skin uberon zone of skin of ankle A zone of skin that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm tarsal region skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of ankle OBOL:automatic ankle zone of skin skin of pes A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18504 FMA:37834 MA:0000654 SCTID:181529000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001513 UMLS:C0222289 autopod of hind limb zone of skin autopod of hindlimb zone of skin autopod of inferior member zone of skin autopod of lower extremity zone of skin distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin foot skin foot zone of skin hind limb autopod zone of skin hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin hindlimb autopod zone of skin hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin inferior member autopod zone of skin inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin lower extremity autopod zone of skin lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin ncithesaurus:Foot_Skin skin of foot skin of hind-paw terminal segment of free lower limb zone of skin uberon zone of skin of autopod of hind limb zone of skin of autopod of hindlimb zone of skin of autopod of inferior member zone of skin of autopod of lower extremity zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin of distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin of distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin of foot zone of skin of hind limb autopod zone of skin of hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin of hindlimb autopod zone of skin of hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin of inferior member autopod zone of skin of inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin of lower extremity autopod zone of skin of lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin of terminal segment of free lower limb MA OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lower extremity distal free limb segment FMA:37834 skin of foot OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity zone of skin OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member zone of skin OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic foot zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic zone of skin of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of foot OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of lower extremity EMAPA:18504 skin of hind-paw OBOL:automatic zone of skin of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member zone of skin descending aorta Development notes: results from fusion of left and right dorsal aortae EMAPA:18605 FMA:3784 MA:0002571 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4EE35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:261399002 The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001514 UMLS:C0011666 aorta descendens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Descending_Aorta pars descendens aortae pars descendens aortae, aorta descendens uberon Wikipedia:Descending_aorta pars descendens aortae, aorta descendens GO:0035906 The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Descending_aorta Wikipedia:Descending_aorta aorta descendens Wikipedia FMA FMA FMA:3784 pars descendens aortae thoracic aorta BTO:0000157 EFO:0002525 EMAPA:18603 FMA:3786 GAID:471 MA:0002569 MESH:A07.231.114.056.372 OpenCyc:Mx4rveb9TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302510009 The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity. It begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. At its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column; it approaches the median line as it descends; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. The vessel describes a curve which is concave forward; as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is insignificant. It has a radius of approximately 1.16 cm. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001515 UMLS:C1522460 aorta thoracalis galen:ThoracicAorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray530.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray530.png/200px-Gray530.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Aorta pars thoracica aortae thoracic part of aorta uberon Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta pars thoracica aortae The thoracic aorta is contained in the posterior mediastinal cavity. It begins at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra where it is continuous with the aortic arch, and ends in front of the lower border of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm where it becomes the abdominal aorta. At its commencement, it is situated on the left of the vertebral column; it approaches the median line as it descends; and, at its termination, lies directly in front of the column. The vessel describes a curve which is concave forward; as the branches given off from it are small, its diminution in size is insignificant. It has a radius of approximately 1.16 cm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta aorta thoracalis FMA abdominal aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 EFO:0002524 EMAPA:17856 EMAPA:18607 Editors note: Many of the branches of the abdominal aorta in mammals may be branches of the dorsal aorta in other vertebrates FMA:3789 GAID:470 MA:0000474 MESH:A07.231.114.056.205 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYhWCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244231007 UBERON:0001516 UMLS:C0003484 abdominal part of aorta abdominal part of aorta aorta abdominalis descending abdominal aorta galen:AbdominalAorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Aorta pars abdominalis aortae pars abdominalis aortae pars abdominalis aortae, aorta abdominalis uberon Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta pars abdominalis aortae, aorta abdominalis BTO:0002976 aorta abdominalis FMA:3789 abdominal part of aorta FMA:3789 pars abdominalis aortae FMA:3789 descending abdominal aorta FMA BTO:0002976 abdominal part of aorta BTO:0002976 pars abdominalis aortae Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta skin of elbow A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18051 FMA:38250 MA:0000610 SCTID:181534001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001517 UBERON:0003399 UMLS:C0222213 cubital region zone of skin elbow skin elbow zone of skin ncithesaurus:Elbow_Skin uberon zone of skin of cubital region zone of skin of elbow OBOL:automatic cubital region zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of elbow OBOL:automatic zone of skin of cubital region OBOL:automatic elbow zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skin of wrist A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:38280 MA:0000638 SCTID:181540008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001518 UMLS:C0222223 carpal region zone of skin ncithesaurus:Wrist_Skin uberon wrist skin wrist zone of skin zone of skin of carpal region zone of skin of wrist OBOL:automatic wrist zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zone of skin of carpal region OBOL:automatic zone of skin of wrist OBOL:automatic carpal region zone of skin skin of manus A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18486 FMA:38295 MA:0000630 SCTID:181527003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001519 UMLS:C0222224 hand skin manus skin ncithesaurus:Hand_Skin skin of fore-paw skin of hand uberon A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000630 hand skin EMAPA:18486 skin of fore-paw FMA:38295 skin of hand pronator teres FMA:38450 MA:0002357 SCTID:302514000 The pronator teres is a muscle of the human body (located mainly in the forearm) that, along with the pronator quadratus, serves to pronate the forearm (turning it so the palm faces posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001520 UMLS:C0224249 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Pronator-teres.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pronator-teres.png/200px-Pronator-teres.png musculus pronator teres ncithesaurus:Pronator_Teres pronator teres muscle uberon Middle of the lateral surface of the body of the radius dbpedia dbpedia humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna Wikipedia:Pronator_teres_muscle musculus pronator teres Wikipedia:Pronator_teres_muscle pronator teres muscle dbpedia dbpedia humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus ulnar head: coronoid process of ulna dbpedia The pronator teres is a muscle of the human body (located mainly in the forearm) that, along with the pronator quadratus, serves to pronate the forearm (turning it so the palm faces posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pronator_teres_muscle flexor carpi radialis muscle A muscle of the forearm that acts to flex and abduct the manus. [WP,unvetted]. AAO:0010733 AO notes - we group the AAO class here, despite the different insertion site - requires vetting "Muscle which originates on the inner border of the humerus and inserts on the carpus." [AAO:0010733] FMA:38459 MA:0002297 Muscle which originates on the inner border of the humerus and inserts on the carpus.[AAO] SCTID:361816002 UBERON:0001521 UMLS:C0224252 flexor carpi radialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flexor-carpi-radialis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flexor-carpi-radialis.png/200px-Flexor-carpi-radialis.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Carpi_Radialis uberon MA:0002297 flexor carpi radialis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010733 AAO:MEJ Muscle which originates on the inner border of the humerus and inserts on the carpus.[AAO] A muscle of the forearm that acts to flex and abduct the manus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_radialis_muscle 2 and 3 in human flexor carpi ulnaris muscle AO notes: AAO has a class with the same name, the exact insertion point is unclear; consider grouping "Muscle which originates from the medial condyle of the humerus and inserts on the carpus." [AAO:0010734] FMA:38465 MA:0002298 SCTID:244985003 The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the manus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001522 UMLS:C0224254 flexor carpi ulnaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/FCU.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/FCU.png/200px-FCU.png musculus flexor carpi ulnaris ncithesaurus:Flexor_Carpi_Ulnaris uberon Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle musculus flexor carpi ulnaris Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle flexor carpi ulnaris dbpedia medial epicondyle The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (FCU) is a muscle of the human forearm that acts to flex and adduct the manus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle dbpedia flexor digitorum profundus BTO:0001246 EMAPA:19319 FMA:38478 In human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is considered to be an extrinsic muscle because its action is at a different location than the main body of the muscle. Flexor digitorum profundus, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the upper 3/4ths anterior and medial side of the ulna. Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002300 Note that in EMAPA, this is part of the leg, which is presumably a mistake UBERON:0001523 UMLS:C0224261 flexor digitorum profundus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Flexor-digitorum-profundis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flexor-digitorum-profundis.png/200px-Flexor-digitorum-profundis.png musculus flexor digitorum profundus ncithesaurus:Flexor_Digitorum_Profundus uberon dbpedia Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle musculus flexor digitorum profundus FMA dbpedia upper 3/4 of the volar and medial surfaces of the body of the ulna interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm BTO base of the distal phalanges of the fingers dbpedia In human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is considered to be an extrinsic muscle because its action is at a different location than the main body of the muscle. Flexor digitorum profundus, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the upper 3/4ths anterior and medial side of the ulna. Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_profundus_muscle flexor digitorum profundus muscle extensor carpi radialis longus muscle Extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone (metacarpal of the index finger). [WP,unvetted]. FMA:38494 MA:0002291 SCTID:244990000 UBERON:0001524 UMLS:C0224266 extensor carpi radialis longus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/ECR-longus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/ECR-longus.png/200px-ECR-longus.png musculus extensor carpi radialis longus ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Radialis_Longus uberon Extensor carpi radialis longus is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone (metacarpal of the index finger). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle dbpedia lateral supracondylar ridge dbpedia Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle musculus extensor carpi radialis longus base dbpedia MA:0002291 extensor carpi radialis longus extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle FMA:38497 MA:0002290 SCTID:244991001 The Extensor carpi radialis brevis is shorter and thicker than the extensor carpi radialis longus. The longus muscle can be found above the distal end of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001525 UMLS:C0224267 extensor carpi radialis brevis musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Radialis_Brevis uberon dbpedia deep part MA:0002290 extensor carpi radialis brevis dbpedia Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle musculus extensor carpi radialis brevis The Extensor carpi radialis brevis is shorter and thicker than the extensor carpi radialis longus. The longus muscle can be found above the distal end of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle base dbpedia extensor carpi ulnaris muscle AAO:0010281 ECU muscle Extensor carpi ulnaris is a muscle located in the forearm that acts to extend and adduct the wrist. Being an extensor muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris is on the posterior side of the forearm. [WP]. FMA:38506 MA:0002292 Muscle of the forearm: It shares a common origin with two other muscles of the forearm. It arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus by two tendons: the first one is in common with the m. extensor digitorum communis longus, and the second one is broad and in common with the m. epicondylocubitalis. It is pinnately attached to the dorsal surface of the distal carpal 5-4-3.[AAO] SCTID:244992008 Taxon notes: Amphibians - def: "Muscle of the forearm: It shares a common origin with two other muscles of the forearm. It arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus by two tendons: the first one is in common with the m. extensor digitorum communis longus, and the second one is broad and in common with the m. epicondylocubitalis. It is pinnately attached to the dorsal surface of the distal carpal 5-4-3." [AAO:0010281]. Note that we make the insertion relationship a GCI until digit numbering issues are resolved UBERON:0001526 UMLS:C0224272 extensor carpi ulnaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray418.png/200px-Gray418.png musculus extensor carpi ulnaris ncithesaurus:Extensor_Carpi_Ulnaris uberon dbpedia deep part Extensor carpi ulnaris is a muscle located in the forearm that acts to extend and adduct the wrist. Being an extensor muscle, extensor carpi ulnaris is on the posterior side of the forearm. [WP]. Wikipedia:Extensor_carpi_ulnaris_muscle Wikipedia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010281 AAO:EJS Muscle of the forearm: It shares a common origin with two other muscles of the forearm. It arises from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus by two tendons: the first one is in common with the m. extensor digitorum communis longus, and the second one is broad and in common with the m. epicondylocubitalis. It is pinnately attached to the dorsal surface of the distal carpal 5-4-3.[AAO] abductor pollicis longus FMA:38515 MA:0002266 SCTID:256671001 The Abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001527 UMLS:C0224278 abductor pollicis longus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray1231.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray1231.png/200px-Gray1231.png musculus abductor pollicis longus ncithesaurus:Abductor_Pollicis_Longus uberon dbpedia dbpedia Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle abductor pollicis longus muscle Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle musculus abductor pollicis longus The Abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the Supinator and is sometimes united with it. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle radio-ulnar joint A joint that connects the radius and the ulna. Examples: proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints EMAPA:19206 FMA:38863 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlO2nJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264167003 UBERON:0001528 articulation of the radus and ulna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Forearm_labeled.png/200px-Forearm_labeled.png radioulnar articulation radioulnar joint uberon FMA:38863 radioulnar joint A joint that connects the radius and the ulna. Examples: proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints UBERON:cjm brachiocephalic artery EFO:0002550 EHDAA2:0000835 EMAPA:17615 FMA:3932 GAID:476 MA:0001922 MESH:A07.231.114.145 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9mMTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244244002 The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001529 UMLS:C0006094 brachiocephalic trunk galen:BrachioCephalicArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png innominate innominate artery ncithesaurus:Innominate_Artery truncus brachiocephalicus truncus brachiocephalicus uberon Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery truncus brachiocephalicus MA:0001922 brachiocephalic trunk FMA:3932 FMA:TA truncus brachiocephalicus The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck. It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_artery common carotid artery plus branches A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm]. EHDAA2:0000217 EHDAA:7331 EMAPA:17855 Editor notes: we follow the FMA and treat the artery as a tree-structure - here we include the internal and external as parts. For the part that excludes the branches, see 'trunk of common carotid artery'. Development notes: in birds and reptiles, develops from arch III and parts of ventral and dorsal aortae FMA:3939 GAID:479 MA:0001926 MESH:A07.231.114.186.200 SCTID:362041005 UBERON:0001530 UMLS:C0162859 VHOG:0000272 a. carotis communis carotid artery carotid artery system common carotid artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of common carotid tree uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery a. carotis communis FMA FMA:3939 carotid artery EHDAA2:0000217 carotid artery system FMA:3939 trunk of common carotid tree FMA:3939 common carotid artery A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm]. Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery right common carotid artery plus branches Editor notes: placement of the MA class here is not strictly correct, as the MA class does not include the branches FMA:3941 In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001928 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW9-AqgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362042003 UBERON:0001531 UMLS:C0226086 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Common_Carotid_Artery right common carotid artery right common carotid artery trunk of right common carotid tree uberon FMA:3941 trunk of right common carotid tree In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_common_carotid_artery MA:0001928 right common carotid artery FMA:3941 right common carotid artery FMA internal carotid artery AAO:0011054 BTO:0004697 EFO:0001952 EHDAA2:0000873 EHDAA:408 EHDAA:6389 EMAPA:16328 EMAPA:18612 Each of two arteries starting at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries through which blood circulates to many structures and organs in the head. [TFD][VHOG] FMA:3947 GAID:481 ICA In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that helps supply blood to the brain. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001930 MESH:A07.231.114.186.200.230 One of the major arteries of the head, it is the as the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by stage NF stage 41.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvYx8KZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362045001 TAO:0005081 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001532 UMLS:C0007276 VHOG:0000267 XAO:0000366 ZFA:0005081 arteria carotis interna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Gray513.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/200px-Gray513.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Carotid_Artery uberon 2012-09-17 Each of two arteries starting at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries through which blood circulates to many structures and organs in the head. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000267 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Internal+carotid+artery Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_artery arteria carotis interna FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011054 One of the major arteries of the head, it is the as the cranial continuation of the aortic arches and the dorsal aorta. It curves ventrally before resuming a dorsal course as it enters the head proper, and it lies ventral to the internal jugular vein. The internal carotid artery gives off palatine, ophthalmic, and cerebral branches by stage NF stage 41.[AAO] PMID:12606281 In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck that helps supply blood to the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_artery FMA Wikipedia MA subclavian artery AAO:0010232 Artery which supplies blood via branches to the various muscles of the shoulder region and to the forelimb.[AAO] EHDAA2:0001933 EHDAA:4357 EMAPA:17617 Editors notes: Developmental relationships should be added (intersegmental artery and right dorsal aorta in EHDAA2, occipitovertebral artery in XAO) FMA:3951 GAID:511 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP] MA:0002045 MESH:A07.231.114.839 One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta OpenCyc:Mx4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PA SCTID:265790007 TAO:0005086 The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. Kimmel et al. 1993[TAO] UBERON:0001533 UMLS:C0038530 XAO:0000365 ZFA:0005086 arteria subclavia arteria subclavia arterial tree of upper limb http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Artery pectoral artery subclavian arterial tree uberon XAO:0000365 arteria subclavia ISBN10:0073040584 One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010232 AAO:BJB Artery which supplies blood via branches to the various muscles of the shoulder region and to the forelimb.[AAO] Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery arteria subclavia In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib[WP] Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005086 The pectoral (subclavian) arteries originate from the dorsal aorta and takes the blood outward into the fin from the paired portion of the dorsal aorta posterior to the last aortic arch. Kimmel et al. 1993[TAO] ZFIN:curator right subclavian artery EHDAA2:0004514 FMA:3953 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002047 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW7hwqgEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244246000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001534 UMLS:C0226261 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Subclavian_Artery uberon FMA FMA In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery vertebral artery EHDAA2:0002192 EHDAA:5328 EMAPA:17314 FMA:3956 GAID:518 MA:0002077 MESH:A07.231.114.955 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg_ir5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181323003 TAO:0005033 The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001535 UMLS:C0042559 VHOG:0000263 ZFA:0005033 arteria vertebralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Vertebral_artery.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Vertebral_artery.png/200px-Vertebral_artery.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Vertebral_artery arteria vertebralis The vertebral arteries are branches of the subclavian arteries. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_artery left common carotid artery plus branches Editor notes: placement of the MA class here is not strictly correct, as the MA class does not include the branches FMA:4058 In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001927 OpenCyc:Mx4rdz4xcLVIEduAAAAOpmP6tw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362043008 UBERON:0001536 UMLS:C0226087 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png left common carotid artery left common carotid artery ncithesaurus:Left_Common_Carotid_Artery trunk of left common carotid tree uberon FMA:4058 left common carotid artery MA:0001927 left common carotid artery FMA In human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an artery that supplies the head and neck with oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the external and internal carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_common_carotid_artery FMA:4058 trunk of left common carotid tree anterior tibial artery FMA:43894 MA:0002574 OpenCyc:Mx4rvaHcEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181357006 The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course. It crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint, at which point it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001537 UMLS:C0085816 arteria tibialis anterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray1247.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray1247.png/200px-Gray1247.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Tibial_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_artery arteria tibialis anterior The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course. It crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint, at which point it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_artery posterior tibial artery FMA:43895 MA:0002575 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLSaQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181358001 The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001538 UMLS:C0086835 arteria tibialis posterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray1247.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray1247.png/200px-Gray1247.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Tibial_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_artery arteria tibialis posterior The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_artery dorsalis pedis artery FMA:43915 In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001942 SCTID:181362007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001539 UMLS:C0226492 arteria dorsalis pedis arteria dorsalis pedis dorsal artery of foot galen:DorsalisPedisArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray553.png ncithesaurus:Dorsalis_Pedis_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot), is a blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsalis_pedis_artery Wikipedia:Dorsalis_pedis_artery arteria dorsalis pedis FMA:43915 FMA:TA arteria dorsalis pedis peroneal artery FMA:43921 In anatomy, the fibular artery (also known as the peroneal artery) supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002018 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSO_s5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181359009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001540 UMLS:C0226476 arteria fibularis fibular artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fibular_artery.png/200px-Fibular_artery.png ncithesaurus:Peroneal_Artery uberon In anatomy, the fibular artery (also known as the peroneal artery) supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Peroneal_artery FMA:43921 FMA:TA arteria fibularis medial plantar artery FMA:43925 MA:0001997 SCTID:181360004 The medial plantar artery (internal plantar artery), much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot. It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies. At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much diminished in size, it passes along the medial border of the first toe, anastomosing with the first dorsal metatarsal artery. Small superficial digital branches accompany the digital branches of the medial plantar nerve and join the plantar metatarsal arteries of the first three spaces. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001541 UMLS:C0226479 a. plantaris medialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gray555.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray555.png/200px-Gray555.png ncithesaurus:Medial_Plantar_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Medial_plantar_artery a. plantaris medialis The medial plantar artery (internal plantar artery), much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot. It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies. At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much diminished in size, it passes along the medial border of the first toe, anastomosing with the first dorsal metatarsal artery. Small superficial digital branches accompany the digital branches of the medial plantar nerve and join the plantar metatarsal arteries of the first three spaces. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_plantar_artery inguinal lymph node A lymph node in the inguinal region. FMA:44226 MA:0000737 SCTID:181762005 TODO - superficial/deep UBERON:0001542 UMLS:C0729596 ncithesaurus:Inguinal_Lymph_Node uberon A lymph node in the inguinal region. Wikipedia:Inguinal_lymph_node CL:tm popliteal lymph node FMA:44227 MA:0000738 SCTID:279156002 The popliteal lymph nodes, small in size and some six or seven in number, are imbedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa. One lies immediately beneath the popliteal fascia, near the terminal part of the small saphenous vein, and drains the region from which this vein derives its tributaries. Another is placed between the popliteal artery and the posterior surface of the knee-joint; it receives the lymphatic vessels from the knee-joint together with those which accompany the genicular arteries. The others lie at the sides of the popliteal vessels, and receive as efferents the trunks which accompany the anterior and posterior tibial vessels. The efferents of the popliteal glands pass almost entirely alongside the femoral vessels to the deep inguinal glands, but a few may accompany the great saphenous vein, and end in the glands of the superficial subinguinal group. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001543 UMLS:C0588057 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray609.png/200px-Gray609.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Lymph_Node uberon CL:tm The popliteal lymph nodes, small in size and some six or seven in number, are imbedded in the fat contained in the popliteal fossa. One lies immediately beneath the popliteal fascia, near the terminal part of the small saphenous vein, and drains the region from which this vein derives its tributaries. Another is placed between the popliteal artery and the posterior surface of the knee-joint; it receives the lymphatic vessels from the knee-joint together with those which accompany the genicular arteries. The others lie at the sides of the popliteal vessels, and receive as efferents the trunks which accompany the anterior and posterior tibial vessels. The efferents of the popliteal glands pass almost entirely alongside the femoral vessels to the deep inguinal glands, but a few may accompany the great saphenous vein, and end in the glands of the superficial subinguinal group. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_lymph_node popliteal vein FMA:44327 GAID:537 MA:0002197 MESH:A07.231.908.641 OpenCyc:Mx4rv8Ch-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281065001 The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001544 UMLS:C0032652 galen:PoplitealVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray609.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray609.png/200px-Gray609.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Vein uberon vena poplitea Wikipedia:Popliteal_vein vena poplitea The popliteal vein course runs alongside the popliteal artery but carries the blood from the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf back to the heart. Its origin is defined by the junction of the posterior tibial vein and anterior tibial vein. It drains the peroneal vein before reaching the knee joint and turns into the femoral vein when leaving the adductor canal (also known as Hunter's canal). The popliteal artery extends from the femoral artery behind the popliteal fossa which is the space behind the knee. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_vein FMA/obol anterior tibial vein FMA:44331 In human anatomy, the anterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002244 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXYDl5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281066000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001545 UMLS:C0226833 galen:AnteriorTibialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Gray440_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gray440_color.png/200px-Gray440_color.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Tibial_Vein uberon venae tibiales anteriores FMA/obol FMA/obol In human anatomy, the anterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_vein Wikipedia:Anterior_tibial_vein venae tibiales anteriores MA posterior tibial vein FMA:44332 In anatomy, the posterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the posterior compartment and plantar surface of the foot to the popliteal vein which it forms when it joins with the anterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the posterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002245 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA9GD5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281067009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001546 UMLS:C0226832 galen:PosteriorTibialVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray583.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray583.png/200px-Gray583.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Tibial_Vein uberon venae tibiales posteriores MA FMA/obol FMA/obol Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_vein venae tibiales posteriores In anatomy, the posterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the posterior compartment and plantar surface of the foot to the popliteal vein which it forms when it joins with the anterior tibial vein. Like most deep veins, the posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the posterior tibial artery, along its course. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_tibial_vein small saphenous vein BTO:0003272 FMA:44333 MA:0002217 SCTID:181404009 The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001547 UMLS:C0226827 galen:LesserSaphenousVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Gray582.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gray582.png/200px-Gray582.png lesser saphenous vein ncithesaurus:Short_Saphenous_Vein short saphenous vein uberon vena saphena parva The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Small_saphenous_vein FMA Wikipedia:Small_saphenous_vein vena saphena parva lateral marginal vein FMA:44359 MA:0002160 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001548 lateral marginal vein of foot uberon vena marginalis lateralis vena marginalis lateralis pedis FMA/obol FMA:44359 FMA:TA vena marginalis lateralis pedis FMA/obol FMA/obol dorsal metatarsal vein FMA:44377 MA:0002105 The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001549 UMLS:C0835053 metatarsal vein ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Metatarsal_Vein uberon venae metatarsales dorsales FMA/obol Wikipedia:Dorsal_metatarsal_veins venae metatarsales dorsales FMA/obol The dorsal metatarsal veins are veins which drain the metatarsus of the foot. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_metatarsal_veins FMA/obol medial marginal vein FMA:44420 MA:0002171 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001550 medial marginal vein of foot uberon vena marginalis medialis vena marginalis medialis pedis FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA:44420 FMA:TA vena marginalis medialis pedis vein of hindlimb zeugopod FMA:44561 MA:0002231 Terminology notes: The term "sural veins" is not sufficient to appropriately designate the complex venous system of the calf. This should be designated as soleal veins (venae solealis), the veins of the soleus muscle and gastrocnemius veins (venae gastrocnemii)[http://www.veinsurg.com/fr/biblio/echodoppler/echodoppler_11.php] UBERON:0001551 sural vein uberon FMA FMA:44561 sural vein arcuate artery EMAPA:28215 FMA:44594 MA:0002583 One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. SCTID:244331005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001552 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray553.png kidney arcuate artery uberon MP:0011315 kidney arcuate artery MP:0011315 One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. Wikipedia:Arcuate_artery_of_the_foot medial tarsal artery FMA:44598 MA:0001998 SCTID:67925000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001553 UMLS:C0226495 ncithesaurus:Medial_Tarsal_Artery uberon skin of hip A zone of skin that is part of a hip region. AO notes: in MA this isa hindlimb skin EMAPA:18148 FMA:45282 MA:0000658 SCTID:181518004 UBERON:0001554 hip region zone of skin hip skin hip zone of skin regio coxae zone of skin uberon zone of skin of hip zone of skin of hip region zone of skin of regio coxae OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip region OBOL:automatic zone of skin of regio coxae A zone of skin that is part of a hip region. UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 OBOL:automatic zone of skin of hip OBOL:automatic hip region zone of skin OBOL:automatic hip zone of skin OBOL:automatic regio coxae zone of skin digestive tract AAO:0010023 BILA:0000083 BTO:0000511 BTO:0000545 EHDAA2:0000726 EHDAA:518 EMAPA:16247 FBbt:00003125 FMA:45615 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi0GpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000112 TGMA:0001819 Terminology notes: we following Kardong in naming the entire tube from mouth to anus the alimentary canal. Kardong calls the portion of this tract that excludes buccal cavity and pharynx the 'alimentary canal', consider adding an extra class for this. AO notes: GO says gut is region of DT, from intestines to anus. ZFA treats as synonym for alimentary canal, and treats it as the sum of DT + organs (ZF has no term from stomach). GO says intestines to anus (excludes stomach and esophagus). MA appears to agree with GO (stomach and esophagus are not parts). FMA includes stomach and esophagus as parts of gut -- the FMA divides gut into lower and upper GI tract; it's not clear if this is exhaustive (small intestine is in neither), but lower GI tract may correspond better to the GO definition. NOTE: GO now changed, see sf id in def xref. Note that FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver. The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO] The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. UBERON:0001555 UMLS:C0017189 VHOG:0000309 WBbt:0005743 ZFA:0000112 alimentary canal digestive tube enteric tract galen:AlimentaryTract gut gut tube ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Tract uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000309 http://bgee.unil.ch/ doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016309 ZFA:0000112 enteric tract Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha Tube extending from the mouth to the anus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Human_gastrointestinal_tract http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=2991587&group_id=36855 NBK10107 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000112 The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO] ZFIN:curator lower urinary tract FMA:45659 MA:0002636 SCTID:181420004 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. UBERON:0001556 galen:LowerUrinaryTract uberon FMA:45659 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. upper respiratory tract EHDAA2:0002136 EMAPA:17669 FMA:45661 MA:0000442 OpenCyc:Mx4rtT2HwgJMEdyAAADggVbxzQ SCTID:361381009 Some specify that the glottis (vocal cords) is the defining line between the upper and lower respiratory tracts;[2] yet even others make the line at the cricoid cartilage.[WP] Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[FMA] UBERON:0001557 VHOG:0000406 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of respiratory system which consists of the nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx[FMA] Wikipedia:Upper_respiratory_tract lower respiratory tract EHDAA2:0001036 EMAPA:16738 FMA:45662 MA:0000435 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRqjUgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:281488008 The segment of respiratory tract from the trachea to the lungs[WP,modified] UBERON:0001558 VHOG:0000382 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg uberon The segment of respiratory tract from the trachea to the lungs[WP,modified] Wikipedia:Lower_respiratory_tract obsolete head of organ UBERON:0001559 head organ incorrect grouping organ head true uberon MA:0000581 head organ neck of organ FMA:45733 UBERON:0001560 organ neck uberon subcostal artery EMAPA:19097 FMA:4613 MA:0002048 SCTID:244243008 The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001561 UMLS:C0226293 ncithesaurus:Subcostal_Artery uberon The subcostal arteries, so named because they lie below the last ribs, constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcostal_artery digastric muscle EMAPA:25134 FMA:46291 MA:0002288 SCTID:244825002 The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two bellies) is a small muscle located under the jaw. It lies below the body of the mandible, and extends, in a curved form, from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group. A broad aponeurotic layer is given off from the tendon of the digastricus on either side, to be attached to the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; this is termed the suprahyoid aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001562 UMLS:C0224155 digastric digastric muscle digastricus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Digastricus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Digastricus.png/200px-Digastricus.png musculus digastricus musculus digastricus ncithesaurus:Digastric_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle musculus digastricus anterior belly - mandibular division of the trigeminal via the mylohyoid nerve; posterior belly - facial nerve dbpedia Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle digastricus Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle digastric muscle MA:0002288 digastric Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle musculus digastricus Intermediate tendon dbpedia FMA The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named digastric as it has two bellies) is a small muscle located under the jaw. It lies below the body of the mandible, and extends, in a curved form, from the mastoid process to the symphysis menti. It belongs to the suprahyoid muscles group. A broad aponeurotic layer is given off from the tendon of the digastricus on either side, to be attached to the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone; this is termed the suprahyoid aponeurosis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Digastric_muscle longus capitis muscle AAO:0010666 EMAPA:25131 FMA:46308 MA:0002340 SCTID:244837000 The longus capitis (rectus capitis anticus major), broad and thick above, narrow below, arises by four tendinous slips, from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and ascends, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side, to be inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone. It is innervated by a branch of cervical plexus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001563 UMLS:C0224107 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Longus_capitis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Longus_capitis.png/200px-Longus_capitis.png longus capitis longus capitus muscle m. rectus capitis posterior musculus longus capitis ncithesaurus:Longus_Capitis rectus capitis anticus major uberon Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle musculus longus capitis FMA-abduced AAO:0010666 m. rectus capitis posterior Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle rectus capitis anticus major MA:0002340 longus capitis The longus capitis (rectus capitis anticus major), broad and thick above, narrow below, arises by four tendinous slips, from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and ascends, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side, to be inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone. It is innervated by a branch of cervical plexus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third fourth fifth and sixth cervical vertebræ dbpedia basilar part of the occipital bone dbpedia Wikipedia:Longus_capitis_muscle longus capitus muscle mylohyoid muscle FMA:46320 MA:0002344 SCTID:244827005 The mylohyoid is a pharyngeal arch I muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to mylohyoid and attaches to the midline raphe linking R and L mylohyoid and the mandible.[FEED] The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity. These muscles are mesodermal in origin. UBERON:0001564 UMLS:C0224159 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Mylohyoid_muscle.PNG musculus mylohyoideus musculus mylohyoideus mylohyoid mylohyoideus mylohyoideus and digastricus anterior of rats derived from intermandibularis posterior, see e.g. Jarvik [53] http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/24/table/T3 mylohyoideus muscle ncithesaurus:Mylohyoid uberon Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle musculus mylohyoideus dbpedia mylohyoid nerve from inferior alveolar branch of mandibular nerve V3 Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoid Wikipedia Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoideus FMA 2012-07-02 FEED The mylohyoid is a pharyngeal arch I muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to mylohyoid and attaches to the midline raphe linking R and L mylohyoid and the mandible.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle musculus mylohyoideus Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle mylohyoideus muscle The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle running from the mandible to the hyoid bone, forming the floor of the oral cavity. These muscles are mesodermal in origin. Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_muscle body of hyoid bone and median raphe dbpedia geniohyoid muscle A jaw depressor muscle which in humans is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:46325 MA:0002308 SCTID:244828000 The geniohyoid is a muscle that attaches to the mandible and the hyoid apparatus and is innervated by C1.[FEED] UBERON:0001565 UMLS:C0224160 genio-hyoideus genio-hyoideus muscle geniohyoid geniohyoideus geniohyoideus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Geniohyoid_muscle.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Geniohyoid_muscle.PNG/200px-Geniohyoid_muscle.PNG m. geniohyoideus musculus geniohyoideus ncithesaurus:Geniohyoid uberon Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoideus muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoideus Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle geniohyoid Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle musculus geniohyoideus dbpedia FMA 2012-07-02 FEED The geniohyoid is a muscle that attaches to the mandible and the hyoid apparatus and is innervated by C1.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org C1 via the hypoglossal nerve dbpedia A jaw depressor muscle which in humans is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Geniohyoid_muscle C1 via the hypoglossal nerve dbpedia cricothyroid muscle EMAPA:19270 FMA:46417 M. cricothyroideus MA:0002284 SCTID:244809007 The cricothyroid muscle attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, tilting the thyroid forwards and tensing the vocal cords. It is the only laryngeal muscle supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (rather than the recurrent laryngeal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001566 UMLS:C0224178 cricothyroid cricothyroideus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Musculuscricothyreoideus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Musculuscricothyreoideus.png/200px-Musculuscricothyreoideus.png musculus cricothyroideus ncithesaurus:Cricothyroid_Muscle uberon dbpedia external laryngeal branch of the vagus M. cricothyroideus Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_muscle The cricothyroid muscle attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the cricoid and the inferior cornu and lower lamina of the thyroid cartilage, tilting the thyroid forwards and tensing the vocal cords. It is the only laryngeal muscle supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (rather than the recurrent laryngeal nerve). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_muscle Anterior and lateral cricoid cartilage dbpedia Inferior cornu and lamina of the thyroid cartilage dbpedia FMA:46417 FMA:TA musculus cricothyroideus cheek BTO:0001754 Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/... ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. 'Buccal' means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:46476 GAID:65 MA:0002475 MESH:A01.456.505.173 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182325008 Surface structure that includes the scales, skin, and muscles that are located ventral and posterior to the eye.[TAO] TAO:0002113 UBERON:0001567 UMLS:C0007966 buccae buccal galen:Cheek http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chica_cachetona.jpg/200px-Chica_cachetona.jpg jowl ncithesaurus:Cheek uberon FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Cheek buccae Wikipedia:Cheek jowl Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye. In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/... ), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals. 'Buccal' means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The inside of the cheek (forming part of the mouth cavity) is lined with a mucous membrane. It is the most common location from which a DNA sample can be taken (during a cheek swab). The cheeks are covered externally by hairy skin, and internally by stratified squamous epithelium. This is mostly smooth, but may have aborally directed papillae . The mucosa is supplied with secretions from the Buccal glands, which are arranged in superior and inferior groups. In carnivores, the superior buccal gland is large and discrete: the Zygomatic gland. During mastication (chewing), the cheeks and tongue between them serve to keep the food between the teeth. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cheek 2012-08-14 Surface structure that includes the scales, skin, and muscles that are located ventral and posterior to the eye.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002113 TAO:wd muscle of larynx BTO:0001626 FMA:46562 GAID:144 MA:0001768 MESH:A02.633.567.500 SCTID:181744001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001568 UMLS:C0023054 laryngeal muscle larynx muscle larynx muscle organ muscle organ of larynx musculi laryngeales ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Muscle the muscles associated with the larynx. uberon MP:0002263 the muscles associated with the larynx. OBOL:automatic larynx muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of larynx constrictor muscle of pharynx EMAPA:18964 FMA:46620 MA:0002278 SCTID:244799007 TODO - evaluate taxonomic specificity - functional definition? UBERON:0001569 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png/200px-Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png pharyngeal constrictor muscle uberon inferior pharyngeal constrictor FMA:46623 MA:0002279 SCTID:244803008 The inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), specifically, by branches from the pharyngeal plexus and by neuronal branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This is a pharyngeal arch 4/6 muscle that is integral to the pharyngeal tube, participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus n. and attaches to the laryngeal cartilages and the midline raphe.[FEED] UBERON:0001570 constrictor inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx inferior constrictor pharyngis inferior constrictores pharyngis caudales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png/200px-Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png inferior constrictor inferior constrictor inferior constrictor muscle inferior constrictor of pharynx inferior constrictor pharyngeus inferior pharyngeal constrictor musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle constrictor pharyngis inferior Wikipedia Wikipedia cricoid and thyroid cartilage dbpedia FMA:46623 inferior constrictor of pharynx Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle inferior constrictor muscle Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle constrictor inferior FMA:46623 FMA:TA musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior FMA:46623 inferior constrictor pharyngeus MA:0002279 constrictor muscle of pharynx inferior FMA:46623 inferior constrictor Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle inferior constrictor cricoid and thyroid cartilage dbpedia The inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), specifically, by branches from the pharyngeal plexus and by neuronal branches from the recurrent laryngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle inferior pharyngeal constrictor 2012-07-02 FEED This is a pharyngeal arch 4/6 muscle that is integral to the pharyngeal tube, participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus n. and attaches to the laryngeal cartilages and the midline raphe.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Inferior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior FMA:TA musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior genioglossus muscle AAO:0010660 EHDAA2:0000704 EHDAA:9150 EMAPA:18276 EMAPA:18881 Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] FMA:46690 MA:0002307 Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians.[AAO] SCTID:244784007 The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001571 UMLS:C0224194 VHOG:0000847 genioglossus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Genioglossus.png/200px-Genioglossus.png m. genioglossus musculus genioglossus ncithesaurus:Genioglossus relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] see Intrinsic Tongue.[FEED] taxon notes: Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians. [AAO:0010660] uberon dbpedia 2012-07-02 FEED http://www.feedexp.org see Intrinsic Tongue.[FEED] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010660 relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010660 AAO:BMZ Makes up bulk of tongue in frogs and salamanders; makes up entire tongue in caecilians.[AAO] EHDAA2 2012-09-17 Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000847 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/genioglossus Either of a pair of lingual muscles with origin in the mandible, with insertion to the lingual fascia below the mucous membrane and epiglottis, with nerve supply from the hypoglossal nerve, and whose action depresses and protrudes the tongue. VHOG:0000847 Wikipedia:Genioglossus_muscle 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587, DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 Table 7 The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000847 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hyoglossus muscle AAO:0010663 EMAPA:18277 EMAPA:18882 FMA:46691 MA:0002317 Makes up part of the tongue in frogs and salamanders.[AAO] SCTID:244785008 The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. The hyoglossus is a muscle that attaches to the hyoid and tongue and is innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] UBERON:0001572 UMLS:C0224196 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hyoglossus.png/200px-Hyoglossus.png hyoglossus m. hyoglossus ncithesaurus:Hyoglossus_Muscle relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] uberon Wikipedia:Hyoglossus hyoglossus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010663 AAO:BMZ Makes up part of the tongue in frogs and salamanders.[AAO] The Hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. The hyoglossus depresses and retracts the tongue makes the dorsum more convex The fibers arising from the body of the hyoid bone overlap those from the greater cornu. It is important in singing. Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the lingual vein and lingual artery. Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid muscle lay several important structures (from superior in inferior): submandibular gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, vena comitans of hypoglossal nerve, and the hypoglossal nerve. Note, posteriorly, the lingual nerve is superior to the submandibular duct and a portion of the submandibular salivary gland protrudes into the space between the hyoglossus and mylohyoid muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hyoglossus_muscle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010663 relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] 2012-07-02 FEED The hyoglossus is a muscle that attaches to the hyoid and tongue and is innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org dbpedia FMA dbpedia lingual process in horse styloglossus EMAPA:18279 EMAPA:18884 FMA:46692 MA:0002387 Styloglossus is a muscle that attaches to the tongue and stylohyal and is innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Passing downward and forward between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibers of the Longitudinalis inferior in front of the Hyoglossus; the other, oblique, overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with its fibers. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001573 UMLS:C0224195 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Styloglossus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Styloglossus.png/200px-Styloglossus.png musculus styloglossus ncithesaurus:Styloglossus syloglossus muscle uberon dbpedia tip and sides of tongue dbpedia dbpedia Wikipedia:Styloglossus musculus styloglossus The Styloglossus, the shortest and smallest of the three styloid muscles, arises from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the styloid process, near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament. Passing downward and forward between the internal and external carotid arteries, it divides upon the side of the tongue near its dorsal surface, blending with the fibers of the Longitudinalis inferior in front of the Hyoglossus; the other, oblique, overlaps the Hyoglossus and decussates with its fibers. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Styloglossus FMA 2012-07-02 FEED Styloglossus is a muscle that attaches to the tongue and stylohyal and is innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org palatoglossus muscle EMAPA:18278 EMAPA:18883 FMA:46697 MA:0002351 Palatoglossus is a muscle that attaches to the soft palate and the tongue and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] SCTID:244783001 The palatoglossus, glossopalatinus, or palatoglossal muscle is a small fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the glossopalatine arch. It arises from the anterior surface of the soft palate, where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side, and passing downward, forward, and lateralward in front of the palatine tonsil, is inserted into the side of the tongue, some of its fibers spreading over the dorsum, and others passing deeply into the substance of the organ to intermingle with the Transversus linguæ. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001574 UMLS:C1704249 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Gray1014.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray1028.png/200px-Gray1028.png musculus palatoglossus ncithesaurus:Palatoglossus_Muscle palatoglossal palatoglossal muscle palatoglossus uberon dbpedia The palatoglossus, glossopalatinus, or palatoglossal muscle is a small fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the glossopalatine arch. It arises from the anterior surface of the soft palate, where it is continuous with the muscle of the opposite side, and passing downward, forward, and lateralward in front of the palatine tonsil, is inserted into the side of the tongue, some of its fibers spreading over the dorsum, and others passing deeply into the substance of the organ to intermingle with the Transversus linguæ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Palatoglossus_muscle dbpedia 2012-07-02 FEED Palatoglossus is a muscle that attaches to the soft palate and the tongue and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Palatoglossus_muscle musculus palatoglossus aponeurosis dbpedia extrinsic muscle of tongue EHDAA2:0002063 EHDAA:9148 EMAPA:18275 EMAPA:18880 FMA:46699 MA:0002296 SCTID:244782006 The extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement[WP] Innervation: All intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), except for one of the extrinsic muscles, palatoglossus, which is innervated by the Vagus nerve CN X of the pharyngeal plexus.[WP] The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001575 VHOG:0000825 extrinsic lingual muscle extrinsic tongue muscle uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000825 http://bgee.unil.ch/ intrinsic muscle of tongue EHDAA2:0002064 EHDAA:9152 EMAPA:18280 EMAPA:18885 FMA:46701 MA:0002327 SCTID:244788005 The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] The main function of the intrinsic muscles is to provide shape. They are not involved with changing the position of the tongue and are not attached to bone[WP] UBERON:0001576 VHOG:0000748 intrinsic lingual muscle intrinsic tongue muscle uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia 2012-07-02 FEED The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000748 http://bgee.unil.ch/ facial nerve muscle AO notes: Check the MA class cranial/facial muscle, this may be broader. Editor notes: currently defined by innervation, check this. Editor notes: PMID:19531159 states that facial muscles are hyoid muscles EMAPA:25133 FMA:46751 GAID:143 MA:0000579 MESH:A02.633.567.400 SCTID:25903009 The facial muscles are a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerve that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001577 UMLS:C0015460 XAO:0001013 cranial/facial muscle face muscle face muscle organ facial muscle facial nerve innervated muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray378.png/200px-Gray378.png mimetic muscles muscle of face muscle of facial expression muscle organ of face muscles of facial expression musculi faciei ncithesaurus:Facial_Muscle uberon MA:0000579 cranial/facial muscle OBOL:automatic face muscle organ XAO:0001013 facial muscle Wikipedia Wikipedia:Facial_muscles musculi faciei UBERON:cjm facial nerve innervated muscle Wikipedia:Facial_muscles muscles of facial expression OBOL:automatic muscle organ of face Wikipedia:Facial_muscles muscle of facial expression FMA:46751 muscle of face Wikipedia:Facial_muscles mimetic muscles The facial muscles are a group of striated muscles innervated by the facial nerve that, among other things, control facial expression. These muscles are also called mimetic muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_muscles orbicularis oculi FMA:46779 MA:0001254 SCTID:244726006 The 'orbicularis oculi' is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001578 UMLS:C0224122 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray379.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gray379.png/200px-Gray379.png musculus orbicularis oculi ncithesaurus:Orbicularis_Oculi orbicularis oculi muscle tensor tarsi uberon Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle tensor tarsi Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle orbicularis oculi muscle dbpedia The 'orbicularis oculi' is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament. From this origin, the fibers are directed lateralward, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek. The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphé. The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the Frontalis and Corrugator. The lacrimal part (Tensor tarsi) is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm. in breadth and 12 mm. in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle dbpedia dbpedia Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oculi_muscle musculus orbicularis oculi branches of the facial nerve and Zygomatic branches of Facial Nerve dbpedia olfactory nerve AAO:0010088 BTO:0003648 CN-I EHDAA2:0001293 EHDAA:6672 EMAPA:17797 FMA:46787 GAID:830 MA:0001096 MESH:A08.800.800.120.640 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1319 Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex of the telencephalon.[AAO] Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos]. Olfactory nerve [I] OpenCyc:Mx4rvZuXAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180937006 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with the olfactory epithelium and an olfactory bulb[FMA:46787]. TAO:0000249 Taxon notes: connects to main OB (in taxa where main/accessory distinction is important) The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB[MESH:A08.800.800.120.640]. UBERON:0001579 UMLS:C0028938 VHOG:0000703 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000426 ZFA:0000249 cranial nerve I fila olfactoria first cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Gray771.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray771.png/200px-Gray771.png ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Nerve nerve of smell nervus olfactorius nervus olfactorius [i] olfactory I olfactory fila olfactory i nerve uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000703 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2:0001293 olfactory I BTO:0003648 fila olfactoria MESH:A08.800.800.120.640 The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB[MESH:A08.800.800.120.640]. BTO:0003648 olfactory fila Wikipedia:Olfactory_nerve nervus olfactorius FMA:46787 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with the olfactory epithelium and an olfactory bulb[FMA:46787]. BTO:0003648 nerve of smell Wikipedia ISBN:0471209627 Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_nerve 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010088 AAO:DSM Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex of the telencephalon.[AAO] BTO:0003648 nervus olfactorius FMA:46787 FMA:TA nervus olfactorius [i] levator labii superioris FMA:46805 MA:0002333 The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001580 UMLS:C1704248 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Levator_labii_superioris.png/200px-Levator_labii_superioris.png musculus levator labii superioris ncithesaurus:Levator_Labii_Superioris uberon The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone. Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips. One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris. The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone. Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus. The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris musculus levator labii superioris Skin and muscle of the upper lip dbpedia dbpedia zygomatic branch Skin and muscle of the upper lip dbpedia depressor labii inferioris FMA:46816 MA:0002287 The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle that helps lower the bottom lip. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001581 UMLS:C0224119 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Depressor_labii_inferioris.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Depressor_labii_inferioris.png/200px-Depressor_labii_inferioris.png ncithesaurus:Depressor_Labii_Inferioris uberon dbpedia integument of the lower lip Orbicularis oris fibers its fellow of the opposite side dbpedia oblique line of the mandible between the symphysis and the mental foramen The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle that helps lower the bottom lip. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Depressor_labii_inferioris_muscle FMA-abduced-lr dbpedia dbpedia integument of the lower lip Orbicularis oris fibers its fellow of the opposite side buccinator muscle FMA:46834 MA:0002272 SCTID:244747005 The buccinator is a muscle that is attached to the mandible, skin, pterygomandibular raphe and maxilla, and is innervated by Cranial Nerve VII and participates in oropharyngeal behavior.[FEED] UBERON:0001582 UMLS:C0224121 a thin quadrilateral muscle, occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face. buccinator buccinatorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Buccinator.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Buccinator.jpg/200px-Buccinator.jpg musculus buccinator musculus buccinator ncithesaurus:Buccinator uberon Wikipedia:Buccinator_muscle a thin quadrilateral muscle, occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face. FMA buccal branch dbpedia dbpedia from the alveolar processes of the maxillary bone and mandible temporomandibular joint not strictly an attachment site FEED dbpedia says: in the fibers of the orbicularis oris dbpedia from the alveolar processes of the maxillary bone and mandible temporomandibular joint Wikipedia:Buccinator_muscle musculus buccinator 2012-07-02 FEED The buccinator is a muscle that is attached to the mandible, skin, pterygomandibular raphe and maxilla, and is innervated by Cranial Nerve VII and participates in oropharyngeal behavior.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org extrinsic auricular muscle FMA:46854 MA:0001230 Note the Wikipedia topic refers to the extrinsic auricular muscles SCTID:244758001 UBERON:0001583 auricular muscle attaching the cartilage of the ear to the epicranial aponeurosis. The 3 extrinsic auricular muscles in humans are: anterior auricular muscle superior auricular muscle posterior auricular muscle [WP,modified]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray906.png/250px-Gray906.png musculi auriculares uberon FMA Wikipedia:Auriculares_muscles auricular muscle attaching the cartilage of the ear to the epicranial aponeurosis. The 3 extrinsic auricular muscles in humans are: anterior auricular muscle superior auricular muscle posterior auricular muscle [WP,modified]. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/auricle.html Wikipedia:Auriculares_muscles musculi auriculares left subclavian artery FMA:4694 In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002046 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW7hw6gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvp8u1JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244245001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001584 UMLS:C0226262 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gray506.svg/200px-Gray506.svg.png ncithesaurus:Left_Subclavian_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a major artery of the upper thorax that mainly supplies blood to the head and arms. It is located below the clavicle, hence the name. There is a left subclavian and a right subclavian. On the left side of the body, the subclavian comes directly off the arch of aorta. On the right side of the body, the subclavian arises from the relatively short brachiocephalic artery (trunk) when it bifurcates into the subclavian and the right common carotid artery. The usual branches of the subclavian on both sides of the body are the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery, the thyrocervical trunk, the costocervical trunk and the dorsal scapular artery. The subclavian becomes the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subclavian_artery anterior vena cava BTO:0002683 EHDAA2:0001962 EHDAA:8726 EMAPA:18417 FMA:4720 GAID:549 MA:0000481 MESH:A07.231.908.949.815 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:181368006 The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). In the mouse, The right pulmonary vein passes dorsal to the right superior vena cava, the left pulmonary dorsal to the left superior vena cava (Biology of the Laboratory Mouse, Green). Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and terminates in the right atrium. UBERON:0001585 UMLS:C0042459 VHOG:0001195 cranial vena cava galen:SuperiorVenaCava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Venenwinkel.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Venenwinkel.png/200px-Venenwinkel.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Vena_Cava superior vena cava uberon vena cava superior vena cava superior, vena maxima FMA:4720 superior vena cava Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins and terminates in the right atrium. Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava vena cava superior, vena maxima VHOG:0001195 cranial vena cava 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001195 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0002683 vena cava superior internal jugular vein AAO:0010236 EHDAA2:0000877 EHDAA:5407 EMAPA:17620 FMA:4724 MA:0002157 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqdb95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000878 SCTID:181372005 The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001586 UMLS:C0226550 Vein which receives many veins draining the palate, brain, and the orbital, nasal, and auditory regions.[AAO] XAO:0000382 galen:InternalJugularVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray562.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray562.png/200px-Gray562.png internal jugular internal jugular venous tree ncithesaurus:Internal_Jugular_Vein uberon vena jugularis interna EHDAA2:0000877 internal jugular Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein vena jugularis interna The two internal jugular veins collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010236 AAO:BJB Vein which receives many veins draining the palate, brain, and the orbital, nasal, and auditory regions.[AAO] subclavian vein AAO:0010510 EHDAA2:0001934 EHDAA:4455 EMAPA:17621 FMA:4725 GAID:546 In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Its diameter is approximately that of the small finger. It is divided into right and left subclavian vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002221 MESH:A07.231.908.877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvvtMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181388005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001587 UMLS:C0038532 Vein which collects blood from the forelimb via the brachial veins and from the muscles and skin of the trunk via the anterior epigastric and lateral veins.[AAO] galen:SubclavianVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png ncithesaurus:Subclavian_Vein subclavian venous tree uberon vena subclavia Wikipedia:Subclavian_vein vena subclavia In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Its diameter is approximately that of the small finger. It is divided into right and left subclavian vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subclavian_vein 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010510 AAO:BJB Vein which collects blood from the forelimb via the brachial veins and from the muscles and skin of the trunk via the anterior epigastric and lateral veins.[AAO] vertebral vein AAO:0010509 FMA:4727 MA:0002262 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKt8xJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:303961000 The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001588 UMLS:C0226560 Vein which collects blood from the muscles of the neck and drains into the internal jugular.[AAO] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray563.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray563.png/200px-Gray563.png ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Vein uberon vena vertebralis The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas. They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae. This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves. On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vertebral_vein Wikipedia:Vertebral_vein vena vertebralis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010509 AAO:BJB Vein which collects blood from the muscles of the neck and drains into the internal jugular.[AAO] internal thoracic vein EMAPA:18641 Editor notes: check relationship to 'internal mammary vein' in MA FMA:4729 In human anatomy, the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) is a vessel that drains the chest wall and mamma, a term used for breast in anatomy. Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002237 SCTID:281056008 UBERON:0001589 UMLS:C0226633 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray577.png internal mammary vein ncithesaurus:Internal_Thoracic_Vein uberon vena thoracica interna Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_vein vena thoracica interna Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_vein internal mammary vein In human anatomy, the internal thoracic vein (previously known as the internal mammary vein) is a vessel that drains the chest wall and mamma, a term used for breast in anatomy. Bilaterally, it arises from the superior epigastric vein, accompanies the internal thoracic artery along its course and terminates in the brachiocephalic vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_vein pericardiacophrenic vein FMA:4742 MA:0002187 SCTID:361626007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001590 UMLS:C0501112 Vena comitans of the pericardiacophrenic arteries. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray530.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray530.png/200px-Gray530.png ncithesaurus:Pericardiacophrenic_Vein uberon venae pericardiacophrenicae Vena comitans of the pericardiacophrenic arteries. Wikipedia:Pericardiacophrenic_veins Wikipedia:Pericardiacophrenic_veins venae pericardiacophrenicae thymic vein FMA:4747 MA:0002246 SCTID:303432009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001591 UMLS:C0226698 ncithesaurus:Thymic_Vein thymic tributary of brachiocephalic vein uberon bronchial vein FMA:4749 MA:0002088 SCTID:198293000 The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001592 UMLS:C0226650 bronchial venous tree ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Vein uberon The bronchial veins are small vessels that return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the roots of the lungs. The right side drains into the azygos vein, while the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory hemiazygos vein. The bronchial veins are counterparts to the bronchial arteries. The veins, however, do not return all of the blood supplied by the arteries; much of the blood that is carried in the bronchial arteries is returned to the heart via the pulmonary veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bronchial_veins venous plexus FMA:4767 MA:0000069 SCTID:322151008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001593 a congregation of multiple veins. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png rete venosum, plexus venosus uberon venous network Wikipedia:Venous_plexus a congregation of multiple veins. Wikipedia:Venous_plexus rete venosum, plexus venosus azygos vein An unpaired vein which in humans arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava; unlike humans, mice have a single and left-sided azygos vein that develops from the paired embryonic cardinal venous system and drains most of the right and left thoracic walls into the left anterior vena cava[MP]. EMAPA:18250 Editor notes: check development relationships in different species FMA:4838 GAID:528 MA:0002085 MESH:A07.231.908.106 UBERON:0001594 UMLS:C0004526 azygos venous tree galen:AzygosVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Azygos_vein.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Azygos_vein.png/200px-Azygos_vein.png ncithesaurus:Azygos_Vein uberon vena azygos ISBN-10:0443065837 An unpaired vein which in humans arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava; unlike humans, mice have a single and left-sided azygos vein that develops from the paired embryonic cardinal venous system and drains most of the right and left thoracic walls into the left anterior vena cava[MP]. MP:0011569 Wikipedia:Azygos_vein Wikipedia:Azygos_vein vena azygos auricular muscle FMA:48966 MA:0001229 SCTID:244757006 UBERON:0001595 attolens aurem muscle attrahens aurem muscle auriculares auriculares anterior auriculares muscles auricularis auricularis muscle auricularis muscles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray906.png/200px-Gray906.png muscle of auricle temporoparietalis uberon Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles auriculares Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles attolens aurem muscle Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles auricularis muscle MA Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles auriculares anterior Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles auricularis Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles temporoparietalis Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles auriculares muscles Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles auricularis muscles Wikipedia:Auricular_muscles attrahens aurem muscle intrinsic auricular muscle FMA:48967 MA:0001231 SCTID:244762007 UBERON:0001596 auricular muscle attached only to the cartilage of the ear and not to the epicranial aponeurosis uberon FMA FMA auricular muscle attached only to the cartilage of the ear and not to the epicranial aponeurosis http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/auricle.html masseter muscle BTO:0001755 EFO:0001424 EHDAA2:0001067 EHDAA:10561 EMAPA:25135 FMA:48996 MA:0002343 MESH:A02.633.567.600.500 Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by masseteric nerve branches, and attaches to mandible and zygomatic arch.[FEED] SCTID:181738000 The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati)[VHOG] UBERON:0001597 UMLS:C0024876 VHOG:0000823 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg/200px-Illu_head_neck_muscle.jpg jaw muscle of therapsids which permits the longitudinal, grinding, motions of the jaw. The masseter is derived from the m. adductor mandibulae externus, which originates in the adductor chamber (in the temporal fenestra) and inserts on the coronoid process and internal surface of the lower jaw.[Palaeos]. masseter musculus masseter ncithesaurus:Masseter_Muscle uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4 The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000823 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dbpedia zygomatic arch and maxilla dbpedia zygomatic arch and maxilla BTO:0001755 masseter Wikipedia:Masseter_muscle http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html jaw muscle of therapsids which permits the longitudinal, grinding, motions of the jaw. The masseter is derived from the m. adductor mandibulae externus, which originates in the adductor chamber (in the temporal fenestra) and inserts on the coronoid process and internal surface of the lower jaw.[Palaeos]. coronoid process ramus of mandible cementomaxillary tendon and cementomandibular tendon dbpedia FMA dbpedia FMA Wikipedia:Masseter_muscle musculus masseter 2012-07-02 FEED Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by masseteric nerve branches, and attaches to mandible and zygomatic arch.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org temporalis muscle EHDAA2:0002001 EHDAA:10565 EMAPA:25138 FMA:49006 GAID:148 MA:0002390 MESH:A02.633.567.600.850 Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that is innervated by the deep temporal nerves and attaches to the wall of the braincase and mandible.[FEED] SCTID:181739008 The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] The temporal muscle is one of the muscles of mastication. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001598 UMLS:C0039487 VHOG:0000929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Gray382.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gray382.png/200px-Gray382.png musculus temporalis musculus temporalis ncithesaurus:Temporal_Muscle temporal muscle temporalis uberon dbpedia 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and Table 10-4 The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000929 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The temporal muscle is one of the muscles of mastication. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_muscle MA:0002390 temporalis Wikipedia:Temporal_muscle musculus temporalis FMA:49006 FMA:TA musculus temporalis dbpedia coronoid process of the mandible. dbpedia 2012-07-02 FEED Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that is innervated by the deep temporal nerves and attaches to the wall of the braincase and mandible.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org stapedius muscle EHDAA:9029 EMAPA:18586 FMA:49027 GAID:164 MA:0001220 MESH:A02.633.567.950 SCTID:244780003 The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes. The stapedius emerges from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the pyramidal eminence (a hollow, cone-shaped prominence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity), and inserts into the neck of the stapes. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001599 UMLS:C0038151 VHOG:0000813 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Musculusstapedius.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Musculusstapedius.png/200px-Musculusstapedius.png musculus stapedius ncithesaurus:Stapedius_Muscle stapedius uberon EHDAA2:0001909 stapedius Kardong 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000813 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Stapedius_muscle musculus stapedius dbpedia neck of stapes The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes. The stapedius emerges from a pinpoint foramen in the apex of the pyramidal eminence (a hollow, cone-shaped prominence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity), and inserts into the neck of the stapes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stapedius_muscle tensor tympani EHDAA2:0002002 EHDAA:10167 EHDAA:10191 EMAPA:18587 FMA:49028 GAID:166 M. tensor tympani MA:0001221 MESH:A02.633.567.975 SCTID:244779001 The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001600 UBERON:0005238 UMLS:C0039529 VHOG:0000698 eustachian muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Gray912.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gray912.png/200px-Gray912.png musculus tensor tympani ncithesaurus:Tensor_Tympani tensor tympani muscle the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to dampen sounds produced from chewing. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, known as the processus cochleariformis[1], and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root[WP]. tympanic muscle uberon dbpedia Wikipedia:Tensor_tympani_muscle tensor tympani muscle Wikipedia:Tensor_tympani_muscle musculus tensor tympani Wikipedia:Tensor_tympani_muscle the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to dampen sounds produced from chewing. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, known as the processus cochleariformis[1], and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root[WP]. Wikipedia:Tensor_tympani_muscle tympanic muscle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.333-334 and same reference Table 10-4 The division of the adductor mandibulae in the various lines of tetrapod evolution correlates with divergences in their methods of feeding. (...) As the jaws become stronger and their movements more complex in the line of evolution toward mammals, the adductor complex becomes divided into several distinct muscles (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palati).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000698 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dbpedia handle of the malleus M. tensor tympani Wikipedia:Tensor_tympani_muscle dbpedia medial pterygoid nerve from the mandibular nerve FMA extra-ocular muscle AAO:0010028 AO notes: BTO and MA consider this part of the eye; we follow them here (inferred from skeletal muscle). Not clear if omission from FMA is deliberate. Editor notes: todo - resolve discrepancies in which muscles are considered extra-ocular. Taxon notes: Mammals have 7 extra-ocular muscles, but humans lack the M. retractor bulbi. Note in ZFA this is the set of muscles. Any of the six small muscles that control movement of the eyeball within the socket. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0001579 EFO:0001921 EHDAA2:0000482 EHDAA:5729 EMAPA:18234 FMA:49033 MA:0001271 Muscles surrounding the eye (bulbus oculi) and having an effect on eye movements.[AAO] SCTID:181150000 Skeletal muscle derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. TAO:0000511 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001601 UBERON:0006229 VHOG:0000549 ZFA:0000511 extra-ocular skeletal muscle extraocular muscle extraocular musculature extraocular skeletal muscle extrinsic eye muscle extrinsic muscle of eyeball extrinsic ocular muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/MRI_of_human_eye.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MRI_of_human_eye.jpg/200px-MRI_of_human_eye.jpg musculi externi bulbi oculi uberon 2012-09-17 Any of the six small muscles that control movement of the eyeball within the socket. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000549 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/extraocular+muscle FMA:49033 extraocular muscle EHDAA2 MA GO:0002074 Skeletal muscle derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. Wikipedia:Extraocular_muscles ZFA:0000511 extraocular musculature FMA:49033 extrinsic muscle of eyeball EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Extraocular_muscles musculi externi bulbi oculi 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010028 AAO:EJS Muscles surrounding the eye (bulbus oculi) and having an effect on eye movements.[AAO] OBOL:automatic extrinsic eye muscle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these (extrinsic ocular) muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000549 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0001271 extraocular skeletal muscle EHDAA2:0000482 extrinsic ocular muscle medial rectus FMA:49037 MA:0001281 SCTID:181151001 TAO:0000301 Taxon notes (from VHOG): "The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, Third Edition (2001) Orlando Fla.: Harcourt College Publishers, p.331 [VHOG:0001127] The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). This muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the anulus tendineus, or common tendon. It is the largest of the extraocular muscles and its only action is adduction of the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001602 UBERON:0004836 UMLS:C0582820 VHOG:0001127 ZFA:0000301 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png medial rectus extraocular muscle medial rectus muscle musculus rectus medialis bulbi ncithesaurus:Medial_Rectus_Muscle uberon The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). This muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the anulus tendineus, or common tendon. It is the largest of the extraocular muscles and its only action is adduction of the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_rectus_muscle dbpedia inferior division of the oculomotor nerve Wikipedia:Medial_rectus_muscle musculus rectus medialis bulbi MA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001127 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0001281 medial rectus extraocular muscle lateral rectus extra-ocular muscle AAO:0010107 Cranial nerve VI innervated; lateral in the rectus group.[AAO] FMA:49038 M. rectus lateralis MA:0001280 SCTID:181152008 TAO:0000383 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of six extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye (abduction in this case) and the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, cranial nerve VI. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001603 UBERON:0004837 UMLS:C0582821 VHOG:0001129 ZFA:0000383 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png lateral rectus lateral rectus extraocular muscle lateral rectus muscle musculus rectus lateralis musculus rectus lateralis bulbi ncithesaurus:Lateral_Rectus_Muscle uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001129 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0001280 lateral rectus extraocular muscle FMA:49038 lateral rectus Wikipedia:Lateral_rectus_muscle musculus rectus lateralis bulbi dbpedia AAO:0010107 musculus rectus lateralis The lateral rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of six extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye (abduction in this case) and the only muscle innervated by the abducens nerve, cranial nerve VI. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_rectus_muscle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010107 AAO:EJS Cranial nerve VI innervated; lateral in the rectus group.[AAO] MA levator palpebrae superioris FMA:49041 MA:0001272 SCTID:244774006 The levator palpebrae superioris (or levator muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001604 UMLS:C0224134 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png/200px-Eyemuscles.png ncithesaurus:Levator_Palpebrae_Superioris uberon FMA FMA The levator palpebrae superioris (or levator muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Levator_palpebrae_superioris ciliary muscle BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles FMA:49151 MA:0001269 SCTID:280862009 The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle in the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001605 UMLS:C0559230 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray872.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray872.png/200px-Gray872.png musculus ciliaris musculus ciliarus ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Muscle uberon The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle in the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle FMA BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle musculus ciliaris FMA BTO:0000654 musculus ciliarus MA muscle of iris . FMA:49154 MA:0001287 SCTID:280888007 UBERON:0001606 iris muscle iris muscle organ muscle organ of iris uberon FMA . Wikipedia:Iris_muscle OBOL:automatic iris muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of iris sphincter pupillae BTO:0000656 FMA:49157 M. sphincter pupillae MA:0001289 SCTID:280889004 Taxon notes: WP says: It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods; this class refers to the vertebrate structure. Function notes: constricts iris The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, circular muscle of iris, circular fibers) is a muscle in the part of the eye called the iris. It encircles the eye, appropriate to its function as a constrictor. It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods. In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light or during accommodation. Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves. Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type, but much later in life, so that ultimately most cells are of the striated muscle type. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001607 UMLS:C0229189 circular fibers constrictor pupillae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray878.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray878.png/200px-Gray878.png iris constrictor iris constrictor muscle iris sphincter iris sphincter muscle m. sphincter pupillae musculus sphincter pupillae ncithesaurus:Sphincter_Pupillae_Muscle pupillary constrictor muscle pupillary sphincter pupillary sphincter muscle sphincter muscle of pupil sphincter pupillae sphincter pupillae muscle spincter pupillae uberon BTO:0000656 iris sphincter muscle BTO:0000656 sphincter muscle of pupil dbpedia encircles iris Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle pupillary sphincter Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle pupillary constrictor muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle iris constrictor muscle Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle sphincter pupillae muscle Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle pupillary sphincter muscle Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle constrictor pupillae BTO:0000656 musculus sphincter pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle m. sphincter pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle circular fibers The iris sphincter muscle (pupillary sphincter, circular muscle of iris, circular fibers) is a muscle in the part of the eye called the iris. It encircles the eye, appropriate to its function as a constrictor. It is found in vertebrates and some cephalopods. In humans, it functions to constrict the pupil in bright light or during accommodation. Its dimensions are about 0.75 mm wide by 0.15 mm thick. It is controlled by parasympathetic fibers that originate from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, travel along the oculomotor nerve (CN III), synapse in the ciliary ganglion, and then enter the eye via the short ciliary nerves. Initially, all the myocytes are of the smooth muscle type, but much later in life, so that ultimately most cells are of the striated muscle type. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle dbpedia encircles iris Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle spincter pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle sphincter pupillae BTO Wikipedia:Iris_sphincter_muscle iris sphincter dilatator pupillae BTO:0001371 FMA:49158 MA:0001288 SCTID:280890008 The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on α1-receptors. Thus, when presented with a threatening stimuli that activates the fight-or-flight response, this innervation dilates the iris, thus temporarily letting more light reach the retina. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001608 UMLS:C0229190 dilator muscle of pupil dilator of pupil dilator pupillae dilator pupillae muscle dilator pupillae muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray878.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray878.png/200px-Gray878.png iris dilator iris dilator muscle musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilator pupillae ncithesaurus:Dilator_Pupillae_Muscle pupil dilator pupil dilator muscle pupillary dilator pupillary dilator muscle pupillary muscle radial muscle radial muscle of iris radiating fibers uberon Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupil dilator muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupillary dilator muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupillary muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle radiating fibers BTO:0001371 dilator pupillae muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle musculus dilatator pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle radial muscle of iris BTO:0001371 iris dilator muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle radial muscle Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle iris dilator dbpedia BTO Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle dilator pupillae muscle dbpedia inner margins of iris BTO:0001371 musculus dilator pupillae Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupil dilator The iris dilator muscle (pupil dilator muscle, pupillary dilator, radial muscle of iris, radiating fibers), is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on α1-receptors. Thus, when presented with a threatening stimuli that activates the fight-or-flight response, this innervation dilates the iris, thus temporarily letting more light reach the retina. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle FMA:49158 FMA:TA musculus dilatator pupillae dbpedia outer margins of iris Wikipedia:Iris_dilator_muscle pupillary dilator isthmus of thyroid gland EHDAA2:0002031 EHDAA:5777 EMAPA:18195 EMAPA:18829 FMA:49178 In mammals and in some reptiles, the thyroid is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus; in birds and amphibians, the thyroid consists of two isolated lobes. (...) Despite these morphological differences, the ontogeny of the thyroid follows the same pattern in all vertebrates (...).[well established][VHOG] MA:0000727 SCTID:245539003 The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea. Its situation and size present, however, many variations. In the middle line of the neck it is covered by the skin and fascia, and close to the middle line, on either side, by the Sternothyreoideus. Across its upper border runs an anastomotic branch uniting the two superior thyroid arteries; at its lower border are the inferior thyroid veins. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001609 UMLS:C0229583 VHOG:0000739 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gray1174.png/200px-Gray1174.png isthmus isthmus glandulae thyroideae isthmus glandulae thyroideae ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Isthmus thyroid gland isthmus thyroid isthmus uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1210/er.2003-0028 De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Thyroid development and its disorders: genetics and molecular mechanisms. Endocrine Reviews (2004) In mammals and in some reptiles, the thyroid is composed of two lobes connected by an isthmus; in birds and amphibians, the thyroid consists of two isolated lobes. (...) Despite these morphological differences, the ontogeny of the thyroid follows the same pattern in all vertebrates (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000739 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000739 isthmus Wikipedia:Thyroid_isthmus isthmus glandulae thyroideae The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea. Its situation and size present, however, many variations. In the middle line of the neck it is covered by the skin and fascia, and close to the middle line, on either side, by the Sternothyreoideus. Across its upper border runs an anastomotic branch uniting the two superior thyroid arteries; at its lower border are the inferior thyroid veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroid_isthmus lingual artery AAO:0010492 FMA:49526 MA:0001992 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfqDCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the tongue.[AAO] SCTID:181327002 The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001610 UMLS:C0226104 arteria lingualis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Lingual_artery.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lingual_artery.PNG/200px-Lingual_artery.PNG lingual branch of external carotid artery ncithesaurus:Lingual_Artery relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] uberon The lingual artery arises from the external carotid between the superior thyroid and facial artery[WP]. Wikipedia:Lingual_artery 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010492 relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010492 AAO:BJB Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the tongue.[AAO] Wikipedia:Lingual_artery arteria lingualis FMA-abduced-lr sublingual artery AAO:0010491 FMA:49543 MA:0002049 Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the tip of the snout where branches go to the tongue and the m. geniohyoideus.[AAO] SCTID:368706006 The Sublingual Artery arises at the anterior margin of the Hyoglossus, and runs forward between the Genioglossus and Mylohyoideus to the sublingual gland. It supplies the gland and gives branches to the Mylohyoideus and neighboring muscles, and to the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums. One branch runs behind the alveolar process of the mandible in the substance of the gum to anastomose with a similar artery from the other side; another pierces the Mylohyoideus and anastomoses with the submental branch of the external maxillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001611 UMLS:C0226106 arteria sublingualis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Gray559.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray559.png/200px-Gray559.png ncithesaurus:Sublingual_Artery relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] sublingual branch of lingual artery uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010491 relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010491 AAO:BJB Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the tip of the snout where branches go to the tongue and the m. geniohyoideus.[AAO] The Sublingual Artery arises at the anterior margin of the Hyoglossus, and runs forward between the Genioglossus and Mylohyoideus to the sublingual gland. It supplies the gland and gives branches to the Mylohyoideus and neighboring muscles, and to the mucous membrane of the mouth and gums. One branch runs behind the alveolar process of the mandible in the substance of the gum to anastomose with a similar artery from the other side; another pierces the Mylohyoideus and anastomoses with the submental branch of the external maxillary artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_artery Wikipedia:Sublingual_artery arteria sublingualis facial artery EMAPA:19213 FMA:49549 MA:0001950 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCt95ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181328007 The facial artery (external maxillary artery in older texts) is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001612 UMLS:C0226109 arteria maxillaris externa external maxillary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Gray508.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Facial_artery arteria maxillaris externa The facial artery (external maxillary artery in older texts) is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_artery occipital artery FMA:49586 MA:0002009 OpenCyc:Mx4rwC1IFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244219005 The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001613 UMLS:C0226117 arteria occipitalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Gray508.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Occipital_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Occipital_artery arteria occipitalis The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Occipital_artery superficial temporal artery BTO:0003747 FMA:49650 In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002062 OpenCyc:Mx4rv33WkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181325005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001614 arteria temporalis superficialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray1200.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray1200.png/200px-Gray1200.png uberon In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_artery Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_artery arteria temporalis superficialis transverse facial artery FMA:49657 MA:0002068 SCTID:146551008 The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001615 UMLS:C0226132 arteria transversa faciei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray515.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray515.png/200px-Gray515.png ncithesaurus:Transverse_Facial_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Transverse_facial_artery arteria transversa faciei The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_facial_artery maxillary artery Development notes: ...1st pair undergoes partial regression, the remnants of which becomes part of the maxillary arteries [http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/med/Vascular_Devt.html] EHDAA2:0001069 EHDAA:7357 EMAPA:17311 FMA:49675 GAID:498 MA:0001919 MESH:A07.231.114.523 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDDJ45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181326006 The maxillary artery (or internal maxillary artery in older texts) is an artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001616 UMLS:C0024949 arteria maxillaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Gray510.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gray510.png/200px-Gray510.png internal maxillary artery ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery arteria maxillaris The maxillary artery (or internal maxillary artery in older texts) is an artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery mental artery FMA:49701 MA:0002002 SCTID:147561008 The inferior alveolar artery (inferior dental artery) is an artery of the face. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001617 UMLS:C0226144 mental branch of inferior alveolar artery ncithesaurus:Mental_Artery ramus mentalis (arteria alveolaris inferior) uberon FMA:49701 FMA:TA ramus mentalis (arteria alveolaris inferior) The inferior alveolar artery (inferior dental artery) is an artery of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mental_artery buccal artery FMA:49754 MA:0001924 SCTID:148066005 The buccal artery (buccinator artery) is small and runs obliquely forward, between the Pterygoideus internus and the insertion of the Temporalis, to the outer surface of the Buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the external maxillary and with the infraorbital. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001618 UMLS:C0226151 arteria buccalis, arteria buccinatoria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Gray508.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gray508.png/200px-Gray508.png ncithesaurus:Buccal_Artery uberon The buccal artery (buccinator artery) is small and runs obliquely forward, between the Pterygoideus internus and the insertion of the Temporalis, to the outer surface of the Buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the external maxillary and with the infraorbital. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Buccal_artery Wikipedia:Buccal_artery arteria buccalis, arteria buccinatoria ophthalmic artery AAO:0010497 EHDAA2:0001300 EHDAA:7363 EMAPA:17007 FMA:49868 GAID:503 MA:0002011 MESH:A07.231.114.622 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcCxpJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of internal carotid which carries blood via branches to the eye, the eye muscles, and eyelids.[AAO] SCTID:181310005 The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit. It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic canal. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001619 UMLS:C0029078 XAO:0000368 arteria ophthalmica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gray514.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gray514.png/200px-Gray514.png ncithesaurus:Opthalmic_Artery opthalmic artery relationship loss: part_of internal carotid (AAO:0010219)[AAO] uberon Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_artery arteria ophthalmica Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_artery opthalmic artery 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010497 AAO:BJB Part of internal carotid which carries blood via branches to the eye, the eye muscles, and eyelids.[AAO] The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit. It enters the orbit together with the Optic nerve through the Optic canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_artery 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010497 relationship loss: part_of internal carotid (AAO:0010219)[AAO] central retinal artery FMA:49879 GAID:508 MA:0002038 MESH:A07.231.114.765 SCTID:277771001 The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001620 UMLS:C0035301 Zinn's artery arteria centralis retinae central artery of retina central artery of the retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Gray514_updated.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray514_updated.png/200px-Gray514_updated.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Artery retinal artery uberon Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery central artery of the retina The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery arteria centralis retinae Wikipedia:Central_retinal_artery arteria centralis retinae coronary artery An artery that supplies the myocardium. BTO:0000290 EFO:0002551 EMAPA:19160 EMAPA:25968 EV:0100383 FMA:49893 MA:0002453 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoL56ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181294004 UBERON:0001621 UMLS:C0205042 VHOG:0001557 coronary arterial tree galen:CoronaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Coronary_Artery uberon An artery that supplies the myocardium. Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation#Coronary_anatomy lacrimal artery FMA:49927 MA:0001988 SCTID:369324002 The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001622 UMLS:C0226171 a. lacrimalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gray514.png ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Artery uberon The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_artery Wikipedia:Lacrimal_artery a. lacrimalis dorsal nasal artery FMA:50000 MA:0001945 SCTID:369333000 The dorsal nasal artery (nasal artery) is an artery of the head. It is one of the two terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001623 UMLS:C0226194 arteria dorsalis nasi dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery external nasal artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray515.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray515.png/200px-Gray515.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Nasal_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_nasal_artery arteria dorsalis nasi The dorsal nasal artery (nasal artery) is an artery of the head. It is one of the two terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_nasal_artery anterior cerebral artery EHDAA2:0000128 EHDAA:5296 EMAPA:17854 EMAPA:18614 FMA:50028 GAID:485 MA:0001915 MESH:A07.231.114.228.100 One of a pair of arteries on the brain that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. The 2 anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the Circle of Willis. OpenCyc:Mx4rv8biO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181309000 UBERON:0001624 UMLS:C0149561 arteria cerebri anterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Gray517.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Cerebral_Artery uberon One of a pair of arteries on the brain that supply oxygen to most medial portions of frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. The 2 anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the Circle of Willis. Wikipedia:Anterior_cerebral_artery Wikipedia:Anterior_cerebral_artery arteria cerebri anterior right coronary artery Coronary artery which emerges from the anterior aortic sinus, between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the right side of the heart.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004505 FMA:50039 MA:0002455 SCTID:362037006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001625 UMLS:C1261316 arteria coronaria dextra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray492.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Right_Coronary_Artery right coronary arterial tree uberon Wikipedia:Right_coronary_artery arteria coronaria dextra Coronary artery which emerges from the anterior aortic sinus, between the right auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the right side of the heart.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Right_coronary_artery left coronary artery Coronary artery which emerges from the left posterior aortic sinus, between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the left side of the heart.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004504 FMA:50040 MA:0002454 SCTID:362034004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001626 UMLS:C1261082 arteria coronaria sinistra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gray495.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gray495.png/200px-Gray495.png left coronary arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Coronary_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Left_coronary_artery arteria coronaria sinistra Coronary artery which emerges from the left posterior aortic sinus, between the left auricle and the pulmonary trunk, and supplies the left side of the heart.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Left_coronary_artery middle cerebral artery EHDAA2:0001179 EHDAA:5298 EMAPA:18239 EMAPA:18615 FMA:50079 GAID:487 MA:0001935 MESH:A07.231.114.228.550 OpenCyc:Mx4rvh3qQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181312002 The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001627 UMLS:C0149566 arteria cerebri media http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Gray517.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Middle_Cerebral_Artery sylvian artery uberon Wikipedia:Middle_cerebral_artery arteria cerebri media The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_cerebral_artery posterior communicating artery An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] EHDAA2:0004518 EHDAA:3352 EMAPA:18600 FMA:50084 In human anatomy, the posterior communicating artery is one of a pair of right-sided and left-sided blood vessels in the circle of Willis. It connects the three cerebral arteries of the same side. Anteriorly, it is one portion of the terminal trifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery are the other two branches of the trifurcation. Posteriorly, it communicates with the posterior cerebral artery. MA:0002023 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDDlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PCA PCS RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001487 SCTID:181314001 TAO:0005001 Taxon notes: todo - verify ZFA link: An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery UBERON:0001628 UMLS:C0149559 ZFA:0005001 arteria cerebri communicans posterior caudal communicating segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Communicating_Artery posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery uberon FMA-abduced-lr ZFA:0005001 posterior communicating segment of the basilar artery Wikipedia:Posterior_communicating_artery arteria cerebri communicans posterior ZFA:0005001 caudal communicating segment In human anatomy, the posterior communicating artery is one of a pair of right-sided and left-sided blood vessels in the circle of Willis. It connects the three cerebral arteries of the same side. Anteriorly, it is one portion of the terminal trifurcation of the internal carotid artery. The anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery are the other two branches of the trifurcation. Posteriorly, it communicates with the posterior cerebral artery. Wikipedia:Posterior_communicating_artery 2012-08-14 An artery that connects caudal division of the internal carotid artery and the basal communicating artery to the basilar artery. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005001 ZFIN:curator carotid body BTO:0000204 EMAPA:19211 FMA:50095 GAID:813 MA:0002463 MESH:A08.800.550.700.120.600.150 SCTID:362586000 The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat). The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001629 UMLS:C0007277 glomus caroticum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray1186.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray1186.png/200px-Gray1186.png ncithesaurus:Carotid_Body uberon Wikipedia:Carotid_body glomus caroticum The carotid body (carotid glomus or glomus caroticum) is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat). The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carotid_body muscle organ AAO:0011066 EV:0100146 FMA:5022 GAID:131 It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of skeletal muscle tissue aggregated into macroscopic fasciculi by connective tissue; together with other muscles, it constitutes the muscular system. Examples: biceps, diaphragm, masseter, right third external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani, serratus anterior[FMA]. Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] SCTID:71616004 TAO:0005145 UBERON:0001630 VHOG:0001245 XAO:0000172 ZFA:0005145 galen:Muscle muscle muscular uberon GO:0007517 Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of skeletal muscle tissue aggregated into macroscopic fasciculi by connective tissue; together with other muscles, it constitutes the muscular system. Examples: biceps, diaphragm, masseter, right third external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani, serratus anterior[FMA]. ZFA:0005145 muscle 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005145 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75 It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001245 http://bgee.unil.ch/ thoracic duct EHDAA2:0004501 EMAPA:19310 FMA:5031 GAID:1290 Lymphatic trunk that connects all tributaries of the thoracic duct tree to the trunk of the left brachiocephalic vein[FMA]. MA:0002801 MESH:A15.382.520.869 SCTID:362600004 TAO:0005110 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001631 UMLS:C0039979 ZFA:0005110 ductus thoracicus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray599.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gray599.png/200px-Gray599.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Duct trunk of thoracic duct tree uberon FMA:5031 Lymphatic trunk that connects all tributaries of the thoracic duct tree to the trunk of the left brachiocephalic vein[FMA]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_duct Wikipedia:Thoracic_duct ductus thoracicus temporal artery AAO:0010495 FMA:50438 GAID:489 In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002061 MESH:A07.231.114.228.868 Part of lateral pretrosal artery which supplies blood to the eyelids.[AAO] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001632 UMLS:C0039482 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray1200.png/200px-Gray1200.png ncithesaurus:Temporal_Artery relationship loss: part_of lateral pretrosal artery (AAO:0010494)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010495 AAO:BJB Part of lateral pretrosal artery which supplies blood to the eyelids.[AAO] In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head. It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery. Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_artery 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010495 relationship loss: part_of lateral pretrosal artery (AAO:0010494)[AAO] basilar artery BA EHDAA2:0000163 EHDAA:5285 EMAPA:17307 FMA:50542 GAID:474 In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001920 MESH:A07.231.114.106 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJTtcZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244215004 TAO:0005002 The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001633 UMLS:C0004811 VHOG:0000237 ZFA:0005002 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Basilar_Artery uberon In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood. The two vertebral arteries and the basilar artery are sometimes together called the vertebrobasilar system, which supplies blood to the posterior part of circle of Willis and anastomoses with blood supplied to the anterior part of the circle of Willis from the carotid arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basilar_artery 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1242/dev.058776 Fujita M, Cha YR, Pham VN, Sakurai A, Roman BL, Gutkind JS, Weinstein BM, Assembly and patterning of the vascular network of the vertebrate hindbrain. Development (2011) The major artery supplying the hindbrain, the basilar artery, runs along the ventral keel of the hindbrain in all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000237 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 mesencephalic artery Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al.2001.</a> Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] Editor notes: review this term, check taxon scope FMA:50570 MsA TAO:0001068 UBERON:0001634 XAO:0004173 ZFA:0001068 relationship loss: develops_from primitive mesencephalic artery (TAO:0001062)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001068 ZFIN:curator Develops from the proximal portion of the primitive mesencephalic artery. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010205-5'>Isogai et al.2001.</a> ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001068 relationship loss: develops_from primitive mesencephalic artery (TAO:0001062)[TAO] superior cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000681 EMAPA:19309 FMA:50573 MA:0001934 SCTID:244214000 The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) arises near the termination of the basilar artery. It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving at the upper surface of the cerebellum, divides into branches which ramify in the pia mater and anastomose with those of the inferior cerebellar arteries. Several branches are given to the pineal body, the anterior medullary velum, and the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001635 UMLS:C0149575 arteria superior cerebelli http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/CerebellumArteries.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CerebellumArteries.jpg/200px-CerebellumArteries.jpg ncithesaurus:Superior_Cerebellar_Artery uberon The superior cerebellar artery (SCA) arises near the termination of the basilar artery. It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving at the upper surface of the cerebellum, divides into branches which ramify in the pia mater and anastomose with those of the inferior cerebellar arteries. Several branches are given to the pineal body, the anterior medullary velum, and the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_artery Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_artery arteria superior cerebelli posterior cerebral artery EHDAA2:0000659 EMAPA:17861 EMAPA:18616 FMA:50583 GAID:488 MA:0002022 MESH:A07.231.114.228.700 OpenCyc:Mx4rwO4qIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181313007 The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior aspect of the brain in human anatomy]. It arises near the intersection of the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery and connects with the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery via the posterior communicating artery (PCommA). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001636 UMLS:C0149576 arteria cerebri posterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Gray517.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Cerebral_Artery uberon FMA-abduced-lr The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the posterior aspect of the brain in human anatomy]. It arises near the intersection of the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery and connects with the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery via the posterior communicating artery (PCommA). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_cerebral_artery Wikipedia:Posterior_cerebral_artery arteria cerebri posterior artery AAO:0010211 AEO:0000208 An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. BTO:0000573 EFO:0000814 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA2:0003253 EV:0100026 Editor notes: Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme. FMA:50720 GAID:468 MA:0000064 MAT:0000034 MESH:A07.231.114 MIAA:0000034 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjknZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] SCTID:362877004 TAO:0000005 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001637 UMLS:C0003842 VHOG:0001251 XAO:0000114 ZFA:0000005 arterial arterial subtree arterial system arterial tree organ part arterial vessel arteries galen:Artery ncithesaurus:Artery uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010211 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001251 http://bgee.unil.ch/ AEO:JB An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. TAO:0000005 arteries vein AAO:0010212 AEO:0000209 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. BTO:0000234 EFO:0000816 EHDAA2:0003254 EV:0100031 FMA:50723 GAID:492 MA:0000067 MAT:0000037 MESH:A07.231.908 MIAA:0000037 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] SCTID:181367001 TAO:0000082 TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001638 UMLS:C0042449 VHOG:0001252 VHOG:0001743 XAO:0000115 ZFA:0000082 galen:Vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg/200px-Venous_system_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vein uberon vena venae venous subtree venous tree organ part venous vessel 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010212 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. Wikipedia:Vein 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001743 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001743 venae Wikipedia:Vein vena hepatic portal vein A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong]. A vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. AAO:0010214 Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (...) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver.[well established][VHOG] FMA:50735 HPV MA:0002132 TAO:0005090 UBERON:0001639 VHOG:0000642 ZFA:0005090 hepatic portal tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png liver portal vein portal vein portal vein of liver primary hepatic portal vein primary hepatic portal veins uberon vena portae hepatis OBOL:automatic liver portal vein OBOL:automatic portal vein of liver A portal vein that transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver[Kardong]. A vein in the abdominal cavity that drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen. It is usually formed by the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins, and also receives blood from the inferior mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The hepatic portal vein is a major component of the hepatic portal system, one of the main portal venous systems in the body. Conditions involving the hepatic portal vein cause considerable illness and death. An important example of such a condition is elevated blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein. This condition, called portal hypertension, is a major complication of cirrhosis worldwide. [WP,unvetted]. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3091300&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 MA Wikipedia:Hepatic_portal_vein vena portae hepatis 2012-09-17 Adults of all vertebrates lose the vitelline veins and establish a single large hepatic portal vein (...) by the selective retention of parts of the left and right subintestinals and of several anastomoses that occur between them within and just posterior to the liver.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.265 VHOG VHOG:0000642 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0005090 primary hepatic portal vein portal vein Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein celiac artery EHDAA2:0004519 FMA:50737 GAID:483 MA:0001931 MESH:A07.231.114.207 SCTID:181340007 The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. UBERON:0001640 UMLS:C0007569 arteria coeliaca arteria cœliaca celiac tree coeliac artery coeliac axis coeliac trunck coeliac trunk dorsal aorta in Kardong http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray532.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray532.png/200px-Gray532.png ncithesaurus:Coeliac_Artery truncus coeliacus truncus cœliacus uberon The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Celiac_artery Wikipedia:Celiac_artery arteria cœliaca Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus coeliacus Wikipedia dorsal aorta in primitive verts Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac axis Kardong Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus cœliacus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus coeliacus Kardong Wikipedia Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunck Wikipedia:Celiac_artery arteria coeliaca Kardong Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac artery Kardong transverse sinus EMAPA:18637 FMA:50763 MA:0001868 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDb62ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279262004 The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as '' . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001641 groove for right and left transverse sinuses http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif lateral sinus ncithesaurus:Transverse_Sinus sinus transversus sinus transversus durae matris todo - check su transverse sinus transverse sinus vein uberon Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses sinus transversus Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses transverse sinus vein Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses sinus transversus durae matris MA FMA:50763 lateral sinus The transverse sinuses (left and right lateral sinuses), within a human head, are two areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the back of the head towards the nose. They drain from the straight sinus and superior sagittal sinus (along the top and back of the brain) to the sigmoid sinuses (at the center of the head), at the internal jugular vein. See diagram (at right): labeled under the brain as '' . The transverse sinuses are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus. Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein. In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus. The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, with the one formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed, from back to center. On transverse section, the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic form, the curved portion has a semicylindrical form. They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploë. The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses transverse sinus Wikipedia:Transverse_sinuses groove for right and left transverse sinuses superior sagittal sinus FMA:50767 MA:0001867 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9naEJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362075006 The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within a human cranium, is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the top of the head towards the back. It is believed that the cerebrospinal fluid drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses of the superior sagittal sinus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001642 UMLS:C0226859 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif/200px-Gray488_blue.gif ncithesaurus:Superior_Sagittal_Sinus sinus sagittalis superior uberon Wikipedia:Superior_sagittal_sinus sinus sagittalis superior MA The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within a human cranium, is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the top of the head towards the back. It is believed that the cerebrospinal fluid drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses of the superior sagittal sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_sagittal_sinus cjm oculomotor nerve AAO:0010468 BM:MB-IIIN CN-III Cranial nerve which connects the midbrain to the extra-ocular and intra-ocular muscles. // Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0001284 EHDAA:3736 EMAPA:17574 FMA:50864 GAID:829 MA:0001095 MESH:A08.800.800.120.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1646 Oculomotor nerve [III] OpenCyc:Mx4rvj7pZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362456009 Somatic efferent fibers which innervate four eye muscles.[AAO] TAO:0000405 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001643 UMLS:C0028864 VHOG:0000692 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003090 ZFA:0000405 cranial nerve III http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Gray776.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gray776.png/200px-Gray776.png ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Nerve nervus oculomotorius nervus oculomotorius [iii] occulomotor oculomotor III oculomotor III nerve oculomotor nerve tree third cranial nerve uberon Wikipedia:Oculomotor_nerve nervus oculomotorius Cranial nerve which connects the midbrain to the extra-ocular and intra-ocular muscles. // Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Oculomotor_nerve EHDAA2:0001284 oculomotor III Wikipedia GO FMA:50864 FMA:TA nervus oculomotorius [iii] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010468 AAO:EJS Somatic efferent fibers which innervate four eye muscles.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000692 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ trochlear nerve AAO:0010469 BM:IVN CN-IV Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0002090 EMAPA:18218 FMA:50865 GAID:838 MA:0001105 MESH:A08.800.800.120.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1654 OpenCyc:Mx4rvyeBQ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180939009 Somatic efferent nerve which supplies a single eye muscle, the m. obliquus superior.[AAO] TAO:0000600 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trochlear nerve [IV] UBERON:0001644 UMLS:C0041159 VHOG:0000705 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003091 ZFA:0000600 cranial nerve IV fourth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Trochlear_nerve.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Trochlear_nerve.png/200px-Trochlear_nerve.png ncithesaurus:Trochlear_Nerve nervus trochlearis nervus trochlearis [iv] pathetic nerve superior oblique nerve trochlear trochlear IV nerve trochlear nerve tree uberon Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trochlear_nerve 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010469 AAO:EJS Somatic efferent nerve which supplies a single eye muscle, the m. obliquus superior.[AAO] Wikipedia:Trochlear_nerve nervus trochlearis FMA:50865 FMA:TA nervus trochlearis [iv] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000705 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ trigeminal nerve AAO:0010470 BM:VN BTO:0001072 CN-V Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). EFO:0001402 EHDAA2:0002084 EHDAA:3738 EMAPA:17576 FMA:50866 GAID:726 MA:0001100 MESH:A08.800.800.120.760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_869 Nerve consists of motor and sensory components. Ganglion cells of the sensory component form the proximal part of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion. From the ganglion 3 major rami innervate jaws, snout, and buccal roof.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rwMF8CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362459002 TAO:0000697 Taxon notes: the ophthalmic usually usually merges with the other two. In some vertebrates, the ophthalmic emerges from the brain separately[Kardong] The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches in mammals - similar branches are present in nonmammalian vertebrates, but in some a separate profundus nerve that corresponds to opthalmic branch in mammls[ISBN10:0471888893] UBERON:0001645 UMLS:C0040996 VHOG:0000704 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003092 ZFA:0000697 cranial nerve V fifth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png/200px-Gray778_Trigeminal.png ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nerve nervus trigeminus nervus trigeminus nervus trigeminus [v] trigeminal V trigeminal nerve [V] trigeminal nerve tree trigeminal v nerve trigeminus uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve nervus trigeminus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010470 AAO:EJS Nerve consists of motor and sensory components. Ganglion cells of the sensory component form the proximal part of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion. From the ganglion 3 major rami innervate jaws, snout, and buccal roof.[AAO] FMA:50866 FMA:TA nervus trigeminus [v] EHDAA2:0002084 trigeminal V 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000704 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve Wikipedia BTO:0001072 trigeminus BTO:0001072 nervus trigeminus abducens nerve AAO:0010471 BM:Pons-VIN CN-VI Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. EHDAA2:0000103 FMA:50867 GAID:824 MA:0001087 MESH:A08.800.800.120.030 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_876 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjl41ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180941005 Somatic motor nerve which bifurcates innervating m. rectus lateralis and m. retractor bulbi (eye muscles).[AAO] TAO:0000310 Taxon notes: Homologous abducens nerves are found in all vertebrates except lampreys and hagfishes.[WP] It controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, in humans. In most other mammals it also innervates the musculus retractor bulbi, which can retract the eye for protection[WP] UBERON:0001646 UMLS:C0000741 VHOG:0000697 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003093 ZFA:0000310 abducens VI nerve abducens nerve [VI] abducens nerve tree abducent nerve abducent nerve [VI] cranial nerve VI http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Abducens_nerve1.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Abducens_nerve1.png/200px-Abducens_nerve1.png lateral rectus nerve ncithesaurus:Abducens_Nerve nervus abducens nervus abducens nervus abducens [VI] sixth cranial nerve uberon Wikipedia:Abducens_nerve nervus abducens Cranial nerve that runs to the eye muscles. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Abducens_nerve 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010471 AAO:EJS Somatic motor nerve which bifurcates innervating m. rectus lateralis and m. retractor bulbi (eye muscles).[AAO] FMA:50867 FMA:TA nervus abducens [VI] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000697 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia facial nerve AAO:0010472 BM:Pons-VIIN CN-VII Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). EHDAA2:0000489 EHDAA:3729 EMAPA:17796 FMA:50868 Facial nerve [VII] GAID:719 MA:0001091 MESH:A08.800.800.120.250 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_827 OpenCyc:Mx4rvthgEpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362460007 Slender nerve composed of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers innervating the mouth and various muscles within the jaw. Sensory components innervate the bucccal roof and somatomotor components innervate the depressor musculature and muscle interhyoideus.[AAO] TAO:0000664 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001647 UMLS:C0015462 VHOG:0000706 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003094 ZFA:0000664 branchiomeric cranial nerve cranial nerve VII face nerve facial VII facial VII nerve facial nerve tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Cranial_nerve_VII.svg/200px-Cranial_nerve_VII.svg.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Nerve nerve of face nervus facialis nervus facialis nervus facialis [vii] seventh cranial nerve uberon Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Facial_nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of face EHDAA2:0000489 facial VII Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia ZFA:0000664 nervus facialis FMA:50868 FMA:TA nervus facialis [vii] Wikipedia:Facial_nerve nervus facialis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000706 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic face nerve 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010472 AAO:DSM Slender nerve composed of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers innervating the mouth and various muscles within the jaw. Sensory components innervate the bucccal roof and somatomotor components innervate the depressor musculature and muscle interhyoideus.[AAO] GO vestibulocochlear nerve AAO:0010473 BTO:0003490 CN-VIII Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. EHDAA2:0002194 EMAPA:17801 FMA:50869 GAID:839 MA:0001109 MESH:A08.800.800.120.910 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_890 Nerve primarily composed of special somatic afferent fibers innervating the inner ear, and is involved in balance, position, and hearing.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjMFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180945001 TAO:0000247 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001648 UMLS:C0001162 VHOG:0000695 VIII nerve VIIIth cranial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003095 ZFA:0000247 acoustic VIII nerve acoustic nerve acoustic nerve (crosby) cochlear-vestibular nerve cochleovestibular nerve cranial nerve VIII eighth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray789.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray789.png/200px-Gray789.png ncithesaurus:Vestibulocochlear_Nerve nervus vestibulocochlearis nervus vestibulocochlearis [viii] octaval nerve stato-acoustic nerve statoacoustic nerve uberon vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibulocochlear nerve tree BTO:0003490 nervus vestibulocochlearis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010473 AAO:DSM Nerve primarily composed of special somatic afferent fibers innervating the inner ear, and is involved in balance, position, and hearing.[AAO] Cranial nerve that runs to the ear. ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Vestibulocochlear_nerve Wikipedia FMA:50869 FMA:TA nervus vestibulocochlearis [viii] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000695 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ glossopharyngeal nerve AAO:0010474 BTO:0004979 CN-IX Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). EHDAA2:0000709 EHDAA:3733 EMAPA:17268 FMA:50870 GAID:827 Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] MA:0001093 MESH:A08.800.800.120.290 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_899 OpenCyc:Mx4rwIr5X5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362465002 Small nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent and afferent fibers which innervate the m. subarculais rectus I, dorsal buccal mucosa, and the tongue.[AAO] TAO:0000668 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001649 UMLS:C0017679 VHOG:0000701 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003096 ZFA:0000668 cranial nerve IX glossopharyngeal IX glossopharyngeal IX nerve glossopharyngeal nerve tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Glossopharyngeal_Nerve nervus glossopharyngeus nervus glossopharyngeus nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] ninth cranial nerve uberon Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Glossopharyngeal_nerve EHDAA2:0000709 glossopharyngeal IX FMA ZFA:0000668 nervus glossopharyngeus Wikipedia motor 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010474 AAO:EJS Small nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent and afferent fibers which innervate the m. subarculais rectus I, dorsal buccal mucosa, and the tongue.[AAO] FMA:50870 FMA:TA nervus glossopharyngeus [ix] Wikipedia sensory Wikipedia:Glossopharyngeal_nerve nervus glossopharyngeus 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000701 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ hypoglossal nerve AAO:0010477 BTO:0003386 CN-XII Cranial nerve that innervates muscles in the tongue. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-14, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000798 EHDAA:2859 EMAPA:17269 FMA:50871 GAID:828 Hypoglossal nerve [XII] MA:0001094 MESH:A08.800.800.120.330 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_820 Nerve that innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Nerve which innervates the muscles associated with the tongue including mm geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus and rectus cervicis.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rv9eWA5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362471008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001650 UMLS:C0020614 VHOG:0000693 XAO:0004215 cranial nerve XII http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Gray794.png hypoglossal XII hypoglossal XII nerve hypoglossal nerve tree ncithesaurus:Hypoglossal_Nerve nervus hypoglossus nervus hypoglossus [xii] twelfth cranial nerve uberon 2012-09-17 Cranial nerve that innervates muscles in the tongue. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-14, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000693 http://bgee.unil.ch/ CN-XII VHOG:0000693 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010477 AAO:EJS Nerve which innervates the muscles associated with the tongue including mm geniohyoideus, genioglossus, hyoglossus and rectus cervicis.[AAO] GO:0021566 Nerve that innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nerve FMA:50871 FMA:TA nervus hypoglossus [xii] Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nerve nervus hypoglossus 2012-09-17 Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000693 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_820 cranial nerve XII EHDAA2:0000798 hypoglossal XII right pulmonary artery FMA:50872 MA:0002500 SCTID:244235003 TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001651 UMLS:C0923924 arteria pulmonalis dextra galen:RightPulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray504.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Artery right main pulmonary artery right pulmonary arterial tree uberon Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery arteria pulmonalis dextra The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery left pulmonary artery FMA:50873 MA:0002032 SCTID:244234004 TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001652 UMLS:C0923925 arteria pulmonalis sinistra galen:LeftPulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray504.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png left main pulmonary artery left pulmonary arterial tree ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery arteria pulmonalis sinistra The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery facial vein AAO:0010513 Comment note MA and NCITA also has 'anterior facial vein' EMAPA:19220 FMA:50874 MA:0002115 OpenCyc:Mx4rvziz3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181374006 The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001653 UMLS:C0226532 Vein which collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] anterior facial vein face vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Facial_Vein uberon vein of face vena facialis anterior OBOL:automatic vein of face The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_vein Wikipedia:Facial_vein vena facialis anterior FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010513 AAO:BJB Vein which collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] Wikipedia:Facial_vein anterior facial vein OBOL:automatic face vein supra-orbital vein FMA:50904 MA:0002228 SCTID:152006005 The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001654 UMLS:C0226535 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Supra-orbital_Vein supraorbital vein uberon FMA The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein. It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein. Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch. The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supra-orbital_vein submental vein FMA:50925 MA:0002223 SCTID:152309009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001655 UMLS:C0226541 ncithesaurus:Submental_Vein uberon FMA/obol retromandibular vein FMA:50928 MA:0002117 OpenCyc:Mx4rv0bn95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:151299003 The retromandibular vein (temporomaxillary vein, posterior facial vein), formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but beneath the facial nerve, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoideus muscle. It divides into two branches: an anterior, which passes forward and unites with the anterior facial vein to form the common facial vein. a posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the external jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001656 UMLS:C0226520 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Temporo-maxillary_Vein posterior facial vein uberon vena facialis posterior vena retromandibularis Wikipedia:Retromandibular_vein vena retromandibularis Wikipedia:Retromandibular_vein vena facialis posterior FMA The retromandibular vein (temporomaxillary vein, posterior facial vein), formed by the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins, descends in the substance of the parotid gland, superficial to the external carotid artery but beneath the facial nerve, between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoideus muscle. It divides into two branches: an anterior, which passes forward and unites with the anterior facial vein to form the common facial vein. a posterior, which is joined by the posterior auricular vein and becomes the external jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Retromandibular_vein superficial temporal vein BTO:0003748 EMAPA:19315 FMA:50932 MA:0002242 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmANWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:150087005 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001657 UMLS:C0226521 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Superficial_Temporal_Vein uberon venae temporales superficiales Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_vein venae temporales superficiales FMA/obol FMA/obol The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_vein FMA/obol middle temporal vein FMA:50935 MA:0002241 SCTID:151400007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001658 uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol transverse facial vein FMA:50938 MA:0002247 SCTID:151501009 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001659 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA/obol The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_vein maxillary vein FMA:50941 MA:0002169 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlDSc5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:29972009 Taxon notes: in horses, a branch of the external jugular gives off the occipital and caudal auricular vein The maxillary veins (internal maxillary vein in older sources) consist of a short trunk which accompanies the first part of the internal maxillary artery. It is formed by a confluence of the veins of the pterygoid plexus, and passes backward between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible, and unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001660 UMLS:C0226524 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Internal_Maxillary_Vein uberon FMA The maxillary veins (internal maxillary vein in older sources) consist of a short trunk which accompanies the first part of the internal maxillary artery. It is formed by a confluence of the veins of the pterygoid plexus, and passes backward between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible, and unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_vein deep temporal vein FMA:50954 MA:0002240 SCTID:798000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001661 UMLS:C0226526 ncithesaurus:Deep_Temporal_Vein uberon anterior auricular vein FMA:50956 MA:0002083 SCTID:151602009 The anterior auricular veins are veins which drain the anterior aspect of the external ear. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001662 UMLS:C0226527 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Auricular_Vein uberon venae auriculares anteriores FMA The anterior auricular veins are veins which drain the anterior aspect of the external ear. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_auricular_veins Wikipedia:Anterior_auricular_veins venae auriculares anteriores cerebral vein FMA:50981 GAID:530 MA:0002096 MESH:A07.231.908.155 SCTID:244392000 The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001663 UMLS:C0007797 XAO:0004160 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Gray568.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Gray568.png/200px-Gray568.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Vein uberon venae cerebri venae encephali Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins venae encephali The cerebral veins are divisible into external and internal groups according to the outer surfaces or the inner parts of the hemispheres they drain into. The external veins are the superior cerebral veins, inferior cerebral veins, and middle cerebral vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins Wikipedia:Cerebral_veins venae cerebri inferior cerebral vein FMA:50986 MA:0002097 SCTID:244395003 The inferior cerebral veins, of small size, drain the under surfaces of the hemispheres. Those on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe join the superior cerebral veins, and through these open into the superior sagittal sinus. Those of the temporal lobe anastomose with the middle cerebral and basal veins, and join the cavernous, sphenoparietal, and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001664 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Gray517.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gray517.png/200px-Gray517.png uberon The inferior cerebral veins, of small size, drain the under surfaces of the hemispheres. Those on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe join the superior cerebral veins, and through these open into the superior sagittal sinus. Those of the temporal lobe anastomose with the middle cerebral and basal veins, and join the cavernous, sphenoparietal, and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebral_veins triceps surae A set of muscles in FMA, a single organ in MA FMA:51062 MA:0002400 The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001665 UMLS:C0224458 calf muscle gastrosoleus gastrosoleus complex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg/200px-Illu_lower_extremity_muscles.jpg musculus triceps surae ncithesaurus:Triceps_Surae sural triceps uberon The triceps surae is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the gastrocnemius and the soleus. These muscles both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg, commonly known as the calf muscle. The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon, and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle. The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee. The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia. The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5–S2. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle dbpedia dbpedia Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle gastrosoleus complex Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle calf muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Triceps_surae_muscle musculus triceps surae flexor digitorum longus BTO:0000466 FMA:51071 MA:0002299 SCTID:181703002 The Flexor digitorum longus is situated on the tibial side of the leg. At its origin it is thin and pointed, but it gradually increases in size as it descends. This muscle serves to curl the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges II-V). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001666 UMLS:C1261048 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ncithesaurus:Flexor_Digitorum_Longus uberon The Flexor digitorum longus is situated on the tibial side of the leg. At its origin it is thin and pointed, but it gradually increases in size as it descends. This muscle serves to curl the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes (flexion of phalanges II-V). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_longus tibialis posterior BTO:0000867 FMA:51099 MA:0002394 SCTID:361824007 The Tibialis posterior is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001667 UMLS:C1711425 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gray442.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray442.png/200px-Gray442.png ibialis posticus musculus tibialis posterior ncithesaurus:Tibialis_Caudalis posterior tibialis tibialis caudalis tibialis posterior muscle uberon dbpedia Wikipedia:Tibialis_posterior_muscle musculus tibialis posterior dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia BTO:0000867 tibialis posterior muscle BTO:0000867 posterior tibialis The Tibialis posterior is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tibialis_posterior_muscle BTO:0000867 ibialis posticus cerebellar vein Cerebellar veins are veins which drain the cerebellum. More specifically, they are: Superior cerebellar veins Inferior cerebellar veins [WP,unvetted]. FMA:51227 MA:0002093 SCTID:40693009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001668 UMLS:C0226601 cerebellum vein epencephalon-1 vein ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Vein uberon vein of cerebellum vein of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic epencephalon-1 vein OBOL:automatic vein of cerebellum OBOL:automatic vein of epencephalon-1 OBOL:automatic cerebellum vein Cerebellar veins are veins which drain the cerebellum. More specifically, they are: Superior cerebellar veins Inferior cerebellar veins [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_veins superior cerebellar vein FMA:51232 MA:0002095 SCTID:64307009 The superior cerebellar veins pass partly forward and medialward, across the superior vermis, to end in the straight sinus and the internal cerebral veins, partly lateralward to the transverse and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001669 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png uberon vein of superior cerebellar hemisphere The superior cerebellar veins pass partly forward and medialward, across the superior vermis, to end in the straight sinus and the internal cerebral veins, partly lateralward to the transverse and superior petrosal sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_vein inferior cerebellar vein FMA:51233 MA:0002094 SCTID:69104006 The inferior cerebellar veins are of large size, end in the transverse, superior petrosal, and occipital sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001670 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png inferior vein of cerebellar hemisphere uberon The inferior cerebellar veins are of large size, end in the transverse, superior petrosal, and occipital sinuses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_vein temporal vein FMA:51302 MA:0002239 The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001671 UMLS:C0924206 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray557.png/200px-Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Temporal_Vein uberon The superficial temporal vein is a vein of the side of the head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superficial_temporal_vein anterior cerebral vein ACeV FMA:51306 SCTID:55155007 TAO:0001067 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001672 XAO:0004158 ZFA:0001067 rostral cerebral vein uberon central retinal vein EFO:0004271 FMA:51799 GAID:524 MA:0002213 MESH:A07.231.611.773 SCTID:280913005 The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into the larger veins outside the eye. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly into the cavernous sinus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001673 UMLS:C0035327 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray572.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray572.png/200px-Gray572.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Vein retinal vein uberon vena centralis retinae Wikipedia:Central_retinal_vein vena centralis retinae FMA/obol FMA/obol The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into the larger veins outside the eye. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly into the cavernous sinus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_retinal_vein masseteric vein A plexiform vein accompanying the masseteric artery that empty into the pterygoid venous plexus. FMA:52519 MA:0002167 UBERON:0001674 UMLS:C0925179 masseteric veins ncithesaurus:Masseteric_Vein uberon masseteric veins A plexiform vein accompanying the masseteric artery that empty into the pterygoid venous plexus. http://www.drugs.com/dict/masseteric-veins.html trigeminal ganglion 5th ganglion A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] AAO:0011107 BTO:0001231 EFO:0000903 EHDAA2:0002085 EHDAA:2113 EMAPA:16797 FMA:52618 GAID:725 Gasser's ganglion Gasserian ganglia Gasserian ganglion MA:0001080 MAT:0000511 MESH:A08.340.390.850 SCTID:244449009 TAO:0000295 UBERON:0001675 UMLS:C0040995 VHOG:0000694 XAO:0000427 XAO:0000428 ZFA:0000295 fifth ganglion gV ganglion of trigeminal nerve ganglion trigeminale ganglion trigeminale, ganglion semilunare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Gray776.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gray776.png/200px-Gray776.png ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Ganglion semilunar ganglion trigeminal V ganglion trigeminal ganglia trigeminus ganglion uberon ZFA:0000295 fifth ganglion ncithesaurus 2012-08-14 A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000295 ZFIN:curator 5th ganglion ZFA:0000295 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ganglion trigeminale, ganglion semilunare MA:0001080 trigeminal V ganglion A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ZFIN:curator EHDAA2 BTO:0001231 Gasser's ganglion Gasserian ganglia Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion BTO:0001231 ganglion of trigeminal nerve trigeminal ganglia ISBN10:0471888893 semilunar ganglion BTO:0001231 ganglion trigeminale Gasserian ganglion Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion occipital bone A saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. EMAPA:25112 FMA:52735 GAID:227 MA:0001468 MESH:A02.835.232.781.572 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtsiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181796003 Taxon notes: fusion of basi-, exo- and supra-occipitals (and maybe tabular)[Kardong]. Development notes: formed from the sclerotome of the occipital somites[PMID:11523816]. It is not present in living or fossil agnathans or cartilaginous fishes, but appears to have arisen in parallel in many bony fishes. Incorporation of the occipital ver- tebrae into the skull was associated with the an- nexation of the upper part of the spinal cord into the brain, together with the first 2 spinal nerves as cranial nerves XI and XII[PMID:11523816] UBERON:0001676 UMLS:C0028784 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray194.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray194.png/200px-Gray194.png ncithesaurus:Occipital_Bone occipital complex occipital squama os occipitale uberon FMA Wikipedia:Occipital_bone os occipitale interparietal (postparietal) FMA PMID:11523816 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/occiput.html occipital complex A saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal. Wikipedia:Occipital_bone FMA MA-modified basi paired exo and supra occipital bones sphenoid bone EMAPA:18340 FMA:52736 GAID:230 MA:0001472 MESH:A02.835.232.781.802 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAU9XpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272676008 UBERON:0001677 UMLS:C0037884 an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. butterfly bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg/200px-Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ncithesaurus:Sphenoid_Bone os sphenoidale os sphenoidale os sphenoidum part of viscerocranium in FMA, part of chondrocranium in MA sphenoid sphenoid complex sphenoidal bone uberon Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidale Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone an unpaired bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal bone and basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a butterfly or bat with its wings extended. alisphenoid pterygoid process cjm FMA:52736 FMA:TA os sphenoidale Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone butterfly bone FMA Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidale Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone os sphenoidum orbito pre and basi sphenoid FMA temporal bone EHDAA:6035 EMAPA:17682 EMAPA:18020 FMA:52737 GAID:232 MA:0001476 MESH:A02.835.232.781.885 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbkAk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181795004 The temporal bone consists of four parts: * Squama temporalis * Mastoid portion * Petrous portion (Petrosal ridge) * Tympanic part[WP]. AO notes: Note the Temporal bone is not explicitly categorized to a part of the cranium in FMA. Taxon notes: fusion of squamosal + angular (tympanic annulus) [derm.] + petrosal (prootic + opisthotic)[chond.] + styloid process[splanc.] // In many mammals, as in humans, the petrosal, ectotympanic and squamosal bones synostose to form the temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. UBERON:0001678 UMLS:C0039484 VHOG:0000800 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg/200px-Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ncithesaurus:Temporal_Bone os temporale uberon squamosal plus angular temporal series petrosal FMA FMA-abduced-lr styloid process Wikipedia:Temporal_bone os temporale The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum. Wikipedia:Temporal_bone ethmoid bone A light spongy bone located between the eye sockets, forming part of the walls and septum of the superior nasal cavity, and containing perforations for the passage of olfactory nerve fibers. [TFD][VHOG] AO notes: Note the WP states the Neurocranium contains the ethmoid bone, both MA and FMA place the ethmoid as part of the viscerocranium. FMA also has it in neurocranium (via basicranium). Ideally we would have non-overlapping divisions of the skull, but for now we follow FMA. Taxon notes: todo - homology e.g. mesethmoid of teleost BTO:0004140 EMAPA:19018 FMA:52740 GAID:212 MA:0001483 MESH:A02.835.232.781.292 OpenCyc:Mx4rvuUPh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272674006 The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001679 UMLS:C0015027 VHOG:0001317 a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP] ethmoid ethmoidal ethmoidal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cranial_bones2.jpg ncithesaurus:Ethmoid_Bone os ethmoidale uberon 2012-09-17 A light spongy bone located between the eye sockets, forming part of the walls and septum of the superior nasal cavity, and containing perforations for the passage of olfactory nerve fibers. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001317 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ethmoid+bone Wikipedia:Ethmoid os ethmoidale FMA:52740 FMA:TA os ethmoidale Wikipedia:Ethmoid_bone a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye[WP] MP:0000101 ethmoidal bone 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.259 The ethmoid region of the chondrocranium and the nasal capsules, which were largely unossified in early tetrapods and ancestral amniotes, are represented in mammals by the ethmoid and turbinates bones, respectively.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001317 http://bgee.unil.ch/ definitional FMA:52740 ethmoid Kardong lacrimal bone FMA:52741 In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species[WP, ISBN 0-03-910284-X] MA:0001486 SCTID:272675007 The infraorbital bone 1 of actinopterygians is homologous with the lacrimal bone (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001680 UMLS:C0222733 VHOG:0001149 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png infraorbital 1 lachrymal bone lachrymal bone - infraorbital 1 lacrimal lacrimal - infraorbital 1 lacrymal bone lacrymal bone - infraorbital 1 ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Bone os lacrimale the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. uberon VHOG:0001149 lacrimal - infraorbital 1 VHOG:0001149 lacrymal bone - infraorbital 1 Wikipedia:Lacrimal_bone os lacrimale Wikipedia Kardong orbital series FMA Wikipedia:Lacrimal_bone the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. In early lobe-finned fishes and ancestral tetrapods, the lacrimal bone is a relatively large and robust bone, running from the orbit to the nostrils. It forms part of the side of the face, between the nasal bones and the maxilla. In primitive forms, it is often accompanied by a much smaller septomaxilla bone, lying immediately behind the nasal opening, but this is lost in most modern species. The lacrimal bone is often smaller in living vertebrates, and is no longer always directly associated with the nasal opening, although it retains its connection with the orbit. The bone is entirely absent in living amphibians, as well as some reptilian species. VHOG:0001149 lachrymal bone - infraorbital 1 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 The infraorbital bone 1 of actinopterygians is homologous with the lacrimal bone (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001149 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA-abduced-lr ZFA-modified TODO:TODO VHOG:0001149 ZFA:0000223 infraorbital 1 nasal bone AAO:0000312 EMAPA:19202 FMA:52745 GAID:222 MA:0001494 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.665 One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwGOTZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule.[AAO] Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish Cubbage and Mabee, 1996.[TAO] SCTID:181801008 Synonym adnasal used in Weitzman 1960, and synonym discussed in Vari 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000365 Taxon notes: In primitive bony fish and tetrapods, the nasal bones are the most anterior of a set of four paired bones forming the roof of the skull, being followed in sequence by the frontals, the parietals, and the postparietals. Their form in living species is highly variable, depending on the shape of the head, but they generally form the roof of the snout or beak, running from the nostrils to a position short of the orbits. In most animals, they are generally therefore proportionally larger than in humans or great apes, because of the shortened faces of the latter. Turtles, unusually, lack nasal bones, with the prefrontal bones of the orbit reaching all the way to the nostrils (ISBN 0-03-910284-X) UBERON:0001681 UMLS:C0027422 VHOG:0001370 ZFA:0000365 adnasal@fr http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg nasal@fr nasals ncithesaurus:Nasal_Bone os nasale relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-nasal joint (TAO:0001677)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] uberon TAO:0000365 nasal@fr 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000312 AAO:LAP Paired bone of intramembranous origin that roofs the olfactory capsule.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000312 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] 2012-09-06 Curator Synonym adnasal used in Weitzman 1960, and synonym discussed in Vari 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000365 TAO:0000365 nasals FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Nasal_bone os nasale FMA TAO:0000365 adnasal@fr Kardong facial series One of two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, 'the bridge' of the nose[WP]. Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Nasal_bone ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000365 relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-nasal joint (TAO:0001677)[TAO] 2012-08-14 Paired dermal bones, likened to a bone tube, positioned lateral to the supraethmoid. Nasal bones are transversed by the anterior most part of the supraorbital canals and bear one neuromast foramen in zebrafish Cubbage and Mabee, 1996.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000365 ZFIN:curator palatine bone A paired dermal bone situated in the mid-palate[Palaeos]. Dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral region of the palate and is located ventral to the autopalatine. The dermopalatine is bilaterally paired and usually bears teeth.[TAO] Dermopalatine: same as palatine. The prefix is used by fish people because the palatine is a dermal replacement bone for a section of the autopalatine section of the palatoquadrate. In that context, palatine is potentially ambiguous.[Palaeos] FMA:52746 Fusion of dermopalatine+autopalatine. In ostariophysans, the dermopalatine is absent.[TAO] MA:0001495 SCTID:244654005 TAO:0000015 UBERON:0001682 UMLS:C0222734 dermopalatine http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/289x311xPalatine1.gif.pagespeed.ic.tglmNBrF4D.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Gray996.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gray996.png/200px-Gray996.png ncithesaurus:Palatine_Bone os palatinum palate bone palatine palatum uberon 2012-09-17 Dermopalatine: same as palatine. The prefix is used by fish people because the palatine is a dermal replacement bone for a section of the autopalatine section of the palatoquadrate. In that context, palatine is potentially ambiguous.[Palaeos] http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryD.html A paired dermal bone situated in the mid-palate[Palaeos]. Wikipedia:Palatine_bone http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/palatal-palatines.html FMA dermopalatine http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryD.html 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral region of the palate and is located ventral to the autopalatine. The dermopalatine is bilaterally paired and usually bears teeth.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000015 TAO:GA_TG 2012-09-06 Curator In ostariophysans, the dermopalatine is absent.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000015 Kardong palatal series TAO FMA-abduced-lr os palatinum Wikipedia:Palatine_bone palatum Palaeos Kardong jugal bone (...) and the infraorbital bone 3 of advanced actinopterygians (is homologous) with the jugal bone of sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:25111 FMA:52747 GAID:225 MA:0001497 SCTID:272683001 Taxon notes: vHOG says is homologous to infraorbital 3. The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found[Wikipedia:Jugal_bone]. The zygomatic bone is a paired dermal bone which articulates with the maxilla. In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders[WP,modified]. The zygomatic bone is a paired dermal bone which articulates with the maxilla. In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders[WP,modified][Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone]. UBERON:0001683 VHOG:0001638 cheek bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray164.png/200px-Gray164.png jugal jugal bone jugale malar bone orbital bone os zygomaticum os zygomaticum os zygomaticus uberon zygoma zygomatic zygomatic bone jugale MA:0001497 zygomatic bone FMA:52747 malar bone Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone os zygomaticus The zygomatic bone is a paired dermal bone which articulates with the maxilla. In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders[WP,modified][Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone]. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone os zygomaticum Kardong orbital series FMA:52747 FMA:TA os zygomaticum The jugal is a skull bone found in most reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugal is often called the malar or Zygomatic. It is connected to the quadratojugal and maxilla, as well as other bones, which may vary by species. This bone is considered key in the determination of general traits of the skull, in the case of creatures, as with dinosaurs in paleontology, whose entire skull has not been found[Wikipedia:Jugal_bone]. Wikipedia:Jugal_bone (...) and the infraorbital bone 3 of advanced actinopterygians (is homologous) with the jugal bone of sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 VHOG VHOG:0001638 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone jugal Kardong FMA Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone zygoma FMA-abduced-lr GAID:225 zygoma The zygomatic bone is a paired dermal bone which articulates with the maxilla. In humans it also articulates with the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. The zygomatic is homologous to the jugal bone of other tetrapods. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the cheek, part of the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and parts of the temporal and infratemporal fossae. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four processes, the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal; and four borders[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Jugal_bone Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone GAID:225 Wikipedia:Zygomatic_bone jugal bone mandible A dentary bone that is the only bone in one of the lateral halves of the lower jaw skeleton. BTO:0001748 EFO:0001965 EHDAA2:0001059 EHDAA:8007 EMAPA:18290 Editor notes: consider merging with dentary - for now we make it a mammal-specific subclass. Terminology notes: 'mandible' also refers to either the upper OR lower part of the beak in birds. AO notes: Note in ZFA 'mandible' is a syn for the ventral mandibular arch, which is a portion of the 1st pharyngeal arch; however the term 'mandibular symphysis' refers to the dentary FMA:52748 GAID:68 MA:0001487 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502.632 SCTID:181812008 UBERON:0001684 UMLS:C0024687 galen:Mandible http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray176.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray176.png/200px-Gray176.png inferior maxillary bone lower jaw lower jaw bone lower mandibula mammaliam mandible mandibula mandibular mandibular series mandibulla ncithesaurus:Mandible uberon BTO:0001748 mandibula ZFA:0001273 mandibular series lower jaw bone lower jaw Wikipedia:Human_mandible mandibula A dentary bone that is the only bone in one of the lateral halves of the lower jaw skeleton. Wikipedia:Human_mandible Wikipedia:Mandible Wikipedia:Mandible lower mandibula hyoid bone AAO:0000684 EMAPA:18650 EMAPA:18840 FMA:52749 GAID:197 MA:0001484 MESH:A02.835.232.409 Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus.[AAO] SCTID:263352000 Taxon notes: The hyoid bone is derived from the lower half of the second gill arch in fish, which separates the first gill slit from the spiracle. In many animals, it also incorporates elements of other gill arches, and has a correspondingly greater number of cornua. Amphibians and reptiles may have many cornua, while mammals (including humans) have two pairs, and birds only one. In birds, and some reptiles, the body of the hyoid is greatly extended forward, creating a solid bony support for the tongue. The howler monkey Alouatta has a pneumatized hyoid bone, one of the few cases of postcranial pneumatization of bones outside Saurischia.[WP] The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind. It is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone. It is held in place by thyroid ligaments. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning 'shaped like the letter upsilon' (υ). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001685 UMLS:C0020417 VHOG:0001325 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Gray186.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray186.png/200px-Gray186.png hyoid hyoid bone hyoideum lingual bone ncithesaurus:Hyoid_Bone os hyoideum relationship loss: part_of hyoid plate (AAO:0000664)[AAO] uberon FMA Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone os hyoideum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000684 relationship loss: part_of hyoid plate (AAO:0000664)[AAO] Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoid Wikipedia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000684 AAO:LAP Paired processes that extend posterolaterally from the posterior margin of the hyoid plate. These processes are the ossified posteromedial processes and invest the laryngeal apparatus.[AAO] Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone lingual bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone os hyoideum Wikipedia Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoid bone The hyoid bone (lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a horseshoe shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies at the level of the base of the mandible in the front and the third cervical vertebra behind. It is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any other bone. It is held in place by thyroid ligaments. The hyoid bone provides attachment to the muscles of the floor of the mouth and the tongue above, the larynx below, and the epiglottis and pharynx behind. Its name is derived from the Greek word hyoeides meaning 'shaped like the letter upsilon' (υ). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone hyoideum auditory ossicle AAO:0011015 Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001183 EHDAA:5697 EMAPA:17824 EV:0100360 FMA:52750 MA:0000254 One of 3 small bones contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:181184001 Taxon and editor notes: This should probably be restricted to mammals - the AAO/XAO structures may group non-homologous structures [Wikipedia:Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles] see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5. Development notes: Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the jaw. These are ossified portions of cartilage -- called Meckel's cartilage -- that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the incus, stapes, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These correspond to the quadrate, prearticular, articular, and angular structures in the reptile jaw. For this reason, researchers believe the similarity of the results shows that mammals and reptiles have a common ancestry.[WP] The small bones of the middle ear: incus, malleus, and stapes. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001686 UMLS:C0013450 VHOG:0000461 XAO:0000214 auditory bone auditory ossicle ear bone ear ossicle ear ossicles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg/200px-Illu_auditory_ossicles.jpg middle ear bone middle ear ossicle ncithesaurus:Auditory_Ossicle ossicle ossicle of ear ossicle of inner ear ossicular chain uberon 2012-09-17 Additional structural analysis within a phylogenetic context has led to the remarkable discovery that in synapsids, thought to be ancestral to mammals, both the quadrate and articular have become reduced and less firmly articulated with their surrounding bones, reducing their jaw-joint-bearing role. This trend culminated with the incorporation of the quadrate, the columella (which remains articulated with the quadrate), and the articular into the expanded middle ear in mammals.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.695 VHOG VHOG:0000461 http://bgee.unil.ch/ PMID:11523816 2012-09-17 The small bones of the middle ear: incus, malleus, and stapes. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000461 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/auditory+ossicles PMID:11237469 UBERONREF:0000002 MA:0000254 ear bone ear ossicles MA MP:0005105 middle ear ossicle EMAPA:17824 Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle ossicle FMA MA:0000254 auditory ossicle One of 3 small bones contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth. The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. The term 'ossicles' literally means 'tiny bones' and commonly refers to the auditory ossicles, though the term may refer to any small bone throughout the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Auditory_ossicle ossicular chain stapes EMAPA:18585 Editor notes: Consider adding classes for homologs; we do not include a class for hyomandibula in uberon, no need to generalize the TAO/ZFA class. Taxon notes (via VHOG): "This structure [the hyomandibular], on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes." Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948) 62:339-357? Development notes: As the stapes first develops embryologically from the 6th to 8th week of life, it surrounds the stapedial artery, which supplies the majority of the vasculature of the embryonic head. After that period, the external carotid artery is generated and takes over for the stapedial artery, which subsequently involutes, leaving the stapes with a windowframe-like structure[WP] The stapes develops at the cranial end of the second branchial arch through an independent anlage of the cartilage of this arch. Between the stapedial anlage and the cranial end of the Reichert's cartilage there is a formation called the interhyale, the internal segment of which gives rise to the tendon of the stapedial muscle. The stapedial anlage is a unique formation with two distinct parts: the superior part that will comprise the base and the inferior part that will be crossed by the stapedial artery during embryonic development and will constitute the limbs and the head of the stapes. According to the results, the otic capsule is not involved in formation of the base of the stapes.[doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x] FMA:52751 GAID:868 MA:0001217 MESH:A09.246.397.247.806 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5UnkZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264199009 The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus laterally and to the fenestra ovalis, the 'oval window' medially. The oval window is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body. The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used[WP,unvetted]. This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001687 UMLS:C0038152 VHOG:0000688 columella columella auris columellare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gray918.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gray918.png/200px-Gray918.png interstapediale mediostapediale mesostapediale ncithesaurus:Stapes os columellare os intermedium stapellos stapes stelidium stilus columellare stirrup uberon VHOG classical definition doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00524.x AAO:0000580 columella auris 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948) This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000688 http://bgee.unil.ch/ AAO:0000580 mediostapediale AAO:0000580 interstapediale AAO:0000580 columellare AAO:0000580 mesostapediale Wikipedia:Stapes stapellos AAO:0000580 stapes AAO:0000580 stilus columellare AAO:0000580 stelidium definitional AAO:0000580 os columellare Wikipedia:Stapes columella AAO:0000580 os intermedium The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus laterally and to the fenestra ovalis, the 'oval window' medially. The oval window is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. The stapes is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body. The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve. In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stapes doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x incus According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:18583 FMA:52752 GAID:866 MA:0001215 MESH:A09.246.397.247.362 SCTID:272649008 The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001688 UMLS:C0021181 VHOG:0000689 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray917.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray917.png/200px-Gray917.png ncithesaurus:Incus quadrate - incus uberon The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillin of Bologna. The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The incus only exists in mammals, and is derived from a reptilian upper jaw bone, the quadrate bone. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Incus VHOG:0000689 quadrate - incus Kardong EMAPA-implied 2012-09-17 According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948 VHOG VHOG:0000689 http://bgee.unil.ch/ malleus According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:18584 FMA:52753 GAID:867 MA:0001216 MESH:A09.246.397.247.524 Malleus SCTID:264090005 The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001689 UMLS:C0024631 VHOG:0000690 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gray916.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray916.png/200px-Gray916.png ncithesaurus:Malleus uberon Malleus Wikipedia:Malleus The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Malleus cjm Kardong Wikipedia 2012-09-17 According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948 VHOG VHOG:0000690 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ear AAO:0011014 BTO:0000368 Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000826 EHDAA2:0000423 EHDAA:502 EMAPA:16193 EV:0100353 FMA:52780 GAID:62 MA:0000236 MAT:0000138 MESH:A01.456.313 MIAA:0000138 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1062 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViXS5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjL05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:1910005 Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001690 UMLS:C0013443 VHOG:0000330 XAO:0000189 auditory apparatus auricular auris galen:Ear http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Ear.jpg ncithesaurus:Ear uberon BTO:0000368 auris 2012-09-17 The organ of hearing and of equilibrium. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000330 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ear GO:0042471 Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. Wikipedia:Ear 2012-09-17 Both vertebrate and invertebrate auditory organs are thought to have evolved from primitive mechanosensors, but the nature of the ancestral structure and the evolutionary trajectories followed in distinct animal lineages remain unknown. In particular, we do not know how many types of mechanosensor existed in the protostome-deuterostome ancestor from which insects and vertebrates evolved or whether the PDA had an auditory organ.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20207 Boekhoff-Falk G, Hearing in Drosophila: Development of Johnston's organ and emerging parallels to vertebrate ear development. Developmental Dynamics (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000330 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UBERONREF:0000002 external ear AAO:0011037 BTO:0002100 EFO:0004221 EHDAA2:0000462 EHDAA:3786 EMAPA:16991 EV:0100354 FMA:52781 GAID:104 MA:0000258 MAT:0000147 MESH:A09.246.272 MIAA:0000147 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1705 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOHtXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. SCTID:181176000 Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages.[uncertain][VHOG] The external part of the organ, which consists of an outer portion (external auditory meatus) which leads to the tympanum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001691 UMLS:C0013453 VHOG:0000311 XAO:0000190 auricular region auricular region of head auris externa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gray907.png/200px-Gray907.png ncithesaurus:External_Ear outer ear uberon BTO:0002100 auris externa Wikipedia 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1007/s00359-008-0327-1 Schoffelen RLM, Segenhout JM, Van Dijk P, Mechanics of the exceptional anuran ear. Journal of Comparative Physiology A (2008) Some species, like Amolops tormotus (Feng et al. 2006), have a cavity in front of the tympanic membrane which is considered to be an ear canal and thus an outer ear. (...) The ancestral lineage of amphibians separated from the mammalian lineage, approximately 350 million years ago, in the paleozoic era. Many of the important developments in the auditory systems emerged after the ancestral paths separated (Manley and Clack 2003). This implies that shared features, like the tympanic middle ear, developed independently in different vertebrate lineages.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000311 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0042473 Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. Wikipedia:External_ear 2012-09-17 The external part of the organ, which consists of an outer portion (external auditory meatus) which leads to the tympanum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000311 http://bgee.unil.ch/ basioccipital bone AAO:0000039 An unpaired medial bone contributing to the ventral margin of the foramen magnum that extends into the floor of the brain cavity. It can contribute to the centromedial portion of the occipital condyle.[AAO] Chondral bone that articulates with the exoccipitals dorsally, the prootics anteriorly, the parasphenoid ventrally, and the first free vertebra posteriorly. The basioccipital forms the floor of the foramen magnum. The basioccipital is an unpaired medial bone.[TAO] EMAPA:18705 FMA:52858 In some teleosts the anterior vertebral centra fuse to the basioccipital forming a monopartite occipital condyle.[TAO] MA:0001462 One of the bones of the occiput, the part of the skull which articulates with the spine. The basioccipital is located (if present) ventral to the foramen magnum. It often rests on or articulates with the basisphenoid, as well as meeting the exoccipitals. The basioccipital usually forms most (sometimes all) of the occipital condyle(s) and the ventral margin of the foramen magnum. SCTID:138976007 TAO:0000472 TODO - check FMA UBERON:0001692 VHOG:0001152 ZFA:0000472 basi-occipital basilar part of occipital bone basinial@fr basinioste@fr basioccipital basioccipital bone basioccipital@fr http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Parsbasilaris%28young%29.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Parsbasilaris%28young%29.PNG/200px-Parsbasilaris%28young%29.PNG pars basilaris ossis occipitalis relationship loss: overlaps basioccipital-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002038)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps parasphenoid-basioccipital joint (TAO:0001832)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] uberon TAO 2012-08-14 Chondral bone that articulates with the exoccipitals dorsally, the prootics anteriorly, the parasphenoid ventrally, and the first free vertebra posteriorly. The basioccipital forms the floor of the foramen magnum. The basioccipital is an unpaired medial bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000472 TAO:GA_TG 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000039 AAO:EJS An unpaired medial bone contributing to the ventral margin of the foramen magnum that extends into the floor of the brain cavity. It can contribute to the centromedial portion of the occipital condyle.[AAO] TAO:0000472 basioccipital@fr 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000472 relationship loss: overlaps basioccipital-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002038)[TAO] TAO:0000472 basinioste@fr 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000472 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000472 relationship loss: overlaps parasphenoid-basioccipital joint (TAO:0001832)[TAO] One of the bones of the occiput, the part of the skull which articulates with the spine. The basioccipital is located (if present) ventral to the foramen magnum. It often rests on or articulates with the basisphenoid, as well as meeting the exoccipitals. The basioccipital usually forms most (sometimes all) of the occipital condyle(s) and the ventral margin of the foramen magnum. Wikipedia:Basilar_part_of_occipital_bone http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryB.html FMA 2012-09-06 Curator In some teleosts the anterior vertebral centra fuse to the basioccipital forming a monopartite occipital condyle.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000472 Wikipedia:Basilar_part_of_occipital_bone pars basilaris ossis occipitalis TAO:0000472 basinial@fr exoccipital bone AAO:0000147 EMAPA:18708 Endochondral bone that articulates with the epiotic dorsally, the pterotic and intercalar laterally and the basioccipital medio-ventrally. The exoccipitals form the lateral borders of the foramen magnum and houses the foramina for the passage of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, X and IX respectively. The exoccipital is a paired bone.[TAO] Endochondral bone that forms the posterior end of the neurocranium and the margin of the foramen magnum. In addition, this bone forms either part of or all or the occipital condyle.[AAO] FMA:52859 In some teleosts the exoccipital dorsally contacts the supraoccipital directly or through connective tissue.[TAO] MA:0001464 Paired cartilage bone that bears a large foramen (lateral occipital foramen). Contacts the supraoccipital dorsally, the epiotic laterally and the basioccipital ventrally. Forms the posterior hind margin of the cranium and borders the lateral and posterior margins of the forum (foramen) magnum. SCTID:139279001 TAO:0000661 TODO - check FMA - currently we place this as both of a zone of bone organ and an (endochondral) bone. Removed endochondral bone classification for now, violates disjointness axiom UBERON:0001693 VHOG:0001151 ZFA:0000661 exoccipital exoccipital@fr exoccipitals http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Gray131.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gray131.png/200px-Gray131.png lateral part of occipital bone occipital latcéral@fr pars lateralis pleurinial@fr pleurinioste@fr relationship loss: develops_from occipital arch cartilage (TAO:0001504)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps basioccipital-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002038)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps prootic-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002034)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_parts_of_occipital_bone pars lateralis FMA:52859 exoccipital TAO:0000661 occipital latcéral@fr TAO FMA:52859 lateral part of occipital bone TAO:0000661 exoccipital@fr TAO:0000661 pleurinioste@fr ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000661 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000661 relationship loss: overlaps prootic-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002034)[TAO] Paired cartilage bone that bears a large foramen (lateral occipital foramen). Contacts the supraoccipital dorsally, the epiotic laterally and the basioccipital ventrally. Forms the posterior hind margin of the cranium and borders the lateral and posterior margins of the forum (foramen) magnum. Wikipedia:Lateral_parts_of_occipital_bone ZFIN:curator TAO:0000661 pleurinial@fr 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000661 relationship loss: overlaps basioccipital-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002038)[TAO] Wikipedia:Lateral_parts_of_occipital_bone pars lateralis 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000661 relationship loss: develops_from occipital arch cartilage (TAO:0001504)[TAO] 2012-09-06 Curator In some teleosts the exoccipital dorsally contacts the supraoccipital directly or through connective tissue.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000661 TAO:0000661 exoccipitals ZFA 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that articulates with the epiotic dorsally, the pterotic and intercalar laterally and the basioccipital medio-ventrally. The exoccipitals form the lateral borders of the foramen magnum and houses the foramina for the passage of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, X and IX respectively. The exoccipital is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000661 TAO:GA_TG 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000147 AAO:LAP Endochondral bone that forms the posterior end of the neurocranium and the margin of the foramen magnum. In addition, this bone forms either part of or all or the occipital condyle.[AAO] petrous part of temporal bone EHDAA2:0001452 EMAPA:17683 FMA:52871 GAID:234 MA:0001477 MESH:A02.835.232.781.885.681 SCTID:361733004 The petrosal bone arises from the two otic bones on the lateral wall of the chondrocranium and encases the inner ear of mammals. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.258, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its interior, the essential parts of the organ of hearing. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001694 UMLS:C1261761 VHOG:0001553 derivative of prootic and opisthotic http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray137.png/200px-Gray137.png ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Process pars petrosa (os temporale) pars petrosa ossis temporalis petromastoid part of temporal bone petrosal petrosal bone petrous bone temporal bone petrous part uberon FMA:52871 petrosal bone 2012-09-17 The petrosal bone arises from the two otic bones on the lateral wall of the chondrocranium and encases the inner ear of mammals. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.258, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001553 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:52871 petromastoid part of temporal bone FMA:52871 petrous bone FMA VHOG:0001553 petrosal The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its interior, the essential parts of the organ of hearing. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Petrous_part_of_the_temporal_bone FMA:52871 pars petrosa (os temporale) squamous part of temporal bone A bone which is fused with the temporal bone in many mammals and forms part of the cheek region articulating with quadrate and pterygoid in other vertebrates. AAO:0000574 EMAPA:18021 FMA:52883 MA:0001473 Paired, intramembranous bones that lie at the posterolateral margins of the skull. Lateral and dorsal to the quadrate.[AAO] SCTID:138672006 Taxon notes: The squamosal bone, which is homologous with the squama, and forms the side of the cranium in many bony fish and tetrapods. Primitively, it is a flattened plate-like bone, but in many animals it is narrower in form, for example, where it forms the boundary between the two temporal fenestrae of diapsid reptiles. Editor notes: consider separate class for squamosal OR making squamosal the primary label The squamosal bone is part of the dermatocranium in early tetrapods and becomes part of the mammalian occipital and temporal bones. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.246, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] UBERON:0001695 VHOG:0001561 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Gray144.png pars squamosa (os temporale) squama squama temporalis squama temporalis squamosal squamosal bone squamous bone temporal bone squamous part uberon VHOG:0001561 temporal bone squamous part Kardong temporal series Wikipedia:Squama_temporalis squama temporalis A bone which is fused with the temporal bone in many mammals and forms part of the cheek region articulating with quadrate and pterygoid in other vertebrates. MP:0004423 Wikipedia:Squama_temporalis Wikipedia:Squamosal_bone AAO:0000574 squamosal EHDAA2-inferred EHDAA2 PMID:11523816 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000574 AAO:EJS Paired, intramembranous bones that lie at the posterolateral margins of the skull. Lateral and dorsal to the quadrate.[AAO] Wikipedia:Squama_temporalis squama temporalis see comments MA:0001473 squamosal bone 2012-09-17 The squamosal bone is part of the dermatocranium in early tetrapods and becomes part of the mammalian occipital and temporal bones. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, p.246, see_Liem_KF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001561 http://bgee.unil.ch/ orbital region AO notes: in FMA, this overlaps with bones such as the maxilla and sphenoid; in ZFA, individual bones are part of the orbit Anatomical cluster that is a anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. Includes bones formed and located in sclerotic layer of eyeball. Anatomical cluster that is a anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye.[TAO] BTO:0004687 FMA:53074 GAID:223 MA:0002482 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.690 OpenCyc:Mx4rvW8EgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001410 UBERON:0001697 UMLS:C0029180 XAO:0003171 ZFA:0001410 bony orbit eye socket galen:Orbit ncithesaurus:Orbit orbit orbit of skull uberon 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is a anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001410 TAO:MAH Anatomical cluster that is a anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. Includes bones formed and located in sclerotic layer of eyeball. TAO:0001410 Wikipedia:Orbit_(anatomy) ZFA:0001410 orbit ZFA FMA:53074 orbit of skull FMA-abduced-lr foramen ovale of skull AAO:0000169 An aperture in the great wing of the sphenoid for vessels and nerves. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000551 EHDAA:10627 EMAPA:18711 FMA:53155 UBERON:0001698 VHOG:0001189 foramen ovale foramen ovale (skull) foramen ovale basis cranii foramen ovale of chondrocranium galen:ForamenOvaleBasisCranii one of the larger of the several holes at the base of the skull that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the anterior part of the sphenoid bone, posteriolateral to the foramen rotundum.. uberon 2012-09-17 An aperture in the great wing of the sphenoid for vessels and nerves. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001189 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/foramen+ovale AAO:0000169 FMA:53155 foramen ovale FMA:53155 foramen ovale (skull) foramen ovale basis cranii galen:ForamenOvaleBasisCranii Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(skull) one of the larger of the several holes at the base of the skull that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the anterior part of the sphenoid bone, posteriolateral to the foramen rotundum.. EMAPA:18711 foramen ovale of chondrocranium sensory root of facial nerve FMA:53410 SCTID:279927001 TAO:0000679 The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve. Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001699 Wrisberg's nerve ZFA:0000679 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray788.png/200px-Gray788.png intermediate nerve nervus intermedius uberon Wikipedia The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve. Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intermediate_nerve FMA:53410 FMA:TA nervus intermedius geniculate ganglion EFO:0003669 EHDAA2:0000491 EHDAA2:0004623 EHDAA:5567 EHDAA:6644 EMAPA:16983 EMAPA:17569 Editor notes: resolve facial VII vs geniculate (see EHDAA2) FMA:53414 GAID:718 MA:0001076 MESH:A08.340.390.380 SCTID:279076005 TAO:0001291 The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries sensory fibers as well as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001700 UMLS:C0017406 VHOG:0000707 ZFA:0001291 facial VII ganglion facial ganglion gVII ganglion genicularum ganglion geniculi ganglion geniculi nervi facialis genicular ganglion geniculate geniculate ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray789.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray789.png/200px-Gray789.png internal genu ncithesaurus:Geniculate_Ganglion uberon Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion ganglion geniculi nervi facialis ZFA:0001291 facial ganglion EHDAA2:0004623 MA:0001076 geniculate ganglion EHDAA2:0000491 The geniculate ganglion is an L-shaped collection of fibers and sensory neurons of the facial nerve located in the facial canal of the head. It receives fibers from the motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components of the facial nerve and sends fibers that will innervate the lacrimal glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands, tongue, palate, pharynx, external auditory meatus, stapedius, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and muscles of facial expression. Sensory and parasympathetic inputs are carried into the geniculate ganglion via the nervus intermedius. Motor fibers are carried via the facial nerve proper. The greater petrosal nerve, which carries sensory fibers as well as preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, emerges from the anterior aspect of the ganglion. The geniculate ganglion is one of several ganglia of the head and neck. Like the others, it is a bilaterally distributed structure, with each side of the face having a geniculate ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion ncithesaurus Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion internal genu EHDAA2:0004623 ZFA Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion ganglion geniculi Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion geniculate ZFA check for multi-species MA:0001076 facial VII ganglion Wikipedia:Geniculate_ganglion genicular ganglion ZFA:0001291 gVII FMA:53414 ganglion genicularum 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000707 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:53414 genicular ganglion glossopharyngeal ganglion EHDAA2:0000710 EHDAA:2838 EMAPA:16795 FMA:53471 MA:0001077 SCTID:244451008 TAO:0001301 These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001701 VHOG:0000702 ZFA:0001301 gIX ganglion of glosspharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal IX ganglion petrosal ganglion the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. uberon EHDAA2 ZFA EHDAA2 ZFA ZFA:0001301 petrosal ganglion MP:0001096 the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the ninth cranial nerve. 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000702 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA MA:0001077 glossopharyngeal IX ganglion eyelash An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near the eye (which is then closed reflexively). The greek word for eyelash is "blepharis". This word is often used as a root in biological terms FMA:53669 GAID:73 MA:0002702 MESH:A01.456.505.420.504.421 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi41pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244201001 UBERON:0001702 UMLS:C0015422 cilia hair of eyelid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/N2_Human_eye.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/N2_Human_eye.jpg/200px-N2_Human_eye.jpg ncithesaurus:Eyelash uberon An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the eyelid. Eyelashes protect the eye from debris and perform some of the same function as whiskers do on a cat or a mouse in the sense that they are sensitive to being touched, thus providing a warning that an object is near the eye (which is then closed reflexively). The greek word for eyelash is "blepharis". This word is often used as a root in biological terms Wikipedia:Eyelash Wikipedia:Eyelash cilia neurocranium AAO:0010153 Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain.[TAO] Development notes: The cartilaginous parts of the neurocranium undergo endochondral ossification in most species; ossification has been lost in cartilaginous fishes, but the cartilaginous condition of the skull of lampreys is considered to be primitive (Kardong, 1995)[PMID:11523816]. The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm in the head (first five somites and the unsegmented somitomeres rostral to the first somite) and from ectoderm via the neural crest. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification[WP]. Composition notes: It includes the following bones: Ethmoid bone, Frontal bone, Occipital bone, Parietal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone. The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton[WP] AO notes: It seems MA uses 'neurocranium' as a synonym for chondrocranium. Note there are currently some structures part of both viscero and neurocranium - ethmoid, zyogomatic, ... EHDAA2:0000243 FMA:53672 MA:0000317 SCTID:361731002 Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. TAO:0001580 UBERON:0001703 XAO:0003170 ZFA:0001580 brain box brain case brain pan braincase neurocranial uberon ZFA:0001580 braincase ZFA:0001580 brain case FMA brain pan http://www.thefreedictionary.com/braincase 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001580 TAO:MAH PMID:11523816 Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. TAO:MAH Wikipedia:Neuroranium ZFA:0001580 obsolete viscerocranium . This class was made obsolete as it conflated the facial skeleton with the splanchnocranium. The facial skeleton includes: * Inferior nasal concha * Lacrimal bone * Mandible * Maxilla * Nasal bone * Palatine bone * Vomer * Zygomatic bone. The hyoid is sometimes included, and sometimes excluded (FMA includes it) (See also notes for ethmoid bone). The splanchoncranium is the endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches. UBERON:0001704 UBERON:0008895 UBERON:0011156 true uberon . Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton nail BTO:0001719 EFO:0000956 EV:0100159 FMA:54326 GAID:1320 MA:0002703 MAT:0000158 MESH:A17.600 MIAA:0000158 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJv5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:72651009 TODO: check claw vs nail. A primate's nail consists of the unguis alone; the subunguis has disappeared. UBERON:0001705 UMLS:C0027342 VHOG:0001361 XAO:0003103 a horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. claw galen:Nail ncithesaurus:Nail talon uberon FMA Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy) a horn-like keratin structure covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes[WP]. Wikipedia:Claw claw FMA Wikipathways:WP2062 nasal septum A median dividing wall, sagitally directed, which divides the nasal cavity into the right and the left nasal fossae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] AAO:0000559 AAO:0010135 EHDAA2:0001234 EHDAA2:0004104 EHDAA:6809 EMAPA:17608 FMA:54375 GAID:115 MA:0000285 MESH:A02.165.639 Medial vertical wall between nasal capsules.[AAO] Medial, vertical plate that separates the nasal capsules.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rv7e-k5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181197004 The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001706 UMLS:C0027432 VHOG:0000017 We follow AAO in making this part of the nasal skeleton Whatever the common ancestor of the lamprey and gnathostomes may have looked like, it most likely possessed a neural-crest-derived premandibular ectomesenchyme closely associated with the NHP. Invention of the jaw subsequently required a space for the nasal septum and maxillary process to develop, which might have been provided by subdivision of the NHP into the nasal placode and the hypophysis (diplorhiny, the state of bilaterally separated nasal openings, would also have been a prerequisite for this).[well established][VHOG] columella nasi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray854.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray854.png/200px-Gray854.png nasi columella ncithesaurus:Nasal_Septum septal cartilage septum mobile nasi septum nasi septum of the nose uberon 2012-09-17 A median dividing wall, sagitally directed, which divides the nasal cavity into the right and the left nasal fossae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000017 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Nasal_septum septum mobile nasi 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1098/rstb.2001.0976 Kuratani S, Nobusada Y, Horigome N, Shigetani Y, Embryology of the lamprey and evolution of the vertebrate jaw: insights from molecular and developmental perspectives. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London (2001) VHOG VHOG:0000017 Whatever the common ancestor of the lamprey and gnathostomes may have looked like, it most likely possessed a neural-crest-derived premandibular ectomesenchyme closely associated with the NHP. Invention of the jaw subsequently required a space for the nasal septum and maxillary process to develop, which might have been provided by subdivision of the NHP into the nasal placode and the hypophysis (diplorhiny, the state of bilaterally separated nasal openings, would also have been a prerequisite for this).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010135 AAO:EJS Medial vertical wall between nasal capsules.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000559 AAO:LAP Medial, vertical plate that separates the nasal capsules.[AAO] The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_septum Wikipedia:Nasal_septum septum nasi AAO Wikipedia:Nasal_septum septum nasi Wikipedia:Nasal_septum septal cartilage EHDAA2-abduced Wikipedia:Nasal_septum nasi columella AAO Wikipedia:Nasal_septum columella nasi Wikipedia:Nasal_septum septum of the nose nasal cavity AAO:0000314 BTO:0002096 Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001226 EHDAA:6801 EMAPA:17604 FMA:54378 GAID:350 MA:0000284 MESH:A04.531.449 SCTID:263481003 Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue.[AAO] TAO:0000130 UBERON:0001707 UMLS:C0027423 VHOG:0000271 ZFA:0000130 a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP]. cavitas nasalis cavitas nasi cavity of nose cavum nasi; cavitas nasi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg nasal canal nasal fossa nasal pit ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity olfactory cavity olfactory pit the cavity includes and starts at the nares and reaches all the way through to the and includes the choanae, the posterior nasal apertures[HP] uberon Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity cavum nasi; cavitas nasi Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face[WP]. MA ZFA:0000130 nasal canal 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000314 AAO:LAP Saclike space internal to the nasal capsule lined by respiratory and sensory epithelium and glandular tissue.[AAO] Wikipedia:Nasal_cavity nasal fossa BTO:0002096 cavitas nasalis ZFA:0000130 olfactory pit 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1666/0094-8373(2006)032[0109:NCHACC]2.0.CO;2 Evans DC, Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs. Paleobiology (2006) Despite significant modification to the nasal cavity within Archosauria and its extreme hypertrophy and supraorbital development in Lambeosaurinae, the neural olfactory system and the olfactory region of the nasal cavity proper retain their plesiomorphic positions and associations, suggesting that this system is highly conserved in vertebrate evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000271 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA BTO:0002096 cavitas nasi jaw skeleton AAO:0000988 BTO:0001749 FMA:54396 GAID:214 MA:0001905 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181811001 Skeletal and cartilage elements of the first pharyngeal arch.[TAO] Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. TAO:0001227 TODO: move ZFA:0001227 (it is the entire jaw skeleton). Editor notes: in FMA, the jaw is an organism subdivision cluster, and includes mucosal tissue such as the gingiva as parts. It appears to be skeletal in MA (and has teeth as parts). It is reasonable to assume that ZFA and XAO consider the upper and lower jaws to be skeletal elements or clusters. EHDAA2 also considers these clusters. TODO - follow EHDAA2 model. These arbitrary differences in terminology and classification have to be reconciled with the genuine well-known biological differences in the skeletal elements across vertebrates. Development notes: There are cellular contributions from all three embryonic germ layers: pharyngeal mesoderm, endoderm and neural crest that migrates out of the ectoderm (Noden, 1983). UBERON:0001708 UMLS:C0022359 ZFA:0001227 anterior splanchnocranium galen:Jaw jaw jaw cartilage jaws mandibular arch mandibular arch skeleton ncithesaurus:Jaw oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton uberon visceral arch 1 MA:0001905 jaw 2012-08-14 Skeletal and cartilage elements of the first pharyngeal arch.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001227 ZFIN:curator UBERONREF:0000002 ZFA:0001227 jaw cartilage TAO:0001227 mandibular arch ZFA:0001227 mandibular arch skeleton Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Jaw upper jaw region AAO:0000620 AO notes: Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA. See notes for jaw w.r.t skeletal element vs subdivision of head. See also EHDAA2:0002118 EHDAA2:0004607 EHDAA:8025 EMAPA:17924 SCTID:362636001 Subdivision of head that consists of the upper jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] UBERON:0001709 VHOG:0000454 dorsal mandibular arch dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray189.png/200px-Gray189.png maxillary part of mouth ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw palatoquadrate arch uberon upper pharyngeal jaws 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000620 AAO:LAP Superior maxillary arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] palatoquadrate arch 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000454 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Subdivision of head that consists of the upper jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Wikipedia:Upper_jaw dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 FMA:59399 maxillary part of mouth lower jaw region AAO:0000272 AO notes: Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA. See notes for jaw w.r.t skeletal element vs subdivision of head EFO:0003660 EHDAA2:0001018 EHDAA:7995 EMAPA:17906 FMA:59398 Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502.632 SCTID:362637005 Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001710 VHOG:0000453 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray176.png/200px-Gray176.png mandibular part of mouth mandibular series ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw uberon Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Wikipedia:Lower_jaw Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000272 AAO:LAP Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] FMA:59398 mandibular part of mouth 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000453 http://bgee.unil.ch/ eyelid An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eyeball. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to 'open' the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. 'Palpebral' (and 'blepharo') means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002241 EHDAA2:0000487 EHDAA:9037 EMAPA:17829 EV:0100338 Each eyelid consists of the following layers, starting anteriorly: (1) skin, (2) a layer of subcutaneous connective tissue, (3) a layer of striated muscle fibres of the orbicularis muscle, (4) a layer of submuscular connective tissue, (5) a fibrous layer, including the tarsal plates, (6) a layer of smooth muscle, (7) the palpebral conjunctiva. AO notes: FMA divides this into skin, fascia, conjunctiva. Consider adding 'eye surface', like MA FMA:54437 GAID:72 MA:0000268 MESH:A01.456.505.420.504 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi4m5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:265782007 UBERON:0001711 UMLS:C0015426 VHOG:0000016 blephara blepharon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg ncithesaurus:Eyelid palpebra palpebrae palpebral uberon An eyelid is a thin fold of skin that covers and protects an eyeball. With the exception of the prepuce and the labia minora, it has the thinnest skin of the whole body. The levator palpebrae superioris muscle retracts the eyelid to 'open' the eye. This can be either voluntarily or involuntarily. The human eyelid features a row of eyelashes which serve to heighten the protection of the eye from dust and foreign debris, as well as from perspiration. 'Palpebral' (and 'blepharo') means relating to the eyelids. Its key function is to regularly spread the tears and other secretion on the eye surface to keep it moist, since the cornea must be continuously moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Eyelid blephara multiple palpebrae upper eyelid A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0002115 EHDAA:9047 EMAPA:17834 FMA:54439 MA:0001267 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg4ohJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244499008 UBERON:0001712 UMLS:C0585636 VHOG:0000389 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg ncithesaurus:Upper_Eyelid palpebra superior superior eyelid uberon FMA:54439 FMA:TA palpebra superior 2012-09-17 A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431 VHOG VHOG:0000389 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lower eyelid A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010349 EHDAA2:0001015 EHDAA:9041 EMAPA:17831 FMA:54442 MA:0001263 OpenCyc:Mx4rvW6GtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362528002 UBERON:0001713 UMLS:C0229258 VHOG:0000388 XAO:0000007 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Eye_makeup.jpg/200px-Eye_makeup.jpg inferior eyelid ncithesaurus:Lower_Eyelid palpebra inferior uberon 2012-09-17 A tetrapod's eye usually has one or more eyelids that can move across its surface and protect and cleanse it. The eye of lissamphibians has a stationary upper eyelid but a movable and transparent lower one.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.431 VHOG VHOG:0000388 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:54442 FMA:TA palpebra inferior cranial ganglion BTO:0000106 EFO:0000902 EMAPA:16659 Editor note: split out MA ter,. Note the MA term is part of the CNS. This needs to be checked w.r.t relationship between ganglia and the PNS, as the PNS and CNS are spatially disjoint. also meaning of MA term is not clear (appears to be union of nerve and ganglion, but MA 'cranial nerve' is unconnected) FMA:54502 Ganglion of a cranial nerve[cjm]. Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO] MA:0000213 MA:0000214 MAT:0000200 MIAA:0000200 SCTID:244448001 TAO:0000013 UBERON:0001714 UBERON:0003213 VHOG:0000076 XAO:0000027 ZFA:0000013 cranial ganglia cranial ganglion cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial nerve ganglion of cranial neural tree organ head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia uberon OBOL:automatic cranial neural tree organ ganglion ZFA:0000013 presumptive cranial ganglia OBOL:automatic ganglion of cranial neural tree organ FMA:54502 ganglion of cranial nerve 2012-08-14 Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000013 ZFIN:curator Ganglion of a cranial nerve[cjm]. Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_ganglion oculomotor nuclear complex ABA:III BM:MB-III EFO:0002468 EHDAA2:0004211 EV:0100250 FMA:54510 MA:0001073 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1240 SCTID:362457000 TAO:0000553 The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001715 UMLS:C0228686 VHOG:0001389 ZFA:0000553 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png motor nucleus III nIII ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Nucleus nucleus nervi oculomotorii nucleus of oculomotor nerve nucleus of third cranial nerve oculomotor III nucleus oculomotor nucleus third cranial nerve nucleus uberon ABA ABA MA:0001073 oculomotor III nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides. The anterior group consists of two nuclei, an antero-medial and an antero-lateral . The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, considered from a physiological standpoint, can be subdivided into several smaller groups of cells, each group controlling a particular muscle. A nearby nucleus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, is responsible for the autonomic functions of the oculomotor nerve, including pupillary constriction and lens accommodation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_of_oculomotor_nerve FMA:54510 FMA:TA nucleus nervi oculomotorii ABA ABA secondary palate BTO:0001779 EMAPA:18948 FMA:54549 Function notes: separates respiratory and oral passages. Taxon notes: present in mammals and some reptiles. A similar structure is found in crocodilians, but, in most other tetrapods, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separate. The secondary palate is formed by bilateral medial extensions of maxillary processes. The extensions (palatine processes) meet at the midline, merging dorsally with nasal septum and rostrally with primary palate. The secondary palate (hard palate) separates nasal and oral cavities. Caudal extension of the secondary palate into the pharynx, forms a soft palate which divides the rostral pharynx into dorsal (nasopharynx) and ventral (oropharynx) chamber. GAID:152 MA:0002476 MESH:A14.521.658 SCTID:181227004 The part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. UBERON:0001716 UMLS:C0700374 UMLS:C1519217 definitive palate galen:Palate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Pig_snout_sagittal_cut.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg ncithesaurus:Palate ncithesaurus:Secondary_Palate oral roof palate palatum palatum palatum secundarium; palatum definitivum roof of mouth uberon EMAPA EMAPA:18948 definitive palate EMAPA:18948 GO:0060021 MA:0002476 palate The part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. Wikipedia:Secondary_palate http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html fusion http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html Wikipedia:Palate palatum Wikipedia:Secondary_palate palatum secundarium; palatum definitivum FMA spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve BM:VSp FMA:54565 GAID:605 MA:0001053 MESH:A08.186.211.132.931.920 SCTID:369033006 The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face. The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves also convey pain information from their areas to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001717 UMLS:C0041000 VHOG:0001357 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Spinal_Tract_of_the_Trigeminal_Nerve nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini spinal nucleus of cranial nerve v spinal trigeminal nucleus trigeminal nerve spinal tract nucleus trigeminal spinal nucleus trigeminal v spinal sensory nucleus uberon MA MA The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face. The facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves also convey pain information from their areas to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus Wikipedia:Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini GO:0021741 spinal trigeminal nucleus mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve BM:Pons-5ME Development notes: develops from NC in some species[UBERONREF:0000002] Not of NC origin[doi:10.1002/dvdy.1197]. AO notes: part of midbrain tegmentum in NIF and MA. the neurons of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus are the only centrally located primary sensory neurons in amniotes; all others are extramedullary[PMID:11747082] EV:0100252 FMA:54568 MA:0001057 Me5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1010 SCTID:369032001 TAO:0000312 The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles. Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, the mesencephalic nucleus contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled. Instead, neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving proprioceptive information from the jaw, and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw reflexes. It is also the only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001718 VHOG:0001354 ZFA:0000312 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png mesencephalic nucleus mesencephalic trigeminal V nucleus mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini nucleus of mesencephalic root of v trigeminal V mesencephalic nucleus trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus trigeminal nerve mesencepahlic nucleus uberon Wikipedia:Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini NIF MA:0001057 trigeminal V mesencephalic nucleus Wikipedia:Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve mesencephalic nucleus GO:0021739 mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus The mesencephalic nucleus is involved with proprioception of the face, that is, the feeling of position of the muscles. Unlike many nuclei within the CNS, the mesencephalic nucleus contains no chemical synapses but are electrically coupled. Instead, neurons of this nucleus are pseudounipolar cells receiving proprioceptive information from the jaw, and sending projections to the motor trigeminal nucleus to mediate monosynaptic jaw reflexes. It is also the only structure in the CNS to contain the cell bodies of a primary afferent, which are usually contained within ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve MA Me5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1010 nucleus ambiguus ABA:AMB BM:Me-AMB EHDAA2:0004305 EV:0100292 FMA:54588 MA:0001050 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2650 SCTID:280184006 The nucleus ambiguus (literally 'ambiguous nucleus') is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract This nucleus gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve terminating in the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001719 UMLS:C0152400 ambiguus nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray695.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray695.png/200px-Gray695.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_Ambiguus uberon Wikipedia ABA ABA The nucleus ambiguus (literally 'ambiguous nucleus') is a region of histologically disparate cells located just dorsal to the inferior olivary nucleus in the lateral portion of the upper medulla. It receives upper motor neuron innervation directly via the corticobulbar tract This nucleus gives rise to the efferent motor fibers of the vagus nerve terminating in the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles, as well as to the efferent motor fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) terminating in the stylopharyngeus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_ambiguus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA MA ABA definitional cochlear nucleus FMA:54603 GAID:601 MA:0001012 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.600.135 SCTID:362463009 TAO:0002243 The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001720 ZFA:0001638 cochlear VIII nucleus cochlear nucleus of acoustic nerve cochlear nucleus of eighth cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Nucleus nucleus of cochlear nerve statoacoustic (VIII) nucleus uberon vestibulocochlear nucleus The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_nucleus MA:0001012 cochlear VIII nucleus inferior vestibular nucleus ABA:SPIV BM:Me-VS-VSI BTO:0004369 EV:0100258 FMA:54608 MA:0001054 SCTID:280175006 The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001721 UMLS:C0175498 descending vestibular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray700.png ncithesaurus:Spinal_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus vestibularis inferior spinal vestibular nucleus uberon ABA ABA FMA:54608 spinal vestibular nucleus The inferior vestibular nucleus is the vestibular nucleus which lies near the fourth ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_vestibular_nucleus FMA:54608 descending vestibular nucleus Wikipedia:Inferior_vestibular_nucleus nucleus vestibularis inferior ABA medial vestibular nucleus ABA:MV BM:Me-VS-VSM BTO:0004371 FMA:54611 MA:0001048 SCTID:280174005 The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus “Deiters”)- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001722 UMLS:C0036385 chief vestibular nucleus dorsal vestibular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray700.png/200px-Gray700.png medial nucleus ncithesaurus:Medial_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus of schwalbe nucleus triangularis nucleus vestibularis medialis principal vestibular nucleus schwalbe's nucleus triangular nucleus uberon Wikipedia:Medial_vestibular_nucleus nucleus vestibularis medialis FMA:54611 triangular nucleus ABA The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus “Deiters”)- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_vestibular_nucleus FMA:54611 nucleus of schwalbe FMA:54611 dorsal vestibular nucleus FMA:54611 FMA:TA nucleus triangularis FMA:54611 schwalbe's nucleus FMA:54611 principal vestibular nucleus FMA:54611 chief vestibular nucleus ABA ABA Wikipedia:Medial_vestibular_nucleus medial nucleus tongue A mobile mass of muscular tissue that is covered with mucous membrane, occupies much of the cavity of the mouth, forms part of its floor, bears the organ of taste, and assists in chewing and swallowing. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0010360 BTO:0001385 EFO:0000833 EHDAA2:0002062 EHDAA:9144 EMAPA:17185 EMAPA:18870 EV:0100058 FMA:54640 GAID:816 MA:0000347 MAT:0000040 MESH:A14.549.885 MIAA:0000040 Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] Muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.[FEED] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA_53KXLq9EdqAAAACs6hnmQ SCTID:181226008 TAO:0005333 The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO]. UBERON:0001723 UMLS:C0040408 VHOG:0000419 XAO:0000446 ZFA:0005333 editor notes - in MA the tongue is part of the oral region, which in uberon is treated as the oral opening. consider revising oral opening - oral region equivalence. Taxon notes: Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods. Development notes: The tongue has contributions from all pharyngeal arches which changes with time. The tongue initially begins as swelling rostral to foramen cecum, the median tongue bud.. tongue muscles derive from the somites - http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Tongue_Development#Pharyngeal_Arch_Contributions glossal glossus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tongue.agr.jpg/200px-Tongue.agr.jpg lingual ncithesaurus:Tongue uberon Wikipedia anterior 2/3 2012-09-17 A mobile mass of muscular tissue that is covered with mucous membrane, occupies much of the cavity of the mouth, forms part of its floor, bears the organ of taste, and assists in chewing and swallowing. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000419 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tongue definitional BTO FMA Wikipedia:Tongue glossus MA 2012-07-02 FEED Muscular organ in the floor of the mouth.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000419 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia GO:0043586 The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech[GO]. Wikipedia:Tongue GO sphenoidal sinus FMA:54683 GAID:359 MA:0001795 MESH:A04.531.621.827 One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side[MESH]. The sphenoidal sinuses (or sphenoid) contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. The following are their average measurements: vertical height, 2.2 cm. ; transverse breadth, 2 cm. ; antero-posterior depth, 2.2 cm. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rwEIoz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181207000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001724 UMLS:C0037885 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray856.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gray856.png/200px-Gray856.png ncithesaurus:Sphenoid_Sinus sinus sphenoidalis sphenoid sinus uberon MA FMA-abduced-lr MESH:A04.531.621.827 One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side[MESH]. The sphenoidal sinuses (or sphenoid) contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. The following are their average measurements: vertical height, 2.2 cm. ; transverse breadth, 2 cm. ; antero-posterior depth, 2.2 cm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sphenoidal_sinus Wikipedia:Sphenoidal_sinus sinus sphenoidalis cranial synchondrosis FMA:54816 MA:0001502 SCTID:314228003 UBERON:0001725 the cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. uberon http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=87514 the cartilaginous joints of the skull; these include sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis, sphenooccipital synchondrosis, sphenopetrosal synchondrosis, petrooccipital synchondrosis, anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis and posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis. FMA papilla of tongue FMA:54819 MA:0001593 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4102 SCTID:368728006 UBERON:0001726 UMLS:C0226964 lingual papilla ncithesaurus:Papilla_of_the_Tongue tongue papilla uberon FMA-modified taste bud A chemoreceptive organ.[AAO] AAO:0010573 BTO:0000989 Editor notes: todo - account for non-tongue taste buds. Development notes: arise by inductive interactions between epithelial cells and invading gustatory cells from chorda tympani (facial), glossophrayngeal and vagues nerves ISBN10:1607950324 (todo - request cell terms from CL) Taste buds form in greatest concentration on the dorsal surface of the tongue Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] FMA:54825 GAID:815 MA:0001591 MESH:A08.800.550.700.120.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4101 One of a number of receptor cell nests located in the epithelium of the papillae of the tongue and in the soft palate, epiglottis, and pharynx that mediate the sense of taste. [TFD][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjan5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362099006 TAO:0001074 Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (or savory). Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001727 UMLS:C0039337 VHOG:0000130 XAO:0000445 ZFA:0001074 caliculus gustatorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Gray1018.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gray1018.png/200px-Gray1018.png ncithesaurus:Taste_Bud taste buds taste-bud tastebud tastebuds uberon 2012-06-20 A chemoreceptive organ.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010573 AAO:EJS 2012-09-17 One of a number of receptor cell nests located in the epithelium of the papillae of the tongue and in the soft palate, epiglottis, and pharynx that mediate the sense of taste. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000130 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/taste+bud http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full Wikipedia Wikipedia:Taste_bud caliculus gustatorius Wikipedia:Taste_bud caliculus gustatorius Taste buds are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis that provide information about the taste of food being eaten. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami (or savory). Via small openings in the tongue epithelium, called taste pores, parts of the food dissolved in saliva come into contact with the taste receptors. These are located on top of the taste receptor cells that constitute the taste buds. The taste receptor cells send information detected by clusters of various receptors and ion channels to the gustatory areas of the brain via the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The human tongue has about 10,000 taste buds. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Taste_bud ZFA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Experients in amphibia have shown that an intrinsic feature of the pharyngeal endoderm is its ability to generate taste buds and this capacity must have been acquired by the endoderm at the origin of the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000130 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Taste_bud tastebuds Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste buds NIF Wikipedia:Taste_bud taste-bud Wikipedia:Taste_bud tastebud nasopharynx BTO:0000662 EHDAA2:0001239 EHDAA:7086 EMAPA:17670 EMAPA:25092 EV:0100066 FMA:54878 GAID:339 MA:0000443 MAT:0000447 MESH:A03.867.557 Nasenrachenraum OpenCyc:Mx4rwUPoDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181200003 The uppermost of the three regions of the throat (pharynx), situated behind the nasal cavity and extending from the posterior nares to the level above the soft palate. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001728 UMLS:C0027442 VHOG:0000375 epipharynx http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg/200px-Illu_pharynx.jpg nasal part of pharynx nasopharyngeal ncithesaurus:Nasopharynx pars nasalis pharyngis rhinopharynx uberon uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate; it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open)[WP]. In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Wikipedia:Nasopharynx pars nasalis pharyngis Wikipedia:Nasopharynx uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate; it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open)[WP]. In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities. On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus tubarius or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. 2012-09-17 The uppermost of the three regions of the throat (pharynx), situated behind the nasal cavity and extending from the posterior nares to the level above the soft palate. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000375 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nasopharynx BTO:0000662 Nasenrachenraum Wikipedia:Pharynx epipharynx oropharynx EFO:0001976 EHDAA2:0004082 EMAPA:25094 EV:0100067 FMA:54879 GAID:340 MA:0000351 MAT:0000446 MESH:A03.867.603 One of the three anatomic divisions of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth and is continuous above with the nasopharynx and below with the laryngopharynx. It extends behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils. [TFD][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rwACoxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:263376008 The Oropharynx (oral part of the pharynx) reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001729 UMLS:C0521367 VHOG:0000457 VSAO:0000034 XAO:0004048 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Illu_pharynx.jpg/200px-Illu_pharynx.jpg mesopharynx ncithesaurus:Oropharynx oral part of pharynx oropharyngeal pars oralis pharyngis uberon 2012-09-17 One of the three anatomic divisions of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth and is continuous above with the nasopharynx and below with the laryngopharynx. It extends behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000457 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oropharynx Wikipedia:Pharynx mesopharynx ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 The Oropharynx (oral part of the pharynx) reaches from the Uvula to the level of the hyoid bone. It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Oropharynx Wikipedia:Oropharynx pars oralis pharyngis extrinsic ligament of larynx FMA:54921 MA:0001756 SCTID:279550004 UBERON:0001730 laryngeal extrinsic ligament uberon cavity of pharynx AAO:0010435 BTO:0002097 EMAPA:18381 EMAPA:18869 FMA:54935 SCTID:180543003 Taxon notes: See notes for pharynx - as a grouping class this is probably too bad. We exclude WBbt:0005790 (pharyngeal lumen) because of the developmental relationship. Development notes: TOODO check UBERON:0001731 XAO:0000105 cavitas pharyngealis cavitas pharyngis lumen of pharynx pharyngeal cavity uberon BTO:0002097 cavitas pharyngis XAO cavitas pharyngealis XAO pharyngeal tonsil Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth. Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0000777 EV:0100054 FMA:54970 GAID:1288 MA:0000774 MESH:A15.382.520.604.084 Rachenmandel SCTID:181199001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001732 UMLS:C0001428 adenoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Gray994-adenoid.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray994-adenoid.png/200px-Gray994-adenoid.png nasopharyngeal tonsil ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Tonsil tonsil of luschka tonsilla pharyngea uberon BTO:0000777 Rachenmandel Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_tonsil tonsilla pharyngea Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth. Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx, just above and behind the uvula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_tonsil cjm soft palate A muscular arch-shaped structure [is this an 'anatomical cluster�?] that is composed of the musculus uvuli and parts of tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus and attaches to the hard palate and modulates the connections between the oral cavity and pharynx soft tissue arch .[FEED] EMAPA:18949 FMA:55021 GAID:1284 MA:0002412 MAT:0000039 MESH:A14.549.617.780 MIAA:0000039 SCTID:245784004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001733 UMLS:C0030219 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg/200px-Tonsils_diagram.jpg muscular palate ncithesaurus:Soft_Palate palatum molle, velum palatinum soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone[WP]. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate[GO]. uberon velum MA Wikipedia:Soft_palate muscular palate Wikipedia:Soft_palate velum FMA 2012-07-02 A muscular arch-shaped structure [is this an 'anatomical cluster�?] that is composed of the musculus uvuli and parts of tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus and attaches to the hard palate and modulates the connections between the oral cavity and pharynx soft tissue arch .[FEED] FEED http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Soft_palate palatum molle, velum palatinum GO:0060023 Wikipedia:Soft_palate soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone[WP]. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate[GO]. FMA uvula Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers. The uvula, hanging from the end of the soft palate, is responsible for the sound of snoring. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people. EFO:0001386 FMA:55022 GAID:1285 MESH:A14.549.617.780.729 SCTID:362082005 UBERON:0001734 UMLS:C0042173 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tonsils_diagram.jpg/200px-Tonsils_diagram.jpg ncithesaurus:Uvula palatine uvula seeAlso - bifid uvula and cleft palate uberon uvula of palate uvula palatina uvula palatina Wikipedia:Palatine_uvula uvula palatina FMA:55022 FMA:TA uvula palatina Conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers. The uvula, hanging from the end of the soft palate, is responsible for the sound of snoring. Touching the uvula or the end of the soft palate evokes a strong gag reflex in most people. Wikipedia:Palatine_uvula tonsillar ring FMA:55070 MA:0000752 SCTID:56411004 UBERON:0001735 UMLS:C0459892 Waldeyer's ring Waldeyer's tonsillar ring anulus lymphoideus pharyngis lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as 'adenoids' when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called 'the tonsils' in the vernacular, less commonly termed 'faucial tonsils') Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. ncithesaurus:Waldeyers_Tonsillar_Ring oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue pharyngeal lymphatic ring pharyngeal lymphoid ring see also FMA:79771 naso-pharyngeal lymphoid tissue uberon FMA:55070 FMA:TA anulus lymphoideus pharyngis Wikipedia:Waldeyer's_ring lymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. The ring consists of (from superior to inferior): Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as 'adenoids' when infected) Tubal tonsil (where Eustachian tube opens in the nasopharynx) Palatine tonsils (commonly called 'the tonsils' in the vernacular, less commonly termed 'faucial tonsils') Lingual tonsils Some animals, but not humans, have one or two additional tonsils: Soft palate tonsil Paraepiglottic tonsil[WP]. submandibular gland BTO:0001316 EFO:0001387 EMAPA:18812 EV:0100061 Either of two major salivary glands situated in the neck near the lower edge of each side of the mandible and emptying into the submandibular duct. [TFD][VHOG] FMA:55093 GAID:942 MA:0001589 MESH:A10.336.779.812 SCTID:181235001 The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid.[well established][VHOG] The paired submandibular glands (submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume and weigh about 15 grams. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001736 UMLS:C0038556 VHOG:0000364 glandula submandibularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg lobular, sexually dimorphic in mouse ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Gland submandibular salivary gland submaxillary gland uberon FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Submandibular_gland glandula submandibularis The paired submandibular glands (submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume and weigh about 15 grams. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_gland 2012-09-17 Either of two major salivary glands situated in the neck near the lower edge of each side of the mandible and emptying into the submandibular duct. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000364 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/submandibular+gland 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525 The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000364 http://bgee.unil.ch/ larynx (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000268 An anatomical cluster consisting of the epiglottus, the arytenoid cartilages, the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage and the muscles, membranes, and ligaments connecting them, and also of the mucosal covering these structures.[FEED] Anatomical structure consisting of a narrowly triangular chamber supported by a series of semicircular cartilages in which part of the sound-production system is located.[AAO] BTO:0001208 EFO:0000838 EHDAA2:0004063 EMAPA:18333 EV:0100039 FMA:55097 GAID:108 Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. MA:0000414 MAT:0000187 MESH:A04.329 MIAA:0000187 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViOnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181212004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001737 UMLS:C0023078 VHOG:0001279 XAO:0003081 galen:Larynx http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg laryngeal ncithesaurus:Larynx uberon EHDAA2 2012-07-02 An anatomical cluster consisting of the epiglottus, the arytenoid cartilages, the thyroid cartilage, the cricoid cartilage and the muscles, membranes, and ligaments connecting them, and also of the mucosal covering these structures.[FEED] FEED http://www.feedexp.org 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000268 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure consisting of a narrowly triangular chamber supported by a series of semicircular cartilages in which part of the sound-production system is located.[AAO] FMA:55097 Heterogeneous cluster that connects the pharynx to the tracheobronchial tree[FMA]. Wikipedia:Larynx (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 VHOG VHOG:0001279 http://bgee.unil.ch/ thyroid cartilage BTO:0003655 EHDAA2:0002030 EHDAA:9395 EMAPA:18698 FMA:55099 GAID:112 MA:0001764 MESH:A02.165.507.870 SCTID:263483000 The largest cartilage of the larynx, having two broad processes that join anteriorly to form the Adam's apple. [TFD][VHOG] The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the 'pomus Adamus' or 'Adam's apple'. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than female because of the difference in the size of the angle: 90° in male and 120° in female. The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch. Its posterior border is elongated both inferiorly and superiorly to form the superior horn of thyroid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001738 UMLS:C0040126 VHOG:0001365 [In anura] a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) [In mammals] Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] cartilago thyroidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg/200px-Larynx_external_en.svg.png laryngeal prominence ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Cartilage pomus pomus adamus uberon 2012-09-17 The largest cartilage of the larynx, having two broad processes that join anteriorly to form the Adam's apple. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001365 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thyroid+cartilage The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It is composed of two plate-like laminae that fuse on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the 'pomus Adamus' or 'Adam's apple'. The laryngeal prominence is more prominent in adult male than female because of the difference in the size of the angle: 90° in male and 120° in female. The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the superior thyroid notch, while the notch inferior to the thyroid angle is called the inferior thyroid notch. Its posterior border is elongated both inferiorly and superiorly to form the superior horn of thyroid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage laryngeal prominence Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage cartilago thyroidea Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage pomus Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage pomus adamus Wikipedia:Thyroid_cartilage cartilago thyroidea EHDAA2 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 VHOG VHOG:0001365 [In anura] a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) [In mammals] Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 laryngeal cartilage (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0003660 EHDAA:8157 EMAPA:18697 FMA:55108 GAID:107 MA:0001758 MESH:A02.165.507 SCTID:263482005 UBERON:0001739 UMLS:C0023050 VHOG:0001550 cartilage of larynx cartilagines laryngeales larynx cartilage ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Cartilage the cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. uberon VHOG:0001550 larynx cartilage MP:0002256 the cartilaginous structures that support the larynx. UBERONREF:0000008 (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 VHOG VHOG:0001550 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:55108 cartilage of larynx cartilagines laryngeales arytenoid cartilage AAO:0000674 EMAPA:17977 EMAPA:18695 FMA:55109 GAID:109 MA:0001759 MESH:A02.165.507.083 Paired, anteroposteriorly elongated cartilages that are associated with the vocal cords. These cartilages are medially separated and hemispherical, and their concave side faces ventromedially.[AAO] SCTID:264446005 The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal cords are attached. Each is pyramidal in form, and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001740 UMLS:C0003943 arytenoid arytenoids cartilagines arytenoidea cartilago arytaenoidea cartilago arytenoidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray950.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray950.png/200px-Gray950.png ncithesaurus:Arytenoid_Cartilage uberon Wikipedia:Arytenoid_cartilage cartilagines arytenoidea The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx, to which the vocal cords are attached. Each is pyramidal in form, and has three surfaces, a base, and an apex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Arytenoid_cartilage EMAPA:18695 arytenoid AAO:0000674 cartilago arytaenoidea Wikipedia:Arytenoid_cartilage arytenoids cjm 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000674 AAO:LAP Paired, anteroposteriorly elongated cartilages that are associated with the vocal cords. These cartilages are medially separated and hemispherical, and their concave side faces ventromedially.[AAO] corniculate cartilage FMA:55110 MA:0001885 SCTID:278989005 Santorini's cartilage The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially. They are situated in the posterior parts of the aryepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, and are sometimes fused with the arytenoid cartilages. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001741 UMLS:C0225556 cartilage of Santorini cartilagines corniculata http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Gray952.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gray952.png/200px-Gray952.png ncithesaurus:Corniculate_Cartilage uberon Wikipedia:Corniculate_cartilage cartilagines corniculata The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of yellow elastic cartilage, which articulate with the summits of the arytenoid cartilages and serve to prolong them posteriorly and medially. They are situated in the posterior parts of the aryepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, and are sometimes fused with the arytenoid cartilages. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corniculate_cartilages MA FMA epiglottic cartilage AO notes: laryngeal cartilage in MP FMA:55112 MA:0001763 SCTID:278990001 UBERON:0001742 UMLS:C0458526 ncithesaurus:Epiglottic_Cartilage the most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. uberon MP:0002259 the most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, which is found at the root of the tongue and folds back over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing. ligament of larynx A ligament that is part of a larynx and connexts the cartilages of the larynx FMA:55131 MA:0001755 SCTID:279508004 UBERON:0001743 UMLS:C0458519 laryngeal ligament larynx ligament ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Ligament uberon FMA MA:0001755 larynx ligament A ligament that is part of a larynx and connexts the cartilages of the larynx http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/236 lymphoid tissue BTO:0000753 FMA:55220 GAID:342 MA:0002436 MESH:A10.549 Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. SCTID:181768009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001744 UMLS:C0024296 galen:LymphoidTissue lymphatic tissue lymphocytic tissue ncithesaurus:Lymphoid_Tissue uberon NBK27108 lampreys lack organized lymphoid tissue Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymphoid_tissue secondary nodular lymphoid tissue A lymphoid follicle that contains a germinal center. FMA:55224 GAID:946 UBERON:0001745 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Keimzentrum.jpg/200px-Keimzentrum.jpg peripheral lymphoid tissue secondary lymphoid nodule secondary lymphoid tissue uberon A lymphoid follicle that contains a germinal center. CL:tm fibrous capsule of thyroid gland FMA:55513 MA:0002675 SCTID:176859009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001746 UMLS:C0229575 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Capsule thyroid capsule thyroid gland capsule uberon parenchyma of thyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004579 FMA:55515 MA:0000730 SCTID:371402001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001747 parenchyma of thyroid parenchyma of thyroid follicle parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle parenchyma thyroid gland follicle parenchyma thyroid gland parenchyma thyroid parenchyma uberon OBOL:accepted parenchyma of thyroid OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid follicle OBOL:automatic parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle OBOL:automatic thyroid follicle parenchyma OBOL:automatic thyroid gland follicle parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted thyroid parenchyma capsule of parathyroid gland A capsule that surrounds a parathyroid gland. FMA:55566 MA:0002676 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001748 UMLS:C0927176 ncithesaurus:Parathyroid_Gland_Capsule parathyroid gland capsule uberon A capsule that surrounds a parathyroid gland. OBOL:automatic parenchyma of parathyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:55569 MA:0002677 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001749 parathyroid gland parenchyma parathyroid parenchyma parenchyma of parathyroid uberon OBOL:automatic parenchyma of parathyroid A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic parathyroid parenchyma lacrimal apparatus FMA:55605 GAID:901 MA:0000274 MESH:A09.371.463 The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: (a) the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye; (b) the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001750 UMLS:C0022903 apparatus lacrimalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray896.png nasolacrimal drainage system ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Apparatus todo - resolve canaliculus vs tear duct vs lacrimal vs nasolacrimal. AO notes: this is an eye appendage in ncit, along with eyelid and eyebrow. in MA, part of eye surface part_of eye uberon UBERON:cjm nasolacrimal drainage system FMA MA The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: (a) the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye; (b) the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct, by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_apparatus Wikipedia:Lacrimal_apparatus apparatus lacrimalis MA dentine BTO:0003453 Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular[VSAO]. Dentine is a bona fide vertebrate novelty, and dentine-secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest.[well established][VHOG] Dentine is found in the fossil record as early as the late Cambrian, in fish, where it may have had a role in electrochemical sensing of the environment as well as assisting in defense[WP]. Editors note: note the asserted dual is_a parentage, as dentine is both skeletal tissue and a substance FMA:55628 GAID:1272 MA:0002542 MESH:A14.254.900.280 Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure.[TAO] SCTID:362112004 TAO:0005143 UBERON:0001751 UMLS:C0011429 VHOG:0001589 VSAO:0000069 XAO:0004051 ZFA:0005143 dentin dentinal dentine of tooth ncithesaurus:Dentin predentin uberon GO:0070468 predentin MA:0002542 dentin 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) Dentine is a bona fide vertebrate novelty, and dentine-secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001589 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular[VSAO]. VSAO:0000069 Wikipedia:Dentin 2012-08-14 Mineralized collagen containing substance that forms the tooth structure.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005143 ZFIN:curator VSAO VSAO enamel A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. AO notes: part_of tooth enamel organ in MA. Editor notes: current classification under substance of tooth may be turned into taxon GCI (e.g. sharks have enamel in dermal denticles) BTO:0001844 FMA:55629 MA:0002543 MESH:A14.254.900.255 SCTID:362113009 Skeletal tissue that consists of an avascular, noncollagenous, hypermineralized matrix that is deposited by ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. Enamel develops from organic pre-enamel tissue that is replaced by a largely inorganic matrix.[VSAO] UBERON:0001752 UMLS:C0011350 VSAO:0000065 XAO:0004198 enamel of tooth enamel tissue enameloid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Enamelorgan11-17-05.jpg ncithesaurus:Enamel tooth enamel uberon VSAO:curator enamel tissue FMA PMID:19730686 PMID:19730686 A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. Wikipedia:Enamel_organ ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal tissue that consists of an avascular, noncollagenous, hypermineralized matrix that is deposited by ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. Enamel develops from organic pre-enamel tissue that is replaced by a largely inorganic matrix.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000065 VSAO VSAO cementum A bone-like mineralized tissue secreted by cementoblasts on the surface of root dentine or, in some animals, crown enamel[Diekwisch 2001]. Substance of tooth produced by cementoblasts; surrounds the dentine of the root of the tooth[FMA]. a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized[WP]. BTO:0002525 Cementum, the supporting tissue that anchors mammalian and crocodylian teeth into their sockets, differs among species and can have features of dentine, of bone, and of calcified cartilage, as well as unique features. Cementum is deposited by cementoblasts onto existing dentine. As in bone and dentine, cementoblasts produce an organic matrix, the main constituent of which is collagen type I (Bosshardt, 2005), but cementum, dentine, and bone also share a number of important noncollagenous matrix components such as osteopontin, osteocalcin, bone sialoprotein, a2-HS- glycoprotein, dentine matrix protein, dentine sialoprotein, and den- tine phosphoprotein (McKee et al., 1996; Bosshardt, 2005). it has been argued that in all rodents and ruminants, cementum is a form of calcified cartilage[H&W] FMA:55630 MA:0002541 MESH:A14.254.646.267 Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument.[VSAO] SCTID:362114003 UBERON:0001753 UMLS:C0011343 VSAO:0000062 XAO:0004196 bone of attachment cement cement of tooth cementum cementum of tooth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/The_Periodontium.jpg ncithesaurus:Cementum uberon 2012-08-14 Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000062 PMID:19767574 Wikipedia VSAO A bone-like mineralized tissue secreted by cementoblasts on the surface of root dentine or, in some animals, crown enamel[Diekwisch 2001]. Substance of tooth produced by cementoblasts; surrounds the dentine of the root of the tooth[FMA]. a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized[WP]. Wikipedia:Cementum VSAO:0000062 bone of attachment dental pulp BTO:0000339 FMA:55631 GAID:1270 MA:0001599 MESH:A14.254.900.260 Material in the center of the dentine of the mature tooth. In secondary teeth the pulp contains blood vessels and odontoblast.[TAO] SCTID:362110007 TAO:0005141 The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0001754 UMLS:C0011399 VHOG:0001469 ZFA:0005141 dental pulp cell http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg/200px-Tooth_Section.svg.png ncithesaurus:Dental_Pulp pulp of tooth the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. tooth pulp uberon FMA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nature07304 Soukup V, Epperlein HH, Horacek I, Cerny R, Dual epithelial origin of vertebrate oral teeth. Nature (2008), DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) The oral cavity of vertebrates is generally thought to arise as an ectodermal invagination. Consistent with this, oral teeth are proposed to arise exclusively from ectoderm, contributing to tooth enamel epithelium, and from neural crest derived mesenchyme, contributing to dentin and pulp (reference 1); Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001469 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000339 dental pulp cell ZFA:0005141 tooth pulp ZFA 2012-08-14 Material in the center of the dentine of the mature tooth. In secondary teeth the pulp contains blood vessels and odontoblast.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005141 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Dental_pulp the part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. distal part of styloid process of temporal bone A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. FMA:56472 TODO - check UBERON:0001755 distal part of styloid process stylohyal uberon A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal[biology-online]. The interhyal is a small rod-like element that connects the ventral and dorsal parts of the hyoid arch. It articulates laterally with the posterior end of the epihyal and medially at the cartilaginous junction between the hyomandibula and the symplectic. It remains cartilaginous in adult zebrafish and other cypriniforms[ZFA]. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Stylohyal FMA:56472 stylohyal FMA:56472 distal part of styloid process middle ear AAO:0011065 BTO:0002099 EHDAA2:0001181 EHDAA:5693 EMAPA:17000 EV:0100357 FMA:56513 GAID:165 MA:0000253 MAT:0000146 MESH:A09.246.397 MIAA:0000146 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1695 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbw1j5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181185000 The intermediate portion of the ear which consists of a small air-filled and membrane-lined chamber. It is lodged in the temporal bone and continues with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and from the inner ear by the fenestrae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0001756 UMLS:C0013455 VHOG:0000312 XAO:0000191 auris media ncithesaurus:Middle_Ear uberon Wikipedia:Middle_ear auris media BTO:0002099 auris media 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417 The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000312 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The intermediate portion of the ear which consists of a small air-filled and membrane-lined chamber. It is lodged in the temporal bone and continues with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube. It is separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and from the inner ear by the fenestrae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000312 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0042474 The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. Wikipedia:Middle_ear pinna EHDAA2:0001467 EMAPA:17589 EV:0100355 FMA:56580 MA:0000259 Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvs_VC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:421159007 The external expanded part of the ear characterized by a funnel-shaped structure through which the sound vibrations are received. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001757 UMLS:C0928075 VHOG:0000460 Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. auricle auricle of ear auricle of external ear auricula auricula (auris externa) galen:Auricle ncithesaurus:Auricle pinna of ear pinnae uberon Visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. The purpose of the pinna is to collect sound. It does so by acting as a funnel, amplifying the sound and directing it to the ear canal. While reflecting from the pinna, sound also goes through a filtering process which adds directional information to the sound (see sound localization, head-related transfer function, pinna notch). The filtering effect of the human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech. In various species, the pinna can also signal mood and radiate heat. Wikipedia:Pinna_(anatomy) 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420 Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000460 http://bgee.unil.ch/ pinnae 2012-09-17 The external expanded part of the ear characterized by a funnel-shaped structure through which the sound vibrations are received. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000460 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Auricula auricula periodontium BTO:0001021 FMA:56665 GAID:216 MESH:A14.254.646 The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. UBERON:0001758 UMLS:C0031093 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/The_Periodontium.jpg ncithesaurus:Periodontium note FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same paradentium periodontal ligament periodontal membrane tooth supporting structure uberon BTO:0001021 The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. Wikipedia:Periodontium cjm cjm MESH:A14.254.646 paradentium MA:0002467 periodontal membrane FMA:56665 periodontal ligament MESH:A14.254.646 tooth supporting structure vagus nerve AAO:0010475 BTO:0003472 CN-X Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). EFO:0002549 FMA:5731 GAID:721 MA:0001106 MESH:A08.800.050.050.925 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_801 Nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers which branch and innervate the smooth muscles and glands of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and stomach as well as some throat muscles. Sensory fibers supply mucosa of the mouth and pharynx.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rviHk2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362466001 TAO:0000453 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001759 UMLS:C0042276 VHOG:0000737 Vagus nerve [X] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0003097 ZFA:0000453 cranial nerve X galen:VagusNerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Vagus_Nerve nervus vagus nervus vagus [x] pneuomgastric nerve tenth cranial nerve uberon vagal nerve vagus vagus X nerve vagus nerve tree BTO:0003472 pneuomgastric nerve Wikipedia:Vagus_nerve nervus vagus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010475 AAO:EJS Nerve consisting of branchiomotor and visceral efferent fibers which branch and innervate the smooth muscles and glands of the heart, lungs, esophagus, and stomach as well as some throat muscles. Sensory fibers supply mucosa of the mouth and pharynx.[AAO] GO BTO:0003472 nervus vagus Wikipedia motor Wikipedia sensory MA:0001106 vagus X nerve 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 VHOG VHOG:0000737 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Vagus_nerve FMA:5731 FMA:TA nervus vagus [x] frontal sinus FMA:57417 GAID:357 MA:0001793 MESH:A04.531.621.387 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqMUR5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181205008 Taxon notes: A unique feature in the horse is that the frontal sinus communicates with the caudal maxillary sinus via the frontomaxillary opening[MURDOCh] The frontal sinus occupies the dorsal part of the skull medial to the orbit. It overlaps cranial and nasal cavities and is often referred to as the conchofrontal sinus. . UBERON:0001760 UMLS:C0016734 cavity of frontal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg/200px-Nnh_front.svg.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Sinus sinus frontales uberon MA Wikipedia:Frontal_sinus sinus frontales FMA:57417 cavity of frontal bone MURDOCH:753 The frontal sinus occupies the dorsal part of the skull medial to the orbit. It overlaps cranial and nasal cavities and is often referred to as the conchofrontal sinus. . Wikipedia:Frontal_sinus foramen caecum of thyroid A thickened and indented region in the midline in the floor of the rostral part of the pharyngeal region of the foregut, located between the second and third branchial arches that is the first indication of the thyroid primordium. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.132][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000550 EHDAA:2150 EHDAA:2977 EMAPA:17069 EMAPA:18828 MA:0000725 UBERON:0001761 VHOG:0000826 foramen caecum uberon 2012-09-17 A thickened and indented region in the midline in the floor of the rostral part of the pharyngeal region of the foregut, located between the second and third branchial arches that is the first indication of the thyroid primordium. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.132][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000826 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0000725 foramen caecum nasal concha EHDAA2:0004101 EMAPA:25093 GAID:224 In anatomy, a nasal concha (or turbinate) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000286 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.948 Note that FMA considers nasal concha and nasal concha of ethmoid bone to be synonymous. We disambiguate these here // Turbinals are only ossified in birds and derived synapsids. OpenCyc:Mx4rv07bVJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361931007 UBERON:0001762 UMLS:C1266928 concha conchae nasales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray153.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray153.png/200px-Gray153.png nasal turbinate ncithesaurus:Nasal_Turbinate turbinal turbinate turbinate bone uberon Kardong Wikipedia:Nasal_concha conchae nasales EMAPA:25093 turbinate bone EMAPA:25093 concha In anatomy, a nasal concha (or turbinate) is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. Turbinate bone refers to any of the scrolled spongy bones of the nasal passages in vertebrates. In humans, the turbinates divide the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages –and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasal_concha palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/ethmoid.html turbinal odontogenic papilla BTO:0001839 Cell condensation that is a well-defined population of densely organized mesenchymal cells that aggregates adjacent to an epithelium.[VSAO] FMA:57662 GAID:1277 MA:0001598 MESH:A14.254.900.720.250 TAO:0005140 Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin.[uncertain][VHOG] Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina.[TAO] Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. UBERON:0001763 VHOG:0001465 VSAO:0000025 XAO:0004045 ZFA:0005140 dental papilla dentinal papilla dermal papilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray1011.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray1011.png/200px-Gray1011.png odontogenic condensation papilla dentis pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme tooth mesenchyme uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-11-307 The homology of odontodes in gnathostomes: insights from Dlx gene expression in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011) Teeth and tooth-like structures, together named odontodes, are repeated organs thought to share a common evolutionary origin. These structures can be found in gnathostomes at different locations along the body: oral teeth in the jaws, teeth and denticles in the oral-pharyngeal cavity, and dermal denticles on elasmobranch skin.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001465 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0005140 pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme ZFA:0005140 tooth mesenchyme ISBN10:0073040584 dermal papilla BTO:0001839 dentinal papilla VSAO:0000025 odontogenic condensation ZFA 2012-08-14 Cell condensation that is a well-defined population of densely organized mesenchymal cells that aggregates adjacent to an epithelium.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000025 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005140 Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina.[TAO] ZFIN:curator MA:0001598 dental papilla BTO suspect Tissue of the developing tooth. It is composed of pre-odontoblast and undiffentiated mesnchyme cells and connects to the basal lamina[ZFA]. The dental papilla is a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called odontoblasts, seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. The dental papilla appears after 8-10 weeks intra uteral life. The dental papilla gives rise to the dentin and pulp of a tooth. The enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental follicle together forms one unit, called the tooth germ. This is of importance because all the tissues of a tooth and its supporting structures form from these distinct cellular aggregations. Wikipedia:Dental_papilla ZFA:0005140 Wikipedia:Dental_papilla papilla dentis JB maxillary sinus FMA:57715 GAID:358 MA:0001794 MESH:A04.531.621.578 One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. OpenCyc:Mx4rvp2ZWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181204007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001764 UMLS:C0024957 antrum of Highmore highmore antrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gray1199.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray1199.png/200px-Gray1199.png maxillary antrum ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Sinus sinus maxilliaris uberon MESH:A04.531.621.578 highmore antrum MESH:A04.531.621.578 One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. Wikipedia:Maxillary_sinus Wikipedia:Maxillary_sinus sinus maxilliaris MESH:A04.531.621.578 maxillary antrum mammary duct BTO:0002845 Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. FMA:58006 MA:0000791 SCTID:361719004 This structure regresses in most males UBERON:0001765 UMLS:C0222613 ductus lactiferi galactophorous tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg lactiferous duct lactiferous gland duct lactiferous tubule mammary gland duct ncithesaurus:Lactiferous_Duct uberon BTO:0002845 galactophorous tubule Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. GO:0060603 Wikipedia:Lactiferous_duct BTO:0002845 ductus lactiferi BTO:0002845 lactiferous tubule Wikipedia:Lactiferous_duct ductus lactiferi OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland duct FMA:58006 lactiferous duct anterior chamber of eyeball AO notes: space in EHDAA2 - consider adding Cavity of anterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002084 EHDAA2:0000129 EHDAA:9033 EMAPA:18231 FMA:58078 GAID:889 MA:0000262 MESH:A09.371.060.067 SCTID:181160009 The part of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humor. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001766 UMLS:C0003151 VHOG:0001431 anterior chamber anterior chamber of eye camera anterior camera anterior bulbi oculi eye anterior chamber http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the canal of Schlemm prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, and eventually blindness. uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.[1] Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber. In glaucoma, blockage of the canal of Schlemm prevents the normal outflow of aqueous humor, resulting in accumulation of fluid, increased intraocular pressure, and eventually blindness. Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball camera anterior bulbi oculi 2012-09-17 The part of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humor. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001431 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anterior+chamber FMA HP:0000593 MP:0010709 anterior chamber posterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002086 FMA:58080 MA:0002460 OpenCyc:Mx4rvnYe8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362504004 The posterior chamber should not be confused with vitreous chamber. UBERON:0001767 UMLS:C0229094 a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the lens, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. c. posterior bulbi camera posterior eye posterior chamber http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye posterior chamber of eye uberon Wikipedia:Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the lens, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. Wikipedia:Posterior_chamber_of_eyeball c. posterior bulbi uvea FMA:58103 GAID:912 MA:0002480 MESH:A09.371.894 SCTID:280648000 TODO - check child terms, isa vs partof. See also MA:0001284 UBERON:0001768 UMLS:C0042160 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Gray869.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gray869.png/200px-Gray869.png ncithesaurus:Uvea pars iridica retinae pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. tunica vasculatis oculi tunica vasculosa bulbi tunica vasculosa of eyeball uberon uvea uveal uveal tract vascular layer of eyeball Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculatis oculi FMA:58103 uveal tract Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculosa bulbi doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 FMA:58103 uvea Wikipedia:Uvea pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. FMA:58103 tunica vasculosa of eyeball FMA:58103 vascular layer of eyeball Wikipedia:Uvea pars iridica retinae iris AAO:0010347 BTO:0000653 EFO:0004245 EMAPA:19154 EV:0100345 FMA:58235 GAID:917 MA:0000273 MESH:A09.371.894.513 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181164000 TAO:0001238 Taxon notes: The avian iris and ciliary body undergoes a transition from smooth-to-striated muscle during embryonic development - dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.9019 The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001769 UMLS:C0022077 VHOG:0000101 XAO:0000185 ZFA:0001238 a membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. The iris consists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. It is the most forward portion of the eye and the only one seen on superficial inspection. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris and restricts it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure, and indirectly on vision. Depending on the amount of light, the iris makes the pupil larger or smaller. anterior uvea irises ncithesaurus:Iris uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000101 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000101 irises XAO Wikipedia:Iris_(anatomy) a membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina. The iris consists of pigmented fibrovascular tissue known as a stroma. It is the most forward portion of the eye and the only one seen on superficial inspection. The stroma connects a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae) which open it. The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris and restricts it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure, and indirectly on vision. Depending on the amount of light, the iris makes the pupil larger or smaller. 2012-09-17 The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000101 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lacrimal canaliculus FMA:58245 MA:0001294 SCTID:263348000 The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis. The superior duct, the smaller and shorter of the two, at first ascends, and then bends at an acute angle, and passes medialward and downward to the lacrimal sac. The inferior duct at first descends, and then runs almost horizontally to the lacrimal sac. At the angles they are dilated into ampullæ. Microscopically, they are lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue. Outside the latter is a layer of striped muscle, continuous with the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi; at the base of each lacrimal papilla the muscular fibers are circularly arranged and form a kind of sphincter. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001770 UMLS:C0459631 canaliculus lacrimalis ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Canaliculus todo - resolve canaliculus vs tear duct vs lacrimal vs nasolacrimal uberon Wikipedia:Lacrimal_canaliculi canaliculus lacrimalis The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papillae lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis. The superior duct, the smaller and shorter of the two, at first ascends, and then bends at an acute angle, and passes medialward and downward to the lacrimal sac. The inferior duct at first descends, and then runs almost horizontally to the lacrimal sac. At the angles they are dilated into ampullæ. Microscopically, they are lined by nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by fibrous tissue. Outside the latter is a layer of striped muscle, continuous with the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi; at the base of each lacrimal papilla the muscular fibers are circularly arranged and form a kind of sphincter. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_canaliculi pupil AAO:0010351 FMA:58252 GAID:918 MA:0001292 MESH:A09.371.894.513.780 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViBr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:35146001 TAO:0001283 The circular orifice in the centre of the iris, through which light enters into the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001771 UMLS:C0034121 VHOG:0000116 XAO:0000283 ZFA:0001283 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg/200px-Eye_iris.jpg ncithesaurus:Pupil sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000116 http://bgee.unil.ch/ AAO FMA 2012-09-17 The circular orifice in the centre of the iris, through which light enters into the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000116 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Pupil sphere that is located in the center of the iris of the eye and that controls the amount of light that enters the eye. corneal epithelium BTO:0000287 EFO:0001917 EHDAA2:0000319 EMAPA:17162 FMA:58263 GAID:895 MA:0001243 MESH:A09.371.060.217.325 Portion of tissue comprised of four to six layers of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous cells and represents approximately 60% of the thickness of the cornea.[TAO] SCTID:15775008 TAO:0002187 Taxon notes: In zebrafish: nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman’s membrane in mammals The corneal epithelium (epithelium corneæ anterior layer) is made up of epithelial tissue and covers the front of the cornea. It consists of several layers of cells. The cells of the deepest layer are columnar; then follow two or three layers of polyhedral cells, the majority of which are prickle cells similar to those found in the stratum mucosum of the cuticle. Lastly, there are three or four layers of squamous cells, with flattened nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001772 UMLS:C0459875 ZFA:0001683 anterior corneal epithelium anterior endothelium of cornea cornea epithelial tissue cornea epithelium e. anterius corneae endothelium anterius corneae endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi endothelium corneale epithelial tissue of cornea epithelium anterius (cornea) epithelium anterius corneae epithelium of cornea epithelium posterius corneae external epithelium of cornea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png ncithesaurus:Corneal_Epithelium uberon BTO:0000287 epithelium posterius corneae OBOL:automatic cornea epithelium 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue comprised of four to six layers of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous cells and represents approximately 60% of the thickness of the cornea.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002187 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cornea Wikipedia:Corneal_epithelium e. anterius corneae BTO:0000287 endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi FMA:58263 FMA:TA epithelium anterius corneae OBOL:automatic cornea epithelial tissue BTO:0000287 endothelium anterius corneae BTO:0000287 endothelium corneale The corneal epithelium (epithelium corneæ anterior layer) is made up of epithelial tissue and covers the front of the cornea. It consists of several layers of cells. The cells of the deepest layer are columnar; then follow two or three layers of polyhedral cells, the majority of which are prickle cells similar to those found in the stratum mucosum of the cuticle. Lastly, there are three or four layers of squamous cells, with flattened nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corneal_epithelium BTO:0000287 anterior endothelium of cornea FMA sclera AAO:0010354 BTO:0001606 Development notes: Majority derives from NC that surrounds optic cup of neurectoderm; a small temporal portion develops from the mesoderm that contributes to striated extra-ocular muscles and vascular endothelia[Rada&Johnson]. Taxon notes: Multi-tissue structure that composes the opaque fibrous outer layer of the eye[ZFA] Seko et al demonstrate chondrogenic potential doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003709 and identify this as connective tissue. Disease notes: implicated in rheumatoid arthritis. Structure notes: continuous with the dura mater and the cornea; The sclera forms the posterior five-sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. Taxon notes: in fish, reptiles and monotremes the connective tissue of the sclera is skeletal EMAPA:19027 EV:0100342 FMA:58269 GAID:911 MA:0000280 MESH:A09.371.784 Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. OpenCyc:Mx4rv7yR55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181163006 The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001773 UMLS:C0036410 VHOG:0001274 XAO:0000183 ZFA:0005563 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Sclera scleral scleral capsule uberon FMA cjm Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. Wikipedia:Sclera ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-050701-15 The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. Wikipedia:Sclera 2012-09-17 The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001274 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sclera Wikipedia muscle of trunk AAO:0000611 EFO:0003531 FMA:58274 MA:0000514 Muscle organ which is a part of the trunk. Examples: external intercostal muscle, external oblique, levator ani. TAO:0000473 TODO - check muscle organ vs musculature UBERON:0001774 XAO:0003230 ZFA:0000473 body musculature muscle organ of torso muscle organ of trunk torso muscle organ trunk muscle trunk muscle organ trunk musculature uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of trunk OBOL:automatic trunk muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of torso OBOL:automatic torso muscle organ ZFA:0000473 body musculature ciliary body AAO:0010341 BTO:0000260 EMAPA:19065 EV:0100346 FMA:58295 GAID:916 MA:0000264 MESH:A09.371.894.280 SCTID:263340007 The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001775 UMLS:C0008779 VHOG:0000102 XAO:0000186 anterior uvea ciliary bodies circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. corpus ciliare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Body ocular ciliary body uberon Wikipedia:Ciliary_body circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. Wikipedia:Ciliary_body corpus ciliare VHOG:0000102 ciliary bodies 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000102 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Ciliary_body corpus ciliare optic choroid BTO:0001829 EMAPA:19077 EMAPA:25087 EV:0100347 FMA:58298 GAID:913 MA:0000263 MESH:A09.371.894.223 SCTID:181172003 TAO:0005229 UBERON:0001776 UMLS:C0008520 VHOG:0001568 ZFA:0005229 check choroid vs choroid layer; check ZFA/TAO placement - no homology assertion in VHOG. Note this is entirely in the posterior region of eyeball in ZFA chorioid choroid choroid coat choroidal choroidea choroidea eye choroid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Choroid optic choroid posterior uvea uberon vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. Wikipedia:Choroid choroidea ZFA:0005229 optic choroid Wikipedia:Choroid choroidea BTO:0001829 chorioid MA:0000263 choroid Wikipedia:Uvea#Regions posterior uvea Wikipedia:Choroid vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. MA VHOG:0001568 eye choroid Wikipedia:Choroid choroid coat Wikipedia substantia propria of cornea EFO:0002514 EMAPA:17602 FMA:58306 GAID:893 MA:0001245 MESH:A09.371.060.217.228 Portion of tissue that is located basal to Bowman's layer and distal to Descemet's membrane and is comprised largely of connective tissue.[TAO] SCTID:362511000 TAO:0002189 The substantia propria (or stroma of cornea) is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent. It is composed of about 200 flattened lamellæ (plates of collagen fibrils), superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 micrometres in thickness. These fibrils run at different angles between the limbi. Fibres of the layers frequently interweave, the anterior lamellæ interweaving more than posterior lamellæ. The fibres of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at right angles to those of adjacent lamellæ. The lamellæ are produced by keratocytes (corneal corpuscles), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria. These lamellæ are made up of bundles of modified connective tissue, the fibres of which are directly continuous with those of the sclera. More collagen fibres run in a temporal-nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. This is often ignored by corneal transplant surgeons, leading to poor corneal mechanical strength in corneal transplant patients. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001777 UMLS:C0010040 ZFA:0001685 cornea stroma corneal stroma http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png ncithesaurus:Corneal_Stroma relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: develops_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: has_developmental_contribution_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] stroma of cornea substantia propria uberon UBERONREF:0000002 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002189 relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: develops_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue that is located basal to Bowman's layer and distal to Descemet's membrane and is comprised largely of connective tissue.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002189 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 The substantia propria (or stroma of cornea) is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent. It is composed of about 200 flattened lamellæ (plates of collagen fibrils), superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 micrometres in thickness. These fibrils run at different angles between the limbi. Fibres of the layers frequently interweave, the anterior lamellæ interweaving more than posterior lamellæ. The fibres of each lamella are parallel with one another, but at right angles to those of adjacent lamellæ. The lamellæ are produced by keratocytes (corneal corpuscles), which occupy about 10% of the substantia propria. These lamellæ are made up of bundles of modified connective tissue, the fibres of which are directly continuous with those of the sclera. More collagen fibres run in a temporal-nasal direction than run in the superior-inferior direction. This is often ignored by corneal transplant surgeons, leading to poor corneal mechanical strength in corneal transplant patients. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corneal_stroma 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002189 relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: has_developmental_contribution_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] ciliary epithelium A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. BTO:0001770 FMA:58464 MA:0001238 SCTID:280870004 UBERON:0001778 UMLS:C0459736 ciliary body epithelium epithelium of ciliary body ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Epithelium ocular ciliary epithelium uberon Wikipedia FMA:58464 ciliary body epithelium MA A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. Wikipedia:Ciliary_body#Ciliary_epithelium FMA FMA:58464 epithelium of ciliary body iris stroma FMA:58526 MA:0002777 SCTID:280882008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001779 ZFA:0005569 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png iridial stroma stroma of iris the delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. uberon Wikipedia:Iris_stroma http://www.drugs.com/dict/stroma-of-iris.html the delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. spinal nerve AAO:0011101 Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0000870 EHDAA2:0001898 EMAPA:16989 FMA:5858 GAID:841 MA:0000233 MESH:A08.800.800.720 Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the spinal cord. Examples: Fifth cervical spinal nerve, third lumbar spinal nerve. OpenCyc:Mx4rwK_iFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361099009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001780 UMLS:C0037941 VHOG:0000824 XAO:0003101 backbone nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve nerve of backbone nerve of spinal column nerve of spine nerve of vertebral column nervi spinales spinal column nerve spinal nerve tree spine nerve uberon vertebral column nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of vertebral column OBOL:automatic spinal column nerve Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve nervi spinales OBOL:automatic backbone nerve OBOL:automatic vertebral column nerve OBOL:automatic spine nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of spinal column OBOL:automatic nerve of spine OBOL:automatic nerve of backbone 2012-09-17 Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000824 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spinal+nerve Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the spinal cord. Examples: Fifth cervical spinal nerve, third lumbar spinal nerve. Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve layer of retina AAO:0010353 FMA:58617 MA:0001319 Note that MA does not treat internal/external limiting memranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. Here we follow other ontologies in grouping with other layers. MA also treats retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina epithelium as distinct from the layers. We follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers - these are also classified as layers, giving us over the usual 10 layers SCTID:280657006 UBERON:0001781 UMLS:C0459649 XAO:0000266 any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. ncithesaurus:Retina_Layer retina layer retina neuronal layer retinal layer retinal neuronal layer uberon MP:0006069 retinal neuronal layer MP:0006069 retina neuronal layer MP:0003727 any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. pigmented layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP]. AAO:0011096 BTO:0001177 EHDAA2:0001465 EHDAA:4765 EMAPA:17172 FMA:58627 MA:0000279 PRE RPE SCTID:280662007 TAO:0000144 The monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina.[AAO] UBERON:0001782 UMLS:C0035322 VHOG:0000536 XAO:0003217 ZFA:0000144 editor note - we follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers epithelium, retinal pigment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray881.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png ncithesaurus:Retinal_Pigment_Epithelium outer pigmented layer of retina pigment epithelium of retina pigmented epithelium pigmented retina pigmented retina epithelium pigmented retinal epithelium retinal pigment epithelium retinal pigment layer retinal pigmented epithelium stratum pigmentosa retinae, p. pigmentosa retinae stratum pigmentosum (retina) uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011096 The monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina.[AAO] ZFA:0000144 MP:0005201 Wikipedia:Retinal_pigment_epithelium retinal pigment epithelium Wikipedia A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP]. Wikipedia:Retinal_pigment_epithelium ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000144 retinal pigmented epithelium Wikipedia:Retinal_pigment_epithelium stratum pigmentosa retinae, p. pigmentosa retinae 2012-08-14 A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000144 ZFIN:curator VHOG:0000536 retinal pigment layer (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000536 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001177 epithelium, retinal pigment optic disc (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0001974 EHDAA2:0001307 EHDAA:9077 EMAPA:18238 EMAPA:25088 FMA:58634 MA:0000278 MESH:A08.800.800.120.680.660 SCTID:362518006 The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called 'the blind spot' or the 'physiological blind spot'. The optic nerve head in a normal human eye carries from 1 to 1.2 million neurons from the eye towards the brain. [WP,unvetted]. The small blind spot on the surface of the retina. It is the point where the fibers of the retina leave the eye and become part of the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001783 UMLS:C0029127 VHOG:0000551 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Gray879.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray879.png/200px-Gray879.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Disc optic disk optic disk optic nerve disc optic nerve head optic papilla physiologic blind spot physiologic blind spot of mariotte uberon 2012-09-17 The small blind spot on the surface of the retina. It is the point where the fibers of the retina leave the eye and become part of the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000551 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+disc Wikipedia:Optic_disc optic nerve disc Wikipedia:Optic_disc physiologic blind spot Wikipedia:Optic_disc optic disk Wikipedia:Optic_disc optic papilla (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 VHOG VHOG:0000551 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MESH:A08.800.800.120.680.660 optic disk The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called 'the blind spot' or the 'physiological blind spot'. The optic nerve head in a normal human eye carries from 1 to 1.2 million neurons from the eye towards the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Optic_disc Wikipedia:Optic_disc optic nerve head Wikipedia:Optic_disc physiologic blind spot of mariotte obsolete macula lutea Obsoleted as it accidentally grouped macula and macula lutea UBERON:0000053 UBERON:0000054 UBERON:0001784 true uberon cranial nerve AAO:0000108 BTO:0001104 Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Only the first and the second pair emerge from the cerebrum; the remaining ten pairs emerge from the brainstem[WP]. EHDAA2:0000323 EMAPA:17263 EMAPA:17264 Editors note: classified as neural tree organ, not nerve in FMA. CN II poses a challenge here as it is not strictly a nerve, yet is expected to be classified under CN. Note EMAPA subdivides nerve into CNS nerve and PNS nerve, with *all* cranial nerves classified as CNS nerves. FMA:5865 GAID:802 MA:0000215 MESH:A08.800.800.120 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1623 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244447006 TAO:0000641 Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO] UBERON:0001785 UMLS:C0010268 VHOG:0000279 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000429 XAO:0003089 ZFA:0000641 cranial nerves cranial neural tree organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en-2.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg/200px-Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Cranial_Nerve nervus cranialis uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000641 Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000279 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Only the first and the second pair emerge from the cerebrum; the remaining ten pairs emerge from the brainstem[WP]. Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve UBERONREF:0000002 Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve nervus cranialis fovea centralis A small pit in the center of the macula lutea, the area of clearest vision, where the retinal layers are spread aside, and light falls directly on the cones. [TFD][VHOG] As an anatomical term, there are several foveae around the body, including in the head of the femur.(WP) Definition of fovea centralis should be considered here as 'an area centralis at the visual axis' (reference 1). There is an uncertaincy of the relation, because: 1.-The fovea first appeared in evolution in the temporal retina of fishes. Then, in birds, the nasal fovea and bifoveal system with nasal and temporal foveas developed. The fovea disappeared in primitive mammals, and reappeared in primates. A residue of the fovea is conserved in the visual streak, and the disappearance and reappearance of the fovea, in primitive mammals and primates respectively, correlates with degeneration and restoration of cone pigment genes in photoreceptors (reference 2). 2.-Many retinal features (foveas, trichromacy, midget pathways and associated cell types) appear specific to primates. This has led to investigations in parallel with other mammalian models such as cat or rabbit. Correlation of the results often proves to be difficult, since an evolutionary scenario with transitions between the mammalian models is largely lacking (reference 3).[uncertain][VHOG] EV:0100350 FMA:58658 GAID:910 MA:0001307 MESH:A09.371.729.522.436 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2543 SCTID:264479005 UBERON:0001786 UMLS:C0016622 VHOG:0001572 a part of the eye, located in the center of the macula region of the retina. [1] [2] The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision). The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt, and the perifovea outer region:[2] the parafovea is the intermediate belt where the ganglion cell layer is composed of more than five rows of cells; as well as the highest density of cones; the perifovea is the outermost region where the ganglion cell layer contains two to four rows of cells, and is where visual acuity is below the optimum. The perifovea contains an even more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. This, in turn, is surrounded by a larger peripheral area that delivers highly compressed information of low resolution. Approximately 50% of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the other 50% carry information from the rest of the retina. The parafovea extends to a distance of 1¼ mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found 2¾ mm away from the fovea centralis[WP]. centre of macula fovea fovea centralis in macula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Fovea_Centralis uberon Wikipedia:Fovea_centralis_in_macula a part of the eye, located in the center of the macula region of the retina. [1] [2] The fovea is responsible for sharp central vision (also called foveal vision). The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea belt, and the perifovea outer region:[2] the parafovea is the intermediate belt where the ganglion cell layer is composed of more than five rows of cells; as well as the highest density of cones; the perifovea is the outermost region where the ganglion cell layer contains two to four rows of cells, and is where visual acuity is below the optimum. The perifovea contains an even more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. This, in turn, is surrounded by a larger peripheral area that delivers highly compressed information of low resolution. Approximately 50% of the nerve fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea, while the other 50% carry information from the rest of the retina. The parafovea extends to a distance of 1¼ mm from the central fovea, and the perifovea is found 2¾ mm away from the fovea centralis[WP]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2543 centre of macula Wikipedia:Fovea_centralis_in_macula fovea centralis in macula 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1017/S095252380623342X Ahnelt PK, Schubert C, Kübber-Heiss A, Schiviz A, Anger E, Independent variation of retinal S and M cone photoreceptor topographies: A survey of four families of mammals. Visual neuroscience (2006), PMID:11193946 Azuma N, Molecular cell biology on morphogenesis of the fovea and evolution of the central vision. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi (2000), DOI:10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00012-4 Ahnelt PK, Kolb H, The mammalian photoreceptor mosaic-adaptive design. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (2000) Definition of fovea centralis should be considered here as 'an area centralis at the visual axis' (reference 1). There is an uncertaincy of the relation, because: 1.-The fovea first appeared in evolution in the temporal retina of fishes. Then, in birds, the nasal fovea and bifoveal system with nasal and temporal foveas developed. The fovea disappeared in primitive mammals, and reappeared in primates. A residue of the fovea is conserved in the visual streak, and the disappearance and reappearance of the fovea, in primitive mammals and primates respectively, correlates with degeneration and restoration of cone pigment genes in photoreceptors (reference 2). 2.-Many retinal features (foveas, trichromacy, midget pathways and associated cell types) appear specific to primates. This has led to investigations in parallel with other mammalian models such as cat or rabbit. Correlation of the results often proves to be difficult, since an evolutionary scenario with transitions between the mammalian models is largely lacking (reference 3).[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A small pit in the center of the macula lutea, the area of clearest vision, where the retinal layers are spread aside, and light falls directly on the cones. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fovea photoreceptor layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] FMA:58680 MA:0001308 TAO:0000143 The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside. UBERON:0001787 UMLS:C0229206 VHOG:0001165 XAO:0003215 ZFA:0000143 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray881.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png layer of rods and cones ncithesaurus:Layer_of_the_Rods_and_Cones retina photoreceptor layer retinal photoreceptor layer stratum segmentorum externorum et internorum (retina) uberon we follow MA and ZFA in subdividing this into inner and outer segments The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell receptor segments reside. Wikipedia:Layer_of_rods_and_cones ZFA:0000143 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001165 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000143 retinal photoreceptor layer outer limiting layer of retina FMA:58683 MA:0001309 SCTID:280676008 TAO:0001331 UBERON:0001788 UMLS:C1518685 XAO:0003224 ZFA:0001331 external limiting lamina of retina external limiting membrane external limiting membrane of retina ncithesaurus:Outer_Limiting_Membrane outer limiting membrane outer limiting membrane of retina retina external limiting lamina retina outer limiting membrane stratum limitans externum (retina) the row of jucntional complexes between the plasma membranes of rod segments and the Muller glia cells; this barrier separates the layer of inner and outer segments of the rods and cones from the outer nuclear layer and forms a blood-retina barrier[MP]. uberon ZFA:0001331 external limiting membrane MA XAO:0003224 outer limiting membrane MP:0010236 retina outer limiting membrane MP:0010236 the row of jucntional complexes between the plasma membranes of rod segments and the Muller glia cells; this barrier separates the layer of inner and outer segments of the rods and cones from the outer nuclear layer and forms a blood-retina barrier[MP]. outer nuclear layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:19157 FMA:58684 MA:0001315 ONL SCTID:280678009 TAO:0001464 The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001789 UMLS:C0229210 VHOG:0001170 XAO:0003219 ZFA:0001464 ncithesaurus:Outer_Nuclear_Layer_of_Retina outer nuclear layer retina outer nuclear layer retinal outer nuclear layer stratum nucleare externum (retina) uberon The layer within the retina where the photoreceptor cell bodies reside. ZFA:0001464 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001170 http://bgee.unil.ch/ outer plexiform layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0003174 FMA:58685 MA:0001316 OPL SCTID:280684007 TAO:0001330 The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells.[TAO] The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells[ZFA]. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001790 UMLS:C0229217 VHOG:0001171 XAO:0003218 ZFA:0001330 external plexiform layer ncithesaurus:Outer_Plexiform_Layer outer plexiform layer retina outer plexiform layer retinal outer plexiform layer stratum plexiforme externum uberon BTO:0003174 outer plexiform layer (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001171 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells[ZFA]. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells[GO]. ZFA:0001330 BTO:0003174 external plexiform layer 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001330 The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells.[TAO] ZFIN:curator inner nuclear layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0003176 EMAPA:19155 FMA:58686 INL MA:0001311 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005031 SCTID:362520009 TAO:0000119 The layer of the retina composed of the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and some of the cell bodies of amacrine cells. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001791 UMLS:C0229211 VHOG:0001167 XAO:0003221 ZFA:0000119 inner nuclear layer intermediate cell layer ncithesaurus:Inner_Nuclear_Layer retina inner nuclear layer retinal inner nuclear layer stratum nucleare internum uberon ZFA:0000119 intermediate cell layer BTO:0003176 The layer of the retina composed of the cell bodies of bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and some of the cell bodies of amacrine cells. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001167 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ganglionic layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0003398 Check exact synonyms in ZFA / XAO FMA:58687 GCL layer MA:0001310 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005030 RGC layer SCTID:280670002 TAO:0000024 UBERON:0001792 VHOG:0001166 XAO:0003223 ZFA:0000024 a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells[WP]. innermost nuclear layer of the retina, which contains neurons that project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. ganglion cell layer ganglionic cell layer of retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray881.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png ncithesaurus:Ganglion_Cell_Layer retina ganglion cell layer retina ganglion layer retinal ganglion cell layer retinal ganglion layer stratum ganglionicum (retina) stratum ganglionicum retinae uberon FMA Wikipedia:Ganglion_cell_layer a layer of the retina that consists of retinal ganglion cells[WP]. innermost nuclear layer of the retina, which contains neurons that project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. Wikipedia:Ganglion_cell_layer stratum ganglionicum retinae (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001166 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MP:0008510 retinal ganglion layer FMA:58687 stratum ganglionicum (retina) FMA:58687 ZFA:0000024 ganglion cell layer FMA:58687 ganglionic cell layer of retina nerve fiber layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:18591 FMA:58688 Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer which is comprised of their axons as they traverse to the optic nerve[ZFA]. The retinal nerve fiber layer (nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, RNFL) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the fibers are centripetal, and are the direct continuations of the axis-cylinder processes of the cells of the ganglionic layer, but a few of them are centrifugal and ramify in the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, where they end in enlarged extremities. MA:0001314 SCTID:280671003 TAO:0002212 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001793 UBERON:0005888 VHOG:0001169 XAO:0003220 ZFA:0001619 layer of nerve fibers of retina layer of nerve fibres of retina optic fiber layer optic fiber layers retina nerve fiber layer stratum neurofibrarum (retina) stratum neurofibrarum retinae stratum neurofibrum retinae stratum opticum of retina uberon (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001169 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001169 optic fiber layer FMA:58688 FMA:TA stratum neurofibrarum retinae Wikipedia:Nerve_fiber_layer stratum neurofibrum retinae TAO:0002212 optic fiber layers Fiber layer adjacent the retinal ganglion cell layer which is comprised of their axons as they traverse to the optic nerve[ZFA]. The retinal nerve fiber layer (nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, RNFL) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the fibers are centripetal, and are the direct continuations of the axis-cylinder processes of the cells of the ganglionic layer, but a few of them are centrifugal and ramify in the inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers, where they end in enlarged extremities. Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber_layer ZFA:0001619 inner limiting layer of retina FMA:58689 MA:0001313 Membrane on the apical surface of the retina. The retinal vasculature becomes adhered to the apical surface of the ILM by 30dpf[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071023-7, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-120529-3]. SCTID:280677004 TAO:0001029 TODO - check frog/fish UBERON:0001794 UMLS:C1512783 XAO:0003222 ZFA:0001029 inner limiting membrane inner limiting membrane of retina internal limiting lamina of retina internal limiting membrane of retina ncithesaurus:Inner_Limiting_Membrane retina inner limiting membrane retina internal limiting lamina the row of fused Muller cell processes and astrocytes that separates the retinal nerve fiber layer from the vitreous[MP]. uberon MP:0010235 retina inner limiting membrane Membrane on the apical surface of the retina. The retinal vasculature becomes adhered to the apical surface of the ILM by 30dpf[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071023-7, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-120529-3]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071023-7, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-120529-3 XAO:0003222 inner limiting membrane MA MP:0010235 the row of fused Muller cell processes and astrocytes that separates the retinal nerve fiber layer from the vitreous[MP]. inner plexiform layer of retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] BTO misspelling? BTO:0003175 FMA:58704 IPL MA:0001312 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005032 SCTID:280682006 TAO:0001329 The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells[GO]. The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the dendrites of the ganglion cells.[TAO] UBERON:0001795 UMLS:C0229221 VHOG:0001168 XAO:0003225 ZFA:0001329 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray881.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray881.png/200px-Gray881.png inner plexiform layer ncithesaurus:Inner_Plexiform_Layer retina inner plexiform layer retinal inner plexiform layer stratum plexifome internum stratum plexiforme internum stratum plexiforme internum retinae uberon FMA:58704 stratum plexiforme internum (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001168 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells[GO]. Wikipedia:Inner_plexiform_layer Wikipedia:Inner_plexiform_layer stratum plexiforme internum retinae 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001329 The layer within the retina where the bipolar cells synapse with the dendrites of the ganglion cells.[TAO] ZFIN:curator BTO:0003175 stratum plexifome internum BTO:0003175 inner plexiform layer aqueous humor of eyeball (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] Body substance in liquid state contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball[FMA]. The aqueous humour is a thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. EHDAA2:0000139 EHDAA:10196 EMAPA:18232 ENVO:02000024 FMA:58819 GAID:890 MA:0001236 MESH:A09.371.060.067.070 Note that FMA says A+P chambers, and MA states A chamber. ZFA states A chamber and tha it is produced primarily by dorsal ciliary epithelial cells.To be investigated across taxa. OpenCyc:Mx4rvdGd-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280587006 The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001796 UMLS:C0003662 VHOG:0000548 ZFA:0005564 aqueous humor aqueous humour http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png humor aquosus ncithesaurus:Aqueous_Humor uberon 2012-09-17 The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000548 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aqueous+humour EHDAA2:0000139 aqueous humour Body substance in liquid state contained in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball[FMA]. The aqueous humour is a thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. FMA:58819 Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor VHOG located_in in EHDAA2 (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 VHOG VHOG:0000548 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:58819 FMA:TA humor aquosus vitreous humor BTO:0001451 Body substance of semisolid state which constitutes the vitreous body of the eye.[FMA] EMAPA:17837 ENVO:02000032 EV:0100344 FMA:58822 MA:0001286 Note that FMA distinguishes between a portion and the whole portion. We equate with whole portion here, but this is arbitrary OpenCyc:Mx4rv7ZIfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0001797 UMLS:C0229096 VHOG:0000795 ZFA:0005561 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png humor vitreous humor vitreus humoral fluid ncithesaurus:Vitreous_Humor ocular fluid portion of vitreous humor uberon vitreous vitreous fluid vitreous humour whole portion of vitreous humor FMA:58822 whole portion of vitreous humor FMA:58822 FMA:TA humor vitreus BTO:0001451 humoral fluid ZFA:0005561 vitreous Body substance of semisolid state which constitutes the vitreous body of the eye.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Vitreous_humour BTO:0001451 ocular fluid FMA:67388 portion of vitreous humor BTO:0001451 vitreous fluid vitreous body FMA:58827 GAID:919 MA:0002462 MESH:A09.371.943 Mucoid tissue in the vitreous chamber of the eyeball. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left vitreous bodies.[FMA] Note - in many AOs these are exact synonyms, but FMA has a part of link between portion of vitreous humor and this SCTID:181170006 UBERON:0001798 UMLS:C0042905 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Vitreous_Body uberon FMA:58827 FMA:FMA Mucoid tissue in the vitreous chamber of the eyeball. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left vitreous bodies.[FMA] vitreous chamber of eyeball BTO:0002087 FMA:58848 MA:0002461 The posterior chamber is a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the human eye, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001799 UMLS:C0229095 camera postrema camera postrema bulbi oculi camera vitrea camera vitrea bulbi ncithesaurus:Vitreous_Chamber postremal chamber postremal chamber of eyeball uberon vitreous chamber FMA:58848 FMA:TA camera postrema bulbi oculi The posterior chamber is a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the human eye, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes the Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly posterior of the Iris but anterior to the lens. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vitreous_chamber sensory ganglion AEO:0001000 FMA:5885 MA:0002566 MESH:A08.340.390 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001800 UMLS:C0206429 ganglion sensorium ncithesaurus:Sensory_Ganglion the clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. uberon MP:0000960 the clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. anterior segment of eyeball FMA:58865 MA:0002484 MESH:A09.371.060 SCTID:280658001 The anterior segment is the front third of the eye that includes the structures in front of the vitreous humour: the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. Within the anterior segment are two fluid-filled spaces: the anterior chamber between the posterior surface of the cornea (i.e. the corneal endothelium) and the iris; the posterior chamber between the iris and the front face of the vitreous. Aqueous humor fills these spaces within the anterior segment and provides nutrients to the surrounding structures. UBERON:0001801 UMLS:C0003153 ZFA:0005566 anterior segment of eye anterior segment of the eye eye anterior segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Cataract_in_human_eye.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Eye_Segment segmentum anterius (bulbus oculi) segmentum anterius bulbi oculi uberon The anterior segment is the front third of the eye that includes the structures in front of the vitreous humour: the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. Within the anterior segment are two fluid-filled spaces: the anterior chamber between the posterior surface of the cornea (i.e. the corneal endothelium) and the iris; the posterior chamber between the iris and the front face of the vitreous. Aqueous humor fills these spaces within the anterior segment and provides nutrients to the surrounding structures. Wikipedia:Anterior_segment_of_eyeball Wikipedia:Anterior_segment_of_eyeball segmentum anterius bulbi oculi FMA posterior segment of eyeball FMA:58868 MA:0002485 SCTID:280659009 The posterior segment is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. On the anterior side of the lens is the aqueous humour which is bounded on all sides by the lens, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, and by the cornea. It lets light through without refraction, helps maintain the shape of the eye and suspends the delicate lens. In some animals, the retina contains a reflective layer (the tapetum lucidum) which increases the amount of light each photosensitive cell perceives, allowing the animal to see better under low light conditions. UBERON:0001802 UMLS:C0278450 ZFA:0005567 eye posterior segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Eye_Segment posterior segment of eye posterior segment of the eye segmentum posterius (bulbus oculi) segmentum posterius bulbi oculi uberon Wikipedia:Posterior_segment_of_eyeball segmentum posterius bulbi oculi FMA The posterior segment is the back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all structures behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. On the anterior side of the lens is the aqueous humour which is bounded on all sides by the lens, ciliary body, suspensory ligaments, and by the cornea. It lets light through without refraction, helps maintain the shape of the eye and suspends the delicate lens. In some animals, the retina contains a reflective layer (the tapetum lucidum) which increases the amount of light each photosensitive cell perceives, allowing the animal to see better under low light conditions. Wikipedia:Posterior_segment_of_eyeball epithelium of lens BTO:0001873 FMA:58871 MA:0001301 SCTID:362523006 TAO:0001326 The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[6] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. UBERON:0001803 Usage notes: this class is the superclass of the anterior epithelium and equatorial epithlium, although the term 'lens epithelium' may refer specifically to the former XAO:0004094 ZFA:0001326 epithelial tissue of eye lens epithelial tissue of lens epithelium lentis epithelium of eye lens eye lens epithelial tissue eye lens epithelium lens epithelial tissue lens epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic lens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of eye lens FMA:58871 FMA:TA epithelium lentis OBOL:automatic epithelium of eye lens OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelium OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lens The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[6] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_Epithelium capsule of lens (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000977 EMAPA:18237 FMA:58881 MA:0001300 SCTID:244500004 The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0001804 UMLS:C0229232 VHOG:0000550 ZFA:0005574 a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). capsula lentis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png lens capsule ncithesaurus:Lens_Capsule uberon Wikipedia:Capsule_of_lens Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_capsule a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). capsula lentis Wikipedia 2012-09-17 The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000550 http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 VHOG VHOG:0000550 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia EHDAA2 autonomic ganglion AEO:0001001 EMAPA:17157 EMAPA:18221 FMA:5889 MA:0000220 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001805 UMLS:C0017068 autonomic nervous system ganglion ganglion autonomicum ganglion of autonomic nervous system ganglion of visceral nervous system ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Ganglion uberon visceral nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic autonomic nervous system ganglion Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion ganglion autonomicum OBOL:automatic ganglion of autonomic nervous system OBOL:automatic visceral nervous system ganglion Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. OBOL:automatic ganglion of visceral nervous system sympathetic ganglion AAO:0010773 BTO:0001333 EHDAA2:0001969 EMAPA:17157 FMA:5890 MA:0000226 SCTID:362485003 Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response. They contain approximately 20000&ndash;30000 nerve cell bodies and are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001806 UMLS:C0017071 ganglion of sympathetic nervous system ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion sympatheticum ganglion sympathicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Ganglion sympathetic nervous system ganglion sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion uberon OBOL:automatic sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system OBOL:automatic ganglion of sympathetic nervous system Wikipedia:Sympathetic_ganglion ganglion sympathicum BTO:0001333 ganglion sympathicum Sympathetic ganglia are the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They deliver information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response. They contain approximately 20000&ndash;30000 nerve cell bodies and are located close to and on either side of the spinal cord in long chains. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sympathetic_ganglion OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system ganglion ISBN10:0073040584 paravertebral ganglion FMA:5891 TAO:0001556 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord. UBERON:0001807 ZFA:0001556 ganglion of sympathetic trunk ganglion trunci sympathetici ganglion trunci sympathici http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray847.png/200px-Gray847.png sympathetic chain ganglion uberon Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglion ZFIN:curator FMA:5891 FMA:TA ganglion trunci sympathici ZFA ZFA parasympathetic ganglion BTO:0001256 EHDAA2:0001400 FMA:5894 MA:0002469 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100303 Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most are small terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia, so named because they lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate. The exceptions are the four paired parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:279284004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001808 UMLS:C0017069 ganglion parasympathicum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Parasympathetic_Ganglion uberon Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most are small terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia, so named because they lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate. The exceptions are the four paired parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_ganglion Wikipedia:Parasympathetic_ganglion ganglion parasympathicum BTO:0001256 ganglion parasympathicum ISBN10:0073040584 enteric ganglion . FMA:5896 MA:0001144 UBERON:0001809 UMLS:C0501399 intramural ganglion ncithesaurus:Enteric_Ganglion uberon FMA . Wikipedia:Enteric_ganglia FMA:5896 intramural ganglion nerve plexus AEO:0000138 Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA]. BTO:0000205 EHDAA2:0003138 EHDAA:3780 FMA:5901 MA:0002407 SCTID:122455009 UBERON:0001810 UMLS:C0501403 in FMA this is a subtype of junction rather than tissue ncithesaurus:Nerve_Plexus uberon Anatomical junction where subdivisions of two or more neural trees interconnect with one another to form a network through which nerve fibers of the constituent nerve trees become regrouped; together with other nerve plexuses, nerves and ganglia, it constitutes the peripheral nervous system. Examples: cervical nerve plexus, brachial nerve plexus, sacral nerve plexus[FMA]. FMA:5901 Wikipedia:Nervous_system_plexus conjunctiva AAO:0010343 BTO:0003415 EFO:0000374 EV:0100340 FMA:59011 GAID:898 MA:0000265 MESH:A09.371.192 SCTID:181161008 The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001811 UMLS:C0009758 XAO:0000182 conjunctival http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Gray883.png/200px-Gray883.png ncithesaurus:Conjunctiva uberon wall of conjunctival sac The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is made of epithelial tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Conjunctiva MA FMA cjm palpebral conjunctiva FMA:59025 MA:0001265 SCTID:280666005 UBERON:0001812 UMLS:C0229274 eyelid conjunctiva lines the eyeballs ncithesaurus:Palpebral_Conjunctiva tarsal conjunctiva tunica conjunctiva palpebrum uberon Wikipedia:Conjunctiva tarsal conjunctiva FMA somatic nerve plexus A nerve plexus that is part of a somatic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001899 EMAPA:16987 FMA:5903 MA:0000235 SCTID:42280003 TODO - check UBERON:0001813 UMLS:C0228603 VHOG:0000925 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve_Plexus plexus nervorum spinalium plexus of spinal nerves spinal nerve plexus uberon FMA:5903 plexus of spinal nerves FMA:5903 spinal nerve plexus FMA:5903 FMA:TA plexus nervorum spinalium A nerve plexus that is part of a somatic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic brachial nerve plexus A nerve plexus originating from the anterior branches of the last four cervical and the first thoracic spinal nerves, giving off many of the principal nerves of the shoulder, chest, and arms. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000180 EHDAA:3782 EMAPA:16988 FMA:5906 GAID:842 MA:0001180 MESH:A08.800.800.720.050 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNWmO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181002002 The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower cervical and upper thoracic nerve root, specifically from below the fifth cervical vertebra to above the first thoracic vertebra. It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region) and into the arm. [WP,unvetted]. To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001814 UMLS:C0006090 VHOG:0000372 brachial plexus check superclass - nerve vs collection of fibers vs junction; note that FMA also has 'brachial autonomic nerve plexus' http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gray808.png/200px-Gray808.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Brachial_plexus_color.svg/750px-Brachial_plexus_color.svg.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Plexus plexus brachialis uberon MA Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus plexus brachialis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436 To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000372 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A nerve plexus originating from the anterior branches of the last four cervical and the first thoracic spinal nerves, giving off many of the principal nerves of the shoulder, chest, and arms. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000372 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/brachial+plexus Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus plexus brachialis The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower cervical and upper thoracic nerve root, specifically from below the fifth cervical vertebra to above the first thoracic vertebra. It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region) and into the arm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachial_plexus MA:0001180 brachial plexus lumbosacral nerve plexus EHDAA2:0001040 EHDAA:4673 EMAPA:17587 FMA:5907 GAID:849 MA:0001181 MESH:A08.800.800.720.450 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYo75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181049003 The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerve, sacral nerve, and coccygeal nerves form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts: lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001815 UMLS:C0024093 VHOG:0000926 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray822.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gray822.png/200px-Gray822.png lumbosacral plexus ncithesaurus:Lumbosacral_Plexus plexus lumbosacralis plexus lumbosacralis uberon FMA:5907 FMA:TA plexus lumbosacralis Wikipedia:Lumbosacral_plexus plexus lumbosacralis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.436 To reach the muscles, dermatomes, and other structures of the limbs, some of the neurons in the spinal nerves come together in the plexus at the base of the limb. Such plexuses occur in all gnathostomes, and they reach their highest complexity among mammals and birds in which the cervical plexus supplies many ventral neck muscles, the brachial plexus supplies the pectoral appendage, a lumbosacral plexus supplies the pelvic appendage, and a coccygeal plexus supplies some of the pelvic muscles.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000926 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerve, sacral nerve, and coccygeal nerves form the lumbosacral plexus, the first lumbar nerve being frequently joined by a branch from the twelfth thoracic. For descriptive purposes this plexus is usually divided into three parts: lumbar plexus sacral plexus pudendal plexus [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lumbosacral_plexus autonomic nerve plexus A nerve plexus that is part of an autonomic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18224 FMA:5910 MA:0000221 SCTID:362482000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001816 autonomic plexus plexus autonomicus plexus nervosus visceralis plexus visceralis uberon visceral nerve plexus visceral plexus FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus nervosus visceralis FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus visceralis A nerve plexus that is part of an autonomic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:5910 FMA:TA plexus autonomicus lacrimal gland BTO:0000044 EFO:0001389 EV:0100339 FMA:59101 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the lacrimal sac. Examples: There only two instances, right lacrimal and left lacrimal glands[FMA]. The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis[WP]. MA:0001296 SCTID:181147003 The preorbital gland is a paired exocrine gland found in many species of hoofed animals, which is homologous to the lacrimal gland found in humans. These glands are trenchlike slits of dark blue to black, nearly bare skin extending from the medial canthus of each eye. They are lined by a combination of sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, and they produce secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. Ungulates frequently deposit these secretions on twigs and grass as a means of communication with other animals. The preorbital gland serves different roles in different species. Pheromone-containing secretions from the preorbital gland may serve to establish an animal's dominance (especially in preparation for breeding), mark its territory, or simply to produce a pleasurable sensation to the animal. Because of its critical role in scent marking, the preorbital gland is usually considered as a type of scent gland. A further function of these glands may be to produce antimicrobial compounds against skin pathogens. Antimicrobial compounds found in these glands may be biosynthesized by the animal itself, or by microorganisms that live in these glands[Wikipedia:Preorbital_gland]. UBERON:0001817 UMLS:C0022907 VHOG:0001476 glandula lacrimalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray896.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray896.png/200px-Gray896.png ncithesaurus:Lacrimal_Gland preorbital gland tear gland uberon Wikipedia:Preorbital_gland preorbital gland Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the lacrimal sac. Examples: There only two instances, right lacrimal and left lacrimal glands[FMA]. The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called dacryoadenitis[WP]. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_gland The preorbital gland is a paired exocrine gland found in many species of hoofed animals, which is homologous to the lacrimal gland found in humans. These glands are trenchlike slits of dark blue to black, nearly bare skin extending from the medial canthus of each eye. They are lined by a combination of sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, and they produce secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. Ungulates frequently deposit these secretions on twigs and grass as a means of communication with other animals. The preorbital gland serves different roles in different species. Pheromone-containing secretions from the preorbital gland may serve to establish an animal's dominance (especially in preparation for breeding), mark its territory, or simply to produce a pleasurable sensation to the animal. Because of its critical role in scent marking, the preorbital gland is usually considered as a type of scent gland. A further function of these glands may be to produce antimicrobial compounds against skin pathogens. Antimicrobial compounds found in these glands may be biosynthesized by the animal itself, or by microorganisms that live in these glands[Wikipedia:Preorbital_gland]. Wikipedia:Preorbital_gland BTO:0000044 tear gland Wikipedia:Lacrimal_gland glandula lacrimalis tarsal gland BTO:0004165 FMA:59104 GAID:899 MA:0001249 MESH:A09.371.337.614 Meibomian gland SCTID:280585003 The meibomian glands (or tarsal glands) are a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight. There are approximately 50 glands on the upper eyelids and 25 glands on the lower eyelids. The glands are named after Heinrich Meibom (1638-1700), a German physician. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001818 UMLS:C0025181 gland of Meibom glandula tarsales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gray1205.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gray1205.png/200px-Gray1205.png ncithesaurus:Meibomian_Gland palpebral gland uberon The meibomian glands (or tarsal glands) are a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight. There are approximately 50 glands on the upper eyelids and 25 glands on the lower eyelids. The glands are named after Heinrich Meibom (1638-1700), a German physician. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Meibomian_gland palpebral fissure FMA:59110 MA:0001266 Orifice separating upper and lower eyelids. In the human adult this measures about 10mm vertically and 30 mm horizontally. It can be reduced in size in fetal alcohol syndrome. In Trisomy 9 the palpebral fissures can be upslanting. [WP,modified]. SCTID:280576003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001819 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray892.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray892.png/200px-Gray892.png rima palpebrarum uberon MA Orifice separating upper and lower eyelids. In the human adult this measures about 10mm vertically and 30 mm horizontally. It can be reduced in size in fetal alcohol syndrome. In Trisomy 9 the palpebral fissures can be upslanting. [WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Palpebral_fissure Wikipedia:Palpebral_fissure rima palpebrarum FMA sweat gland A gland that secretes sweat, found in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, opening by a duct on the body surface. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0001331 EV:0100160 FMA:59152 GAID:943 MA:0000150 MESH:A10.336.899 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjx15wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361700009 Sweat glands (also called sudoriferous glands) are unique to mammals.[well established][VHOG] Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation. In humans a system of apocrine - and merocrine sweat glands is the main method of cooling. Many other mammals rely on panting or other means as a primary source of cooling, but still use sweat glands to aid in body temperature regulation. Sweat also serves a purpose of increasing friction on the palms of hands or the pads of paws. Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells (from Greek myo-, 'muscle'), specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina. Myoepithelial cell contractions squeeze the gland and discharge the accumulated secretions. The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. Additionally, ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax, and mammary glands, which produce milk, are frequently considered to be modified sweat glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001820 UMLS:C0038989 VHOG:0001467 glandula sudorifera http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png ncithesaurus:Sweat_Gland sudoriferous gland sudoriparous gland todo - check if all sweat glands are epidermal - see EMAPA:29743 uberon BTO:0001331 glandula sudorifera FMA 2012-09-17 A gland that secretes sweat, found in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, opening by a duct on the body surface. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001467 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sweat+gland Sweat glands are exocrine glands, found in the skin of all mammal species, that are used for body temperature regulation. In humans a system of apocrine - and merocrine sweat glands is the main method of cooling. Many other mammals rely on panting or other means as a primary source of cooling, but still use sweat glands to aid in body temperature regulation. Sweat also serves a purpose of increasing friction on the palms of hands or the pads of paws. Both apocrine and merocrine sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells (from Greek myo-, 'muscle'), specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina. Myoepithelial cell contractions squeeze the gland and discharge the accumulated secretions. The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. Additionally, ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax, and mammary glands, which produce milk, are frequently considered to be modified sweat glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sweat_gland 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.101 Sweat glands (also called sudoriferous glands) are unique to mammals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001467 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001331 sudoriparous gland BTO:0001331 sudoriferous gland MA definitional sebaceous gland A holocrine gland that secretes sebum into the hair follicles, or in hairless areas into ducts.[MP]. Any of the numerous holocrine glands in the dermis that empty into a hair follicle and produce and secrete sebum. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0001980 EV:0100161 FMA:59160 GAID:900 MA:0002565 MESH:A10.336.827 SCTID:361697005 Sebaceous glands are also limited to mammals.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001821 UMLS:C0036505 Usage notes: sebaceous glands are also found in glabrous areas of eyelids, nose, penis, labia minora and nipples, and do not always secrete into hair follices. This causes some confusion in classification. In addition some structures, such as preputial glands are sometimes called 'modified' sebaceous glands, implying a non-subclass relationship. we follow MP and MA in keeping this class generic and creating a distinct subclass for sebaceuous glands of the skin. The FMA class may be better placed under this subclass. VHOG:0001468 glandula sebacea glandula sebaceae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/HairFollicle.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HairFollicle.png/200px-HairFollicle.png ncithesaurus:Sebaceous_Gland sebaceous follicle uberon Wikipedia definitional A holocrine gland that secretes sebum into the hair follicles, or in hairless areas into ducts.[MP]. MP:0000647 Wikipedia:Sebaceous_gland BTO:0001980 glandula sebaceae 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.102 Sebaceous glands are also limited to mammals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001468 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Any of the numerous holocrine glands in the dermis that empty into a hair follicle and produce and secrete sebum. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001468 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sebaceous+gland BTO FMA BTO:0001980 sebaceous follicle Wikipedia:Sebaceous_gland glandula sebacea orbital septum FMA:59328 MA:0001259 SCTID:368859002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001822 a membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit. It extends from the orbital rims to the eyelids[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Gray891.png septum orbitale uberon Wikipedia:Orbital_septum septum orbitale Wikipedia:Orbital_septum a membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit. It extends from the orbital rims to the eyelids[WP]. nasal cartilage FMA:59502 MA:0001883 One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. SCTID:278941001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001823 UMLS:C0225415 cartilage of nose http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray852.png/200px-Gray852.png ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cartilage uberon One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. Wikipedia:Nasal_cartilage mucosa of larynx EMAPA:18334 FMA:59662 GAID:301 MA:0001766 MESH:A04.329.597 SCTID:361940006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001824 UMLS:C0023053 laryngeal mucosa larynx mucosa larynx mucosa of organ larynx mucous membrane larynx organ mucosa mucosa of organ of larynx mucous membrane of larynx ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Mucosa organ mucosa of larynx the mucous lining of the larynx, which is composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx. tunica mucosa laryngis uberon MP:0002261 the mucous lining of the larynx, which is composed of squamous epithelium in the upper larynx and ciliated columnar epithelium in the lower larynx. OBOL:automatic larynx mucosa of organ FMA:59662 FMA:TA tunica mucosa laryngis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of larynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of larynx OBOL:automatic larynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic larynx mucous membrane paranasal sinus Arise as epithelial lined diverticula of the lining of the nasal cavity. The extent of sinus development varies with species, most of the development occurs postnatally EHDAA:6489 EV:0100038 FMA:59679 GAID:355 MA:0000431 MESH:A04.531.621 Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:181203001 UBERON:0001825 UMLS:C0030471 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg/200px-Nnh_front.svg.png nasal sinus ncithesaurus:Paranasal_Sinus sinus uberon Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Paranasal_sinuses GAID:355 nasal sinus nasal cavity mucosa BTO:0000912 FMA:59684 GAID:302 SCTID:310211009 TODO - check lining vs part of. split olfactory and nasal mucosa? UBERON:0001826 mucosa of nose mucous membrane of nose nasal mucosa the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. tunica mucosa nasalis tunica mucosa nasi uberon FMA:59684 FMA:TA tunica mucosa nasi FMA:59684 mucosa of nose FMA:59684 mucous membrane of nose MP:0002238 the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. lacrimal gland secretion A substance secreted the lacrimal gland.[Automatically generated definition] BTO:0001499 ENVO:02000034 FMA:59756 GAID:1173 MA:0002508 MESH:A12.200.882 UBERON:0001827 UMLS:C0039409 galen:Tear galen:Tears lacrimal secretion ncithesaurus:Tear tear tears uberon tears A substance secreted the lacrimal gland.[Automatically generated definition] OBOL:automatical Wikipedia:Tear FMA:59756 tear gingiva BTO:0000519 EFO:0001925 EV:0100064 Editor notes: FMA has a 3-level breakdown of jaws into: region, jaw (skeleton+gums), skeleton. FMA:59762 GAID:1257 MA:0000342 MESH:A14.254.646.480 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViWnZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181224006 The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001]. UBERON:0001828 UMLS:C0017562 VHOG:0001269 galen:Gingiva gingival gingival mucosa gum gum tissue gums http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tooth_Section.svg/200px-Tooth_Section.svg.png ncithesaurus:Gingiva uberon FMA:59762 gum Carranza ISBN10:0013002015 UBERON:cjm gum tissue ISBN10:0013002015 The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001]. Wikipedia:Gingiva major salivary gland FMA:59788 MA:0002478 SCTID:303049006 There are 3 pairs of major salivary glands in human and mouse[ISBN10:0123813611] UBERON:0001829 UMLS:C0930553 galen:MajorSalivaryGland ncithesaurus:Major_Salivary_Gland the three largest glands of the oral cavity that secrete most of the saliva, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. uberon MP:0003792 the three largest glands of the oral cavity that secrete most of the saliva, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. MA minor salivary gland FMA:59789 GAID:940 MA:0002479 MESH:A10.336.779.650 SCTID:362177001 UBERON:0001830 UMLS:C0036099 galen:MinorSalivaryGland ncithesaurus:Minor_Salivary_Gland the smaller, largely mucus-secreting, exocrine glands of the oral cavity, consisting of the labial, buccal, molar, lingual, and palatine glands[MP]. There are over 600 minor salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity within the lamina propria of the oral mucosa. They are 1-2mm in diameter and unlike the other glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue only surrounded by it. The gland is usually a number of acini connected in a tiny lobule. A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct. Their secretion is mainly mucous in nature (except for Von Ebner's glands) and have many functions such as coating the oral cavity with saliva. Problems with dentures are usually associated with minor salivary glands[WP]. uberon MP:0003791 Wikipedia:Salivary_gland#Minor_Salivary_Glands the smaller, largely mucus-secreting, exocrine glands of the oral cavity, consisting of the labial, buccal, molar, lingual, and palatine glands[MP]. There are over 600 minor salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity within the lamina propria of the oral mucosa. They are 1-2mm in diameter and unlike the other glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue only surrounded by it. The gland is usually a number of acini connected in a tiny lobule. A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct. Their secretion is mainly mucous in nature (except for Von Ebner's glands) and have many functions such as coating the oral cavity with saliva. Problems with dentures are usually associated with minor salivary glands[WP]. parotid gland A mammalian salivary gland located caudal to the ear. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-22, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] AAO:0010095 BTO:0001004 EFO:0002558 EMAPA:18537 EV:0100060 FMA:59790 GAID:938 MA:0001585 MESH:A10.336.779.464 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqwyg5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181234002 The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid.[well established][VHOG] The mouse parotid, exorbital lacrimal gland and exocrine pancreas have similar histological appearances[ISBN10:0123813611] The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001831 UMLS:C0030580 VHOG:0000308 galen:ParotidGland glandula parotidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_02.jpg ncithesaurus:Parotid_Gland parotid uberon 2012-09-17 A mammalian salivary gland located caudal to the ear. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-22, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000308 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Parotid_gland glandula parotidea FMA-abduced-lr 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.525 The most common oral glands in mammals are the salivary glands. There are usually three primary pairs of salivary glands, named for their approximate positions: mandibular (submandibular or submaxillary), sublingual, and parotid.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000308 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parotid_gland sublingual gland BTO:0001315 EMAPA:18809 EV:0100062 FMA:59791 GAID:941 MA:0001588 MESH:A10.336.779.687 Most mammals have well-developed parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands.[well established][VHOG] One of a pair of small salivary glands situated under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] Rivinus gland Rivinus' gland SCTID:362176005 Single lobed in mouse; largest acini of the 3 rodent salivary glands. In human and mouse, secretions are predominantly mucinous[ISBN10:0123813611] The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth. They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus. The largest duct, the sublingual duct (of Bartholin) joins the submandibular duct to drain through the sublingual caruncle. The sublingual gland consists mostly of Mucous acini capped with serous demilunes and is therefore categorized as a mixed gland. Most of the remaining small sublingual ducts open separately into the mouth on an elevated crest of mucous membrane, the sublingual fold, caused by the gland and on either side of the frenulum linguae. The chorda tympani nerve is secretomotor to the sublingual glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001832 UMLS:C0038553 VHOG:0000363 ductus sublingualis glandula sublingualis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray1024.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray1024.png/200px-Gray1024.png ncithesaurus:Sublingual_Salivary_Gland sublingual salivary gland submaxillary gland uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.553 Most mammals have well-developed parotid, mandibular, and sublingual glands.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000363 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001315 Rivinus gland FMA Wikipedia:Sublingual_gland glandula sublingualis MA:0001589 submaxillary gland The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth. They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts called the ducts of Rivinus. The largest duct, the sublingual duct (of Bartholin) joins the submandibular duct to drain through the sublingual caruncle. The sublingual gland consists mostly of Mucous acini capped with serous demilunes and is therefore categorized as a mixed gland. Most of the remaining small sublingual ducts open separately into the mouth on an elevated crest of mucous membrane, the sublingual fold, caused by the gland and on either side of the frenulum linguae. The chorda tympani nerve is secretomotor to the sublingual glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_gland 2012-09-17 One of a pair of small salivary glands situated under the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000363 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sublingual+gland lip BTO:0001647 FMA:59816 GAID:76 MA:0000343 MESH:A01.456.505.631.515 One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi4U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181221003 Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] TAO:0007006 UBERON:0001833 UMLS:C0023759 VHOG:0000677 ZFA:0007006 galen:Lip http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Lips.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mouth.jpg/200px-Mouth.jpg labia oris labial lips ncithesaurus:Lip uberon Wikipedia:Lip labia oris One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. Wikipedia:Lip http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 2012-08-14 Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] TAO TAO:0007006 ZFIN:curator http:www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 upper lip EMAPA:17925 FMA:59817 Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth. [ZFIN:Curator][VHOG] Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO] Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO]. MA:0000919 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWPv7pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245776003 TAO:0001970 UBERON:0001834 UBERON:0003391 VHOG:0001750 ZFA:0005226 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg/200px-Illu01_head_neck.jpg labium superius oris uberon upper jaw lip 2012-09-17 Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth. [ZFIN:Curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001750 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Upper_lip labium superius oris Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO]. TAO:0001970 Wikipedia:Upper_lip 2012-08-14 Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001970 TAO:wd UBERON:cjm upper jaw lip lower lip EHDAA2:0001020 EMAPA:17909 FMA:59818 Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO] Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO]. MA:0000921 OpenCyc:Mx4rv842UpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245777007 TAO:0002060 UBERON:0001835 UBERON:0003392 UMLS:C0458583 ZFA:0005225 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Mouth.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mouth.jpg/200px-Mouth.jpg labium inferius oris lower jaw lip ncithesaurus:Lower_Lip uberon 2012-08-14 Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002060 TAO:wd Wikipedia:Lower_lip labium inferius oris Lip that covers the upper portion of the mouth.[TAO]. TAO:0002060 Wikipedia:Lower_lip UBERON:cjm lower jaw lip saliva BTO:0001202 ENVO:02000036 FMA:59862 GAID:1167 In humans, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin[GO]. MA:0002507 MAT:0000444 MESH:A12.200.666 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJ95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001836 UMLS:C0036087 galen:Saliva ncithesaurus:Saliva sailva normalis saliva atomaris saliva molecularis salivary salivary gland secretion uberon FMA:59862 salivary gland secretion Wikipedia:Saliva saliva atomaris Wikipedia:Saliva saliva molecularis GO:0046541 In humans, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin[GO]. Wikipedia:Saliva Wikipedia:Saliva sailva normalis duct of salivary gland An intralobular duct found in salivary glands and involved in the production and transport of their secretions[BTO]. BTO:0005115 FMA:59908 GAID:939 MA:0001586 MESH:A10.336.779.640 SCTID:181238004 UBERON:0001837 check taxonomy coverage - define functionally? salivary duct salivary gland duct secretory duct uberon BTO:0005115 secretory duct An intralobular duct found in salivary glands and involved in the production and transport of their secretions[BTO]. BTO:0005115 Wikipedia:Salivary_duct sublingual duct BTO:0004558 FMA:59983 MA:0002699 SCTID:281000009 The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. Of the smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus), some join the submandibular duct; others open separately into the mouth, on the elevated crest of mucous membrane (plica sublingualis), caused by the projection of the gland, on either side of the frenulum linguae. One or more join to form the major sublingual duct (larger sublingual duct, duct of Bartholin), which opens into the submandibular duct. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001838 uberon The excretory ducts of the sublingual gland are from eight to twenty in number. Of the smaller sublingual ducts (ducts of Rivinus), some join the submandibular duct; others open separately into the mouth, on the elevated crest of mucous membrane (plica sublingualis), caused by the projection of the gland, on either side of the frenulum linguae. One or more join to form the major sublingual duct (larger sublingual duct, duct of Bartholin), which opens into the submandibular duct. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_duct bony labyrinth A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. AAO:0011078 BTO:0004685 EV:0100362 FMA:60179 Ideally we would place a spatially disjoint from relationship to membranous labyrinth, but there are many parts in common. this should be resolved. MA:0000238 SCTID:279727008 UBERON:0001839 UMLS:C0458699 VHOG:0001219 XAO:0000193 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray920.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray920.png/200px-Gray920.png labyrinthus osseus ncithesaurus:Osseous_Labyrinth osseous labyrinth osseus labyrinth uberon A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bony_labyrinth Wikipedia:Bony_labyrinth labyrinthus osseus semicircular canal AAO:0011098 BTO:0003383 EV:0100365 FMA:60186 Fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in the ear, that detect angular accelerations. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] GAID:776 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. These ducts are sometimes called canals, but technically the term semicircular canal applies to the spaces in the osseus labyrinth in which the semicircular ducts lie.[uncertain][VHOG] MA:0000249 MESH:A09.246.631.663 Note that MA divides this into osseous and duct. In FMA, this is systemically part of the bony labyrinth. Note this is an anatomical space in ZFA. The MA treatment has advantages for representing the neuroepithelium, which should not be part of bone. Also check duct vs canal One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP]. Fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in the ear, that detect angular accelerations. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) SCTID:279757004 TAO:0000431 UBERON:0001840 UMLS:C0036622 VHOG:0001144 XAO:0000198 ZFA:0000431 canalis semicircularis ductus semicirculares http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png/200px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png ncithesaurus:Semicircular_Canal scc semicircular canals uberon MA One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP]. Fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in the ear, that detect angular accelerations. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator OG 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.414 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. These ducts are sometimes called canals, but technically the term semicircular canal applies to the spaces in the osseus labyrinth in which the semicircular ducts lie.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001144 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in the ear, that detect angular accelerations. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000431 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal canalis semicircularis TAO:0000431 scc GO TAO:0000431 semicircular canals BTO:0003383 FMA:71880 FMA:TA ductus semicirculares anterior semicircular canal AAO:0000058 EHDAA2:0001959 EHDAA:7802 EMAPA:17299 FMA:60187 MA:0001207 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] SCTID:279764002 TAO:0000314 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001841 UMLS:C1288332 ZFA:0000314 anterior semicircular canals anterior semicircular duct canalis semircularis posterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Semicircular_Canal relationship loss: develops_from anterior semicircular canal primordium (TAO:0000469)[TAO] rostral vertical semicircular canal superior semicircular canal uberon 2012-08-14 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000314 ZFIN:curator AAO:0000058 canalis semircularis posterior 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000314 relationship loss: develops_from anterior semicircular canal primordium (TAO:0000469)[TAO] One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Anterior_semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator posterior semicircular canal AAO:0000420 EHDAA2:0001489 EHDAA:7796 EMAPA:17296 Editor notes: verify AAO FMA:60190 MA:0001209 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] SCTID:279762003 TAO:0000262 UBERON:0001842 UMLS:C0229454 ZFA:0000262 canalis semicircularis posterior caudal vertical semicircular canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray921.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Semicircular_Canal pars superior of labyrinth posterior semicircular canals posterior semicircular duct relationship loss: develops_from posterior semicircular canal primordium (TAO:0000412)[TAO] uberon One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Posterior_semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Posterior_semicircular_canal canalis semicircularis posterior 2012-08-14 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000262 ZFIN:curator AAO:0000420 pars superior of labyrinth 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000262 relationship loss: develops_from posterior semicircular canal primordium (TAO:0000412)[TAO] lateral semicircular canal EHDAA2:0000920 EHDAA:7790 EMAPA:17821 FMA:60193 MA:0001208 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] SCTID:279761005 TAO:0000220 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001843 ZFA:0000220 horizontal semicircular canal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png lateral semicircular canals lateral semicircular duct relationship loss: develops_from lateral semicircular canal primordium (TAO:0000232)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for semicircular canals by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000220 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000220 relationship loss: develops_from lateral semicircular canal primordium (TAO:0000232)[TAO] One of three fluid-filled toroidal spaces, arranged orthogonally to each other in each ear, that detect angular acceleration. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/semi_canal/semi.html'>semicircular canals</a> by T. Whitfield.) Wikipedia:Lateral_semicircular_canal ZFIN:curator cochlea A spiral-shaped cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone of the inner ear, containing the nerve endings essential for hearing and forming one of the divisions of the labyrinth. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0000253 AO notes: sources vary in connection to bony labyrinth. Taxon notes: The association with 'lagena' in frog and fish comes from HOG, although HOG is inconsistent here, associating lagena with XAO cochlea and ZFA cochlear duct. NBK53175 says: "In contrast, the ventrally located auditory chambers have undergone more extensive evolutionary modifications. The saccule and lagena are prominent auditory organs in fish but the saccule has a vestibular role in mammals and birds, and the lagena is absent in mammals. The primary au- ditory organ in mammals and birds is the cochlea, which has no known counterpart in amphibians and fish (Riley and Phillips, 2003)" BTO:0000267 Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000357 EMAPA:17597 EV:0100363 FMA:60201 GAID:724 MA:0000240 MAT:0000144 MESH:A09.246.631.246 MIAA:0000144 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1190 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_883 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqfJmJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181187008 TAO:0000374 The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. The name is from the Latin for snail, which is from the Greek kokhlias 'snail, screw,' from kokhlos 'spiral shell,' in reference to its coiled shape; the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001844 UMLS:C0009195 VHOG:0000691 XAO:0000197 ZFA:0000374 cochlear cochlear organ cochlear part of bony labyrinth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cochlea-crosssection.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png lagena ncithesaurus:Cochlea uberon The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. The name is from the Latin for snail, which is from the Greek kokhlias 'snail, screw,' from kokhlos 'spiral shell,' in reference to its coiled shape; the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlea 2012-09-17 Because achieving high sensitivity is generally advantageous for auditory organs, it is not surprising that evidence for cochlear amplification is also seen in nonmammals. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) are narrow-band sound signals emitted from the inner ear, and it is generally assumed that their energy derives from the hair-cell molecular motors underlying cochlear amplification. However, all terrestrial vertebrates studied so far (including amphibians) show very similar SOAEs. The most parsimonious explanation for the universality of this phenomena is that some kind of amplifying mechanism is at least as old as land vertebrates themselves.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(98)80033-0 Manley GA, Koeppl C, Phylogenetic development of the cochlea and its innervation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1998) VHOG VHOG:0000691 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A spiral-shaped cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone of the inner ear, containing the nerve endings essential for hearing and forming one of the divisions of the labyrinth. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000691 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cochlea XAO:0000197 lagena BTO:0000267 cochlear organ perilymph FMA:60908 GAID:1185 MA:0002529 MESH:A12.207.571.678 TAO:0005413 Transudate contained in the osseous labyrinth outside the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] UBERON:0001845 UMLS:C0031059 ZFA:0005413 liquor cotunnii ncithesaurus:Perilymph perilympha uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Perilymph liquor cotunnii FMA:FMA Transudate contained in the osseous labyrinth outside the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] Wikipedia:Perilymph Wikipedia:Perilymph perilympha internal ear AAO:0000238 BTO:0000630 Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. EFO:0001363 EHDAA2:0000831 EHDAA:504 EMAPA:16194 EV:0100361 FMA:60909 GAID:871 MA:0000237 MAT:0000145 MESH:A09.246.631 MIAA:0000145 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1196 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJ8SsJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181189006 TAO:0000217 The auditory (hearing) and vestibular (balance) organ of the fish, equivalent to the inner ear of amniotes. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001846 UMLS:C0022889 VHOG:0000284 XAO:0000192 ZFA:0000217 auris interna galen:InnerEar http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png inner ear labyrinth ncithesaurus:Internal_Ear otocyst uberon definitional BTO:0000630 auris interna Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. PMID:16217737 Wikipedia:Internal_ear ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000217 The auditory (hearing) and vestibular (balance) organ of the fish, equivalent to the inner ear of amniotes. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366 The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000284 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lobule of pinna FMA:60984 MA:0002468 SCTID:362544006 The earlobe is, in humans and many other animals, the soft lower part of the external ear. It is the lowermost portion of the human pinna, projecting below the antitragus. The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna. Since the earlobe does not contain cartilage the earlobe has a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance but generally earlobes are not considered to have any major biological function. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001847 UMLS:C0229315 auricular lobule ear lobe ear lobule earlobe lobe of ear lobule of auricle lobule of auricle of ear lobulus auriculae ncithesaurus:Lobule_of_the_Auricle pinna lobule uberon FMA:60984 FMA:TA lobulus auriculae The earlobe is, in humans and many other animals, the soft lower part of the external ear. It is the lowermost portion of the human pinna, projecting below the antitragus. The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna. Since the earlobe does not contain cartilage the earlobe has a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears and maintain balance but generally earlobes are not considered to have any major biological function. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ear_lobe auricular cartilage FMA:61013 MA:0001227 SCTID:279627003 UBERON:0001848 cartilage of pinna cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal. uberon FMA FMA:61013 cartilage of pinna cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/auricular+cartilage membranous labyrinth A system of communicating epithelial sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth, containing the endolymph. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0011060 EHDAA:4698 EMAPA:17815 EV:0100367 FMA:61022 MA:0000242 Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. Examples: There are only two membranous labyrinths, the right and the left.[FMA] SCTID:263790009 The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001849 UMLS:C0458700 VHOG:0000729 XAO:0000194 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray924.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray924.png/200px-Gray924.png inner ear has parts membranous and osseuous/bony labyrinth. it's not clear where the edinburgh terms 'labyrinth' belong, we place them here for now labyrinthus membranaceus ncithesaurus:Membranous_Labyrinth uberon Wikipedia:Membranous_labyrinth labyrinthus membranaceus 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.366 The labyrinth, or inner ear, evolved very early in vertebrate history and, with many variations in configuration but none of basic design and function, has been retained by all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000729 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A system of communicating epithelial sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth, containing the endolymph. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000729 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/membranous+labyrinth FMA:FMA Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. Examples: There are only two membranous labyrinths, the right and the left.[FMA] Wikipedia:Membranous_labyrinth definitional lacrimal duct EMAPA:19245 FMA:61063 MA:0001295 Organ with organ cavity which connects the vestibule of the conjunctival sac to the nasal cavity. Examples: There are only two lacrimal ducts, the right and the left lacrimal ducts.[FMA] UBERON:0001850 lacrimal caniculus tear duct todo - resolve canaliculus vs tear duct vs lacrimal vs nasolacrimal uberon Wikipedia:Lacrimal_duct lacrimal caniculus FMA:61063 Organ with organ cavity which connects the vestibule of the conjunctival sac to the nasal cavity. Examples: There are only two lacrimal ducts, the right and the left lacrimal ducts.[FMA] Wikipedia:Lacrimal_canaliculi FMA MA:0001295 tear duct cortex EFO:0000383 EHDAA:9344 FMA:61109 Note that this class is used more generically than in FMA, and includes e.g. cortex of hair Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. UBERON:0001851 cortex cortex of organ cortical galen:Cortex uberon Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. Wikipedia:Cortex_(anatomy) FMA:61109 cortex endolymph FMA:61112 GAID:1184 MA:0002528 MESH:A12.207.571.324 Scarpa's fluid TAO:0005414 Transudate contained within the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] UBERON:0001852 UMLS:C0014166 ZFA:0005414 endolympha endolymphatic fluid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png ncithesaurus:Endolymph otolymphic uberon FMA:61112 Transudate contained within the membranous labyrinth.[FMA] Wikipedia:Endolymph Wikipedia:Endolymph endolympha Scarpa's fluid Wikipedia:Endolymph Wikipedia:Endolymph endolympha Wikipedia utricle of membranous labyrinth AAO:0000625 AAO:0011109 BTO:0001807 EHDAA2:0002153 EHDAA:4726 EMAPA:17293 EV:0100368 FMA:61113 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000247 SCTID:279817006 TAO:0000700 The portion of the membranous labyrinth of the ear into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] UBERON:0001853 UMLS:C0042158 VHOG:0000289 XAO/AAO to be checked - see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5; AAO has both utricle and utriculus; these are generally considered synonyms - e.g. http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=utriculus XAO:0000195 ZFA:0000700 membranous labyrinth utricle ncithesaurus:Utricle one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical cilia set-up. These are covered by otolith which, due to gravity, pull on the cilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken[WP]. uberon utricle utriculus utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000289 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The portion of the membranous labyrinth of the ear into which the semicircular ducts find their outlet. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000289 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000700 utriculus Wikipedia:Utricle_(ear) one of the two otolith organs located in the vertebrate inner ear. These use small stones and a viscous fluid to stimulate hair cells to detect motion and orientation. The utricle is larger than the saccule and is of an oblong form, compressed transversely, and occupies the upper and back part of the vestibule, lying in contact with the recessus ellipticus and the part below it. The utricle contains mechanoreceptors called hair cells that distinguish between degrees of tilting of the head, thanks to their apical cilia set-up. These are covered by otolith which, due to gravity, pull on the cilia and tilt them. Depending on whether the tilt is in the direction of the kinocilium or not, the resulting hair cell polarisation is excitatory (depolarising) or inhibitory (hyperpolarisation), respectively. This signal to the vestibular nerve (which takes it to the brainstem) does not adapt with time. The effect of this is that, for example, an individual lying down to sleep will continue to detect that they are lying down hours later when they awaken[WP]. Wikipedia ZFA saccule of membranous labyrinth A bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down (think about moving on an elevator). When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs. It is globular in form and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its cavity does not directly communicate with that of the utricle. The anterior part of the saccule exhibits an oval thickening, the macula acustica sacculi, or macula, to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the acoustic nerve or cranial nerve VIII[WP]. AAO:0000550 BTO:0001805 EHDAA2:0001769 EHDAA:4712 EMAPA:17290 EV:0100369 FMA:61116 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) .[well established][VHOG] MA:0000246 SCTID:279827000 TAO:0000428 The most ventral chamber of the membranous labyrinth. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-25, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] UBERON:0001854 UMLS:C0036029 VHOG:0000374 XAO/AAO to be checked - see https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/5 XAO:0000196 ZFA:0000428 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg membranous labyrinth saccule ncithesaurus:Saccule saccule sacculus sacculus sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) uberon Wikipedia ZFA Wikipedia:Saccule sacculus ZFA:0000428 sacculus 2012-09-17 The most ventral chamber of the membranous labyrinth. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-25, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000374 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down (think about moving on an elevator). When the head moves vertically, the sensory cells of the saccule are disturbed and the neurons connected to them begin transmitting impulses to the brain. These impulses travel along the vestibular portion of the eighth cranial nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs. It is globular in form and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its cavity does not directly communicate with that of the utricle. The anterior part of the saccule exhibits an oval thickening, the macula acustica sacculi, or macula, to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as the acoustic nerve or cranial nerve VIII[WP]. Wikipedia:Saccule 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) .[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000374 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP]. BTO:0001692 EHDAA2:0000262 EHDAA:4718 EMAPA:17598 FMA:61119 GAID:874 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) In most groups of gnathostomes, the caudoventral evagination of the sacculus forms a small lagena, and in some diapsids and mammals the lagena develops into a longer duct. The lagena becomes greatly elongated in therians and coils to form the cochlear duct.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000243 MESH:A09.246.631.246.292 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 Reissner's canal SCTID:279849006 TODO: check cochlear duct vs cochlear aqueduct vs scala media The coiled portion of the membranous labyrinth located inside the cochlea. It contains endolymph. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0001855 UMLS:C1323110 VHOG:0000507 cochlea duct cochlear aqueduct cochlear duct ductus cochlearis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Gray928.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gray928.png/200px-Gray928.png membranous cochlea ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Duct reissners canal scala media scala medias scala of Loewenberg uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 scala medias NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 reissners canal 2012-09-17 The coiled portion of the membranous labyrinth located inside the cochlea. It contains endolymph. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000507 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cochlear+duct BTO:0001692 ductus cochlearis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2562 cochlea duct Wikipedia:Cochlear_duct scala media 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus. (...) In all gnathostomes, the utriculus connects ventrally with a larger sac, called the sacculus (...) In most groups of gnathostomes, the caudoventral evagination of the sacculus forms a small lagena, and in some diapsids and mammals the lagena develops into a longer duct. The lagena becomes greatly elongated in therians and coils to form the cochlear duct.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000507 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Cochlear_duct ductus cochlearis An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_duct BTO:0001692 scala of Loewenberg BTO:0001692 membranous cochlea semicircular duct FMA:61122 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus (...); Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000251 SCTID:279833009 TODO - check canal vs duct. see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray927.png UBERON:0001856 UMLS:C1323109 VHOG:0000238 any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium ductus semicirculares membranous semicircular canal ncithesaurus:Semicircular_Duct uberon MA MA:0000251 membranous semicircular canal any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/semicircular+duct 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and p.58 In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus (...); Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000238 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:71880 FMA:TA ductus semicirculares FMA MA anterior semicircular duct FMA:61123 MA:0001211 SCTID:279836001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001857 VHOG:0000246 Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] superior semicircular duct uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414 VHOG VHOG:0000246 Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000246 superior semicircular duct posterior semicircular duct FMA:61126 MA:0001214 SCTID:279835002 The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001858 VHOG:0000248 Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png/200px-Balance_Disorder_Illustration_A.png uberon The semicircular canals are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal. The canals are aligned approximately orthogonally to one another. The horizontal canal is aligned roughly horizontally in the head. The superior and anterior canals are aligned roughly at a 45 degree angle to a vertical plane drawn from the nose to the back of the skull. Thus, the horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing a pirouette), while the superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements. Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs whose ends are embedded in a gelatinous structure called the cupula. As the skull twists in any direction, the endolymph is thrown into different sections of the canals. The cilia detect when the endolymph rushes past, and a signal is then sent to the brain. The semicircular canals are a component of the Labyrinth. Among species of mammals, the size of the semicircular canals is correlated with their type of locomotion. Specifically, species that are agile and have fast, jerky locomotion have larger canals relative to their body size than those that move more cautiously. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Semicircular_canal 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.53 and p.413-414 VHOG VHOG:0000248 Vertebrata is characterized by three synapomorphies. (...) Vertebrates also have at least two vertical semicircular ducts (...). In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ lateral semicircular duct FMA:61129 Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution. [ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.58] ; In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001213 SCTID:279834003 The lateral or horizontal canal (external semicircular canal) is the shortest of the three canals. Movement of fluid within this canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck). [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001859 VHOG:0000247 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png uberon The lateral or horizontal canal (external semicircular canal) is the shortest of the three canals. Movement of fluid within this canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_semicircular_duct 2012-09-17 Gnathostome ears have a horizontal semicircular duct. This brings their complement to three semicircular ducts, a pattern retained throughout gnathostome evolution. [ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.58] ; In gnathostomes, each membranous labyrinth has three semicircular ducts that connect with a chamber known as the utriculus.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 VHOG VHOG:0000247 http://bgee.unil.ch/ endolymphatic duct AAO:0000135 Duct that is part of the inner ear and connects to the semicircular canals ending in a pouch.[TAO] EMAPA:18580 FMA:61246 From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the endolymphatic duct, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. [WP,unvetted]. GAID:886 MA:0001187 MESH:A09.246.631.909.957.360 SCTID:362567008 TAO:0002194 UBERON:0001860 ZFA:0001705 ductus endolymphaticus ductus endolymphaticus endoymphatic http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray924.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray924.png/200px-Gray924.png uberon From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the endolymphatic duct, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Endolymphatic_duct AAO:0000135 ductus endolymphaticus Wikipedia:Endolymphatic_duct ductus endolymphaticus 2012-08-14 Duct that is part of the inner ear and connects to the semicircular canals ending in a pouch.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002194 http:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolymphatic_duct ductus reuniens EMAPA:17287 FMA:61252 Hensen duct Hensen's duct MA:0000244 SCTID:279805009 The canalis reuniens of Hansen is part of the human inner ear. It connects the lower part of the saccule to the ductus cochlearis near its vestibular extremity. UBERON:0001861 canal of Henson canalis reuniens canalis reuniens of Hensen uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Canalis_reuniens_of_Hensen canalis reuniens The canalis reuniens of Hansen is part of the human inner ear. It connects the lower part of the saccule to the ductus cochlearis near its vestibular extremity. Wikipedia:Canalis_reuniens_of_Hensen EMAPA Hensen's duct Wikipedia:Canalis_reuniens_of_Hensen Hensen duct Wikipedia:Canalis_reuniens_of_Hensen Wikipedia:Canalis_reuniens_of_Hensen canal of Henson Wikipedia:Canalis_reuniens_of_Hensen canalis reuniens of Hensen Wikipedia vestibular labyrinth BTO:0001856 EHDAA2:0000832 EHDAA:4706 EMAPA:17286 FMA:61255 MA:0000245 SCTID:181188003 The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals. UBERON:0001862 UMLS:C0042606 XAO:0004145 inner ear vestibular component labyrinthus vestibularis ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Labyrinth uberon vestibular apparatus vestibular component BTO:0001856 labyrinthus vestibularis EHDAA2:0000832 inner ear vestibular component BTO:0001856 The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals. scala vestibuli FMA:61269 MA:0001206 SCTID:362578000 Scala vestibuli is a perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It is separated from the scala media by Reissner's membrane and extends from the oval window to the helicotrema where it joins scala tympani. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001863 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray923.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cochlea-crosssection.png/250px-Cochlea-crosssection.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png uberon Scala vestibuli is a perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It is separated from the scala media by Reissner's membrane and extends from the oval window to the helicotrema where it joins scala tympani. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scala_vestibuli scala tympani FMA:61272 GAID:879 MA:0001205 MESH:A09.246.631.246.848 SCTID:362579008 Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli. The purpose of the perilymph-filled scala tympani and scala vestibuli is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the scala media, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the sterocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001864 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray921.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png uberon Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli. The purpose of the perilymph-filled scala tympani and scala vestibuli is to transduce the movement of air that causes the tympanic membrane and the ossicles to vibrate, to movement of liquid and the basilar membrane. This movement is conveyed to the organ of Corti inside the scala media, composed of hair cells attached to the basilar membrane and their stereocilia embedded in the tectorial membrane. The movement of the basilar membrane compared to the tectorial membrane causes the sterocilia to bend. They then depolarise and send impulses to the brain via the cochlear nerve. This produces the sensation of sound. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scala_tympani cartilaginous external acoustic tube FMA:61289 MA:0001234 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001865 cartilaginous external acoustic meatus cartilaginous part of external acoustic meatus external acoustic meatus cartilaginous part meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus uberon FMA:61289 FMA:TA meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus sebum BTO:0001981 ENVO:02000037 FMA:61304 Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP]. GAID:1168 MA:0002538 MESH:A12.200.702 The composition of sebum varies across species. In humans, the lipid content is as follows: 25% wax monoesters, 41% triglycerides, 16% free fatty acids, 12% squalene; Sapienic acid is a sebum fatty acid that is unique to humans. UBERON:0001866 UMLS:C0036511 ncithesaurus:Sebum uberon BTO:0001981 Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP]. Wikipedia:Sebaceous_glands#Sebum cartilage of external ear A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:61339 GAID:103 MA:0001886 MESH:A02.165.207 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001867 UMLS:C0013445 auricular region cartilage auricular region of head cartilage cartilage of auricular region cartilage of auricular region of head cartilage of outer ear external ear cartilage ncithesaurus:External_Ear_Cartilage outer ear cartilage uberon OBOL:automatic cartilage of outer ear OBOL:automatic auricular region cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of auricular region of head A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic auricular region of head cartilage OBOL:automatic outer ear cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of auricular region skin of chest A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:61416 FMA:61417 MA:0000553 SCTID:181496004 UBERON:0001868 anterior thoracic region zone of skin anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin check FMA:61415 chest skin chest zone of skin front of thorax zone of skin uberon zone of skin of anterior chest zone of skin of anterior part of thorax zone of skin of anterior thoracic region zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin of chest zone of skin of front of thorax zone of skin of pectoral part of chest OBOL:automatic zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic chest zone of skin A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:61416 zone of skin of anterior part of thorax OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region zone of skin FMA:61417 zone of skin of pectoral part of chest OBOL:automatic front of thorax zone of skin FMA:61416 zone of skin of anterior chest OBOL:automatic zone of skin of chest OBOL:automatic zone of skin of front of thorax cerebral hemisphere AAO:0010480 BTO:0000231 EFO:0002521 FMA:61817 MA:0000133 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1042 One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA] OpenCyc:Mx4rvigx5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the telencephalon consisting of either of the two smooth, elongated halves of the cerebrum.[AAO] SCTID:278251007 The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001869 UMLS:C0228174 VHOG:0001639 galen:CerebralHemisphere hemisphere hemispherium cerebri http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Hemispheres.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Hemisphere telencephalic vesicle uberon FMA:FMA One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA] Wikipedia:Cerebral_hemisphere FMA-abduced-lr 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981) The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001639 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010480 AAO:BJB Part of the telencephalon consisting of either of the two smooth, elongated halves of the cerebrum.[AAO] VHOG:0001639 hemisphere Wikipedia:Cerebral_hemisphere hemispherium cerebri frontal cortex BM:Tel-Cx-FR BTO:0000484 EFO:0000913 EV:0100167 Editor note: Many species don't have lobes but they do have frontal cortex. Lobe isn't a really well defined term though [MM] FMA:61824 Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. GAID:674 MA:0000905 MAT:0000505 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.270 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_928 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090601 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3OJ8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180920004 UBERON:0001870 UMLS:C0016733 frontal lobe frontal region http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Gray729.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gray729.png/200px-Gray729.png lobus frontalis ncithesaurus:Frontal_Lobe regio frontalis uberon Frontal lobe is the anterior-most of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its posterior border and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Wikipedia:Frontal_lobe FMA:61824 FMA:TA regio frontalis FMA:61824 frontal lobe Wikipedia:Frontal_lobe lobus frontalis temporal lobe BM:Tel-Cx-Te BTO:0001355 EFO:0000917 EMAPA:18797 EV:0100169 FMA:61825 GAID:635 MA:0000941 MAT:0000508 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.863 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1160 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQLi-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180921000 Temporal lobe is the ventrolateral lobe of five lobes comprising each cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe. UBERON:0001871 UMLS:C0039485 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gray730.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gray730.png/200px-Gray730.png lobus temporalis ncithesaurus:Temporal_Lobe temporal cortex temporal neocortex uberon Wikipedia:Temporal_lobe lobus temporalis DHB:TCx temporal neocortex Temporal lobe is the ventrolateral lobe of five lobes comprising each cerebral hemisphere. It is bounded dorsally by the lateral fissure and posteriorly by an arbitrary border shared with the occipital lobe. Wikipedia:Temporal_lobe parietal lobe BTO:0001001 EFO:0000914 EV:0100168 FMA:61826 GAID:680 MA:0000916 MAT:0000506 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.670 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1148 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg-typwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Parietal lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the dorsal-posterior portion of the hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its anterior border and and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Posteriorly it shares an arbitrary border with the occipital lobe. SCTID:180922007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001872 UMLS:C0030560 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Gray726_parietal_lobe.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gray726_parietal_lobe.png/200px-Gray726_parietal_lobe.png lobus parietalis ncithesaurus:Parietal_Lobe_of_the_Brain parietal cortex parietal neocortex parietal region regio parietalis uberon DHB:PCx parietal neocortex Wikipedia:Parietal_lobe lobus parietalis Parietal lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the dorsal-posterior portion of the hemisphere. It is bounded by the central sulcus on its anterior border and and by the longitudinal cerebral fissure on its medial border. Posteriorly it shares an arbitrary border with the occipital lobe. Wikipedia:Parietal_lobe FMA:61826 FMA:TA regio parietalis caudate nucleus BM:Tel-CA BTO:0000211 CHECK - rodents. The caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by a clear white matter bundle in most species but not in rodents (MM) EFO:0000907 EMAPA:18207 EV:0100185 FMA:61833 GAID:670 MA:0000894 MAT:0000513 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1373 Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent. OpenCyc:Mx4rvvyAjJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279297002 UBERON:0001873 UMLS:C0007461 caudatus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg/200px-Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg ncithesaurus:Caudate_Nucleus nucleus caudatus uberon BTO:0000211 nucleus caudatus Nucleus of brain which is an elongated crescent-shaped mass lying parallel and adjacent to the lateral ventricle throughout its extent. Wikipedia:Caudate_nucleus Wikipedia:Caudate_nucleus nucleus caudatus definitional putamen All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] BM:Tel-Pu CHECK - rodents. The caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by a clear white matter bundle in most species but not in rodents (MM) EV:0100187 FMA:61834 GAID:671 MA:0000895 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550.784 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_809 Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule. The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. SCTID:281512002 UBERON:0001874 UMLS:C0034169 VHOG:0001456 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/200px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png ncithesaurus:Putamen nucleus putamen uberon 2012-09-17 All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011) VHOG VHOG:0001456 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Nucleus of brain which lies ventral to the caudate nucleus and internal capsule and medial to the external capsule. The putamen and caudate nucleus together form the dorsal striatum. It is also one of the structures that comprises the basal ganglia. Through various pathways, the putamen is connected to the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The main function of the putamen is to regulate movements and influence various types of learning. It employs dopamine to perform its functions. The putamen also plays a role in degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Wikipedia:Putamen FMA globus pallidus BTO and MA are inconsistent w.r.t striatum and pallidum being non-overlapping as in ABA. Note that we have pallidum as part_of basal gangion, so we can make the direct link to basal ganglion. ISBN10:1588900649 says: ... a derivative of the diencephalon, seperates as a result of growing fibers of theinternal capsule and is finally displaced into telencephalon. only a small medial remnannt remains, the entopeduncular nucleus. The globus pallidus should be regarded as part of the subthalamus BTO:0002246 EFO:0000905 EV:0100188 FMA:61835 GAID:668 MA:0000890 MAT:0000510 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.397 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 SCTID:362361005 Subcortical nucleus, functionally part of the basal ganglia, which consists of two segments the external (or lateral) and internal (or medial) separated by the medial medullary lamina in primates. In rodents, The globus pallidus lateral is separated from the medial segment by the fibers of the internal capsule/cerebral peduncle[NIF]. Nucleus of brain which is located medially to the putamen and laterally to the internal capsule[FMA]. UBERON:0001875 UMLS:C0017651 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif ncithesaurus:Globus_Pallidus pale body paleostriatum pallidal pallidium pallidum uberon GO ISBN10:1588900649 MA NIF_GrossAnatomy BTO-weakened GO:0021759 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus pallidum Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus pallidium NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 pale body FMA:61835 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1234 Subcortical nucleus, functionally part of the basal ganglia, which consists of two segments the external (or lateral) and internal (or medial) separated by the medial medullary lamina in primates. In rodents, The globus pallidus lateral is separated from the medial segment by the fibers of the internal capsule/cerebral peduncle[NIF]. Nucleus of brain which is located medially to the putamen and laterally to the internal capsule[FMA]. Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus Wikipedia:Globus_pallidus paleostriatum amygdala AO notes: MA and FMA differ on relationship to basal ganglion. The FMA text def suggests a subdivision, but it is classified as a subtype BM:Tel-Am BTO:0001042 EFO:0000252 EV:0100189 EV:0100190 FMA:61841 GAID:616 MA:0000887 MAT:0000289 MESH:A08.186.211.577.090 MIAA:0000289 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1241 One part of the striatum is called the archistriatum. (...) The archistriatum of fishes consists of several indistinctly segregated nuclei called the amygdaloid (...) complex. Tetrapods retain the structure, and in mammals the corresponding amygdala is a globular mass that tends to be ventral to the other basal nuclei.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rwJC_2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279404004 Subdivision of basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe[FMA] UBERON:0001876 UMLS:C0002708 VHOG:0001277 amygdalar amygdaloid area amygdaloid body amygdaloid complex amygdaloid nuclear complex amygdaloid nuclear group amygdaloid nuclear groups amygdaloid nucleus archistriatum corpus amygdaloideum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Amyg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Amyg.png/200px-Amyg.png ncithesaurus:Amygdala nucleus amygdalae uberon FMA:61841 amygdaloid nucleus Wikipedia:Amygdala corpus amygdaloideum BTO:0001042 corpus amygdaloideum FMA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.342 One part of the striatum is called the archistriatum. (...) The archistriatum of fishes consists of several indistinctly segregated nuclei called the amygdaloid (...) complex. Tetrapods retain the structure, and in mammals the corresponding amygdala is a globular mass that tends to be ventral to the other basal nuclei.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001277 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001042 amygdaloid nuclear group FMA BTO:0001042 nucleus amygdalae NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1241 amygdaloid complex BTO FMA:61841 Subdivision of basal ganglion of telencephalon which is an almond-shaped gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe[FMA] Wikipedia:Amygdala medial septal nucleus ABA:MS BM:Tel-Spt-SMN BTO:0002446 FMA:61879 MA:0000935 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1668 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001877 medial parolfactory nucleus medial septum uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1668 medial septum septofimbrial nucleus ABA:SF BM:SFN FMA:61881 MA:0000938 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_730 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001878 nucleus septofibrialis scattered nucleus of the septum uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_730 nucleus septofibrialis ABA nucleus of diagonal band ABA:NDB EHDAA2:0004708 FMA:61882 MA:0000936 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_719 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001879 UMLS:C0175227 diagonal band nucleus ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_Diagonal_Band nucleus of the diagonal band of broca olfactory area (roberts) uberon MA FMA bed nucleus of stria terminalis A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. It's largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure[INCF]. ABA:BST BM:BNST BST BTO:0002698 EFO:0001971 FMA:61884 MA:0000925 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 UBERON:0001880 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis bed nucleus stria terminalis (johnson) intercalate nucleus of stria terminalis interstitial nucleus of stria terminalis nuclei of stria terminalis nucleus of stria terminalis nucleus striae terminalis stria terminalis nucleus uberon A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. It's largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure[INCF]. INCF:Seattle_mtg_2010 Wikipedia:Stria_terminalis#Bed_nucleus_of_the_stria_terminalis FMA:61884 nucleus of stria terminalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 bed nucleus of the stria terminalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 interstitial nucleus of stria terminalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_724 bed nucleus stria terminalis (johnson) FMA:61884 FMA:TA nucleus striae terminalis BST INCF:Seattle_mtg_2010 FMA island of calleja ABA:isl BM:Tel-ISC FMA:61888 GAID:632 MA:0000977 MESH:A08.186.211.577.699.400 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1113 The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities. Within most species, the islands are specifically located within the olfactory tubercle; however, in primates these islands are located within the nucleus accumbens, the reward center of the brain, since the olfactory tubercle has practically disappeared in the brains of primates. Both of these structures have been implicated in the processing of incentives as well as addictions to drugs. Projections to and from the islands supplement this knowledge with their involvement in the reward pathways for both cocaine and amphetamines. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001881 calleja island http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Islands_of_Calleja_Rat.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Islands_of_Calleja_Rat.jpg/200px-Islands_of_Calleja_Rat.jpg insulae olfactoriae, insula callejae islands of calleja uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy Wikipedia:Islands_of_Calleja insulae olfactoriae, insula callejae The islands of Calleja (IC, ISC, or IClj) are a group of neural granule cells located within the ventral striatum in the brains of most animals. This region of the brain is part of the limbic system, where it aids in the reinforcing effects of reward-like activities. Within most species, the islands are specifically located within the olfactory tubercle; however, in primates these islands are located within the nucleus accumbens, the reward center of the brain, since the olfactory tubercle has practically disappeared in the brains of primates. Both of these structures have been implicated in the processing of incentives as well as addictions to drugs. Projections to and from the islands supplement this knowledge with their involvement in the reward pathways for both cocaine and amphetamines. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Islands_of_Calleja nucleus accumbens ABA:ACB BM:Ac BTO:0001862 EFO:0000906 EHDAA2:0004707 FMA:61889 GAID:672 MA:0000892 MAT:0000512 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.105.683 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_727 SCTID:427667007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001882 UMLS:C0028633 a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia[GO]. accumbens nucleus colliculus of caudate nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Circuit_du_syst%C3%A8me_de_recompense.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Circuit_du_syst%C3%A8me_de_recompense.jpg/200px-Circuit_du_syst%C3%A8me_de_recompense.jpg ncithesaurus:Accumbens_Nucleus nucleus accumbens septi nucleus accumbens septi uberon FMA GO NIF_GrossAnatomy MA GO:0021768 Wikipedia:Nucleus_accumbens a collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia[GO]. ABA Wikipedia:Nucleus_accumbens nucleus accumbens septi olfactory tubercle ABA:OT AO notes: NIF has separate classes for exact syns in FMA BM:Tel-OLT BTO:0001869 EHDAA2:0004701 EV:0100177 FMA:61891 MA:0000976 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1096 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005037 SCTID:369108006 Subdivision of telencephalon which is a region on the ventro-medial aspect of the telencephalon penetrated by numerous blood vessels. It is bounded by the optic tract posteriorly and the olfactory trigone anteriorly[FMA:61891, Wikipedia:Anterior_perforated_substance]. UBERON:0001883 VHOG:0001625 a multi-sensory processing center in the olfactory cortex that plays a role in reward behaviors. The OT is a composite structure that receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and contains the morphological and histochemical characteristics of the ventral pallidum and the striatum of the forebrain (Heimer & Wilson 1975). anterior perforated area anterior perforated space anterior perforated substance http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray732.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png olfactory area (Mai) substantia perforata anterior tuberculum olfactorium uberon FMA:61891 anterior perforated substance FMA:61891 olfactory area (Mai) FMA:61891 anterior perforated space FMA:61891 anterior perforated area ABA FMA:61891 Subdivision of telencephalon which is a region on the ventro-medial aspect of the telencephalon penetrated by numerous blood vessels. It is bounded by the optic tract posteriorly and the olfactory trigone anteriorly[FMA:61891, Wikipedia:Anterior_perforated_substance]. Wikipedia:Anterior_perforated_substance a multi-sensory processing center in the olfactory cortex that plays a role in reward behaviors. The OT is a composite structure that receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and contains the morphological and histochemical characteristics of the ventral pallidum and the striatum of the forebrain (Heimer & Wilson 1975). FMA BTO EHDAA2-inferred MA Wikipedia NIF_GrossAnatomy Wikipedia:Anterior_perforated_substance substantia perforata anterior FMA:61891 FMA:TA tuberculum olfactorium FMA phrenic nerve A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0001063 EHDAA:4677 EMAPA:17813 FMA:6191 GAID:848 MA:0001170 MESH:A08.800.800.720.150.700 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtmdUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280344009 The phrenic nerve arises from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5) in humans. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001884 UMLS:C0031774 VHOG:0000728 diaphragmatic nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Gray806.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gray806.png/200px-Gray806.png ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Nerve nervus phrenicus phrenic uberon BTO:0001063 nervus phrenicus BTO:0001063 diaphragmatic nerve The phrenic nerve arises from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5) in humans. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Phrenic_nerve Wikipedia:Phrenic_nerve nervus phrenicus 2012-09-17 A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000728 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phrenic+nerve BTO:0001063 phrenic dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation ABA:DG BM:Tel-DG BTO says dentate gyrus = fascia dentata + hilus. Note that GO classifies dentate gyrus development under hippocampus development BTO:0002496 BTO:0002615 EFO:0001366 EMAPA:19037 FMA:61922 GAID:624 MA:0000190 MESH:A08.186.211.577.405.200 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1178 SCTID:279211002 The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus[GO]. UBERON:0001885 UMLS:C0152314 area dentata dentate gyrus fascia dentata gyrus dentatus hippocampal dentate gyrus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg/200px-HippocampalRegions.jpg ncithesaurus:Dentate_Gyrus uberon ABA FMA BTO:0002496 hippocampal dentate gyrus Wikipedia:Dentate_gyrus gyrus dentatus ABA MA The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus[GO]. Wikipedia:Dentate_gyrus BTO:0002496 gyrus dentatus choroid plexus A network formed by blood vessels and the tela choroidea which secretes CSF into the ventricular spaces. A tuft of capillaries that project into the ventricles of the brain and secretes cerebral spinal fluid. The choroid plexus is covered by a cuboidal epithelium which maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.[TAO] BTO:0000258 EFO:0001915 FMA:61934 Fringe of the tela choroidea of the brain ventricles[MP] GAID:607 MA:0000823 MESH:A08.186.211.276.298 SCTID:264450003 TAO:0001443 TODO - check relationship to ventricle. Check subclass - ZFA says vasculature. Note that FMA:61934 (choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere) has exact synonym 'choroid plexus' but it is not clear that this belongs here, as the fourth ventricle is not in the cerebral hemisphere UBERON:0001886 UMLS:C0008524 VHOG:0001377 ZFA:0001443 chorioid plexus choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere choroidal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray708.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/200px-Gray708.svg.png ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus plexus choroideus plexus choroideus uberon ventricular choroid plexus Wikipedia:Choroid_plexus plexus choroideus A network formed by blood vessels and the tela choroidea which secretes CSF into the ventricular spaces. ISBN10:0471888893 Wikipedia:Choroid_plexus FMA:61934 choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere FMA:61934 chorioid plexus Fringe of the tela choroidea of the brain ventricles[MP] MP:0000820 2012-08-14 A tuft of capillaries that project into the ventricles of the brain and secretes cerebral spinal fluid. The choroid plexus is covered by a cuboidal epithelium which maintains the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001443 ZFIN:curator FMA:61934 FMA:TA plexus choroideus internal capsule BM:IC EMAPA:18206 FMA:61950 GAID:685 Internal capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The internal capsule is a major set of fiber bundles lateral to the thalamus and caudate nucleus and medial to the putamen and globus pallidus. It projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex. MA:0002748 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.435 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1659 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001887 UMLS:C0152341 capsula interna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg/200px-Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg internal capsule radiations ncithesaurus:Internal_Capsule uberon Wikipedia:Internal_capsule capsula interna Internal capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The internal capsule is a major set of fiber bundles lateral to the thalamus and caudate nucleus and medial to the putamen and globus pallidus. It projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex. Wikipedia:Internal_capsule lateral olfactory tract BM:Tel-LOT EV:0100175 Editor notes: We follow neurolex and use 'tract' rather than 'stria' as the primary label. We make this a subtype of olfactory tract. Currently this groups teleost and mammalian structures by the same name, but this may be a false grouping. For example, in zebrafish, the difference between medial and lateral depends on the region of telencephalon (dorsal or ventral). Taxon notes: In mammals the fibers of the dorsal lateral olfactory tract either pass under the accessory olfactory formation, or they penetrate through it separating the internal granule cells from the output cells.[PMID:7437895] FMA:61971 LOT NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1559 SCTID:369107001 TAO:0000229 Telencephalic white matter which extends between the olfactory bulb and the ipsilateral dorsal telencephalon and carries secondary olfactory fibers. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA:0000229]. The lateral olfactory stria is directed across the lateral part of the anterior perforated substance and then bends abruptly medialward toward the uncus of the hippocampal gyrus. UBERON:0001888 ZFA:0000229 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray732.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png lateral olfactory stria stria olfactoria lateralis tractus olfactorius lateralis uberon Telencephalic white matter which extends between the olfactory bulb and the ipsilateral dorsal telencephalon and carries secondary olfactory fibers. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain[ZFA:0000229]. ZFA:0000229 Wikipedia:Lateral_olfactory_stria stria olfactoria lateralis FMA:61971 lateral olfactory stria LOT ZFA:0000229 tractus olfactorius lateralis The lateral olfactory stria is directed across the lateral part of the anterior perforated substance and then bends abruptly medialward toward the uncus of the hippocampal gyrus. Wikipedia:Lateral_olfactory_stria trunk of phrenic nerve EHDAA2:0001463 FMA:6198 MA:0001177 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001889 phrenic nerve trunk phrenic neural trunk uberon forebrain AAO:0010147 BTO:0000478 EFO:0000909 EHDAA2:0000556 EHDAA:3470 EMAPA:16895 FMA:61992 In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000170 MAT:0000105 MESH:A08.186.211.730 MIAA:0000105 Most anterior of the three regions of the brain consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon.[AAO] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1509 SCTID:362291003 TAO:0000109 The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0001890 UMLS:C0085140 VHOG:0000383 XAO:0000011 ZFA:0000109 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png ncithesaurus:Fore-Brain ncithesaurus:Prosencephalon prosencephalic prosencephalon relationship loss: develops_from forebrain neural tube (TAO:0007041)[TAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010147 AAO:BJB Most anterior of the three regions of the brain consisting of the telencephalon and diencephalon.[AAO] 2012-09-17 In craniate embryos, neural expression of Distal-less-related genes is exclusively in the forebrain (...). Because the major neural expression domain of amphioxus AmphiDll is in the anterior three-fourths of the cerebral vesicle, we suggest that this region of the neural tube is homologous to parts of the craniate forebrain. This conclusion is strongly supported by three-dimensional, computer-assisted reconstruction of the neural tube of amphioxus based on serial transmission electron microscopy. At the neuroanatomical level, a number of detailed homologies are indicated between the anterior three-fourths of the amphioxus cerebral vesicle and the diencephalic region of the craniate forebrain. If one assumes that the amphioxus condition fairly represents the nervous system of the proximate ancestor of the craniates, one can suggest that they evolved from a creature that had the beginnings of a forebrain.[well established][VHOG] PMID:8787764 Holland ND, Panganiban G, Henyey EL, Holland LZ, Sequence and developmental expression of AmphiDll, an amphioxus Distal-less gene transcribed in the ectoderm, epidermis and nervous system: insights into evolution of craniate forebrain and neural crest. Development (1996) VHOG VHOG:0000383 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000109 The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. Wikipedia:Forebrain ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000109 relationship loss: develops_from forebrain neural tube (TAO:0007041)[TAO] definitional midbrain AAO:0010149 ABA:MB BM:MB BTO:0000138 EFO:0000919 EHDAA2:0001162 EHDAA:3694 EMAPA:16974 EV:0100242 Editors note: developmental relationships need revised. AO notes: part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN10:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships FMA:61993 Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000207 MAT:0000106 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659 MIAA:0000106 Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1667 OpenCyc:Mx4rvsBUqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the tectum, cerebral peduncle, midbrain tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct[FMA]. The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally[ZFA]. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001104 SCTID:279099009 TAO:0000128 The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0001891 UMLS:C0025462 VHOG:0000069 XAO:0000014 ZFA:0000128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG mesencephalic mesencephalon ncithesaurus:Mesencephalon uberon FMA:61993 GO:0030901 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the tectum, cerebral peduncle, midbrain tegmentum and cerebral aqueduct[FMA]. The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally[ZFA]. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. Wikipedia:Midbrain ZFIN:curator definitional ABA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000069 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Midbrain mesencephalon definitional 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010149 AAO:BJB Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000128 The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator ABA rhombomere A segment of the developing hindbrain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure. In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29[WP]. EFO:0003617 EMAPA:16148 EMAPA:16478 MAT:0000272 MIAA:0000272 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000669 Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001064 UBERON:0001892 VHOG:0000672 XAO:0004079 ZFA:0001064 future rhombencephalon hindbrain segment rhombomere rhombomeres segment of hindbrain uberon VHOG:0000672 rhombomeres MIAA:0000272 future rhombencephalon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002) Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000672 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 A segment of the developing hindbrain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001064 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001064 segment of hindbrain ZFA:0001064 hindbrain segment A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure. In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29[WP]. Wikipedia:Rhombomere ZFIN:curator telencephalon AAO:0010479 ABA:CH BM:Tel BTO:0000239 EFO:0000912 EHDAA2:0001982 EMAPA:16652 EMAPA:16910 EV:0100165 FMA:62000 From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] GAID:621 In mammals the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres. In ray-finned fishes the inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles. In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum. In the most primitive living vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb. MA:0000183 MAT:0000421 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885 MIAA:0000421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1115 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA]. Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.[AAO] SCTID:263353005 TAO:0000079 The anterior and dorsal forebrain neuromere, includes the olfactory bulb. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The cerebrum of birds has evolved along different lines to that of mammals, although they are similarly enlarged, by comparison with reptiles. However, this enlargement is largely due to the basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining relatively primitive in structure. The telencephalon is the name for a large region within the brain that is attributed many functions. Many people refer to it as the cerebrum; however, it is technically referred to as the telencephalon. As a more technical definition, the telencephalon refers to the cerebral hemispheres and other, smaller structures within the brain, although the telencephalon is one of the larger divisions (in terms of number). It is the anterior-most embryological division of the brain that develops from the prosencephalon. The telencephalon is composed of the following sub-regions; Limbic system; Cerebral cortex or cortices of the cerebral hemispheres, Basal ganglia, Olfactory bulb. The telencephalon comprises what most people think of as the 'brain' It lies on top of the brainstem and is the largest and most well-developed of the five major divisions of the brain. The telencephalon is the newest structure in the phylogenetic sense, with mammals having the largest and most well-developed among all species. It emerges from the prosencephalon, the first of three vesicles that form from the embryonic neural tube (Christine Fennema-Notestine, NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1115). UBERON:0001893 VHOG:0000283 XAO:0000012 ZFA:0000079 cerebral cerebrum dolphins are the only species (other than humans) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight. endbrain relationship loss: develops_from presumptive telencephalon (TAO:0000571)[TAO] telenencephalic uberon The cerebrum of birds has evolved along different lines to that of mammals, although they are similarly enlarged, by comparison with reptiles. However, this enlargement is largely due to the basal ganglia, with the other areas remaining relatively primitive in structure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon#Variation_among_species Swanson:2004 endbrain 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000079 The anterior and dorsal forebrain neuromere, includes the olfactory bulb. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator In ray-finned fishes the inner surfaces of the lateral and ventral regions of the cerebrum bulge up into the ventricles. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon#Variation_among_species FMA:62000 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the cerebral cortex, cerebral white matter, basal ganglia, septum and fornix, as well as subcortical gray and white matter structures[FMA]. Wikipedia:Telencephalon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000079 relationship loss: develops_from presumptive telencephalon (TAO:0000571)[TAO] dolphins are the only species (other than humans) to have cerebra accounting for as much as 2 percent of their body weight. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon#Variation_among_species In mammals the cortex covers almost the whole of the cerebral hemispheres. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon#Variation_among_species ABA In the amniotes, the cerebrum becomes increasingly large and complex. In reptiles, the paleopallium is much larger than in amphibians, and its growth has pushed the basal nuclei into the central regions of the cerebrum. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon#Variation_among_species cerebrum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Cerebrum 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) From an evolutionary standpoint, the telencephalon is the most recent brain structure: the amphioxus does not have this structure as a morphological entity. Overt telencephalon is present in the hagfish and lamprey to receive numerous input fibers from various parts of the CNS, similar to gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000283 http://bgee.unil.ch/ definitional 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010479 AAO:BJB Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.[AAO] In the most primitive living vertebrates, the hagfishes and lampreys, the cerebrum is a relatively simple structure receiving nerve impulses from the olfactory bulb. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon#Variation_among_species diencephalon AAO:0010481 ABA:IB BM:Die BTO:0000342 EFO:0000911 EHDAA2:0000385 EHDAA:1969 EHDAA:2645 EHDAA:3472 EMAPA:16641 EMAPA:16896 EV:0100194 FMA:62001 Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] GAID:618 MA:0000171 MAT:0000420 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385 MIAA:0000420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1503 Note that in ABA, this is part of the brain stem OpenCyc:Mx4rwC-V0JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus[FMA]. The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> SCTID:279328001 TAO:0000101 The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0001894 UMLS:C0012144 Unpaired part of the forebrain comprised of three major parts; the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.[AAO] VHOG:0000318 XAO:0000013 ZFA:0000101 between brain betweenbrain diencephalic diencephalon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png interbrain mature diencephalon ncithesaurus:Diencephalon uberon ABA Swanson:2004 interbrain ABA FMA:62001 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus[FMA]. The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Diencephalon ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010481 AAO:BJB Unpaired part of the forebrain comprised of three major parts; the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus.[AAO] FMA:62001 mature diencephalon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000101 The more posterior and ventral of two forebrain neuromeres, the other being the telencephalon; major derivatives are the eye cups, the brain pretectal region, the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus (including the habenula and epiphysis). Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Diencephalon diencephalon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000318 http://bgee.unil.ch/ definitional definitional BTO:0000342 betweenbrain metencephalon BTO:0000673 EHDAA2:0001149 EHDAA:5498 EMAPA:17071 FMA:62003 GAID:594 MA:0000197 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_965 Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum. The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001895 UMLS:C1516904 VHOG:0000741 epencephalon epencephalon-2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png ncithesaurus:Epencephalon the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds[Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain]. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata and thus these are not distinguished in ZFA[ZFA]. uberon definitional epencephalon ncithesaurus:Epencephalon Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum. Wikipedia:Metencephalon FMA:62003 epencephalon-2 2012-09-17 The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000741 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metencephalon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000741 http://bgee.unil.ch/ medulla oblongata AAO:0010486 ABA:MY BTO:0000041 Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000924 EHDAA2:0001088 EHDAA:7588 EMAPA:17550 EV:0100275 FMA:62004 GAID:590 MA:0000206 MAT:0000111 MAT:0000367 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.406 MIAA:0000111 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_957 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwCqnXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO] SCTID:279104005 TAO:0000545 The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] UBERON:0001896 UMLS:C0025148 VHOG:0000181 XAO:0003100 ZFA:0000545 bulb bulbus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg/200px-Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg medulla medulla oblonzata metepencephalon ncithesaurus:Medulla_Oblongata uberon ABA:MY medulla FMA:62004 metepencephalon FMA:62004 GO:0021550 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary_oblongata 2012-09-17 Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008) VHOG VHOG:0000181 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Medulla_oblongata medulla oblonzata 2012-09-17 The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000181 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ABA FMA:62004 FMA:TA bulbus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010486 AAO:BJB Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO] thalamus (...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes.[well established][VHOG] A midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections. Its function includes relaying sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness. The thalamus surrounds the third ventricle. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon. AAO:0010483 ABA:TH AO notes: MA and ZFA think there is a distinct dorsal thalamus, but FMA says its an exact synonym. FMA has a distinct class for thalamic complex. BTO:0001365 EFO:0000910 EMAPA:17540 EV:0100195 FMA:62007 GAID:656 MA:0000179 MAT:0000109 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.826 MIAA:0000109 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_954 One of a pair of large oval nervous structures made of gray matter and forming most of the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain and part of the diencephalon. [TFD][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rwMPQ65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the diencephalon consisting of a mass of connecting fibers which relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex.[AAO] SCTID:244433007 TAO:0001215 UBERON:0001897 UMLS:C0039729 VHOG:0000657 ZFA:0001215 dorsal thalamus dorsal thalamus (anthoney) galen:Thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Brain_chrischan_thalamus.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brain_chrischan_thalamus.jpg/200px-Brain_chrischan_thalamus.jpg ncithesaurus:Thalamus thalami thalamic thalamus dorsalis uberon 2012-09-17 One of a pair of large oval nervous structures made of gray matter and forming most of the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain and part of the diencephalon. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000657 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thalamus FMA:62007 dorsal thalamus FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Thalamus thalamus dorsalis FMA:62007 dorsal thalamus (anthoney) VHOG:0000657 thalami 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010483 AAO:BJB Part of the diencephalon consisting of a mass of connecting fibers which relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex.[AAO] A midline paired symmetrical structure within the brains of vertebrates, including humans. It is situated between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, both in terms of location and neurological connections. Its function includes relaying sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness. The thalamus surrounds the third ventricle. It is the main product of the embryonic diencephalon. Wikipedia:Thalamus (...) the brain regions of tetrapods, the structures they contain, and their basic organizational features are the same as in fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.484 VHOG VHOG:0000657 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ABA BTO:0001365 thalamus dorsalis hypothalamus A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. AAO:0010484 ABA:HY BM:Die-Hy BTO:0000614 EFO:0000107 EHDAA2:0000802 EHDAA:5446 EMAPA:17536 EV:0100225 FMA:62008 For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] GAID:460 MA:0000173 MAT:0000112 MESH:A08.186.211.577.482 MIAA:0000112 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_734 OpenCyc:Mx4rwEgr9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the diencephalon ventral to the thalamus consisting of connecting fibers and is a center for control of the autonomous nervous system.[AAO] SCTID:264483005 TAO:0000032 Taxon notes: all vertebrates contain a hypothalamus[WP]. UBERON:0001898 UMLS:C0020663 VHOG:0000179 XAO:0004070 ZFA:0000032 galen:Hypothalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/LocationOfHypothalamus.jpg hypothalamic hypothalamus ncithesaurus:Hypothalamus preoptico-hypothalamic area preoptico-hypothalamic region uberon ABA A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Hypothalamus ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010484 AAO:BJB Part of the diencephalon ventral to the thalamus consisting of connecting fibers and is a center for control of the autonomous nervous system.[AAO] 2012-08-14 A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000032 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Hypothalamus hypothalamus 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) For instance, the vertebrate ventral diencephalon generates the hypothalamus which functions as a major endocrine center in cooperation with the hypophysis, the anterior part of the pituitary gland, located just ventral to the hypothalamus. In the amphioxus brain, the presence of a hypothalamus-like structure has been reported associated with the ventrally located Hatschek's pit, the hypothetical hypophysial homologue. It is thus conceivable that a hypothalamus-like structure originally involved in endocrine functions may have already been present before the establishment of vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000179 http://bgee.unil.ch/ epithalamus AAO:0010482 ABA:EPI BM:Die-Epi BTO:0000175 Dorsal segment of the diencephalon containing the habenular ganglia, a choroid plexus, and the pineal organ.[AAO] EFO:0000918 EHDAA2:0000448 EHDAA:5433 EMAPA:17532 EV:0100220 FMA:62009 GAID:455 MA:0000172 MAT:0000422 MESH:A08.186.211.577.200 MIAA:0000422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1710 OpenCyc:Mx4rvneLQpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281487003 TAO:0000509 The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (...) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage.[well established][VHOG] The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle[GO]. a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. Its function is the connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain[WP] Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. The roof of the diencephalon lying above the thalamus. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-11, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] UBERON:0001899 UMLS:C0152361 VHOG:0000178 ZFA:0000509 epithalamic epithalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Epithalamus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Epithalamus.png/200px-Epithalamus.png ncithesaurus:Epithalamus uberon ABA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010482 AAO:BJB Dorsal segment of the diencephalon containing the habenular ganglia, a choroid plexus, and the pineal organ.[AAO] ABA ABA The epithalamus is the small dorsomedial area of the thalamus including the habenular nuclei and associated fiber bundles, the pineal body, and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle[GO]. a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. Its function is the connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain[WP] Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland. Wikipedia:Epithalamus 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910063.x Concha ML and Wilson SW, Asymmetry in the epithalamus of vertebrates. J Anat (2001) The epithalamus has been historically conceived as a distinct neuroanatomical moiety within the diencephalon of all vertebrates. (...) The evolutionary origins of epithalamic structures are uncertain but asymmetry in this region is likely to have existed at the origin of the vertebrate, perhaps even the chordate, lineage.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000178 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The roof of the diencephalon lying above the thalamus. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-11, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000178 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Epithalamus epithalamus subthalamus Anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis[GO]. BM:Die-VTh EHDAA2:0004470 EV:0100223 FMA:62010 GAID:653 MA:0000181 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_708 SCTID:279332007 TAO:0000458 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001900 UMLS:C0152349 ZFA:0000458 ncithesaurus:Ventral_Thalamus prethalamus subthalamic subthalamic region thalamus ventralis uberon ventral thalamus Anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis[GO]. GO:0021539 Wikipedia:Subthalamus MA prethalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_708 thalamus ventralis epithelium of trachea An epithelium that is part of a trachea. BTO:0001389 EHDAA2:0002069 EHDAA:5007 EMAPA:16855 EMAPA:18409 FMA:62015 MA:0001862 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001901 UBERON:0003227 UMLS:C1179002 VHOG:0001045 epithelial tissue of trachea epithelial tissue of windpipe epithelium of windpipe ncithesaurus:Tracheal_Epithelium trachea epithelial tissue trachea epithelium tracheal epithelium uberon windpipe epithelial tissue windpipe epithelium OBOL:automatic windpipe epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of windpipe OBOL:automatic windpipe epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of trachea epithelium of small intestine An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001258 FMA:62017 Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the mid intestine.[TAO] MA:0001553 SCTID:45480009 TAO:0005127 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001902 ZFA:0005127 epithelial tissue of small bowel epithelial tissue of small intestine epithelium of small bowel mid intestine epithelium small bowel epithelial tissue small bowel epithelium small intestinal epithelium small intestine epithelial tissue small intestine epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic small bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic small bowel epithelial tissue ZFA:0005127 mid intestine epithelium 2012-08-14 Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the mid intestine.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005127 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic small intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of small intestine OBOL:automatic epithelium of small bowel An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of small bowel thalamic reticular nucleus ABA:RT AO notes: only MA considers this part of a subthalamus; MA also considers a subthalamus part of a thalamus BM:Die-VTh-R EV:0100214 FMA:62026 MA:0000876 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1721 SCTID:279164008 The thalamic reticular nucleus is part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule around the thalamus laterally. It is separated from the thalamus by the external medullary lamina. Reticular cells are GABAergic, and have discoid dendritic arbors in the plane of the nucleus. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus is variously abbreviated TRN, RTN, NRT, and RT. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001903 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Constudthal.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Constudthal.gif/200px-Constudthal.gif nucleus reticularis thalami nucleus reticularis thalami reticular nuclear group reticular nucleus of thalamus reticular nucleus of the thalamus reticular nucleus-2 reticular thalamic nucleus uberon ABA FMA:62026 FMA:TA nucleus reticularis thalami ABA Wikipedia:Thalamic_reticular_nucleus nucleus reticularis thalami ABA The thalamic reticular nucleus is part of the ventral thalamus that forms a capsule around the thalamus laterally. It is separated from the thalamus by the external medullary lamina. Reticular cells are GABAergic, and have discoid dendritic arbors in the plane of the nucleus. Thalamic Reticular Nucleus is variously abbreviated TRN, RTN, NRT, and RT. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thalamic_reticular_nucleus MA habenula BTO:0003684 EV:0100222 FMA:62032 GAID:619 Habenula is a segment of the epithalamus that has as its parts the lateral and medial habenular nuclei and the habenular commissure. // The habenula relays impulses from limbic areas of the telencephalon to an unpaired midbrain nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus. MA:0000830 MESH:A08.186.211.577.200.360 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1611 SCTID:362389008 TAO:0000213 TODO - add separate term for nucleus (e.g. BTO:0003685 habenular nucleus) The habenula relays impulses from limbic areas of the telencephalon to an unpaired midbrain nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus.[TAO] UBERON:0001904 ZFA:0000213 habenulae habenular habenular nuclei habenular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png uberon Habenula is a segment of the epithalamus that has as its parts the lateral and medial habenular nuclei and the habenular commissure. // The habenula relays impulses from limbic areas of the telencephalon to an unpaired midbrain nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus. Wikipedia:Habenula ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000213 The habenula relays impulses from limbic areas of the telencephalon to an unpaired midbrain nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus.[TAO] ZFIN:curator pineal body A circumscribed swelling, includes the pineal primordium that appears late in the segmentation period in the dorsal midline of the diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] AAO:0010549 ABA:PIN Anatomical structure which is a medial outgrowth of the thalamus on the dorsal surface of the brain. This structure is light sensitive and secretes melatonin when exposed to prolonged darkness.[AAO] BM:P BTO:0001067 EFO:0000865 EHDAA2:0001466 EHDAA:7523 EMAPA:18778 EV:0100131 EV:0100221 FMA:62033 GAID:453 MA:0000175 MAT:0000448 MESH:A06.407.635 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010009 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2FMGpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181126002 TAO:0000019 The pineal body is an unpaired glandular organ subdivision shaped somewhat like a pine cone. It is attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001905 UMLS:C0031939 VHOG:0000051 XAO:0000160 ZFA:0000019 corpus pineale epiphyseal epiphysial epiphysis epiphysis cerebri frontal organ galen:PinealGland glandula pinealis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg/200px-Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg ncithesaurus:Pineal_Gland pineal pineal gland pineal organ relationship loss: part_of pineal complex (TAO:0001359)[TAO] stirnorgan uberon ZFA:0000019 epiphysis FMA:62033 pineal gland ABA VHOG:0000051 frontal organ The pineal body is an unpaired glandular organ subdivision shaped somewhat like a pine cone. It is attached on the midline near the posterior and habenular commissures of the epithalamus. Wikipedia:Pineal_gland multiple ZFA:0000019 pineal organ Wikipedia:Epiphysis_cerebri epiphysis cerebri 2012-08-14 A circumscribed swelling, includes the pineal primordium that appears late in the segmentation period in the dorsal midline of the diencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000019 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.516 The pineal gland has evolved from a part of the epiphyseal complex of anamniotes, which includes a median light-receptive pineal eye, parietal eye, or both.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000051 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000051 pineal ABA MA VHOG:0000051 stirnorgan 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010549 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which is a medial outgrowth of the thalamus on the dorsal surface of the brain. This structure is light sensitive and secretes melatonin when exposed to prolonged darkness.[AAO] FMA:62033 FMA:TA glandula pinealis 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000019 relationship loss: part_of pineal complex (TAO:0001359)[TAO] FMA:TA glandula pinealis subthalamic nucleus ABA:STN BM:Die-Sb BTO:0002252 EFO:0001392 EV:0100224 FMA:62035 GAID:655 Luys' body MA:0000877 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.800.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010002 The subthalamic nucleus is the lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001906 UMLS:C0152355 body of forel body of luys http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Basal-ganglia-coronal-sections-large.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Basal-ganglia-coronal-sections-large.png/200px-Basal-ganglia-coronal-sections-large.png ncithesaurus:Subthalamic_Nucleus nucleus of corpus luysii nucleus of luys nucleus subthalamicus subthalamic nucleus (of luys) uberon ABA ABA Wikipedia:Subthalamic_nucleus nucleus subthalamicus BTO:0002252 Luys' body ABA The subthalamic nucleus is the lens-shaped nucleus located in the ventral part of the subthalamus on the inner aspect of the internal capsule that is concerned with the integration of somatic motor function[GO]. Wikipedia:Subthalamic_nucleus ABA BTO:0002252 nucleus subthalamicus zona incerta ABA:ZI BM:Die-VTh-ZI BTO:0003146 FMA:62038 MA:0000878 SCTID:369186007 The zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord. Its function is unknown though several have been proposed related to “limbic–motor integration” such as controlling visceral activity and pain; gating sensory input and synchronizing cortical and subcortical brain rhythms. Its dysfunction may play a role in central pain syndrome. It is also been identified as a promising deep brain stimulation therapy target for treating Parkinsons Disease. Its existence was first described by Auguste Forel in 1877 as a “region of which nothing certain can be said”. A hundred and thirty years later in 2007, Nadia Urbain and Martin Deschênes of Université Laval noted that the “zona incerta is among the least studied regions of the brain; its name does not even appear in the index of many textbooks. ” [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001907 uberon ABA ABA The zona incerta is a horizontally elongated region of gray matter cells in the subthalamus below the thalamus. Its connections project extensively over the brain from the cerebral cortex down into the spinal cord. Its function is unknown though several have been proposed related to “limbic–motor integration” such as controlling visceral activity and pain; gating sensory input and synchronizing cortical and subcortical brain rhythms. Its dysfunction may play a role in central pain syndrome. It is also been identified as a promising deep brain stimulation therapy target for treating Parkinsons Disease. Its existence was first described by Auguste Forel in 1877 as a “region of which nothing certain can be said”. A hundred and thirty years later in 2007, Nadia Urbain and Martin Deschênes of Université Laval noted that the “zona incerta is among the least studied regions of the brain; its name does not even appear in the index of many textbooks. ” [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_incerta ABA ABA optic tract BM:Tel-OT Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF]. FMA:62046 GAID:735 MA:0001099 MESH:A08.612.220.860 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1684 SCTID:280952003 TAO:0000252 UBERON:0001908 UMLS:C0152405 VHOG:0001164 XAO:0004101 ZFA:0000252 editor note: relationships need checking by expert. NIF and ZFA both state part of diencepahalon; MA says part of optic nerve II. in uberon, CNS and PNS are spatially disjoint, and axon tracts are part of the CNS so we make the relationship to CNII 'continuous_with' http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray773.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray773.png/200px-Gray773.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Tract optic lemniscus tractus opticus uberon visual pathway GAID:735 visual pathway Wikipedia:Optic_tract tractus opticus Diencephalic white matter (tract) which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons after which they have passed through the optic chiasm[ZFA]. Predominantly white matter structure found in diencephalon consisting of fibers originating in the retina. The optic tract is considered to extend from the point of the optic chiasm and terminates largely, although not exclusively, in the lateral geniculate complex. Other fibers end in the superior colliculus and other structures in the diencephalon, midbrain and brainstem (MM)[NIF]. NIF_GrossAnatomy Wikipedia:Optic_tract ZFIN:curator habenular commissure BM:Die-Epi-HC FMA:62048 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1609 SCTID:279335009 TAO:0000359 The habenular commissure, is a brain commissure (a band of nerve fibers) situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nucleus on one side of the diencephalon with that on the other side. The habernular commissure is part of the trigonum habenulæ (a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the tænia thalami). The trigonum habenulæ also contains groups of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulæ. Fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. Most of the trigonum habenulæ's fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Nerve cell fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal body, and the habernular commissure. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001909 ZFA:0000359 commissura habenularum commissura habenularum commissure habenularum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png uberon ZFA:0000359 commissura habenularum Wikipedia:Habenular_commissure commissura habenularum MP:0008231 commissure habenularum The habenular commissure, is a brain commissure (a band of nerve fibers) situated in front of the pineal gland that connects the habenular nucleus on one side of the diencephalon with that on the other side. The habernular commissure is part of the trigonum habenulæ (a small depressed triangular area situated in front of the superior colliculus and on the lateral aspect of the posterior part of the tænia thalami). The trigonum habenulæ also contains groups of nerve cells termed the ganglion habenulæ. Fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal gland, and the habenular commissure. Most of the trigonum habenulæ's fibers are, however, directed downward and form a bundle, the fasciculus retroflexus of Meynert, which passes medial to the red nucleus, and, after decussating with the corresponding fasciculus of the opposite side, ends in the interpeduncular ganglion. Nerve cell fibers enter the trigonum habenulæ from the stalk of the pineal body, and the habernular commissure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Habenular_commissure medial forebrain bundle AO notes: a pathway in NCIT FMA:62064 GAID:736 MESH:A08.612.492 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_908 TAO:0005111 The Medial forebrain bundle (MFB), is a complex bundle of axons coming from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus, with some carrying on into the tegmentum. It contains both ascending and descending fibers. It also represents a part of the mesolimbic pathway, carrying information between the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens. It is commonly accepted that the MFB is a part of the reward system, involved in the integration of reward and pleasure. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle is believed to cause sensations of pleasure. This hypothesis is based upon intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies. Animals will work for MFB ICSS, and humans report that MFB ICSS is intensely pleasurable. This is most likely because the medial forebrain bundle carries information from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (nAcc or Acb). The nAcc is a recognized reward center, and activation of the pathway from the VTA to the nAcc is believed to be rewarding, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the hedonic highway. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001910 UMLS:C0025055 ZFA:0005111 fasciculus medialis telencephali medial forebrain fasciculus ncithesaurus:Medial_Forebrain_Bundle telencephalic medial fasciculus uberon Wikipedia:Medial_forebrain_bundle fasciculus medialis telencephali The Medial forebrain bundle (MFB), is a complex bundle of axons coming from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus, with some carrying on into the tegmentum. It contains both ascending and descending fibers. It also represents a part of the mesolimbic pathway, carrying information between the ventral tegmentum and the nucleus accumbens. It is commonly accepted that the MFB is a part of the reward system, involved in the integration of reward and pleasure. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle is believed to cause sensations of pleasure. This hypothesis is based upon intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies. Animals will work for MFB ICSS, and humans report that MFB ICSS is intensely pleasurable. This is most likely because the medial forebrain bundle carries information from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (nAcc or Acb). The nAcc is a recognized reward center, and activation of the pathway from the VTA to the nAcc is believed to be rewarding, which is why it is sometimes referred to as the hedonic highway. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_forebrain_bundle mammary gland Any of the milk-producing apocrine glands typically occurring in pairs in female mammals and consisting of lobes containing clusters of alveoli with a system of ducts to convey the milk to an external nipple or teat. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0000817 Brustdruese EFO:0000854 EMAPA:17759 EV:0100125 MA:0000145 MAT:0000073 MESH:A10.336.482 MIAA:0000073 Note that this class corresponds to the generic mammary gland. The human mammary gland is in the thoracic/breast region and is therefore covered by the subclass "thoracic mammary gland" // Males typically only have rudimentary mammary glands, The male Dayak fruit bat has lactating mammary glands. Male lactation occurs infrequently in some species. We make a part_of association to female organism for now as this is the canonical case // AO notes: in MP, this is implicitly part of female reproductive system, but not female genitalia // A mouse mammary gland contains a single duct or sinus, forming 5-10 secondary ducts OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjVq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361720005 The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands.[well established][VHOG] The specialized accessory gland of the skin of female mammals that secretes milk. In the human female, it is a compound tubuloalveolar gland composed of 15 to 25 lobes arranged radially about the nipple and separated by connective and adipose tissue, each lobe having its own excretory (lactiferous) duct opening on the nipple. The lobes are subdivided into lobules, with the alveolar ducts and alveoli being the secretory portion of the gland[BTO]. The mouse forms five to six pairs of mammary glands that extend from the neck to the groin. UBERON:0001911 UMLS:C0929301 VHOG:0000398 dug glandula mammaria glandula mammaria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg/200px-Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg lactiferous gland lobe of breast lobe of mammary gland mamma mammae mammary ncithesaurus:Mammary_Gland uberon FMA:62088 lactiferous gland see comments 2012-09-17 Any of the milk-producing apocrine glands typically occurring in pairs in female mammals and consisting of lobes containing clusters of alveoli with a system of ducts to convey the milk to an external nipple or teat. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000398 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mammary+gland Wikipedia:Mammary_gland glandula mammaria VHOG see comments BTO:0000817 mamma BTO:0000817 Brustdruese MA FMA:57983 FMA:TA glandula mammaria 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224 The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000398 http://bgee.unil.ch/ mammae Wikipedia:Mammary_gland dug BTO:0000817 The specialized accessory gland of the skin of female mammals that secretes milk. In the human female, it is a compound tubuloalveolar gland composed of 15 to 25 lobes arranged radially about the nipple and separated by connective and adipose tissue, each lobe having its own excretory (lactiferous) duct opening on the nipple. The lobes are subdivided into lobules, with the alveolar ducts and alveoli being the secretory portion of the gland[BTO]. The mouse forms five to six pairs of mammary glands that extend from the neck to the groin. Wikipedia:Mammary_gland lobule of lactiferous gland BTO:0004718 FMA:62090 MA:0000793 Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA] TODO - ensure correct terminology for lobes/lobules. FMA uses lobule for core term, but also has 'set of mammary gland lobes'. ISBN10:0123813611 states no separate lobes in mouse UBERON:0001912 acinus of mammary gland breast lobe lactiferous acinus lactiferous gland lobule lactiferous lobule lobe of breast lobe of mammary gland lobi glandulae mammariae lobule of mammary gland lobus glandulae mammariae mammary acinus mammary gland lobule uberon BTO:0004718 lobi glandulae mammariae BTO:0004718 breast lobe FMA:62090 Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA] BTO:0004718 lobe of mammary gland BTO:0004718 lobe of breast BTO:0004718 lobus glandulae mammariae milk AO notes: ncit:Milk refers specifically to cow milk BTO:0000868 ENVO:02000031 EV:0100126 FMA:62100 GAID:1230 MA:0002552 MAT:0000056 MESH:A13.622 MIAA:0000056 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjGZJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Secretion produced by the mammary gland.[FMA] The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001913 UMLS:C1511310 VHOG:0001263 galen:Milk mammary gland milk ncithesaurus:Breast_Fluid_or_Secretion uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.224 The detailed similarities of mammary glands in living monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians argue for a monophyletic origin of these glands, perhaps by the combination of parts of preexisting sebaceous and sweat glands.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001263 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Secretion produced by the mammary gland.[FMA] Wikipedia:Breast_milk colostrum AO notes: we follow in MA in making this is a sib of mammary gland milk, rather than a subclass. BTO:0000276 FMA:62101 GAID:1159 MA:0002551 MESH:A12.200.194 The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. UBERON:0001914 UMLS:C0009413 colostral ncithesaurus:Colostrum uberon MESH:A12.200.194 The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Wikipedia:Colostrum endothelium of capillary An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004954 FMA:62114 MA:0000711 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001915 UMLS:C0006904 blood capillary endothelium capillary endothelium capillary vessel endothelium endothelium of blood capillary endothelium of capillary vessel ncithesaurus:Capillary_Endothelium uberon An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium endothelium of arteriole An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62115 MA:0000705 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001916 UMLS:C1179024 arteriole endothelium ncithesaurus:Arteriole_Endothelium uberon An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery AAO:0011013 An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004757 FMA:62116 MA:0000707 The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.[AAO] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001917 UMLS:C1179025 VHOG:0001215 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000357 arterial endothelium artery endothelium ncithesaurus:Artery_Endothelium uberon An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 VHOG VHOG:0001215 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011013 The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.[AAO] XAO:curator endothelium of venule An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62117 MA:0000716 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001918 UMLS:C1179026 ncithesaurus:Venule_Endothelium uberon venule endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein AAO:0011110 An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004756 FMA:62118 MA:0000712 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001919 UMLS:C1179027 VHOG:0001216 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000358 ncithesaurus:Vein_Endothelium uberon vein endothelium veinous endothelium venous endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0001216 veinous endothelium 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 VHOG VHOG:0001216 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ paraventricular nucleus of thalamus ABA:PVT BM:Die-Th-Pa BTO:0002460 FMA:62152 MA:0000866 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_764 SCTID:369163000 The nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami and nuclues paraventricularis posterior thalami, two of the nuclei mediani thalami; they are situated on the dorsomedial wall of the thalamus, juxtaposed to the third ventricle. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001920 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/PVNss.jpg/200px-PVNss.jpg nuclei paraventriculares thalami paraventricular gray paraventricular nuclei paraventricular nuclei of thalamus paraventricular thalamic nucleus uberon FMA ABA paraventricular nuclei paraventricular nuclei of thalamus FMA:62152 FMA:TA nuclei paraventriculares thalami Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The nucleus paraventricularis anterior thalami and nuclues paraventricularis posterior thalami, two of the nuclei mediani thalami; they are situated on the dorsomedial wall of the thalamus, juxtaposed to the third ventricle. reuniens nucleus BTO:0002459 FMA:62153 MA:0000865 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_770 SCTID:369164006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001921 medioventral nucleus nucleus reuniens reuniens thalamic nucleus uberon parafascicular nucleus ABA:PF BM:Die-Th-Pf EV:0100202 FMA:62166 MA:0000874 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 SCTID:279150008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001922 UMLS:C0228352 ncithesaurus:Parafascicular_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nuclei parafasciculares thalami nucleus parafascicularis nucleus parafascicularis (hassler) nucleus parafascicularis thalami parafascicular nucleus (vogt) parafascicular nucleus of thalamus parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus parafascicular thalamic nucleus uberon FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nuclei parafasciculares thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 parafascicular nucleus (vogt) ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nucleus parafascicularis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nucleus parafascicularis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_952 nucleus parafascicularis central medial nucleus ABA:CM BM:Die-CeM BTO:0003753 FMA:62171 MA:0000872 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 SCTID:279161000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001923 a small cell group in the interthalamic adhesion of the thalamus that occupy the midline region of the internal medullary lamina, between the left and right paracentral nuclei. central medial nucleus of thalamus central medial nucleus thalamus (rioch 1928) central medial thalamic nucleus nucleus centralis medialis nucleus centralis medialis thalami uberon ABA ABA MP:0008929 a small cell group in the interthalamic adhesion of the thalamus that occupy the midline region of the internal medullary lamina, between the left and right paracentral nuclei. ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 nucleus centralis medialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 nucleus centralis medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_971 central medial nucleus thalamus (rioch 1928) ABA paracentral nucleus ABA:PCN BM:Die-Th-Pc EV:0100204 FMA:62172 MA:0000873 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 SCTID:279152000 UBERON:0001924 nucleus centralis lateralis superior (kusama) nucleus paracentral nucleus paracentral thalami nucleus paracentralis thalami one of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, located medial to the central lateral nucleus. paracentral nucleus of thalamus paracentral nucleus thalamus (gurdjian 1927) paracentral thalamic nucleus todo - relationships uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 nucleus paracentral thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 nucleus centralis lateralis superior (kusama) MP:0008928 one of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, located medial to the central lateral nucleus. ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 paracentral nucleus thalamus (gurdjian 1927) ABA FMA:62172 FMA:TA nucleus paracentralis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_981 nucleus paracentral FMA ventral lateral nucleus BM:Die-Th-VL BTO:0002463 FMA:62186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 SCTID:279146001 TAO:0000306 The ventral lateral nucleus (VL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001925 UMLS:C0228339 ZFA:0000306 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png lateral ventral nucleus of thalamus ncithesaurus:Ventrolateral_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nuclei ventrales laterales thalami nucleus ventralis intermedius nucleus ventralis lateralis nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami nucleus ventralis thalami lateralis nucleus ventrolateralis thalami uberon ventral lateral complex of thalamus ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus ventral lateral thalamic nuclei ventral lateral thalamic nucleus ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus ventrolateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis thalami lateralis BTO:0002463 nuclei ventrales laterales thalami The ventral lateral nucleus (VL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_lateral_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis lateralis BTO:0002463 ventral lateral nuclei of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventralis intermedius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 ventral lateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1237 nucleus ventrolateralis thalami lateral geniculate body BTO:0004366 BTO:0004367 EFO:0001988 EV:0100219 FMA:62209 MA:0000869 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1662 Note that BTO has distinct classes for body and nucleus, but other sources treat as identical SCTID:362377006 The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina[GO]. UBERON:0001926 UMLS:C0086526 corpus geniculatum externum corpus geniculatum laterales external geniculate body http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray719.png/200px-Gray719.png lateral geniculate complex lateral geniculate nucleus ncithesaurus:External_Geniculate_Body nucleus geniculatus lateralis uberon FMA Wikipedia:Lateral_geniculate_nucleus external geniculate body BTO:0004367 corpus geniculatum externum FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1662 corpus geniculatum laterales The lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary processor of visual information received from the retina[GO]. Wikipedia:Lateral_geniculate_body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1662 nucleus geniculatus lateralis medial geniculate body ABA:MG BM:Die-Th-MG BTO:0002674 EFO:0001968 EV:0100218 FMA:62211 MA:0000870 MGB NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1670 SCTID:362378001 The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) or Medial Geniculate Body (MGB) is part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC). It is made up of a number of sub-nuclei that are distinguished by their neuronal morphology and density, by their afferent and efferent connections, and by the coding properties of their neurons. It is thought that the MGB influences the direction and maintenance of attention. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001927 UMLS:C0086596 corpus geniculatum mediale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png internal geniculate body medial geniculate complex medial geniculate nuclei medial geniculate nucleus ncithesaurus:Internal_Geniculate_Body nuclei corporis geniculati medialis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1670 corpus geniculatum mediale BTO:0002674 MGB FMA internal geniculate body ncithesaurus:Internal_Geniculate_Body FMA ABA The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) or Medial Geniculate Body (MGB) is part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC). It is made up of a number of sub-nuclei that are distinguished by their neuronal morphology and density, by their afferent and efferent connections, and by the coding properties of their neurons. It is thought that the MGB influences the direction and maintenance of attention. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_geniculate_body FMA:62211 FMA:TA nuclei corporis geniculati medialis preoptic area Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus. See Figure 7, Atlas of Early Zebrafish Brain Development.[TAO] Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus[ZFA]. BM:Die-Hy-POA BTO:0001796 EFO:0002523 FMA:62313 GAID:644 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.342.450 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1706 SCTID:362382004 TAO:0000470 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001928 ZFA:0000470 area hypothalamica rostralis area praeoptica area preoptica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG preoptic hypothalamic area preoptic hypothalamic region preoptic nuclei preoptic region preoptic region of hypothalamus regio hypothalamica anterior uberon BTO:0001796 regio hypothalamica anterior BTO:0001796 area hypothalamica rostralis BTO:0001796 preoptic hypothalamic region BTO:0001796 preoptic hypothalamic area Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 Area of the forebrain anterior to the posterior tuberculum and the hypothalamus and ventral to the ventral thalamus. See Figure 7, Atlas of Early Zebrafish Brain Development.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000470 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Preoptic_area area preoptica supraoptic nucleus ABA:SO BM:Die-Hy-SON BTO:0002697 EFO:0002476 EV:0100227 FMA:62317 GAID:646 MA:0000849 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.342.650 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1411 SCTID:369130007 The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. In humans, it contains about 3,000 neurons. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001929 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/SONss.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/SONss.jpg/200px-SONss.jpg nucleus supraopticus nucleus supraopticus supra-optic nucleus supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus uberon ABA The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. In humans, it contains about 3,000 neurons. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supraoptic_nucleus https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3474225&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 ABA Wikipedia:Supraoptic_nucleus nucleus supraopticus ABA MA BTO:0002697 nucleus supraopticus FMA paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:PVH BM:Die-Hy-PAH BTO:0002476 EFO:0002469 EV:0100229 FMA:62320 GAID:643 MA:0000848 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.342.400 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1407 SCTID:369131006 The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a neuronal nucleus in the hypothalamus. It contains multiple subpopulations of neurons that are activated by a variety of stressful and/or physiological changes. Many PVH neurons project directly to the posterior pituitary where they release oxytocin or vasopressin into the general circulation. Other PVN neurons control various anterior pituitary functions, while still others directly regulate appetite and autonomic functions in the brainstem and spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001930 filiform nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/PVNss.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/PVNss.jpg/200px-PVNss.jpg nuclei paraventricularis hypothalami nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus paraventricular nucleus uberon ABA BTO:0002476 nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami Wikipedia:Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus nuclei paraventricularis hypothalami The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a neuronal nucleus in the hypothalamus. It contains multiple subpopulations of neurons that are activated by a variety of stressful and/or physiological changes. Many PVH neurons project directly to the posterior pituitary where they release oxytocin or vasopressin into the general circulation. Other PVN neurons control various anterior pituitary functions, while still others directly regulate appetite and autonomic functions in the brainstem and spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus ABA lateral preoptic nucleus ABA:LPO BM:Die-Hy-LPO FMA:62326 MA:0000835 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1722 SCTID:369129002 The lateral preoptic nucleus is lateral to the medial preoptic nucleus. It also mediates non-REM sleep onset.[WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001931 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG lateral preoptic area lateral preoptic hypothalamic nucleus uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA The lateral preoptic nucleus is lateral to the medial preoptic nucleus. It also mediates non-REM sleep onset.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area#Lateral_preoptic_nucleus arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:ARH BM:HAr BTO:0002473 EV:0100230 FMA:62329 GAID:647 MA:0000847 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.352.081 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1638 The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important populations of neurons, including: Neuroendocrine neurons, Centrally-projecting neurons and Others. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001932 UMLS:C0003741 arcuate hypothalamic nucleus arcuate nucleus arcuate nucleus-2 arcuate periventricular nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG infundibular hypothalamic nucleus infundibular nucleus infundibular periventricular nucleus ncithesaurus:Arcuate_Nucleus nucleus arcuatus nucleus arcuatus hypothalami nucleus infundibularis nucleus semilunaris uberon BTO:0002473 nucleus infundibularis FMA:62329 FMA:TA nucleus arcuatus ABA Wikipedia:Arcuate_nucleus nucleus arcuatus hypothalami BTO:0002473 nucleus arcuatus hypothalami BTO:0002473 nucleus semilunaris The arcuate nucleus (or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important populations of neurons, including: Neuroendocrine neurons, Centrally-projecting neurons and Others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Arcuate_nucleus ABA retrochiasmatic area ABA:RCH FMA:62330 MA:0000841 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1569 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001933 retrochiasmatic region uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:DMH BM:Die-Hy-DMH BTO:0002474 EV:0100232 FMA:62331 GAID:648 MA:0000838 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.352.270 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1558 SCTID:369134003 The Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is involved in feeding, drinking, and body weight regulation. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001934 dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus dorsomedial nucleus of dorsal hypothalamus dorsomedial nucleus of intermediate hypothalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalamicae intermediae uberon The Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is involved in feeding, drinking, and body weight regulation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsomedial_hypothalamic_nucleus ABA ABA Wikipedia:Dorsomedial_hypothalamic_nucleus nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalamicae intermediae MA FMA BTO:0002474 nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalamicae intermediae FMA ABA ABA ABA ABA ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:VMH BM:VMH BTO:0002472 EV:0100233 FMA:62332 GAID:650 MA:0000845 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.352.953 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1572 SCTID:369124007 The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001935 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami part of tuberal area in MA uberon ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus ventrolateral nucleus of hypothalamus ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus. ABA BTO:0002472 ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus. BTO:0002472 ventrolateral nucleus of hypothalamus FMA BTO:0002472 nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventromedial_hypothalamic_nucleus BTO:0002472 ventrolateral hypothalamic nucleus ABA ABA FMA ABA tuberomammillary nucleus ABA:TM EV:0100237 FMA:62335 MA:0000853 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 SCTID:369122006 TM The tuberomammillary nucleus is a subnucleus of the posterior third of the hypothalamus. It consists of, largely, histaminergic and is involved with the control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythm. Axons of the tuberomammillary nucleus project primarily to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus. The projections to the cerebral cortex directly increase cortical activation and arousal, and projections to acetylcholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and dorsal pons do so indirectly, by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001936 caudal magnocellular nucleus mammilloinfundibular nucleus mammiloinfundibular nucleus tuberomamillary nucleus tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus tuberomammillary nucleus uberon The tuberomammillary nucleus is a subnucleus of the posterior third of the hypothalamus. It consists of, largely, histaminergic and is involved with the control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythm. Axons of the tuberomammillary nucleus project primarily to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus. The projections to the cerebral cortex directly increase cortical activation and arousal, and projections to acetylcholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and dorsal pons do so indirectly, by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tuberomammillary_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 tuberomammillary nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 mammiloinfundibular nucleus ABA FMA:62335 mammilloinfundibular nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus ABA FMA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 TM MA EV:0100237 tuberomamillary nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1271 caudal magnocellular nucleus lateral hypothalamic nucleus EV:0100234 FMA:62337 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1199 SCTID:360452004 TAO:0000227 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001937 ZFA:0000227 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG uberon lateral mammillary nucleus ABA:LM EV:0100239 FMA:62341 MA:0000850 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1460 SCTID:369143007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001938 lateral mammillary hypothalamic nucleus lateral nucleus of mammillary body nucleus mammillaris lateralis uberon ABA FMA:62341 FMA:TA nucleus mammillaris lateralis ABA ABA medial mammillary nucleus ABA:MM EV:0100238 FMA:62342 MA:0000851 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1299 SCTID:369141009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001939 internal mammillary nucleus medial nucleus of mammillary body nucleus mammillaris medialis uberon ABA FMA:62342 FMA:TA nucleus mammillaris medialis ABA ABA supramammillary nucleus ABA:SUM FMA:62347 MA:0000852 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1479 SCTID:369144001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001940 uberon ABA ABA ABA lateral habenular nucleus ABA:LH BM:Die-Epi-Hl BTO:0002699 FMA:62372 MA:0000831 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 SCTID:361538005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001941 lateral habenula nucleus habenulae lateralis nucleus habenularis lateralis nucleus habenularis lateralis epithalami uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 nucleus habenularis lateralis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 nucleus habenularis lateralis epithalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1438 nucleus habenulae lateralis ABA medial habenular nucleus ABA:MH BM:Die-Epi-HM BTO:0003686 FMA:62373 MA:0000832 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001942 medial habenula nucleus habenulae medialis nucleus habenularis medialis nucleus habenularis medialis (hassler) nucleus habenularis medialis epithalami uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenularis medialis epithalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenulae medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenularis medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1431 nucleus habenularis medialis (hassler) ABA midbrain tegmentum 'tegmentum' is used generically for the ventral part of the brainstem (ISBN10:0471888893). We use the label 'midbrain tegmentum' to denote the midbrain structure. In NIFSTD tegmentum is a composite structure and there is a separate class for midbrain tegmentum and pontine tegmentum BTO:0003388 EFO:0000921 EHDAA2:0004475 EMAPA:18215 FMA:62393 MA:0000212 MAT:0000452 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1200 SCTID:362392007 TAO:0000160 Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001943 VHOG:0001367 Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN10:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. ZFA:0000160 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gray712.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gray712.png/200px-Gray712.png mesencephalic tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum of midbrain uberon Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum tegmentum mesencephali FMA:FMA ISBN10:0471888893 Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN10:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.001 Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadon R, Rodicio MC, The tegmental proliferation region in the sea lamprey. Brain Research Bulletin (2005) Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001367 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0471888893 tegmentum ZFA VHOG:0001367 mesencephalic tegmentum pretectal region ABA:PRT BM:MB-Tec-PT FMA:62402 MA:0001062 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_703 Region between dorsal thalamus and optic tectum[pub]. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:416333003 TAO:0000418 UBERON:0001944 ZFA:0000418 area pretectalis nuclei pretectales part of diencephalon in ZFA - modify to adjacent here, supported by pub pretectal area pretectal nuclei pretectum uberon ABA FMA:62402 FMA:TA area pretectalis ABA ISBN10:0471888893 Region between dorsal thalamus and optic tectum[pub]. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pretectum FMA ABA ABA ABA FMA:62402 FMA:TA nuclei pretectales ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ISBN10:0471888893 superior colliculus AAO:0010609 BM:MB-Tec-SC BTO:0000965 EFO:0002474 EV:0100245 FMA:62403 GAID:576 MA:0001068 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.237.816 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1040 Part of the midbrain tectum consisting of paired bodies that sit caudal to the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the mesencephalon of vertebrate brains. It comprises the rostral aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent superior the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, quadruplet bodies). It consists of several identified cellular layers and also comprises the brachium of the superior colliculus and commissure of superior colliculus [Wikipedia.org and Neuronames (MM)]. TAO:0000445 The brain structure where the two separate inputs from the two eyes are combined into a single, integrated map.[AAO] The roof of the midbrain, morphologically visible by the end of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The term SC is used when discussing mammals, and OT for other vertebrates[WP]. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that vary by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems.[1] The optic tectum is one of the fundamental components of the vertebrate brain, existing across the full range of species from hagfish to human.[4] (See the brain article for background.) Some aspects of the structure are very consistent, including a structure composed of a number of layers, with a dense input from the optic nerve to the superficial layers and another strong input conveying somatosensory input to deeper layers. Other aspects are highly variable, such as the total number of layers (from 3 in the African lungfish to 15 in the goldfish[5]), and the number of different types of cells (from 2 in the lungfish to 27 in the house sparrow[5]). In hagfish, lamprey, and shark it is a relatively small structure, but in teleost fish it is greatly expanded, in some cases becoming the largest structure in the brain. (See the adjoining drawing of a codfish brain.) In amphibians, reptiles, and especially birds it is also a very significant component, but in mammals it is dwarfed by the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex. UBERON:0001945 XAO:0003226 ZFA:0000445 anterior colliculus anterior corpus quadrigeminum corpora bigemina cranial colliculus dorsal midbrain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png optic lobe optic tectum optic tectum tectal lobe tectum tectum opticum uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010609 PMID:17952453 The brain structure where the two separate inputs from the two eyes are combined into a single, integrated map.[AAO] FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus ZFA:0000445 optic tectum 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000445 The roof of the midbrain, morphologically visible by the end of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1040 Part of the midbrain tectum consisting of paired bodies that sit caudal to the thalamus and surround the pineal gland in the mesencephalon of vertebrate brains. It comprises the rostral aspect of the midbrain, posterior to the periaqueductal gray and adjacent superior the inferior colliculus. The inferior and superior colliculi are known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina (Latin, quadruplet bodies). It consists of several identified cellular layers and also comprises the brachium of the superior colliculus and commissure of superior colliculus [Wikipedia.org and Neuronames (MM)]. Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus inferior colliculus ABA:IC EFO:0002465 EV:0100246 FMA:62404 GAID:575 MA:0001067 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.237.364 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_806 The inferior colliculi together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina, and also part of the tectal region of the midbrain. The inferior colliculus lies caudal to its counterpart - the superior colliculus - above the trochlear nerve, and at the base of the projection of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subnuclei. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001946 caudal colliculus colliculus inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray711.png inferior colliculi posterior colliculus posterior corpus quadrigeminum uberon The inferior colliculi together with the superior colliculi form the eminences of the corpora quadrigemina, and also part of the tectal region of the midbrain. The inferior colliculus lies caudal to its counterpart - the superior colliculus - above the trochlear nerve, and at the base of the projection of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The inferior colliculus is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subnuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_colliculus Wikipedia:Inferior_colliculus colliculus inferior EV:0100246 inferior colliculi FMA-abduced-lr red nucleus ABA:RN BM:MB-RN EHDAA2:0004706 EV:0100248 FMA:62407 Function notes: in animals without a significant corticospinal tract, gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus. GAID:586 MA:0001063 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.822.642 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1478 SCTID:279287006 TAO:0000552 The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001947 ZFA:0000552 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png nucleus ruber nucleus ruber uberon ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Red_nucleus nucleus ruber ABA ABA ABA TAO:0000552 nucleus ruber ABA ABA The red nucleus is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Red_nucleus ABA FMA ABA regional part of spinal cord A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1496 SCTID:244437008 UBERON:0001948 UMLS:C1268166 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Part spinal cord part uberon A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic gingival epithelium A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. BTO:0004998 FMA:62423 In humans: 15% orthokeratinized, 75% parakeratinized, 10% non-keratinized; diurnal; decreased keratinization with age. Note that in FMA this is classified as keratinized squamous - this perhaps refers to the epithelium of the attached or free gingiva MA:0001576 UBERON:0001949 UMLS:C1179154 epithelial tissue of gingiva epithelium of gingiva gingiva epithelial tissue gingiva epithelium ncithesaurus:Gingival_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic gingiva epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gingiva epithelium A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. BTO:0004998 OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gingiva neocortex ABA:Isocortex BTO:0000920 EHDAA2:0004662 FMA:62429 GAID:677 MA:0002754 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2547 The neocortex is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI (with VI being the innermost and I being the outermost). The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex (along with the archicortex and paleocortex, which are cortical parts of the limbic system). It is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and, in humans, language. Other names for the neocortex include neopallium and isocortex ('equal rind'). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0001950 cerebral neocortex homogenetic cortex homotypical cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Neocortex.jpg isocortex isocortex (sensu lato) neopallial cortex neopallium nonolfactory cortex uberon ISBN10:0471888893 homogenetic cortex BTO:0000920 nonolfactory cortex ABA The neocortex is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI (with VI being the innermost and I being the outermost). The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex (along with the archicortex and paleocortex, which are cortical parts of the limbic system). It is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, conscious thought and, in humans, language. Other names for the neocortex include neopallium and isocortex ('equal rind'). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neocortex ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2547 homotypical cortex FMA:62429 isocortex (sensu lato) epithelium of nasopharynx An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004480 EHDAA2:0001241 EHDAA:7090 EMAPA:17672 FMA:62452 MA:0001865 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001951 UBERON:0003237 UMLS:C1179157 VHOG:0001038 epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue of nasopharynx epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx epithelium of nasal part of pharynx epithelium of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue nasal part of pharynx epithelium nasopharynx epithelial tissue nasopharynx epithelium ncithesaurus:Nasopharynx_Epithelium rhinopharynx epithelial tissue rhinopharynx epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx epithelium An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx epithelial tissue EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic epithelium of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx epithelium of oropharynx An epithelium that is part of a oropharynx [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004083 FMA:62453 Histology/AO notes: Composition varies with species and time. This is classified as nonkeratinizing stratified squamous in FMA, unilaminar in EHDAA2; the majority of the pharyngeal epithelium is unilaminar in zebrafish MA:0001605 UBERON:0001952 UMLS:C1179158 ncithesaurus:Oropharynx_Epithelium oropharyngeal epithelium oropharynx epithelial tissue oropharynx epithelium uberon EHDAA2 MA:0001605 oropharynx epithelium An epithelium that is part of a oropharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oropharynx epithelial tissue presubiculum ABA:PRE BM:Tel-Cx-PSB Consider merging with BA27 FMA:62486 MA:0000923 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1108 UBERON:0001953 a modified six-layered cortex between the subiculum and the main part of the parahippocampal gyrus. area 27 of Brodmann http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_27.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_27.png/200px-Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_27.png presubiculum (Cajal) uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1108 presubiculum (Cajal) a modified six-layered cortex between the subiculum and the main part of the parahippocampal gyrus. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/presubiculum FMA:62486 area 27 of Brodmann ABA FMA ABA Ammon's horn A paired structure, with mirror-image halves in the left and right sides of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It is shaped like a curved tube[WP]. ABA:CA Ammon's horn BM:Tel-CAM BTO:0003705 EFO:0000530 EHDAA2:0004443 EMAPA:19039 EMAPA:19148 EV:0100180 FMA:62493 GAID:623 MA:0000191 MAT:0000114 MESH:A08.186.211.577.405 MIAA:0000114 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_721 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3piFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361561007 UBERON:0001954 UBERON:0003940 UBERON:0004165 UMLS:C0019564 VHOG:0001177 WP: Non-mammalian species do not have a brain structure that looks like the mammalian hippocampus, but they have one that is considered homologous to it. The hippocampus, as pointed out above, is essentially the medial edge of the cortex. Only mammals have a fully developed cortex, but the structure it evolved from, called the pallium, is present in all vertebrates, even the most primitive ones such as the lamprey or hagfish.[82] The pallium is usually divided into three zones: medial, lateral, and dorsal. The medial pallium forms the precursor of the hippocampus. It does not resemble the hippocampus visually, because the layers are not warped into an S shape or enwrapped by the dentate gyrus, but the homology is indicated by strong chemical and functional affinities. There is now evidence that these hippocampal-like structures are involved in spatial cognition in birds, reptiles, and fish. In birds, the correspondence is sufficiently well established that most anatomists refer to the medial pallial zone as the "avian hippocampus". The story for fish is more complex. In teleost fish (which make up the great majority of existing species), the forebrain is distorted in comparison to other types of vertebrates: most neuroanatomists believe that the teleost forebrain is essentially everted, like a sock turned inside-out, so that structures that lie in the interior, next to the ventricles, for most vertebrates, are found on the outside in teleost fish, and vice versa.[86] One of the consequences of this is that the medial pallium ("hippocampal" zone) of a typical vertebrate is thought to correspond to the lateral pallium of a typical fish. Several types of fish (particularly goldfish) have been shown experimentally to have strong spatial memory abilities, even forming "cognitive maps" of the areas they inhabit.[80] There is evidence that damage to the lateral pallium impairs spatial memory. ammon gyrus ammon horn cornu ammonis hippocampal hippocampus hippocampus major hippocampus proper hippocampus proprius http://scalablebrainatlas.incf.org/services/thumbnail.php?template=ABA07&size=L&dim=2d3d&format=png&region=CA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Gray739-emphasizing-hippocampus.png ncithesaurus:Cornu_Ammonis ncithesaurus:Hippocampus uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_721 ammon horn GO:0021541 ammon gyrus MA:0000191 hippocampus GO:0021541 cornu ammonis ABA FMA ABA Ammon's horn GO:0021541 FMA FMA:62493 FMA:TA hippocampus proprius A paired structure, with mirror-image halves in the left and right sides of the brain. The hippocampus is closely associated with the cerebral cortex, and in primates is located in the medial temporal lobe, underneath the cortical surface. It is shaped like a curved tube[WP]. Wikipedia:Hippocampus epithelium of respiratory bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62498 MA:0001773 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001955 UMLS:C1179179 bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue bronchiolus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus respiratorius ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Bronchiole_Epithelium respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue respiratory bronchiole epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius epithelium OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue cartilage of bronchus FMA:62649 MA:0001835 SCTID:278980009 UBERON:0001956 UMLS:C0225604 bronchi cartilage bronchial cartilage bronchial cartilage ring bronchial trunk cartilage bronchus cartilage cartilage of bronchi cartilage of bronchial trunk cartilagines bronchiales ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Cartilage the hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. uberon OBOL:automatic bronchi cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchi MP:0010988 the hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk cartilage cartilagines bronchiales MP:0010988 bronchial cartilage ring OBOL:automatic cartilage of bronchial trunk MP submucosa of bronchus A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002108 FMA:62653 MA:0001837 SCTID:85546005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001957 UMLS:C0225601 bronchi submucosa bronchial submucosa bronchial trunk submucosa bronchus submucosa ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Submucosa submucosa of bronchi submucosa of bronchial trunk uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchi A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchi submucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchial trunk epithelium of terminal bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62794 MA:0001774 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001958 UMLS:C1179400 bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue bronchiolus terminalis epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis ncithesaurus:Terminal_Bronchiole_Epithelium terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue terminal bronchiole epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic white pulp of spleen FMA:62805 MA:0000762 The white pulp contains T cells, B cells and accessory cells. The function of the white pulp is to mount an immunological response to antigens within the blood. The white pulp is present in the form of a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. This sheath contains B cell follicles and T cells. At the edge of the T zone is a region known as the marginal zone where larger lymphocytes and antigen presenting dendritic cells are located. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001959 UMLS:C0229686 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray1191.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gray1191.png/200px-Gray1191.png ncithesaurus:Splenic_White_Pulp noduli lymphoidei splenici pulpa alba spleen white pulp splenic white pulp uberon white pulp FMA:62805 FMA:TA pulpa alba Wikipedia:White_pulp noduli lymphoidei splenici The white pulp contains T cells, B cells and accessory cells. The function of the white pulp is to mount an immunological response to antigens within the blood. The white pulp is present in the form of a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. This sheath contains B cell follicles and T cells. At the edge of the T zone is a region known as the marginal zone where larger lymphocytes and antigen presenting dendritic cells are located. Wikipedia:White_pulp periarterial lymphatic sheath AO notes: FMA distinguishes periarterial (PALS) from periarteriolar (FMA:62806) FMA:62810 MA:0000765 PALS T cell domain of the splenic white pulp UBERON:0001960 periarterial lymphoid sheath periarteriolar sheath spleen periarteriolar lymphatic sheath splenic periarteriolar lymphoid sheath the area of the spleen in which T cells surround the central arteriole uberon MP:0002358 the area of the spleen in which T cells surround the central arteriole MP:0002358 periarteriolar sheath MP:0002358 splenic periarteriolar lymphoid sheath MP:0002358 PALS MP:0002358 T cell domain of the splenic white pulp mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Editor notes: todo - add part relationships to specific layers FMA:62819 MA:0000140 MALT UBERON:0001961 UMLS:C0599921 diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO]. epithelio-lymphoid tissue mucosa associated lymphatic tissue mucosa associated lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue ncithesaurus:Mucosa-Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue uberon GO:0048537 mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue FMA GO:0048537 mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue FMA:62819 epithelio-lymphoid tissue Wikipedia:Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO]. GO:0048537 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue gut-associated lymphoid tissue Editor notes: phylogenetic relationships to be added. Taxon notes: guts of jawless fish contains cells with lymphocyte-like morphology (Mayer 2002). FMA:62820 GALT MA:0000136 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO]. UBERON:0001962 UMLS:C0596638 gut associated lymphoid tissue ncithesaurus:Gut_Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue uberon Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO]. Wikipedia:Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue A diffuse collection of lymphpoid cells that participate in airway immune responses BALT FMA:62821 Lymphoid tissue associated with airways in mice has functional similarities to human BALT[ISBN10:0123813611] Notes: FMA classifies this as organized, not diffuse MA:0000135 UBERON:0001963 UMLS:C1179418 bronchus associated lymphoid tissue ncithesaurus:Bronchus-Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue uberon ISBN10:0123813611 A diffuse collection of lymphpoid cells that participate in airway immune responses ISBN10:0123813611 least splanchnic nerve EMAPA:29691 FMA:6283 MA:0002635 SCTID:280506004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Thoracic nerve that nerve travels into the abdomen, where its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia. UBERON:0001964 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png least thoracic splanchnic nerve lowest splanchnic nerve nervus splanchnicus imus ramus renalis nervus splanchnici minoris renal branch of lesser splanchnic nerve renal nerve thoracic splanchnic nerve uberon FMA:6283 least thoracic splanchnic nerve FMA:6283 FMA:TA nervus splanchnicus imus FMA:6283 renal branch of lesser splanchnic nerve Thoracic nerve that nerve travels into the abdomen, where its fibers synapse in the renal ganglia. Wikipedia:Thoracic_splanchnic_nerves#cite_note-4 FMA:6283 renal nerve MA FMA:6283 lowest splanchnic nerve FMA:6283 FMA:TA ramus renalis nervus splanchnici minoris FMA:TA ramus renalis nervus splanchnici minoris substantia nigra pars compacta ABA:SNc BM:MB-SNc BTO:0003749 FMA:62907 MA:0001064 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of a densely packed region of cells, more or less dorsal to the pars reticulata, but extending into the pars reticulata in some species. The dominant neurotransmitter used by pars compacta neurons is dopamine. Pars compacta neurons are pigmented in many species (MM)[NIF]. SNpc This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001965 UMLS:C0175412 compact part of substantia nigra ncithesaurus:Pars_Compacta pars compacta pars compacta substantiae nigrae substantia nigra compact part substantia nigra compacta substantia nigra, compact part uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 substantia nigra compact part ABA ABA FMA:62907 FMA:TA pars compacta substantiae nigrae NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 substantia nigra compacta NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_990 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of a densely packed region of cells, more or less dorsal to the pars reticulata, but extending into the pars reticulata in some species. The dominant neurotransmitter used by pars compacta neurons is dopamine. Pars compacta neurons are pigmented in many species (MM)[NIF]. Wikipedia:Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta substantia nigra pars reticulata ABA:SNr BM:MB-SNr BTO:0003750 FMA:62908 MA:0001066 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_968 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM)[NLex]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001966 pars reticularis substantiae nigrae pars reticulata reticular part of substantia nigra substantia nigra, reticular part uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:62908 FMA:TA pars reticularis substantiae nigrae ABA ABA Neurolex:Substantia_nigra_pars_reticulata Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM)[NLex]. Wikipedia:Pars_reticulata ABA ABA reticular lamina FMA:62924 UBERON:0001967 a thin extracellular layer that sometimes lies below the basal lamina, is composed chiefly of collagenous fibers, and serves to anchor the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue. fibroreticular lamina lamina fibroreticularis reticular membrane todo - use GO? uberon FMA Wikipedia:Reticular_lamina a thin extracellular layer that sometimes lies below the basal lamina, is composed chiefly of collagenous fibers, and serves to anchor the basal lamina to underlying connective tissue. http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/medical/reticular%20lamina FMA semen BTO:0001230 Body substance which consists of spermatozoa and seminal plasma.[FMA] FMA:62966 GAID:1169 MA:0002522 MESH:A12.200.732 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgC-zpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Taxon notes: Note that in this ontology, semen is defined as the sum of sperm and seminal fluid, where seminal fluid is defined a taxonomically generic way (see comments for UBERON:0006530). UBERON:0001968 UMLS:C1518159 UMLS:C2756969 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Human_semen_in_petri_dish2.jpg/180px-Human_semen_in_petri_dish2.jpg ncithesaurus:Male_Genital_System_Fluid_or_Secretion ncithesaurus:Semen seminal uberon Body substance which consists of spermatozoa and seminal plasma.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Semen blood plasma BTO:0000131 Body substance in liquid state contained in the lumen of arterial and venous trees, blood capillary and the cardiac chambers; constitutes the liquid phase of blood.[FMA] EFO:0001905 FMA:62970 GAID:1178 MA:0002501 MAT:0000052 MESH:A12.207.152.693 MIAA:0000052 OpenCyc:Mx4rEg4ZYrIbEduAAAAOpmP6tw UBERON:0001969 UMLS:C0032105 ncithesaurus:Plasma plasma portion of blood plasma portion of plasma uberon Body substance in liquid state contained in the lumen of arterial and venous trees, blood capillary and the cardiac chambers; constitutes the liquid phase of blood.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Blood_plasma bile BTO:0000121 ENVO:02000023 FMA:62971 GAID:1157 MA:0002513 MESH:A12.200.087 UBERON:0001970 UMLS:C0005388 a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. Bile is a composition of the following materials: water (85%), bile salts (10%), mucus and pigments (3%), fats (1%), inorganic salts (0.7%) and cholesterol (0.3%)[WP]. fel galen:Bile gall ncithesaurus:Bile uberon Wikipedia:Bile a bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum. Bile is a composition of the following materials: water (85%), bile salts (10%), mucus and pigments (3%), fats (1%), inorganic salts (0.7%) and cholesterol (0.3%)[WP]. BTO:0000121 gall BTO:0000121 fel gastric juice . BTO:0000501 FMA:62972 GAID:1160 MA:0002519 MESH:A12.200.307 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001971 UMLS:C0017133 galen:GastricJuice ncithesaurus:Gastric_Secretion stomach secretion succus gastricus uberon BTO:0000501 succus gastricus . Wikipedia:Gastric_juice submucosa of esophagus A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002109 FMA:62997 MA:0002724 SCTID:362128009 UBERON:0001972 esophageal submucosa esophagus submucosa gullet submucosa oesophagus submucosa submucosa of esophagus submucosa of gullet submucosa of oesophagus tela submucosa esophagi tela submucosa oesophageae tela submucosa of esophagus uberon FMA:62997 FMA:TA tela submucosa oesophageae OBOL:automatic oesophagus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of gullet BTO:0002109 tela submucosa esophagi OBOL:automatic submucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet submucosa A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic substance of tooth Body substance in solid state produced by odontoblasts, amyloblasts or cementoblasts.[FMA] FMA:63001 MA:0002540 UBERON:0001973 note the asserted dual parentage. This is deliberate, pending better definitions of the distinction between substance and tissue portion of substance of tooth tooth substance uberon FMA:63001 portion of substance of tooth Body substance in solid state produced by odontoblasts, amyloblasts or cementoblasts.[FMA] FMA:63001 lamina propria of esophagus A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:26987 EMAPA:27003 FMA:63050 MA:0001568 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001974 UMLS:C1707949 esophagus lamina propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa esophagus lamina propria mucosae gullet lamina propria gullet lamina propria mucosa gullet lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of esophagus lamina propria mucosa of gullet lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus lamina propria mucosae of esophagus lamina propria mucosae of gullet lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus lamina propria of gullet lamina propria of oesophagus ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Lamina_Propria oesophagus lamina propria oesophagus lamina propria mucosa oesophagus lamina propria mucosae uberon OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic esophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria of oesophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gullet FMA A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of esophagus serosa of esophagus A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:63057 MA:0001571 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001975 esophagus serosa esophagus serous membrane gullet serosa gullet serous membrane oesophagus serosa oesophagus serous membrane serosa of abdominal part of esophagus serosa of gullet serosa of oesophagus serous coat of oesophagus serous membrane of esophagus serous membrane of gullet serous membrane of oesophagus tunica serosa oesophageae uberon OBOL:automatic serous membrane of oesophagus A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serosa of gullet OBOL:automatic serous membrane of esophagus FMA:63057 FMA:TA tunica serosa oesophageae OBOL:automatic esophagus serous membrane OBOL:automatic gullet serous membrane OBOL:automatic gullet serosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gullet epithelium of esophagus An epithelium that is part of a esophagus. BTO:0001578 EFO:0003041 EHDAA2:0001287 EMAPA:16835 FMA:63063 MA:0001565 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the esophagus. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] TAO:0001499 UBERON:0001976 UMLS:C1179544 ZFA:0001499 epithelial tissue of esophagus epithelial tissue of gullet epithelial tissue of oesophagus epithelium of gullet epithelium of oesophagus esophageal epithelium esophagus epithelial tissue esophagus epithelium gullet epithelial tissue gullet epithelium ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Epithelium oesophagus epithelial tissue oesophagus epithelium todo check epithelium types: in FMA: Nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; mouse has basal and squamous subtypes; in ZFA it is columnar uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic epithelium of gullet OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of esophagus 2012-08-14 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the esophagus. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001499 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic epithelium of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gullet epithelium FMA An epithelium that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic esophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic gullet epithelial tissue serum BTO:0000133 BTO:0001239 Body substance derived from plasma by the elimination of fibrinogen.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004728 FMA:63083 MA:0002502 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001977 UMLS:C0229671 blood serum ncithesaurus:Serum uberon Body substance derived from plasma by the elimination of fibrinogen.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Serum parenchyma of pancreas FMA:63120 MA:0000724 SCTID:371401008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001978 VHOG:0001430 pancreas parenchyma pancreatic parenchyma uberon venule BTO:0002626 FMA:63130 MA:0000071 MESH:A07.231.432.952 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO] SCTID:341687009 Subdivision of venous tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the capillary vessel. TAO:0005315 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001979 UMLS:C0042520 VHOG:0001765 ZFA:0005315 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg/200px-Illu_capillary.jpg ncithesaurus:Venule uberon venula Subdivision of venous tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the capillary vessel. Wikipedia:Venule 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005315 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Venule venula arteriole AAO:0010253 BTO:0001997 FMA:63182 MA:0000063 MESH:A07.231.114.060 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO] SCTID:337724002 Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO] TAO:0002138 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001980 UMLS:C0003847 VHOG:0001763 ZFA:0005255 arteriola http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg/200px-Illu_capillary.jpg ncithesaurus:Arteriole the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. Subdivision of arterial tree (organ) which is directly continuous with capillary vessel[FMA]. uberon Wikipedia:Arteriole arteriola 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010253 AAO:BJB Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO] FMA:63182 GO:0014830 Wikipedia:Arteriole the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. Subdivision of arterial tree (organ) which is directly continuous with capillary vessel[FMA]. 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002138 ZFIN:curator blood vessel A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. AAO:0011004 AEO:0000207 Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] BTO:0001102 EFO:0000817 EHDAA2:0003252 EHDAA:240 FMA:50722 FMA:63183 GAID:169 MA:0000060 MAT:0000393 MESH:A07.231 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090901 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361097006 TAO:0002137 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001981 UMLS:C0005847 VHOG:0001250 XAO:0001011 ZFA:0005314 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel note that FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX. Taxon notes: annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids. region of vascular tree organ uberon vas sanguineum vascular tree organ region FMA:50722 vascular tree organ region 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011004 AAO:EJS Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] EHDAA2 A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. BTO:0001102 Wikipedia:Blood_vessel FMA:50722 region of vascular tree organ 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001250 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0072360 2012-09-17 Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001250 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Blood_vessel vas sanguineum capillary AAO:0010252 Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO] BTO:0002045 EFO:0001906 EMAPA:28039 EMAPA:28075 EV:0100035 FMA:63194 MA:0000065 MESH:A07.231.432.410 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090902 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWEU-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Structure notes: capillaries lack tunica media and tunica adventitia; only the endothelial wall of the tunica intima belongs TAO:0005250 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0001982 UMLS:C0935624 VHOG:0001253 XAO:0000116 ZFA:0005250 blood capillary capillary vessel http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/A_red_blood_cell_in_a_capillary,_pancreatic_tissue_-_TEM.jpg ncithesaurus:Capillary uberon ZFA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001253 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Capillary 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010252 AAO:BJB Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO] crypt of Lieberkuhn A gland found in the epithelial lining of the intestine and colon. FMA:63621 In histology, an intestinal crypt, also crypt of LieberkC<hn and intestinal gland, is a gland found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. The crypts secrete various enzymes, including sucrase and maltase, along with endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Also new epithelium is formed here, keeping in mind that the epithelium at this site is frequently worn away by the passing food. Loss of proliferation control in the crypts is thought to lead to colorectal cancer. The basal portion of the Crypt contains multipotent stem cells. At each mitosis one daughter remains a stem cell while the other differentiates and migrates up the side of the crypt and eventually the villus. Goblet cells are among the cells produced in this fashion[Wikipedia:Intestinal_crypt]. Lieberkuhn crypt MA:0001535 SCTID:118652008 UBERON:0001983 UMLS:C1621887 crypt of Lieberkühn crypt of lieberkuhn crypts of Lieberkühn http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg/200px-Small_intestine_low_mag.jpg intestinal crypt intestinal crypts intestinal gland lieberkuhn crypt ncithesaurus:Crypts_of_the_Lieberkuhn uberon crypts of Lieberkühn intestinal crypts In histology, an intestinal crypt, also crypt of LieberkC<hn and intestinal gland, is a gland found in the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. The crypts secrete various enzymes, including sucrase and maltase, along with endopeptidases and exopeptidases. Also new epithelium is formed here, keeping in mind that the epithelium at this site is frequently worn away by the passing food. Loss of proliferation control in the crypts is thought to lead to colorectal cancer. The basal portion of the Crypt contains multipotent stem cells. At each mitosis one daughter remains a stem cell while the other differentiates and migrates up the side of the crypt and eventually the villus. Goblet cells are among the cells produced in this fashion[Wikipedia:Intestinal_crypt]. Wikipedia:Intestinal_crypt Wikipedia:Crypts_of_Lieberkuhn intestinal gland A gland found in the epithelial lining of the intestine and colon. Wikipedia:Intestinal_crypt crypt of lieberkuhn of large intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:63622 MA:0001544 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001984 UMLS:C1179777 intestinal gland of large intestine large intestinal crypt of lieberkuhn large intestine crypt of lieberkuhn large intestine intestinal gland large intestine lieberkuhn crypt lieberkuhn crypt of large intestine ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Crypt_of_the_Lieberkuhn uberon OBOL:automatic intestinal gland of large intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large intestine lieberkuhn crypt OBOL:automatic lieberkuhn crypt of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine intestinal gland corneal endothelium A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. FMA:63882 GAID:891 MA:0001242 MESH:A09.371.060.067.318 SCTID:368827009 TAO:0002186 UBERON:0001985 UMLS:C0014259 ZFA:0001687 cornea endothelium endothelium of cornea epithelium posterius corneae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray871.png/200px-Gray871.png ncithesaurus:Corneal_Endothelium uberon A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium OBOL:automatic cornea endothelium Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium epithelium posterius corneae OBOL:automatic endothelium of cornea endothelium A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA] BTO:0000393 EFO:0002548 EMAPA:18578 EMAPA:19063 FMA:63916 GAID:520 MESH:A10.272.491 SCTID:27168002 The term ‘‘endothelium’’ has been either restricted to the continuous cell layer of the vertebrates, as we are assuming here, or applied to all the cells able to adhere to the luminal surface of the vascular basement membrane (Casley-Smith 1980) UBERON:0001986 UMLS:C0014257 UMLS:C0014261 endothelial galen:Endothelium ncithesaurus:Endothelium ncithesaurus:Vascular_Endothelium uberon A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA] FMA:63916 MESH:A10.272.491 FMA-text-def FMA-inferred placenta BTO:0001078 EFO:0001407 EV:0100119 FMA:63934 GAID:379 MA:0000386 MAT:0000279 MESH:A16.759 MIAA:0000279 OpenCyc:Mx4rvv4zZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:181455002 Taxon notes: Eutherians: In eutherians, the chorioallantoic membrane of the fetus establishes intimate contact with the adjacent vascular wall of the mother's uterus to produce the placenta, a composite structure formed in part from tissues of the fetus and in part from tissues of the mother [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"]. TODO - is taxon restriction too strict, even if we restrict def to allantoic placenta? - WP says: also found in some snakes and lizards with varying levels of development up to mammalian levels. Pough et al. 1992. Herpetology: Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall:Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. // See also: doi:10.1002/jmor.11011 // Marsupials possess only a rudimentary placenta, with reduced nutrient and oxygen exchanging capabilities. UBERON:0001987 UMLS:C0032043 VHOG:0001266 allantoic placenta eutherian placenta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Placenta.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Placenta.jpg/200px-Placenta.jpg ncithesaurus:Placenta organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. placental uberon ISBN10:0073040584 allantoic placenta 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/35054550 Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature (2001) Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001266 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia Wikipedia:Placenta http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. ISBN10:0073040584 feces BTO:0000440 ENVO:00002003 Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA[FMA:64183]] FMA:64183 GAID:1199 MA:0002509 MAT:0000053 MESH:A12.459 MIAA:0000053 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified] UBERON:0001988 UMLS:C0015733 cow dung cow pat droppings dung excrement excreta faeces fecal fecal material fecal matter fewmet frass galen:Feces guano matières fécales@fr merde@fr ncithesaurus:Feces ordure partie de la merde@fr piece of shit porción de mierda@en portion of dung portion of excrement portion of faeces portion of fecal material portion of fecal matter portion of feces portion of guano portion of scat portionem cacas scat spoor spraint stool teil der fäkalien@de uberon Wikipedia:Fewmet fewmet Wikipedia:Cow_dung cow dung portionem cacas Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA[FMA:64183]] FMA:64183 PMID:23285307 piece of shit Wikipedia:Guano guano Wikipedia:Frass frass BTO:0000440 excrement Wikipedia:Spraint spraint Wikipedia:Cow_dung cow pat Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified] Wikipedia:Feces http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feces superior cervical ganglion BTO:0001325 EFO:0001945 EHDAA:8943 EMAPA:18441 FMA:6467 GAID:712 MA:0001156 MESH:A08.340.315.350.850 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001946 SCTID:279278002 TAO:0001572 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk ganglion which is bilaterally paired and located at the anterior end of the sympathetic ganglion chain. UBERON:0001989 UMLS:C0206257 ZFA:0001572 ganglion cervicale superius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray844.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Cervical_Ganglion superior cervical sympathetic ganglion superior sympathetic cervical ganglion uberon Trunk ganglion which is bilaterally paired and located at the anterior end of the sympathetic ganglion chain. Wikipedia:Superior_cervical_ganglion ZFIN:curator BTO:0001325 ganglion cervicale superius Wikipedia:Superior_cervical_ganglion ganglion cervicale superius middle cervical ganglion BTO:0000359 EHDAA:8941 EMAPA:18440 FMA:6468 MA:0001155 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001180 SCTID:279279005 The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent. It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery. It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia corresponding to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves. It sends gray rami communicantes to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves, and gives off the middle cardiac nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001990 UMLS:C0228999 ganglion cervicale medium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray844.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png middle cervical sympathetic ganglion ncithesaurus:Middle_Cervical_Ganglion uberon The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent. It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery. It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia corresponding to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves. It sends gray rami communicantes to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves, and gives off the middle cardiac nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_cervical_ganglion Wikipedia:Middle_cervical_ganglion ganglion cervicale medium BTO:0000359 ganglion cervicale medium cervical ganglion BTO:0000113 EMAPA:18438 FMA:6470 MA:0001153 SCTID:181100007 The cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They consist of three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion. The inferior ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a single structure, the stellate ganglion. Nerves emerging from cervical sympathetic ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus, among other things. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001991 cervical sympathetic ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png uberon The cervical ganglia are paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system. They consist of three paravertebral ganglia: superior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion. The inferior ganglion may be fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form a single structure, the stellate ganglion. Nerves emerging from cervical sympathetic ganglia contribute to the cardiac plexus, among other things. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_ganglion papillary layer of dermis AO notes: check AO Dense irregular connective tissue of the skin that consists of fibroblasts, various connective tissue cell types, and collagen, predominantly type III.[FMA] FMA:64776 MA:0000800 MA:0000802 UBERON:0001992 UMLS:C0221930 UMLS:C0682598 corpus papillary dermis papillary layer http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Normal_Epidermis_and_Dermis_with_Intradermal_Nevus_10x.JPG ncithesaurus:Papillary_Dermis ncithesaurus:Stratum_Papillare papillary dermis papillary layer papillary layer of dermis stratum papillare stratum papillare stratum papillare corii superficial dermis uberon MP:0009545 papillary layer MP:0009545 superficial dermis Wikipedia:Papillary_dermis stratum papillare MP:0009545 corpus papillary MA:0000800 dermis papillary layer FMA:64776 papillary layer of dermis MP:0009545 stratum papillare corii Dense irregular connective tissue of the skin that consists of fibroblasts, various connective tissue cell types, and collagen, predominantly type III.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Papillary_dermis MA:0000802 superficial dermis MP:0009545 stratum papillare reticular layer of dermis FMA:64778 MA:0000801 UBERON:0001993 UMLS:C0682599 UMLS:C1514988 dermis reticular layer lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers. It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers. ncithesaurus:Reticular_Dermis ncithesaurus:Stratum_Reticulare reticular dermis stratum reticulare stratum reticulare uberon Wikipedia:Reticular_dermis stratum reticulare FMA Wikipedia:Reticular_dermis stratum reticulare Wikipedia:Reticular_dermis lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers. It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers. hyaline cartilage tissue Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel with a perichondrium[FMA]. Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance.[VSAO] FMA:64783 MA:0000109 SCTID:39298000 UBERON:0001994 UMLS:C0225362 VSAO:0000094 XAO:0004029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray292.png/200px-Gray292.png hyaline cartilage ncithesaurus:Hyaline_Cartilage uberon 2012-08-14 Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000094 FMA Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel with a perichondrium[FMA]. FMA:64783 Wikipedia:Hyaline_cartilage fibrocartilage Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns.[VSAO] Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns[VSAO]. A mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions. It owes its flexibility and toughness to the former of these constituents, and its elasticity to the latter. It is the only type of cartilage that contains type I collagen in addition to the normal type II[WP]. Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel without a well-defined perichondrium[FMA]. FMA:64784 MA:0000108 SCTID:91685003 The white fibrocartilages admit of arrangement into four groups—interarticular, connecting, circumferential, and stratiform -- WP. TODO: add mineralized UBERON:0001995 UMLS:C0684077 VSAO:0000103 XAO:0004028 fibrocartilaginous galen:Fibrocartilage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Gray295.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gray295.png/200px-Gray295.png ncithesaurus:Fibrocartilage uberon 2012-08-14 Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000103 Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns[VSAO]. A mixture of white fibrous tissue and cartilaginous tissue in various proportions. It owes its flexibility and toughness to the former of these constituents, and its elasticity to the latter. It is the only type of cartilage that contains type I collagen in addition to the normal type II[WP]. Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which is an amorphous gel without a well-defined perichondrium[FMA]. FMA:64784 VSAO:0000103 Wikipedia:Fibrocartilage elastic cartilage tissue Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which consists of elastic fibers. Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers.[VSAO] FMA:64785 MA:0000107 UBERON:0001996 UMLS:C0682559 VSAO:0000091 XAO:0004197 elastic cartilage elastic cartilage tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Gray904.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gray904.png/200px-Gray904.png ncithesaurus:Elastic_Cartilage uberon yellow elastic cartilage yellow elastic cartilage tissue Wikipedia:Elastic_cartilage yellow elastic cartilage 2012-08-14 Cartilage tissue that is flexible and contains abundant elastic fibers.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000091 Cartilage (tissue) which consists of chondrocytes and collagen, the intercellular matrix of which consists of elastic fibers. FMA:64785 Wikipedia:Elastic_cartilage VSAO:0000091 elastic cartilage tissue VSAO VSAO MA:0000107 elastic cartilage olfactory epithelium AAO:0010158 BTO:0000108 EFO:0001972 EHDAA2:0001228 EHDAA:4774 EMAPA:17606 Epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors[WP]. FMA:64803 Genes: V1Rs, Trpc2 present in lamprey // See also: FMA:77199 MA:0001325 MAT:0000445 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2703 SCTID:37623003 Sensory lining of the medial wall, roof and anterior aspects of the main olfactory cavity (cavum principale).[AAO] TAO:0000554 UBERON:0001997 UBERON:0004853 UMLS:C0599332 VHOG:0000985 ZFA:0000554 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray857.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray857.png/200px-Gray857.png nasal cavity olfactory epithelium nasal epithelium nasal sensory epithelium ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Epithelium olfactory membrane olfactory mucosa olfactory sensory epithelium relationship loss: part_of principal cavity (AAO:0000992)[AAO] sensory olfactory epithelium uberon FMA check for other species GAID:303 olfactory mucosa NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2703 olfactory membrane FMA Epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_epithelium ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010158 relationship loss: part_of principal cavity (AAO:0000992)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010158 AAO:DSM Sensory lining of the medial wall, roof and anterior aspects of the main olfactory cavity (cavum principale).[AAO] MA:0001325 nasal cavity olfactory epithelium sternocostal joint AO notes - FMA has FMA:72323 'Costosternal joint', isa Synchondrosis, no other relationships FMA:7954 GAID:271 MA:0001512 MESH:A02.835.583.790 SCTID:361860002 UBERON:0001998 UMLS:C1305902 arthrodial joints, with the exception of the first, in which the cartilage is directly united with the sternum, and which is, therefore, a synarthrodial articulation. articulatio sternocostalis articulationes sternocostales costo sternal joint costosternal joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gray315.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gray315.png/200px-Gray315.png ncithesaurus:Sternocostal_Joint sternochondral joint sternocostal synovial joint synovial sternocostal joint uberon FMA:7954 articulatio sternocostalis Wikipedia:Sternocostal_joints arthrodial joints, with the exception of the first, in which the cartilage is directly united with the sternum, and which is, therefore, a synarthrodial articulation. FMA:7954 sternochondral joint FMA:7954 sternocostal synovial joint FMA MA Wikipedia:Sternocostal_joints articulationes sternocostales FMA:7954 synovial sternocostal joint iliopsoas Anatomical cluster consisting of iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor[WP]. BTO:0000621 EHDAA2:0000812 EHDAA:9458 EMAPA:18520 FMA:64918 Hyrtl's muscle MA:0002321 SCTID:181668001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0001999 UMLS:C0224417 VHOG:0001005 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG ilio-psoas iliopsoas muscle illopsoas musculus iliopsoas ncithesaurus:Iliopsoas_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Iliopsoas musculus iliopsoas dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia lesser trochanter of femur dbpedia Anatomical cluster consisting of iliacus, psoas major, psoas minor[WP]. Wikipedia:Iliopsoas VHOG:0001005 ilio-psoas dbpedia VHOG:0001005 illopsoas dbpedia BTO:0000621 iliopsoas muscle gluteal muscle AO notes: FMA includes tensor fasciae latae and other buttock muscles. BTO def: Any one of three large skeletal muscles that form the buttock and move the thigh. BTO:0000531 EHDAA2:0000715 FMA:64922 MA:0000535 The gluteal muscles are the three muscles that make up the buttocks: the gluteus maximus muscle, gluteus medius muscle and gluteus minimus muscle. UBERON:0002000 UMLS:C1744702 VHOG:0001316 gluteus gluteus muscle ncithesaurus:Gluteal_Muscle uberon The gluteal muscles are the three muscles that make up the buttocks: the gluteus maximus muscle, gluteus medius muscle and gluteus minimus muscle. Wikipedia:Gluteal_muscles FMA BTO:0000531 gluteus EHDAA2 joint of rib Any joint that connects a rib to another structure (or another rib). Examples: costochondral, costovertebral, interchondral, sternocostal joints. FMA_RETIRED:64994 MA:0001508 SCTID:263314001 UBERON:0002001 UMLS:C1261194 ncithesaurus:Joint_of_the_Rib rib joint uberon Any joint that connects a rib to another structure (or another rib). Examples: costochondral, costovertebral, interchondral, sternocostal joints. UBERON:cjm interchondral joint 2 Editor notes: Consider creating logical definition after obo2owl cardinality tests. AO notes: FMA has both synovial and syndesmosis subtypes - consider adding separate class for FMA:7955 Synovial interchondral joint FMA:10425 Interchondral Articulations (articulations of the cartilages of the ribs with each other). The contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, costal cartilages articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. Each articulation is enclosed in a thin articular capsule, lined by synovial membrane and strengthened laterally and medially by ligamentous fibers which pass from one cartilage to the other. Sometimes the fifth costal cartilages, more rarely the ninth and tenth, articulate by their lower borders with the adjoining cartilages by small oval facets; more frequently the connection is by a few ligamentous fibers. MA:0001511 SCTID:303101003 UBERON:0002002 articulatio interchondralis articulationes interchondrales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gray315.png interchondral articulation interchondral joint of 9th and 10th ribs interchondral joints interchondral joints set interchondral syndesmosis non-synovial interchondral joint synovial interchondral joint uberon FMA:71378 interchondral joints set FMA:71378 FMA:TA articulationes interchondrales FMA:7955 synovial interchondral joint Wikipedia:Interchondral_articulations interchondral articulation FMA:10425 interchondral syndesmosis FMA:71378 interchondral joints FMA MA FMA:10425 non-synovial interchondral joint FMA:7955 articulatio interchondralis FMA:10425 interchondral joint of 9th and 10th ribs connects two adjacent ribs Interchondral Articulations (articulations of the cartilages of the ribs with each other). The contiguous borders of the sixth, seventh, and eighth, and sometimes those of the ninth and tenth, costal cartilages articulate with each other by small, smooth, oblong facets. Each articulation is enclosed in a thin articular capsule, lined by synovial membrane and strengthened laterally and medially by ligamentous fibers which pass from one cartilage to the other. Sometimes the fifth costal cartilages, more rarely the ninth and tenth, articulate by their lower borders with the adjoining cartilages by small oval facets; more frequently the connection is by a few ligamentous fibers. Wikipedia:Interchondral_articulations peripheral nerve BTO:0001027 EMAPA:25148 EV:0100371 FMA:65239 GAID:747 MA:0000228 MESH:A08.800.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1615 Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the neuraxis. Examples: phrenic nerve, radial nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, sciatic nerve[FMA]. The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle, the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands[BTO]. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium[GAID]. A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts[WP]. SCTID:244457007 TODO - check definition vs nerve. See notes for cranial nerve II (optic nerve) UBERON:0002003 UBERON:0003377 UMLS:C0031119 VHOG:0000901 XAO:0000204 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png/200px-Nervous_system_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nerve nerve part of peripheral nervous system peripheral nerve tree uberon Neural tree (organ) which is directly continuous with the neuraxis. Examples: phrenic nerve, radial nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, sciatic nerve[FMA]. The peripheral nerves include the 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and roots, and what are called the autonomic nerves that are concerned specifically with the regulation of the heart muscle, the muscles in blood vessel walls, and glands[BTO]. The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium[GAID]. A peripheral nerve, or simply nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of peripheral axons (the long, slender projections of neurons). A nerve provides a common pathway for the electrochemical nerve impulses that are transmitted along each of the axons. Nerves are found only in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, the analogous structures are known as tracts[WP]. Wikipedia:Peripheral_nerve UBERONREF:0000002 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1615 nerve part of peripheral nervous system trunk of sciatic nerve FMA:65507 MA:0001178 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002004 sciatic nerve trunk sciatic neural trunk uberon enteric nervous system BTO:0002506 EFO:0000895 EHDAA2:0004202 EMAPA:26922 FMA:66070 GAID:799 MA:0000222 MAT:0000102 MESH:A08.800.050.150 MIAA:0000102 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1166 PNS - enteric TAO:0001155 The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002005 ZFA:0001155 uberon The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. Wikipedia:Enteric_nervous_system UBERONREF:0000002 Wikipedia ZFA cortex of lymph node FMA:66253 MA:0000740 Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP]. UBERON:0002006 UMLS:C0933402 cortex nodi lymphoidei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png lymph node cortex ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Cortex uberon Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP]. Wikipedia:Cortex_of_lymph_node Wikipedia:Cortex_of_lymph_node cortex nodi lymphoidei medulla of lymph node . FMA:66254 MA:0000745 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002007 lymph node medulla medulla nodi lymphoidei uberon Wikipedia:Medulla_of_lymph_node medulla nodi lymphoidei . Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary_of_lymph_node cardiac nerve plexus FMA:6628 MA:0001138 SCTID:280511002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002008 UMLS:C0459528 a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart. autonomic nerve plexus of heart autonomic plexus of heart cardiac plexus heart autonomic nerve plexus heart autonomic plexus heart visceral nerve plexus heart visceral plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Nerve_Plexus plexus cardiacus plexus cardiacus uberon visceral nerve plexus of heart visceral plexus of heart OBOL:automatic visceral plexus of heart OBOL:automatic heart visceral plexus OBOL:automatic heart autonomic nerve plexus Wikipedia:Cardiac_plexus a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart. Wikipedia:Cardiac_plexus plexus cardiacus OBOL:automatic autonomic plexus of heart OBOL:automatic visceral nerve plexus of heart OBOL:automatic autonomic nerve plexus of heart FMA:6628 FMA:TA plexus cardiacus OBOL:automatic heart autonomic plexus OBOL:automatic heart visceral nerve plexus pulmonary nerve plexus FMA:6629 MA:0001143 SCTID:280512009 The pulmonary plexus is an autonomic plexus formed from pulmonary branches of vagus nerve and the sympathetic trunk. It supplies the Bronchial tree. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002009 plexus pulmonalis plexus pulmonalis pulmonary plexus uberon The pulmonary plexus is an autonomic plexus formed from pulmonary branches of vagus nerve and the sympathetic trunk. It supplies the Bronchial tree. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_plexus Wikipedia:Pulmonary_plexus plexus pulmonalis MA FMA:6629 FMA:TA plexus pulmonalis FMA FMA:6629 pulmonary plexus celiac nerve plexus FMA:6630 GAID:796 MA:0001139 MESH:A08.800.050.050.150 SCTID:362494009 The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen. The celiac plexus is located near where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta. It is behind the stomach and the omental bursa and in front of the crura of the diaphragm, on the level of the first lumbar vertebra, L1. The plexus is formed (in part) by the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves of both sides, and also parts of the right vagus nerve. The celiac plexus proper consists of the celiac ganglia with a network of interconnecting fibers. The aorticorenal ganglia are often considered to be part of the celiac ganglia, and thus, part of the plexus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002010 celiac plexus coeliac nerve plexus coeliac plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png plexus coeliacus plexus coeliacus plexus nervosus coeliacus solar plexus uberon Wikipedia:Celiac_plexus plexus coeliacus MESH:A08.800.050.050.150 solar plexus The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen. The celiac plexus is located near where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdominal aorta. It is behind the stomach and the omental bursa and in front of the crura of the diaphragm, on the level of the first lumbar vertebra, L1. The plexus is formed (in part) by the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves of both sides, and also parts of the right vagus nerve. The celiac plexus proper consists of the celiac ganglia with a network of interconnecting fibers. The aorticorenal ganglia are often considered to be part of the celiac ganglia, and thus, part of the plexus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Celiac_plexus FMA:6630 FMA:TA plexus coeliacus FMA:6630 FMA:TA plexus nervosus coeliacus thoracodorsal artery FMA:66320 MA:0002065 The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002011 UMLS:C0933449 arteria thoracodorsalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Latissimus_dorsi.png/200px-Latissimus_dorsi.png ncithesaurus:Thoracodorsal_Artery uberon The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracodorsal_artery Wikipedia:Thoracodorsal_artery arteria thoracodorsalis pulmonary artery AAO:0010221 BTO:0000778 EFO:0001399 EHDAA2:0001575 EHDAA:4351 EMAPA:17008 FMA:66326 GAID:505 MA:0002031 MESH:A07.231.114.715 Major artery which supplies blood to the lungs.[AAO] On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] One of two arteries, leaving from the heart, the left one supplying the left lung and the right one supplying the right lung. [TFD][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbIpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181380003 The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002012 UMLS:C0034052 VHOG:0000982 XAO:0004162 galen:PulmonaryArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Artery pulmonary arterial tree pulmonary arterial tree organ part truncus pulmonalis, arteria pulmonalis uberon 2012-09-17 One of two arteries, leaving from the heart, the left one supplying the left lung and the right one supplying the right lung. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000982 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+artery Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery truncus pulmonalis, arteria pulmonalis Wikipedia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010221 AAO:BJB Major artery which supplies blood to the lungs.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000982 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The pulmonary arteries carry blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood. In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery superior hypogastric nerve plexus Check relationship with generic hypogastric nerve/plexus EMAPA:19274 FMA:6642 MA:0001142 SCTID:244484008 The superior hypogastric plexus (in older texts, hypogastric plexus or presacral nerve) is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies below the bifurcation of the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002013 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png hypogastric plexus nervus presacralis plexus hypogastricus inferior plexus hypogastricus superior presacral nerve superior hypogastric plexus uberon FMA:6642 FMA:TA plexus hypogastricus superior The superior hypogastric plexus (in older texts, hypogastric plexus or presacral nerve) is a plexus of nerves situated on the vertebral bodies below the bifurcation of the aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_hypogastric_plexus Wikipedia:Superior_hypogastric_plexus plexus hypogastricus inferior FMA:6642 FMA:TA nervus presacralis inferior hypogastric nerve plexus Check relationship with generic hypogastric nerve/plexus EMAPA:19275 FMA:6643 MA:0001141 SCTID:192608000 The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus in some texts) is a plexus of nerves that supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity. The inferior hypogastric plexus is a paired structure, with each situated on the side of the rectum in the male, and at the sides of the rectum and vagina in the female. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002014 UMLS:C0205797 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray838.png/200px-Gray838.png inferior hypogastric plexus ncithesaurus:Inferior_Hypogastric_Nerve_Plexus pelvic nerve plexus pelvic plexus plexus hypogastricus inferior plexus hypogastricus inferior plexus nervosus pelvicus plexus pelvicus uberon FMA:6643 FMA:TA plexus pelvicus FMA:6643 FMA:TA plexus nervosus pelvicus Wikipedia:Inferior_hypogastric_plexus plexus hypogastricus inferior The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus in some texts) is a plexus of nerves that supplies the viscera of the pelvic cavity. The inferior hypogastric plexus is a paired structure, with each situated on the side of the rectum in the male, and at the sides of the rectum and vagina in the female. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_hypogastric_plexus FMA:6643 FMA:TA plexus hypogastricus inferior kidney capsule EMAPA:18679 FMA:66610 MA:0000370 SCTID:243657006 The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of ' adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or 'perirenal fat') renal fascia paranephric fat (or 'pararenal fat') peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002015 UMLS:C0227637 capsule of kidney fibrous capsule of kidney galen:CapsuleOfKidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg/200px-Illu_kidney.jpg ncithesaurus:Renal_Capsule renal capsule uberon The renal capsule is a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of ' adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. The renal capsule relates to the other layers in the following order (moving from innermost to outermost): renal medulla renal cortex renal capsule perinephric fat (or 'perirenal fat') renal fascia paranephric fat (or 'pararenal fat') peritoneum (anteriorly), and transversalis fascia (posteriorly). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Kidney_capsule GO:0072127 renal capsule FMA:66610 fibrous capsule of kidney pulmonary vein AAO:0010521 Any of the veins which collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus.[AAO] BTO:0001799 EHDAA2:0001579 EHDAA:2629 EMAPA:18645 FMA:66643 GAID:543 MA:0002206 MESH:A07.231.908.713 On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. SCTID:430160002 UBERON:0002016 UMLS:C0034090 VHOG:0001133 XAO:0000394 galen:PulmonaryVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Vein pulmonary venous tree organ part uberon venae pulmonales 2012-09-17 One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001133 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+vein 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010521 AAO:BJB Any of the veins which collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus.[AAO] Wikipedia:Pulmonary_vein venae pulmonales 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001133 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_vein portal vein A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. BTO:0001792 EHDAA2:0001485 EHDAA:6510 EMAPA:17349 FMA:66645 GAID:540 MA:0002198 MESH:A07.231.908.670.567 OpenCyc:Mx4rv_bem5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362064007 UBERON:0002017 UMLS:C0032718 VHOG:0000656 XAO:0000392 galen:PortalVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Gray591.png/200px-Gray591.png ncithesaurus:Portal_Vein portal venous tree organ part uberon A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. BTO:0001792 FMA FMA:66645 portal venous tree organ part synovial membrane of synovial joint AEO:0000181 BTO:0001823 CALOHA:TS-0998 EFO:0001393 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003181 EV:0100143 FMA:9865 GAID:264 MA:0000114 MESH:A02.835.583.443.800 Phylogenetically, synovium is one of the newer attributes of the vertebrate locomotor apparatus. The first synovial joints developed in the piscine jaw of ancestors of modern lungfish by an evolutionary process that modified preexisting fibrous and cartilaginous joints, which were the predominant articulation of the early sea- and land-dwelling vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361828005 Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). UBERON:0002018 UMLS:C0039099 VHOG:0001282 galen:SynovialMembrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Joint.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Synovium.png/200px-Synovium.png membrana synovialis capsulae articularis ncithesaurus:Synovial_Membrane stratum synoviale synovial layer synovial layer of articular capsule of synovial joint synovial membrane synovial membrane of articular capsule of synovial joint synovium synovium of articular capsule of synovial joint uberon Wikipedia:Synovial_membrane membrana synovialis capsulae articularis GAID FMA AEO:0000181 synovial membrane EHDAA2 FMA:9865 synovial membrane of articular capsule of synovial joint FMA:9865 synovial layer of articular capsule of synovial joint Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). Wikipedia:Synovial_membrane 2012-09-17 PMID:11068553 O'Connel JX, Pathology of the synovium. American Journal of Clinical Pathology (2000) Phylogenetically, synovium is one of the newer attributes of the vertebrate locomotor apparatus. The first synovial joints developed in the piscine jaw of ancestors of modern lungfish by an evolutionary process that modified preexisting fibrous and cartilaginous joints, which were the predominant articulation of the early sea- and land-dwelling vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001282 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001823 VHOG:0001282 synovium FMA:66762 FMA:TA stratum synoviale FMA:66762 synovial layer FMA:9865 synovium of articular capsule of synovial joint accessory XI nerve AAO:0010476 CN-XI Cranial nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius complex of muscles. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-1, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000106 EHDAA:2855 EMAPA:17159 EMAPA:17265 FMA:6720 GAID:825 MA:0001088 MESH:A08.800.800.120.060 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_812 OpenCyc:Mx4rwTEwI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362469008 Small motor nerve which innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m. cucullaris.[AAO] Taxon notes: In mice, the spinal branch of this motor nerve innervates the trapezius and the sternocleidomastoid muscles. The cranial branch joins the vagus nerve and innervates the same targets as the vagus nerve[GO] UBERON:0002019 UMLS:C0000905 VHOG:0000699 Willis' nerve XAO:0004214 a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. accessory XI accessory XI nerve accessory nerve accessory nerve [XI] cervical accessory nerve cranial nerve XI eleventh cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gray791.png/200px-Gray791.png ncithesaurus:Accessory_Nerve nervus accessorius [xi] pars spinalis nervus accessorius spinal accessory nerve spinal accessory nerve tree spinal part of accessory nerve uberon 2012-09-17 Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000699 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves EHDAA2:0000106 accessory XI FMA:6720 spinal accessory nerve FMA:6720 FMA:TA pars spinalis nervus accessorius CN-XI VHOG:0000699 2012-09-17 Cranial nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius complex of muscles. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-1, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000699 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:6720 FMA:TA nervus accessorius [xi] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_812 eleventh cranial nerve Wikipedia:Spinal_accessory_nerve a nerve that controls specific muscles of the shoulder and neck. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_812 cranial nerve XI 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010476 AAO:EJS Small motor nerve which innervates a single pectoral suspensory muscle, the m. cucullaris.[AAO] gray matter of neuraxis AEO:0001012 EHDAA2:0003136 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0004658 FMA:67242 Heterogeneous cluster of neural somas in the brain and the spinal cord. MA:0001112 Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rwDdKMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0002197 UBERON:0002020 UMLS:C0018220 VHOG:0001768 ZFA:0001681 gray mater gray matter grey matter grey substance http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter neuronal grey matter substantia grisea uberon 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002197 ZFIN:curator FMA:67242 FMA:TA substantia grisea ZFA:0001681 gray mater Heterogeneous cluster of neural somas in the brain and the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Gray_matter AEO:0001012 neuronal grey matter occipital lobe BTO:0000293 EFO:0000915 EV:0100170 FMA:67325 GAID:678 MA:0000913 MAT:0000507 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.571 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1136 Occipital lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. OpenCyc:Mx4rv9OFy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180923002 UBERON:0002021 UMLS:C0028785 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray727_occipital_lobe.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray727_occipital_lobe.png/200px-Gray727_occipital_lobe.png lobus occipitalis ncithesaurus:Occipital_Lobe occipital cortex occipital neocortex regio occipitalis uberon FMA:67325 FMA:TA regio occipitalis DHB:Ocx occipital neocortex Occipital lobe is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere which occupies the posterior-most portion of the hemisphere. Anteriorly, it shares an arbitrary border with the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Medially, it is bounded by the longitudinal cerebral fissure. Wikipedia:Occipital_lobe Wikipedia:Occipital_lobe lobus occipitalis insula AO notes: two classes in ncit, Central_Lobe is part of temporal lobe BM:Tel-Cx-Ins BTO:0001105 EV:0100172 FMA:67329 MA:0000909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1117 OpenCyc:Mx4rvpK5WZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279201009 The insula is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It lies in the depths of the lateral fissure and is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. UBERON:0002022 central lobe cortex of island http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Gray731.png insula lobule insular cortex insular lobe insular region insulary cortex island of Reil lobus insularis ncithesaurus:Central_Lobe ncithesaurus:Insula uberon FMA:67329 insular cortex FMA:67329 insular lobe FMA FMA:67329 cortex of island FMA:67329 insular region FMA:67329 insula lobule FMA:67329 FMA:TA lobus insularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1117 insular cortex BTO NIF The insula is the one of five lobes of the cerebral hemisphere. It lies in the depths of the lateral fissure and is covered by portions of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Wikipedia:Insular_cortex FMA:67329 central lobe FMA:67329 island of Reil BTO:0001105 insulary cortex claustrum of brain ABA:CLA BM:Tel-Cl BTO:0004292 EV:0100183 FMA:67440 MA:0000888 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1522 SCTID:279410004 UBERON:0002023 UMLS:C0008910 claustrum dorsal claustrum dorsal portion of claustrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg ncithesaurus:Claustrum one of the four basal ganglia in each cerebral hemisphere that consists of a thin lamina of gray matter between the lentiform nucleus and the insula[BTO]. The claustrum, which is suspected to be present in all mammals, is a fairly thin (fraction of 1 mm to multiple mms) vertical curved sheet of subcortical gray matter oriented sagittally between the white matter tracts of the external capsule and extreme capsule. The claustrum is lateral to the putamen and medial to the insular cortex and is considered by some sources to be part of the basal ganglia. There are lateral and medial tracts connecting to many cortices and perhaps to the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the caudate nucleus (connections with subcortical centers are a matter of debate)[WP]. uberon FMA:67440 dorsal claustrum FMA NIF Wikipedia BTO:0004292 Wikipedia:Claustrum one of the four basal ganglia in each cerebral hemisphere that consists of a thin lamina of gray matter between the lentiform nucleus and the insula[BTO]. The claustrum, which is suspected to be present in all mammals, is a fairly thin (fraction of 1 mm to multiple mms) vertical curved sheet of subcortical gray matter oriented sagittally between the white matter tracts of the external capsule and extreme capsule. The claustrum is lateral to the putamen and medial to the insular cortex and is considered by some sources to be part of the basal ganglia. There are lateral and medial tracts connecting to many cortices and perhaps to the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the caudate nucleus (connections with subcortical centers are a matter of debate)[WP]. MA:0000888 claustrum ABA FMA:67440 dorsal portion of claustrum ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy ISBN10:0471888893 ISBN10:0471888893 internal carotid nerve plexus FMA:67533 MA:0001162 SCTID:280509006 The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres then distribute to deep structures, which include the levator palpebrae superioris and pupillary dilator muscles. Some of the fibres from the internal carotid plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve. The internal carotid plexus communicates with the semilunar ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the sphenopalatine ganglion; it distributes filaments to the wall of the carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002024 UMLS:C0459526 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray840.png/200px-Gray840.png internal carotid plexus ncithesaurus:Internal_Carotid_Nerve_Plexus plexus caroticus internus uberon FMA:67533 FMA:TA plexus caroticus internus The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery. Postganglionic sympathetic fibres ascend from the superior cervical ganglion, along the walls of the internal carotid artery, to enter the internal carotid plexus. These fibres then distribute to deep structures, which include the levator palpebrae superioris and pupillary dilator muscles. Some of the fibres from the internal carotid plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve. The internal carotid plexus communicates with the semilunar ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the sphenopalatine ganglion; it distributes filaments to the wall of the carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_carotid_nerve_plexus stratum basale of epidermis AAO:0010598 BTO:0000438 Deepest layer of the layers of the epidermis[WP]. FMA:67540 MA:0000803 Malpighian layer SCTID:419481005 TAO:0001180 UBERON:0002025 UMLS:C0221925 XAO:0000041 ZFA:0001180 basal cell layer of epidermis basal cell layer of skin consisting of non-keratinized, viable cells, in contrast to the outer (upper) layer of epidermis made up of keratinized, anucleated, non-viable cells epidermal basal stratum epidermis basal layer epidermis stratum basale epidermis stratum germinativum ncithesaurus:Rete_Malpighii ncithesaurus:Stratum_Basale rete Malphighii stratum Malphighi stratum basalis of epidermis stratum germinativum uberon Deepest layer of the layers of the epidermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Stratum_germinativum BTO:0000438 Malpighian layer TAO:0001180 epidermal basal stratum FMA:67540 basal cell layer of epidermis stratum spinosum of epidermis BTO:0000435 FMA:67542 MA:0000807 SCTID:420086000 UBERON:0002026 UMLS:C0221924 a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. Has cells that produce and secrete bipolar lipids which prevent evaporation, helping to 'water-proof' the skin. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum. epidermis prickle cell layer epidermis stratum spinosum ncithesaurus:Stratum_Spinosum prickle cell layer prickle cell layer of epidermis squamous cell layer of epidermis stratum malphighii stratum spinosum uberon BTO:0000435 prickle cell layer FMA:67542 prickle cell layer of epidermis Wikipedia:Stratum_spinosum a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. Has cells that produce and secrete bipolar lipids which prevent evaporation, helping to 'water-proof' the skin. Keratinization begins in the stratum spinosum. stratum corneum of epidermis AAO:0010597 BTO:0000344 FMA:67545 MA:0000804 Note that some oral epitehlium also has cornified layer / stratum corneum SCTID:361695002 The keratinized outermost layer of the epidermis, which is periodically shed.[AAO] UBERON:0002027 UMLS:C0221921 cornified layer epidermis stratum corneum horny layer horny layer of epidermis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Epidermal_layers.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Skinlayers.png/200px-Skinlayers.png ncithesaurus:Stratum_Corneum outermost cornified layer of the epidermis, composed of large, flat, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum. stratum corneum stratum corneum epidermidis this skin layer is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off on the surface in the thin air-filled stratum disjunctum, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale). In the human forearm, for example, about 1300 cells/cm2/hr are shed. This outer layer that is sloughed off is also known as the stratum dysjunctum. Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. These cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration, and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin on the fingers and toes ('pruning') when immersed in water for prolonged periods. In addition, this layer is responsible for the 'spring back' or stretchy properties of skin. A weak glutenous protein bond pulls the skin back to its natural shape. The thickness of the stratum corneum varies according to the amount of protection and/or grip required by a region of the body. For example, the hands are typically used to grasp objects, requiring the palms to be covered with a thick stratum corneum. In a similar manner, the sole of the foot is prone to injury, and so it is protected with a thick stratum corneum layer. In general, the stratum corneum contains 15 to 20 layers of dead cells. The stratum corneum has a thickness between 10 and 40 μm. n reptiles, the stratum corneum is permanent, and is replaced only during times of rapid growth, in a process called ecdysis or moulting. The stratum corneum in reptiles contains beta-keratin, which provides a much more rigid skin layer. uberon BTO:0000344 horny layer FMA:67545 horny layer of epidermis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_corneum this skin layer is composed mainly of dead cells that lack nuclei. As these dead cells slough off on the surface in the thin air-filled stratum disjunctum, they are continuously replaced by new cells from the stratum germinativum (basale). In the human forearm, for example, about 1300 cells/cm2/hr are shed. This outer layer that is sloughed off is also known as the stratum dysjunctum. Cells of the stratum corneum contain keratin, a protein that helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation. These cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration, and explaining why humans and other animals experience wrinkling of the skin on the fingers and toes ('pruning') when immersed in water for prolonged periods. In addition, this layer is responsible for the 'spring back' or stretchy properties of skin. A weak glutenous protein bond pulls the skin back to its natural shape. The thickness of the stratum corneum varies according to the amount of protection and/or grip required by a region of the body. For example, the hands are typically used to grasp objects, requiring the palms to be covered with a thick stratum corneum. In a similar manner, the sole of the foot is prone to injury, and so it is protected with a thick stratum corneum layer. In general, the stratum corneum contains 15 to 20 layers of dead cells. The stratum corneum has a thickness between 10 and 40 μm. n reptiles, the stratum corneum is permanent, and is replaced only during times of rapid growth, in a process called ecdysis or moulting. The stratum corneum in reptiles contains beta-keratin, which provides a much more rigid skin layer. Wikipedia:Stratum_corneum stratum corneum epidermidis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010597 AAO:CAM The keratinized outermost layer of the epidermis, which is periodically shed.[AAO] Wikipedia:Stratum_corneum outermost cornified layer of the epidermis, composed of large, flat, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin, which is made up of dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum. hindbrain AAO:0010150 ABA:HB BTO:0000672 EFO:0000923 EHDAA2:0000746 EHDAA:3514 EHDAA:6487 EMAPA:16916 FMA:67687 Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000195 MAT:0000107 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810 MIAA:0000107 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_942 Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO] TAO:0000029 The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. UBERON:0002028 UMLS:C0035507 VHOG:0000070 XAO:0000015 ZFA:0000029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps ncithesaurus:Hind-Brain relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO] rhombencephalic rhombencephalon uberon XAO 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000029 relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO] ABA ABA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000070 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon ZFA:0000029 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000029 The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator ZFA definitional ABA modified-source-relation definitional 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010150 AAO:BJB Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO] epithelium of gall bladder BTO:0001449 FMA:67711 MA:0001632 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002029 UMLS:C1180206 biliary epithelium epithelial tissue of gall bladder epithelial tissue of gallbladder epithelium of gallbladder gall bladder epithelial tissue gall bladder epithelium gallbladder epithelial tissue gallbladder epithelium ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Epithelium the simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. uberon OBOL:automatic epithelium of gallbladder OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gall bladder OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gall bladder epithelial tissue MP:0009492 the simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. OBOL:automatic gallbladder epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gallbladder epithelium nipple BTO:0000821 FMA:67771 GAID:35 MA:0000796 MESH:A01.236.500 Notes: a male mouse has no nipples - mammary tissue regresses during embryonic development. FMA makes this part of the breast, whereas in MA it is part of the mammary gland - OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKi5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. SCTID:265780004 UBERON:0002030 UMLS:C0028109 galen:Nipple http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Female_nipple_profile.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Female_nipple_profile.jpg/200px-Female_nipple_profile.jpg ncithesaurus:Nipple papilla mammae papilla mammaria papilla of breast papillary part of breast teat thele thelium uberon MP:0009723 papilla mammae FMA MP:0009723 thelium Stedmans Wikipedia:Nipple papilla mammaria MP:0009723 thele FMA:67771 Projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. Wikipedia:Nipple epithelium of bronchus An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001845 EFO:0000307 FMA:67782 MA:0001839 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002031 UMLS:C0599333 bronchi epithelial tissue bronchi epithelium bronchial epithelium bronchial trunk epithelial tissue bronchial trunk epithelium bronchus epithelial tissue bronchus epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchi epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk epithelial tissue of bronchus epithelium of bronchi epithelium of bronchial trunk ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchi epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchi areola FMA:67796 MA:0000788 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrcOL5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Subdivision of breast which consists of skin, connective tissue and smooth muscle bundle and modified sebaceous glands and which surrounds the nipple.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002032 UMLS:C0222608 areola mammae areolae areolar http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Female_Areola.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Brustwarze.JPG/200px-Brustwarze.JPG ncithesaurus:Areola uberon FMA:FMA Subdivision of breast which consists of skin, connective tissue and smooth muscle bundle and modified sebaceous glands and which surrounds the nipple.[FMA] Wikipedia:Areola MA Wikipedia:Areola areola mammae areolae arrector muscle of hair BTO:0005132 EMAPA:26775 FMA:67821 MA:0000778 SCTID:319910005 UBERON:0002033 arectores pilorum arrector pili arrector pili muscle arrector pili smooth muscle arrector pilli arrector pilli muscle erector pili erectores pilorum pilomotor muscle tiny muscle fiber attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end, causing goose bumps. They exist in most mammals including humans. uberon FMA FMA:67821 MA:0000778 arrector pili FMA BTO:0005132 erectores pilorum EMAPA:26779 MP:0010679 arrector pili muscle MP:0010679 arrector pilli BTO:0005132 erector pili MA:0000778 arrector pili smooth muscle BTO:0005132 pilomotor muscle BTO:0005132 arectores pilorum MP:0010679 arrector pilli muscle Wikipedia:Arrector_pili_muscle tiny muscle fiber attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end, causing goose bumps. They exist in most mammals including humans. suprachiasmatic nucleus ABA:SCH BM:Die-Hy-SCN BTO:0001822 EFO:0002475 EV:0100228 FMA:67883 GAID:645 MA:0000843 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.342.625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1325 SCN SCTID:369132004 TAO:0000441 The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or nuclei, (SCN), a tiny region on the brain's midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm, is responsible for controlling endogenous circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions over a 24-hour period. The SCN, pine cone shaped and the size of a grain of rice, interacts with many other regions of the brain. It contains several cell types and several different peptides and neurotransmitters. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002034 UMLS:C0038866 VHOG:0000036 XAO:0004072 ZFA:0000441 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG ncithesaurus:Suprachiasmatic_Nucleus nucleus suprachiasmaticus suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus uberon ABA Wikipedia:Suprachiasmatic_nucleus nucleus suprachiasmaticus BTO:0001822 SCN ABA ABA The suprachiasmatic nucleus, or nuclei, (SCN), a tiny region on the brain's midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm, is responsible for controlling endogenous circadian rhythms. The neuronal and hormonal activities it generates regulate many different body functions over a 24-hour period. The SCN, pine cone shaped and the size of a grain of rice, interacts with many other regions of the brain. It contains several cell types and several different peptides and neurotransmitters. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Suprachiasmatic_nucleus ABA ABA ABA medial preoptic nucleus ABA:MPN FMA:67890 MA:0000840 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_706 SCTID:369128005 The medial preoptic nucleus is bounded laterally by the lateral preoptic nucleus, and medially by the preoptic periventricular nucleus. It releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone, controls copulation in males, and is larger in males than in females.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002035 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG medial preoptic hypothalamic nucleus uberon The medial preoptic nucleus is bounded laterally by the lateral preoptic nucleus, and medially by the preoptic periventricular nucleus. It releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone, controls copulation in males, and is larger in males than in females.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_preoptic_nucleus#Medial_preoptic_nucleus Wikipedia:Sexually_dimorphic_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA MA ABA striated muscle tissue AAO:0010762 AEO:0000140 EHDAA2:0003140 FMA:67905 MA:0002438 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAoze5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Tissue which consists of striated muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle tissue[FMA]. UBERON:0002036 UMLS:C1331262 Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO] WBbt:0005779 galen:StriatedMuscle ncithesaurus:Striated_Muscle_Tissue striated muscle uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010762 AAO:CAM Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO] FMA:67905 Tissue which consists of striated muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle tissue[FMA]. Wikipedia:Striated_muscle cerebellum AAO:0010485 ABA:CB BM:CB BTO:0000232 Dorsal part of the hindbrain that coordinates muscle movement, posture, and balance.[AAO] EFO:0000327 EHDAA2:0000232 EMAPA:17787 EV:0100293 FMA:67944 GAID:595 However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000198 MAT:0000110 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.200 MIAA:0000110 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1489 OpenCyc:Mx4rvl1eipwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. SCTID:180924008 Specialized brain region derived from the dorsal metencephalon (anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain) and becoming distinctive late in the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000100 UBERON:0002037 UMLS:C0007765 VHOG:0000024 XAO:0003098 ZFA:0000100 cerebellar epencephalon-1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cerebellum_NIH.png/200px-Cerebellum_NIH.png ncithesaurus:Cerebellum note that almost all AOs agree that the cerebellum is part of the hindbrain (sometimes specifically part of the metencephalon, which, when present, is part of the hindbrain). However, ABA has cerebellum and brain stem as partof siblings, with the hindbrain part of the brainstem uberon ABA BTO:0000232 ISBN:3764351209 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.200 Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. ZFA:0000100 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3291162&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 2012-08-14 Specialized brain region derived from the dorsal metencephalon (anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain) and becoming distinctive late in the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000100 ZFIN:curator NIF ZFA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010485 AAO:BJB Dorsal part of the hindbrain that coordinates muscle movement, posture, and balance.[AAO] FMA MA ABA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) However, although the lamprey possesses a region comparable to the cerebellum and display expression of LjFgf8/17 at the MHB (midbrain hindbrain boundary), it does not have Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei, as well as components of the rhombic lip-derived cerebellar and pre-cerebellar systems. It is noteworthy that the latter structures require specific expression of Pax6 in the rhombic lip of the gnathostome hindbrain. Interestingly, the lamprey rhombic lip does not express Pax6. Thus, it is tempting to speculate that in vertebrate evolution the rostral hindbrain is incapable of differentiating into the cerebellum before the co-option of Pax6 in that region. In other words, cerebellum has been brought about as an evolutionary innovation in gnathostomes, based on exaptation of MHB, rhombic lip, and some regulatory gene expression already present in the vertebrate common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000024 http://bgee.unil.ch/ definitional substantia nigra (...) the substantia nigra first appears in reptiles and is best developed in primates.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000143 EFO:0000922 EHDAA2:0004711 EV:0100247 FMA:67947 GAID:581 MA:0000210 MAT:0000504 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.687 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_789 SCTID:279286002 Soemmering's substance Subdivision of the midbrain anterior to the midbrain tegmentum which contains darkly pigmented neurons[FMA]. TODO: In BTO and NIF, part of basal ganglion which is part of telencephalon - but this is inconsistent with being part of midbrain, if these are spatially disjoint, as in ABA UBERON:0002038 UMLS:C0038590 VHOG:0001573 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Midbraincrosssection.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Midbraincrosssection.png/200px-Midbraincrosssection.png ncithesaurus:Substantia_Nigra nucleus of basis pedunculi substancia nigra uberon NIF Wikipedia:Substantia_nigra substancia nigra (...) the substantia nigra first appears in reptiles and is best developed in primates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.336 VHOG VHOG:0001573 http://bgee.unil.ch/ multiple FMA-abduced-lr FMA:67947 Subdivision of the midbrain anterior to the midbrain tegmentum which contains darkly pigmented neurons[FMA]. Wikipedia:Substantia_nigra inferior phrenic vein FMA:68068 MA:0002195 SCTID:286500002 The Inferior Phrenic Veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the inferior phrenic arteries; the right ends in the inferior vena cava; the left is often represented by two branches, one of which ends in the left renal or suprarenal vein, while the other passes in front of the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and opens into the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002039 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray577.png uberon venae phrenicae inferiores MA Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_vein venae phrenicae inferiores The Inferior Phrenic Veins drain the diaphragm and follow the course of the inferior phrenic arteries; the right ends in the inferior vena cava; the left is often represented by two branches, one of which ends in the left renal or suprarenal vein, while the other passes in front of the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and opens into the inferior vena cava. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_vein bronchial artery EMAPA:18608 FMA:68109 GAID:477 In human anatomy, the bronchial arteries help supply the lungs with oxygenated blood. Although there is much variation, there are usually two bronchial arteries that run to the left lung, and one to the right lung. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001923 MESH:A07.231.114.158 OpenCyc:Mx4r4sy0UiNbEd2AAAACs6hRXg SCTID:244247009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002040 UMLS:C0006257 bronchial arterial tree http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray1032.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray1032.png/200px-Gray1032.png ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Artery rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae, arteriae bronchiales uberon Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae, arteriae bronchiales In human anatomy, the bronchial arteries help supply the lungs with oxygenated blood. Although there is much variation, there are usually two bronchial arteries that run to the left lung, and one to the right lung. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery terminal bronchus FMA:68416 MA:0000440 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002041 uberon endothelium of lymphatic vessel An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004303 FMA:68444 MA:0000750 MESH:A10.272.491.332 TAO:0005258 The vascular endothelium that lines the lymph vessels.[TAO] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002042 UMLS:C1180786 ZFA:0005258 endothelium of lymph vessel lymph vessel endothelium lymphatic endothelium lymphatic vessel endothelium ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Vessel_Endothelium uberon BTO:0004303 lymphatic endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph vessel 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005258 The vascular endothelium that lines the lymph vessels.[TAO] ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic lymph vessel endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic dorsal raphe nucleus A large raphe nucleus extending from the anterior part of the pons through the mesencephalon; its neurons are serotoninergic[NIF]. The dorsal raphe nucleus is a part of the raphe nucleus and consists of rostral and caudal subdivisions. The rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe is further divided into interfascicular, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal subnuclei. The projections of the dorsal raphe have been found to vary topographically, and thus the subnuclei differ in their projections. An increased number of cells in the lateral aspects of the dorsal raphe is characteristic of humans and other primates. [WP,unvetted]. ABA:DR BM:MB-DR BTO:0002434 EFO:0001919 FMA:68462 MA:0002980 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_982 TAO:0000366 TODO check dorsal vs inferior. ZF has no pons. UBERON:0002043 ZFA:0000366 cell group b7 dorsal nucleus of the raphe dorsal nucleus raphe dorsal raphe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Drn.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Drn.png/200px-Drn.png inferior raphe nucleus nucleus raphe posterior, nucleus raphe dorsalis nucleus raphes dorsalis nucleus raphes posterior nucleus raphes posterior posterior raphe nucleus posterior raphe nucleus uberon FMA:68462 cell group b7 ABA A large raphe nucleus extending from the anterior part of the pons through the mesencephalon; its neurons are serotoninergic[NIF]. The dorsal raphe nucleus is a part of the raphe nucleus and consists of rostral and caudal subdivisions. The rostral aspect of the dorsal raphe is further divided into interfascicular, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal subnuclei. The projections of the dorsal raphe have been found to vary topographically, and thus the subnuclei differ in their projections. An increased number of cells in the lateral aspects of the dorsal raphe is characteristic of humans and other primates. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_982 Wikipedia:Dorsal_raphe_nucleus https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3248146&group_id=36855 GO:0021724 posterior raphe nucleus BTO:0002434 BrainInfo:512 nucleus raphes dorsalis Wikipedia:Dorsal_raphe_nucleus nucleus raphe posterior, nucleus raphe dorsalis GO:0021724 inferior raphe nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_982 dorsal raphe BrainInfo:512 FMA:68462 dorsal nucleus of the raphe Wikipedia Wikipedia FMA:68462 dorsal nucleus raphe FMA:TA nucleus raphes posterior FMA:68462 posterior raphe nucleus BTO:0002434 nucleus raphes posterior ventral nucleus of posterior commissure ABA:ND BM:MB-D Darkshevich's nucleus FMA:68464 MA:0001072 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_896 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002044 nucleus of Darkschewitsch uberon Darkshevich's nucleus FMA:68464 FMA FMA:68464 nucleus of Darkschewitsch ABA cuneate nucleus ABA:CU BM:Me-Cu Burdach's nucleus FMA:68465 MA:0001035 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2640 One of the dorsal column nuclei, the cuneate nucleus is a wedge-shaped nucleus in the closed part of the medulla oblongata. It contains cells that give rise to the cuneate tubercle, visible on the posterior aspect of the medulla. It lies laterally to the gracile nucleus and medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the medulla. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:369072005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002045 UMLS:C0228548 burdachs nucleus cuneate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray691.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Cuneate_Nucleus nucleus cuneatus uberon ABA One of the dorsal column nuclei, the cuneate nucleus is a wedge-shaped nucleus in the closed part of the medulla oblongata. It contains cells that give rise to the cuneate tubercle, visible on the posterior aspect of the medulla. It lies laterally to the gracile nucleus and medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the medulla. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cuneate_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2640 burdachs nucleus Wikipedia:Cuneate_nucleus nucleus cuneatus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2640 cuneate thyroid gland (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...).[well established][VHOG] A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. AAO:0010544 BTO:0001379 EFO:0000861 EHDAA2:0002028 EHDAA:2148 EHDAA:2975 EMAPA:17068 EMAPA:18827 EV:0100133 Either of paired structures located in the throat which develop from the ventral wall of the pharynx and excretes hormones involved in the morphological and functional changes during metamorphosis as well as influencing other tissues.[AAO] FMA:9603 GAID:465 In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes In larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva's filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys, and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine) In tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands - that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species MA:0000129 MAT:0000081 MESH:A06.407.900 MIAA:0000081 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181117000 UBERON:0002046 UMLS:C0040132 VHOG:0000418 XAO:0000162 galen:ThyroidGland glandula thyroidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illu_endocrine_system.jpg/200px-Illu_endocrine_system.jpg ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland thyroid uberon UBERONREF:0000002 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (2) a groove in the pharyngeal floor known as the endostyle, or a thyroid gland derived from part of the endostyle (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0000418 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In larval lampreys, the thyroid originates as an exocrine gland, secreting its hormones into the gut, and associated with the larva's filter-feeding apparatus. In the adult lamprey, the gland separates from the gut, and becomes endocrine, but this path of development may reflect the evolutionary origin of the thyroid. For instance, the closest living relatives of vertebrates, the tunicates and Amphioxus, have a structure very similar to that of larval lampreys, and this also secretes iodine-containing compounds (albeit not thyroxine) NCBITaxon:7746 Romer Wikipedia:Thyroid_gland#Other_animals 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010544 AAO:BJB Either of paired structures located in the throat which develop from the ventral wall of the pharynx and excretes hormones involved in the morphological and functional changes during metamorphosis as well as influencing other tissues.[AAO] In fish, it is usually located below the gills and is not always divided into distinct lobes. However, in some teleosts, patches of thyroid tissue are found elsewhere in the body, associated with the kidneys, spleen, heart, or eyes NCBITaxon:32443 Romer Wikipedia:Thyroid_gland#Other_animals In tetrapods, the thyroid is always found somewhere in the neck region. In most tetrapod species, there are two paired thyroid glands - that is, the right and left lobes are not joined together. However, there is only ever a single thyroid gland in most mammals, and the shape found in humans is common to many other species NCBITaxon:32523 Romer Wikipedia:Thyroid_gland#Other_animals A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. BTO:0001379 Wikipedia:Thyroid Wikipedia:Thyroid glandula thyroidea pontine raphe nucleus ABA:RPO FMA:68875 MA:0001022 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1110 The Pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002047 nucleus raphes pontis raphe of pons raphe pontis raphe pontis nucleus uberon ABA ABA Wikipedia The Pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus FMA:68875 FMA:TA raphe pontis ABA ABA Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus nucleus raphes pontis lung AAO:0000275 AAO:0010567 BTO:0000763 EFO:0000934 EHDAA2:0001042 EHDAA:1554 EHDAA:2205 EMAPA:16728 EV:0100042 Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] FMA:7195 GAID:345 Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] MA:0000415 MAT:0000135 MESH:A04.411 MIAA:0000135 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Respiration organ present in all air-breathing animals whose principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere[WP]. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax[GO]. SCTID:181216001 UBERON:0002048 UMLS:C0024109 VHOG:0000310 XAO:0000119 galen:Lung ncithesaurus:Lung pulmo pulmonary respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. // Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, they have Faveolar lungs. They contain millions of tiny passages known as para-bronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi // Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010567 AAO:SBH Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] BTO:0000763 Respiration organ present in all air-breathing animals whose principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere[WP]. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax[GO]. Wikipedia:Lung pulmo 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000310 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO some species only have a single lung vasculature BTO:0003718 FMA:69050 TAO:0005249 UBERON:0002049 ZFA:0005249 an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg/200px-Circulatory_System_en.svg.png see also: vascular system. Consider merging? uberon vascular network FMA ZFA:0005249 an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. FMA:69050 vascular network embryonic structure AAO:0000138 AEO:0000125 Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO] BILA:0000034 BTO:0000174 EFO:0000461 FBbt:00004208 FMA:69067 GAID:407 MESH:A16 Note in FMA embryo is_a embryonic structure RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003169 SCTID:667009 TAO:0001105 UBERON:0002050 UMLS:C0013948 VSAO:0000178 XAO:0003042 ZFA:0001105 developing embryonic structure developing structure embryonale Struktur embryonic anatomical structure ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Structure uberon RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003169 embryonic anatomical structure Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. BTO:0000174 ZFIN:curator BTO:0000174 embryonale Struktur FBbt:00004208 developing embryonic structure 2012-08-14 Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000178 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000138 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO] 2012-08-14 Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001105 ZFIN:curator epithelium of bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001866 FMA:62497 FMA:69077 MA:0001772 Note that in FMA2 and FMA3, lobular bronchiole is an exact synonym of bronchiole; however there are two distinct terms for the corresponding epithelium. UBERON:0002051 UMLS:C1181296 bronchiolar epithelium bronchiole epithelial tissue bronchiole epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiole epithelial tissue of lobular bronchiole epithelium of lobular bronchiole lobular bronchiole epithelial tissue lobular bronchiole epithelium ncithesaurus:Bronchiole_Epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiole epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobular bronchiole BTO:0001866 bronchiolar epithelium OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole epithelium capsule of adrenal gland A capsule that surrounds a adrenal gland. FMA:69087 MA:0000117 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002052 UMLS:C1181304 adrenal gland capsule ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Gland_Capsule uberon A capsule that surrounds a adrenal gland. OBOL:automatic zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland BTO:0000048 FMA:69225 GAID:449 MA:0001891 MESH:A06.407.071.140.960 SCTID:21476003 The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule. Its cells are ovoid in shape and are arranged in clusters or arches. In response to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased blood flow to the kidneys, cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of the renin-angiotensin system. Aldosterone regulates the body's concentration of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium, by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons to: increase sodium reabsorption increase potassium excretion increase water reabsorption through osmosis The enzyme aldosterone synthase acts in this location. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002053 adrenal gland zona glomerulosa glomerulosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png uberon zona glomerulosa zona glomerulosa of suprarenal gland MA The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the adrenal gland's capsule. Its cells are ovoid in shape and are arranged in clusters or arches. In response to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased blood flow to the kidneys, cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of the renin-angiotensin system. Aldosterone regulates the body's concentration of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium, by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons to: increase sodium reabsorption increase potassium excretion increase water reabsorption through osmosis The enzyme aldosterone synthase acts in this location. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_glomerulosa MA:0001891 adrenal gland zona glomerulosa BTO:0000048 glomerulosa zona fasciculata of adrenal gland BTO:0000050 FMA:69234 GAID:448 MA:0001890 MESH:A06.407.071.140.950 SCTID:56069004 The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or 'fascicles'. The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in the human), which regulates the metabolism of glucose, especially in times of stress (e.g. , part of the fight-or-flight response). This tissue also generates a small amount of weak androgens. In certain animals such as rodents, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol. Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasias of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing's syndrome. The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing's syndrome in affected patients. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002054 adrenal gland zona fasciculata http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png uberon zona fasciculata zona fasciculata of suprarenal gland The zona fasciculata constitutes the middle zone of the adrenal cortex, sitting directly beneath the zona glomerulosa. Constituent cells are organized into bundles or 'fascicles'. The zona fasciculata chiefly produces glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol in the human), which regulates the metabolism of glucose, especially in times of stress (e.g. , part of the fight-or-flight response). This tissue also generates a small amount of weak androgens. In certain animals such as rodents, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol. Steroid-producing adrenal tumours and hyperplasias of the zona fasciculata result in excess cortisol production and are the cause for adrenal Cushing's syndrome. The genetic disorder McCune-Albright syndrome can also present Cushing's syndrome in affected patients. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_fasciculata BTO:0000050 zona fasciculata MA:0001890 adrenal gland zona fasciculata MA zona reticularis of adrenal gland FMA:69236 GAID:450 MA:0001892 MESH:A06.407.071.140.970 SCTID:47325000 The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance (L. reticulum - net). Cells in the zona reticularis produce precursor androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. DHEA is further converted to DHEA-sulfate via a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. These precursors are not further converted in the adrenal cortex as the cells lack 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the estrogens respectively. In some animals like rodents, the reticularis layer does contain 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which along with other enzymes present results in the production of corticosteroids like the fasciculata. In rodents too, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002055 adrenal gland zona reticularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray1185.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray1185.png/200px-Gray1185.png uberon zona reticularis zona reticularis of suprarenal gland The zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, lying deep to the zona fasciculata and superficial to the adrenal medulla. The cells are arranged cords that project in different directions giving a net-like appearance (L. reticulum - net). Cells in the zona reticularis produce precursor androgens including dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione from cholesterol. DHEA is further converted to DHEA-sulfate via a sulfotransferase, SULT2A1. These precursors are not further converted in the adrenal cortex as the cells lack 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the estrogens respectively. In some animals like rodents, the reticularis layer does contain 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which along with other enzymes present results in the production of corticosteroids like the fasciculata. In rodents too, the lack of 17alpha-hydroxylase results in the synthesis of corticosterone instead of cortisol as in the human. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zona_reticularis MA MA:0001892 adrenal gland zona reticularis inferior suprarenal artery Each renal artery gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland, the ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:69264 MA:0002056 SCTID:303426004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002056 UMLS:C0226334 arteria suprarenalis inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Gray1121.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gray1121.png/200px-Gray1121.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Suprarenal_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_suprarenal_artery arteria suprarenalis inferior Each renal artery gives off some small inferior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland, the ureter, and the surrounding cellular tissue and muscles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_suprarenal_artery phrenic artery An artery that supplies the diaphragm. In humans this includes the superior and inferior phrenic arteries FMA:69330 MA:0002019 UBERON:0002057 UMLS:C1181536 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Artery uberon An artery that supplies the diaphragm. In humans this includes the superior and inferior phrenic arteries UBERON:cjm ciliary ganglion EFO:0002559 EHDAA2:0000251 EHDAA:5623 EMAPA:18222 FMA:6964 Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish.[uncertain][VHOG] MA:0001136 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100304 SCTID:279281007 The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil, known as Miosis. The opposite, Mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. the ciliaris muscle contracts, releasing tension on the Zonular Fibers, making the lens more convex, also known as accommodation. Both of these muscles are involuntary – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002058 VHOG:0000805 ganglion ciliare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Augennerven.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Augennerven.jpg/200px-Augennerven.jpg uberon Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion ganglion ciliare 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.002 Young HM, Cane KN, Anderson CR, Development of the autonomic nervous system: A comparative view. Autonomic Neuroscience : basic and clinical (2010) Little is known about the development of parasympathetic neurons apart from the ciliary ganglion in chicks. Although there are considerable gaps in our knowledge, some of the mechanisms controlling sympathetic and enteric neuron development appear to be conserved between mammals, avians and zebrafish.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000805 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The ciliary ganglion is a parasympathetic ganglion located in the posterior orbit. It measures 1–2 millimeters in diameter and contains approximately 2,500 neurons. Preganglionic axons from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus form synapses with these cells. The postganglionic axons run in the short ciliary nerves and innervate two eye muscles: the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil, known as Miosis. The opposite, Mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil. the ciliaris muscle contracts, releasing tension on the Zonular Fibers, making the lens more convex, also known as accommodation. Both of these muscles are involuntary – they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ciliary_ganglion submandibular ganglion BTO:0001318 Blandin`s ganglion EHDAA2:0001942 EHDAA:6710 FMA:6966 MA:0002470 SCTID:279282000 The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002059 UMLS:C0229063 ganglion submandibulare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Gray778.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Gray778.png/200px-Gray778.png lingual ganglion maxillary ganglion ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Ganglion submaxillary ganglion uberon Wikipedia:Submandibular_ganglion ganglion submandibulare MA:0002470 submaxillary ganglion BTO:0001318 ganglion submandibulare The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck.. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_ganglion BTO:0001318 Blandin`s ganglion MA:0002470 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2979467&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 lingual ganglion MA:0002470 maxillary ganglion MA femoral artery AAO:0010222 Artery which supplies blood via branches to the hindlimbs.[AAO] BTO:0001624 FMA:70248 GAID:494 MA:0001951 MESH:A07.231.114.351 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHMI05wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244332003 The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002060 UMLS:C0015801 arteria femoralis galen:FemoralArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray546.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray546.png/200px-Gray546.png ncithesaurus:Femoral_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Femoral_artery arteria femoralis The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh. It is a continuation of external iliac artery where it enters the femoral triangle at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. It leaves femoral triangle through apex beneath the sartorius muscle. It enters the popliteal fossa by passing through the 5th osseo-aponeurotic(adductor hiatus) opening of adductor magnus where it becomes the Popliteal Artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Femoral_artery 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010222 AAO:BJB Artery which supplies blood via branches to the hindlimbs.[AAO] truncus arteriosus AO notes: assume spelling error for ncit EHDAA2:0004143 FMA:70301 GAID:554 MA:0000103 MESH:A07.541.278.930 OpenCyc:Mx4rquH9YKgNEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:308828009 The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. UBERON:0002061 UMLS:C1519589 ncithesaurus:Trancus_Arteriosus uberon EHDAA2 MA EHDAA2 The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. Wikipedia:Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology) EHDAA2 endocardial cushion (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve.[well established][VHOG] AV cushion EHDAA2:0000434 EHDAA2:0004028 EHDAA:2586 EMAPA:16696 FMA:70302 GO graph seems to suggest this is an endothelium. WP: The endocardial cushions are thought to arise from a subset of endothelial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation, a process whereby these cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly (towards to interior of the heart tube). Latest (2010-06-01) new def suggested for GO, added above. Note that EHDAA2 has a more detailed model which we may later adopt. JB: Patterning makes the cushions lay down connective tissue in three domains that force out the local endothelial lining and so the leaflets form MA:0000078 Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves.[TAO] TAO:0001317 The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. UBERON:0002062 VHOG:0000932 XAO:0004189 ZFA:0001317 atrioventricular cushion cardiac cushion endocardial cushion tissue endocardial cushions http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray465.png/200px-Gray465.png relationship loss: develops_from endocardial ring (TAO:0005072)[TAO] uberon endocardial cushions UBERONREF:0000002 Wikipedia ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001317 relationship loss: develops_from endocardial ring (TAO:0005072)[TAO] PMID:15797462 cardiac cushion Wikipedia:Endocardial_cushion atrioventricular cushion EHDAA2:0000434 endocardial cushion tissue ZFA (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/35047564 Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3 VHOG VHOG:0000932 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001317 ZFIN:curator GO:0003197 The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_cushions ZFIN:curator sinus venosus AAO:0010505 EHDAA2:0001839 EHDAA:480 EMAPA:16237 FMA:70303 Heart region collecting blood from the paired common cardinal veins and delivering to the atrium. One of four components of the heart. The sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] In zebrafish, "the sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract"[ZFA:0000154] Part of the circulatory system which receives blood from the systemic veins and contracts to pump the blood into the atrium of the heart.[AAO] TAO:0000154 The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum, also known as the venarum sinus, which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge of fibres called the crista terminalis. The sinus venosus also forms the SA node and the coronary sinus. In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. It originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarum. UBERON:0002063 UMLS:C0225857 UMLS:C0231084 VHOG:0000177 ZFA:0000154 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray465.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray465.png/200px-Gray465.png inflow tract ncithesaurus:Sinus_Venarum ncithesaurus:Sinus_Venosus sinus venarum sinus venosus cordis uberon venarum venarum sinus venosus Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum sinus ZFA VHOG 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010505 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system which receives blood from the systemic veins and contracts to pump the blood into the atrium of the heart.[AAO] Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus sinus venosus cordis ZFA:0000154 inflow tract Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venosus The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum, also known as the venarum sinus, which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge of fibres called the crista terminalis. The sinus venosus also forms the SA node and the coronary sinus. In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. It originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarum. Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000177 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus sinus venarum 2012-08-14 Heart region collecting blood from the paired common cardinal veins and delivering to the atrium. One of four components of the heart. The sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000154 ZFIN:curator common cardinal vein AAO:0011033 BTO:0004388 Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein (duct of Cuvier; misnamed the vitelline vein) that leads across the yolk cell to the heart's sinus venosus. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein, also known as the duct of Cuvier that leads to the heart's sinus venosus.[AAO] Cuvierian duct EHDAA:1314 EMAPA:16356 Either of a pair of large transverse venous sinuses that conduct blood from the cardinal veins to the sinus venosus of the vertebrate embryo[BTO]. FMA:70308 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] SCTID:308783008 TAO:0000186 Taxon notes: Paired in gnathostomes; with only a vestige of the right duct in the adult hagfish (21) and the left duct atrophying at metamorphosis in the lamprey (22)[PMID:20959416, S1] UBERON:0002064 UMLS:C0231083 VHOG:0000112 XAO:0000373 ZFA:0000186 duct of Cuvier http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray477.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gray477.svg/200px-Gray477.svg.png ncithesaurus:Common_Cardinal_Vein relationship loss: part_of cardinal system (TAO:0000096)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000186 relationship loss: part_of cardinal system (TAO:0000096)[TAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011033 Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein, also known as the duct of Cuvier that leads to the heart's sinus venosus.[AAO] ZFA:0000186 BTO:0004388 Either of a pair of large transverse venous sinuses that conduct blood from the cardinal veins to the sinus venosus of the vertebrate embryo[BTO]. Wikipedia:Common_cardinal_veins 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000112 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Bilaterally paired longitudinal vein; the anterior cardinal returns blood from the head, and the posterior cardinal returns it from the trunk; these two vessels join together on each side as the common cardinal vein (duct of Cuvier; misnamed the vitelline vein) that leads across the yolk cell to the heart's sinus venosus. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000186 ZFIN:curator posterior cardinal vein ...join with the corresponding right and left cardinal veins to form the left common cardinal veins, which empty in the sinus venosus. Most of the posterior cardinal veins regress, what remains of them forms the renal segment of the inferior vena cava and the common iliac veins. Later in the development stages, the posterior cardinal veins are replaced by the subcardinal and supracardinal veins. The subcardinal veins form part of the inferior vena cava, renal veins and gonadal veins. The supracardinal veins form part of the inferior vena cava, the intercostal veins, hemiazygos vein and azygos vein[WP] AAO:0010511 BTO:0004386 Continuation of the caudal vein cranial to the anal pore. The cardinal vein splits into a pair of vessels in the cranial trunk, just caudal to the radix of the aorta. The posterior cardinals each empty into the common cardinal vein. [TAO] EHDAA2:0001486 EHDAA:1316 EMAPA:16357 Either of two veins which receive blood as an alternate route from the kidneys.[AAO] FMA:70314 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] One of two paired cardinal veins that return blood from the body of the embryo[Kardong] PCV SCTID:308781005 TAO:0000477 UBERON:0002065 UMLS:C0231087 VHOG:0000111 XAO:0000241 ZFA:0000477 axial vein caudal cardinal veins inferior cardinal vein ncithesaurus:Posterior_Cardinal_Vein postcardinal vein relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of cardinal system (TAO:0000096)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000477 relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/pcardio/venen01.html inferior cardinal vein 2012-08-14 Continuation of the caudal vein cranial to the anal pore. The cardinal vein splits into a pair of vessels in the cranial trunk, just caudal to the radix of the aorta. The posterior cardinals each empty into the common cardinal vein. [TAO] TAO TAO:0000477 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000477 relationship loss: part_of cardinal system (TAO:0000096)[TAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000111 http://bgee.unil.ch/ AAO:0010511 FMA:70314 Wikipedia:Posterior_cardinal_vein postcardinal vein 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010511 AAO:BJB Either of two veins which receive blood as an alternate route from the kidneys.[AAO] ISBN10:0073040584 One of two paired cardinal veins that return blood from the body of the embryo[Kardong] Wikipedia:Posterior_cardinal_vein umbilical vein BTO:0001509 EFO:0001940 EHDAA:1034 EHDAA:488 EMAPA:16243 EMAPA:16375 EV:0100392 Extraembryonic part of the vein passing through the umbilical cord to the fetus and returning the purified and nutrient blood from the placenta. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] FMA:70317 GAID:542 MA:0002249 MESH:A07.231.908.670.874 OpenCyc:Mx4rdu17MmWaEd2AAABQjYGu0g RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002107 SCTID:367567000 The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002066 UMLS:C0041637 VHOG:0000015 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray502.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Vein uberon vena umbilicalis cjm Wikipedia:Umbilical_vein vena umbilicalis 2012-09-17 Extraembryonic part of the vein passing through the umbilical cord to the fetus and returning the purified and nutrient blood from the placenta. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000015 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_vein dermis A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] AAO:0000128 BTO:0000294 EFO:0000953 EV:0100154 Editor notes: Consider adding a layer-of-skin grouping class for all skin layers FMA:70323 GAID:1321 MA:0000152 MAT:0000153 MESH:A17.815.180 MIAA:0000153 SCTID:361696001 TAO:0001119 The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. UBERON:0002067 UMLS:C0011646 VHOG:0000108 When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000217 ZFA:0001119 corium cutis dermal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/EpidermisPainted.svg ncithesaurus:Dermis uberon vertebrate dermis BTO:0000294 corium FMA definitional 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1 VHOG VHOG:0000108 When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Dermis ZFIN:curator BTO:0000294 cutis UBERONREF:0000002 2012-08-14 A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001119 ZFIN:curator FMA Wikipedia:Dermis corium urachus A fetal canal connecting the bladder with the allantois, persisting throughout life as a cord (median umbilical ligament). [TFD][VHOG] A fibrous remnant of the allantoic stalk, a narrow fetal canal connecting the apex of the urinary bladder with the umbilicus located in the space of Retzius, between the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly. its lumen is normally obliterated during development, transforming the urachus into a solid cord, a functionless remnant that persists throughout life as the median umbilical ligament; failure of complete lumen obliteration may result in distinct congenital urachal remnant anomalies[MP]. EHDAA2:0002137 EHDAA:7016 EHDAA:9332 EMAPA:18323 FMA:70343 GAID:1313 MA:0001701 MESH:A16.254.835 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002138 SCTID:276858000 UBERON:0002068 UMLS:C0041916 VHOG:0000735 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray1156.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray1156.png/200px-Gray1156.png ncithesaurus:Urachus uberon urachal EHDAA2-modified A fibrous remnant of the allantoic stalk, a narrow fetal canal connecting the apex of the urinary bladder with the umbilicus located in the space of Retzius, between the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly. its lumen is normally obliterated during development, transforming the urachus into a solid cord, a functionless remnant that persists throughout life as the median umbilical ligament; failure of complete lumen obliteration may result in distinct congenital urachal remnant anomalies[MP]. MP:0011852 MP:anna EHDAA2 EHDAA2 2012-09-17 A fetal canal connecting the bladder with the allantois, persisting throughout life as a cord (median umbilical ligament). [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000735 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urachus stratum granulosum of epidermis A layer of the epidermis found between the stratum corneum (and possibly stratum lucidum) and stratum spinosum.[1] In this layer, keratinocytes are now called granular cells, and contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules. BTO:0000361 FMA:70344 MA:0000805 SCTID:418563001 UBERON:0002069 UMLS:C0221923 epidermis granular layer epidermis stratum granulosum granular layer of epidermis ncithesaurus:Stratum_Granulosum stratum granulosum uberon A layer of the epidermis found between the stratum corneum (and possibly stratum lucidum) and stratum spinosum.[1] In this layer, keratinocytes are now called granular cells, and contain keratohyalin and lamellar granules. Wikipedia:Stratum_granulosum BTO:0000361 stratum granulosum FMA:70344 granular layer of epidermis superior pancreaticoduodenal artery FMA:70437 MA:0002015 SCTID:244272009 The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the duodenum and pancreas. It is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, which comes from the common hepatic artery of the celiac trunk. The common hepatic itself becomes the proper hepatic after giving off the gastroduodenal artery and goes on to supply the right and left lobes of the liver. The term superior distinguishes the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. These arteries, together with the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery, form connections or anastomoses with one another, allowing blood to perfuse the pancreas and duodenum through multiple channels. The artery splits into two branches: the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the anterior margins of the duodenum and pancreas the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the posterior margins of these organs [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002070 UMLS:C0226317 arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior bauchspeicheldrüsenzwölffingerdarmpulsader@de http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Gray533.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray533.png/200px-Gray533.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Pancreatico-Duodenal_Artery superior pancreatico-duodenal artery superior pancreatoduodenal artery uberon Wikipedia:Superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior bauchspeicheldrüsenzwölffingerdarmpulsader@de http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Terminology.shtml The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the duodenum and pancreas. It is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, which comes from the common hepatic artery of the celiac trunk. The common hepatic itself becomes the proper hepatic after giving off the gastroduodenal artery and goes on to supply the right and left lobes of the liver. The term superior distinguishes the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. These arteries, together with the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery, form connections or anastomoses with one another, allowing blood to perfuse the pancreas and duodenum through multiple channels. The artery splits into two branches: the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the anterior margins of the duodenum and pancreas the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the posterior margins of these organs [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_pancreaticoduodenal_artery http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Terminology.shtml superior pancreatoduodenal artery stratum lucidum of epidermis BTO:0000364 FMA:70540 Located between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers, it is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. The keratinocytes of the stratum lucidum do not feature distinct boundaries and are filled with eleidin, an intermediate form of keratin. MA:0000806 SCTID:419156002 UBERON:0002071 UMLS:C0221922 UMLS:C1514985 epidermis stratum lucidum ncithesaurus:Stratum_Conjunctum ncithesaurus:Stratum_Lucidum stratum conjunctum of epidermis stratum lucidum the layer of lightly staining corneocytes found between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers; found primarily in the thick epidermis of the palmar and plantar skin and is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. uberon MP:0009610 Wikipedia:Stratum_lucidum the layer of lightly staining corneocytes found between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum layers; found primarily in the thick epidermis of the palmar and plantar skin and is composed of three to five layers of dead, flattened keratinocytes. BTO:0000364 stratum lucidum hypodermis A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] AO Notes: BTO has 'subcutis', as part of dermis. We follow FMA in having distinct classes for hypoderis and superficial fascia, and including these as part of the non-skin intgeument. BTO:0001314 FMA:70544 Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA]. TAO:0001136 UBERON:0002072 UMLS:C0278403 ZFA:0001136 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png hypoderm hypodermal ncithesaurus:Subcutis sub-tegumental tissue subcutaneous tissue subcutis subtegumental tissue superficial fascia tela subcutanea uberon vertebrate hypodermis BTO:0004525 subtegumental tissue Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA]. Wikipedia:Hypodermis Wikipedia:Hypodermis subcutaneous tissue Wikipedia:Hypodermis tela subcutanea superficial fascia BTO:0004525 sub-tegumental tissue 2012-08-14 A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001136 ZFIN:curator ZFA hair follicle BTO:0000554 EFO:0002464 EMAPA:18771 EMAPA:29741 EV:0100156 FMA:70660 GAID:934 MA:0000154 MESH:A10.272.497.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOI5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280830006 The earliest reliable record of hair is found in a fossil of the Paleocene period, in which the structure of hair cuticles is preserved. Its appearance suggests that the complicated structure of the hair follicle, closely similar to that of present-day mammals, had already appeared at this time.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002073 UMLS:C0221971 VHOG:0001268 a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO]. folliculus pili http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Hair_follicle-en.svg ncithesaurus:Hair_Follicle uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-4431998051 Morioka K, Hair follicle: differentiation under the electron microscope, An atlas (2005) p.3 The earliest reliable record of hair is found in a fossil of the Paleocene period, in which the structure of hair cuticles is preserved. Its appearance suggests that the complicated structure of the hair follicle, closely similar to that of present-day mammals, had already appeared at this time.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA FMA Wikipedia:Hair_follicle a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO]. Wikipedia:Hair_follicle folliculus pili hair shaft BTO:0004672 FMA:70728 MA:0000159 SCTID:361359004 TODO - add distinct subclasses for coat hair vs vibrissa hair The non-growing portion of a hair which protrudes from the skin, i.e., from the follicle[BTO]. the cuticle, and/or cortex and/or medulla of a hair[MP]. UBERON:0002074 UMLS:C0221961 ncithesaurus:Shaft_of_the_Hair scapus pili shaft of hair uberon FMA BTO:0004672 scapus pili BTO:0004672 MP:0003809 The non-growing portion of a hair which protrudes from the skin, i.e., from the follicle[BTO]. the cuticle, and/or cortex and/or medulla of a hair[MP]. viscus AAO:0010386 An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO] An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. // An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. BTO:0001491 EHDAA:512 EMAPA:16245 FMA:7085 MA:0000019 MESH:A01.960 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002201 SCTID:118760003 UBERON:0002075 UMLS:C0042779 XAO:0003034 general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs ncithesaurus:Viscera uberon viscera visceral organ visceral organ system An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. // An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper. BTO:0001491 Wikipedia:Viscus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010386 An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO] BTO:0001491 MA:0000019 visceral organ system RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002201 visceral organ cuticle of hair FMA:70933 MA:0000157 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002076 hair cuticle uberon cortex of hair A cortex that is part of a hair [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:70934 MA:0000156 SCTID:318832008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002077 coat hair cortex coat/hair cortex cortex of coat hair cortex of coat/hair hair cortex uberon OBOL:automatic cortex of coat hair OBOL:automatic coat hair cortex A cortex that is part of a hair [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cortex of coat/hair OBOL:automatic coat/hair cortex right atrium AAO:0010248 BTO:0001703 EHDAA2:0000290 EMAPA:17321 FMA:7096 MA:0000075 OpenCyc:Mx4runNcs6fqEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rDJ89oqgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] SCTID:244383003 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002078 UMLS:C0225844 VHOG:0000328 XAO:0003192 atrium dextrum cardiac right atrium galen:RightAtrium heart right atrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Atrium right atrium of heart right cardiac atrium uberon FMA:FMA Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] Wikipedia:Right_atrium 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000328 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Right_atrium atrium dextrum left atrium AAO:0010247 BTO:0001702 EHDAA2:0000275 EMAPA:17315 FMA:7097 Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] MA:0000074 OpenCyc:Mx4rkJN1AagEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rDJ89oqgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244387002 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002079 UMLS:C0225860 VHOG:0000369 XAO:0003191 atrium sinistrum cardiac left atrium galen:LeftAtrium heart left atrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png left atrium of heart left cardiac atrium ncithesaurus:Left_Atrium uberon Wikipedia:Left_atrium atrium sinistrum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000369 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] Wikipedia:Left_atrium heart right ventricle BTO:0001630 EHDAA2:0000196 EMAPA:17340 FMA:7098 MA:0000093 OpenCyc:Mx4rRMlc0KgNEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary arterial trunk.[FMA] SCTID:244384009 The muscular chamber on the right and in front of the left ventricle. It generally receives venous blood from the right atrium and conveys it into the pulmonary artery. [(1988)_Dorian_AF, Amsterdam, Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B._Anatomy, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier's_Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_of_Medicine][VHOG] UBERON:0002080 UMLS:C0225883 VHOG:0000717 cardiac right ventricle galen:RightVentricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Right_Ventricle right ventricle right ventricle of heart uberon ventriculus dexter 2012-09-17 The muscular chamber on the right and in front of the left ventricle. It generally receives venous blood from the right atrium and conveys it into the pulmonary artery. [(1988)_Dorian_AF, Amsterdam, Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B._Anatomy, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier's_Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_of_Medicine][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000717 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cjm FMA:7098 right ventricle FMA:FMA Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary arterial trunk.[FMA] Wikipedia:Right_ventricle PMID:17276708 Wikipedia:Right_ventricle ventriculus dexter cardiac atrium AAO:0010246 BTO:0000903 Cardiac atria Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of an atrium.[FMA] EFO:0000277 EFO:0000314 EHDAA2:0000154 EHDAA:1265 EMAPA:16688 EV:0100019 FMA:7099 GAID:555 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] MA:0000073 MAT:0000496 MESH:A07.541.358 One of four heart chambers.[TAO] One of two chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins and forces it by muscular contration to the ventricle.[AAO] SCTID:261405004 TAO:0000471 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002081 UMLS:C0018792 VHOG:0000175 ZFA:0000471 atria atrial tissue atrium atrium of heart cardiac atria galen:Atrium heart atrium ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Atrium uberon atria Cardiac atria BTO:0000903 atrial tissue Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of an atrium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Heart_atrium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010246 AAO:BJB One of two chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins and forces it by muscular contration to the ventricle.[AAO] 2012-08-14 One of four heart chambers.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000471 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000471 atrium cardiac atria 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000175 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cardiac ventricle A chamber of the heart that receives blood from one or more atria and pumps it by muscular contraction into the arteries.[AAO] AAO:0010249 BTO:0000862 Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of a ventricle. EFO:0000317 EHDAA2:0004164 EHDAA:1912 EMAPA:17331 EV:0100020 FMA:7100 GAID:568 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)[well established][VHOG] MA:0000091 MAT:0000497 MESH:A07.541.560 One of four heart chambers.[TAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277699000 TAO:0000009 UBERON:0002082 UMLS:C0018827 VHOG:0000435 XAO:0003193 ZFA:0000009 galen:Ventricle heart ventricle lower chamber of heart ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Ventricle uberon ventricle ventricle of heart 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000435 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Cardiac chamber which consists of a wall that surrounds the cavity of a ventricle. FMA:7100 2012-06-20 A chamber of the heart that receives blood from one or more atria and pumps it by muscular contraction into the arteries.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010249 AAO:BJB 2012-08-14 One of four heart chambers.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000009 ZFIN:curator ductus venosus EHDAA2:0000422 EHDAA:5402 EMAPA:17343 Editor notes: add class for fetal shunt? FMA:71007 In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts a significant majority (80%) of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it plays a critical role in preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. The ductus venosus is open at the time of the birth and is the reason why umbilical vein catheterization works. Ductus venosus naturally closes during the first week of life in most full-term neonates; however, it may take much longer to close in pre-term neonates. Functional closure occurs within minutes of birth. Structural closure in term babies occurs within 3 to 7 days. After it closes, the remnant is known as ligamentum venosum[WP]. MA:0002111 SCTID:304829005 The vascular channel in the fetus passing through the liver and joining the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0002083 UMLS:C1288338 VHOG:0000924 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray502.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gray502.png/200px-Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Ductus_Venosus uberon EHDAA2 2012-09-17 The vascular channel in the fetus passing through the liver and joining the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000924 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ductus+venosus EHDAA2 cjm In the fetus, the ductus venosus shunts a significant majority (80%) of the blood flow of the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver. In conjunction with the other fetal shunts, the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus, it plays a critical role in preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. The ductus venosus is open at the time of the birth and is the reason why umbilical vein catheterization works. Ductus venosus naturally closes during the first week of life in most full-term neonates; however, it may take much longer to close in pre-term neonates. Functional closure occurs within minutes of birth. Structural closure in term babies occurs within 3 to 7 days. After it closes, the remnant is known as ligamentum venosum[WP]. Wikipedia:Ductus_venosus heart left ventricle BTO:0001629 EHDAA2:0002178 EMAPA:17337 FMA:7101 Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the aorta.[FMA] MA:0000092 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8v46gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244385005 The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain.[well established][VHOG] Thick-walled muscular chamber constituting the left border and apex of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral orifice and send it off into the aorta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0002084 UMLS:C0225897 VHOG:0000718 cardiac left ventricle galen:LeftVentricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png left cardiac ventricle left ventricle left ventricle of heart ncithesaurus:Left_Ventricle uberon ventriculus sinister cordis 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010) The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000718 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the aorta.[FMA] Wikipedia:Left_ventricle Wikipedia:Left_ventricle ventriculus sinister cordis FMA:7101 left ventricle 2012-09-17 Thick-walled muscular chamber constituting the left border and apex of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral orifice and send it off into the aorta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000718 http://bgee.unil.ch/ interatrial septum Cardiac septum which separates the right atrium from the left atrium.[FMA] EHDAA2:0000838 EHDAA:1896 EMAPA:17011 FMA:7108 MA:0000084 OpenCyc:Mx4rpd49nLYEEduAAAACs2IKfQ OpenCyc:Mx4rwGvku5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362016003 The partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002085 UMLS:C0225836 VHOG:0000385 atrial septum galen:InteratrialSeptum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png interatrial septal wall ncithesaurus:Interatrial_Septum uberon Cardiac septum which separates the right atrium from the left atrium.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Interatrial_septum 2012-09-17 The partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000385 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interatrial+septum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000385 http://bgee.unil.ch/ sinoatrial valve A valve at the opening of the sinus venosus into the primordial atrium[TFD,modified] FMA:71120 TAO:0000680 UBERON:0002086 Usage notes: in humans and mouse this is the opening from SV into right atrium. This class represents the valve connecting the SV to any atrium and is applicable to animals with a single atrium ZFA:0000680 sinuatrial valve uberon ZFA-modified ZFA-modified A valve at the opening of the sinus venosus into the primordial atrium[TFD,modified] http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sinoatrial+valve MP:0011646 sinuatrial valve PMID:15797462 ZFA atrioventricular canal AO notes - this is a lumen in EHDAA2. Development notes: The right side of the AVC becomes the tricuspid valve whereas the left side of the AVC will become the bicuspid valve AV canal EHDAA:764 EMAPA:16546 FMA:71121 SCTID:341079007 TAO:0001315 The canal connecting the primitive atrium and ventricle in fishes and amniotes embryo. [TFD][VHOG] The heart is the first organ to form and function in a vertebrate. (...) Septation of the AV canal is initiated with the formation of inferior and superior endocardial cushions in response to signaling from the overlying myocardium. (...) Analysis of zebrafish mutants with cardiovascular defects uncovered a previously unexpected level of conservation between zebrafish and human cardiovascular physiology.[uncertain][VHOG] The part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle[ZFA]. In the developing heart, the constriction between the atrium and ventricle constitutes the atrial canal, and indicates the site of the future atrioventricular valves[WP]. UBERON:0002087 VHOG:0001473 XAO:0004123 ZFA:0001315 atrial canal atrio-ventricular canal canalis atrioventricularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Gray464.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gray464.png/200px-Gray464.png uberon Wikipedia:Atrial_canal atrial canal EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_canal canalis atrioventricularis ZFA definitional The part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle[ZFA]. In the developing heart, the constriction between the atrium and ventricle constitutes the atrial canal, and indicates the site of the future atrioventricular valves[WP]. Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_canal ZFA:0001315 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/38 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ddmec.2004.08.004 Haramis APG, Clevers HC, Holehearted: genetic approaches to congenital cardiac valve malformations. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms (2004) The heart is the first organ to form and function in a vertebrate. (...) Septation of the AV canal is initiated with the formation of inferior and superior endocardial cushions in response to signaling from the overlying myocardium. (...) Analysis of zebrafish mutants with cardiovascular defects uncovered a previously unexpected level of conservation between zebrafish and human cardiovascular physiology.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001473 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2:0000152 atrio-ventricular canal 2012-09-17 The canal connecting the primitive atrium and ventricle in fishes and amniotes embryo. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001473 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atrioventricular+canal lateral thoracic vein FMA:71210 MA:0002162 SCTID:53595001 The lateral thoracic vein is a tributary of the axillary vein. It runs with the lateral thoracic artery and drains the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle. Normally, the thoracoepigastric vein exists between this vein and superficial epigastric vein (a tributary of femoral vein), to act as a shunt for blood if the portal system (through the liver) develops hypertension or a blockage. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002088 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray576.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray576.png/200px-Gray576.png uberon vena thoracica lateralis The lateral thoracic vein is a tributary of the axillary vein. It runs with the lateral thoracic artery and drains the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle. Normally, the thoracoepigastric vein exists between this vein and superficial epigastric vein (a tributary of femoral vein), to act as a shunt for blood if the portal system (through the liver) develops hypertension or a blockage. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_thoracic_vein FMA/obol Wikipedia:Lateral_thoracic_vein vena thoracica lateralis FMA/obol thoracodorsal vein FMA:71213 MA:0002238 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002089 uberon FMA/obol FMA/obol postcranial axial skeleton AAO:0000034 EHDAA2:0000161 EHDAA:5049 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:18043 FMA:71221 MA:0002986 MAT:0000148 MIAA:0000148 Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] TAO:0000317 The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO] The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO] The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. UBERON:0002090 VHOG:0000317 VSAO:0000093 XAO:0003073 ZFA:0000317 axial skeleton post-cranial axial skeleton previous some AOs had used the term 'axial skeleton' to include the skull. This is being resolved (see tracker items above). Status: MA - fixed. uberon FMA:71221 UBERONREF:0000008 axial skeleton 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000317 The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000093 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011) The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000317 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000034 AAO:LAP The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO] The post-cranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. ZFA:0000317 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2983975&group_id=76834&atid=974957 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=2983977&group_id=76834 appendicular skeleton AAO:0000747 EFO:0000951 FMA:71222 MA:0000290 MAT:0000278 MIAA:0000278 Note that ontologies differ in whether they treat the term appendicular skeleton as being the entire set of bones in the limbs, or whether the fore and hind limbs/fins are treated as seperate appendicular skeletons. Here we follow FMA, and treat the appendicular skeleton as the sum total of skeletal elements in the organism (this is evidenced by the fact that in FMA, skeleton of left/right upper/lower limb is part_of a appendicular skeleton, and subtypes of 'subdivision of appendicular skeleton'). We have separate classes such as 'skeleton of limb', and 'skeleton of hindlimb' for the 4 parts of the appendicular skeleton. In future the ZFA/TAO classes may be moved. SCTID:322050006 Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO] UBERON:0002091 UMLS:C0222646 VHOG:0001666 VSAO:0000076 XAO:0003166 appendicular skeleton entire appendicular skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Appendicular_skeleton_diagram.svg ncithesaurus:Appendicular_Skeleton paired fin skeleton skeleton appendiculare uberon Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton 2012-08-14 PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] UBERON:cjm VSAO VSAO:0000076 paired fin skeleton 2012-08-14 Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] TAO TAO:0000027 TAO:wd 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000747 AAO:LAP The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO] Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton skeleton appendiculare entire appendicular skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/59 brain dura mater EMAPA:17766 EMAPA:17785 EMAPA:17793 EV:0100313 FMA:71236 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000815 SCTID:309321003 The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] UBERON:0002092 UMLS:C0459393 VHOG:0000270 cranial dura mater dura mater encephali dura mater of brain ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Dura_Mater the fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. uberon FMA:71236 cranial dura mater MP:0009025 the fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. 2012-09-17 The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000270 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000270 http://bgee.unil.ch/ spinal dura mater A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17806 FMA:71237 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001132 SCTID:362302001 The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002093 UMLS:C0228124 VHOG:0000411 dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord dura mater of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Dura_Mater spinal cord dura mater spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis uberon OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000411 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis 2012-09-17 The outermost and densest membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, adapted_from_Dorian_AF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000411 http://bgee.unil.ch/ interventricular septum BTO:0002483 Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA] EFO:0001956 EHDAA2:0000885 EHDAA:2603 EMAPA:17333 FMA:7133 MA:0000085 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA7lp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362019005 The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002094 UMLS:C0225870 VHOG:0000386 galen:InterventricularSeptum heart interventricular septum heart ventricular septum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray498.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray498.png/200px-Gray498.png interventricular septum of heart interventriculare cordis ncithesaurus:Interventricular_Septum s. interventriculare cordis uberon ventricular septum BTO:0002483 interventriculare cordis BTO:0002483 interventricular septum of heart 2012-09-17 The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000386 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interventricular+septum MA:0000085 ventricular septum Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum s. interventriculare cordis Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430 The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000386 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0000085 heart ventricular septum MA:0000085 heart interventricular septum mesentery AAO:0011061 Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. BTO:0001380 EV:0100083 FMA:7144 GAID:21 MESH:A01.047.025.600.451 Note that in Uberon, this term is used in the generic sense, not necessarily restricted to the peritoneum, consistent with FMA. WP: "In anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen. Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.". TODO - check. Consider FMA:259286 - Region of mesentery. SCTID:362707009 UBERON:0002095 UMLS:C0025474 galen:Mesentery generic mesentery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray1038.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray1038.png/200px-Gray1038.png mesenteric mesentery (generic) ncithesaurus:Mesentery uberon Wikipedia:Mesentery generic mesentery Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. FMA:7144 Wikipedia:Mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Mesentery_.28general.29 Wikipedia:Mesentery mesentery (generic) definitional skin of body BTO:0001253 EFO:0000962 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 FMA:7163 MESH:A17.815 Nonparenchymatous organ that consists of the dermis and epidermis. Subdivisions of the skin surround various body parts; as a whole, the skin constitutes the external layer of the body. Examples: There is only one skin[FMA]. Surface structure that consists of the external membranous integument of the animal. Note that FMA uses 'skin' for the entire organ. XAO seems consistent. MA seems to use it analagously to zone of skin OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181469002 UBERON:0002097 UMLS:C1123023 XAO:0000023 entire skin galen:Skin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skin.svg/200px-Skin.svg.png integument ncithesaurus:Skin pelt skin uberon FMA:7163 Nonparenchymatous organ that consists of the dermis and epidermis. Subdivisions of the skin surround various body parts; as a whole, the skin constitutes the external layer of the body. Examples: There is only one skin[FMA]. Surface structure that consists of the external membranous integument of the animal. OMD:skin Wikipedia:Skin Wikipathways:WP2062 apex of heart FMA:7164 MA:0000488 Note that FMA also has terms for the apical zone SCTID:362009004 The apex of the heart is the lowest superficial part of the heart. It is directed downward, forward, and to the left, and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002098 UMLS:C0225811 apex cordis cardiac apex heart apex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray492.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png ncithesaurus:Apex_of_the_Heart uberon apex cordis The apex of the heart is the lowest superficial part of the heart. It is directed downward, forward, and to the left, and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Apex_of_the_heart FMA FMA:7164 cardiac apex cardiac septum FMA:7180 GAID:562 MA:0000083 MESH:A07.541.459 Note in GO, septum morphogenesis is part of cardiac chamber morphogenesis; need to add axioms to infer this. Taxon notes: "Terrestrial vertebrates have divided hearts in which septae separate the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the pulmonary and systemic circulations" SCTID:362014000 The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. UBERON:0002099 UMLS:C0018819 XAO:0004141 cardiac septa heart septa heart septum ncithesaurus:Heart_Septum septum of heart uberon cardiac septa MESH:A07.541.459 The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. heart septa trunk AAO:0010339 BILA:0000116 BTO:0001493 EFO:0000966 FMA:7181 MA:0000004 MAT:0000296 MIAA:0000296 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkJjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO] Rumpf SCTID:262225004 TAO:0001115 UBERON:0002100 UMLS:C0460005 XAO:0000054 XAO:0003025 ZFA:0001115 editor note - check AAO galen:Trunk ncithesaurus:Trunk thoracolumbar region torso trunk region uberon BTO:0001493 Rumpf 2012-08-14 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001115 ZFIN:curator Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. TAO:0001115 UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Torso 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010339 AAO:BJB Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO] XAO:0000054 trunk region limb A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts. AAO:0010336 AEO:0000172 EFO:0000876 EHDAA2:0003172 EHDAA:1697 EHDAA:8273 EMAPA:16405 FMA:24875 GAID:36 MA:0000007 MAT:0000090 MIAA:0000090 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvn1uSZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation.[AAO] SCTID:243996003 UBERON:0002101 UMLS:C0015385 VHOG:0000336 VSAO:0000121 XAO:0003027 extremities extremity flipper free limb galen:Extremity limb sensu vertebrata ncithesaurus:Limb pentadactyl limb tetrapod limb uberon A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts. UBERONREF:0000003 Wikipedia:Limb extremities MAT:0000090 limb sensu vertebrata flipper 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000336 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010336 AAO:BJB Organism subdivision that has as its parts the jointed appendages used for locomotion and manipulation.[AAO] FMA:24875 free limb forelimb A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts. AAO:0000205 AO notes: note that this corresponds to FMA:'free upper limb' (a limb segment), NOT FMA:'upper limb'. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb. Usage notes: Note distinction between arm and forelimb. hand is part of forelimb, but not part of arm BTO:0001729 CALOHA:TS-2214 EFO:0000882 EHDAA2:0002133 EHDAA:6208 EMAPA:17412 EV:0100014 FMA:24878 GAID:1215 GAID:51 MA:0000025 MAT:0000394 MESH:A13.395 MIAA:0000394 SCTID:182245002 UBERON:0002102 UMLS:C1140618 Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle.[AAO] VHOG:0000338 VSAO:0000148 XAO:0003030 anteriormost limb fore limb foreleg forelimb free part of upper limb free upper limb galen:UpperExtremity membrum superius ncithesaurus:Upper_Extremity pectoral flipper pectoral limb superior member uberon upper extremity upper limb A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts. UBERONREF:0000003 Wikipedia:Forelimb pectoral flipper FMA:7183 FMA:TA membrum superius FMA:24878 free part of upper limb FMA:24878 UBERONREF:0000003 free upper limb 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000205 AAO:LAP Upper limb, which connects the manus with the pectoral girdle.[AAO] hindlimb A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts. AAO:0000219 AO notes: note that this corresponds to FMA:'free lower limb' (a limb segment), NOT 'lower limb'. Both MA and FMA consider shoulder (and shoulder bones) part of upper limb. Note that AAO class probably refers to skeleton BTO:0002345 CALOHA:TS-2215 EFO:0000883 EHDAA2:0001033 EHDAA:6094 EMAPA:17458 EV:0100015 FMA:24879 GAID:1221 GAID:38 Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle.[AAO] MA:0000026 MAT:0000395 MESH:A13.473 MIAA:0000395 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:182281004 UBERON:0002103 UMLS:C0023216 UMLS:C1522391 VHOG:0000337 VSAO:0000150 XAO:0003031 crural free lower limb free part of lower limb galen:LowerExtremity hind limb hind-limb hindlimb http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray1239.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray1239.png/200px-Gray1239.png inferior member lower extremity lower limb membrum inferius membrum inferius ncithesaurus:Hind_Limb ncithesaurus:Lower_Extremity pelvic appendage uberon FMA:24879 free part of lower limb FMA:24879 UBERONREF:0000003 free lower limb A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts. UBERONREF:0000003 Wikipedia:Hindlimb Wikipedia:Lower_limb 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000219 AAO:LAP Lower limb, which connects the pes with the pelvic girdle.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000337 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:7184 FMA:TA membrum inferius Wikipedia:Lower_limb membrum inferius VSAO:0000150 hind-limb visual system . AAO:0000632 FMA:7191 MA:0002444 NIF_GrossAnatomy:FMAID_7191 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281831001 TAO:0001127 The sensory system used for sight.[AAO] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002104 UMLS:C0587900 XAO:0003198 ZFA:0001127 ncithesaurus:Visual_System uberon visual organ system . Wikipedia:Visual_system 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000632 AAO:EJS The sensory system used for sight.[AAO] vestibulo-auditory system A sensory system for the sense of hearing[WP]. AAO:0000631 Auditory system is general anatomical term in FMA FMA:7192 FMA:78500 MA:0002443 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090817 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViwtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001138 The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO] UBERON:0002105 UMLS:C0587901 XAO:0003195 ZFA:0001138 auditory organ system auditory system auditory/vestibular system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HumanEar.jpg/200px-HumanEar.jpg ncithesaurus:Auditory_System uberon vestibuloauditory system vestibuloauditory system A sensory system for the sense of hearing[WP]. Wikipedia:Auditory_system 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000631 AAO:EJS The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO] spleen AAO:0010395 An organ involved in red blood cell filtration and immune response.[AAO] BTO:0001281 EFO:0000869 EMAPA:18767 EV:0100055 FMA:7196 GAID:1289 MA:0000141 MAT:0000085 MESH:A15.382.520.604.713 MIAA:0000085 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjgw5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve in case of hemorrhagic shock, especially in animals like horses (not in humans), while recycling iron. It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells. SCTID:181279003 TAO:0000436 Taxon notes: Neither hagfish nor lampreys possess what might be considered a discrete and condensed spleen. Hagfish possess dispersed lymphoid tissue within the submucosa of the intestine (96) associated with the portal vein (97), whereas lymphoid tissue is associated with the typhlosole portion of the intestine in lampreys (96) [PMID:20959416] UBERON:0002106 UMLS:C0037993 VHOG:0000120 With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000328 ZFA:0000436 galen:Spleen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Illu_spleen.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Illu_spleen.jpg/200px-Illu_spleen.jpg lien lienal ncithesaurus:Spleen splenic uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010395 AAO:BMZ An organ involved in red blood cell filtration and immune response.[AAO] Wikipedia:Spleen lien 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0781765190 Paul WE, Fundamental Immunology (2008) p.94 VHOG VHOG:0000120 With the advent of clonal selection, the accumulation and segregation of T and B cells in specialized organs for antigen presentation became necessary, and indeed the spleen is found in all jawed vertebrates, but not in agnathans or invertebrates.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve in case of hemorrhagic shock, especially in animals like horses (not in humans), while recycling iron. It synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes, from blood and lymph node circulation, antibody-coated bacteria along with antibody-coated blood cells. Wikipedia:Spleen liver AAO:0010111 AO notes: Only ZFA considers this part_of immune system - we weaken this to an overlaps relation, as in general it's only a subset of cells that have clear immune function. Taxon notes: WP: The liver is found in all vertebrates, and is typically the largest visceral organ. Its form varies considerably in different species, and is largely determined by the shape and arrangement of the surrounding organs. Nonetheless, in most species it is divided into right and left lobes; exceptions to this general rule include snakes, where the shape of the body necessitates a simple cigar-like form. The internal structure of the liver is broadly similar in all vertebrates.[7] An organ sometimes referred to as a liver is found associated with the digestive tract of the primitive chordate Amphioxus. However, this is an enzyme secreting gland, not a metabolic organ, and it is unclear how truly homologous it is to the vertebrate liver. // The zebrafish liver differs from the mammalian liver in that the hepatocytes are not clearly organized in cords or lobules and the typical portal triads are not apparent. In addition, the zebrafish liver does not have Kuppfer cells. Furthermore, a clear distinction can be made between the male and female liver in the adult zebrafish. The female hepatocytes are very basophilic (Figure 15c) as a result of the production of vitellogenin (Van der Ven et al. 2003). All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. BTO:0000759 EFO:0000887 EHDAA2:0000997 EHDAA:2197 EMAPA:16846 EV:0100089 FMA:7197 GAID:288 MA:0000358 MAT:0000097 MESH:A03.620 MIAA:0000097 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVimppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO] SCTID:181268008 TAO:0000123 UBERON:0002107 UMLS:C0023884 VHOG:0000257 XAO:0000133 ZFA:0000123 galen:Liver hepatic http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Leber_Schaf.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Leber_Schaf.jpg/200px-Leber_Schaf.jpg iecur jecur ncithesaurus:Liver relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010111 AAO:BJB Organ which secretes bile and participates in formation of certain blood proteins.[AAO] Wikipedia:Liver iecur Wikipedia:Liver jecur ZFA An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. BTO:0000759 Wikipedia:Liver EHDAA2 definitional EHDAA2 FMA ZFA ZFA-weakened 2012-09-17 All vertebrates possess a liver (reference 1); Later in craniate evolution, an anterior gill arch was transformed into jaws, and many new types of feeding subsequently evolved.(...) A liver evolved that, among its many functions, stores considerable energy as glycogen or lipid (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.526, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000257 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://www.stembook.org/node/512 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010111 relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] EHDAA2 small intestine AAO:0010397 BTO:0000651 EFO:0000841 EV:0100072 FMA:7200 GAID:313 Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000337 MAT:0000047 MESH:A03.492.411.620 MIAA:0000047 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlIJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181250005 Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. TAO:0001323 The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] UBERON:0002108 UMLS:C0021852 VHOG:0000055 XAO:0000130 ZFA:0001323 anterior intestine galen:SmallIntestine http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg/200px-Stomach_colon_rectum_diagram.svg.png intestinum tenue mid intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestine small bowel small intestine uberon 2 cjm BTO:0000651 intestinum tenue Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. Wikipedia:Small_intestine 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001323 The terminal region of the mid intestine is comprised of specialized enterocytes that appear to play a role in mucosal immunity. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566 Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000055 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Small_intestine intestinum tenue pair of nares FMA:72005 Note this is a "set of anatomical planes" in FMA OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pair of nostrils. UBERON:0002109 nares nares set nostrils pair of nostrils set of nares uberon http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html Pair of nostrils. Wikipedia:Nares FMA:72005 set of nares gallbladder AAO:0010114 BTO:0000493 EFO:0000853 EHDAA2:0000699 EHDAA:8062 EMAPA:17202 EV:0100090 FMA:7202 MA:0000356 MAT:0000072 MESH:A03.159.439 MIAA:0000072 Membranous muscular sac in which the bile from the liver remains stored until it is required. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkGr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organ attached to the liver which stores bile and empties into the duodenum via the bile duct as needed for digestion.[AAO] Rats do not have a gallbladder, but produce bile. The bile flows directly from the liver through the (hepatic) bile duct into the small intestine (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988) SCTID:181269000 TAO:0000208 The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002110 UMLS:C0016976 VHOG:0000221 XAO:0000135 ZFA:0000208 a small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cystic duct and distally terminates in the fundus of the gallbladder[FMA]. galen:Gallbladder gall bladder http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Illu_pancrease.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Abdomal_organs.svg/200px-Abdomal_organs.svg.png ncithesaurus:Gallbladder relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] uberon vesica fellea; vesica biliaris 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010114 relationship type change: differentiates_from endoderm (AAO:0000139) CHANGED TO: develops_from endoderm (UBERON:0000925)[AAO] definitional 2012-09-17 Membranous muscular sac in which the bile from the liver remains stored until it is required. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000221 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I Oldham-Ott CK, Gilloteaux J, Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: Variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones. Microscopy research and technique (1997) The presence of a gallbladder appears to be a primitive trait. It is found in most fish and all adult reptiles and amphibians and has been well conserved in mammals, for the most part.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000221 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Gallbladder vesica fellea; vesica biliaris ISBN:9780120749034 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010114 AAO:BJB Organ attached to the liver which stores bile and empties into the duodenum via the bile duct as needed for digestion.[AAO] FMA:7202 Wikipedia:Gallbladder a small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. Organ with organ cavity which is continuous proximally with the cystic duct and distally terminates in the fundus of the gallbladder[FMA]. artery smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000087 FMA:72024 MA:0000708 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002111 UMLS:C1706851 arterial smooth muscle artery smooth muscle artery smooth muscle tissue ncithesaurus:Artery_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue smooth muscle of artery uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0000087 arterial smooth muscle FMA:72024 smooth muscle of artery smooth muscle of esophagus A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72025 MA:0001573 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002112 esophagus involuntary muscle esophagus non-striated muscle esophagus smooth muscle esophagus smooth muscle tissue gullet involuntary muscle gullet non-striated muscle gullet smooth muscle gullet smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of esophagus involuntary muscle of gullet involuntary muscle of oesophagus non-striated muscle of esophagus non-striated muscle of gullet non-striated muscle of oesophagus oesophagus involuntary muscle oesophagus non-striated muscle oesophagus smooth muscle oesophagus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of gullet smooth muscle of oesophagus smooth muscle tissue of esophagus smooth muscle tissue of gullet smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus uberon OBOL:automatic oesophagus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic oesophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic gullet non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic oesophagus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic esophagus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic esophagus smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic gullet involuntary muscle kidney A paired organ which has the production of urine as its primary function. AAO:0000250 BTO:0000671 EFO:0000929 EV:0100096 FMA:7203 GAID:423 MA:0000368 MAT:0000119 MESH:A05.810.453 MIAA:0000119 One of either of a pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlYpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181414000 UBERON:0002113 UMLS:C0022646 XAO:0003267 galen:Kidney ncithesaurus:Kidney renal reniculate kidney uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000250 AAO:BJB One of either of a pair of structures lying on either side of the dorsal aorta in which fluid balance is regulated and waste is excreted out in the form of urine.[AAO] FMA A paired organ which has the production of urine as its primary function. Wikipedia:Kidney Wikipedia:Reniculate_kidney reniculate kidney definitional duodenum AAO:0010402 BTO:0000365 EFO:0000851 EMAPA:18852 EV:0100073 FMA:7206 GAID:284 In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10–15 inches (25–38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. MA:0000338 MAT:0000044 MESH:A03.492.411.620.270 MIAA:0000044 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4LJDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181247007 The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0002114 UMLS:C0013303 VHOG:0000052 XAO:0000236 duodenal galen:Duodenum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Tractus_intestinalis_duodenum.svg ncithesaurus:Duodenum proximal intestine uberon upper intestine 3 cjm BTO:0000365 upper intestine ISBN:0815318960 The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). Wikipedia:Duodenum BTO:0000365 proximal intestine 2012-09-17 The fixed portion of the small intestine deeply lodged in the posterior wall of the abdomen and extending from the pylorus to the beginning of the jejunum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000052 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000348 In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 10–15 inches (25–38 centimetres) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the ligament of Treitz. NCBITaxon:9606 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. NCBITaxon:32443 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum jejunum BTO:0000657 EFO:0001333 EMAPA:18666 EMAPA:18932 EV:0100074 FMA:7207 GAID:318 MA:0000340 MAT:0000045 MESH:A03.492.411.620.625 MIAA:0000045 OpenCyc:Mx4rwATkPJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181248002 TODO consider ZFA:0001323 mid intestine, see also small intestine The first two fifth of the small intestine beyond the duodenum. It extends from the end of the duodenum to the ileum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms middle intestine or mid-gut may be used instead of jejunum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002115 UMLS:C0022378 VHOG:0000053 galen:Jejunum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg/200px-Illu_small_intestine.jpg intestinum jejunum jejunal middle intestine ncithesaurus:Jejunum uberon 3 cjm Wikipedia The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms middle intestine or mid-gut may be used instead of jejunum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Jejunum 2012-09-17 The first two fifth of the small intestine beyond the duodenum. It extends from the end of the duodenum to the ileum. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000053 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000657 middle intestine BTO:0000657 intestinum jejunum ileum AAO:0010403 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0000620 EFO:0001334 EV:0100075 FMA:7208 GAID:315 MA:0000339 MAT:0000282 MESH:A03.492.411.620.484 MIAA:0000282 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdcLHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181249005 TODO consider ZFA:0000706 posterior intestine, see also colon The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002116 UMLS:C0020885 VHOG:0000647 XAO:0000237 distal intestine galen:Ileum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg ileal intestinum ileum lower intestine ncithesaurus:Ileum uberon BTO:0000620 distal intestine 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000647 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000620 lower intestine BTO:0000620 intestinum ileum The ileum is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ileum 3 cjm right ovary An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7213 MA:0001705 SCTID:280123002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002118 UMLS:C0227873 ncithesaurus:Right_Ovary uberon An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7214 MA:0001704 SCTID:280124008 Taxon notes: In some elasmobranchs, the left ovary does not mature, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo[Wikipedia:Ovary#In_other_animals] UBERON:0002119 UMLS:C0227874 ncithesaurus:Left_Ovary uberon An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pronephros A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG] AAO:0011089 BTO:0001541 EFO:0000927 EHDAA2:0001570 EHDAA:1017 EMAPA:16579 FMA:72170 In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. MAT:0000117 MIAA:0000117 Once the more complex mesonephros forms the pronephros undergoes apoptosis in amphibians. In fishes the nephron degenerates but the organ remains and becomes a component of the immune system[Wikipedia:Pronephros]. // TODO - check developmental relationships. Note that we previously include the ZFA/XAO terms under the more specific 'pronephric kidney', but these are now merged. TODO GCI: relationship: capable_of GO:0030104 Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis.[AAO] SCTID:308804007 TAO:0000151 The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0002120 UBERON:0005794 UMLS:C0231048 VHOG:0000037 XAO:0002000 ZFA:0000151 archinephron embryonic kidney ncithesaurus:Pronephros pronephric pronephric kidney pronephron uberon XAO:0002000 pronephric kidney 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.637 In all vertebrate embryos, the kidney begins with the differentiation of a few renal tubules from the anterior end of the nephric ridge overlying the pericardial cavity. (...) This early-developing embryonic kidney is called the pronephros.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000037 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A kidney formed of nephric tubules arising in the anterior region of the nephric ridge; forms only as a transient embryonic structure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Kardong_KV, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.748][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000037 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001541 embryonic kidney ZFA BTO:0001541 pronephron 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011089 Organ that serves as a transient kidney, providing osmoregulation during early developmental stages and then degenerating during metamorphosis.[AAO] XAO:curator GO:0048793 In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. Wikipedia:Pronephros GO 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000151 The embryonic kidney, present at the level of the third somite, is composed of two glomeruli fused at the midline, two pronephric tubules, and paired bilateral pronephric ducts that modify the composition of the blood filtrate before delivering it to the cloaca for excretion.Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator OG GO BTO:0001541 archinephron capsule of thymus FMA:72204 MA:0000766 SCTID:188181003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002122 UMLS:C0229945 ncithesaurus:Thymic_Capsule the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the thymus. thymic capsule thymus capsule uberon MP:0002368 the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the thymus. cortex of thymus BTO:0002934 Cortical portion of thymus, mainly composed of lymphoid cells, supported by a network of finely-branched epithelial reticular cells, which is continuous with a similar network in the medullary portion. This network forms an adventitia to the blood vessels. The cortex is the location of the earliest events in thymocyte development, where T cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection takes place. FMA:72205 Histologically, the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells. Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin[WP] MA:0000767 SCTID:188262003 UBERON:0002123 UMLS:C0229948 ncithesaurus:Thymus_Cortex thymic cortex thymus cortex uberon BTO:0002934 thymic cortex doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 Cortical portion of thymus, mainly composed of lymphoid cells, supported by a network of finely-branched epithelial reticular cells, which is continuous with a similar network in the medullary portion. This network forms an adventitia to the blood vessels. The cortex is the location of the earliest events in thymocyte development, where T cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection takes place. Wikipedia:Thymus#Cortex MA:0000767 thymus cortex medulla of thymus BTO:0004560 EFO:0001969 FMA:72206 MA:0000771 Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. SCTID:188344009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002124 UMLS:C0229949 medulla of thymus gland ncithesaurus:Thymus_Medulla thymus gland medulla thymus medulla uberon OBOL:automatic medulla of thymus gland OBOL:automatic thymus gland medulla doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. Wikipedia:Thymus#Medulla lobule of thymus FMA:72215 MA:0000770 SCTID:187882006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002125 UMLS:C1522462 ncithesaurus:Thymic_Lobule the basic structural unit of the thymus. thymic lobule thymus lobule uberon MP:0002367 the basic structural unit of the thymus. MA:0000770 thymus lobule solitary tract nuclear complex FMA:72242 SCTID:369080003 The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002126 nuclei of solitary tract nucleus tractus solitarii solitary nuclei uberon ABA MA-abduced ABA FMA:72242 FMA:TA nucleus tractus solitarii ABA ABA ABA The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_of_tractus_solitarius ABA ABA inferior olivary complex ABA:IO BM:Me-IO BTO:0002298 EV:0100277 FMA:72243 MA:0001040 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1164 TAO:0000215 The inferior olive appears to be present in all vertebrate classes and is particularly well developed in species with a well-developed cerebellum.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002127 VHOG:0001627 ZFA:0000215 caudal olivary nuclei complexus olivaris inferior complexus olivaris inferior; nuclei olivares inferiores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/CerebCircuit.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/CerebCircuit.png/200px-CerebCircuit.png inferior olivary nuclear complex inferior olivary nuclei inferior olivary nucleus inferior olive largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is closely associated with the cerebellum, but its specific function is voluntary body movements. nuclei olivares caudales nuclei olivares inferiores oliva uberon ABA BTO:0002298 nuclei olivares inferiores ABA ABA FMA:72243 inferior olive FMA:72243 inferior olivary nuclear complex Wikipedia:Inferior_olivary_nucleus complexus olivaris inferior; nuclei olivares inferiores ABA FMA:72243 FMA:TA oliva BTO:0002298 nuclei olivares caudales ABA BTO:0002298 complexus olivaris inferior ABA Wikipedia:Inferior_olivary_nucleus largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is closely associated with the cerebellum, but its specific function is voluntary body movements. FMA:72243 inferior olivary nucleus ABA ABA BTO:0002298 inferior olivary nuclei 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.256 The inferior olive appears to be present in all vertebrate classes and is particularly well developed in species with a well-developed cerebellum.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001627 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ABA BTO:0002298 caudal olivary nuclei superior olivary complex ABA:SOC EV:0100263 FMA:72247 GO -- In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. -- TODO fix GO def to be the same throughout NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1307 The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound[GO]. UBERON:0002128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray713.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray713.png/200px-Gray713.png nucleus olivaris superior nucleus olivaris superior superior olivary nuclei superior olivary nucleus superior olive uberon ABA FMA:72247 superior olivary nucleus ABA FMA:72247 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris superior FMA:72247 superior olivary nuclei FMA:72247 superior olive ABA Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex nucleus olivaris superior The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound[GO]. Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex cerebellar cortex ABA:CBX BM:CB-Cbx BTO:0000043 EV:0100294 FMA:72248 GAID:596 MA:0000199 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.200.212 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1566 SCTID:361593004 The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function[GO]. The circuits in the cerebellar cortex look similar across all classes of vertebrates, including fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals (e.g., Fig. 2). This has been taken as evidence that the cerebellum performs functions important to all vertebrate species. (Wikipedia) UBERON:0002129 UMLS:C0007759 VHOG:0001597 cortex cerebellaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cerebellum_NIH.png/200px-Cerebellum_NIH.png ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Cortex uberon ABA The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function[GO]. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_cortex BTO:0000043 cortex cerebellaris cerebellar nuclear complex ABA:CBN EV:0100299 FMA:72249 GAID:599 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.200.337 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1568 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002130 UBERON:0004007 central nuclei cerebellar nuclei deep cerebellar nuclear complex deep cerebellar nuclei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray707.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/200px-Gray707.png intracerebellar nuclei intrinsic nuclei of cerebellum nuclei cerebelli nuclei cerebelli roof nuclei-2 the gray matter nuclei located in the center of the cerebellum, embedded in the white matter, which receive inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and excitatory (glutamatergic) inputs from mossy fiber pathways; all output fibers of the cerebellum originate from the these nuclei[MP] uberon FMA:72249 FMA:TA nuclei cerebelli ABA MP:0009979 Wikipedia:Deep_cerebellar_nuclei the gray matter nuclei located in the center of the cerebellum, embedded in the white matter, which receive inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and excitatory (glutamatergic) inputs from mossy fiber pathways; all output fibers of the cerebellum originate from the these nuclei[MP] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1568 deep cerebellar nuclear complex Wikipedia:Deep_cerebellar_nuclei nuclei cerebelli anterior lobe of cerebellum EV:0100295 FMA:72251 MA:0000991 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1118 SCTID:279359004 The anterior lobe of cerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum responsible for mediating unconscious proprioception. In alcoholics, it can deteriorate. It is sometimes equated to the 'paleocerebellum'. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002131 VHOG:0001598 anterior cerebellar lobe anterior lobe of cerebellum anterior lobe of the cerebellum cerebellum anterior lobe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/CerebellumRegions.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/CerebellumRegions.jpg/200px-CerebellumRegions.jpg uberon The anterior lobe of cerebellum is the portion of the cerebellum responsible for mediating unconscious proprioception. In alcoholics, it can deteriorate. It is sometimes equated to the 'paleocerebellum'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1118 anterior lobe of the cerebellum dentate nucleus ABA:DN BM:CB-CBL BTO:0003836 EV:0100300 FMA:72260 MA:0001008 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1171 One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:279221005 The Dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere. It is the largest of the four deep cerebellar nuclei, the others being the fastigial nucleus and the interposed nucleus (globose and emboliform nuclei combined). It is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of volitional movements. It therefore receives its afferents from the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex. Its efferents project via the superior cerebellar peduncle through the red nucleus to the ventrolateral thalamus (crossing over at the pontomesencephalic junction). It consists of an irregularly folded, of a grayish-yellow color, containing white fibers, and presenting on its antero-medial aspect an opening, the hilus, from which most of the fibers of the superior peduncle emerge. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002132 UBERON:0008996 VHOG:0001700 dentate cerebellar nucleus dentate nucleus dentatothalamocortical fibers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray707.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/200px-Gray707.png lateral cerebellar nucleus lateral nucleus of cerebellum nucleus dentatus uberon Wikipedia:Dentate_nucleus nucleus dentatus Wikipedia:Dentate_nucleus dentatothalamocortical fibers Wikipedia:Dentate_nucleus nucleus dentatus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1171 dentate cerebellar nucleus ABA Wikipedia:Dentate_nucleus dentate nucleus The Dentate nucleus is located within the deep white matter of each cerebellar hemisphere. It is the largest of the four deep cerebellar nuclei, the others being the fastigial nucleus and the interposed nucleus (globose and emboliform nuclei combined). It is responsible for the planning, initiation and control of volitional movements. It therefore receives its afferents from the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex. Its efferents project via the superior cerebellar peduncle through the red nucleus to the ventrolateral thalamus (crossing over at the pontomesencephalic junction). It consists of an irregularly folded, of a grayish-yellow color, containing white fibers, and presenting on its antero-medial aspect an opening, the hilus, from which most of the fibers of the superior peduncle emerge. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dentate_nucleus 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.260-261 One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001700 http://bgee.unil.ch/ atrioventricular valve AO notes: in ZFA this is part of both atrium and ventricle, but we use a connecting relationship here; see also notes for left and right. AV valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the leaf of cardiac valve that separates the atrium from the ventricle. // The atrioventricular valve has four distinct leaflets oriented anterior, posterior, left, and right of the atrioventricular orifice. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a> EHDAA2:0000153 EHDAA:7421 FMA:7233 MA:0002789 OpenCyc:Mx4rfCfdorrpEduAAAACs6hRXg SCTID:11124005 TAO:0005064 The atrioventricular valve has four distinct leaflets oriented anterior, posterior, left, and right of the atrioventricular orifice. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] The conus arteriosus is the most distal part of the primitive fish heart and forms the connection between the ventricle and the ventral aorta. At the sinoatrial, the atrioventricular, and the ventriculoconal junctions, valves developed to prevent backflow of blood during relaxation of the preceding compartment.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0002133 VHOG:0001472 Valve in the heart through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. [TFD][VHOG] ZFA:0005064 galen:AtrioventricularValve uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005064 The atrioventricular valve has four distinct leaflets oriented anterior, posterior, left, and right of the atrioventricular orifice. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Cardiac valve which has as its parts the leaf of cardiac valve that separates the atrium from the ventricle. // The atrioventricular valve has four distinct leaflets oriented anterior, posterior, left, and right of the atrioventricular orifice. <a href='ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-010912-30'>Hu et al. 2001.</a> Wikipedia:Heart_valve#Atrioventricular_valves ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 The conus arteriosus is the most distal part of the primitive fish heart and forms the connection between the ventricle and the ventral aorta. At the sinoatrial, the atrioventricular, and the ventriculoconal junctions, valves developed to prevent backflow of blood during relaxation of the preceding compartment.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001472 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 VHOG VHOG:0001472 Valve in the heart through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. [TFD][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/atrioventricular+valve EHDAA2 FMA PMID:15797462 ZFA tricuspid valve AO notes: FMA part_ofs changed to connects Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior, posterior and septal leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of tricuspid valve.[FMA] EHDAA2:0004029 EHDAA:7427 EMAPA:17873 FMA:7234 GAID:567 MA:0000090 MESH:A07.541.510.893 OpenCyc:Mx4rvuWAAJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002081 SCTID:181288007 The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[well established][VHOG] The three-segmented valve of the heart that keeps blood in the right ventricle from flowing back into the right atrium. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0002134 UMLS:C0040960 VHOG:0000816 galen:TricuspidValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Tricuspid_Valve right atrioventricular valve uberon valva atrioventricularis dextra valvula tricuspidalis FMA:7234 right atrioventricular valve Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior, posterior and septal leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of tricuspid valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Tricuspid_valve FMA:7234 FMA:TA valva atrioventricularis dextra 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000816 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Tricuspid_valve valvula tricuspidalis 2012-09-17 The three-segmented valve of the heart that keeps blood in the right ventricle from flowing back into the right atrium. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000816 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Tricuspid+valves mitral valve A valve of the heart, composed of two triangular flaps, that is located between the left atrium and left ventricle and regulates blood flow between these chambers. [TFD][VHOG] AO notes: FMA part_ofs changed to connects Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior and posterior leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] EFO:0003933 EHDAA2:0000168 EMAPA:17871 FMA:7235 GAID:565 MA:0000088 MESH:A07.541.510.507 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4l2nJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181286006 The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002135 UMLS:C0026264 VHOG:0000817 bicuspid valve galen:MitralValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png left atrioventricular valve ncithesaurus:Mitral_Valve uberon valva atrioventricularis sinistra valva mitralis FMA:7235 FMA:TA valva atrioventricularis sinistra 2012-09-17 A valve of the heart, composed of two triangular flaps, that is located between the left atrium and left ventricle and regulates blood flow between these chambers. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000817 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mitral+valve FMA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000817 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA Atrioventricular valve which has as its parts the anterior and posterior leaflets, attached to the fibrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Mitral_valve FMA Wikipedia:Mitral_valve valva mitralis hilus of dentate gyrus CA4 FMA:72358 MA:0000947 Merge with CA4? NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1482 UBERON:0002136 dentate gyrus hilus field CA4 of hippocampal formation uberon aortic valve BTO:0004628 Cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of aortic valve.[FMA] EFO:0003879 EHDAA2:0000134 EHDAA:4410 EMAPA:17870 FMA:7236 GAID:563 Human variation: It is normally tricuspid (with three leaflets), although in 1% of the population it is found to be congenitally bicuspid (two leaflets) MA:0000087 MESH:A07.541.510.110 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5914JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181287002 The valve between the left ventricle of the heart and the ascending aorta, consisting of three semilunar cusps. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0002137 UMLS:C0003501 VHOG:0000815 galen:AorticValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg ncithesaurus:Aortic_Valve uberon valva aortae 2012-09-17 The valve between the left ventricle of the heart and the ascending aorta, consisting of three semilunar cusps. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000815 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of aortic valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Aortic_valve MA Wikipedia:Aortic_valve valva aortae habenulo-interpeduncular tract BM:HPT FMA:72400 Meynert's retroflex bundle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1504 SCTID:369194000 TAO:0000353 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002138 ZFA:0000353 fasciculus retroflexus fasciculus retroflexus (meynert) habenulointerpeduncular fasciculus habenulointerpeduncular tract habenulopeduncular tract tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1504 fasciculus retroflexus (meynert) ZFA:0000353 tractus habenulo-interpeduncularis subcommissural organ BTO:0001820 FMA:72414 GAID:794 MA:0002941 MESH:A08.713.810 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1028 Occurs throughout the vertebartes [PMID:9579598, doi:10.1002/ar.1091260210]. First appears in hagfish(Olsson). In many species, including the human, it reaches its full development during embryonic life[PMID:9579598]. During the course of phyletic evolution, one notes various changes. Indeed, in lower vertebrates, the SCO presents a greater degree of enzyme activity than the ependyma while in birds the ependyma demonstrates a more intense activity than the SCO[PMID:479574] Sometimes preceded by flexural organ[doi:10.1007/BF00303086] SCO SCTID:369193006 TAO:0000683 The subcommissural organ is a circumventricular organ consisting of ependymal cells which secrete SCO-spondin[WP,partially vetted]. UBERON:0002139 ZFA:0000683 dorsal subcommissural organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png organum subcommissurale uberon MA PMID:9579598 The subcommissural organ is a circumventricular organ consisting of ependymal cells which secrete SCO-spondin[WP,partially vetted]. Wikipedia:Subcommissural_organ Wikipedia:Subcommissural_organ organum subcommissurale MA multiple parabigeminal nucleus . ABA:PBG AO notes: in MA this is part of the tegmentum/brainstem BM:PBG FMA:72415 MA:0001074 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1007 Nucleus isthmi is present in the isthmus in most vertebrates. It is called the parabigeminal nucleus in mammals (reference 1); In sum, our results show that the origin of neurons of some tegmental hindbrain nuclei, namely, nucleus isthmi/superior reticular nucleus and secondary gustatory/viscerosensory nucleus is in the URL (upper rhombic lip), and that the temporal order of cell types produced by the URL and their developmental program are conserved among vertebrate species (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002140 VHOG:0001701 nucleus isthmi nucleus parabigeminalis uberon VHOG:0001701 nucleus isthmi http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=482 nucleus parabigeminalis FMA NIF . Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Nucleus_Isthmii.2FParabigeminalis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.272, DOI:10.1002/cne.22364 Volkmann K, Chen YY, Harris MP, Wullimann MF, Köster RW, The zebrafish cerebellar upper rhombic lip generates tegmental hindbrain nuclei by long-distance migration in an evolutionary conserved manner. The Journal of Comparative Neurology (2010) Nucleus isthmi is present in the isthmus in most vertebrates. It is called the parabigeminal nucleus in mammals (reference 1); In sum, our results show that the origin of neurons of some tegmental hindbrain nuclei, namely, nucleus isthmi/superior reticular nucleus and secondary gustatory/viscerosensory nucleus is in the URL (upper rhombic lip), and that the temporal order of cell types produced by the URL and their developmental program are conserved among vertebrate species (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001701 http://bgee.unil.ch/ parvocellular oculomotor nucleus ABA:EW BM:EW FMA:72424 MA:0001071 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_822 SCTID:62088007 TAO:0000244 The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (also known as the accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, supplying the constricting muscles of the iris. Alternatively, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a term often used to refer to the adjacent population of non-preganglionic neurons that do not project to the ciliary ganglion, but rather project to the spinal cord, dorsal raphe nucleus, and septal nuclei. Unlike the classical, preganglionic Edinger-Westphal neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus have been shown to contain various stress- and feeding-related neuropeptides, such as Urocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Proper nomenclature for this distinct brain region has not yet been established. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002141 ZFA:0000244 accessory oculomotor nucleus edinger-westphal nucleus nucleus Edinger-Westphal oculomotor nucleus, parvocellular part uberon ABA ABA The Edinger-Westphal nucleus (also known as the accessory oculomotor nucleus) is the accessory parasympathetic cranial nerve nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, supplying the constricting muscles of the iris. Alternatively, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is a term often used to refer to the adjacent population of non-preganglionic neurons that do not project to the ciliary ganglion, but rather project to the spinal cord, dorsal raphe nucleus, and septal nuclei. Unlike the classical, preganglionic Edinger-Westphal neurons that contain choline acetyltransferase, neurons of the non-preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus have been shown to contain various stress- and feeding-related neuropeptides, such as Urocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript. Proper nomenclature for this distinct brain region has not yet been established. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Edinger-westphal_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ZFA:0000244 nucleus Edinger-Westphal ABA ABA pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus ABA:PPN BM:Pons-PPT FMA:72429 MA:0001020 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1437 The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It is composed by a wide variety of neurochemical cell types, including cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. In the classical sense, the PPN is considered to be one of the main components of the reticular activating system. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002142 peduncular pontine nucleus pedunculopontine nucleus uberon The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It is composed by a wide variety of neurochemical cell types, including cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. In the classical sense, the PPN is considered to be one of the main components of the reticular activating system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pedunculopontine_tegmental_nucleus ABA ABA dorsal tegmental nucleus ABA:DTN BM:TD FMA:72434 MA:0001013 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_992 TAO:0000346 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002143 VHOG:0001368 ZFA:0000346 dorsal tegmental nucleus (gudden) dorsal tegmental nucleus of gudden gudden nucleus nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis nucleus tegmentalis posterior posterior tegmental nucleus uberon von Gudden's nucleus ABA FMA:72434 FMA:TA nucleus tegmentalis posterior ABA ZFA:0000346 nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_992 dorsal tegmental nucleus of gudden ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA peripeduncular nucleus ABA:PP BM:MB-PPN FMA:72437 MA:0000875 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1474 Note that FMA and NIF support this being part of midbrain tegmentum; MA places this in the thalamus and ABA supports thalamus. todo - check. for now we take a conservative position and assert overlaps for both rather than part of SCTID:25949000 UBERON:0002144 a group of neuron cell bodies that form a thin, caplike configuration over the dorsolateral aspect of the crus cerebri; many of its cells are acetylcholinesterase positive. peripeduncular nucleus of pons uberon FMA:72437 peripeduncular nucleus of pons ABA MA a group of neuron cell bodies that form a thin, caplike configuration over the dorsolateral aspect of the crus cerebri; many of its cells are acetylcholinesterase positive. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61630 ABA NIF interpeduncular nucleus ABA:IPN BM:MB-IP FMA:72439 MA:0001069 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1000 TAO:0000903 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002145 ZFA:0000903 interpedunclear nucleus interpeduncular ganglion interpeduncular nucleus tegmentum uberon MTB:379 interpedunclear nucleus ABA NIF TAO:0000903 interpeduncular nucleus tegmentum pulmonary valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the right anterior, left anterior and posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of pulmonary valve.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001577 EHDAA:4412 EMAPA:17872 FMA:7246 GAID:566 MA:0000089 MESH:A07.541.510.738 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP6uq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181289004 The valve with semilunar cusps at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002146 UMLS:C0034086 VHOG:0000814 galen:PulmonaryValve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg/200px-Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg.png ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Valve pulmonic valve uberon valva trunci pulmonalis Wikipedia:Pulmonary_valve valva trunci pulmonalis 2012-09-17 The valve with semilunar cusps at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk from the right ventricle of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000814 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+valve Cardiac valve which has as its parts the right anterior, left anterior and posterior cusps, attached to the fibrous ring of pulmonary valve.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Pulmonary_valve MA reticulotegmental nucleus ABA:TRN FMA:72471 MA:0001025 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_882 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002147 nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis reticular tegmental nucleus reticulotegmental nucleus of pons tegmental reticular nucleus, pontine gray uberon ABA ABA FMA:72471 FMA:TA nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA locus ceruleus ABA:LC BM:Pons-LC BTO:0001408 EFO:0001963 FMA:72478 GAID:577 MA:0001017 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.473 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 SCTID:369016004 TAO:0000539 TODO - check ZFA/pons. also GO says part of dorsorostral pons The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. UBERON:0002148 UMLS:C0023951 ZFA:0000539 blue nucleus caerulean nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/200px-Gray709.png locus caeruleus locus cinereus locus coeruleu locus coeruleus ncithesaurus:Locus_Coeruleus nucleus caeruleus nucleus of locus caeruleus nucleus pigmentosus pontis substantia ferruginea uberon BTO:0001408 locus cinereus ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 nucleus pigmentosus pontis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 locus caeruleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 blue nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_905 substantia ferruginea ABA FMA:72478 FMA:TA nucleus caeruleus GAID:577 GO:0021703 The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. Wikipedia:Locus_ceruleus ABA superior salivatory nucleus ABA:SSN EHDAA2:0004646 FMA:72482 MA:0001027 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1131 SCTID:369028007 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002149 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray788.png/200px-Gray788.png superior salivary nucleus uberon visceromotor cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum. GO:0021753 superior salivary nucleus ABA Wikipedia:Superior_salivatory_nucleus visceromotor cranial nerve nucleus located in the pontine tegmentum. ABA ABA ABA ABA definitional ABA ABA ABA ABA superior cerebellar peduncle BM:BC Editor notes: we follow NIF in dividing this into 3 parts. This allows for consistency with ABA. AO notes: we make the TAO class disjoint for now as it's not clear if this is the analagous structure MA:0002746 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1711 SCTID:279218008 The superior cerebellar peduncles (brachium conjunctivum), two in number, emerge from the upper and medial part of the white substance of the hemispheres and are placed under cover of the upper part of the cerebellum. They are joined to each other across the middle line by the anterior medullary velum, and can be followed upward as far as the inferior colliculi, under which they disappear. Below, they form the upper lateral boundaries of the fourth ventricle, but as they ascend they converge on the dorsal aspect of the ventricle and thus assist in roofing it in. All fibers (except vestibular fibers to the vestibular nuclei through the inferior cerebellar peduncle) carrying information from the cerebellum to the midbrain and pons pass through the superior cerebellar peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002150 brachium conjunctivum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray704.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray704.png/200px-Gray704.png pedunculus cerebellaris superior superior peduncle uberon Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_peduncle superior peduncle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1711 brachium conjunctivum Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_peduncle pedunculus cerebellaris superior The superior cerebellar peduncles (brachium conjunctivum), two in number, emerge from the upper and medial part of the white substance of the hemispheres and are placed under cover of the upper part of the cerebellum. They are joined to each other across the middle line by the anterior medullary velum, and can be followed upward as far as the inferior colliculi, under which they disappear. Below, they form the upper lateral boundaries of the fourth ventricle, but as they ascend they converge on the dorsal aspect of the ventricle and thus assist in roofing it in. All fibers (except vestibular fibers to the vestibular nuclei through the inferior cerebellar peduncle) carrying information from the cerebellum to the midbrain and pons pass through the superior cerebellar peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_cerebellar_peduncle pontine nuclear group ABA:PG BM:Pons-PGr BTO:0003396 FMA:72512 MA:0001021 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1516 SCTID:304942009 The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons which store the memory of intention during motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. They therefore allow modification of actions in the light of their outcome, or error correction, and are hence important in learning motor skills. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002151 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Lower_pons_horizontal_KB.svg nuclei pontis pontine gray pontine gray matter pontine nuclear complex pontine nuclear group pontine nuclei pontine nucleus uberon ABA ABA FMA:72512 pontine nuclear group ABA The pontine nuclei are a part of the pons which store the memory of intention during motor activity. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons, and the pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle. They therefore allow modification of actions in the light of their outcome, or error correction, and are hence important in learning motor skills. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_nuclei BTO:0003396 nuclei pontis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1516 pontine nuclear complex Wikipedia:Pontine_nuclei nuclei pontis ABA BTO:0003396 pontine gray matter ABA ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1516 pontine gray ABA ABA middle cerebellar peduncle BM:Pons-BP FMA:72515 MA:0002745 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1529 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1699 SCTID:279219000 The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. The superior fasciculus, the most superficial, is derived from the upper transverse fibers of the pons; it is directed backward and lateralward superficial to the other two fasciculi, and is distributed mainly to the lobules on the inferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere and to the parts of the superior surface adjoining the posterior and lateral margins. The inferior fasciculus is formed by the lowest transverse fibers of the pons; it passes under cover of the superior fasciculus and is continued downward and backward more or less parallel with it, to be distributed to the folia on the under surface close to the vermis. The deep fasciculus comprises most of the deep transverse fibers of the pons. It is at first covered by the superior and inferior fasciculi, but crosses obliquely and appears on the medial side of the superior, from which it receives a bundle; its fibers spread out and pass to the upper anterior cerebellar folia. The fibers of this fasciculus cover those of the restiform body. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002152 brachium pontis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Gray705.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gray705.png/200px-Gray705.png pedunculus cerebellaris medius uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1529 brachium pontis The middle cerebellar peduncles (brachia pontis) are composed entirely of centripetal fibers, which arise from the cells of the nuclei pontis of the opposite side and end in the cerebellar cortex; the fibers are arranged in three fasciculi, superior, inferior, and deep. The superior fasciculus, the most superficial, is derived from the upper transverse fibers of the pons; it is directed backward and lateralward superficial to the other two fasciculi, and is distributed mainly to the lobules on the inferior surface of the cerebellar hemisphere and to the parts of the superior surface adjoining the posterior and lateral margins. The inferior fasciculus is formed by the lowest transverse fibers of the pons; it passes under cover of the superior fasciculus and is continued downward and backward more or less parallel with it, to be distributed to the folia on the under surface close to the vermis. The deep fasciculus comprises most of the deep transverse fibers of the pons. It is at first covered by the superior and inferior fasciculi, but crosses obliquely and appears on the medial side of the superior, from which it receives a bundle; its fibers spread out and pass to the upper anterior cerebellar folia. The fibers of this fasciculus cover those of the restiform body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_cerebellar_peduncle Wikipedia:Middle_cerebellar_peduncle pedunculus cerebellaris medius FMA fastigial nucleus ABA:FN BM:CB-CBM BTO:0003839 FMA:72537 MA:0001009 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1146 One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:279224002 The fastigial nucleus or nucleus fastigii refers specifically to the concentration of gray matter nearest to the middle line at the anterior end of the superior vermis, and immediately over the roof of the fourth ventricle, from which it is separated by a thin layer of white matter. It is smaller than the nucleus dentatus, but somewhat larger than the nucleus emboliformis and nucleus globosus, the other two independent centers of gray matter in the cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002153 UBERON:0008997 VHOG:0001699 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray707.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray707.png/200px-Gray707.png medial (fastigial) nucleus medial cerebellar nucleus nucleus fastigii nucleus fastigii roof nucleus-1 uberon The fastigial nucleus or nucleus fastigii refers specifically to the concentration of gray matter nearest to the middle line at the anterior end of the superior vermis, and immediately over the roof of the fourth ventricle, from which it is separated by a thin layer of white matter. It is smaller than the nucleus dentatus, but somewhat larger than the nucleus emboliformis and nucleus globosus, the other two independent centers of gray matter in the cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fastigial_nucleus 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.260-261 One or more deep cerebellar nuclei appear in agnathans, sharks, ropefishes, lungfishes, Latimeria, and amphibians. Reptiles have two nuclei (a medial and a lateral), and birds and mammals have three nuclei (a medial, a lateral, and an interposed nucleus). The medial nucleus of mammals is known as the fastigial nucleus, and the lateral nucleus is known as the dentate nucleus.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001699 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0003839 nucleus fastigii Wikipedia:Fastigial_nucleus nucleus fastigii ABA lateral reticular nucleus ABA:LRN BM:LR Comment: note in ABA this is disjoint from MDR, but we relax this here to accomodate FMA FMA:72574 MA:0001047 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081246 TAO:0000535 The lateral reticular nucleus, of the funiculus, can be divided into three subnuclei, the parvocellular, magnocellular and the subtrigeminal. As is typical of the reticular formation, none of these are very distinct subnuclei, but rather blurred distinctions between cell types and location. The lateral reticular nucleus sends all of its projections to the cerebellum. The parvocellular portion of the LRN and the immediately adjacent magnocellular portion send most their projections to the vermis of the cerebellum. The rest of the magnocellular subnucleus sends its projections to the hemisphere regions of the cerebellum. The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe. All of these efferent pathways are projected in an ipsilateral manner to the cerebellum, the most abundant of which are those to the vermis. This nucleus is also involved in the mediation of inspiration (in-breathing) with a part of the ventral r. nucleus. The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord and project exclusively to the parts of the LRN that do not receive input from the cortex. The spinal cord projections terminate mostly in the parvocellular region along with the adjacent magnocellular cells. This implies that most input from the spinal cord is relayed into the vermis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002154 ZFA:0000535 lateral reticular nucleus (medulla) nucleus reticularis lateralis medullae oblongatae uberon FMA ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA ABA ABA The lateral reticular nucleus, of the funiculus, can be divided into three subnuclei, the parvocellular, magnocellular and the subtrigeminal. As is typical of the reticular formation, none of these are very distinct subnuclei, but rather blurred distinctions between cell types and location. The lateral reticular nucleus sends all of its projections to the cerebellum. The parvocellular portion of the LRN and the immediately adjacent magnocellular portion send most their projections to the vermis of the cerebellum. The rest of the magnocellular subnucleus sends its projections to the hemisphere regions of the cerebellum. The subtrigeminal nucleus sends its projections to the flocculonodular lobe. All of these efferent pathways are projected in an ipsilateral manner to the cerebellum, the most abundant of which are those to the vermis. This nucleus is also involved in the mediation of inspiration (in-breathing) with a part of the ventral r. nucleus. The afferent pathways to the LRN come from the spinal cord and higher brain structures. Most of the afferents come from the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord and project exclusively to the parts of the LRN that do not receive input from the cortex. The spinal cord projections terminate mostly in the parvocellular region along with the adjacent magnocellular cells. This implies that most input from the spinal cord is relayed into the vermis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_reticular_nucleus ABA Wikipedia:Lateral_reticular_nucleus nucleus reticularis lateralis medullae oblongatae ABA gigantocellular nucleus ABA:GRN FMA:72576 MA:0001037 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005001 The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. This nucleus has been known to innervate the caudal hypoglossal nucleus, and responds to glutamateric stimuli. The gigantocellular nucleus excites the hypoglossal nucleus, and can play a role in the actions of the said nerve . This nucleus receives connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Retrograde studies have shown that the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and oral pontine reticular nucleus project to the nucleus gigantocellularis. The dorsal rostral section of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis is also involved mediating in expiration (or out-breathing) along with the parvocellular nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002155 gigantocellular reticular nucleus nucleus gigantocellularis uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The gigantocellular nucleus, as the name indicates, is mainly composed of the so called giant neuronal cells. This nucleus has been known to innervate the caudal hypoglossal nucleus, and responds to glutamateric stimuli. The gigantocellular nucleus excites the hypoglossal nucleus, and can play a role in the actions of the said nerve . This nucleus receives connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Retrograde studies have shown that the deep mesencephalic reticular formation and oral pontine reticular nucleus project to the nucleus gigantocellularis. The dorsal rostral section of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis is also involved mediating in expiration (or out-breathing) along with the parvocellular nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gigantocellular_nucleus FMA:72576 FMA:TA nucleus gigantocellularis ABA ABA ABA ABA nucleus raphe magnus ABA:RM EFO:0002518 FMA:72584 MA:0001024 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1363 The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002156 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png magnus raphe nucleus nucleus raphes magnus nucleus raphes magnus raphe magnus raphe magnus nucleus uberon The nucleus raphe magnus, located directly rostral to the raphe obscurus, is afferently stimulated from axons in the spinal cord and cerebellum. This makes the magnus a likely candidate for part of the motor system; however, it seems to participate in the endogenous analgesia system. The magnus receives descending afferents from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, parvocellular reticular nucleus and the prelimbic, infralimbic, medial and lateral precentral cortices . All of these brain areas influence the main function of the raphe magnus. The main function of the magnus is mostly pain mediation; in fact it sends projections to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to directly inhibit pain. The periaquiductal gray, the epicenter of analgesia, sends efferent connections to the nucleus raphe magnus in when it is stimulated by opiates (endogenous or otherwise). Electrical stimulation of the PAG produces analgesia, as well as administration of morphine to the PAG or n.r. magnus. The antinociceptic effects of electrical stimulation of the PAG can be blocked by administering naloxone, an opiate antagonist, to the n.r. magnus. All of this seems to indicate that the magnus is part of the endogenous opiate system, and acts to inhibit pain in the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus raphe magnus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1363 raphe magnus nucleus FMA:72584 FMA:TA nucleus raphes magnus FMA NIF Wikipedia ABA Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_magnus nucleus raphes magnus ABA nucleus raphe pallidus ABA:RPA FMA:72586 MA:0001051 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1375 The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei . The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever . The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli. In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002157 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png nucleus raphes pallidus nucleus raphes pallidus pallidal raphe nucleus raphe pallidus nucleus uberon FMA:72586 FMA:TA nucleus raphes pallidus FMA The nucleus raphe pallidus receives afferent connections from the periaqueductal gray, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral hypothalamic area, and parvocellular reticular nucleus. Also, the pallidus receives afferents from the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus and lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei . The pallidus has recently been shown to be involved in the activation of a fever as an immunoreaction. It has been implied that the preoptic area is constantly inhibiting the raphe pallidus, especially the rostral portion, with GABA. When the preoptic area receives immune signals from the body, the inhibition stops and the rostral portion of the raphe pallidus excites the intermediolateral cell column, which induces a fever . The raphe pallidus has also been known to mediate the tachycardia response, an extremely high heart rate known to be incited by emotional or psychological stress. Microinjections of a GABA-a antagonist into the raphe pallidus, induces an increased heart rate. Conversely, microinjections of muscimol, a GABA-a agonist, inhibit tachycardia in rats under air-stress stimuli. In both of these cases, GABA is mediating two different sympathetic responses, so clearly the nucleus raphe pallidus is a far more a complex nucleus than previously thought. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_pallidus Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_pallidus nucleus raphes pallidus ABA ABA principal inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72592 MA:0001046 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081248 The inferior olivary nucleus that consists of the major laminar structure. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002158 chief inferior olivary nucleus convoluted olive inferior olivary complex, principal olive inferior olive principal nucleus inferior olive, principal nucleus main olivary nucleus nucleus olivaris principalis principal nucleus of inferior olive principal olivary nucleus principal olive uberon The inferior olivary nucleus that consists of the major laminar structure. Wikipedia:Olivary_body#Olivary_nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081248 convoluted olive FMA:72592 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris principalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081248 principal olive medial accessory inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72594 MA:0001045 SCTID:369069003 The inferior olivary nucleus that lies between the primary olivary nucleus and the pyramid, and forms a curved lamina, the concavity of which is directed laterally This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002159 inferior olivary complex, medial accessory olive inferior olive medial nucleus inferior olive, medial nucleus medial accessory olivary nucleus nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis uberon FMA:72594 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis The inferior olivary nucleus that lies between the primary olivary nucleus and the pyramid, and forms a curved lamina, the concavity of which is directed laterally Wikipedia:Olivary_body#Olivary_nuclei nucleus prepositus ABA:PRP FMA:72596 MA:0001023 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2652 SCTID:369078009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002160 nucleus praepositus nucleus prepositus hypoglossus prepositus hypoglossal nucleus prepositus nucleus uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2652 nucleus praepositus gracile nucleus ABA:GR BM:Me-Gr EV:0100280 FMA:72602 Goll's nucleus Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (legs and trunk). It contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, which receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus. The neurons contained within the nucleus form a visible bump called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle. The gracile nucleus and fasciculus carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of the body (below the level of T6 in the spinal cord). The counterpart to the gracile nucleus and fasciculus is the cuneate nucleus and fasciculus, which carries the same type of information, but from the upper body (above T6, excepting the face and ear - the information from the face and ear is carried by the primary sensory trigeminal nucleus). [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001038 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2643 SCTID:369071003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002161 golls nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray688.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gray688.png/200px-Gray688.png nucleus gracilis nucleus gracilis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2643 nucleus gracilis ABA Wikipedia:Gracile_nucleus nucleus gracilis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2643 golls nucleus Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (legs and trunk). It contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, which receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus. The neurons contained within the nucleus form a visible bump called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle. The gracile nucleus and fasciculus carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of the body (below the level of T6 in the spinal cord). The counterpart to the gracile nucleus and fasciculus is the cuneate nucleus and fasciculus, which carries the same type of information, but from the upper body (above T6, excepting the face and ear - the information from the face and ear is carried by the primary sensory trigeminal nucleus). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gracile_nucleus area postrema A small, rounded eminence on each side of the FOURTH VENTRICLE, which receives nerve fibers from the SOLITARY NUCLEUS , SPINAL CORD, and adjacent areas of the MEDULLA. The area postrema lies outside the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor. ABA:AP An area of medulla oblongata, outside the blood-brain barrier. The apical terminals of the neurons are, in a strategic location either to monitor the chemical constitution of the plasma or to release neurogenic substances into the general circulation. Ma 1997.[TAO] BTO:0003425 FMA:72607 Function notes: vomiting center in humans[WP] GAID:591 MA:0001034 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.406.286 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2636 SCTID:369039005 TAO:0005146 UBERON:0002162 ZFA:0005146 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray709.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/200px-Gray709.png uberon ABA MA ABA ABA A small, rounded eminence on each side of the FOURTH VENTRICLE, which receives nerve fibers from the SOLITARY NUCLEUS , SPINAL CORD, and adjacent areas of the MEDULLA. The area postrema lies outside the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor. MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.406.286 Wikipedia:Area_postrema ABA 2012-08-14 An area of medulla oblongata, outside the blood-brain barrier. The apical terminals of the neurons are, in a strategic location either to monitor the chemical constitution of the plasma or to release neurogenic substances into the general circulation. Ma 1997.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005146 ZFIN:curator ABA MA ZFA ABA ABA inferior cerebellar peduncle BM:RB FMA:72615 MA:0002744 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1645 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1691 SCTID:362418008 The upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata is occupied by the inferior peduncle, a thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum, and comprises the juxtarestiform body and restiform body. Important fibers running through the inferior cerebellar peduncle include the spinocerebellar tract and axons from the inferior olivary nucleus, among others. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002163 corpus restiforme http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Gray677.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gray677.png/200px-Gray677.png inferior peduncle pedunculus cerebellaris inferior restiform body uberon FMA Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle pedunculus cerebellaris inferior FMA:72615 FMA:TA corpus restiforme NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1691 restiform body The upper part of the posterior district of the medulla oblongata is occupied by the inferior peduncle, a thick rope-like strand situated between the lower part of the fourth ventricle and the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Each cerebellar inferior peduncle connects the medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata with the cerebellum, and comprises the juxtarestiform body and restiform body. Important fibers running through the inferior cerebellar peduncle include the spinocerebellar tract and axons from the inferior olivary nucleus, among others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle Wikipedia:Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle inferior peduncle tectobulbar tract FMA:72645 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_750 SCTID:369265000 TAO:0000446 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002164 ZFA:0000446 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the optic tectum towards target cells in the premotor reticulospinal system in the hindbrain. tecto-bulbar tract uberon GO:0034429 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the optic tectum towards target cells in the premotor reticulospinal system in the hindbrain. endocardium AAO:0010408 BTO:0000387 EFO:0000821 EHDAA2:0004153 EMAPA:17868 EV:0100021 FMA:7280 GAID:550 Layer that lines the lumen of the heart.[TAO] MA:0000076 MAT:0000455 MESH:A07.541.207 OpenCyc:Mx4rsWA75K1cEduAAADggVaqvw Part of the heart comprised of thin serous membrane, composed of endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart.[AAO] SCTID:362013006 TAO:0001320 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber[FMA]. UBERON:0002165 UBERON:0006225 UMLS:C0014124 VHOG:0000084 XAO:0000066 ZFA:0001320 endocardial tissue fixed in GO to reflect FMA. See email to David/Varsha June 18 2010 galen:Endocardium heart endocardial tissue heart endocardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gray493.png/200px-Gray493.png ncithesaurus:Endocardium uberon definitional 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010408 AAO:BJB Part of the heart comprised of thin serous membrane, composed of endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart.[AAO] 2012-08-14 Layer that lines the lumen of the heart.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001320 ZFIN:curator EMAPA:17868 endocardial tissue FMA:7280 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber[FMA]. Wikipedia:Endocardium VHOG:0000084 heart endocardial tissue endocardium of atrium Cardiac atria endocardium Endocardium that is part of the atrium. FMA:7284 MA:0000077 SCTID:192001005 TAO:0002169 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002166 VHOG:0000606 ZFA:0001614 atrial endocardium atrium endocardial tissue atrium endocardium atrium of heart endocardium cardiac atrium endocardium endocardium of Cardiac atria endocardium of atrium of heart endocardium of cardiac atrium endocardium of heart atrium heart atrium endocardium uberon OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac atrium Endocardium that is part of the atrium. ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic heart atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic atrium of heart endocardium VHOG:0000606 atrium endocardial tissue Cardiac atria endocardium OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endocardium of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic endocardium of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium endocardium right lung EHDAA2:0001730 EHDAA:4969 EMAPA:17661 FMA:7309 Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000426 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361967000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002167 UMLS:C0225706 VHOG:0000301 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gray972.png/200px-Gray972.png ncithesaurus:Right_Lung uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000301 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA] Wikipedia:Right_lung left lung EHDAA2:0000943 EHDAA:4947 EMAPA:17653 FMA:7310 Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000425 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361982005 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002168 UMLS:C0225730 VHOG:0000618 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gray973.png/200px-Gray973.png ncithesaurus:Left_Lung uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000618 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA] Wikipedia:Left_lung alveolar sac BTO:0000061 FMA:7317 MA:0000418 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCvh75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361964007 UBERON:0002169 UBERON:0008871 UMLS:C0225691 air sac ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Sac pulmonary alveolar sac sacculus alveolaris the small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters uberon MA MP:0010902 Wikipedia:Alveolar_sac the small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters MP:0010902 pulmonary alveolar sac FMA MP:0010902 air sac FMA:7317 sacculus alveolaris upper lobe of right lung EHDAA2:0001747 EHDAA:4987 EMAPA:17991 FMA:7333 MA:0000429 SCTID:361969002 The lobe of the right lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:0002170 UMLS:C1261074 VHOG:0000859 galen:UpperLobeOfRightLung lobus superior pulmonis dextri ncithesaurus:Upper_Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung right cranial lobe of lung right lung cranial lobe right lung superior lobe right upper lobe right upper lobe of lung superior lobe of right lung uberon upper lobe of right lung The lobe of the right lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:cjm MA:0000429 right lung cranial lobe FMA:7333 right upper lobe FMA:7333 right upper lobe of lung FMA:TA lobus superior pulmonis dextri galen:UpperLobeOfRightLung upper lobe of right lung FMA FMA:7333 superior lobe of right lung MA:0000429 right lung superior lobe lower lobe of right lung EHDAA2:0001740 EHDAA:4979 EMAPA:17986 FMA:7337 MA:0000428 SCTID:361976007 The lobe of the right lung that is furtherst from the head. UBERON:0002171 UMLS:C1261075 VHOG:0000857 galen:LowerLobeOfRightLung inferior lobe of right lung lobus inferior pulmonis dextri lower lobe of right lung ncithesaurus:Lower_Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung right caudal lobe of lung right lower lobe right lower lobe of lung right lung caudal lobe right lung inferior lobe uberon The lobe of the right lung that is furtherst from the head. UBERON:cjm FMA:7337 right lower lobe of lung FMA:7337 FMA:TA lobus inferior pulmonis dextri FMA:7337 inferior lobe of right lung MA:0000428 right lung caudal lobe FMA galen:LowerLobeOfRightLung lower lobe of right lung MA:0000428 right lung inferior lobe FMA:7337 right lower lobe alveolar atrium FMA:7340 MA:0000419 SCTID:201806004 UBERON:0002172 alveolus of lung atrium atrium alveolare atrium of alveolus atrium of alveolus of lung atrium of lung alveolus lung alveolus atrium uberon OBOL:automatic alveolus of lung atrium OBOL:automatic lung alveolus atrium OBOL:automatic atrium of lung alveolus OBOL:automatic atrium of alveolus of lung alveolar duct Alveolar ducts are the tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lungs. Each lung holds approximately 1.5 to 2 million of them. The tubules divide into two or three alveolar sacs at the distal end. They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exists proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells. The smooth muscle constricts under parasympathetic innervation and relax under sympathetic innervation. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:7341 MA:0000417 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXmfV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002173 UMLS:C0391892 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Gray975.png ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Duct uberon Alveolar ducts are the tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lungs. Each lung holds approximately 1.5 to 2 million of them. The tubules divide into two or three alveolar sacs at the distal end. They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exists proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells. The smooth muscle constricts under parasympathetic innervation and relax under sympathetic innervation. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Alveolar_duct middle lobe of right lung Called 'middle lobe of lung' in FMA EMAPA:17997 FMA:7383 In the human, the right lung is divided into three lobes (as opposed to two lobes on the left), superior, middle, and inferior, by two interlobular fissures: [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000430 SCTID:361973004 UBERON:0002174 UMLS:C0225757 galen:MiddleLobeOfRightLung http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Gray972.png/200px-Gray972.png intermediate lobe of right lung lobus medius pulmonis dextri middle lobe of lung ncithesaurus:Middle_Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung right lung middle lobe right lung, middle lobe right medial lobe right medial lobe of lung right middle lobe right middle lobe of lung uberon In the human, the right lung is divided into three lobes (as opposed to two lobes on the left), superior, middle, and inferior, by two interlobular fissures: [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_lobe_of_right_lung FMA:7383 FMA:TA lobus medius pulmonis dextri FMA:7383 middle lobe of lung intermediolateral nucleus FMA:73915 MA:0002753 The intermediolateral nucleus is a region of gray matter found in Rexed lamina VII of the spinal column. Rexed Lamina VII contains several well defined nuclei including the nucleus dorsalis, the intermediolateral cell column (lateral gray horn), and the sacral autonomic nucleus. It extends from the first thoracic through the third lumbar segment, and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002175 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Medulla_spinalis_-_Substantia_grisea_-_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medulla_spinalis_-_Substantia_grisea_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Substantia_grisea_-_English.svg.png intermediolateral nucleus of spinal cord nucleus intermediolateralis medullae spinalis nucleus intermediolateralis medullae spinalis spinal cord intermediolateral nucleus uberon The intermediolateral nucleus is a region of gray matter found in Rexed lamina VII of the spinal column. Rexed Lamina VII contains several well defined nuclei including the nucleus dorsalis, the intermediolateral cell column (lateral gray horn), and the sacral autonomic nucleus. It extends from the first thoracic through the third lumbar segment, and contains the autonomic motor neurons that give rise to the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intermediolateral_nucleus FMA:73915 FMA:TA nucleus intermediolateralis medullae spinalis Wikipedia:Intermediolateral_nucleus nucleus intermediolateralis medullae spinalis lateral cervical nucleus FMA:73921 MA:0002755 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002176 uberon right main bronchus Divides into 3 lobar bronchi in humans[ISBN10:0123813611] FMA:7395 MA:0001849 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvoIuvJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361955002 The main bronchus on the right side. UBERON:0002177 UMLS:C0225608 bronchus principalis dexter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg ncithesaurus:Right_Main_Bronchus right bronchus right primary bronchus right principal bronchus uberon Wikipedia:Right_main_bronchus right principal bronchus Wikipedia:Right_main_bronchus right primary bronchus The main bronchus on the right side. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Right_main_bronchus Wikipedia:Right_main_bronchus bronchus principalis dexter left main bronchus Divides into 2 lobar bronchi in humans[ISBN10:0123813611] FMA:7396 MA:0001843 SCTID:361959008 The main bronchus on the left side. UBERON:0002178 UMLS:C0225630 bronchus principalis sinister http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg left bronchus left primary bronchus left principal bronchus ncithesaurus:Left_Main_Bronchus uberon Wikipedia:Left_main_bronchus bronchus principalis sinister The main bronchus on the left side. Wikipedia:Left_main_bronchus Wikipedia:Left_main_bronchus left principal bronchus Wikipedia:Left_main_bronchus left primary bronchus lateral funiculus FMA:74000 SCTID:362434006 TAO:0000533 The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002179 ZFA:0000533 funiculus lateralis medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png lateral funiculus of spinal cord lateral white column of spinal cord uberon The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_funiculus FMA:74000 lateral white column of spinal cord Wikipedia:Lateral_funiculus funiculus lateralis medullae spinalis ventral funiculus FMA:74003 SCTID:362429007 TAO:0000605 The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002180 ZFA:0000605 anterior funiculus anterior funiculus of spinal cord anterior white column of spinal cord funiculus anterior medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png uberon ventral funiculus of spinal cord ventral white column of spinal cord The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts, viz. , an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the postero-lateral sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_funiculus FMA:74003 ventral white column of spinal cord FMA:74003 FMA:TA funiculus anterior medullae spinalis FMA:74003 anterior white column of spinal cord FMA-abduced-lr substantia gelatinosa EV:0100318 FMA:74019 GAID:701 Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells. MA:0001124 MESH:A08.186.854.610.800 UBERON:0002181 UMLS:C0038588 central gelatinous substance of spinal cord gelatinous substance of Rolando gelatinous substance of dorsal horn of spinal cord gelatinous substance of posterior horn of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Substantia_Gelatinosa substantia gelatinosa cornu posterioris medullae spinalis uberon FMA:74019 gelatinous substance of Rolando Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells. MESH:A08.186.854.610.800 Wikipedia:Central_gelatinous_substance_of_spinal_cord_of_Rolando FMA:74019 FMA:TA substantia gelatinosa cornu posterioris medullae spinalis main bronchus EFO:0000932 EHDAA2:0001044 EHDAA:3072 EMAPA:16849 FMA:7405 In humans, histologically identical to trachea. MA:0000438 One of two branches of the trachea. OpenCyc:Mx4rvoIuvJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245508000 UBERON:0002182 UMLS:C0024496 VHOG:0000370 bronchus principalis extrapulmonary bronchus mainstem bronchus ncithesaurus:Main_Bronchus primary bronchus principal bronchus proximal bronchus uberon ISBN10:0123813611 extrapulmonary bronchus FMA:7405 bronchus principalis FMA:7405 principal bronchus FMA:7405 primary bronchus EHDAA2 One of two branches of the trachea. Wikipedia:Main_bronchus lobar bronchus EHDAA:4955 EHDAA:4963 EHDAA:4977 EHDAA:4985 EHDAA:4993 EHDAA:8175 EHDAA:8187 EHDAA:8203 EHDAA:8213 EHDAA:8225 EMAPA:17998 FMA:7406 MA:0000437 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQMLXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245509008 Structure notes: They have relatively large lumens that are lined by respiratory epithelium. There is a smooth muscle layer below the epithelium arranged as two ribbons of muscle that spiral in opposite directions. This smooth muscle layer contains seromucous glands. Irregularly arranged plates of hyaline cartilage surround the smooth muscle. These plates give structural support to the bronchus and maintain the patency of the lumen. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi[GO]. UBERON:0002183 UMLS:C0225653 bronchi lobaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg lobar bronchi ncithesaurus:Lobar_Bronchus secondary bronchi secondary bronchus uberon Wikipedia:Secondary_bronchus bronchi lobaris GO:0060482 The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi[GO]. Wikipedia:Secondary_bronchus Wikipedia:Secondary_bronchus lobar bronchi FMA FMA:7406 Wikipedia:Secondary_bronchus secondary bronchus Wikipedia:Secondary_bronchus secondary bronchi segmental bronchus EHDAA:7043 EHDAA:7049 EHDAA:7058 EHDAA:7064 EHDAA:7070 FMA:7407 MA:0000439 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQGFgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245513001 The tertiary bronchi (also known as the segmental bronchi) arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment. There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002184 UMLS:C0444439 VHOG:0001446 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg ncithesaurus:Segmental_Bronchus tertiary bronchus uberon FMA The tertiary bronchi (also known as the segmental bronchi) arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment. There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchioles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Segmental_bronchus bronchus A portion of the airway that connects to the lungs[GO]. BTO:0001340 EFO:0000932 EV:0100041 Each of the two primary divisions of the trachea leading respectively into the right and the left lung. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] FMA:7409 GAID:346 In humans, the main bronchus is histologically identical to trachea; 2ary and 3ary bronchi are not; epithelium becomes simple columnar, goblet cell number decreases, elastic fibers in lamina propria increases, distribution more uniform. Muscular layer between mucosa and submucosa appears. cartilage rings become discontinuous plates connected by fibrous connective tissue MA:0000436 MAT:0000133 MESH:A04.411.125 MIAA:0000133 SCTID:181215002 UBERON:0002185 UMLS:C0006255 VHOG:0000262 XAO:0000121 bronchi bronchial bronchial tissue bronchial trunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Respiratory_system_complete_numbered.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Respiratory_system_complete_numbered.svg/200px-Respiratory_system_complete_numbered.svg.png ncithesaurus:Bronchus uberon A portion of the airway that connects to the lungs[GO]. Wikipedia:Bronchus 2012-09-17 Each of the two primary divisions of the trachea leading respectively into the right and the left lung. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000262 http://bgee.unil.ch/ bronchi FMA:7409 bronchial trunk BTO:0001340 bronchial tissue bronchiole BTO:0002375 EHDAA:8171 EHDAA:8183 EHDAA:8199 EHDAA:8221 FMA:7410 MA:0000422 OpenCyc:Mx4rvl9iDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278982001 Structure notes: lacks submucosa and cartilage plates; they have 3 layers: mucosa, muscular layer and outer layer[ISBN10:0123813611] UBERON:0002186 UMLS:C0006270 VHOG:0000675 bronchiolar bronchioli bronchiolus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png lobular bronchiole ncithesaurus:Bronchiole the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchus[GO]. uberon FMA FMA:7410 lobular bronchiole BTO:0002375 bronchiolus bronchioli MA EHDAA2-abduced ncit Wikipedia:Bronchiole the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchus[GO]. terminal bronchiole A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0003223 FMA:7411 MA:0000424 OpenCyc:Mx4rwS7IU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278981008 UBERON:0002187 UMLS:C0225666 bronchioli terminalis bronchiolus terminalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Terminal_Bronchiole uberon bronchiolus terminalis A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone. At the transition into the respiratory zone, alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non-ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant, reduces surface tension allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole Wikipedia:Terminal_bronchiole bronchioli terminalis respiratory bronchiole A bronchiole that is the first segment of the respiratory zone. BTO:0003222 FMA:7412 MA:0000423 OpenCyc:Mx4rwS6ki5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:128517006 Taxon notes: mice have few or none of these structures, with the terminal bronchioles transitioning directly to the alveolary ducts[ISBN10:0123813611] UBERON:0002188 UMLS:C1261270 bronchiolus respiratorii bronchiolus respiratorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Bronchiole uberon Wikipedia:Respiratory_bronchiole bronchiolus respiratorii FMA:7412 bronchiolus respiratorius ISBN10:0123813611 A bronchiole that is the first segment of the respiratory zone. ISBN10:0123813611 Wikipedia:Respiratory_bronchiole outer cortex of kidney FMA:74285 MA:0001649 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002189 kidney outer cortex outer renal cortex uberon MA:0001649 kidney outer cortex subcutaneous adipose tissue An adipose tissue that is part of a hypodermis. BTO:0004042 FMA:74315 MA:0000473 UBERON:0002190 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae uberon An adipose tissue that is part of a hypodermis. OBOL:automatic FMA:74315 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue FMA:74315 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae FMA:74315 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) subiculum ABA:SUB ABA:SUB is part of the retrohippocampal region, along with the entorhinal area. this is in the hippocampal formation but not the hippocampal region BM:Tel-Cx-SB BTO:0003087 FMA:74414 MA:0000960 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1305 SCTID:369097009 The subiculum is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper. It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus. It is the site responsible for ictal activity in some cases of human epilepsy. It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002191 UMLS:C0152316 gyrus parahippocampalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/200px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg ncithesaurus:Subiculum subicular subicular cortex subiculum cornu ammonis subiculum hippocampi uberon ABA ABA BTO:0003087 subiculum cornu ammonis The subiculum is the most inferior component of the hippocampal formation. It lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper. It receives input from CA1 and entorhinal cortical layer III pyramidal neurons and is the main output of the hippocampus. The pyramidal neurons send projections to the nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei, prefrontal cortex, lateral hypothalamus, nucleus reuniens, mammillary nuclei, entorhinal cortex and amygdala. The pyramidal neurons in the subiculum exhibit transitions between two modes of action potential output: bursting and single spiking. The transitions between these two modes is thought to be important for routing information out of the hippocampus. It is the site responsible for ictal activity in some cases of human epilepsy. It has also been implicated in working memory and drug addiction. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subiculum ABA FMA:74414 subiculum hippocampi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1305 subicular cortex BTO:0003087 gyrus parahippocampalis NIF_GrossAnatomy ventricular system choroidal fissure EHDAA2:0000250 EHDAA:7567 EMAPA:17548 EMAPA:17768 FMA:74512 FMA:83715 TAO:0001075 The narrow cleft along the medial wall of the lateral ventricle along the margins of which the choroid plexus is attached; it lies between the upper surface of the thalamus and lateral edge of the fornix in the central part of the ventricle and between the terminal stria and fimbria hippocampi in the inferior horn[ZFA]. UBERON:0002192 UMLS:C0262212 Usage notes: not to be confused with optic fissure. the choroidal fissure is a subarachnoid space (via subarachnoid fissure in FMA). AO notes: Most ontologies appear to have switched to using less confusing primary terms for optic and choroidal fissues. Still need to check FMA - two possible terms? CARO notes: is this a groove or a space or a line? Structure notes: relate to lateral ventricle? VHOG:0001756 ZFA:0001075 chorioid fissure chorioidal fissure choroid fissure choroid invagination choroidal fissure choroidal fissure of lateral ventricle lateral ventricle choroid fissure ncithesaurus:Choroidal_Fissure uberon ventricular system choroid fissure FMA:74512 TAO:0001075 choroid fissure ISBN:0815318960 The narrow cleft along the medial wall of the lateral ventricle along the margins of which the choroid plexus is attached; it lies between the upper surface of the thalamus and lateral edge of the fornix in the central part of the ventricle and between the terminal stria and fimbria hippocampi in the inferior horn[ZFA]. ZFA:0001075 FMA:83715 choroidal fissure of lateral ventricle EHDAA2:0000250 choroid invagination EHDAA2:0000250 lateral ventricle choroid fissure FMA:74512 choroidal fissure FMA:74512 chorioidal fissure FMA:74512 chorioid fissure VHOG:0001756 ventricular system choroid fissure hemolymphoid system Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. EHDAA2:0004615 EMAPA:18534 EMAPA:18765 FMA:74562 MA:0000013 UBERON:0002193 haemolymphoid system hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex uberon MA capsule of lymph node Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers. from its internal surface are given off a number of membranous processes or trabeculae, consisting, in man, of connective tissue, with a small admixture of plain muscle fibers; but in many of the lower animals composed almost entirely of involuntary muscle[WP]. FMA:74604 MA:0000739 SCTID:327532004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002194 UMLS:C0229699 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Lymphknoten_%28Schwein%29.jpg/200px-Lymphknoten_%28Schwein%29.jpg lymph node capsule ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Capsule uberon Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers. from its internal surface are given off a number of membranous processes or trabeculae, consisting, in man, of connective tissue, with a small admixture of plain muscle fibers; but in many of the lower animals composed almost entirely of involuntary muscle[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph_node_capsule trabecula of lymph node FMA:74605 MA:0000746 Membranous process coming from capsule of lymph node[WP]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002195 UMLS:C1184179 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray598.png/200px-Gray598.png lymph node trabecula lymph node trabeculum ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Trabecula uberon Membranous process coming from capsule of lymph node[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph_node_trabeculae adenohypophysis AAO:0010540 BM:AHy BTO:0000040 BTO:0000496 EFO:0000230 EHDAA2:0000109 EMAPA:17514 FMA:74627 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000177 MESH:A06.407.747.608 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1581 Region of the pituitary gland derived from the buccal protrusion consisting of three regions.[AAO] SCTID:245532007 TAO:0001282 The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin. In contrast to mamalian vertebrates, the adenohypophysis remains in a subepithelial position and there exists no equivalent of Rathke's pouch in zebrafish. Herzog et al, 2004.[TAO] The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin. In contrast to mammalian vertebrates, the adenohypophysis remains in a subepithelial position and there exists no equivalent of Rathke's pouch in zebrafish[ZFA]. UBERON:0002196 UMLS:C0032008 VHOG:0000141 ZFA:0001282 anterior hypophysis anterior lobe (hypophysis) anterior lobe of hypophysis anterior lobe of pituitary anterior lobe of pituitary gland anterior pituitary anterior pituitary gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png lobus anterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus anterior hypophysis ncithesaurus:Anterior_Lobe_of_the_Pituitary_Gland note that BTO may contain an error here. Also note we may need to introduce taxon-specific developmental relationships: "While in most basal fish and tetrapods the adenohypophyseal anlagen invaginates to form Rathke’s pouch, in teleost fish the adenohypophyseal placode does not invaginate but rather maintains its initial organization forming a solid structure in the head"[NBK53175] pituitary gland, anterior lobe uberon NBK53175 ZFA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010540 AAO:BJB Region of the pituitary gland derived from the buccal protrusion consisting of three regions.[AAO] BTO:0000040 anterior pituitary gland 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000141 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin. In contrast to mammalian vertebrates, the adenohypophysis remains in a subepithelial position and there exists no equivalent of Rathke's pouch in zebrafish[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Adenohypophysis ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001282 The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin. In contrast to mamalian vertebrates, the adenohypophysis remains in a subepithelial position and there exists no equivalent of Rathke's pouch in zebrafish. Herzog et al, 2004.[TAO] ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001282 anterior hypophysis FMA:74627 FMA:TA lobus anterior hypophysis FMA:74627 FMA:TA lobus anterior (glandula pituitaria) median eminence of neurohypophysis AAO:0010539 BM:ME BTO:0001954 EHDAA2:0001080 EHDAA:7540 EMAPA:17521 FMA:74634 GAID:463 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000859 MESH:A06.407.747.734.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_925 Region of the neurohypophysis.[AAO] SCTID:369121004 The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain. A small swelling on the tuber cinereum posterior to the infundibulum - atop the pituitary stalk - the median eminence lies in the area roughly bounded on its posterolateral region by the cerebral peduncles, and on its anterolateral region by the optic chiasm. The median eminence is one of the seven areas of the brain devoid of a blood-brain barrier. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002197 VHOG:0001179 eminentia mediana hypothalami eminentia mediana hypothalami http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG median eminence median eminence of hypothalamus median eminence of posterior lobe of pituitary gland median eminence of tuber cinereum uberon FMA:74634 FMA:TA eminentia mediana hypothalami 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001179 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Median_eminence eminentia mediana hypothalami The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain. A small swelling on the tuber cinereum posterior to the infundibulum - atop the pituitary stalk - the median eminence lies in the area roughly bounded on its posterolateral region by the cerebral peduncles, and on its anterolateral region by the optic chiasm. The median eminence is one of the seven areas of the brain devoid of a blood-brain barrier. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_eminence 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010539 AAO:BJB Region of the neurohypophysis.[AAO] neurohypophysis AAO:0010537 BM:NY BTO:0000937 EHDAA2:0001271 EHDAA:7536 EMAPA:17519 Editor note - request magnocellular cell from CL. Request oxytocin secretion from GO. Notes: "The hypophysis or pituitary gland is derived, in part from an ectodermal outpocketing of the stomodeum (Rathke's Pouch) and in part from the floor of the diencephalon" [http://syllabus.med.unc.edu/courseware/embryo_images/] FMA:74628 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000178 MESH:A06.407.747.734 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1586 SCTID:245527006 TAO:0001271 The infundibular part of the pituitary gland consisting of two regions.[AAO] UBERON:0002198 UMLS:C0032009 VHOG:0000142 ZFA:0001271 comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG infundibular process lobus nervosus neurohypophysis lobus posterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus posterior hypophysis ncithesaurus:Posterior_Lobe_of_the_Pituitary_Gland neural lobe neural lobe of pituitary neural lobe of pituitary gland neurohypophysis pituitary gland, posterior lobe posterior lobe of pituitary posterior lobe of pituitary gland posterior pituitary posterior pituitary gland uberon FMA:74628 FMA:TA lobus nervosus neurohypophysis MA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000142 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000937 posterior pituitary gland FMA:74628 infundibular process FMA:74628 FMA:TA lobus posterior (glandula pituitaria) ZFA FMA:74628 FMA:TA lobus posterior hypophysis FMA:74628 neural lobe of pituitary gland Wikipedia:Neurohypophysis comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system[WP]. FMA:74628 neural lobe EHDAA2 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1586 neural lobe of pituitary FMA:74628 posterior lobe of pituitary gland 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010537 AAO:BJB The infundibular part of the pituitary gland consisting of two regions.[AAO] integument AAO:0000239 Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO] BTO:0000634 EHDAA2:0001844 FMA:74657 Hautsystem MESH:A17.815 Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO] TAO:0000368 The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] UBERON:0002199 Usage notes: in FMA intergument = skin+superficial fascia(hypodermis), skin=dermis+epidermis+hair_nail. Note that the definition provided here excludes the more general sense of the term 'integument' used in invertebrates. Note that the VSAO class appears to include adnexa by its definition. VSAO:0000029 ZFA:0000368 dermal system dermoid system galen:Integument integumental integumentary integumentum commune skin tegument the integument uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000368 The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] ZFIN:curator The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. Wikipedia:Integument 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000239 AAO:EJS Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO] BTO:0000634 Hautsystem FMA:74657 the integument FMA:74657 FMA:TA integumentum commune BTO:0000634 tegument BTO:0000634 dermal system 2012-08-14 PSPUB:0000170 Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000029 BTO:0000634 dermoid system vasculature of head EFO:0003656 FMA:74710 TAO:0001267 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002200 Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. XAO:0004152 ZFA:0001267 adult head vascular network adult head vasculature cranial vasculature head vascular network head vasculature uberon vascular network of adult head vascular network of head vasculature of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head vasculature OBOL:automatic adult head vascular network OBOL:automatic head vascular network OBOL:automatic vasculature of adult head OBOL:automatic Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic vascular network of head OBOL:automatic vascular network of adult head vasculature of trunk A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:74712 TAO:0005024 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002201 ZFA:0005024 torso vascular network torso vasculature trunk vascular network trunk vasculature uberon vascular network of torso vascular network of trunk vasculature of torso OBOL:automatic torso vascular network OBOL:automatic trunk vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of torso OBOL:automatic vasculature of torso A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vascular network of trunk OBOL:automatic torso vasculature submucosa of trachea A submucosa that is part of a trachea. BTO:0002115 FMA:7472 MA:0001860 SCTID:4419000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002202 UMLS:C0225586 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Submucosa submucosa of windpipe trachea submucosa tracheal submucosa uberon windpipe submucosa A submucosa that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic windpipe submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of windpipe vasculature of eye FMA:74743 SCTID:123846009 TAO:0007057 UBERON:0002203 Vasculature that is part of the eye region. ZFA:0007057 eye vascular network eye vasculature not part of the eye in ZFA. Note this changed to a blood vessel in ZFA ocular blood vessel ocular vasculature optic vasculature uberon vascular network of eye OBOL:automatic eye vascular network OBOL:automatic Vasculature that is part of the eye region. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3489658&group_id=76834&atid=994726 OBOL:automatic vascular network of eye FMA ZFA:0007057 ocular blood vessel musculoskeletal system AAO:0010546 Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] EV:0100139 FMA:7482 GAID:98 MA:0002418 MESH:A02 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVNgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:278858007 There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002204 UMLS:C0026860 VHOG:0001275 VSAO:0000031 XAO:0000168 musculo-skeletal system musculoskeletal ncithesaurus:Musculoskeletal_System uberon Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. VSAO:0000031 Wikipedia:Musculoskeletal_system 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009) There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001275 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010546 AAO:EJS Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] manubrium of sternum EMAPA:18723 FMA:7486 GAID:247 MA:0001332 MESH:A02.835.232.904.766.442 May be cartilage in some species. OpenCyc:Mx4rvXOLAZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182014008 UBERON:0002205 UMLS:C1710195 broad, upper part of the sternum. Located ventrally with a quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly, it articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray116.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gray116.png/200px-Gray116.png manubrium manubrium of sternum manubrium sterni ncithesaurus:Sternal_Manubrium sternal manubrium uberon Kardong MA:0001332 sternal manubrium EMAPA:18723 manubrium sterni Wikipedia:Manubrium broad, upper part of the sternum. Located ventrally with a quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly, it articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs[WP]. Kardong mammillary body ABA:MBO FMA:74877 GAID:652 MA:0000174 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.362.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_865 SCTID:279306001 TAO:0000334 The mammilary body is a protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei[GO]. UBERON:0002206 UMLS:C0024670 ZFA:0000334 corpus mamillare corpus mamillare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray1180.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray1180.png/200px-Gray1180.png ncithesaurus:Mamillary_Body uberon GO ABA ZFA:0000334 corpus mamillare ABA The mammilary body is a protrusion at the posterior end of the hypothalamus that contains hypothalamic nuclei[GO]. Wikipedia:Mammillary_body Wikipedia:Mammillary_body corpus mamillare ABA ABA ABA GO definition xiphoid process A cartilaginous extension to the distal part of the sternum. FMA:7488 MA:0001334 SCTID:272711000 UBERON:0002207 UMLS:C0043356 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray117.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray117.png/200px-Gray117.png metasternum ncithesaurus:Xiphoid_Process processus xiphoideus this class may represent a mixed bony-cartilage element, or it may be the superclass of either purely cartilage or purely ossified elements. Taxon notes: usually ossified in the adult human. By age 15 to 29, the xiphoid usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major joints, this is non-movable. Much the way the first seven ribs articulate with the sternum, the cartilage in the celiac plexus joins on the xiphoid process, reinforcing it, and indirectly attaches the costal cartilage to the sternum. [WP,unvetted] uberon xiphisternum xiphoid xiphoid process xiphoid process xiphoid process of sternum xiphoideus xiphosternal junction xyphoid Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoideus Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process processus xiphoideus Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphosternal junction Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xyphoid FMA:7488 xiphoid process Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process metasternum Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoid process Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoid Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphisternum Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process processus xiphoideus A cartilaginous extension to the distal part of the sternum. Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3153001&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 Kardong sternebra EMAPA:18724 FMA:7489 MA:0001333 Note that some definitions state that this a segment of the primordial sternum. SCTID:95955004 UBERON:0002208 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg/200px-Illu_thoracic_cage.jpg one of the bony segments of the sternum[TFD]. sternebral bone uberon Wikipedia:Sternebra http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sternebra one of the bony segments of the sternum[TFD]. EMAPA:18724 sternebral bone MA fibrous joint A joint where fibrous tissue such as ligament connects two calcified tissues.[TAO] AEO:0000178 EHDAA2:0003178 FMA:7492 MA:0000321 Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA] SCTID:37772004 TAO:0005156 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002209 ZFA:0005156 articulatio fibrosa junctura fibrosa uberon 2012-08-14 A joint where fibrous tissue such as ligament connects two calcified tissues.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005156 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Fibrous_joint junctura fibrosa FMA:FMA Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA] Wikipedia:Fibrous_joint FMA syndesmosis FMA:7494 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA] MA:0001500 SCTID:89358004 UBERON:0002210 uberon FMA:FMA Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the vertebral column and the limbs as well as articulating ossicles, are connected by skeletal ligaments or membranes. Examples: Intervertebral syndesmosis, inferior tibiofibular joint.[FMA] Wikipedia:Syndesmosis nerve root BTO:0000883 FMA:5981 SCTID:362295007 UBERON:0002211 UMLS:C0228084 ncithesaurus:Nerve_Root uberon we make nerve root continuous_with nerve to avoid inconsistencies with the spatial disjointness constraint between PNS and CNS, with nerves part_of CNS. FMA has segment of nerve with subtypes: segment of sympathetic trunk, nerve root, nerve rootlet, nerve root proper macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth FMA:74944 MA:0001201 SCTID:362572004 TAO:0007000 The saccule is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs; it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its anterior part exhibits an oval thickening, the macula of saccule (or saccular macula), to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002212 UMLS:C0229468 XAO:0004136 ZFA:0007000 macula of membranous labyrinth saccule macula of saccule macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula saccule macula sacculi macula sacculi membranous labyrinth saccule macula ncithesaurus:Macula_of_Saccule saccular macula saccular macula of membranous labyrinth saccular maculs saccule macula saccule of membranous labyrinth macula sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula uberon OBOL:automatic macula of membranous labyrinth saccule The saccule is the smaller of the two vestibular sacs; it is globular in form, and lies in the recessus sphæricus near the opening of the scala vestibuli of the cochlea. Its anterior part exhibits an oval thickening, the macula of saccule (or saccular macula), to which are distributed the saccular filaments of the acoustic nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Macula_of_saccule ZFA:0007000 saccular macula OBOL:automatic sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula Wikipedia:Macula_of_saccule macula sacculi OBOL:automatic saccule macula OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth saccule macula ZFA:0007000 macula saccule OBOL:automatic saccule of membranous labyrinth macula OBOL:automatic macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) FMA:74944 FMA:TA macula sacculi cartilaginous joint FMA:7496 MA:0000320 Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA] SCTID:58442004 TAO:0005155 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002213 ZFA:0005155 articulatio cartilaginea junctura cartilaginea uberon Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint junctura cartilaginea FMA:FMA Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA] Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint FMA macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth EFO:0003474 FMA:74960 MA:0001203 SCTID:362568003 TAO:0000030 The portion of the utricle which is lodged in the recess forms a sort of pouch or cul-de-sac, the floor and anterior wall of which are thickened, and form the macula of utricle (or utricular macula), which receives the utricular filaments of the vestibulocochlear nerve. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002214 UMLS:C0229451 ZFA:0000030 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg macula of membranous labyrinth utricle macula of utricle macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula utricle macula utriculi macula utriculi membranous labyrinth utricle macula ncithesaurus:Macula_of_Utricle uberon utricle macula utricle of membranous labyrinth macula utricular macula utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula OBOL:automatic macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) FMA:74960 FMA:TA macula utriculi OBOL:automatic utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula ZFA:0000030 macula utricle OBOL:automatic utricle macula OBOL:automatic macula of membranous labyrinth utricle OBOL:automatic utricle of membranous labyrinth macula The portion of the utricle which is lodged in the recess forms a sort of pouch or cul-de-sac, the floor and anterior wall of which are thickened, and form the macula of utricle (or utricular macula), which receives the utricular filaments of the vestibulocochlear nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Macula_of_utricle Wikipedia:Macula_of_utricle macula utriculi OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth utricle macula synchondrosis Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by hyaline cartilage. Examples: spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint.[FMA] Editor's note: WP considers epiphyseal plates as subtypes of this // consider adding link to hyaline cartilage FMA:7497 MA:0001501 SCTID:42903008 UBERON:0002215 cartilago epiphysialis epiphysial cartilage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Gray297.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gray297.png/200px-Gray297.png primary cartilaginous joint uberon FMA:7497 epiphysial cartilage Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by hyaline cartilage. Examples: spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Synchondrosis MA FMA:7497 primary cartilaginous joint FMA:7497 FMA:TA cartilago epiphysialis symphysis Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA] Editors note: consider adding fibrocartilage class FMA:7498 MA:0001504 SCTID:1584001 UBERON:0002216 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray298.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray298.png/200px-Gray298.png secondary cartilaginous joint uberon FMA MA Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Symphysis FMA:7498 secondary cartilaginous joint synovial joint AEO:0000183 EHDAA2:0003183 FMA:7501 Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO] Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA] MA:0000322 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2bBV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:113234001 TAO:0005153 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002217 ZFA:0005153 articulatio synoviale diarthrodial joints diarthroses diarthrosis diarthrosis joint galen:SynovialJoint uberon ZFA:0005153 diarthrodial joints 2012-08-14 Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005153 ZFIN:Curator FMA:FMA Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA] Wikipedia:Synovial_joint ZFA:0005153 diarthroses tympanic ring AAO:0000615 AO notes: in FMA, the tympanic ring is an anatomical line. Howevever PMID:11237469 states: "the tympanic ring, which serves as support for the tympanic membrane, directs invagination of the first pharingeal cleft ectoderm to form the external acoustic meatus (EAM), which provides the outer layer of the membrane". Taxon notes: check amphibians - in AAO "Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane". Gene notes: Gsc and Prx1 are essential for tympanic ring development EMAPA:19197 Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane.[AAO] MA:0001225 SCTID:95952001 UBERON:0002218 a C-shaped membranous bone that provides physical support to the tympanic membrane. The tympanic ring develops sequentially from an initial primordium in the first branchial arch growing in a circumferential fashion around the first pharyngeal cleft into the second branchial arch (Mallo and Gridley, 1996). In most mammals, the tympanic ring exists only during embryonic life, when it coordinates proper development and positioning of the eardrum (see below), and then becomes integrated into the temporal bone[PMID]. ectotympanic ring os tympanicum relationship loss: part_of plectral apparatus (AAO:0000443)[AAO] tympanic annulus tympanic anulus tympanic membrane annulus uberon MA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000615 AAO:LAP Funnel-like ring structure located lateral to the ventral ramus of the squamosal, beneath the skin; it provides support to the tympanic membrane.[AAO] EMAPA:19197 os tympanicum MP:0000030 PMID:11237469 a C-shaped membranous bone that provides physical support to the tympanic membrane. The tympanic ring develops sequentially from an initial primordium in the first branchial arch growing in a circumferential fashion around the first pharyngeal cleft into the second branchial arch (Mallo and Gridley, 1996). In most mammals, the tympanic ring exists only during embryonic life, when it coordinates proper development and positioning of the eardrum (see below), and then becomes integrated into the temporal bone[PMID]. Wikipedia:Ectotympanic_ring ectotympanic ring 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000615 relationship loss: part_of plectral apparatus (AAO:0000443)[AAO] PMID:11237469 subfornical organ ABA:SFO FMA:75260 Function notes: induces drinking behavior after stimulation with angiotensin II[MESH]. GAID:795 Group of neurons situated on the ventral surface of the fornix at the level of the foramen of Monro in the third ventricle (adapted from Wikipedia via NIF). MA:0000940 MESH:A08.713.840 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100314 UBERON:0002219 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray715.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray715.png/200px-Gray715.png organum subfornicale uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Subfornical_organ organum subfornicale Group of neurons situated on the ventral surface of the fornix at the level of the foramen of Monro in the third ventricle (adapted from Wikipedia via NIF). NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100314 Wikipedia:Subfornical_organ ABA ABA MA MA fontanelle Anatomical structure that is a membranous gap between bones of the skull.[TAO] Anatomical structure that is a membranous gap between bones of the skull[TAO]. In humans: Fontanelles are soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull cause the fontanelles to close over by a child's second birthday. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Although there are the two anterior and posterior fontanelles, there are two more fontanelles of interest, the mastoid fontanelle, and the sphenoidal fontanelle[WP]. FMA:75438 MA:0001465 SCTID:272681004 TAO:0001738 UBERON:0002221 UMLS:C0224548 ZFA:0005536 fontanel fontanelles fontanels fonticuli cranii http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray197.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray197.png/200px-Gray197.png ncithesaurus:Fontanelle uberon TAO:0001738 fontanels Anatomical structure that is a membranous gap between bones of the skull[TAO]. In humans: Fontanelles are soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull cause the fontanelles to close over by a child's second birthday. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Although there are the two anterior and posterior fontanelles, there are two more fontanelles of interest, the mastoid fontanelle, and the sphenoidal fontanelle[WP]. Wikipedia:Fontanelle TAO:0001738 fontanelles 2012-08-14 Anatomical structure that is a membranous gap between bones of the skull.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001738 TAO:wd MA ZFA Wikipedia:Fontanelle fonticuli cranii perichondrium AAO:0010445 BTO:0005089 FMA:75446 Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. MA:0003008 Portion of connective tissue which surrounds cartilage.[TAO] SCTID:11881003 TAO:0001643 UBERON:0002222 VSAO:0000036 XAO:0004049 ZFA:0001634 cartilage connective tissue perichondral region of cartilage perichondral region of cartilage element uberon Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. VSAO:0000036 Wikipedia:Perichondrium VSAO 2012-08-14 Portion of connective tissue which surrounds cartilage.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001643 TAO:wd endolymphatic sac AAO:0000551 EHDAA2:0000441 EHDAA:7761 EMAPA:17593 Editor's note: EHDAA2 structure is embryonic FMA:75639 From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the ductus endolymphaticus, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch, the endolymphatic sac, on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. Studies suggest that the endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac perform both absorptive and secretory, as well as phagocytic and immunodefensive,functions . [WP,unvetted]. GAID:887 MA:0001188 MESH:A09.246.631.909.957.360.701 Many adult anamniotes have an endolymphatic duct that opens onto the surface of the head. In other vertebrates, it either is lost or forms a small, deeply seated endolymphatic sac.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:279810008 The blind extremity of the endolymphatic duct. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0002223 VHOG:0000791 saccus endolymphaticus saccus endolymphaticus uberon Wikipedia:Endolymphatic_sac saccus endolymphaticus EHDAA2 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413-414 and Figure 12-15 Many adult anamniotes have an endolymphatic duct that opens onto the surface of the head. In other vertebrates, it either is lost or forms a small, deeply seated endolymphatic sac.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000791 http://bgee.unil.ch/ From the posterior wall of the saccule a canal, the ductus endolymphaticus, is given off; this duct is joined by the ductus utriculosaccularis, and then passes along the aquaeductus vestibuli and ends in a blind pouch, the endolymphatic sac, on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it is in contact with the dura mater. Studies suggest that the endolymphatic duct and endolymphatic sac perform both absorptive and secretory, as well as phagocytic and immunodefensive,functions . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Endolymphatic_sac EHDAA2 VHOG AAO:0000551 saccus endolymphaticus 2012-09-17 The blind extremity of the endolymphatic duct. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000791 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/endolymphatic+sac thoracic cavity Body cavity subdivision which is enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm[FMA]. FMA:7565 GAID:93 MA:0000032 MESH:A01.911.800 OpenCyc:Mx4rmvyleLfEEduAAAACs6hRXg OpenCyc:Mx4rvhU_TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:243949006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002224 UMLS:C0230139 cavitas thoracis cavity of chest cavity of thorax chest cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gray846.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg/200px-Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Cavity pectoral cavity space of thoracic compartment uberon Body cavity subdivision which is enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm[FMA]. FMA:7565 Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity FMA:7565 space of thoracic compartment Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity cavitas thoracis costal arch FMA:7569 FMA:7570 MA:0001396 SCTID:367767002 The costal margin, sometimes referred to as the costal arch, is the medial margin formed by the false ribs -- specifically, from the eighth rib to the tenth rib. UBERON:0002225 UMLS:C0230143 arcus costae arcus costalis costal margin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gray115.png ncithesaurus:Costal_Arch subcostal arch todo - split? check part_of relationship uberon FMA Wikipedia:Costal_margin subcostal arch Wikipedia:Costal_margin arcus costalis Wikipedia:Costal_margin costal margin Wikipedia:Costal_margin arcus costae MA The costal margin, sometimes referred to as the costal arch, is the medial margin formed by the false ribs -- specifically, from the eighth rib to the tenth rib. Wikipedia:Costal_margin basilar membrane of cochlea FMA:75706 GAID:872 MA:0001190 MESH:A09.246.631.246.125 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2521 SCTID:362574003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002226 UMLS:C0004816 a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani[WP]. basilar membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Organ_of_corti.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cochlea-crosssection.png/250px-Cochlea-crosssection.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Organ_of_corti.svg/200px-Organ_of_corti.svg.png lamina basilaris ductus cochlearis ncithesaurus:Basilar_Membrane uberon MA:0001190 basilar membrane Wikipedia Wikipedia:Basilar_membrane lamina basilaris ductus cochlearis Wikipedia:Basilar_membrane a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani[WP]. spiral organ of cochlea A sensory structure in the lagenar portion of an amphibian's membranous labyrinth between the oval and round windows.[AAO] AAO:0011018 BTO:0001691 Corti's organ EFO:0001364 EMAPA:19061 EMAPA:19151 EV:0100364 FMA:75715 GAID:772 MA:0001193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2526 SCTID:279841009 The auditory hair cells in tetrapods are located in the inner ear in a structure known as the basilar papilla. In mammals this structure (along with some related structure) is called the organ of Corti.[well established][VHOG] The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002227 UMLS:C0029207 VHOG:0001567 XAO:0003145 basilar papilla cochlear spiral organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cochlea-crosssection.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png ncithesaurus:Organ_of_Corti ncithesaurus:Spiral_Organ_of_Corti organ of Corti organum spirale papilla basilaris spiral organ spiral organ of Corti uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.33 The auditory hair cells in tetrapods are located in the inner ear in a structure known as the basilar papilla. In mammals this structure (along with some related structure) is called the organ of Corti.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001567 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 A sensory structure in the lagenar portion of an amphibian's membranous labyrinth between the oval and round windows.[AAO] AAO AAO:0011018 XAO:curator BTO:0001691 Corti's organ XAO:0003145 papilla basilaris BTO:0001691 basilar papilla The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Organ_of_Corti MA Wikipedia:Organ_of_Corti organum spirale rib AAO:0000545 An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. They protect and support internal organs. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. they enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest, they also protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body. EFO:0003066 EMAPA:18010 Endochondral bone that is intersegmental and rod-shaped, forming in the peritoneal membrane and attached to the vertebral parapophyses. Ribs protect and support internal organs.[TAO] Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment.[AAO] FMA:7574 GAID:245 Humans have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs, known as "true ribs", are directly attached to the sternum through the costal cartilage. The following five sets are known as "false ribs", three of these sharing a common cartilaginous connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluitantes) or vertebral ribs. They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum. Some people are missing one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair. Rib removal is the surgical excision of ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons. In fish, there are often two sets of ribs attached to the vertebral column. One set, the dorsal ribs, are found in the dividing septum between the upper and lower parts of the main muscle segments, projecting roughly sideways from the vertebral column. The second set, of ventral ribs arise from the vertebral column just below the dorsal ribs, and enclose the lower body, often joining at the tips. Not all species possess both types of rib, with the dorsal ribs being most commonly absent. Sharks, for example, have no dorsal ribs, and only very short ventral ribs, while lampreys have no ribs at all. In some teleosts, there may be additional rib-like bones within the muscle mass. Tetrapods, however, only ever have a single set of ribs which are probably homologous with the dorsal ribs of fishes. In the early tetrapods, every vertebra bore a pair of ribs, although those on the thoracic vertebrae are typically the longest. The sacral ribs were stout and short, since they formed part of the pelvis, connecting the backbone to the hip bones.[1] In most subsequent forms, many of these early ribs have been lost, and in living amphibians and reptiles, there is great variation in rib structure and number. For example, turtles have only eight pairs of ribs, which are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron, while snakes have numerous ribs running along the full length of their trunk. Frogs typically have no ribs, aside from a sacral pair, which form part of the pelvis.[1]. In birds, ribs are present as distinct bones only on the thoracic region, although small fused ribs are present on the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic ribs of birds possess a wide projection to the rear; this uncinate process is an attachment for the shoulder muscles.[1]. Mammals usually also only have distinct ribs on the thoracic vertebra, although fixed cervical ribs are also present in monotremes. In marsupials and placental mammals, the cervical and lumbar ribs are found only as tiny remnants fused to the vertebrae, where they are referred to as transverse processes. In general, the structure and number of the true ribs in humans is similar to that in other mammals. Unlike reptiles, caudal ribs are never found in mammals.[1] MA:0000315 MESH:A02.835.232.904.567 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjNoZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302523002 TAO:0000538 UBERON:0002228 UMLS:C0035561 VHOG:0001154 ZFA:0000538 costal dorsal rib galen:Rib ncithesaurus:Rib pleural rib ribs uberon 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that is intersegmental and rod-shaped, forming in the peritoneal membrane and attached to the vertebral parapophyses. Ribs protect and support internal organs.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000538 ZFIN:curator TAO:0000538 ribs definitional FMA-abduced-lr 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000545 AAO:Pugener_2002 Endochondral, rodlike element that articulates with the transverse process and parapophysis (double-headed rib), or with the transverse process only (single-headed rib); it extends into the body wall and provides a site for muscle attachment.[AAO] An intersegmental rod-shaped bone that forms in the peritoneal membrane and attach to the vertebral parapophyses. They protect and support internal organs. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest. they enable lungs to expand by expanding the chest, they also protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body. Wikipedia:Rib ZFIN:curator interparietal bone EHDAA:9530 EMAPA:19017 FMA:75748 MA:0001467 SCTID:369438005 Taxon notes: rarely present in humans[PMID:3654370]. Editor notes: consider splitting classes for inter-parietal and post-parietal. postparietals paired in reptiles, fused in mammals. The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002229 VHOG:0001327 inca bone inter-parietal bone interparietal os interparietale ossicle of Goethe post-parietal bone postparietal postparietal bone the bone of the cranium that lies above and anterior to the occipital bone in some mammals. uberon definitional VHOG:0001327 post-parietal bone EHDAA:9530 interparietal Wikipedia:Interparietal_bone os interparietale Wikipedia:Interparietal_bone ossicle of Goethe 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001327 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Interparietal_bone inca bone MP:0000077 Wikipedia:Interparietal_bone the bone of the cranium that lies above and anterior to the occipital bone in some mammals. EMAPA:19017 inter-parietal bone Kardong vault series PMID:11523816 VHOG:0001327 postparietal bone VHOG:0001327 postparietal head of rib FMA:7575 MA:0001415 SCTID:263358001 The head of the rib is the end of a rib closest to the vertebral column, with which it articulates with. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface, divided by a horizontal crest into two facets for articulation with the depression formed on the bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebrae; the upper facet is the smaller; to the crest is attached the interarticular ligament. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002230 UMLS:C0222806 caput costae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray122.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gray122.png/200px-Gray122.png ncithesaurus:Rib_Head rib head uberon Wikipedia:Head_of_rib caput costae The head of the rib is the end of a rib closest to the vertebral column, with which it articulates with. It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface, divided by a horizontal crest into two facets for articulation with the depression formed on the bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebrae; the upper facet is the smaller; to the crest is attached the interarticular ligament. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Head_of_rib PMID:15906248 body of rib FMA:7577 MA:0001416 SCTID:263361000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002231 UMLS:C0448161 ncithesaurus:Rib_Shaft rib body rib shaft shaft of rib uberon PMID:15906248 olfactory gland AAO:0010162 BTO:0001697 Bowman's gland Bowman's glands (aka olfactory glands, glands of Bowman) are situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The structure of the Bowman's glands consists of an acinus in the lamina propria and a secretory duct going out through the olfactory epithelium. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles.[2] Bowman's glands might secrete proteins such as Lysozyme, amylase and IgA similarly to serous glands. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. FMA:75801 MA:0000287 Multicellular mucous glands of the olfactory epithelium, present only in adults.[AAO] SCTID:368891001 UBERON:0002232 glandulae olfactoriae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray857.png olfactory gland of Bowman uberon Bowman's glands (aka olfactory glands, glands of Bowman) are situated in the olfactory mucosa, beneath the olfactory epithelium, in the lamina propria, a connective tissue also containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The structure of the Bowman's glands consists of an acinus in the lamina propria and a secretory duct going out through the olfactory epithelium. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles.[2] Bowman's glands might secrete proteins such as Lysozyme, amylase and IgA similarly to serous glands. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_glands Wikipedia:Olfactory_glands glandulae olfactoriae 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010162 AAO:EJS Multicellular mucous glands of the olfactory epithelium, present only in adults.[AAO] tectorial membrane of cochlea FMA:75805 GAID:876 MA:0001199 MESH:A09.246.631.246.292.906 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2531 SCTID:368960006 The tectorial membrane (TM) is one of two acellular gels in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). The TM is located above the sulcus spiralis internus and the spiral organ of Corti and extends along the longitudinal length of the cochlea parallel to the BM. Radially the TM is divided into three zones, the limbal, middle and marginal zones. Of these the limbal zone is the thinnest (transversally) and overlies the auditory teeth of Huschke with its inside edge attached to the spiral limbus. The marginal zone is the thickest (transversally) and is divided from the middle zone by Hensen's Stripe. It overlies the sensory inner hair cells and electrically-motile outer hair cells of the organ of Corti and during acoustic stimulation stimulates the inner hair cells through fluid coupling, and the outer hair cells via direct connection to their tallest stereocilia. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002233 UMLS:C0039432 ncithesaurus:Tectorial_Membrane tectorial membrane tectorial membrane of spiral organ of cochlea uberon Wikipedia The tectorial membrane (TM) is one of two acellular gels in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). The TM is located above the sulcus spiralis internus and the spiral organ of Corti and extends along the longitudinal length of the cochlea parallel to the BM. Radially the TM is divided into three zones, the limbal, middle and marginal zones. Of these the limbal zone is the thinnest (transversally) and overlies the auditory teeth of Huschke with its inside edge attached to the spiral limbus. The marginal zone is the thickest (transversally) and is divided from the middle zone by Hensen's Stripe. It overlies the sensory inner hair cells and electrically-motile outer hair cells of the organ of Corti and during acoustic stimulation stimulates the inner hair cells through fluid coupling, and the outer hair cells via direct connection to their tallest stereocilia. Wikipedia:Tectorial_membrane_%28cochlea%29 limbal zone proximal phalanx of manus A proximal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:75816 MA:0001395 SCTID:181986000 SCTID:361325003 UBERON:0002234 UMLS:C0730117 hand proximal phalanx ncithesaurus:Proximal_Phalanx_of_Hand proximal manual phalanx proximal phalanx of finger proximal phalanx of fore digit proximal phalanx of hand proximal phalanx of manual digit uberon FMA:75816 proximal phalanx of finger MA:0001395 hand proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic tubercle of rib FMA:7583 MA:0001417 SCTID:361104005 The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the posterior surface, at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border. It consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs[WP]. UBERON:0002235 UMLS:C0222809 ncithesaurus:Rib_Tubercle rib tubercle uberon PMID:15906248 FMA The tubercle of a rib is an eminence on the posterior surface, at the junction of the neck and body of the rib, and nearer the lower than the upper border. It consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrae to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs[WP]. Wikipedia:Tubercle_(rib) costal cartilage BTO:0001721 FMA:7591 MA:0000106 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1g3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244703004 The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002236 UMLS:C0222787 cartilagines costales cartilago costalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gray315.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gray315.png/200px-Gray315.png ncithesaurus:Costal_Cartilage sternal cartilage uberon The costal cartilages are bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costal_cartilage BTO:0001721 cartilago costalis BTO:0001721 sternal cartilage Wikipedia:Costal_cartilage cartilagines costales true rib A rib that is ventrally connected to the sternum. FMA:7592 MA:0001419 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4-iWJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:368044009 UBERON:0002237 costa vera costae verae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gray115.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/200px-Gray115.png uberon Wikipedia:True_ribs costae verae A rib that is ventrally connected to the sternum. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:True_ribs false rib A rib that is not directly ventrally connected to the sternum. FMA:7594 MA:0001398 OpenCyc:Mx4rwLzzTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:368045005 UBERON:0002238 asternal ribs costa spuria costae spuriae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gray115.png/200px-Gray115.png uberon Wikipedia:False_ribs costae spuriae A rib that is not directly ventrally connected to the sternum. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:False_rib Wikipedia:False_ribs asternal ribs floating rib A rib that is not connected to sternum or sternal cartilage. FMA:7595 MA:0001399 OpenCyc:Mx4rvaPCWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:368046006 UBERON:0002239 costa fluitante costae fluctuantes costae fluitantes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Skeleton_woman_back.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Skeleton_woman_back.png/200px-Skeleton_woman_back.png uberon vertebral rib Wikipedia:Floating_rib costae fluitantes Wikipedia:Floating_rib costae fluctuantes A rib that is not connected to sternum or sternal cartilage. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Floating_rib costa fluitante spinal cord (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010151 BM:SpC BTO:0001279 EFO:0000110 EHDAA2:0001255 EHDAA:2863 EMAPA:17577 EMAPA:17700 EV:0100316 Elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. FMA:7647 GAID:695 MA:0000216 MAT:0000183 MESH:A08.186.854 MIAA:0000183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1709 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] SCTID:180959008 TAO:0000075 TODO: add superclass to unify with VNC? UBERON:0002240 UMLS:C0037925 VHOG:0000601 XAO:0000020 ZFA:0000075 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Spinal_cord_direv.svg medulla spinalis ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord spinal cord structure spinal medulla uberon BTO:0001279 spinal medulla BTO:0001279 medulla spinalis definitional definitional 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010151 AAO:BJB Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 VHOG VHOG:0000601 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000075 spinal cord structure Elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. OMD:spinal+cord Wikipedia:Spinal_cord Wikipedia:Spinal_cord medulla spinalis chondrocranium AAO:0010169 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000243 EMAPA:17681 Editor/AO notes: we follow the standard evolutionary classification and treat this as endoskeletal. This means what MA calls 'chondrocranium' must in fact be neurocranium, as it includes parts of the dermatocranium (e.g. frontal, parietal). Taxon notes: covers the brain dorsally in chondrichthyans Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. TAO:0001424 UBERON:0002241 VHOG:0000288 ZFA:0001424 calvarium chondrocranial neurocranium uberon Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. Wikipedia:Chondrocranium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chondrocranium MA:0000317 calvarium 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001424 ZFIN:curator MA:0000317 neurocranium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010169 AAO:BJB Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[AAO] nucleus pulposus AO notes: we group two FMA classes together BTO:0003626 FMA:13550 FMA:76703 MA:0000112 SCTID:316586000 UBERON:0002242 a jelly-like connective tissue in the middle of the spinal disc. It is the remnant of the notochord. It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocytes, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan aggrecans that have hyaluronic long chains which attract water. Attached to each hyaluronic chain are side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Cervical_vertebra_english.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cervical_vertebra_english.png/200px-Cervical_vertebra_english.png nucleus propulsus nucleus propulsus of intervertebral disk nucleus pulposus (diskus intervertebralis) nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk pulpy nucleus uberon Wikipedia:Nucleus_pulposus a jelly-like connective tissue in the middle of the spinal disc. It is the remnant of the notochord. It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocytes, collagen fibrils, and proteoglycan aggrecans that have hyaluronic long chains which attract water. Attached to each hyaluronic chain are side chains of chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate[WP]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_pulposus nucleus propulsus Wikipedia:Nucleus_pulposus nucleus propulsus of intervertebral disk ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia mah FMA:13550 nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk FMA:13550 nucleus pulposus (diskus intervertebralis) cutaneous vein AO notes: GAT in FMA FMA:76720 MA:0002098 UBERON:0002243 UMLS:C1185726 ncithesaurus:Cutaneous_Vein one of a number of veins in the subcutaneous tissue that empty into deep veins uberon http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cutaneous+vein one of a number of veins in the subcutaneous tissue that empty into deep veins premaxilla (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000461 Dermal bone that forms the anteriormost element of the upper jaw. It articulates with the maxilla posterodorsally and its antimere medially. The premaxilla is paired.[TAO] EHDAA:6962 EHDAA:8033 EMAPA:17641 EMAPA:17933 EMAPA:19033 Editors note: requires checking embryonic vs adult; isa fetal organ part in FMA; adult bone of upper jaw in AAO and ZFA; split. Note that we have loops if we add develops_from UBERON:0005620 FMA:76869 FMA:77231 MA:0001493 One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae[VHOG]. Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch.[AAO] SCTID:308884009 TAO:0000567 UBERON:0002244 UBERON:0002253 VHOG:0000426 ZFA:0000567 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray160.png incisive bone os incisivum premaxilla bone premaxillae premaxillary premaxillary bone relationship loss: overlaps inter-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001950)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001676)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000461 AAO:LAP Paired, intramembranous bones located at the anterior end of the skull; they form the anterior-most segment of the maxillary arch.[AAO] (...) in all higher vertebrates a premaxilla is present (...) (reference 1); Although the presence of a tooth-bearing outer buccal arcade (premaxilla, maxilla, dentary) is cited as a common character of Osteichthyes, dipnoans lack all three bones (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1017/S0022215100025585 O'Malley JF, Evolution of the nasal cavities and sinuses in relation to function. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1924), ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.105 VHOG VHOG:0000426 http://bgee.unil.ch/ PHENOSCAPE:ad premaxillary 2012-09-17 One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000426 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that forms the anteriormost element of the upper jaw. It articulates with the maxilla posterodorsally and its antimere medially. The premaxilla is paired.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000567 ZFIN:curator premaxillae Wikipedia:Premaxilla premaxillary bone 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000567 relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] Kardong One of the bones of the upper jaw situated between and in front of the maxillae[VHOG]. VHOG:0000426 Wikipedia:Incisive_bone Wikipedia:Premaxilla 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000567 relationship loss: overlaps inter-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001950)[TAO] EHDAA2 Editors note: requires checking embryonic vs adult; isa fetal organ part in FMA; adult bone of upper jaw in AAO and ZFA; split. Note that we have loops if we add develops_from UBERON:0005620 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000567 relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-premaxillary joint (TAO:0001676)[TAO] VHOG Wikipedia:Incisive_bone incisive bone Wikipedia:Premaxilla premaxilla bone Wikipedia:Premaxilla os incisivum hemisphere of cerebellum A paired regions of the cerebellum that lie outside and lateral to the central vermis[MP]. The cerebellum consists of three parts, a median and two lateral, which are continuous with each other, and are substantially the same in structure. The median portion is constricted, and is called the vermis, from its annulated appearance which it owes to the transverse ridges and furrows upon it; the lateral expanded portions are named the hemispheres. The lateral hemisphere is considered the portion of the cerebellum to develop most recently. [WP,unvetted]. ABA:HEM FMA:76925 MA:0000200 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1575 SCTID:362411002 UBERON:0002245 UMLS:C0228465 cerebellar hemisphere cerebellar hemispheres cerebellum hemisphere hemisphere of cerebellum [H II - H X] hemispherium cerebelli hemispherium cerebelli [hII-hX] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png ncithesaurus:Hemisphere_of_the_Cerebellum uberon FMA:76925 FMA:TA hemispherium cerebelli [hII-hX] cerebellar hemispheres A paired regions of the cerebellum that lie outside and lateral to the central vermis[MP]. The cerebellum consists of three parts, a median and two lateral, which are continuous with each other, and are substantially the same in structure. The median portion is constricted, and is called the vermis, from its annulated appearance which it owes to the transverse ridges and furrows upon it; the lateral expanded portions are named the hemispheres. The lateral hemisphere is considered the portion of the cerebellum to develop most recently. [WP,unvetted]. MP:0009959 Wikipedia:Cerebellar_hemisphere Wikipedia:Cerebellar_hemisphere hemispherium cerebelli dorsal thoracic nucleus . Clarke's column Clarke's nucleus FMA:77023 MA:0001121 Stilling-Clarke's column Stilling-Clarke's nucleus This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002246 nucleus thoracicus posterior posterior thoracic nucleus spinal cord dorsal nucleus uberon . Wikipedia:Clarke's_column FMA:77023 FMA:TA nucleus thoracicus posterior uterine horn BTO:0004235 EMAPA:18985 FMA:77053 MA:0000393 SCTID:245480007 The uterine horns are the points where the uterus and the fallopian tubes meet. It is one of the points of attachment for the round ligament of uterus (the other being the mons pubis). The uterine horns are far more prominent in other animals than they are in humans[WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002247 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Illu_female_pelvis.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Illu_female_pelvis.jpg/200px-Illu_female_pelvis.jpg uberon MA The uterine horns are the points where the uterus and the fallopian tubes meet. It is one of the points of attachment for the round ligament of uterus (the other being the mons pubis). The uterine horns are far more prominent in other animals than they are in humans[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Uterine_horns transverse pericardial sinus EHDAA2:0002077 EHDAA:796 EMAPA:16214 FMA:77132 MA:0001880 The passage between the venous and arterial mesocardia —i.e., between the aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behind. Also, the sinus that forms in the pericardial cavity where the dorso-mesentary pericardium reside.[WP,unvetted]. Thiele's canal UBERON:0002248 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png transverse sinus transverse sinus of pericardial cavity uberon FMA:77132 transverse sinus of pericardial cavity MA FMA:77132 Thiele's canal The passage between the venous and arterial mesocardia —i.e., between the aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behind. Also, the sinus that forms in the pericardial cavity where the dorso-mesentary pericardium reside.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus median artery FMA:77142 MA:0001999 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002249 UMLS:C0687034 ncithesaurus:Median_Artery uberon popliteal artery FMA:77155 GAID:504 In human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the 'superficial' femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee. The termination of the popliteal artery is its bifurcation into the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery. The popliteal artery, through numerous smaller branches, supplies blood to the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf. It is accompanied, along its length, by the popliteal vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002021 MESH:A07.231.114.681 OpenCyc:Mx4rvduV6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181350008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002250 UMLS:C0032649 arteria poplitea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Popliteal_artery.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Popliteal_artery.png/200px-Popliteal_artery.png ncithesaurus:Popliteal_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Popliteal_artery arteria poplitea In human anatomy, the popliteal artery is defined as the extension of the 'superficial' femoral artery after passing through the adductor canal and adductor hiatus above the knee. The termination of the popliteal artery is its bifurcation into the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery. The popliteal artery, through numerous smaller branches, supplies blood to the knee joint and muscles in the thigh and calf. It is accompanied, along its length, by the popliteal vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Popliteal_artery iliocostalis muscle FMA:77177 MA:0002319 SCTID:244854008 The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002251 UMLS:C0224304 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Iliostalis.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Iliostalis.png/200px-Iliostalis.png iliocostal muscle iliocostalis lateral column of erector spinae musculus iliocostalis ncithesaurus:Iliocostal_Muscle uberon dbpedia Wikipedia Sacrum/Illiac Crest/Spinous Processes of lower lumbar/thoracic vertebrae dbpedia Ribs dbpedia The iliocostalis is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus ventralis (serratus anterior). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Iliocostalis Wikipedia:Iliocostalis musculus iliocostalis Sacrum/Illiac Crest/Spinous Processes of lower lumbar/thoracic vertebrae dbpedia FMA splenius . FMA:77180 MA:0002382 Muscle of neck in NA UBERON:0002252 UMLS:C1185944 ncithesaurus:Splenius splenius muscle uberon FMA . Wikipedia:Splenius thyroglossal duct A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures.[well established][VHOG] An embryonic duct extending between the thyroid primordium and the posterior tongue. [TFD][VHOG] EMAPA:17070 EMAPA:18833 FMA treats this as vestigial FMA:77274 MA:0000130 SCTID:308822005 The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. The thyroid gland starts developing in the oropharynx in the fetus and descends to its final position taking a path through the tongue, hyoid bone and neck muscles. The connection between its original position and its final position is the thyroglossal duct. This duct normally atrophies and closes off before birth but can remain open in some people. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002254 UMLS:C0231104 VHOG:0000746 ductus thyreoglossus ductus thyroglossalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Illu08_thyroid.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Illu08_thyroid.jpg/200px-Illu08_thyroid.jpg ncithesaurus:Thyroglossal_Duct uberon 2012-09-17 A duct, called the thyroglossal duct in mammals, is considered to be characteristic of thyroid development. The thyroglossal duct, degenerating in many species during late development, marks the way the thyroid primordium relocates during embryonic development from the pharynx to its position deep in the cervical mesenchyme. We cannot exclude that the duct of the endostyle and the thyroglossal duct may have evolved independently, but as they both represent a more or less persistent connection of the organ to the pharynx, it is likely that they are homologous structures.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1007/s00427-004-0450-0 Kluge B, Renault N, Rohr KB, Anatomical and molecular reinvestigation of lamprey endostyle development provides new insight into thyroid gland evolution. Development genes and evolution (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000746 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Thyroglossal_duct ductus thyreoglossus The thyroglossal duct is an embryological anatomical structure forming an open connection between the initial area of development of the thyroid gland and its final position. The thyroid gland starts developing in the oropharynx in the fetus and descends to its final position taking a path through the tongue, hyoid bone and neck muscles. The connection between its original position and its final position is the thyroglossal duct. This duct normally atrophies and closes off before birth but can remain open in some people. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thyroglossal_duct 2012-09-17 An embryonic duct extending between the thyroid primordium and the posterior tongue. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000746 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thyroglossal+duct Wikipedia:Thyroglossal_duct ductus thyroglossalis vomeronasal organ (...) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (...) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (...) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (...) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (...) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as a primordium of the vomeronasal organ (reference 4). [debated][VHOG] AAO:0000997 An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0002608 EFO:0001934 EHDAA2:0002211 EHDAA:7865 EMAPA:17612 FMA:77280 GAID:354 Jacobson's organ MA:0000289 MESH:A04.531.591.940 SCTID:361346007 Taxon notes: Generally formed only in tetrapods; lungfish have rudimentary VN organs; true VN organs are not normally found in recent fishes, birds, aquatic reptiles, aquatic mammals (Bertmar 1980). Humans: Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through influence on anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans was controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. Many genes essential for VNO function in animals (such as TRPC2) are non-functional in humans (Liman ER. Use it or lose it: molecular evolution of sensory signaling in primates. Pflugers Arch. 2006;453(2):125-31.) The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson's organ, is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. It was discovered by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. During embryological development, it forms from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate. It is a chemoreceptor organ which is completely separated from the nasal cavity the majority of the time, being enclosed in a separate bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity. It is a tubular crescent shape and split into two pairs, separated by the nasal septum. It is the first processing stage of the accessory olfactory system, after which chemical stimuli go to the accessory olfactory bulb, then to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. The vomeronasal organ is mainly used to detect pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species, hence is sometimes referred to as the 'sixth sense. ' The VNO has two separate types of neuronal receptors, V1R and V2R, which are seven-transmembrane receptors that are coupled to G proteins. The receptors are distinct from each other and form the large family of receptors in the main olfactory system. Evidence shows that the VNO responds to nonvolatile cues which stimulate the receptor neurons. Information is then transferred to the accessory olfactory bulb as well as other centres of the brain such as the anterior part of the hypothalamus. Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through influence on anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans is widely controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002255 VHOG:0000665 VNO XAO:0000272 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gray51.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gray51.png/200px-Gray51.png organ of Jacobsen organon vomeronasale organum vomeronasale organum vomeronasale uberon Jacobson's organ XAO:0000272 VHOG:0000665 VNO 2012-09-17 An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000665 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vomeronasal+organ (...) the vomeronasal organ is known only in some tetrapods. It is absent in most turtles, crocodiles, birds, some bats, and aquatic mammals. In amphibians, it is in a recessed area off the main nasal cavity. (...) In mammals possesing this organ, it is an isolated area of olfactory membrane within the nasal cavity that is usually connected to the mouth via the nasopalatine duct (reference 1); The opinions concerning the presence and functioning of the vomeronasal organ in humans are controversial. The vomeronasal cavities appear early in human foetuses. (...) Historical examination of the nasal septum revealed the presence of vomeronasal cavities in approximately 70% of adults. In contrast to the situation in other mammals, the organ is not supported by a rigid tube of bone or cartilage (reference 2); (...) the best evidence for the homology of the human VNO to that of other primates (and of mammals in general) is ontogenetic in nature, based on a common embryonic origin from a thickening (vomeronasal primordium) on the medial aspect of each olfactory pit (reference 3); (...) suggesting that lungfish possess a region homologous to the accessory olfactory bulb of tetrapods. Based on these results, it seems appropriate to refer to the recess epithelium as a primordium of the vomeronasal organ (reference 4). [debated][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.669 (ref.1), PMID:9866877 Doving KB, Trotier D, Review: Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ. The Journal of Experimental Biology (1998) (ref.2), DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19810077.x Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bonar CJ, Bhatnagar KP, Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith MA, Maico LM, The existence of the vomeronasal organ in postnatal chimpanzees and evidence for its homology with that of humans. J Anat (2001) (ref.3) , DOI:10.1002/ar.22415 Nakamuta S, Nakamuta N, Taniguchi K, Taniguchi K, Histological and ultrastructural characteristics of the primordial vomeronasal organ in lungfish. Anat Rec (Hoboken) (2012) (ref.4) VHOG VHOG:0000665 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson's organ, is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals. It was discovered by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. During embryological development, it forms from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate. It is a chemoreceptor organ which is completely separated from the nasal cavity the majority of the time, being enclosed in a separate bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity. It is a tubular crescent shape and split into two pairs, separated by the nasal septum. It is the first processing stage of the accessory olfactory system, after which chemical stimuli go to the accessory olfactory bulb, then to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus. The vomeronasal organ is mainly used to detect pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species, hence is sometimes referred to as the 'sixth sense. ' The VNO has two separate types of neuronal receptors, V1R and V2R, which are seven-transmembrane receptors that are coupled to G proteins. The receptors are distinct from each other and form the large family of receptors in the main olfactory system. Evidence shows that the VNO responds to nonvolatile cues which stimulate the receptor neurons. Information is then transferred to the accessory olfactory bulb as well as other centres of the brain such as the anterior part of the hypothalamus. Its presence in many animals has been widely studied and the importance of the vomeronasal system to the role of reproduction and social behavior (through influence on anterior hypothalamus) has been shown in many studies. Its presence and functionality in humans is widely controversial, though most studies agree the organ regresses during fetal development. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_organ BTO:0002608 organum vomeronasale EHDAA2-abduced Wikipedia Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_organ organum vomeronasale dorsal horn of spinal cord BM:SpC-DH EMAPA:18574 FMA:256530 MA:0001119 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2667 SCTID:180961004 TAO:0000649 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002256 UMLS:C0228575 VHOG:0001287 ZFA:0000649 cornu dorsale cornu posterius medullae spinalis dorsal gray column of spinal cord dorsal gray horn dorsal gray matter of spinal cord dorsal grey column of spinal cord dorsal grey horn dorsal horn dorsal horn spinal cord dorsal region of mature spinal cord dorsal region of spinal cord dorsal spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord posterior gray column of spinal cord posterior gray horn of spinal cord posterior grey column of spinal cord posterior horn of spinal cord spinal cord dorsal horn spinal cord dorsal horns spinal cord posterior horn the pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO]. uberon Wikipedia:Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord cornu posterius medullae spinalis FMA:256530 dorsal gray matter of spinal cord ZFA:0000649 dorsal horn GO:0021516 MP:0006282 Wikipedia:Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=36855&atid=440764 the pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO]. ZFA:0000649 dorsal horn spinal cord FMA-abduced-lr FMA:256530 posterior gray horn of spinal cord FMA:256530 posterior gray column of spinal cord spinal cord dorsal horns Wikipedia:Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord posterior horn of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2667 spinal cord posterior horn ZFA:0000649 cornu dorsale NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2667 dorsal gray horn FMA:256530 dorsal gray column of spinal cord EMAPA:18574 dorsal grey horn ventral horn of spinal cord EMAPA:18575 FMA:256541 MA:0001134 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 SCTID:279443000 TAO:0000702 The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column, or ventral horn) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. The anterior horn contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles while the posterior horn receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior horn is where the cell bodies of alpha motorneurons are located[Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002257 UMLS:C0228590 VHOG:0001288 ZFA:0000702 anterior column anterior column of the spinal cord anterior gray column of spinal cord anterior gray horn of spinal cord anterior grey column of spinal cord anterior horn anterior horn (spinal cord) cornu anterius medullae spinalis ncithesaurus:Ventral_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord anterior horn spinal cord ventral horn the ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. uberon ventral gray column of spinal cord ventral gray matter of spinal cord ventral grey column of spinal cord ventral grey horn ventral horn spinal cord ventral horns spinal cord ventral region of spinal cord ventral spinal cord GO:0021517 MP:0005112 Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=36855&atid=440764 the ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 spinal cord anterior horn Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior horn (spinal cord) FMA:256541 anterior gray horn of spinal cord Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior column of the spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 anterior horn FMA:256541 anterior gray column of spinal cord FMA:256541 ventral gray column of spinal cord Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior column FMA:256541 ventral gray matter of spinal cord Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord cornu anterius medullae spinalis FMA-abduced-lr ZFA:0000702 ventral horn spinal cord The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column, or ventral horn) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. The anterior horn contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles while the posterior horn receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior horn is where the cell bodies of alpha motorneurons are located[Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord]. Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord VHOG:0001288 ventral horns spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2668 ventral grey horn dorsal funiculus FMA:77461 SCTID:362432005 TAO:0000501 The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns (also called the posterior columns) which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a partition of glial cells. Histologically, these two fasciculi are on other sides of the dorsal intermediate sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002258 ZFA:0000501 dorsal funiculus of spinal cord dorsal white column of spinal cord funiculus dorsalis funiculus posterior medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png posterior funiculus posterior funiculus of spinal cord posterior white column of spinal cord uberon FMA:77461 dorsal white column of spinal cord FMA-abduced-lr ZFA:0000501 funiculus dorsalis The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between the posterolateral sulcus and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus. This area includes the dorsal columns (also called the posterior columns) which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus, which are separated by a partition of glial cells. Histologically, these two fasciculi are on other sides of the dorsal intermediate sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_funiculus FMA:77461 posterior white column of spinal cord FMA:77461 FMA:TA funiculus posterior medullae spinalis corpora quadrigemina BTO:0001710 EV:0100244 FMA:242157 GAID:574 In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for 'quadruplet bodies') are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing. [WP,unvetted]. Two pairs of colliculi on the dorsal surface of the midbrain composed of white matter externally and gray matter within, the superior pair containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes[BTO]. MA:0002567 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.237 SCTID:361579006 UBERON:0002259 UMLS:C0010087 colliculi corpora quadrigemina editor note: this section needs worked on for pan-vertebrate consistency. for now we include a mammal specific definition, even though the child terms are applicable across vertebrates http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray709.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Gray709.png/200px-Gray709.png ncithesaurus:Corpora_Quadrigemina set of colliculi uberon BTO:0001710 In the brain, the corpora quadrigemina (Latin for 'quadruplet bodies') are the four colliculi—two inferior, two superior—located on the tectum the dorsal aspect of the midbrain. The corpora quadrigemina are reflex centers involving vision and hearing. [WP,unvetted]. Two pairs of colliculi on the dorsal surface of the midbrain composed of white matter externally and gray matter within, the superior pair containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes[BTO]. Wikipedia:Corpora_quadrigemina MP:0000899 colliculi FMA:242157 set of colliculi ventral root of spinal cord BTO:0000865 FMA:5979 FMA:77516 FMA:77516 xref is a 'general anatomical term'. We xref both to ensure equivalence. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090209 TAO:0000705 The efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve. UBERON:0002260 UMLS:C0205956 ZFA:0000705 anterior nerve root anterior root anterior root of spinal nerve anterior spinal root http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png motor root of spinal nerve ncithesaurus:Ventral_Nerve_Root radix anterior (nervus spinalis) radix anterior nervi spinalis radix motoria (nervus spinalis) uberon ventral root ventral root of spinal nerve ventral spinal nerve root Wikipedia:Anterior_root_of_spinal_nerve anterior root BTO:0000865 anterior spinal root FMA:5979 ventral spinal nerve root FMA:5979 ventral root of spinal nerve The efferent motor root of a spinal nerve. At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve. Wikipedia:Anterior_root_of_spinal_nerve Wikipedia:Anterior_root_of_spinal_nerve anterior nerve root FMA:5979 motor root of spinal nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090209 ventral root Wikipedia:Anterior_root_of_spinal_nerve radix anterior nervi spinalis FMA:5979 anterior root of spinal nerve FMA:5979 radix anterior (nervus spinalis) FMA:5979 radix motoria (nervus spinalis) FMA ZFA dorsal root of spinal cord BTO:0000360 FMA xref is 'general anatomical term'. We xref both to ensure equivalence. FMA:5980 In anatomy and neurology, the dorsal root (or posterior root) is the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve. At the distal end of the dorsal root is the dorsal root ganglion, which contains the neuron cell bodies of the nerve fibres conveyed by the root. If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed it would lead to numbness in certain areas of the body. The lateral division of the dorsal root contains lightly myelinated and unmyelinated axons of small diameter. These transmit pain and temperature sensation from the body. These fibers cross through the anterior white commissure to form the Anterior lateral system in the lateral funiculus. The medial division of the dorsal root contains myelinated axons of larger diameter. These transmit information of discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception originating from spinal levels C2 through S5. These fibers are pushed in towards the posterior medial sulcus to form the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090208 SCTID:362436008 TAO:0000652 UBERON:0002261 UMLS:C0205955 ZFA:0000652 dorsal root dorsal root of spinal nerve dorsal spinal nerve root http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Root_of_the_Spinal_Nerve posterior root of spinal nerve radix dorsalis radix posterior radix posterior (nervus spinalis) radix sensoria (nervus spinalis) sensory root of spinal nerve uberon FMA:5980 sensory root of spinal nerve Wikipedia:Posterior_root_of_spinal_nerve radix posterior In anatomy and neurology, the dorsal root (or posterior root) is the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve. At the distal end of the dorsal root is the dorsal root ganglion, which contains the neuron cell bodies of the nerve fibres conveyed by the root. If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were severed it would lead to numbness in certain areas of the body. The lateral division of the dorsal root contains lightly myelinated and unmyelinated axons of small diameter. These transmit pain and temperature sensation from the body. These fibers cross through the anterior white commissure to form the Anterior lateral system in the lateral funiculus. The medial division of the dorsal root contains myelinated axons of larger diameter. These transmit information of discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception originating from spinal levels C2 through S5. These fibers are pushed in towards the posterior medial sulcus to form the fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_root_of_spinal_nerve FMA:5980 dorsal root of spinal nerve FMA ZFA:0000652 dorsal root ZFA:0000652 radix dorsalis FMA:5980 radix posterior (nervus spinalis) FMA:5980 dorsal spinal nerve root FMA:5980 radix sensoria (nervus spinalis) Wikipedia:Posterior_root_of_spinal_nerve posterior root of spinal nerve celiac ganglion EHDAA2:0000266 EHDAA:8946 EMAPA:19321 FMA:77570 MA:0001158 SCTID:362492008 The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002262 UMLS:C0007571 coeliac ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray848.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gray848.png/200px-Gray848.png ncithesaurus:Coeliac_Ganglion uberon The celiac ganglia are two large irregularly shaped masses of nerve tissue in the upper abdomen. Part of the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the two celiac ganglia are the largest ganglia in the ANS, and they innervate most of the digestive tract. They have the appearance of lymph glands and are placed on either side of the midline in front of the crura of the diaphragm, close to the suprarenal glands (also called adrenal glands). The ganglion on the right side is placed behind the inferior vena cava. They are sometimes referred to as the semilunar ganglia or the solar ganglia. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Celiac_ganglia lentiform nucleus AO notes: the EMAPA class is unclear. Editor notes: TODO - add parts BTO:0002250 EMAPA:18208 EMAPA:19147 EV:0100186 FMA:77615 MA:0000896 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvyH2ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279319002 The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule. [WP,unvetted]. The part of the corpus striatum somewhat resembling a biconvex lens, divided into an external, larger, lateral part (putamen) and an internal, smaller, lighter colored medial part (globus pallidus), which is in turn subdivided into a smaller, medial, and a larger, lateral part by the medial medullary lamina[BTO]. UBERON:0002263 UMLS:C0162342 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Gray741.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gray741.png/200px-Gray741.png lenticular nucleus ncithesaurus:Lenticular_Nucleus nucleus lenticularis nucleus lentiformis nucleus lentiformis uberon BTO:0002250 nucleus lenticularis BTO:0002250 lenticular nucleus BTO:0002250 The lentiform nucleus or lenticular nucleus comprises the putamen and the globus pallidus within the basal ganglia. It is a large, cone-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule. [WP,unvetted]. The part of the corpus striatum somewhat resembling a biconvex lens, divided into an external, larger, lateral part (putamen) and an internal, smaller, lighter colored medial part (globus pallidus), which is in turn subdivided into a smaller, medial, and a larger, lateral part by the medial medullary lamina[BTO]. Wikipedia:Lentiform_nucleus BTO:0002250 nucleus lentiformis Wikipedia:Lentiform_nucleus nucleus lentiformis olfactory bulb A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO]. Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with a set of olfactory nerves and an olfactory tract. In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium, and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures, the main olfactory bulb, and the accessory olfactory bulb[WP]. AAO:0010165 ABA:OLF BM:Tel-OB BTO:0000961 EHDAA2:0004705 EV:0100173 FMA:77624 GAID:633 MA:0000194 MESH:A08.186.211.577.699.573 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1137 Note that in uberon 'main olfactory bulb' is a separate class, but some ontologies may treat this as partially synonymous. The distinction may only make sense in tetrapods with a vomeronasal organ (olfactory nerves terminate in OB in fishes and in main OB in tetrapods - Butler and Hodos). Development notes: the olfactory bulbs develop as bilateral evaginations from a region of the prosencephalic neural plate intercalated between the septal and the cortical anlagen (Cobos et al. 2001b, Rubenstein et al. 1998). Comparing the structure of the olfactory bulb among vertebrate species, such as the leopard frog and the lab mouse, reveals that they all share the same fundamental layout(WP). Part of the rostral part of the cerebrum where axons of olfactory cells from the nasal mucosa terminate. Projects onto olfactory parts of pallium via olfactory tracts Part of the telencephalon comprised of anterior outgrowths of either of the cerebral hemispheres in which the olfactory nerve exits.[AAO] SCTID:279394006 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with a set of olfactory nerves and an olfactory tract[FMA:77624]. TAO:0000402 The part of the forebrain in which the olfactory nerves end and the olfactory tracts originate. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002264 UMLS:C0028936 VHOG:0000033 XAO:0004180 ZFA:0000402 bulbus olfactorius bulbus olfactorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/1543,Vesalius%27OlfactoryBulbs.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/1543%2CVesalius%27OlfactoryBulbs.jpg/200px-1543%2CVesalius%27OlfactoryBulbs.jpg ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Bulb olfactory lobe uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505 Northcutt RG, Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. (1981) The presence of paired evaginated hemispheres and olfactory bulbs in both agnathan and gnathostome radiations suggests that such hemispheres were also present in the common ancestor.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000033 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO]. Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with a set of olfactory nerves and an olfactory tract. In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate which in mammals, separates it from the olfactory epithelium, and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures, the main olfactory bulb, and the accessory olfactory bulb[WP]. BTO:0000961 Wikipedia:Olfactory_bulb ABA Wikipedia:Olfactory_bulb bulbus olfactorius 2012-09-17 The part of the forebrain in which the olfactory nerves end and the olfactory tracts originate. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000033 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:77624 Segment of neural tree organ which is continuous with a set of olfactory nerves and an olfactory tract[FMA:77624]. ZFA:0000402 olfactory lobe ISBN10:0471888893 Part of the rostral part of the cerebrum where axons of olfactory cells from the nasal mucosa terminate. Projects onto olfactory parts of pallium via olfactory tracts Wikipedia:Olfactory_bulb bulbus olfactorius ABA ISBN10:0471888893 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010165 AAO:BJB Part of the telencephalon comprised of anterior outgrowths of either of the cerebral hemispheres in which the olfactory nerve exits.[AAO] NIF_GrossAnatomy olfactory tract A nervelike, white band composed primarily of nerve fibres originating from the mitral cells and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb but also containing the scattered cells of the anterior olfactory nucleus[BTO:0003647]. AO notes: sources differ as to whether this is part of the bulb (BTO), or cortex (MA). We represent this as the connection between the two, and is thus entirely part of neither, yet overlaps both. Note that the NIF class has been retired BTO:0003647 FMA:77626 MA:0000975 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1663 SCTID:362356008 The olfactory tract is a bundle of axons connecting the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb to several target regions in the brain, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. It is a narrow white band, triangular on coronal section, the apex being directed upward. It lies in the olfactory sulcus on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe, and divides posteriorly into two striæ, a medial olfactory stria and a lateral olfactory stria.[Wikipedia]. Tract of brain which is continuous with olfactory bulb and the cerebral cortex.[FMA] UBERON:0002265 UMLS:C0162435 White matter tract that contains projections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex (Maryann Martone) White matter tract that contains projections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex (Maryann Martone) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Tract olfactory peduncle tractus olfactorius uberon ISBN10:0471888893 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1663 White matter tract that contains projections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex (Maryann Martone) Wikipedia:Olfactory_tract A nervelike, white band composed primarily of nerve fibres originating from the mitral cells and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb but also containing the scattered cells of the anterior olfactory nucleus[BTO:0003647]. BTO:0003647 The olfactory tract is a bundle of axons connecting the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb to several target regions in the brain, including piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. It is a narrow white band, triangular on coronal section, the apex being directed upward. It lies in the olfactory sulcus on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe, and divides posteriorly into two striæ, a medial olfactory stria and a lateral olfactory stria.[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_tract Wikipedia:Olfactory_tract tractus olfactorius BTO:0003647 tractus olfactorius BTO:0003647 olfactory peduncle FMA Tract of brain which is continuous with olfactory bulb and the cerebral cortex.[FMA] NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1663 White matter tract that contains projections from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex (Maryann Martone) deprecated class anterior olfactory nucleus ABA:AON AON BM:Tel-OAN BTO:0003649 EV:0100174 FMA:77628 MA:0000968 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1085 The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON; also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002266 UMLS:C0175225 anterior olfactory cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG ncithesaurus:Anterior_Olfactory_Nucleus nucleus olfactorius anterior nucleus retrobulbaris [a8] retrobulbar nucleus [a8] uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy ABA ABA The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON; also called the anterior olfactory cortex) is a portion of the forebrain of vertebrates. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_olfactory_nucleus Wikipedia:Anterior_olfactory_nucleus nucleus olfactorius anterior BTO:0003649 anterior olfactory cortex ABA ABA AON BTO:0003649 FMA:77628 FMA:TA nucleus retrobulbaris [a8] laterodorsal tegmental nucleus ABA:LDT BTO:0004016 FMA:77654 MA:0001016 The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002267 lateroposterior tegmental nucleus nucleus tegmentalis posterolateralis nucleus tegmentalis posterolateralis uberon ABA The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Laterodorsal_tegmental_nucleus ABA ABA ABA FMA:77654 FMA:TA nucleus tegmentalis posterolateralis Wikipedia:Laterodorsal_tegmental_nucleus nucleus tegmentalis posterolateralis olfactory organ AAO:0010180 BTO:0001772 FMA:77659 UBERON:0002268 VHOG:0000287 XAO:0000273 note - fma general anatomical term. xao has no subtypes (but Johnstons organ develops from this). An olfactory organ overlaps with the olfactory system, because some parts of the nose (e.g. nasal skeleton) are parts of the skeletal system, which is spatially disjoint olfactory neuroepithelium organ olfactus organum olfactorium uberon BTO:0001772 organ olfactus BTO:0001772 olfactory neuroepithelium BTO:0001772 organum olfactorium pupillary membrane FMA:77663 MA:0001293 The pupillary membrane in mammals exists in the fetus as a source of blood supply for the lens. It normally atrophies from the time of birth to the age of four to eight weeks. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002269 uberon The pupillary membrane in mammals exists in the fetus as a source of blood supply for the lens. It normally atrophies from the time of birth to the age of four to eight weeks. Wikipedia:Persistent_pupillary_membrane MA-modified hyaloid artery Artery that is internal to the eye. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] Cloquet's canal Cloquets canal EHDAA2:0004072 EMAPA:19242 FMA:77670 SCTID:308790003 TAO:0005045 The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the man who first described it, French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790b1883). Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as "floaters". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla. UBERON:0002270 VHOG:0001478 XAO:0004155 ZFA def is: Artery that is internal to the eye; this is more general than the human-centric definition here.. ZFA:0005045 arteria hyaloidea central artery of retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg/200px-Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg.png uberon ZFA ZFA 2012-08-14 Artery that is internal to the eye. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005045 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia Cloquets canal Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the internal carotid artery. It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends from the optic disc through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to supply nutrient to the developing lens in the growing fetus. During the tenth week of development in humans (time varies depending on species), the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. Regression of the hyaloid artery leaves a clear central zone through the vitreous called the hyaloid canal or Cloquet's canal. Cloquet's canal is named after the man who first described it, French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790b1883). Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in the condition persistent hyaloid artery. More commonly, small remnants of the artery may remain. Free remnants can sometimes be seen as "floaters". An anterior remnant of the hyaloid artery can be seen in some people as Mittendorf's dot, a small pinpoint-like scar on the posterior surface of the lens. A posterior remnant may be seen where the artery left the optic disc, and is known as Bergmeister's papilla. Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery arteria hyaloidea Cloquet's canal Wikipedia:Hyaloid_artery EMAPA:19242 central artery of retina periventricular zone of hypothalamus ABA:PVZ FMA:77682 MA:0000846 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002271 VHOG:0000623 hypothalamus periventricular zone uberon medial zone of hypothalamus ABA:MEZ FMA:77683 MA:0000837 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002272 hypothalamus medial zone uberon lateral zone of hypothalamus ABA:LZ FMA:77684 MA:0000833 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002273 hypothalamus lateral zone uberon perifornical nucleus FMA:77688 MA:0000836 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002274 uberon reticular formation FMA:77719 MESH:A08.186.211.132.772 SCTID:361552007 UBERON:0002275 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/200px-Gray701.png note that this class denotes the generic structure, and not a specific one such as medullary or pontine reticular formation. uberon lamina of spiral limbus FMA:77721 MA:0001191 The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002276 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray930.png/200px-Gray930.png limbus lamina spiralis limbus laminae spiralis spiral limbus spiral limbus lamina uberon FMA:77721 spiral limbus lamina FMA:77721 limbus laminae spiralis MA:0001191 limbus lamina spiralis The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Limbus_laminae_spiralis MA spiral sulcus A concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct, formed by either the overhanging vestibular lip (inner spiral sulcus) or the spiral prominence and the spiral organ (outer spiral sulcus). FMA:77744 MA:0001195 UBERON:0002277 sulcus spiralis uberon MA perilymphatic space BTO:0002083 FMA:77745 Retzius space SCTID:362576001 The fluid-filled space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth. UBERON:0002278 ZFA:0005459 spatium perilymphaticum uberon Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The fluid-filled space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth. vestibular aqueduct At the hinder part of the medial wall of the vestibule is the orifice of the vestibular aqueduct, which extends to the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It transmits a small vein, and contains a tubular prolongation of the membranous labyrinth, the ductus endolymphaticus, which ends in a cul-de-sac between the layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:77821 GAID:885 MA:0001186 MESH:A09.246.631.909.957 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002279 aqueductus vestibuli http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray921.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray921.png/200px-Gray921.png uberon At the hinder part of the medial wall of the vestibule is the orifice of the vestibular aqueduct, which extends to the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It transmits a small vein, and contains a tubular prolongation of the membranous labyrinth, the ductus endolymphaticus, which ends in a cul-de-sac between the layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_aqueduct Wikipedia:Vestibular_aqueduct aqueductus vestibuli otolith ANISEED:777311 ANISEED:874485 Acellular structure composed of calcium carbonate located in the otolith organ. Currently represented as part of the otolith membrane, but they may also be considered to be embedded in this membrane FMA:77826 Portion of organism substance composed of calcium carbonate located in the otolith organ.[TAO] SCTID:368951003 TAO:0001621 UBERON:0002280 UMLS:C0029894 ZFA:0001617 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg immature otolith immature otoliths ncithesaurus:Otolith otoconia otoconial otoconial crystal otoconium otolithic otoliths relationship loss: develops_from immature otolith (TAO:0000139)[TAO] statoconium statolith uberon otoliths 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001621 relationship loss: develops_from immature otolith (TAO:0000139)[TAO] otoconia Wikipedia Acellular structure composed of calcium carbonate located in the otolith organ. Wikipedia:Otolith ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 Portion of organism substance composed of calcium carbonate located in the otolith organ.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001621 TAO:wd MP:0002894 otoconial crystal vestibular membrane of cochlear duct FMA:77829 MA:0001200 Reissner's membrane SCTID:362575002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002281 a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates scala media from scala vestibuli. Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the organ of Corti. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. Histologically, the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium, separated by a basal lamina. Its structure suggests that its function is transport of fluid and electrolytes. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cochlea-crosssection.png/250px-Cochlea-crosssection.png membrana vestibularis ductus cochlearis paries vestibularis ductus cochlearis superior wall of cochlear duct uberon vestibular membrane vestibular membrane vestibular membrane of Reissner vestibular wall of cochlear duct MP:0006021 membrana vestibularis ductus cochlearis MP:0006021 paries vestibularis ductus cochlearis Wikipedia:Reissner's_membrane a membrane inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It separates scala media from scala vestibuli. Together with the basilar membrane it creates a compartment in the cochlea filled with endolymph, which is important for the function of the organ of Corti. It primarily functions as a diffusion barrier, allowing nutrients to travel from the perilymph to the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth. Histologically, the membrane is composed of two layers of flattened epithelium, separated by a basal lamina. Its structure suggests that its function is transport of fluid and electrolytes. MP:0006021 vestibular membrane FMA:77829 superior wall of cochlear duct MA:0001200 vestibular membrane FMA:77829 vestibular membrane of Reissner MP:0006021 vestibular wall of cochlear duct FMA:77829 Reissner's membrane stria vascularis of cochlear duct AO notes: represented as a wall in FMA. MESH def implies part of spiral ligament but better represented as adjacency / overlaps BTO:0001819 EFO:0001644 FMA:77832 GAID:875 MA:0001198 MESH:A09.246.631.246.292.876 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2525 SCTID:279842002 The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002282 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cochlea-crosssection.png/200px-Cochlea-crosssection.png psalterial cord stria vascularis stria vascularis ductus cochlearis stria vascularis of cochlea uberon vascular stria of cochlear duct vascular stripe of cochlear duct FMA MA The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stria_vascularis FMA:77832 stria vascularis of cochlea NBK53175 pigment cells MP:0000048 vascular stripe of cochlear duct BTO:0001819 vascular stria of cochlear duct BTO:0001819 stria vascularis ductus cochlearis MP:0000048 psalterial cord nail matrix FMA:77856 MA:0002707 Portion of tissue (or germinal matrix) upon which the nail rests, the part of the nail bed that extends beneath the nail root and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix is responsible for the production of the cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix, while the shape of the fingertip itself determines if the nail plate is flat, arched, or hooked. The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition. As new nail plate cells are incubated, they emerge from the matrix round and white to push older nail plate cells forward; and in this way yet older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent, making the pink colour of the capillaries in the nail bed below visible[WP]. UBERON:0002283 keratogenous membrane matrix unguis onychostroma uberon Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy)#Parts_of_the_nail onychostroma Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy)#Parts_of_the_nail matrix unguis Wikipedia:Nail_(anatomy)#Parts_of_the_nail keratogenous membrane Portion of tissue (or germinal matrix) upon which the nail rests, the part of the nail bed that extends beneath the nail root and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix is responsible for the production of the cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix, while the shape of the fingertip itself determines if the nail plate is flat, arched, or hooked. The matrix will continue to grow as long as it receives nutrition and remains in a healthy condition. As new nail plate cells are incubated, they emerge from the matrix round and white to push older nail plate cells forward; and in this way yet older cells become compressed, flat, and translucent, making the pink colour of the capillaries in the nail bed below visible[WP]. UBERON:cjm hyponychium Epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. FMA:77860 MA:0002705 SCTID:300918002 UBERON:0002284 uberon Epithelium located beneath the nail plate at the junction between the free edge and the skin of the fingertip. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. Wikipedia:Hyponychium telencephalic ventricle A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere BM:Tel-LV BTO:0000879 EFO:0001961 EHDAA2:0001984 EHDAA:3502 EHDAA:6576 EV:0100307 FMA:78448 GAID:611 MA:0000192 MESH:A08.186.211.276.650 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1263 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYsFdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180930008 TAO:0000696 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles. The lateral ventricles connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramina of Monro[WP]. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle[GO]. UBERON:0002285 UMLS:C0152279 VHOG:0000643 ZFA:0000696 forebrain ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png lateral ventricle lateral ventricle of brain modeled as space in EHDAA2 ncithesaurus:Lateral_Ventricle tectal ventricle telencephalic ventricle telencephalic vesicle telencephalon lateral ventricle uberon The lateral ventricles are part of the ventricular system of the brain. Classified as part of the telencephalon, they are the largest of the ventricles. The lateral ventricles connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramina of Monro[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_ventricle A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Lateral_ventricle EHDAA2 material to immaterial ZFA:0000696 telencephalic vesicle EHDAA2:0001984 telencephalon lateral ventricle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000643 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0021670 The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle[GO]. BTO:0000879 lateral ventricle of brain VHOG:0000643 ZFA:0000696 telencephalic ventricle MA:0000192 lateral ventricle third ventricle 3rd ventricle BM:Die-3V EHDAA2:0000084 EMAPA:16900 EV:0100308 Editor's note: consider adding class for secondary vesicle precursor FMA:78454 Fluid-filled brain cavity. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] GAID:614 MA:0000182 MESH:A08.186.211.276.840 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_714 OpenCyc:Mx4rvakhcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (Maryann Martone). A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina[GAID]. SCTID:180931007 TAO:0000161 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002286 UMLS:C0149555 VHOG:0000007 ZFA:0000161 diencephalic ventricle diencephalic vesicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray734.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png ncithesaurus:Third_Ventricle_of_Brain relationship loss: develops_from forebrain ventricle (TAO:0001259)[TAO] uberon ventriculus diencephali ventriculus tertius cerebri 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000161 relationship loss: develops_from forebrain ventricle (TAO:0001259)[TAO] 2012-08-14 Fluid-filled brain cavity. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000161 ZFIN:curator EHDAA2 GAID:614 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_714 Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct (Maryann Martone). A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina[GAID]. Wikipedia:Third_ventricle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000007 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000161 ventriculus diencephali Wikipedia:Third_ventricle ventriculus tertius cerebri optic recess of third ventricle At the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle, immediately above the optic chiasma, the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum, the optic recess (or supraoptic recess). [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0001317 EHDAA:1343 EHDAA:1973 EHDAA:2649 EHDAA:3478 EMAPA:16644 EMAPA:16902 FMA:78455 SCTID:369279008 TAO:0000049 TODO - check taxonomic grouping The optic recess of the third ventricle, i.e. the pouch of the ventricle penetrating into the interval between the initial optic tracts. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0002287 VHOG:0000595 ZFA:0000049 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray721.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray721.png/200px-Gray721.png optic recess optic recesses preoptic recess recessus supraopticus recessus supraopticus supraoptic recess uberon At the junction of the floor and anterior wall of the third ventricle, immediately above the optic chiasma, the ventricle presents a small angular recess or diverticulum, the optic recess (or supraoptic recess). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Optic_recess FMA:78455 FMA:TA recessus supraopticus 2012-09-17 The optic recess of the third ventricle, i.e. the pouch of the ventricle penetrating into the interval between the initial optic tracts. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000595 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Optic_recess recessus supraopticus VHOG:0000595 optic recesses choroid plexus of third ventricle 3rd ventricle choroid plexus A choroid plexus that is part of a third ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:78462 MA:0000879 SCTID:61576002 TAO:0001444 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002288 UMLS:C0152291 VHOG:0001374 ZFA:0001444 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle chorioid plexus of third ventricle choroid plexus third ventricle diencephalic choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_of_the_Third_Ventricle third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere third ventricle choroid plexus uberon ZFA:0001444 choroid plexus third ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a third ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle ZFA:0001444 diencephalic choroid plexus OBOL:automatic third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere midbrain cerebral aqueduct AO notes: Two distinct classes in ncit. We classify this as a brain ventricle even though it is not classifically regarded as one (3rd = diencephalon, 4th = hindbrains) BM:MB-AQ EFO:0003501 EHDAA2:0001163 EHDAA:3696 EMAPA:17795 EV:0100309 FMA:78467 GAID:583 MA:0000208 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.822.187 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1261 SCTID:279249003 Sylvian aqueduct TAO:0000159 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle, which is between the pons and cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002289 UBERON:0005684 UMLS:C0007769 VHOG:0000832 ZFA:0000159 aqueduct (Sylvius) aqueduct of Sylvius aqueduct of midbrain aqueductus mesencephali aqueductus mesencephali cerebral aquaduct cerebral aqueduct cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png medial tectal ventricle mesencephalic duct mesencephalic ventricle mesencephalic vesicle midbrain cerebral aqueduct midbrain ventricle ncithesaurus:Aqueduct_of_Sylvius ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Aqueduct tectal ventricle uberon FMA:78467 FMA:TA aqueductus mesencephali EHDAA2:0001163 midbrain cerebral aqueduct MA:0000208 cerebral aqueduct EHDAA2 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000832 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000159 cerebral aquaduct ZFA:0000159 midbrain ventricle Wikipedia:Cerebral_aqueduct mesencephalic duct Sylvian aqueduct Wikipedia:Cerebral_aqueduct Wikipedia:Cerebral_aqueduct aqueductus mesencephali ZFA:0000159 tectal ventricle ZFA:0000159 mesencephalic vesicle ZFA:0000159 medial tectal ventricle ZFA:0000159 mesencephalic ventricle The mesencephalic duct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, aqueduct of Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain) and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle, which is between the pons and cerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_aqueduct choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 4th ventricle choroid plexus A choroid plexus that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:78492 MA:0000983 SCTID:42214001 TAO:0001446 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002290 UMLS:C0152293 VHOG:0001375 ZFA:0001446 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle choroid plexus fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_of_the_Fourth_Ventricle uberon OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere ZFA:0001446 choroid plexus fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic central canal EHDAA2:0004361 FMA:78497 MA:0001117 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1409 SCTID:279447004 Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. TAO:0000938 UBERON:0002220 UBERON:0002291 UMLS:C0459414 ZFA:0000938 canalis centralis central canal of spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_Section_-_English.svg.png ncithesaurus:Central_Canal neural lumen previously mapped to FMA:75364. Note some ontologies (NIF, SNOMED) subdivide this into lumbar, thoracic, etc. Note we follow FMA in distinguishing between the canal and the lumen spinal cord central canal uberon ventricle of spinal cord Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. ZFIN:curator MA FMA cjm FMA:78497 ventricle of spinal cord ZFA:0000938 canalis centralis costovertebral joint AO notes: FMA has both this and joint of head of rib EMAPA:19020 EMAPA:19208 FMA:10382 MA:0001510 SCTID:263315000 The costovertebral joints are the articulations that connect the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places, the head and the tubercle of the rib. Two convex facets from the head attach to two adjacent vertebrae. This forms a trochoid joint, which is strengthened by the ligament of the head and the intercapital ligament. Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse process of the adjacent vertebrae. This articulation is reinforced by the dorsal costotransverse ligament. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002292 UMLS:C0224681 costal head joint costocorporeal joint costovertebral synovial joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gray312.png/200px-Gray312.png joint of costal head joint of head of rib ncithesaurus:Costovertebral_Joint uberon FMA:10382 costovertebral synovial joint FMA:7951 costal head joint FMA:7951 costocorporeal joint FMA MA FMA:7951 joint of costal head The costovertebral joints are the articulations that connect the heads of the ribs with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Joining of ribs to the vertebrae occurs at two places, the head and the tubercle of the rib. Two convex facets from the head attach to two adjacent vertebrae. This forms a trochoid joint, which is strengthened by the ligament of the head and the intercapital ligament. Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse process of the adjacent vertebrae. This articulation is reinforced by the dorsal costotransverse ligament. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costovertebral_joint FMA:7951 joint of head of rib costochondral joint A bars of hyaline cartilage located between the distal part of a rib and a costal cartilage, connecting the ribs to the sternum . FMA:7956 MA:0001509 OpenCyc:Mx4rvfy27JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:282413008 Taxon notes: In humans, Joints between costal cartilages of ribs 6-9 are plane synovial joints. Articulation between costal cartilage of rib 9 and rib 10 is fibrous UBERON:0002293 UMLS:C0224683 articulatio costochondralis articulationes costochondrales chondrocostal synchondrosis costochondral junction costochondral synchondrosis ncithesaurus:Costochondral_Joint uberon FMA:7956 costochondral synchondrosis FMA:7956 chondrocostal synchondrosis A bars of hyaline cartilage located between the distal part of a rib and a costal cartilage, connecting the ribs to the sternum . HP:0000920 Wikipedia:Costochondral_joint FMA:7956 HP:0000920 costochondral junction FMA:7956 FMA:TA articulatio costochondralis MA FMA Wikipedia:Costochondral_joint articulationes costochondrales biliary system Anatomical system that consists of the organs and ducts (bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. FMA:79646 SCTID:361354009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002294 biliary apparatus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png uberon Anatomical system that consists of the organs and ducts (bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. Wikipedia:Biliary_system scala media An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti. [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0000262 FMA:79789 MA:0002458 TODO: check cochlear duct vs cochlear aqueduct vs scala media UBERON:0002295 cochlear duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gray928.png/200px-Gray928.png uberon An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Scala media houses the organ of Corti. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scala_media dorsal mesentery EHDAA2:0004560 EHDAA:3019 EHDAA:3033 EHDAA:3921 EHDAA:3934 EHDAA:3957 EHDAA:3971 FMA:79795 SCTID:308823000 TAO:0005130 The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. UBERON:0002296 ZFA:0005130 dorsal mesogastrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Gray985.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gray985.png/200px-Gray985.png mesenterium dorsale commune uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery mesenterium dorsale commune FMA EHDAA2 The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery Wikipedia:Mesentery#Development ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005130 The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery dorsal mesogastrium cerumen ENVO:02000028 FMA:79869 GAID:1158 MA:0002506 MESH:A12.200.147 The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal[MESH]. UBERON:0002297 UMLS:C0740486 cerumenal cerumenous ear wax ncithesaurus:Cerumen uberon MESH:A12.200.147 The yellow or brown waxy secretions produced by vestigial apocrine sweat glands in the external ear canal[MESH]. Wikipedia:Cerumen brainstem 'brainstem' is a loose term that sometimes refers to the ventral parts o the brain except for any part of the telencephalon - sometimes it includes the diencephalon or subpallial telencephalon structures (ISBN10:0471888893). Here we use it in a more restriced sense, to include only the medulla oblongata, pons (when present) and the midbrain tegmentum (following the ZFA definitions). ABA:BS BTO:0000146 EFO:0001962 EV:0100241 FMA:79876 MA:0000169 MESH:A08.186.211.132 Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO] Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1565 SCTID:180925009 TAO:0002156 UBERON:0002298 UMLS:C0006121 VHOG:0001457 ZFA:0001707 brain stem http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray719.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray719.png/200px-Gray719.png ncithesaurus:Brain_Stem truncus encephali truncus encephalicus uberon we apply a strict definition we apply a strict definition ABA:BS brain stem ABA Wikipedia:Brainstem truncus encephali BTO:0000146 truncus encephalicus ISBN10:0471888893 Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted]. Wikipedia:Brainstem ZFA:0001707 2012-08-14 ISBN:3764351209 Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002156 alveolus of lung BTO:0000060 EFO:0001985 EV:0100043 FMA:7318 GAID:349 MA:0000420 MESH:A04.411.715 SCTID:361364000 Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP]. UBERON:0002299 VHOG:0001445 alveoli alveolus alveolus pulmonis alveolus pulmonis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Alveolus_diagram.svg lung alveolus pulmonary alveolus uberon Wikipedia:Pulmonary_alveolus alveolus pulmonis Wikipedia:Pulmonary_alveolus alveolus pulmonis MA Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP]. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_alveolus FMA BTO:0000060 alveoli FMA:7318 pulmonary alveolus obsolete ventricle A chamber of an organ with cavitated organ parts. Examples: right ventricle of heart, lateral ventricle of brain. UBERON:0002300 true uberon A chamber of an organ with cavitated organ parts. Examples: right ventricle of heart, lateral ventricle of brain. Wikipedia:Ventricle_of_the_larynx layer of neocortex ABA:CTX1-6b FMA:83138 MA:0000186 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002301 cerebral cortex layer cortical layer neocortex layer uberon MA:0000186 cerebral cortex layer myocardium of atrium A myocardium that is part of a cardiac atrium [Automatically generated definition]. As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] Cardiac atria cardiac muscle Cardiac atria heart muscle Cardiac atria heart myocardium Cardiac atria muscle of heart Cardiac atria myocardium EFO:0003087 FMA:83509 MA:0000081 SCTID:191910002 TAO:0001374 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002302 VHOG:0000602 ZFA:0001374 atrial myocardium atrium cardiac muscle atrium myocardium atrium of heart cardiac muscle atrium of heart heart muscle atrium of heart heart myocardium atrium of heart muscle of heart atrium of heart myocardium cardiac atrium cardiac muscle cardiac atrium heart muscle cardiac atrium heart myocardium cardiac atrium muscle of heart cardiac atrium myocardium cardiac muscle of Cardiac atria cardiac muscle of atrium of heart cardiac muscle of cardiac atrium cardiac muscle of heart atrium heart atrium cardiac muscle heart atrium heart muscle heart atrium heart myocardium heart atrium muscle of heart heart atrium myocardium heart muscle of Cardiac atria heart muscle of atrium of heart heart muscle of cardiac atrium heart muscle of heart atrium heart myocardium of Cardiac atria heart myocardium of atrium of heart heart myocardium of cardiac atrium heart myocardium of heart atrium muscle of heart of Cardiac atria muscle of heart of atrium of heart muscle of heart of cardiac atrium muscle of heart of heart atrium myocardium of Cardiac atria myocardium of atrium of heart myocardium of cardiac atrium myocardium of heart atrium uberon OBOL:automatic heart muscle of heart atrium Cardiac atria muscle of heart OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart atrium myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium muscle of heart OBOL:automatic heart atrium muscle of heart OBOL:automatic myocardium of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of heart atrium Cardiac atria cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic myocardium of Cardiac atria VHOG:0000602 atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic atrium of heart cardiac muscle Cardiac atria heart myocardium OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic myocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic atrium of heart heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of Cardiac atria Cardiac atria myocardium OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic heart atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart atrium OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic myocardium of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart muscle of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of cardiac atrium 2012-09-17 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 VHOG VHOG:0000602 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic heart muscle of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic atrium of heart muscle of heart OBOL:automatic atrium of heart heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart atrium heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart atrium heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac atrium Cardiac atria heart muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of atrium of heart A myocardium that is part of a cardiac atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic atrium of heart myocardium juxtaglomerular apparatus An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. EMAPA:30449 FMA:83599 GAID:432 MA:0002546 MESH:A05.810.453.736.520.520 SCTID:362219002 UBERON:0002303 UMLS:C0022445 complexus juxtaglomerularis juxtaglomerular complex ncithesaurus:Juxtaglomerular_Apparatus uberon complexus juxtaglomerularis An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. GO:0072206 Wikipedia:Juxtaglomerular_apparatus layer of dentate gyrus FMA:83678 MA:0002429 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002304 dentate gyrus layer uberon layer of hippocampus FMA:83679 MA:0002427 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1192 TODO - check NIF xref UBERON:0002305 cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation hippocampus layer the layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus. uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1192 cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation MP:0000813 Wikipedia:Hippocampus_anatomy#Hippocampal_Cells_and_Layers the layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus. nasal mucus BTO:0003603 FMA:83688 In the respiratory system mucus aids in the protection of the lungs by trapping foreign particles that enter it, particularly through the nose, during normal breathing. Phlegm is a specialized term for mucus that is restricted to the respiratory tract, while the term mucus more globally describes secretions of the nasal passages as well. MA:0002535 TODO - split nasal vs respiratory tract? UBERON:0002306 UMLS:C0225392 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Mucus respiratory mucus uberon BTO:0003603 respiratory mucus In the respiratory system mucus aids in the protection of the lungs by trapping foreign particles that enter it, particularly through the nose, during normal breathing. Phlegm is a specialized term for mucus that is restricted to the respiratory tract, while the term mucus more globally describes secretions of the nasal passages as well. Wikipedia:Nasal_mucus#Respiratory_system choroid plexus of lateral ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004449 FMA:83711 MA:0000961 SCTID:70064002 TAO:0001447 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002307 UMLS:C0152289 VHOG:0001376 ZFA:0001447 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle choroid plexus telencephalic ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle uberon OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0001447 choroid plexus telencephalic ventricle nucleus of brain FMA:83840 MA:0000811 Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the brain. Example: pontobulbar nucleus, globose nucleus[FMA]. brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.[Wikipedia] SCTID:426465002 UBERON:0002308 UMLS:C1706993 We considered merging with 'neural nucleus' ZFA:0005575 brain nucleus ncithesaurus:Brain_Nucleus uberon FMA:83840 Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the brain. Example: pontobulbar nucleus, globose nucleus[FMA]. brain structure consisting of a relatively compact cluster of neurons. It is one of the two most common forms of nerve cell organization, the other being layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or cerebellar cortex. In anatomical sections, a nucleus shows up as a region of gray matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of distinguishable nuclei, varying widely in shape and size. A nucleus may itself have a complex internal structure, with multiple types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.[Wikipedia] Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) medial longitudinal fasciculus BTO:0003951 FMA:83846 MLF SCTID:362397001 TAO:0000543 The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a pair of crossed fiber tracts, one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different areas. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002309 ZFA:0000543 fasciculus longitudinalis medialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray711.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray711.png/200px-Gray711.png uberon MLF ZFA:0000543 Wikipedia:Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus fasciculus longitudinalis medialis The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) is a pair of crossed fiber tracts, one on each side of the brainstem. These bundles of axons are situated near the midline of the brainstem and are composed of both ascending and descending fibers that arise from a number of sources and terminate in different areas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus hippocampus fimbria A prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus[WP]. BM:Tel-FI FMA:83866 MA:0000949 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 SCTID:369096000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002310 UMLS:C0152315 fimbria fimbria hippocampi fimbria hippocampus fimbria of hippocampus fimbria of the fornix fimbria-fornix hippocampal fimbria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gray749.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray749.png/200px-Gray749.png ncithesaurus:Fimbria neuraxis fimbria uberon Wikipedia:Fimbria_of_hippocampus fimbria hippocampi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 fimbria-fornix MP:0009324 hippocampal fimbria NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 fimbria of the fornix MA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1502 fimbria A prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus[WP]. Wikipedia:Fimbria_of_hippocampus FMA:83866 fimbria of hippocampus obsolete nodulus of cerebellum UBERON:0002311 UBERON:0004083 true uberon hippocampus pyramidal layer A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). BTO:0001066 FMA:83895 MA:0000956 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 UBERON:0002313 UBERON:0005369 hippocampus stratum pyramidale pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus pyramidal layer of hippocampus stratum pyramidale stratum pyramidale hippocampi uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 stratum pyramidale NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 stratum pyramidale hippocampi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1444 FMA:83895 pyramidal layer of hippocampus midbrain tectum BM:MB-Tec BTO:0001793 Dorsal part of the midbrain, consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei [MM, NIF]. The tectum is a region of the brain, specifically the dorsal part of the mesencephalon (midbrain). This is contrasted with the tegmentum, which refers to the region ventral to the ventricular system. It is derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube. [WP,unvetted]. EFO:0000920 EHDAA2:0004474 EMAPA:19051 FMA:83902 In adult humans it is present only in the mesencephalon as the inferior and the superior colliculi[WP]. MA:0000211 MAT:0000451 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1032 SCTID:362394008 TAO:0001353 The tectum - a multisensory, topologically mapped structure in the roof of the midbrain presents a remarkable degree of conservation in all vertebrate radiations; although it varies in the extent of its development in different vertebrate classes, there is considerable evidence now to deem its layered structure, its cell types, and its hodological pattern as homologous in all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002314 UMLS:C0039433 VHOG:0001388 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray685.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray685.png/200px-Gray685.png mesencephalic tectum ncithesaurus:Tectum_Mesencephali neuraxis tectum t. mesencephali tectum tectum mesencephali uberon BTO:0001793 tectum mesencephali Wikipedia:Midbrain_tectum t. mesencephali ZFA:0000445 mesencephalic tectum Dorsal part of the midbrain, consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi and the pretectal nuclei [MM, NIF]. The tectum is a region of the brain, specifically the dorsal part of the mesencephalon (midbrain). This is contrasted with the tegmentum, which refers to the region ventral to the ventricular system. It is derived in embryonic development from the alar plate of the neural tube. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1032 Wikipedia:Midbrain_tectum 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003582 Maximino C, Evolutionary Changes in the Complexity of the Tectum of Nontetrapods: A Cladistic Approach. PLoS ONE (2008) The tectum - a multisensory, topologically mapped structure in the roof of the midbrain presents a remarkable degree of conservation in all vertebrate radiations; although it varies in the extent of its development in different vertebrate classes, there is considerable evidence now to deem its layered structure, its cell types, and its hodological pattern as homologous in all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001388 http://bgee.unil.ch/ gray matter of spinal cord FMA:256580 MA:0000002 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100204 SCTID:279441003 UBERON:0002315 UMLS:C0475853 gray matter of neuraxis of spinal cord gray substance of spinal cord grey matter of spinal cord grey substance of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord gray matter spinal cord gray matter of neuraxis spinal cord grey matter spinal cord grey substance the ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. uberon OBOL:automatic spinal cord gray matter of neuraxis MP:0008503 the ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. OBOL:automatic spinal cord grey substance OBOL:automatic gray matter of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord gray matter FMA:256580 gray substance of spinal cord white matter AEO:0000139 AEO:0001011 CNS tracts and commissures CNS white matter Cell part cluster consisting predominantly of neurites in the brain and the spinal cord[FMA:83929]. FMA:83929 MA:0001135 Multi-tissue structure comprised largely of myelinated axons.[TAO] NIF_GrossAnatomy:Class_2 Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system. OpenCyc:Mx4rwOAsDZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000145 TAO:0002142 TAO:0002143 The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002316 UMLS:C0682708 VHOG:0001764 ZFA:0001682 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Grey_matter_and_white_matter_-_very_high_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg/200px-Spinal_nerve.svg.png ncithesaurus:White_Matter neuronal white matter substantia alba uberon white mater white matter of neuraxis white substance Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:White_matter Wikipedia:White_matter substantia alba AEO AEO:0001011 neuronal white matter Cell part cluster consisting predominantly of neurites in the brain and the spinal cord[FMA:83929]. FMA:83929 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue structure comprised largely of myelinated axons.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002142 ZFIN:curator CNS tracts and commissures TAO:0000145 FMA:83929 white matter of neuraxis FMA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nature09614 Nave KA, Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia. Nature (2010) The myelination of axons by glial cells was the last major step in the evolution of cells in the vertebrate nervous system, and white-matter tracts are key to the architecture of the mammalian brain.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001764 http://bgee.unil.ch/ CNS white matter TAO:0002143 VHOG:0001764 white mater white matter of cerebellum CNS white matter that is part of the cerebellum.[TAO] FMA:83943 MA:0002430 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1562 SCTID:362412009 TAO:0002183 UBERON:0002317 UMLS:C0152381 ZFA:0001708 cerebellar white matter cerebellum white matter ncithesaurus:Cerebellum_White_Matter note that in NIF this is a composite structure; in MA and FMA it is explicitly part of cerebellum. This leads to consistency problems with strict parcellation schemes like ABA, see cerebellar peduncles. In NIF this is a composite structure, this is followed partially here in weakening the relationship to overlaps uberon 2012-08-14 CNS white matter that is part of the cerebellum.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002183 ZFIN:curator FMA-weakened MA-weakened white matter of spinal cord FMA:83945 MA:0000910 SCTID:279436006 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002318 UMLS:C0458457 ncithesaurus:White_Matter_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord white matter spinal cord white matter of neuraxis spinal cord white substance the regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. uberon white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord white substance of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord white matter of neuraxis OBOL:automatic white substance of spinal cord MP:0008027 the regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. OBOL:automatic spinal cord white substance OBOL:automatic white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord mesangium BTO:0002494 EMAPA:28248 FMA:84139 MA:0002617 MESH:A05.810.453.736.520.380 UBERON:0002319 UMLS:C0017655 WP considers this the same as glomerular mesangium. In MA, glomerular and extraglomerular are distingsuished. inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries. mesangial ncithesaurus:Mesangium uberon Wikipedia:Mesangium http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=76834&atid=974957 inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries. glomerular mesangium A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. EMAPA:27961 EMAPA:28248 FMA:84140 GAID:430 MA:0002606 MESH:A05.810.453.736.520.380 SCTID:244574009 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002320 uberon GO A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. MESH:A05.810.453.736.520.380 Wikipedia:Glomerular_mesangium extraglomerular mesangium EMAPA:28278 FMA:84141 MA:0002602 UBERON:0002321 editor note - check MA part_ofs - should be spatially disjoint from renal glomerulus? uberon MA MA MA periventricular nucleus . FMA:84354 TAO:0000260 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002322 ZFA:0000260 uberon ventral zone of periventricular hypothalamus ZFA:0000260 ventral zone of periventricular hypothalamus . Wikipedia:Periventricular_nucleus coelemic cavity lumen AEO:0000186 Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA]. BTO:0001707 EHDAA2:0000267 FBbt:00005060 FMA:85006 MA:0002447 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003186 SCTID:361348008 TAO:0001438 Taxon notes: In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. editor note: check the FMA placement here; ncit placement of body cavity here probably not correct The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO]. UBERON:0000169 UBERON:0002323 UMLS:C0333343 ZFA:0001438 celom coelom coelome coelomic cavity coelomic cavity lumen galen:BodyCavity hemocoel ncithesaurus:Cavity space of body compartment uberon ventral body cavity 2012-09-12 BTO BTO BTO:0001707 The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO]. BTO:0001707 celom pre-inferred via union_of FMA:85006 space of body compartment definitional EHDAA2:0000267 coelomic cavity lumen EHDAA2:0000267 coelomic cavity 2012-09-12 Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA]. ZFA ZFA:0001438 ZFIN:curator BTO:0001707 coelome FBbt:00005060 hemocoel BTO:0001707 The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. muscle of back A muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:85216 MA:0000496 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002324 back muscle back muscle organ muscle organ of back uberon OBOL:automatic back muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of back A muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of urethra FMA:85275 MA:0001686 The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002325 UMLS:C1710584 epithelial tissue of urethra ncithesaurus:Urethra_Epithelium uberon urethra epithelial tissue urethra epithelium urethral epithelium OBOL:automatic urethra epithelial tissue GO OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of urethra GO:0061071 The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. lamina propria of urethra A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:85276 MA:0001689 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002326 lamina propria mucosa of urethra lamina propria mucosae of urethra uberon urethra lamina propria urethra lamina propria mucosa urethra lamina propria mucosae urethral lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra lamina propria mucosa trunk of intercostal nerve FMA:85315 MA:0001176 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002327 intercostal nerve trunk intercostal neural trunk uberon notochord (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000327 Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO] BTO:0001768 Development notes: In between vertebra the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus, under it degenerates, and at anterior end in some species its tissue merges with some of the cranial bones.. Some organisms retain a post-embryonic notochord. // The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB] EHDAA2:0001277 EHDAA:1241 EHDAA:6021 EMAPA:16191 EV:0100002 FMA:85521 GAID:1311 MAT:0000281 MESH:A16.254.610 Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] SCTID:308820002 Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO] TAO:0000135 UBERON:0002328 UMLS:C0028439 VHOG:0000199 VSAO:0000032 XAO:0000055 ZFA:0000135 a flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. embryonic notocord http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/history/notochords.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png ncithesaurus:Notochord notochorda notochordal notocord relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000327 AAO:LAP Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0000199 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Notochord a flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/25 http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 ZFA 2012-08-14 Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000135 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000032 Wikipedia:Notochord notochorda 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000327 relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO] VSAO ZFA:0000135 notocord EHDAA2 somite (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010569 AEO:0001015 BTO:0001558 EHDAA2:0003436 EHDAA:366 EHDAA:699 Editor notes: currently classified as an epithelial vesicle, consistent with EHDAA2 and UBERONREF:0000002. Consider making "somitic mesoderm" a separate term and correlate with regionalization processes. Consider moving ZFA term to 'trunk somite' as it is part of the trunk // When the somite becomes segmented from the segmental plate, it is composed of an epithelial sac enclosing mesenchymal somitocoel cells. Thereafter the somite differentiates into two parts, the ventro-medial mesenchymal sclerotome and the dorso-lateral epithelial dermomyotome. This change in the epithelial somite depends on surrounding tissue [PMID:15906248] FMA:85522 GAID:1306 MAT:0000068 MESH:A16.254.425.660.750 MIAA:0000068 Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO] Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior–posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. TAO:0000155 UBERON:0002329 UMLS:C0376449 Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] VHOG:0000191 XAO:0000058 ZFA:0000155 epithelial somite http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png mesodermal cluster ncithesaurus:Somite relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO] relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO] relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO] somites somitic somitic mesoderm somitus uberon PMID:17237766 EHDAA2 somites (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40, DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003) VHOG VHOG:0000191 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA Wikipedia:Somite somitus GO:0001756 mesodermal cluster 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000155 Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010569 AAO:EJS Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO] Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior–posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. Wikipedia:Somite doi:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01987.x 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000155 relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO] UBERONREF:0000002 epithelial somite 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010569 relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000155 relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO] exocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. EHDAA2:0002225 FMA:85539 MA:0002411 UBERON:0002330 UMLS:C1516995 WikipediaCategory:Exocrine_system exocrine glandular system ncithesaurus:Exocrine_System uberon Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland EHDAA2:0002225 exocrine glandular system umbilical cord BTO:0001415 EFO:0001415 EHDAA2:0000312 EHDAA:158 EMAPA:26115 EV:0100127 FMA:85541 GAID:517 MAT:0000280 MESH:A16.254.789 MIAA:0000280 OpenCyc:Mx4rvyewDJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280644003 See notes for connecting stalk The connecting cord from the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord comes from the same zygote as the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the umbilical arteries return the deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood[WP]. UBERON:0002331 UMLS:C0041633 birth cord connecting stalk funiculus umbilicalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Umbilicalcord.jpg ncithesaurus:Umbilical_Cord uberon umbilical yolk stalk BTO:0001415 yolk stalk Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord birth cord The connecting cord from the developing embryo or fetus to the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord comes from the same zygote as the fetus and (in humans) normally contains two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), buried within Wharton's jelly. The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Conversely, the umbilical arteries return the deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood[WP]. Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord Wikipedia:Umbilical_cord funiculus umbilicalis pulmonary trunk An arterial trunk with origin from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch with the bronchi. [TFD][VHOG] As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0001399 EHDAA2:0001576 EHDAA:9831 EMAPA:17015 EMAPA:18240 FMA:8612 MA:0002033 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-6d0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Pulmonary arterial trunk which is continuous with the right ventricle.[FMA] UBERON:0002333 VHOG:0001134 galen:PulmonaryTrunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png/200px-Alveoli_diagram.png pulmonary artery (trunk) trunk of pulmonary arterial tree uberon 2012-09-17 As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 VHOG VHOG:0001134 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Pulmonary arterial trunk which is continuous with the right ventricle.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery 2012-09-17 An arterial trunk with origin from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch with the bronchi. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001134 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+trunk MA submandibular duct AO notes: FMA also has 'main submandibular duct' (FMA:59899) BTO:0004556 FMA:86266 MA:0002698 SCTID:181237009 The submandibular duct (Wharton's duct, submaxillary duct) is one of the salivary ducts. It is about 5 cm. long, and its wall is much thinner than that of the parotid duct. It begins by numerous branches from the deep surface of the gland, and runs forward between the mylohyoideus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus, then between the sublingual gland and the genioglossus, and opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a small at the side of the frenulum linguæ. On the hyoglossus it lies between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves, but at the anterior border of the muscle it is crossed laterally by the lingual nerve; the terminal branches of the lingual nerve ascend on its medial side. It drains saliva from the submandibular glands and sublingual glands to the sublingual caruncle at the base of the tongue. It was initially described by the English anatomist Thomas Wharton and sometimes referred to by his name. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002334 UMLS:C0227472 Wharton's duct ductus submaxillaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray1024.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray1024.png/200px-Gray1024.png ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Duct submandibular salivary duct submaxillary duct uberon Wikipedia:Submandibular_duct ductus submaxillaris FMA:59899 Wharton's duct Wikipedia:Submandibular_duct The submandibular duct (Wharton's duct, submaxillary duct) is one of the salivary ducts. It is about 5 cm. long, and its wall is much thinner than that of the parotid duct. It begins by numerous branches from the deep surface of the gland, and runs forward between the mylohyoideus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus, then between the sublingual gland and the genioglossus, and opens by a narrow orifice on the summit of a small at the side of the frenulum linguæ. On the hyoglossus it lies between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves, but at the anterior border of the muscle it is crossed laterally by the lingual nerve; the terminal branches of the lingual nerve ascend on its medial side. It drains saliva from the submandibular glands and sublingual glands to the sublingual caruncle at the base of the tongue. It was initially described by the English anatomist Thomas Wharton and sometimes referred to by his name. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_duct macula densa BTO:0003940 FMA:86333 MA:0002603 SCTID:244657003 The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0002335 UMLS:C0227662 ncithesaurus:Macula_Densa uberon GO:0072024 The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. Wikipedia:Macula_densa MA corpus callosum BM:Tel-CC BTO:0000615 EFO:0001390 EV:0100305 FMA:86464 GAID:683 In addition to the anterior commissure, placental mammals have a phylogenetically new forebrain commissure, the corpus callosum, which primarily interconnects the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000188 MAT:0000286 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.362 MIAA:0000286 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1087 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbNzdZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362354006 The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres[GO]. The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals. other groups do have other brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres, such as the anterior commissure, which serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials. The largest commissure of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0002336 UMLS:C0010090 VHOG:0001608 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Gray733.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gray733.png/200px-Gray733.png ncithesaurus:Corpus_Callosum uberon 2012-09-17 The largest commissure of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001608 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/corpus+callosum The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres[GO]. Wikipedia:Corpus_callosum FMA MA The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals. other groups do have other brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres, such as the anterior commissure, which serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum#Species_Differences 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb20447.x Ebner FF, A comparison of primitive forebrain organization in metatherian and eutherian mammals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1969) In addition to the anterior commissure, placental mammals have a phylogenetically new forebrain commissure, the corpus callosum, which primarily interconnects the neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001608 http://bgee.unil.ch/ endometrial stroma FMA:86487 MA:0002734 SCTID:254115004 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002337 UMLS:C0227849 endometrium stroma ncithesaurus:Endometrial_Stroma stroma of endometrium uberon lamina propria of bronchus A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86619 MA:0001836 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002338 UMLS:C1707054 bronchi lamina propria bronchi lamina propria mucosa bronchi lamina propria mucosae bronchial trunk lamina propria bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae bronchus lamina propria bronchus lamina propria mucosa bronchus lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bronchi lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa of bronchus lamina propria mucosae of bronchi lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae of bronchus lamina propria of bronchi lamina propria of bronchial trunk ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Lamina_Propria uberon OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina propria mucosa reference_0000032 true A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of bronchi OBOL:automatic lamina propria of bronchi OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchi OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina propria mucosae epithelium of lobar bronchus EMAPA:17390 EMAPA:17658 EMAPA:17666 EMAPA:17984 EMAPA:17989 EMAPA:17994 EMAPA:18000 FMA:86624 MA:0001842 UBERON:0002339 epithelial tissue of lobar bronchus epithelial tissue of secondary bronchus epithelium of secondary bronchus lobar bronchial epithelium lobar bronchus epithelial tissue lobar bronchus epithelium secondary bronchus epithelial tissue secondary bronchus epithelium the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus. uberon OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of secondary bronchus GO:0060481 the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus epithelial tissue epithelium of main bronchus An epithelium that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001047 EHDAA:5003 EMAPA:16851 FMA:86625 MA:0001847 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002340 UBERON:0003245 VHOG:0001034 bronchus principalis epithelial tissue bronchus principalis epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchus principalis epithelial tissue of main bronchus epithelial tissue of primary bronchus epithelial tissue of principal bronchus epithelium of bronchus principalis epithelium of primary bronchus epithelium of principal bronchus main bronchial epithelium main bronchus epithelial tissue main bronchus epithelium primary bronchus epithelial tissue primary bronchus epithelium principal bronchus epithelial tissue principal bronchus epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic epithelium of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis epithelium OBOL:automatic principal bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic main bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic primary bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of principal bronchus An epithelium that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of segmental bronchus An epithelium that is part of a segmental bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86626 MA:0001850 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002341 epithelial tissue of segmental bronchus epithelial tissue of tertiary bronchus epithelium of tertiary bronchus segmental bronchial epithelium segmental bronchus epithelial tissue segmental bronchus epithelium tertiary bronchus epithelial tissue tertiary bronchus epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a segmental bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus epithelium OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus epithelial tissue neural crest A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] AAO:0010578 BTO:0001764 EHDAA2:0004419 Editor note: consider including subclasses for pre- and post- migratory (e.g. sheets/paths/streams). Taxon notes: A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831]. Gene notes: Many factors and genes, such as Pax3 (Tremblay et al., 1995), slug (Nieto et al., 1994), AP-2 (Zhang et al., 1996; Schorle et al., 1996), and Wnt-1/3a (Ikeya et al., 1997) are expressed in the dorsal most region of the neural tube, and have been shown to be involved in the generation of neural crest cells. FMA:86666 GAID:1310 MAT:0000066 MESH:A16.254.600 MIAA:0000066 Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO] SCTID:361462002 TAO:0000045 The neural crest, a transient component of the ectoderm, is located in between the neural tube and the epidermis (or the free margins of the neural folds) of an embryo during neural tube formation. Neural crest cells quickly migrate during or shortly after neurulation, an embryological event marked by neural tube closure. UBERON:0002342 UMLS:C0027789 VHOG:0000057 We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000048 ZFA:0000045 crista neuralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray644.png/200px-Gray644.png ncithesaurus:Neural_Crest neural crest material relationship type change: differentiates_from ectoderm (AAO:0000137) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[AAO] uberon BTO The neural crest, a transient component of the ectoderm, is located in between the neural tube and the epidermis (or the free margins of the neural folds) of an embryo during neural tube formation. Neural crest cells quickly migrate during or shortly after neurulation, an embryological event marked by neural tube closure. Wikipedia:Neural_crest 2012-08-14 A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000045 ZFIN:curator UBERONREF:0000002 XAO Wikipedia:Neural_crest crista neuralis PMID:11523831 PMID:11523831 VHOG:0000057 neural crest material 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010578 relationship type change: differentiates_from ectoderm (AAO:0000137) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[AAO] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) VHOG VHOG:0000057 We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010578 AAO:EJS Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO] abdomen musculature FMA:71294 FMA:86917 Set of all muscles in abdomen. TAO:0001327 UBERON:0002343 ZFA:0001327 abdominal musculature muscle group of abdomen muscles of abdomen musculature of abdomen musculature of abdominal wall note distinction between abdomen muscle and abdomen musculature set of muscles of abdomen uberon OBOL:automatic Set of all muscles in abdomen. FMA:71294 set of muscles of abdomen FMA:71294 muscle group of abdomen FMA:71294 muscles of abdomen FMA:86917 musculature of abdominal wall descending thoracic aorta EFO:0002527 EMAPA:18605 FMA:87217 MA:0002572 SCTID:181301002 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002345 the part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. uberon MP:0009868 the part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. neurectoderm (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011074 BILA:0000039 EHDAA2:0001248 EHDAA:1498 EHDAA:255 EMAPA:16073 EV:0100004 Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. FBbt:00001061 FMA:87657 MAT:0000176 MIAA:0000176 TAO:0001120 Terminology notes: we prefer neurectoderm to neural ectoderm since placodal ectoderm is not classified here UBERON:0002346 UMLS:C1518271 VHOG:0000150 XAO:0000042 ZFA:0001120 epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma ncithesaurus:Neuroectoderm neuaral ectoderm neural ectoderm neurectodermal neuroectoderm presumptive central nervous system uberon ventral neurogenic region Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma VHOG:0000150 ventral neurogenic region Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) VHOG VHOG:0000150 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UBERONREF:0000002 thoracic vertebra EMAPA:18011 FMA:9139 GAID:244 In humans, the 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0000314 MESH:A02.835.232.834.892 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdZIBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181821009 UBERON:0002347 UMLS:C0039987 dorsal vertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gray90.png/200px-Gray90.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Vertebra thorax vertebra uberon vertebra of thorax vertebra thoracica OBOL:automatic vertebra of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax vertebra In humans, the 12 thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. They are intermediate in size between those of the cervical and lumbar regions; they increase in size as one proceeds down the spine, the upper vertebrae being much smaller than those in the lower part of the region. They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, and facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_vertebrae epicardium AAO:0010409 EHDAA2:0002202 External layer of the heart.[TAO] FMA:9461 Region of visceral serous pericardium which has as its part, the mesothelium, subepicardial layer of epicardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that is attached to the myocardium and is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium[FMA]. External layer of the heart[ZFA]. TAO:0005057 TODO - check links with UBERON:0002425 visceral serous pericardium. develops from proepicardium. WP:Epicardium -- When considered as a part of the pericardium, it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium, continuous with the serous layer. The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart.[AAO] UBERON:0002348 UMLS:C0225968 VHOG:0000119 XAO:0000316 ZFA:0005057 galen:Epicardium heart epicardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png lamina visceralis pericardii serosi ncithesaurus:Epicardium uberon visceral serous pericardium of heart visceral serous pericardium proper Wikipedia:Epicardium lamina visceralis pericardii serosi FMA:9461 visceral serous pericardium proper 2012-08-14 External layer of the heart.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005057 ZFIN:curator Region of visceral serous pericardium which has as its part, the mesothelium, subepicardial layer of epicardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that is attached to the myocardium and is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium[FMA]. External layer of the heart[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Epicardium ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010409 AAO:BJB The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart.[AAO] myocardium AAO:0010410 BTO:0000901 EFO:0000819 EHDAA2:0004150 EV:0100022 FMA:9462 GAID:173 MA:0000164 MAT:0000453 MESH:A02.633.580 OpenCyc:Mx4ro36AFrCvEduAAAAOpmP6tw RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001220 Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] SCTID:362012001 TAO:0001319 TODO - check 'Myocardum proper' in FMA. We superclass the more generic class for now. FMA has is_a muscle layer - should we add this? ZFA and BTO both have is_a 'cardiac muscle' (tissue?). But in U we also follow FMA and have cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium (there is also Fibrocollagenous connective tissue of myocardium), which would be identical (see issue-10). Note that GO also treats left/right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue synonymous with ventricular myocardium The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO] UBERON:0002349 UMLS:C0027061 VHOG:0000083 XAO:0000065 ZFA:0001319 cardiac muscle galen:Myocardium heart muscle heart muscle heart myocardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Glanzstreifen.jpg/200px-Glanzstreifen.jpg middle muscular layer of the heart wall[M-W]. Muscle layer of organ which has as its parts the myocardium proper and the conducting system of the heart[FMA]. muscle of heart myocardial ncithesaurus:Myocardium uberon Wikipedia:Myocardium middle muscular layer of the heart wall[M-W]. Muscle layer of organ which has as its parts the myocardium proper and the conducting system of the heart[FMA]. 2012-09-17 Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000083 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0001319 cardiac muscle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010410 AAO:BJB The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO] FMA:9462 muscle of heart FMA:9462 heart muscle ZFA:0001319 heart muscle conducting system of heart EFO:0003909 EHDAA2:0004185 EV:0100025 Editor notes: EHDAA2 divides the system from the tissue FMA:9476 MA:0000094 MESH:A07.541.409 SCTID:281489000 TAO:0005063 The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO] The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0002350 VHOG:0001271 ZFA:0005063 cardiac conducting system cardiac conduction system cardiac impulse conducting system cardionector central conduction system heart conduction system impulse conducting system uberon GO:0003161 The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO] MA:0000094 impulse conducting system VHOG:0001271 cardiac conducting system FMA GO:0003161 cardiac impulse conducting system FMA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001271 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0003161 heart conduction system sinoatrial node BTO:0004358 EHDAA2:0004184 FMA:9477 GAID:561 Koch's node MA:0000097 MESH:A07.541.409.819 OpenCyc:Mx4rOhejDGMcEd2AAABQjYGu0g SA nodal muscle tissue SA node SCTID:277687007 TAO:0005069 The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. UBERON:0002351 UMLS:C0037189 WP:Heart states: "The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium.". Note however that ZFA has SA node. ZFA:0005069 cardiac pacemaker http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Sinoatrial_node_2_low_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sinoatrial_node_low_mag.jpg/200px-Sinoatrial_node_low_mag.jpg ncithesaurus:Sinoatrial_Node node of Keith-Flack nodus sinuatrialis nodus sinuatrialis sinoatrial node sinu-atrial node sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue sinuatrial node sinus node sinus node of Keith and Flack uberon FMA:9477 Koch's node FMA:9477 sinus node ZFA FMA:9477 sinu-atrial node Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node nodus sinuatrialis GO:0003163 The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node FMA:9477 sinoatrial node FMA:9477 cardiac pacemaker FMA:9477 sinuatrial node FMA:9477 sinus node of Keith and Flack FMA:9477 node of Keith-Flack FMA:9477 FMA:TA nodus sinuatrialis FMA:9477 SA node FMA:9477 SA nodal muscle tissue FMA:9477 sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue atrioventricular node EFO:0000276 EHDAA2:0004183 FMA:9478 GAID:558 MA:0000095 MAT:0000498 MESH:A07.541.409.147 OpenCyc:Mx4rMfD91mMcEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:277688002 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which is located in the muscular part of the interatrial septum that is continuous with the atrioventricular bundle.[FMA] TAO:0005070 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0002352 UMLS:C0004247 VHOG:0001474 ZFA:0005070 aschoff-tawara node atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue atriovetricular node av nodal muscle tissue av node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gray501.png/200px-Gray501.png ncithesaurus:Atrioventricular_Node node of tawara nodus atrioventricularis uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001474 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:FMA Subdivision of conducting system of heart which is located in the muscular part of the interatrial septum that is continuous with the atrioventricular bundle.[FMA] Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node nodus atrioventricularis TAO:0005070 atriovetricular node atrioventricular bundle A part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers[GO] FMA:9484 GAID:559 His bundle MA:0002576 MESH:A07.541.409.273 OpenCyc:Mx4rUv1WcGPJEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:362022007 UBERON:0002353 UMLS:C0006382 atrioventricular bundle muscle tissue atrioventricular fasciculus bundle of His fasciculus atrioventricularis galen:BundleOfHis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ECG_Principle_fast.gif/200px-ECG_Principle_fast.gif ncithesaurus:Atrioventricular_Bundle uberon FMA:9484 GO:0003166 bundle of His Wikipedia:Bundle_of_His fasciculus atrioventricularis A part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers[GO] GO:0003166 GOC:mtg_heart Wikipedia:Bundle_of_His FMA:9484 atrioventricular bundle muscle tissue FMA:9484 atrioventricular fasciculus GO purkinje fiber Conducting tissue of heart which consists of Purkinje myocytes.[FMA] FMA:9492 GAID:560 MA:0000096 MESH:A07.541.409.683 UBERON:0002354 UMLS:C0034144 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray498.png/200px-Gray498.png myofibra conducens cardiacus ncithesaurus:Purkinje_Fiber uberon Conducting tissue of heart which consists of Purkinje myocytes.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Purkinje_fiber FMA pelvis BTO:0001006 EFO:0002805 EV:0100012 FMA:9578 GAID:87 MA:0000030 MESH:A01.673 Note that MA and FMA differ in what they consider to be parts of the pelvis. MA includes ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjiTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:229765004 Subdivision of abdomen, which is demarcated from the abdomen proper by the plane of the superior pelvic aperture, and from the perineum by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm; together with the abdomen proper, it constitutes the abdomen[FMA]. UBERON:0002355 UMLS:C0030797 galen:Pelvis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Gray242.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray242.png/200px-Gray242.png lesser pelvis ncithesaurus:Pelvis pelvic pelvic region pelvis region true pelvis uberon FMA:9578 Subdivision of abdomen, which is demarcated from the abdomen proper by the plane of the superior pelvic aperture, and from the perineum by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm; together with the abdomen proper, it constitutes the abdomen[FMA]. Wikipedia:Pelvis FMA:9578 true pelvis FMA:9578 lesser pelvis perineum AO Note: FMA has class anal part of perineum, which may be the same as what EHDAA2 calls perineum EFO:0004141 EHDAA2:0004015 EV:0100013 FMA:9579 GAID:90 MA:0002466 MESH:A01.719 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcHSh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:243990009 Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the pelvis by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm and from the lower limbs by the perineofemoral lines; together with the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, it constitutes the trunk[FMA]. UBERON:0002356 UMLS:C0031066 galen:Perineum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Gray406.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gray406.png/200px-Gray406.png ncithesaurus:Perineum perianal perineal region regio perinealis uberon FMA:9579 Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the pelvis by the inferior surface of the pelvic diaphragm and from the lower limbs by the perineofemoral lines; together with the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis, it constitutes the trunk[FMA]. Wikipedia:Perineum FMA:9579 FMA:TA regio perinealis FMA-modified EHDAA2 serous pericardium FMA:9582 MA:0002739 SCTID:243954002 Serous membrane which has as its parts the epicardium and parietal serous pericardium that surrounds pericardial cavity. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002357 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png pericardium serosum serous portion of pericardium uberon Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium pericardium serosum Serous membrane which has as its parts the epicardium and parietal serous pericardium that surrounds pericardial cavity. Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium peritoneum A serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs — in higher vertebrates and some invertebrates (annelids, for instance). It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The peritoneum both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves[WP]. The smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen of a mammal and is folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera[BTO]. The endothelial lining of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. The parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the ABDOMINAL WALL and the visceral peritoneum covers the bowel, the MESENTERY, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall[GAID]. AAO:0010814 An epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] BTO:0001472 EV:0100087 FMA:9584 GAID:18 MESH:A01.047.025.600 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjJ72ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium.[AAO] TAO:0005120 TODO - in ZFA is_a epithelium UBERON:0002358 UMLS:C0031153 VHOG:0001257 XAO:0000139 ZFA:0005120 galen:Peritoneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1040.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gray1040.png/200px-Gray1040.png ncithesaurus:Peritoneum peritonaeum peritoneal uberon 2012-08-14 An epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005120 ZFIN:curator VHOG:0001257 peritonaeum A serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom — it covers most of the intra-abdominal (or coelomic) organs — in higher vertebrates and some invertebrates (annelids, for instance). It is composed of a layer of mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue. The peritoneum both supports the abdominal organs and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves[WP]. The smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen of a mammal and is folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera[BTO]. The endothelial lining of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. The parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the ABDOMINAL WALL and the visceral peritoneum covers the bowel, the MESENTERY, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall[GAID]. Wikipedia:Peritoneum ZFIN:curator MP 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010814 AAO:JMG Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium.[AAO] fibrous pericardium EMAPA:19029 FMA:9586 MA:0002738 Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA] SCTID:243953008 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002359 fibrous portion of pericardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png pericardium fibrosum uberon Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium pericardium fibrosum FMA:FMA Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA] Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium meninx BTO:0000144 EFO:0000584 EFO:0000867 EV:0100312 Editor note: consider separate term for meninges aka collection of meninges. Note in EHDAA2 pia mater etc are part of the meninges. Also consider a new class for primary/primitive meninx. AO notes: Not consider part of the CNS/neuraxis in FMA. Taxon notes: Whereas cyclostomes and fishes only have a single envelope called the primitive meninx, amphibians have two layers, consisting of an outer dura mater which is extremely dense and protective, and a pia-arachnoid or secondary meninx which is more delicate and vascular. Mammals have three meninges: pia mater (which follows all the convolutions of the brain and is the most interior), the arachnoid layer (which is delicate and sends strands to the pia mater), and the dura mater (the outer, more protective meninx). FMA:9589 GAID:687 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001113 MAT:0000113 MESH:A08.186.566 Membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. It is represented by a single layer in fishes, two in amphibians, reptiles and birds and three in mammals (named dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater). [TFD][VHOG] Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090204 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDOl8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001355 UBERON:0002360 UMLS:C0025285 VHOG:0001295 ZFA:0001355 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Illu_meninges.jpg/200px-Illu_meninges.jpg layer of meninges meningeal meningeal layer meninx primitiva ncithesaurus:Meninges uberon 2012-09-17 Membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. It is represented by a single layer in fishes, two in amphibians, reptiles and birds and three in mammals (named dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater). [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001295 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/meninges FMA:9589 Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Meninx http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap15.html VHOG:0001295 meninx primitiva FMA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001295 http://bgee.unil.ch/ pia mater BTO:0001635 EHDAA2:0004318 EHDAA:1367 EHDAA:1961 EHDAA:2001 EHDAA:2099 EHDAA:2685 EHDAA:2833 EHDAA:2867 EHDAA:3692 EHDAA:3710 EHDAA:6566 EHDAA:6583 EV:0100315 Editor note: consider adding adjacency relationship to neuraxis (brain+spinal cord); however note that at this time the meninges may be considered part of the nervous system FMA:9590 GAID:693 MA:0001116 MESH:A08.186.566.731 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090209 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtesBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001464 SCTID:362305004 UBERON:0002361 UMLS:C0031869 delicate innermost layer of the meninges—the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The thin, mesh-like pia mater closely envelops the entire surface of the brain, running down into the fissures of the cortex. It joins with the ependyma which lines the ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid. In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane. The pia mater is a neural crest derivative. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray770-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gray770.png/200px-Gray770.png ncithesaurus:Pia_Mater pia mater of neuraxis pial membrane uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090209 pial membrane Wikipedia:Pia_mater delicate innermost layer of the meninges—the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The thin, mesh-like pia mater closely envelops the entire surface of the brain, running down into the fissures of the cortex. It joins with the ependyma which lines the ventricles to form choroid plexuses that produce cerebrospinal fluid. In the spinal cord, the pia mater attaches to the dura mater by the denticular ligaments through the arachnoid membrane. The pia mater is a neural crest derivative. arachnoid mater A think avascular meningeal layer, between the pia mater and the dural mater. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. BTO:0001636 EV:0100314 FMA:9591 GAID:688 MA:0001114 MESH:A08.186.566.166 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090208 OpenCyc:Mx4rve5HlJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362304000 UBERON:0002362 UMLS:C1510935 arachnoid arachnoid mater of neuraxis arachnoid membrane arachnoidea mater http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Gray767.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gray767.png/200px-Gray767.png ncithesaurus:Arachnoid_Membrane uberon A think avascular meningeal layer, between the pia mater and the dural mater. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space. ISBN10:0471888893 Wikipedia:Arachnoid_mater ISBN10:0471888893 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090208 arachnoid membrane BTO:0001636 arachnoidea mater dura mater BTO:0001637 EMAPA:17776 EV:0100313 FMA:9592 Function notes: capable of inducing chondrogenesis - requires contact with an epithelium - PMID:16496288. AO notes: in ncit this is divided into periosteal layer and meningeal layer GAID:691 MA:0001115 MESH:A08.186.566.395 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090206 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvmzqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362301008 UBERON:0002363 UMLS:C0013313 dura dura mater of neuraxis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Meninges-en.svg ncithesaurus:Dura_Mater pachymeninges the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. uberon Wikipedia:Dura_mater the outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater. The dura surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid. ISBN10:0073040584 definitional NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090206 pachymeninges BTO:0001637 dura PMID:16496288 tympanic membrane A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. EV:0100358 FMA:9595 GAID:870 In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000257 MESH:A09.246.397.873 Rivinus' membrane SCTID:181180005 The thin membrane which closes externally the cavity of the middle ear and is deeply sited at the bottom of the external auditory meatus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0002364 UMLS:C0041445 VHOG:0001146 XAO:0000212 ear drum eardrum lateral wall of tympanic cavity membranous wall of tympanic cavity most AOs consider this part of the middle ear, so we go with this and place it in the middle ear as a border to the external, although it could be considered to overlap the external ear in that it has an EAM layer as part - for this reason we do not consider middle and external ear to be spatially disjoint. Development notes: The tympanic membrane (TM) has three layers, two epithelia provided by the external acoustic meatus (EAM) and the MEC, derived respectively from the first pharyngeal cleft and pouch, and a mesenchymally derived fibrous stratum[PMID:11237469] myrinx ncithesaurus:Tympanic_Membrane paries membranaceus cavi tympani tympanum uberon cjm MA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.418 In particular, a tympanic membrane was not present in the earliest tetrapods (...). An ear utilizing a tympanic membrane evolved independently at least three times in tetrapods: (1) in the lineage that leads to anurans (frogs), (2) in the line of evolution to turtles and diapsids, and (3) in the late synapsid lineage that gave rise to mammals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001146 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:9595 FMA:TA paries membranaceus cavi tympani Wikipedia Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane tympanum cjm 2012-09-17 The thin membrane which closes externally the cavity of the middle ear and is deeply sited at the bottom of the external auditory meatus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001146 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. PMID:11237469 Wikipedia:Tympanic_membrane exocrine gland A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas AEO:0000097 BTO:0000765 EHDAA2:0003097 Editor's note: Currently this is logically defined by the system it belongs to, but a better system may be base this on presence/absence of ducts. However, the dual nature of the liver should be taken into consideration here. Consider adding subclasses FMA:9596 GAID:34 MA:0002564 MESH:A10.336 UBERON:0002365 UMLS:C0015282 ducted gland glandula exocrina ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland uberon AEO:0000097 ducted gland A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland glandula exocrina bulbo-urethral gland Any of the small paired racemose glands below the apex of the prostate in males, located posterolateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in the deep perineal pouch, and enclosed by transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle; homologous to the greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands in the female[MP] BTO:0001698 Cowper's gland Cowper's glands EMAPA:19286 Either of two small racemose glands that are located below the prostate and discharge a component of the seminal fluid into the urethra. They are homologous to the Bartholin's glands in the female[BTO]. FMA:9599 GAID:387 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the bulbar part of the urethra. Examples: There only two instances, right and left bulbo-urethral glands[FMA] MA:0000401 MESH:A05.360.444.123 Mery's gland Méry gland SCTID:278918009 Structure notes: The bulbourethral glands are compound tubulo-alveolar glands. AO notes: see comments for paraurethral gland - ncita placement may not be correct UBERON:0002366 UMLS:C0006366 any of the small paired racemose (compound tubulo-alveolar) glands below the apex of the prostate in males, located posterolateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in the deep perineal pouch, and enclosed by transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle; they secrete a clear fluid known as pre-ejaculate (Cowper's fluid), and are homologous to the greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands in the female[MP]. bulbourethral gland glandula bulbourethralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Male_anatomy.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Cowper_s_Gland uberon MP:anna glandula bulbourethralis BTO BTO:0001698 Either of two small racemose glands that are located below the prostate and discharge a component of the seminal fluid into the urethra. They are homologous to the Bartholin's glands in the female[BTO]. FMA FMA:9599 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate the bulbar part of the urethra. Examples: There only two instances, right and left bulbo-urethral glands[FMA] Cowper's glands FMA:9599 Cowper's gland FMA:9599 MP:anna Méry gland MP MP:0001169 any of the small paired racemose (compound tubulo-alveolar) glands below the apex of the prostate in males, located posterolateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in the deep perineal pouch, and enclosed by transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle; they secrete a clear fluid known as pre-ejaculate (Cowper's fluid), and are homologous to the greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands in the female[MP]. FMA:9599 bulbourethral gland MA check this Any of the small paired racemose glands below the apex of the prostate in males, located posterolateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in the deep perineal pouch, and enclosed by transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle; homologous to the greater vestibular (Bartholin's) glands in the female[MP] MP:anna Wikipedia:Bulbourethral_gland prostate gland BTO:0001129 EFO:0000858 EMAPA:19287 EV:0100104 FMA:9600 GAID:392 MA:0000404 MAT:0000078 MESH:A05.360.444.575 MIAA:0000078 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6trqZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181422007 TODO - FMA treats the gland as part of the prostate - see also FMA:74119. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. UBERON:0002367 UMLS:C0033572 VHOG:0001261 galen:ProstateGland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Prostatelead.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prostatelead.jpg/200px-Prostatelead.jpg male prostate ncithesaurus:Prostate_Gland prostata prostate prostatic uberon Wikipedia:Prostate prostata GO:0030850 The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. Wikipedia:Prostate PMID:10668204 male prostate endocrine gland AEO:0000098 BTO:0001488 EHDAA2:0003098 Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ. Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin[WP]. FMA:9602 GAID:335 MA:0002563 MESH:A06.407 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbkiRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:40818001 UBERON:0002368 UMLS:C0014133 ductless gland ductless gland glandula endocrina glandulae endocrinae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_endocrine_system.png ncithesaurus:Endocrine_Gland uberon Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The main endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ. Other organs which are not so well known for their endocrine activity include the stomach, which produces such hormones as ghrelin[WP]. Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland AEO:0000098 ductless gland Wikipedia:Ductless_gland ductless gland Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland glandulae endocrinae adrenal gland AAO:0010551 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] Anatomical structure which is found on the surface of the kidney and secretes various hormones including epinephrine, norephinephrine, aldosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol.[AAO] BTO:0000047 EFO:0000238 EMAPA:18426 EV:0100135 Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO]. FMA:9604 GAID:446 MA:0000116 MAT:0000071 MESH:A06.407.071 MIAA:0000071 OpenCyc:Mx4rvXYiz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181127006 Taxon notes: The origin of the adrenal gland is still controversial. It is thought to share the same origin as the kidney and gonads, derived from coelomic epithelium of the urogenital ridge and/or the underlying mesenchyme (Keegan and Hammer, 2002; Morohashi, 1997). We follow Kardong and state homology at the level of the cortex and medulla rather than gland as a whole UBERON:0002369 UMLS:C0001625 VHOG:0001141 XAO:0000164 adrenal adrenal capsule adrenal medulla cell atrabiliary capsule epinephric gland epinephros galen:AdrenalGland glandula adrenalis glandula suprarenalis glandula suprarenalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Illu_endocrine_system_New.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Illu_endocrine_system.jpg/200px-Illu_endocrine_system.jpg interrenal gland ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Gland suprarenal capsule suprarenal gland uberon Wikipedia:Adrenal_gland glandula adrenalis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010551 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which is found on the surface of the kidney and secretes various hormones including epinephrine, norephinephrine, aldosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol.[AAO] BTO:0000047 adrenal Wikipedia:Adrenal_gland glandula suprarenalis Wikipedia:Adrenal_gland suprarenal gland BTO:0000047 atrabiliary capsule BTO:0000047 epinephros BTO:0000047 adrenal capsule BTO:0000047 suprarenal capsule GO:0030325 interrenal gland Wikipedia:Adrenal_gland epinephric gland Wikipedia BTO:0000047 Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO]. Wikipedia:Adrenal_gland UBERONREF:0000002 FMA-abduced-lr 2012-09-17 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 VHOG VHOG:0001141 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000047 glandula suprarenalis thymus A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010548 Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. Anatomical structure which originates as several paired thickenings on the dorsal side of the pharyngeal pouches and secretes thymosin.[AAO] BTO:0001374 EFO:0000860 EHDAA2:0002017 EHDAA:9119 EMAPA:18768 EV:0100138 FMA:9607 GAID:464 MA:0000142 MAT:0000080 MESH:A06.407.850 MIAA:0000080 OpenCyc:Mx4rvpIympwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:118507000 TAO:0001078 UBERON:0002370 UMLS:C0040113 VHOG:0000253 XAO:0000163 ZFA:0001078 check - a subtype of gland? not in GO. NCIT has thymus and thymus gland. EHDAA2 has ductless gland. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Illu_thymus.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Illu_thymus.jpg/200px-Illu_thymus.jpg ncithesaurus:Thymus_Gland thymic thymus gland uberon ZFA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010548 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which originates as several paired thickenings on the dorsal side of the pharyngeal pouches and secretes thymosin.[AAO] XAO 2012-09-17 A thymus develops in all vertebrates from the endodermal epithelium of certain pharyngeal pouches and from the adjacent ectodermal epithelium. In fishes, all the pouches, or the first four, contribute to thymus formation, but in tetrapods, the number is more restricted. In mammals, only the third and fourth are involved, and the contribution of the third is by far the greater.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.558 VHOG VHOG:0000253 http://bgee.unil.ch/ XAO FMA Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. NLM:thymus Wikipedia:Thymus EHDAA2 bone marrow AAO:0011007 BTO:0000141 BTO:0000829 EFO:0000868 EV:0100046 FMA:9608 GAID:1287 MA:0000134 MAT:0000084 MESH:A15.382.216 MIAA:0000084 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVm-FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:421320006 TODO - create superclass for bone marrow / head kidney. both are portions of tissue in the hematopoetic system. also consider adding as subclass of zone of bone organ for consistency with FMA. See also: Leydig and epigonal organs The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002371 UMLS:C0005953 VHOG:0001218 XAO:0000123 anterior kidney flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells[WP]. galen:BoneMarrow head kidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gray72-en.svg kidney marrow medulla of bone medulla ossea medulla ossium ncithesaurus:Bone_Marrow uberon Wikipedia:Bone_marrow medulla ossium BTO:0000141 medulla of bone 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood Cells and Blood Cell Development in the Animal Kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001218 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000141 medulla ossium Wikipedia:Bone_marrow flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells[WP]. tonsil BTO:0001387 EFO:0001401 EV:0100052 FMA:9609 GAID:341 MA:0000143 MESH:A03.867.603.925 Mandel OpenCyc:Mx4rvVivrZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. UBERON:0002372 UMLS:C0836921 UMLS:C1519547 UMLS:C1519548 Usage notes: the term 'tonsil' can be ambiguous, sometimes refering specifically to the palatine tonsil, sometimes generically to include the cecal tonsils of avians. This class represents lymphoid tissue that is part of the tonsillar ring, in the mouth/throat region VHOG:0001139 ncithesaurus:Tonsil ncithesaurus:Tonsilar_Tissue ncithesaurus:Tonsillar_Lymphoid_Tissue uberon cjm Portion of lymphoid tissue on either side of the throat. Wikipedia:Tonsil BTO:0001387 Mandel palatine tonsil BTO:0004714 Development notes: tonsillar fossa develops from dorsal portion of pouch 2. Note that pharyngeal and lingual tonsils do not develop from pharyngeal pouches[ISBN10:1607950324] EFO:0001977 EV:0100393 FMA:9610 MA:0000775 MAT:0000291 MIAA:0000291 SCTID:265787001 UBERON:0002373 UMLS:C0040421 VHOG:0001140 faucial tonsil http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg/200px-Illu_mouth.jpg ncithesaurus:Palatine_Tonsil tonsil tonsilla palatina tonsils on the left and right sides at the back of the throat. one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites[WP]. uberon ISBN10:1607950324 Wikipedia:Palatine_tonsil tonsilla palatina Wikipedia:Palatine_tonsil tonsils on the left and right sides at the back of the throat. one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites[WP]. Wikipedia metacarpal bone A bone that is part of the metacarpal skeleton. EFO:0003886 FMA:9612 MA:0000302 OpenCyc:Mx4rv1Bk45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181977005 SCTID:425761003 UBERON:0002374 UMLS:C0025526 galen:Metacarpal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg/200px-Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg.png metacarpal ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone uberon true A bone that is part of the metacarpal skeleton. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Metacarpal_bone cricoid cartilage (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000675 Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V.[AAO] EHDAA2:0000326 EHDAA:9393 EMAPA:18696 FMA:9615 GAID:110 MA:0001762 MESH:A02.165.507.211 SCTID:263484006 The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid (from the Greek krikoeides meaning 'ring-shaped'), is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. [WP,unvetted]. The ringlike cartilage forming the caudal part of the larynx. [TFD][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002375 UMLS:C0010323 VHOG:0001308 cartilaginis cricoideae cartilago cricoidea cartilago cricoidea cartilago cricotrachealis cricoid cricoidea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Gray1194.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray1194.png/200px-Gray1194.png innominate cartilage krykoid cartilage ncithesaurus:Cricoid_Cartilage uberon AAO:0000675 cartilago cricotrachealis (In anura) a dorsal pair of arytenoid cartilages (...), which support vocal cords, and a ventral pair (often fused) of cricoid cartilage (...). These cartilages are regarded as derivatives of posterior visceral arches of ancestors. Together they constitute the larynx, a structure characteristic of tetrapods. (...) (In mammals) Paired arytenoid cartilages help support and control the vocal cords. The cricoid cartilage is single. Two additional cartilages are present that are lacking in other vertebrates: a large ventral thyroid cartilage (...) and a cartilage in the epiglottis.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.239-241 VHOG VHOG:0001308 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The ringlike cartilage forming the caudal part of the larynx. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001308 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cricoid+cartilage The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid (from the Greek krikoeides meaning 'ring-shaped'), is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cricoid_cartilage Wikipedia:Cricoid_cartilage krykoid cartilage EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Cricoid_cartilage cricoid cartilago cricoidea Wikipedia:Cricoid_cartilage cartilago cricoidea MA Wikipedia VHOG:0001308 innominate cartilage Wikipedia:Cricoid_cartilage cricoidea 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000675 AAO:LAP Cartilaginous ring that provides support for the arytenoid cartilages. Its ventral part is bent posteriorly to form a V.[AAO] Wikipedia:Cricoid_cartilage cartilaginis cricoideae muscle of head AAO:0000107 Any muscle that is part of a head[Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000021 EFO:0003524 EHDAA2:0000322 EMAPA:18171 FMA:9616 MA:0000578 TAO:0000328 TODO - check ZFA UBERON:0002376 ZFA:0000328 ZFA:0001652 adult head muscle organ cephalic muscle cephalic musculature cranial muscle head muscle head muscle organ head muscles muscle organ of adult head muscle organ of head musculus caput uberon Any muscle that is part of a head[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0001652 cranial muscle EHDAA2-abduced MA:0000578 head muscle OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ ZFA:0001652 cephalic muscle OBOL:automatic head muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic muscle organ of adult head muscle of neck FMA:9617 GAID:149 MA:0000587 MESH:A02.633.567.650 Muscle organ which is a part of the neck. Examples: platysma, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid muscle.[FMA] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002377 UMLS:C0027532 muscle organ of neck muscle organ of neck (volume) ncithesaurus:Neck_Muscle neck (volume) muscle organ neck muscle neck muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of neck FMA:9617 Muscle organ which is a part of the neck. Examples: platysma, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid muscle.[FMA] OBOL:automatic neck (volume) muscle organ muscle of abdomen BTO:0001261 FMA:9620 GAID:89 MA:0000520 MESH:A02.633.567.050 Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. OpenCyc:Mx4rvlygNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361352008 UBERON:0002378 UMLS:C0000739 abdomen muscle abdomen muscle organ abdominal muscle abdominal wall muscle muscle organ of abdomen ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Muscle uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen muscle organ Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. Wikipedia:Abdominal_muscle perineal muscle A muscle organ that is part of a perineum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:9623 MA:0000538 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002379 UMLS:C0224382 muscle of perineum muscle organ of perineal region muscle organ of perineum ncithesaurus:Perineal_Muscle perineal region muscle organ perineum muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of perineum A muscle organ that is part of a perineum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic perineum muscle organ OBOL:automatic perineal region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of perineal region trapezius EMAPA:18183 FMA:9626 In human anatomy, the trapezius is a large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002398 SCTID:181740005 The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002380 UMLS:C0224361 VHOG:0000834 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Trapezius.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Trapezius.png/200px-Trapezius.png musculus trapezius ncithesaurus:Trapezius_Muscle trapezius muscle uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.345 The sternomastoid and the three parts of the trapezius are branchiomeric muscles that have secondarily acquired an attachment to the pectoral girdle. They evolved from the fish cucullaris.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000834 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia external occipital protuberance nuchal ligament medial superior nuchal line spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 dbpedia posterior border of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion process and spine of scapula dbpedia external occipital protuberance nuchal ligament medial superior nuchal line spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 Wikipedia:Trapezius_muscle musculus trapezius dbpedia posterior border of the lateral third of the clavicle acromion process and spine of scapula In human anatomy, the trapezius is a large superficial muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula (shoulder blade). Its functions are to move the scapulae and support the arm. The trapezius has three functional regions: the superior region (descending part), which supports the weight of the arm; the intermediate region (transverse part), which retracts the scapulae; and the inferior region (ascending part), which medially rotates and depresses the scapulae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trapezius_muscle pectoralis major EHDAA2:0001424 EHDAA:8311 EMAPA:18179 FMA:9627 MA:0002354 Musculus pectoralis major SCTID:181624003 SCTID:60005003 The pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper front of the chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female. Underneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002381 UMLS:C0585574 VHOG:0000895 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Pectoralis_major.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pectoralis_major.png/200px-Pectoralis_major.png ncithesaurus:Pectoralis_Major pectoralis major muscle pectoralis major muscle structure uberon dbpedia lateral pectoral nerve and medial pectoral nerveClavicular head: C5 and C6Sternocostal head: C7 C8 and T1 The pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the upper front of the chest wall. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male and lies under the breast in the female. Underneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a thin, triangular muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pectoralis_major_muscle Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of the humerus dbpedia FMA SCTID:60005003 pectoralis major muscle structure anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle dbpedia Musculus pectoralis major Wikipedia:Pectoralis_major_muscle anterior surface of the sternum and the superior six costal cartilages and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle dbpedia rectus abdominis muscle AAO:0010789 EHDAA2:0001595 EHDAA:8252 EMAPA:18164 FMA:9628 GAID:142 MA:0002364 MESH:A02.633.567.050.800 SCTID:256672008 The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5–7) superiorly. It is contained in the Rectus sheath. The rectus is usually crossed by three fibrous bands licked by the tendinous inscriptions. While the 'sixpack' is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus, there exist rare anatomic variations which result in the appearance of eight ('eightpack'), ten, or—even rarer—asymmetrically arranged segments. All these variations are functionally equivalent. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002382 UMLS:C0206066 VHOG:0000863 XAO:0004128 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rectus_abdominis.png/200px-Rectus_abdominis.png m. rectus abdominis musculus rectus abdominis ncithesaurus:Rectus_Abdominis rectus abdominis six pack uberon MA:0002364 rectus abdominis The rectus abdominis muscle is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line). It extends from the pubic symphysis/pubic crest inferiorly to the xiphisternum/xiphoid process and lower costal cartilages (5–7) superiorly. It is contained in the Rectus sheath. The rectus is usually crossed by three fibrous bands licked by the tendinous inscriptions. While the 'sixpack' is by far the most common configuration of the muscle bellies of the rectus, there exist rare anatomic variations which result in the appearance of eight ('eightpack'), ten, or—even rarer—asymmetrically arranged segments. All these variations are functionally equivalent. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rectus_abdominis_muscle VHOG XAO AAO:0010789 musculus rectus abdominis AAO:0010789 m. rectus abdominis supraspinatus muscle EHDAA2:0001967 EHDAA:8319 EMAPA:18182 FMA:9629 MA:0002389 SCTID:181626001 The supraspinatus is a relatively small muscle of the upper limb that takes its name from its origin from the supraspinous fossa superior to the spine of the scapula. It is one of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder. The spine of the scapula separates the supraspinatus muscle from the infraspinatus muscle, which originates below the spine. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002383 UMLS:C0584869 VHOG:0000848 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png/200px-Arm_muscles_back_numbers.png musculus supraspinatus ncithesaurus:Supraspinatus supraspinatus uberon Wikipedia dbpedia middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus MA:0002389 supraspinatus The supraspinatus is a relatively small muscle of the upper limb that takes its name from its origin from the supraspinous fossa superior to the spine of the scapula. It is one of the four rotator cuff muscles and also abducts the arm at the shoulder. The spine of the scapula separates the supraspinatus muscle from the infraspinatus muscle, which originates below the spine. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supraspinatus_muscle dbpedia supraspinous fossa of the scapula Wikipedia:Supraspinatus_muscle musculus supraspinatus connective tissue AAO:0000098 AO notes: MA also has set of connective tissues BTO:0000421 Bindegewebe EFO:0000952 FMA:9640 GAID:100 MA:0000011 MAT:0000301 MESH:A10.165 MIAA:0000301 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rv-aBgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO] SCTID:361919005 TAO:0001641 Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO] Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibres and ground substance. UBERON:0002384 UMLS:C0009780 VSAO:0000017 XAO:0001017 ZFA:0001632 galen:ConnectiveTissue ncithesaurus:Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue textus connectivus uberon Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibres and ground substance. VSAO:0000017 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000098 AAO:LAP One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO] 2012-08-14 GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000017 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001641 TAO:wd FMA:9640 portion of connective tissue BTO:0000421 Bindegewebe muscle tissue AAO:0000306 AEO:0000122 EHDAA2:0003122 FMA:9641 MA:0002437 MESH:A02.633 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO] SCTID:91727004 UBERON:0002385 UMLS:C2328219 Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach. galen:MuscleTissue muscular tissue ncithesaurus:Muscle_Tissue portion of muscle tissue textus muscularis uberon FMA:9641 portion of muscle tissue muscular tissue 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000306 AAO:LAP One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO] GO:0060537 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. Wikipedia:Muscle_tissue https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2801266&group_id=36855&atid=440764 forelimb zeugopod BTO:0001447 CALOHA:TS-2205 EFO:0003053 EHDAA2:0000553 EHDAA:4172 EHDAA:6218 EMAPA:17417 FMA:9663 GAID:55 MA:0000034 MESH:A01.378.800.585 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. TODO - add distinct term for skeleton and place AAO class here OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjnmpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362741001 The middle forelimb region. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_Boston_etc.:_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.321, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. UBERON:0002386 UMLS:C0016536 VHOG:0000341 VSAO:0005058 antebrachial region antebrachium antebrachium antibrachium arm middle limb segment arm zeugopod brachial region middle limb segment brachial region zeugopod fore epipodium forearm forelimb epipodium forelimb zeugopodium forelimb zygopod galen:Forearm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Veins.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Forearm_labeled.png/200px-Forearm_labeled.png intermediate segment of free upper limb lower arm lower segment of arm middle limb segment of arm middle limb segment of brachial region middle limb segment of forelimb middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb ncithesaurus:Forearm proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod regio antebrachialis uberon wing zeugopod zeugopod of arm zeugopod of brachial region zeugopod of forelimb zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm 2012-09-17 The middle forelimb region. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_Boston_etc.:_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.321, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000341 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UBERON:cjm middle limb segment of forelimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment PHENOSCAPE:curators The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. Wikipedia:Forearm Wikipedia:Forearm antebrachium OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod VSAO:0005058 antebrachium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment FMA:9663 FMA:TA regio antebrachialis OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment Wikipedia:Forearm antebrachium 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000341 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing zeugopod MA pes BTO:0000476 EFO:0003065 EHDAA2:0000546 EMAPA:17459 Editors note: consider renaming using less human-centric terminology FMA:9664 GAID:40 MA:0000044 MESH:A01.378.610.250 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi-k5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302545001 UBERON:0002387 UMLS:C0016504 VHOG:0000350 distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits. foot galen:Foot hind foot hind limb autopodium hind paw hind-paw hindfoot hindfoot of quadruped hindlimb autopod hindlimb autopodium hindlimb distal free limb segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Male_Right_Foot_1.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Male_Right_Foot_1.jpg/200px-Male_Right_Foot_1.jpg ncithesaurus:Foot pedal pes terminal segment of free lower limb uberon OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopodium UBERON:cjm pes MA:0000044 foot OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod EMAPA:17428 hind-paw Wikipedia:Foot Wikipedia:Pes_(anatomy) distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits. VHOG:0000350 hind limb autopodium EMAPA:17428 OBOL:automatic hind paw OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment manual digit A digit that is part of a manus (hand). AAO:0000857 BTO:0004669 EHDAA2:0000404 FMA:9666 GAID:57 MA:0000041 MESH:A01.378.800.667.430 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090602 One of the fingers of the manus.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi_f5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:283992002 UBERON:0000028 UBERON:0002389 UMLS:C0016129 XAO:0003036 digit of hand digit of manus digitus manus finger fore digit forelimb digit galen:Finger hand digit ncithesaurus:Finger uberon AAO:0000857 XAO:0003036 fore digit 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000857 AAO:LAP One of the fingers of the manus.[AAO] FMA:9666 finger MA:0000041 hand digit PHENOSCAPE:ni FMA:9666 digit of hand A digit that is part of a manus (hand). Wikipedia:Finger hematopoietic system AAO:0011002 Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO] BTO:0000570 Blutbildungssystem EFO:0000798 EV:0100045 FMA:9667 GAID:1008 MA:0002434 MAT:0000022 MESH:A15.378 MIAA:0000022 SCTID:362587009 TAO:0005023 The tissues concerned in production of the blood, including the bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus[BTO]. Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. The bodily system of organs and tissues, primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, involved in the production of blood[FD]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002390 UMLS:C0018957 VHOG:0001624 XAO:0000122 ZFA:0005023 Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] haematological system haematopoietic system haemopoietic system hematological system hematolymphoid system hematopoietic hemopoietic system ncithesaurus:Hematopoietic_System organa haemopoietica uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011002 AAO:EJS Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO] BTO:0000570 OMD:haematological The tissues concerned in production of the blood, including the bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus[BTO]. Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues. The bodily system of organs and tissues, primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes, involved in the production of blood[FD]. Wikipedia:Hematopoietic_system http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hematopoietic+system BTO:0000570 Blutbildungssystem definitional 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010) VHOG VHOG:0001624 Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ lymph BTO:0000855 EFO:0000871 ENVO:02000041 EV:0100049 FMA:9671 GAID:1186 MA:0002520 MAT:0000055 MESH:A12.207.630 MIAA:0000055 OpenCyc:Mx4rvpDOU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Transudate contained in the lumen of lymphatic vessel[FMA]. Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system[WP]. UBERON:0002391 UMLS:C0024202 VHOG:0001590 ZFA:0005658 galen:Lymph http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Illu_lymph_capillary.png lympha ncithesaurus:Lymph uberon Wikipedia:Lymph lympha FMA:9671 Transudate contained in the lumen of lymphatic vessel[FMA]. Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system[WP]. Wikipedia:Lymph nasolacrimal duct AAO:0000643 EHDAA2:0001237 EHDAA:7849 EHDAA:9094 EMAPA:17853 FMA:9703 GAID:902 MA:0001299 MESH:A09.371.463.640 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6PJy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280643009 The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which opens in the nose. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops. Like the lacrimal sac, the duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. A congenital obstruction can cause cystic expansion of the duct and is called a dacrocystocele or Timo cyst. Persons with dry eye conditions can be fitted with punctal plugs that seal the ducts to limit the amount of fluid drainage and retain moisture. The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal. [WP,unvetted]. The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0002392 UMLS:C0027437 VHOG:0000664 d. nasolacrimalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray896.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray896.png/200px-Gray896.png nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris ncithesaurus:Nasolacrimal_Duct todo - resolve canaliculus vs tear duct vs lacrimal vs nasolacrimal uberon VHOG:0000664 nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris Wikipedia:Nasolacrimal_duct d. nasolacrimalis The nasolacrimal duct (sometimes called tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which opens in the nose. This is the reason the nose starts to run when a person is crying or has watery eyes from an allergy, and why one can sometimes taste eye drops. Like the lacrimal sac, the duct is lined by stratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct leads to the excess overflow of tears called epiphora. A congenital obstruction can cause cystic expansion of the duct and is called a dacrocystocele or Timo cyst. Persons with dry eye conditions can be fitted with punctal plugs that seal the ducts to limit the amount of fluid drainage and retain moisture. The canal containing the nasolacrimal duct is called the nasolacrimal canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nasolacrimal_duct FMA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256 The nasolacrimal duct is probably homologous to the posterior (excurrent) naris of actinopterygian fishes.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000664 http://bgee.unil.ch/ pharyngotympanic tube AAO:0000146 AAO:0011016 EMAPA:17601 EV:0100359 Editor notes: we follow FMA in making this an organ, but include a separate class for the part that is epithelium, which is equivalent to the EHDAA2 structure. From this we infer the developmental relationship FMA:9705 Furrow on the ventral surface of the otic capsule, and occasionally also the parasphenoid, that houses the Eustachian tube.[AAO] GAID:869 MA:0000255 Organ with organ cavity which connects the cavity of the middle ear to the cavity of the pharynx. Examples: There are only two pharyngotympanic tubes, the right and the left pharyngotympanic tubes.[FMA] The narrow channel connecting the nasopharynx and the middle ear. [TFD][VHOG] The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0002393 UMLS:C0015183 VHOG:0001145 XAO:0000213 auditory tube eustachian tube http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Ear-anatomy-text-small-en.svg internal auditory tube ncithesaurus:Eustachian_Tube relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] tuba auditiva tuba auditiva; tuba auditoria; tuba auditivea tuba auditoria tuba pharyngotympanica uberon FMA:FMA Organ with organ cavity which connects the cavity of the middle ear to the cavity of the pharynx. Examples: There are only two pharyngotympanic tubes, the right and the left pharyngotympanic tubes.[FMA] Wikipedia:Eustachian_tube UBERON:0010062 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000146 AAO:LAP Furrow on the ventral surface of the otic capsule, and occasionally also the parasphenoid, that houses the Eustachian tube.[AAO] tuba pharyngotympanica 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000146 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] Wikipedia:Eustachian_tube tuba auditiva; tuba auditoria; tuba auditivea MA:0000255 auditory tube 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417 The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001145 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA FMA:9705 FMA:TA tuba auditoria 2012-09-17 The narrow channel connecting the nasopharynx and the middle ear. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001145 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/auditory+tube FMA:9705 FMA:TA tuba auditiva bile duct (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011019 Any of the excretory ducts in the liver that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. [TFD][VHOG] BTO:0000122 Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. EHDAA2:0000741 EV:0100091 FMA:9706 GAID:280 MA:0000354 MESH:A03.159.183 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdCds5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:276157007 The path is as follows: Bile canaliculi → Canals of Hering → interlobular bile ducts → intrahepatic bile ducts → left and right hepatic ducts merge to form → common hepatic duct exits liver and joins → cystic duct (from gall bladder) forming → common bile duct → joins with pancreatic duct → forming ampulla of Vater → enters duodenum [WP] UBERON:0002394 UMLS:C0005400 VHOG:0000212 XAO:0000134 biliary duct gall duct hepatic duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png/200px-Digestive_system_showing_bile_duct.png ncithesaurus:Bile_Duct uberon XAO (...) the amphibian liver has characteristics in common with both fish and terrestrial vertebrates. (...) The histological structure of the liver is similar to that in other vertebrates, with hepatocytes arranged in clusters and cords separated by a meshwork of sinusoids and the presence of the traditional triad of portal venule, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1053/ax.2000.7133 Crawshaw GJ, Weinkle TK, Clinical and pathological aspects of the amphibian liver. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine (2000) VHOG VHOG:0000212 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Any of the excretory ducts in the liver that convey bile between the liver and the intestine. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000212 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bile+duct BTO:0000122 gall duct Duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine. Wikipedia:Bile_duct ZFA:0001100 FMA:9706 biliary duct MA talus BTO:0002354 EMAPA:18503 EMAPA:19135 FMA:9708 GAID:196 MA:0001351 MESH:A02.835.232.300.710.780 Os trigonum, Astralagus SCTID:182098005 Taxon notes: The talus is apparently derived from the fusion of three separate bones in the feet of primitive amphibians; the tibiale, articulating with tibia, the intermedium, between the bases of the tibia and fibula, and the fourth centrale, lying in the mid-part of the tarsus. These bones are still partially separate in modern amphibians, which therefore do not have a true talus. The talus forms a considerably more flexible joint in mammals than it does in reptiles. This reaches its greatest extent in artiodactyls, where the distal surface of the bone has a smooth keel to allow greater freedom of movement of the foot, and thus increase running speed[WP] UBERON:0002395 UMLS:C0039277 astragaloid bone astragalus astragalus bone galen:Talus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG/250px-Subtalar_Joint.PNG ncithesaurus:Talus os tarsi tibiale os trigonum proximal tarsal bone resulting from fusion of intermedium and fibulare. uberon BTO:0002354 os tarsi tibiale Wikipedia:Talus_bone proximal tarsal bone resulting from fusion of intermedium and fibulare. BTO:0002354 astragaloid bone Os trigonum, Astralagus Wikipedia:Talus_bone ISBN10:0073040584 MA:000135 Wikipedia:Talus_bone astragalus ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Talus_bone astragalus bone Wikipedia:Talus_bone os trigonum vomer . AAO:0000633 Dermal bone that underlies the mesethmoid and inserts in a fossa on the anteroventral surface of the parasphenoid.[TAO] FMA:9710 In bony fish, the vomers are flattened, paired, bones forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillary bones. In many species, they have teeth, supplementing those in the jaw proper; in some extinct species the teeth on the vomers were actually larger than the primary set. In amphibians and reptiles, the vomers become narrower, due to the presence of the enlarged choanae (the inner part of the nostrils) on either side, and they may extend further back in the jaw. They are typically small in birds, where they form the upper hind part of the beak, again being located between the choanae. In mammals, the vomers have become narrower still, and are fused into a single, vertically oriented bone. The development of the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth[WP] MA:0001496 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6jKWZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules.[AAO] SCTID:272678009 TAO:0000308 The vomer is paired in some taxa (e.g., Amia) while unpaired in others (e.g., teleosts).[TAO] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002396 UMLS:C0242403 ZFA:0000308 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg ncithesaurus:Vomer prevomer relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-vomer joint (TAO:0001784)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-vomer joint (TAO:0001680)[TAO] uberon vomer bone . Wikipedia:Vomer 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000308 relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-vomer joint (TAO:0001784)[TAO] TAO:0000308 prevomer 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0000308 The vomer is paired in some taxa (e.g., Amia) while unpaired in others (e.g., teleosts).[TAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000633 AAO:LAP Paired, palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie ventral to the olfactory region and help to floor the nasal capsules.[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000308 relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-vomer joint (TAO:0001680)[TAO] Kardong palatal series 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that underlies the mesethmoid and inserts in a fossa on the anteroventral surface of the parasphenoid.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000308 ZFIN:curator In bony fish, the vomers are flattened, paired, bones forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth, just behind the premaxillary bones. In many species, they have teeth, supplementing those in the jaw proper; in some extinct species the teeth on the vomers were actually larger than the primary set. In amphibians and reptiles, the vomers become narrower, due to the presence of the enlarged choanae (the inner part of the nostrils) on either side, and they may extend further back in the jaw. They are typically small in birds, where they form the upper hind part of the beak, again being located between the choanae. In mammals, the vomers have become narrower still, and are fused into a single, vertically oriented bone. The development of the hard palate beneath the vomer means that the bone is now located in a nasal chamber, separate from the mouth[WP] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomer#In_other_animals FMA maxilla AAO:0000285 Dermal bone that forms part of the upper jaw, located antero-ventral to the premaxilla. The maxilla is a paired bone.[TAO] EHDAA2:0001068 EHDAA:8043 EMAPA:17639 EMAPA:17928 FMA:9711 Fusion of maxilla + premaxilla GAID:220 In some teleosts, the maxilla is located postero-ventral to the supramaxilla. Commonly, the articular process of the maxilla articulates with the autopalatine and ethmoidal region antero-medially. The maxilla is usually the largest bone in the upper jaw assemblage.[TAO] MA:0001491 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502.645 Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae.[AAO] SCTID:181813003 TAO:0000270 The bone which normally forms the lateral upper jaw in osteichthyans, including tetrapods. UBERON:0002397 UMLS:C0024947 VHOG:0001021 VSAO:0000207 ZFA:0000270 galen:Maxilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gray189.png/200px-Gray189.png maxillae maxillary maxillary bone ncithesaurus:Maxilla relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-maxillary joint (TAO:0001942)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] uberon upper jaw bone Kardong facial series FMA-abduced-lr 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000285 AAO:LAP Paired, intramembranous bone located on the lateral sides of the skull, posterior to the premaxillae.[AAO] VHOG 2012-09-06 Curator In some teleosts, the maxilla is located postero-ventral to the supramaxilla. Commonly, the articular process of the maxilla articulates with the autopalatine and ethmoidal region antero-medially. The maxilla is usually the largest bone in the upper jaw assemblage.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000270 VSAO 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that forms part of the upper jaw, located antero-ventral to the premaxilla. The maxilla is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000270 TAO:GA_TG Wikipedia:Maxilla maxillary bone FMA EHDAA2 The bone which normally forms the lateral upper jaw in osteichthyans, including tetrapods. Wikipedia:Maxilla http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000270 relationship loss: overlaps autopalatine-maxillary joint (TAO:0001942)[TAO] maxillae 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000270 relationship loss: overlaps premaxillary-maxillary joint (TAO:0002260)[TAO] manus AAO:0010803 BTO:0004668 EHDAA2:0000728 EMAPA:17428 FMA:9712 GAID:56 MA:0000037 MESH:A01.378.800.667 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090603 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViGVZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302539009 UBERON:0002398 UMLS:C0018563 Usage notes: like all limb segments, this class encompasses both the unformed hand region of the embryo to the fully formed structure complete with skeleton VHOG:0000344 distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits. fore foot fore paw fore-paw forefoot forefoot of quadruped forelimb autopod forelimb autopodium galen:Hand hand hand region http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/LeftHand0.jpg manual ncithesaurus:Hand terminal segment of free upper limb uberon MA:0000037 hand fore foot OBOL:automatic forelimb autopod EMAPA:17428 OBOL:automatic fore paw OBOL:automatic forelimb autopodium forefoot Wikipedia:Hand Wikipedia:Manus_(anatomy) distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits. EHDAA2:0000728 hand region EMAPA:17428 fore-paw lesser omentum A membranous extension of the peritoneum from the peritoneal layers covering the ventral and the dorsal surfaces of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum. The lesser omentum extends from the portal fissure of the liver to the diaphragm, where the layers separate to enclose the end of the esophagus. It also forms two ligaments, one associated with the liver, the hepatogastric ligament, and the other, the heptatoduodenal ligament, with the duodenum. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000991 EHDAA:4858 EMAPA:17890 EMAPA:18909 EV:0100086 FMA:9715 MA:0001623 SCTID:362712005 The double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002399 UMLS:C0230260 VHOG:0000357 editor note: exact part of and develops from relationships need to be established gastrohepatic omentum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray984.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gray984.png/200px-Gray984.png ncithesaurus:Lesser_Omentum omentum minus small omentum uberon Wikipedia:Lesser_omentum omentum minus 2012-09-17 A membranous extension of the peritoneum from the peritoneal layers covering the ventral and the dorsal surfaces of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum. The lesser omentum extends from the portal fissure of the liver to the diaphragm, where the layers separate to enclose the end of the esophagus. It also forms two ligaments, one associated with the liver, the hepatogastric ligament, and the other, the heptatoduodenal ligament, with the duodenum. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000357 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lesser+omentum The double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the start of the duodenum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_omentum FMA EHDAA2 Wikipedia Wikipedia:Lesser_omentum gastrohepatic omentum Wikipedia:Lesser_omentum small omentum MA parietal pleura FMA:9733 MA:0002488 OpenCyc:Mx4rvv2Uq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral pleura and is attached to the dome of the diaphragm.[FMA] SCTID:361998003 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002400 UMLS:C0225777 VHOG:0001495 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png ncithesaurus:Parietal_Pleura pleura parietalis uberon FMA:FMA Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral pleura and is attached to the dome of the diaphragm.[FMA] Wikipedia:Parietal_pleura Wikipedia:Parietal_pleura pleura parietalis visceral pleura EHDAA2:0002205 Each lung is invested by an exceedingly delicate serous membrane, the pleura, which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac. A portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes; it is called the pulmonary pleura (or visceral pleura). The visceral pleura is attached directly to the lungs[Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura]. FMA:9734 MA:0002489 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNFqppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361997008 See comments for pleura UBERON:0002401 UMLS:C0225776 VHOG:0001496 Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal pleura and is attached to the parenchyma of lobe of lung.[FMA] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray968.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png lung mesothelium lung pleura ncithesaurus:Visceral_Pleura pleura pulmonalis pleura visceralis pleura visceralis (pulmonalis) pulmonary pleura uberon EHDAA2:0002205 lung mesothelium FMA:FMA Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal pleura and is attached to the parenchyma of lobe of lung.[FMA] Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura FMA FMA:9734 FMA:TA pleura pulmonalis Each lung is invested by an exceedingly delicate serous membrane, the pleura, which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac. A portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes; it is called the pulmonary pleura (or visceral pleura). The visceral pleura is attached directly to the lungs[Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura]. Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura FMA Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura pleura visceralis pleural cavity BTO:0004422 Cavity of serous sac surropunded by the pleura.[FMA] EHDAA2:0001475 EMAPA:18462 FMA:9740 GAID:95 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000055 MESH:A01.911.800.650 Note the EHDAA2 class is not quite equivalent. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/86 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCKAppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361999006 UBERON:0002402 UMLS:C0178802 VHOG:0000581 cavitas pleurallis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gray965.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Gray965.png/200px-Gray965.png ncithesaurus:Pleural_Cavity uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000581 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Cavity of serous sac surropunded by the pleura.[FMA] FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity Wikipedia Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity cavitas pleurallis FMA internal intercostal muscle Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000875 FMA:9757 Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002326 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlj6HZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244890001 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002403 UMLS:C1744536 VHOG:0000905 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray411.png/200px-Gray411.png intercostal muscle internal layer intercostales internus ncithesaurus:Internal_Intercostal_Muscle uberon EHDAA2 2012-09-17 Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193 VHOG VHOG:0000905 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. There are three principal layers; the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. Located around the ribs the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 2-12 and have their insertions on ribs 1-11. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity. the innermost intercostal muscle, the deep layers of the internal intercostal muscles which are separated from them by the neurovascular bundle. Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves, and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_muscle transversus thoracis EMAPA:19267 FMA:9760 MA:0002397 SCTID:244933000 The tranversus thoracis lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. It is a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, situated upon the inner surface of the front wall of the chest. It is in the same layer as the subcostal muscles. It arises on either side from the lower third of the posterior surface of the body of the sternum, from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, and from the sternal ends of the costal cartilages of the lower three or four true ribs. Its fibers diverge upward and lateralward, to be inserted by slips into the lower borders and inner surfaces of the costal cartilages of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The lowest fibers of this muscle are horizontal in their direction, and are continuous with those of the Transversus abdominis; the intermediate fibers are oblique, while the highest are almost vertical. This muscle varies in its attachments, not only in different subjects, but on opposite sides of the same subject. [WP,unvetted]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002404 UMLS:C1744608 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Transversus_thoracis.png/200px-Transversus_thoracis.png ncithesaurus:Transversus_Thoracis uberon The tranversus thoracis lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. It is a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, situated upon the inner surface of the front wall of the chest. It is in the same layer as the subcostal muscles. It arises on either side from the lower third of the posterior surface of the body of the sternum, from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process, and from the sternal ends of the costal cartilages of the lower three or four true ribs. Its fibers diverge upward and lateralward, to be inserted by slips into the lower borders and inner surfaces of the costal cartilages of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. The lowest fibers of this muscle are horizontal in their direction, and are continuous with those of the Transversus abdominis; the intermediate fibers are oblique, while the highest are almost vertical. This muscle varies in its attachments, not only in different subjects, but on opposite sides of the same subject. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Transversus_thoracis immune system AAO:0011003 Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. BILA:0000104 FMA:9825 GAID:328 MA:0002711 MESH:A15.382 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNkm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362590003 TAO:0001159 The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002405 UMLS:C0020962 VHOG:0001247 XAO:0003152 ZFA:0001159 ncithesaurus:Immune_System uberon Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. NLM:immune+system Wikipedia:Immune_system 2012-09-17 PMID:21046016 Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010) The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001247 http://bgee.unil.ch/ pericardial sac FMA:9868 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001443 SCTID:361326002 Serous sac, which has as parts the serous pericardium and the pericardial cavity [FMA]. TAO:0000054 UBERON:0002406 We follow FMA in dividing pericardial sac in pericardium and pericardial cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png pericardium uberon FMA:9868 Serous sac, which has as parts the serous pericardium and the pericardial cavity [FMA]. FMA pericardium AAO:0010817 BTO:0000717 EFO:0000820 EHDAA:5376 EMAPA:17174 EV:0100023 FMA:9869 GAID:569 MA:0000099 MAT:0000454 MESH:A07.541.795 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoCLgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001443 SCTID:181295003 TAO:0000054 The outer membrane/wall of the developing heart, surrounding the myocardium. UBERON:0002407 UMLS:C0031050 VHOG:0001280 We follow FMA in dividing pericardial sac in pericardium and pericardial cavity XAO:0004182 ZFA:0000054 galen:Pericardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png ncithesaurus:Pericardium pericardial uberon The outer membrane/wall of the developing heart, surrounding the myocardium. Wikipedia:Pericardium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010817 AAO:JMG Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] XAO parietal serous pericardium EHDAA:3422 EHDAA:5378 EMAPA:17175 EMAPA:19031 FMA:9870 MA:0000483 Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral serous pericardium and is attached to the central tendon of diaphragm.[FMA] SCTID:243956000 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002408 UMLS:C0225969 VHOG:0000537 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gray489.png/200px-Gray489.png lamina parietalis (pericardii serosum) lamina parietalis pericardii ncithesaurus:Parietal_Pericardium parietal layer of serous pericardium parietal pericardium uberon FMA:FMA Parietal serous membrane which is continuous with the visceral serous pericardium and is attached to the central tendon of diaphragm.[FMA] Wikipedia:Parietal_pericardium FMA:9870 FMA:TA lamina parietalis pericardii pericardial fluid BTO:0001016 FMA:9887 MA:0002530 Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA] UBERON:0002409 uberon FMA:9887 Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA] Wikipedia:Pericardial_fluid FMA autonomic nervous system AAO:0000033 ANS BTO:0002507 EHDA:10095 EHDAA:3767 EMAPA:16984 FMA:9905 From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] GAID:706 MA:0000219 MESH:A08.800.050 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1123 Nervous system including a portion of the central and peripheral systems and presiding over the control and coordination of the vegetative functions of the organism. It innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular tissues and is responsible for many actions which are more or less automatic (e.g. secretion, vasoconstriction etc.). It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Part of the peripheral nervous system which regulates involuntary functions of the body and consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.[AAO] SCTID:362481007 TAO:0001574 The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002410 UMLS:C0004388 VHOG:0000396 ZFA:0001574 divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gray839.png/200px-Gray839.png ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Nervous_System uberon visceral nervous system 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000) From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000396 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. Wikipedia:Autonomic_nervous_system cjm 2012-09-17 Nervous system including a portion of the central and peripheral systems and presiding over the control and coordination of the vegetative functions of the organism. It innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular tissues and is responsible for many actions which are more or less automatic (e.g. secretion, vasoconstriction etc.). It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000396 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Autonomic_nervous_system divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000033 AAO:BJB Part of the peripheral nervous system which regulates involuntary functions of the body and consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.[AAO] clitoris BTO:0002020 EHDAA2:0000255 EHDAA:9360 EMAPA:30819 FMA:9909 GAID:385 MA:0000382 MESH:A05.360.319.887.436 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjr6ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181442003 The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not contain the distal portion of the urethra. The only known exception to this is in the Spotted Hyena. In this species, the urogenital system is unique in that the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, known as a pseudo-penis. In humans, the clitoris is the most sensitive erogenous zone of a woman, the stimulation of which may produce sexual excitement and clitoral erection; its continuing stimulation may produce sexual pleasure in the woman and orgasm. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002411 UMLS:C0008984 VHOG:0000700 clitoral galen:Clitoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg/200px-Clitoris_anatomy_labeled-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Clitoris uberon Wikipedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia MA The clitoris is a sexual organ that is present only in female mammals. In humans, the visible button-like portion is located near the anterior junction of the labia minora, above the opening of the urethra and vagina. Unlike the penis, which is homologous to the clitoris, the clitoris does not contain the distal portion of the urethra. The only known exception to this is in the Spotted Hyena. In this species, the urogenital system is unique in that the female urinates, mates and gives birth via an enlarged, erectile clitoris, known as a pseudo-penis. In humans, the clitoris is the most sensitive erogenous zone of a woman, the stimulation of which may produce sexual excitement and clitoral erection; its continuing stimulation may produce sexual pleasure in the woman and orgasm. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Clitoris vertebra AAO:0000691 CALOHA:TS-2352 EFO:0001371 Editor notes: Consider changing name to make distinction from inferred superclass 'vertebral element' clear // note we follow FMA in making this an irregular bone - however vertebra have epiphyses which are currently classified as belonging to long bones Endochondral bone that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.[TAO] FMA:9914 In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] Irregular bone that articulates with other vertebrae, or with one other vertebra and the skull or the sacrum[FMA]. All serially repeated ossified, cartilaginous, and ligamentous elements around the notochord (Schultze and Arratia, 1988)[ZFA]. MA:0000309 Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rvt2Dh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181817002 TAO:0001189 UBERON:0002412 UMLS:C0549207 VHOG:0001143 XAO:0004019 ZFA:0001189 galen:Vertebra ncithesaurus:Vertebra uberon vertebra bone vertebrae 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000691 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Main component of the vertebral column. It consists of two essential parts, a dorsal neural arch and a ventral centrum.[AAO] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011) In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001143 http://bgee.unil.ch/ PHENOSCAPE:ad vertebrae FMA 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001189 ZFIN:curator FMA:9914 Irregular bone that articulates with other vertebrae, or with one other vertebra and the skull or the sacrum[FMA]. All serially repeated ossified, cartilaginous, and ligamentous elements around the notochord (Schultze and Arratia, 1988)[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Vertebra ZFIN:curator cervical vertebra A vertebra immediately inferior to the skull[WP]. EMAPA:17674 FMA:9915 GAID:235 In some species, some parts of the skull may be composed of vertebra-like elements, e.g. the occipital bone in humans is composed of four vertebra-like segments. In many vertebrate species, cervical vertebrae are variable in number; however, almost all mammals have seven (including those with very short necks relative to body size, such as elephants or whales, and those with very long necks, such as giraffes). The few exceptions include the manatee and the sloths, of which the two-toed sloth has six cervical vertebrae and the three-toed sloth has up to nine cervical vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals, the cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many other groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes. Thoracic vertebrae in all species are defined as those vertebrae which also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. n humans, cervical vertebrae are the smallest of the true vertebrae, and can be readily distinguished from those of the thoracic or lumbar regions by the presence of a foramen (hole) in each transverse process, through which passes the vertebral artery. MA:0000311 MESH:A02.835.232.834.151 SCTID:181820005 UBERON:0002413 XAO:0003076 cervical vertebrae galen:CervicalVertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Illu_vertebral_column.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Illu_vertebral_column.jpg/200px-Illu_vertebral_column.jpg ncithesaurus:Cervical_Vertebra uberon vertebrae cervicales cervical vertebrae A vertebra immediately inferior to the skull[WP]. Wikipedia:Cervical_vertebrae Wikipedia:Cervical_vertebrae vertebrae cervicales lumbar vertebra EMAPA:18007 FMA:9921 GAID:240 Large vertebra of the movable part of the vertebral column, characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. MA:0000312 MESH:A02.835.232.834.519 OpenCyc:Mx4rvaOek5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181822002 UBERON:0002414 UMLS:C0024091 Whereas all rats had six lumbar vertebrae, variable patterns in mice included mostly five vertebrae in DBA/2J, mostly six vertebrae in C57BL/6J, and a mix in B6129PF2/J - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2700063/ galen:LumbarVertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gray93.png/200px-Gray93.png ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Vertebra uberon Large vertebra of the movable part of the vertebral column, characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process, and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body. Wikipedia:Lumbar_vertebrae tail AEO:0000109 BILA:0000117 BTO:0001348 EFO:0000963 EHDAA:9198 Editor notes: Note we also have a subclass post-anal tail, for the chordate specific structure. currently defined very generally, inclusive of caudal fin GAID:1245 MAT:0000094 MESH:A13.895 MIAA:0000094 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjiC5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002415 WBbt:0005741 caudal subdivision section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso[WP]. uberon ISBN:0471209627 OMD:tail Wikipedia:Tail ZFIN:curator section at the rear end of an animal's body; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso[WP]. UBERON:cjm caudal subdivision integumental system (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0000807 EHDAA2:0000836 EHDAA:6520 EMAPA:17524 EV:0100151 FBbt:00004969 FMA:72979 HAO:0000421 MA:0000014 MAT:0000033 MESH:A17 MIAA:0000033 SCTID:361692004 TADS:0000108 UBERON:0002416 UMLS:C0037267 VHOG:0000403 XAO:0000176 dermal system in FMA, integumentary system = integument + certain glands. Note that here we use integumental system in a general sense, covering a variety of metazoans integumentary system integumentum commune ncithesaurus:Integumentary_System organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its adnexa (including hair, scales, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the integumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Integumentary_system integumentum commune (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) VHOG VHOG:0000403 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MIAA:0000033 dermal system Wikipedia:Integumentary_system organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its adnexa (including hair, scales, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the integumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis[WP]. FMA:72979 integumentary system abdominal segment of trunk FMA:259211 MA:0000021 SCTID:362875007 UBERON:0002417 abdomen/pelvis/perineum lower body lumbar region the abdominal segment of the torso. uberon MA:0000021 abdomen/pelvis/perineum MA:0000021 lower body FMA UBERON:cjm lumbar region Wikipedia:Lumbar the abdominal segment of the torso. cartilage tissue A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.[AAO] AAO:0000060 AEO:0000087 BTO:0000206 EFO:0000949 EHDAA2:0003087 EV:0100141 FMA:37377 GAID:99 MA:0000104 MAT:0000189 MESH:A02.165 MIAA:0000189 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjeOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG] Portion of tissue which is connective tissue composed of collagen and/or elastin fibers and chondrocytes. Cartilage is avascular and provides both skeletal functions and a framework upon which bone is deposited.[TAO] Previous: "A portion of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate[GO]. Regular connective tissue, which consists of chondrocytes and related cells, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified. Examples: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage[FMA]. an avascular supporting and articular skeletal tissue. It also functions as the primary endoskeletal support in vertebrate embryos. Cartilage is deposited by and is composed of chondroblasts and chondrocytes separated by an extracellular matrix, which may or may not mineralize depending on cartilage type, age, or taxon[Hall and Witten]." See also FMA:71500 Set of cartilages, FMA:55107 Cartilage organ, FMA:12264 Articular cartilage. // elements made from cartilage, cartilage-like, or chondroid tissues evolved in invertebrates[H&W] SCTID:309312004 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.[VSAO] Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts[VSAO]. TAO:0001501 UBERON:0002418 UMLS:C0007301 VHOG:0001207 VSAO:0000040 XAO:0000170 ZFA:0005622 cartilage cartilage tissue cartilages cartilaginous tissue chondrogenic tissue galen:Cartilage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg ncithesaurus:Cartilage ncithesaurus:Cartilagenous_Tissue relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] uberon FMA:37377 cartilage tissue VHOG:0001207 cartilages 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue which is connective tissue composed of collagen and/or elastin fibers and chondrocytes. Cartilage is avascular and provides both skeletal functions and a framework upon which bone is deposited.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001501 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000060 relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] VSAO:0000040 chondrogenic tissue 2012-08-14 GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000040 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts[VSAO]. VSAO:0000040 Wikipedia:Cartilage http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=2257941&aid=3396584&group_id=76834 2012-06-20 A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.[AAO] AAO AAO:0000060 AAO:LAP 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012) Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001207 http://bgee.unil.ch/ skin gland A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71878 MA:0000146 UBERON:0002419 check FMA, use plural for now as general class not there glandulae cutis set of skin glands skin glands skin glands set uberon A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71878 set of skin glands skin glands skin glands set FMA:71878 FMA:TA glandulae cutis basal ganglion BTO:0000235 EFO:0000904 Editor note: it is necessary to introduce two classes, one representing an individual basal ganglion, another representing the aggregate structure, in order to have consistent classification amongst AOs (e.g. in MA the aygdala is part of the BG, in FMA and BTO it is a subclass). Apart from achieving this consistency, the value of having two distinct classes is questionable, since the BG-plural is trivially the set of all BGs-singular. it would be better for all AOs to decide on one single way of doing this. Do not merge until this is done. FMA:62514 SCTID:244434001 UBERON:0002420 basal ganglia basal ganglion of telencephalon basal nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg/200px-Basal_Ganglia_and_Related_Structures.svg.png nuclei basales one of a group of nuclei in the brains of vertebrates, situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other areas.ganglion in the head. The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus[WP]. Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF]. uberon BTO Wikipedia:Basal_ganglia one of a group of nuclei in the brains of vertebrates, situated at the base of the forebrain and strongly connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and other areas.ganglion in the head. The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus[WP]. Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF]. FMA Wikipedia:Basal_ganglia nuclei basales basal ganglia MA:0000184 basal nucleus hippocampal formation ABA:HPF BM:Tel-HF BTO:0000601 FMA:74038 Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment]. MA:0000189 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_715 SCTID:422867004 UBERON:0002421 Usage notes: The term hippocampus is often used synonymously with hippocampal formation which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum[NIF]. BTO:0000601 is placed here since it includes the DG. GO also includes dentate gyrus development as part of hippocampus development, so we assume when GO says "hippocampus" it means "hippocampal formation". In ABA HPF = (.. subiculum) + HIP, HIP = DG + AH. archipallium hippocampus hippocampus (crosby) major hippocampus primal cortex uberon BTO:0000601 GO:0021766 hippocampus MA:0000189 primal cortex GO ISBN10:0471888893 ABA Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment]. UBERON:cjm MA:0000189 archipallium ABA BTO:0000601 major hippocampus fourth ventricle 4th ventricle AAO:0011043 BM:Pons-4V BTO:0003426 EHDAA2:0000100 EHDAA:896 EMAPA:16479 EMAPA:16917 EV:0100310 FMA:78469 Fluid-filled brain cavity. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] GAID:610 IVth ventricle Irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.[AAO] MA:0000196 MESH:A08.186.211.276.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1256 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-7Q6pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180932000 TAO:0000110 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space[GO]. UBERON:0002422 UMLS:C0149556 VHOG:0000006 XAO:0003099 ZFA:0000110 hindbrain ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray734.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png ncithesaurus:Fourth_Ventricle_of_the_Brain rhombencephalic ventricle rhombencephalic vesicle uberon ventricle IV ventricle of hindbrain ventricle of rhombencephalon ventriculus quartus 4th ventricle MA:0000196 The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space[GO]. Wikipedia:Fourth_ventricle VHOG:0000006 hindbrain ventricle ZFA:0000110 rhombencephalic vesicle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000006 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011043 Irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.[AAO] UBERON:0002422 ZFA:0000110 ventricle IV BTO:0003426 ventricle of hindbrain EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Fourth_ventricle ventriculus quartus VHOG:0000006 rhombencephalic ventricle 2012-08-14 Fluid-filled brain cavity. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000110 ZFIN:curator BTO:0003426 ventricle of rhombencephalon IVth ventricle VHOG:0000006 hepatobiliary system AAO:0011056 EFO:0000800 EHDAA2:0000998 EHDAA:2189 EMAPA:16840 EV:0100088 MA:0000324 MAT:0000024 MIAA:0000024 System responsible for the production and movement of bile[ZFIN:curator]. TAO:0000036 The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct UBERON:0002423 UMLS:C1711359 VHOG:0000294 XAO:0000132 ZFA:0000036 hepaticobiliary system liver and biliary system liver/biliary system ncithesaurus:Hepatobiliary_System uberon GO:0061008 The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins. The parts are: liver, bile duct, gall bladder and hepatic duct Wikipedia:Hepatobiliary_system System responsible for the production and movement of bile[ZFIN:curator]. ZFIN:curator GO:0061008 hepaticobiliary system oral epithelium AAO:0010357 BTO:0001775 EHDAA2:0001325 EHDAA:2187 EMAPA:16839 EMAPA:26942 Editor note: consider including separate class for developmental structure (adult human is stratified; in EHDAA2 is unilaminar). Development notes: the avian oral epithelium has the developmental capacity to initiate tooth developmental programs with underlying grafts of non-avian oral ectomesenchyme [PMID:16488870] Epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues FMA:265152 MA:0000344 TAO:0000816 The epithelium that lines the oral cavity. The oral epithelium epithelial cells with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091204-24]. UBERON:0002424 UMLS:C1709332 VHOG:0000187 XAO:0003201 ZFA:0000816 epithelium of mucosa of mouth epithelium of oral mucosa ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity_Epithelium uberon The epithelium that lines the oral cavity. The oral epithelium epithelial cells with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091204-24]. ZFA:0000816 AAO-modified FMA:265152 epithelium of mucosa of mouth FMA:265152 epithelium of oral mucosa Epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues UBERON:cjm visceral serous pericardium EMAPA:17176 EMAPA:19032 FMA:84882 MA:0000484 SCTID:243955001 UBERON:0002425 VHOG:0000538 Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. epicardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gray968.png/200px-Gray968.png lamina visceralis pericardii serosi serous visceral pericardium uberon visceral lamina of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium visceral pericardium Wikipedia:Epicardium lamina visceralis pericardii serosi Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. Wikipedia:Visceral_pericardium MA:0000484 epicardium chest muscle A muscle organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000508 FMA:9619 MA:0000548 UBERON:0002426 anterior thoracic region muscle organ anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ chest muscle organ front of thorax muscle organ muscle of thorax muscle organ of anterior thoracic region muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ of chest muscle organ of front of thorax musculus thoracicus thoracic muscle uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of front of thorax OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region muscle organ OBOL:automatic front of thorax muscle organ OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ OBOL:automatic chest muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic muscle organ of chest OBOL:automatic muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax A muscle organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:9619 muscle of thorax arm skin A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18062 FMA:37721 MA:0000596 UBERON:0002427 UMLS:C0222204 brachial region skin ncithesaurus:Arm_Skin proximal segment of free upper limb skin skin of arm skin of brachial region skin of proximal segment of free upper limb uberon OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region OBOL:automatic skin of arm OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic brachial region skin A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic limb bone A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. AO notes: NCITA includes clavicle. MA:'limb bone' is actually a bone of limb or girdle // Note that the formal definition is very inclusive, and includes sesamoids EFO:0000880 EFO:0000945 MAT:0000151 MIAA:0000151 SCTID:304149004 UBERON:0002428 UMLS:C0582791 bone of extremity bone of limb free limb bone ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Extremity uberon OBOL:automatic bone of limb UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 free limb bone A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cervical lymph node Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:61213 MA:0000736 SCTID:181757009 UBERON:0002429 UMLS:C0588054 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lymph_node_regions.jpg/200px-Lymph_node_regions.jpg lymph node of neck ncithesaurus:Cervical_Lymph_Node uberon Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_lymph_node lateral hypothalamic area ABA:LHA BM:Die-Hy-HLA FMA:62030 GAID:640 MA:0000834 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.300 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4037 The lateral hypothalamus or lateral hypothalamic area is a part of the hypothalamus. It is concerned with hunger. Damage to this area can cause reduced food intake. Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus causes a desire to eat, while stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus causes a desire to stop eating. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002430 area hypothalamica lateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG lateral division of hypothalamus lateral group of hypothalamic nuclei lateral hypothalamic group lateral hypothalamic nucleus lateral hypothalamic region lateral hypothalamic zone (crosby) uberon FMA:62030 lateral hypothalamic region ABA ABA MA:0000834 lateral hypothalamic nucleus ABA ABA FMA:62030 FMA:TA area hypothalamica lateralis The lateral hypothalamus or lateral hypothalamic area is a part of the hypothalamus. It is concerned with hunger. Damage to this area can cause reduced food intake. Stimulating the lateral hypothalamus causes a desire to eat, while stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus causes a desire to stop eating. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_hypothalamic_area obsolete pars anterior UBERON:0002431 UBERON:0006965 true uberon pars intermedia of adenohypophysis BTO:0001788 EHDAA2:0001417 EHDAA:8765 EMAPA:17516 FMA:74632 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000855 SCTID:245534008 TAO:0001197 The intermediate part of adenohypophysis: an ill-defined region between the two lobes of the hypophysis; some systems of nomenclature consider it part of the neurohypophysis. In humans a defined structure develops during embryogenesis, but only scattered cells are retained when the gland matures[BTO]. UBERON:0002432 VHOG:0001178 ZFA:0001197 boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray1181.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gray1181.png/200px-Gray1181.png intermediate lobe intermediate lobe of adenohypophysis intermediate lobe of pituitary pars intermedia pars intermedia (glandula pituitaria) pars intermedia adenohypophyseos pars intermedia adenohypophysis pars intermedia lobi anterior hypophyseos pars intermedia of anterior lobe of pituitary gland uberon FMA:74632 pars intermedia of anterior lobe of pituitary gland BTO:0001788 pars intermedia adenohypophyseos BTO:0001788 pars intermedia lobi anterior hypophyseos BTO:0001788 intermediate lobe FMA:74632 FMA:TA pars intermedia (glandula pituitaria) FMA ZFA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001178 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:74632 FMA:TA pars intermedia adenohypophysis Wikipedia:Pars_intermedia boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells: basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathke's pouch. In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood. In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells. ISBN10:0471888893 MA:0000855 pars intermedia Wikipedia:Pars_intermedia pars intermedia adenohypophyseos pars tuberalis of adenohypophysis BTO:0001739 EHDAA2:0001419 EHDAA:8767 EMAPA:17517 FMA:74631 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000856 TAO:0001196 The pars tuberalis is part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and wraps the pituitary stalk in a highly vascularized sheath. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002433 VHOG:0001114 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG pars infundibularis of adenohypophysis pars tuberalis pars tuberalis (glandula pituitaria) pars tuberalis adenohypophyseos pars tuberalis adenohypophysis pars tuberalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001114 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:74631 FMA:TA pars tuberalis adenohypophysis Wikipedia:Pars_tuberalis pars tuberalis adenohypophyseos FMA:74631 FMA:TA pars tuberalis (glandula pituitaria) MA:0000856 pars tuberalis FMA:74631 pars infundibularis of adenohypophysis The pars tuberalis is part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and wraps the pituitary stalk in a highly vascularized sheath. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pars_tuberalis ZFA:0001196 FMA:74631 pars tuberalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland pituitary stalk A short stalk connecting the pituitary with the brain. Axons of secretory cells in the floor of the diencephalon traverse the infundibulum and terminate in the neurohypophysis.[TAO] BTO:0000768 EHDAA2:0000828 EHDAA:7538 EMAPA:17520 FMA:74635 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000858 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_912 SCTID:245529009 TAO:0001199 The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum) is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. It carries axons from the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus down to the posterior pituitary where they release their hormones into the blood. This connection is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, and is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone[WP]. UBERON:0002434 UBERON:0003014 UMLS:C0751440 VHOG:0000245 XAO:0004210 ZFA:0001199 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG hypophyseal stalk hypophysial stalk infundibular stem infundibular stem of neurohypophysis infundibulum infundibulum (lobus posterior) (glandula pituitaria) infundibulum hypophysis infundibulum neurohypophyseos infundibulum of hypothalamus infundibulum of neurohypophysis infundibulum of pituitary gland infundibulum of posterior lobe of pituitary gland ncithesaurus:Pituitary_Stalk neurohypophysis infundibulum tuberal part of hypophysis uberon ZFA:0001199 infundibulum MA:0000858 ZFA:0001199 infundibulum FMA:74635 infundibulum of pituitary gland FMA:74635 tuberal part of hypophysis The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or simply the infundibulum) is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. It carries axons from the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus down to the posterior pituitary where they release their hormones into the blood. This connection is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, and is responsible for the release of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone[WP]. Wikipedia:Pituitary_stalk ZFA:0001199 infundibulum of hypothalamus FMA:74635 infundibulum of posterior lobe of pituitary gland FMA:74635 FMA:TA infundibulum hypophysis Wikipedia:Pituitary_stalk infundibulum neurohypophyseos FMA:74635 FMA:TA infundibulum (lobus posterior) (glandula pituitaria) FMA:74635 infundibulum of neurohypophysis FMA:74635 infundibular stem of neurohypophysis FMA:74635 neurohypophysis infundibulum 2012-08-14 A short stalk connecting the pituitary with the brain. Axons of secretory cells in the floor of the diencephalon traverse the infundibulum and terminate in the neurohypophysis.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001199 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000245 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MP:0009463 infundibular stem ZFA:0001199 hypophysial stalk MP:0009463 hypophyseal stalk striatum A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO]. ABA:STR AO notes: FMA divides striatum of neuraxis into 4, neostriatum is seperate class. In NIF these are synonyms. TODO - check striatum vs corpus striatum see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatum#History. Check caudoputamen BM:N BTO:0000418 EFO:0000109 FMA:77618 FMA:83683 MA:0000891 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.105.487.550 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1672 UBERON:0002435 corpus striatum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BrainCaudatePutamen.svg/200px-BrainCaudatePutamen.svg.png ncithesaurus:Striatum neostriatum neuraxis striatum striatal striate nucleus striatum of neuraxis uberon GO FMA:83683 striatum of neuraxis A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO]. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Striatum ABA NIF FMA:83683 neuraxis striatum BTO MA:0000891 corpus striatum GO:0021756 Wikipedia:Striatum striate nucleus GO:0021756 Wikipedia:Striatum neostriatum primary visual cortex BA17 BA17 BM:Tel-Cx-V1 BTO:0004703 Brodmann area 17 Brodmann area 17 Brodmann area 17, striate FMA:236871 MA:0000914 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 SCTID:384772005 The term area 17 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex in the human. Defined by the band of Gennari, which gives it the name striate (furrowed) area, it occupies the banks of the calcarine sulcus which are located in the cuneus and the lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded by the area 18 of Brodmann (human) which surrounds it ( Brodmann-1909 ). In the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 ) and the rat ( Swanson-1998 ) it is located on the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere[BrainInfo]. UBERON:0002436 UMLS:C0038446 V1 area 17 of brodmann area 17 of brodmann-1909 area striata b09-17 brodmann (1909) area 17 calcarine cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png/200px-Brodmann_areas_17_18_19.png ncithesaurus:Primary_Visual_Cortex occipital visual neocortex striate cortex uberon visual association area visual association cortex BrainInfo:2102 The term area 17 of Brodmann (human) refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined occipital region of cerebral cortex in the human. Defined by the band of Gennari, which gives it the name striate (furrowed) area, it occupies the banks of the calcarine sulcus which are located in the cuneus and the lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded by the area 18 of Brodmann (human) which surrounds it ( Brodmann-1909 ). In the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 ) and the rat ( Swanson-1998 ) it is located on the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere[BrainInfo]. Wikipedia:Visual_cortex Brodmann area 17, striate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 b09-17 BA17 Brodmann area 17 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex BA17 BA17 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex Wikipedia:Visual_cortex area 17 of brodmann FMA:236871 striate cortex Wikipedia:Visual_cortex visual association cortex Wikipedia:Visual_cortex visual association area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 brodmann (1909) area 17 GEO:GSM336648 occipital visual neocortex BrainInfo:2102 calcarine cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1748 area 17 of brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 17 Wikipedia:Visual_cortex cerebral white matter BTO:0000236 FMA:241998 MA:0000945 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_711 SCTID:361691006 UBERON:0002437 UMLS:C0152295 Usage notes: sometimes the term 'cerebral white matter' may be used generically but here is refers specifically to the white matter in a hemisphere. AO notes: The BTO class is inconsistent as it is part of the brain and spinal cord. White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. cerebral hemisphere white matter hemisphere white matter ncithesaurus:Cerebral_White_Matter uberon UBERON:cjm White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. ventral tegmental nucleus ABA:VTN AO notes: ventral and anterior tegmental nucleus are synonyms in FMA, but we split these into seperate classes. This is consistent with MA, ABA and neuronames, which treat these as distinct (NN suggest the anterior is a rodent specific structure). Location notes: this is part of pons and brainstem in MA, but this leads to an inconsistency with ABA. We err on the side of safety, and exclude the relationship to the pons here. FMA:72435 MA:0001031 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1421 SCTID:369244006 TAO:0000275 UBERON:0002438 ZFA:0000275 anterior tegmental nuclei anterior tegmental nucleus deep tegmental nucleus of Gudden nucleus of Gudden nucleus tegmentales anteriores nucleus tegmentalis anterior rostral tegmental nucleus uberon ventral raphe tegmental nucleus ventral tegmental nuclei ventral tegmental nucleus (gudden) ventral tegmental nucleus of gudden ABA ABA NIF FMA:72435 anterior tegmental nuclei ABA FMA:72435 deep tegmental nucleus of Gudden ABA ABA ABA TAO:0000275 rostral tegmental nucleus ABA FMA:72435 anterior tegmental nucleus http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61761 FMA:72435 ventral tegmental nuclei FMA:72435 ventral tegmental nucleus (gudden) ABA FMA:72435 ventral raphe tegmental nucleus MA:0001031 nucleus of Gudden ABA FMA:72435 ventral tegmental nucleus of gudden ABA FMA:TA nucleus tegmentales anteriores FMA:TA nucleus tegmentalis anterior myenteric nerve plexus AO notes: note that FMA uses Meissner's plexus as a synonym, rather than separate class Auberbach plexus Auberbach's plexus Auberbachs plexus Auerbach's plexus BTO:0002436 FMA:63252 GAID:798 MA:0001148 MESH:A08.800.050.050.500 Meissner's plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 Remak's plexus SCTID:267716001 UBERON:0002439 UMLS:C0027028 myenteric plexus ncithesaurus:Myenteric_Nerve_Plexus plexus myentericus plexus nervosus submucosus plexus of unmyelinated nerve fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies lying in the muscular coat of the esophagus, stomach and intestines that communicate with the submucosal, subserosal and enteric plexuses[MP]. Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbach's plexus (or myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input, whereas Meissner's plexus has only parasympathetic fibers. It arises from cells in the Nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve, located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and control GI tract motility[WP]. plexus submucosus submucous plexus uberon FMA FMA:63252 FMA:TA plexus submucosus Auberbach plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 FMA:63252 Meissner's plexus Auerbach's plexus FMA:63252 HP:0002251 FMA:63252 FMA:TA plexus nervosus submucosus Auberbach's plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 Auberbachs plexus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100306 MP:0010801 Wikipedia:Auerbach's_plexus plexus of unmyelinated nerve fibers and postganglionic autonomic cell bodies lying in the muscular coat of the esophagus, stomach and intestines that communicate with the submucosal, subserosal and enteric plexuses[MP]. Part of the enteric nervous system, Auerbach's plexus (or myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract and provides motor innervation to both layers and secretomotor innervation to the mucosa, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input, whereas Meissner's plexus has only parasympathetic fibers. It arises from cells in the Nucleus ala cinerea, the parasympathetic nucleus of origin for the tenth cranial nerve, located in the medulla oblongata. The fibers are carried by both the anterior and posterior vagal nerves. It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine. The myenteric plexus is the major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and control GI tract motility[WP]. BTO:0002436 plexus myentericus FMA:63252 Remak's plexus inferior cervical ganglion BTO:0000240 EHDAA:8939 EMAPA:18439 FMA:6961 MA:0001154 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000815 SCTID:279280008 The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery. Its form is irregular; it is larger in size than the middle cervical ganglion, and is frequently fused with the first thoracic ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002440 UMLS:C0229000 ganglion cervicale inferioris ganglion cervicale inferius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray844.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gray844.png/200px-Gray844.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Cervical_Ganglion stellate ganglion uberon variant cervical ganglion Wikipedia:Inferior_cervical_ganglion ganglion cervicale inferius BTO:0000240 ganglion cervicale inferioris MA:0001154 stellate ganglion The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery. Its form is irregular; it is larger in size than the middle cervical ganglion, and is frequently fused with the first thoracic ganglion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_cervical_ganglion cervicothoracic ganglion BTO:0001815 EMAPA:18226 FMA:6469 GAID:711 MA:0001157 MESH:A08.340.315.350.800 SCTID:181101006 The stellate ganglion (or cervicothoracic ganglion) is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion. Stellate ganglion is located at the level of C7, anterior to the transverse process of C7, posterior to the neck of the first rib, and just below the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002441 cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglion ganglion stellatum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gray845.png/200px-Gray845.png stellate ganglion uberon The stellate ganglion (or cervicothoracic ganglion) is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic ganglion. Stellate ganglion is located at the level of C7, anterior to the transverse process of C7, posterior to the neck of the first rib, and just below the subclavian artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervicothoracic_ganglion FMA:6469 FMA:TA ganglion stellatum axillary nerve trunk FMA:65265 MA:0001175 UBERON:0002442 circumflex nerve trunk right axillary neural trunk trunk of right axillary nerve uberon MA:0001175 circumflex nerve trunk FMA:65265 trunk of right axillary nerve choroidal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17828 FMA:76550 MA:0001237 UBERON:0002443 blood vessel of choroid blood vessel of choroid coat blood vessel of choroidea blood vessel of posterior uvea cannot find singular in FMA, using Set class choroid blood vessel choroid blood vessels choroid blood vessels set choroid coat blood vessel choroidea blood vessel posterior uvea blood vessel set of choroid blood vessels uberon vasa sanguinea choroideae OBOL:automatic choroid coat blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid coat OBOL:automatic choroid blood vessel OBOL:automatic posterior uvea blood vessel FMA:76550 FMA:TA vasa sanguinea choroideae OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid OBOL:automatic choroidea blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of posterior uvea FMA:76550 set of choroid blood vessels A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroidea lens fiber (...) the line, or Y, or star sutures common to mammalian lenses, including those of primates. In the case of line or Y sutures, the overlapping of lens fibers in each successive shell is coincident and results in the formation of four or six three-dimensional suture planes that extend from the lens nucleus to the periphery.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000724 EHDAA:4745 EHDAA:9065 EMAPA:17841 FMA:76827 Fibres resembling a ribbon and arranged in very thin plates in the lens. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] MA:0001304 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000979 TODO - check plural vs singular. in FMA lens fiber is a cell - FMA:70950 Lens cell. Other ontologies don't appear to commit one way or another. The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, with diameters typically between 4-7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long. UBERON:0002444 UMLS:C0229224 VHOG:0000444 XAO:0004096 fibrae lentis lens fibers lens fibers set lens fibres ncithesaurus:Lens_Fiber set of lens fibers uberon The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, with diameters typically between 4-7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_fibers (...) the line, or Y, or star sutures common to mammalian lenses, including those of primates. In the case of line or Y sutures, the overlapping of lens fibers in each successive shell is coincident and results in the formation of four or six three-dimensional suture planes that extend from the lens nucleus to the periphery.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-0466 Sivak JG, Through the lens clearly: phylogeny and development, The Proctor lecture. Investigative ophthalmology and visual science (2004) VHOG VHOG:0000444 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Fibres resembling a ribbon and arranged in very thin plates in the lens. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000444 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:76827 set of lens fibers FMA:76827 FMA:TA fibrae lentis ulnare AAO:0000845 FMA:23715 MA:0001347 One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements.[AAO] SCTID:181965000 The postaxial bone of the proximal carpal region. Found in close approximation to the ulna, often in articulation[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. UBERON:0002445 UMLS:C0223739 cuneiform bone of hand cuneiform bone of manus cuneiform of hand galen:Triquetral http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Carpus.png/200px-Carpus.png ncithesaurus:Triangular_Bone note this bone is termed the triquetral bone in some mammalian taxa, notably humans os triquetrum os ulnare triangular triangular bone triquetral triquetral bone triquetrum uberon ulnar carpal bone MA:0001347 cuneiform of hand MA:0001347 ulnar carpal bone MA:0001347 triquetrum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000845 AAO:LAP One of two element that constitute the basal row of carpals. It articulates with the ulna, radius, radiale, centrale (element Y), and carpal 5(4). This element originates from one condensation center or the fusion of two elements (ulnare and intermedium). Occasionally it may fuse to carpal 5(4), the radiale, or other elements.[AAO] The postaxial bone of the proximal carpal region. Found in close approximation to the ulna, often in articulation[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Wikipedia:Triquetral MA:0001347 NCBITaxon:9606 triquetral MA:0001347 triangular UBERON:cjm os ulnare FMA:23715 FMA:TA os triquetrum patella A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad] FMA:24485 GAID:203 MA:0001374 MESH:A02.835.232.500.624 SCTID:182083008 The patella, also known as the knee cap or kneepan, is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella has convergently evolved in placental mammals and birds; marsupials have only rudimentary, non-ossified patellae. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and reptiles, the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and the patella is not present. See also: fabella. UBERON:0002446 UMLS:C0030647 galen:Patella http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg/200px-Knee_diagram.svg.png knee bone knee cap ncithesaurus:Patella patella patellar uberon Wikipedia:Patella patella FMA:24485 knee bone Wikipedia:Patella knee cap A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad] PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Patella https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=3470151&group_id=76834 FMA palatine gland FMA:59795 MA:0001584 SCTID:13604002 The palatine glands form a continuous layer on its posterior surface and around the uvula. They are primarily mucous secreting glands, as opposed to serous or mixed secreting glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002447 UMLS:C0930557 ncithesaurus:Palatine_Salivary_Gland palatine glands set palatine salivary gland salivary palatine gland uberon The palatine glands form a continuous layer on its posterior surface and around the uvula. They are primarily mucous secreting glands, as opposed to serous or mixed secreting glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Palatine_glands fungiform papilla EMAPA:18657 FMA:54821 MA:0001595 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4106 SCTID:80673002 The fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped e (projections) on the tongue. They are located on the top (dorsal) surface of the tongue, scattered throughout the filiform papilla but mainly at the tip and lateral margins of the tongue. They have taste buds on their superior (upper) surface which can distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. They have a core of connective tissue. They are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve, more specifically via the submandibular ganglion, chorda tympani, and geniculate ganglion ascending to the solitary nucleus (the sensory component of the Vagus nerve in the brainstem). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002448 UMLS:C0545784 fungiform papilla of tongue fungiform papillae fungiform papillae set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Gray1014.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gray1014.png/200px-Gray1014.png ncithesaurus:Fungiform_Papilla papillae fungiformes uberon FMA:54821 fungiform papilla of tongue fungiform papillae The fungiform papillae are mushroom shaped e (projections) on the tongue. They are located on the top (dorsal) surface of the tongue, scattered throughout the filiform papilla but mainly at the tip and lateral margins of the tongue. They have taste buds on their superior (upper) surface which can distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami. They have a core of connective tissue. They are innervated by the seventh cranial nerve, more specifically via the submandibular ganglion, chorda tympani, and geniculate ganglion ascending to the solitary nucleus (the sensory component of the Vagus nerve in the brainstem). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fungiform_papilla Wikipedia:Fungiform_papilla papillae fungiformes fungiform papillae set MA decidua BTO:0001360 EMAPA:29917 FMA:85538 GAID:378 MA:0001722 MAT:0000290 MESH:A05.360.319.679.490.373 MIAA:0000290 SCTID:362842004 UBERON:0002450 UMLS:C0011106 Uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells. decidous membrane decidua basalis endometrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray33.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray33.png/200px-Gray33.png maternal decidual layer ncithesaurus:Decidua placenta maternal decidual layer todo - check mp syn uberon uterine decidua MA FMA Uterine lining (endometrium) during a pregnancy, which forms the maternal part of the placenta. It is formed under the influence of progesterone and forms highly-characteristic cells. Wikipedia:Decidua FMA:85538 decidous membrane MP:0004256 maternal decidual layer BTO:0001360 uterine decidua uterine gland BTO:0003433 BTO:0004518 EMAPA:29919 FMA:71647 FMA:86488 MA:0001726 SCTID:361377009 UBERON:0002451 UMLS:C1183035 glandulae uterinae glandulae uterinae glandular part of endometrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray1169.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray1169.png/200px-Gray1169.png ncithesaurus:Uterine_Gland set of uterine glands todo - check FMA tube like gland lined by ciliated columnar epithelium[WP]. The mucous secreting gland associated with the epithelium lining the uterus. These glands develop and secrete each menstrual cycle and are thought to provide initial blastocyst nutrition prior to implantation[BTO] uberon uterine glands uterine glands set FMA:71647 FMA:TA glandulae uterinae FMA:71647 set of uterine glands Wikipedia:Uterine_glands glandulae uterinae FMA:86488 glandular part of endometrium Wikipedia Wikipedia:Uterine_glands tube like gland lined by ciliated columnar epithelium[WP]. The mucous secreting gland associated with the epithelium lining the uterus. These glands develop and secrete each menstrual cycle and are thought to provide initial blastocyst nutrition prior to implantation[BTO] ethmoid sinus FMA:84115 GAID:356 MA:0001792 MESH:A04.531.621.267 SCTID:181206009 The ethmoid sinus, one of the paranasal sinuses, is the collective name for the ethmoidal air cells. Each ethmoid sinus is an air-space enclosed within the ethmoid bone. The ethmoidal air cells consist of numerous thin-walled cavities situated in the ethmoidal labyrinth and completed by the frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, sphenoidal, and palatine bones. They lie between the upper parts of the nasal cavities and the orbits, and are separated from these cavities by thin bony laminæ. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002453 UMLS:C0015028 cellulae ethmoidales ethmoidal sinus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nnh_front.svg/200px-Nnh_front.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ethmoid_Sinus uberon FMA:84115 ethmoidal sinus Wikipedia:Ethmoid_sinus cellulae ethmoidales The ethmoid sinus, one of the paranasal sinuses, is the collective name for the ethmoidal air cells. Each ethmoid sinus is an air-space enclosed within the ethmoid bone. The ethmoidal air cells consist of numerous thin-walled cavities situated in the ethmoidal labyrinth and completed by the frontal, maxilla, lacrimal, sphenoidal, and palatine bones. They lie between the upper parts of the nasal cavities and the orbits, and are separated from these cavities by thin bony laminæ. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ethmoid_bone_sinus dorsal metacarpal artery Aanastomosis of dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery and the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery near the back of the wrist. It is made up of the dorsal carpal branches of both the ulnar and radial arteries. It also anastomoses with the anterior interosseous artery and the posterior interosseous artery. The arch gives off three dorsal metacarpal arteries. FMA:70800 MA:0001944 SCTID:244320002 UBERON:0002454 UMLS:C0447094 arteriae metacarpales dorsales check FMA, singular. specific subtypes e.g. FMA:22761 first dorsal metacarpal artery dorsal metacarpal arteries dorsal metacarpal arteries set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray529.png/200px-Gray529.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Metacarpal_Artery set of dorsal metacarpal arteries uberon Aanastomosis of dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery and the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery near the back of the wrist. It is made up of the dorsal carpal branches of both the ulnar and radial arteries. It also anastomoses with the anterior interosseous artery and the posterior interosseous artery. The arch gives off three dorsal metacarpal arteries. Wikipedia:Dorsal_metacarpal_artery FMA:70800 FMA:TA arteriae metacarpales dorsales FMA:70800 set of dorsal metacarpal arteries common plantar digital arteries . FMA:70821 MA:0001966 UBERON:0002455 arteriae digitales plantares communes arteriae digitales plantares communes common plantar digital arteries common plantar digital arteries set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gray555.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gray555.png/200px-Gray555.png set of common plantar digital arteries uberon FMA:70821 FMA:TA arteriae digitales plantares communes FMA:70821 set of common plantar digital arteries Wikipedia:Common_plantar_digital_arteries arteriae digitales plantares communes FMA:70821 common plantar digital arteries set . Wikipedia:Common_plantar_digital_arteries internal thoracic artery EHDAA2:0000880 EHDAA:8585 EMAPA:18617 FMA:3960 In human anatomy, the internal thoracic artery (ITA), previously known as the internal mammary artery (a name still common among surgeons), is an artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001982 MA:0001984 OpenCyc:Mx4rMe0MIao8EduQrwACs5b6Bw SCTID:244239009 UBERON:0002456 UMLS:C0226276 arteria thoracica interna, arteria mammaria interna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray522.png internal mammary artery internal thoracic mammary artery ncithesaurus:Internal_Mammary_Artery note MA has both mammary and thoracic uberon Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_artery arteria thoracica interna, arteria mammaria interna MA:0001982 internal mammary artery In human anatomy, the internal thoracic artery (ITA), previously known as the internal mammary artery (a name still common among surgeons), is an artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_thoracic_artery intersegmental artery 7th intersegmental artery EHDAA2:0000882 EHDAA:4340 EMAPA:17616 Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001985 SCTID:338130007 TAO:0001061 UBERON:0002457 VHOG:0000225 ZFA:0001061 seventh intersegmental artery uberon 2012-09-17 Few changes of evolutionary significance occur in the branching pattern of the dorsal aorta. All vertebrates have (...) paired intersegmental arteries to the trunk, tail, and paired appendages.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.612 VHOG VHOG:0000225 http://bgee.unil.ch/ spinal artery Arteries that supply the spinal cord. EHDAA2:0001890 EHDAA:4355 EMAPA:18241 MA:0002043 SCTID:244228006 TAO:0000682 UBERON:0002458 UMLS:C0447043 ZFA:0000682 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Artery spinal arteries uberon Arteries that supply the spinal cord. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Spinal_artery ZFA:0000682 spinal arteries inferior palpebral vein FMA:70847 MA:0002147 SCTID:422559003 UBERON:0002459 UMLS:C1760539 check FMA, singular. inferior palpebral veins inferior palpebral veins set lower palpebral vein ncithesaurus:Inferior_Palpebral_Vein set of inferior palpebral veins uberon venae palpebrales inferiores FMA:70847 FMA:TA venae palpebrales inferiores FMA:70847 set of inferior palpebral veins MA:0002147 lower palpebral vein vesical vein FMA:70911 MA:0002263 SCTID:12683000 The vesical veins are tributaries of the internal iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002460 check FMA, singular. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gray585.png/200px-Gray585.png set of vesical veins uberon venae vesicales vesical veins vesical veins set FMA:70911 set of vesical veins The vesical veins are tributaries of the internal iliac veins. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vesical_veins FMA:70911 FMA:TA venae vesicales anterior abdominal wall muscle A muscle organ that is part of a anterior abdominal wall. EHDAA2:0000125 FMA:20278 MA:0002268 UBERON:0002461 UMLS:C1744565 muscle of anterior abdominal wall ncithesaurus:Anterior_Abdominal_Wall_Muscle uberon FMA FMA:20278 muscle of anterior abdominal wall A muscle organ that is part of a anterior abdominal wall. OBOL:automatic erector spinae muscle group A bundle of muscles and tendons that is paired and runs more or less vertically. It extends throughout the lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions, and lies in the groove to the side of the vertebral column. AO notes: isa muscle organ in MA. BTO:0001652 EHDAA2:0000454 EHDAA:9456 EMAPA:18168 FMA:71302 MA:0002289 OpenCyc:Mx4rwC7lnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244852007 UBERON:0002462 UMLS:C0224301 VHOG:0000984 erector spinae extensor spinae extensor spinae muscle extensor spinae muscles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Gray1124.png m. erector spinae ncithesaurus:Erector_Spinae sacrospinalis uberon FMA Spinous processes of T1 and T2 thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae dbpedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Erector_spinae_muscles m. erector spinae Wikipedia:Erector_spinae extensor spinae muscles BTO:0001652 sacrospinalis EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Erector_spinae extensor spinae A bundle of muscles and tendons that is paired and runs more or less vertically. It extends throughout the lumbar, thoracic and cervical regions, and lies in the groove to the side of the vertebral column. Wikipedia:Erector_spinae_muscles dbpedia Spinous processes of T1 and T2 thoracic vertebrae and the cervical vertebrae dbpedia Wikipedia:Erector_spinae extensor spinae muscle MA:0002289 erector spinae hamstring muscle BTO:0003179 EHDAA2:0000727 EHDAA:8295 EMAPA:19072 EMAPA:19145 FMA:81022 In human anatomy, the hamstring refers to one of the three posterior thigh muscles, or to the tendons that make up the borders of the space behind the knee. In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the posterior thigh muscles, or the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus and the biceps femoris. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002312 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjdtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002463 UMLS:C0584895 VHOG:0000844 check FMA, singular. hamstring hamstring muscles hamstring muscles set hamstrings http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray1239.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG/200px-Biceps_femoris_muscle_long_head.PNG ncithesaurus:Hamstring set of hamstring muscles uberon dbpedia sciatic nerve dbpedia dbpedia In human anatomy, the hamstring refers to one of the three posterior thigh muscles, or to the tendons that make up the borders of the space behind the knee. In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the posterior thigh muscles, or the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus and the biceps femoris. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hamstring VHOG:0000844 hamstring FMA:81022 set of hamstring muscles dbpedia nerve trunk BTO:0000927 EHDAA:4675 EMAPA:16986 FMA:5913 MA:0002408 SCTID:281248001 UBERON:0002464 trunk of nerve uberon lymphoid system EFO:0000870 EHDAA2:0001043 EHDAA:8677 FMA:74594 GAID:931 MA:0002435 MAT:0000197 MIAA:0000197 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQAKT5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Part of the circulatory system which consists of a series of vessels which collect blood (exclusive of erythrocytes) which seep through capillary walls and return it to the veins.[AAO] SCTID:362589007 TAO:0000385 Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body.[well established][VHOG] The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system (Wikipedia). UBERON:0002096 UBERON:0002465 UMLS:C0024235 VHOG:0000842 We follow FMA and MA in distinguishing between lymphatic system and lymphoid system, with lymhoid tissue part of the non-lymphatic component, although these terms are often used interchangeably. We assume the ZFA term lymphatic tissue actually corresponds to the broader class (e.g. ZFA lymph node in the ZFA lymphatic system). See tracker for more comments. XAO:0003199 ZFA:0000385 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/TE-Lymphatic_system_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Illu_capillary_microcirculation.jpg/200px-Illu_capillary_microcirculation.jpg lymphatic circulatory system lymphatic system lymphoid ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_System systema lymphoideum uberon UBERON:cjm lymphatic circulatory system ZFA:0000385 lymphatic system The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system (Wikipedia). Wikipedia:Lymphoid_system https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3153468&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010522 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system which consists of a series of vessels which collect blood (exclusive of erythrocytes) which seep through capillary walls and return it to the veins.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.627 Tetrapods have evolved distinct lymphatic systems, in which lymphatic capillaries help drain most of the tissues of the body.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000842 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Lymphoid_system systema lymphoideum intestine secretion BTO:0000644 Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. FMA:62974 GAID:1162 MA:0002515 MESH:A12.200.390 UBERON:0002466 UMLS:C0021849 intestinal secretion ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Secretion succus entericus uberon FMA:62974 intestinal secretion Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. Wikipedia:Succus_entericus filiform papilla EMAPA:18655 EMAPA:18873 FMA:54820 MA:0002678 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4104 SCTID:58743008 The filiform papillae are thin, long 'V'-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation covering most of the dorsum (upper surface). They are small and arranged in lines parallel to the V-shaped row of circumvallate papillae, except at the tip of the tongue where they are aligned transversely. Projecting from their apices are numerous filamentous processes, or secondary papillae. These are of a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of the epithelium of which they are composed. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cornified and elongated into dense, imbricated, brush-like processes. They contain also a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the papillae of mucous membrane generally. The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae. Fungiform papillae are found dispersed throughout the filiform papillae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002467 UMLS:C0545782 filiform papilla of tongue filiform papillae filiform papillae set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Gray1016.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gray1016.png/200px-Gray1016.png ncithesaurus:Filiform_Papilla papillae filiformes uberon FMA:54820 filiform papilla of tongue The filiform papillae are thin, long 'V'-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation covering most of the dorsum (upper surface). They are small and arranged in lines parallel to the V-shaped row of circumvallate papillae, except at the tip of the tongue where they are aligned transversely. Projecting from their apices are numerous filamentous processes, or secondary papillae. These are of a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of the epithelium of which they are composed. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cornified and elongated into dense, imbricated, brush-like processes. They contain also a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the papillae of mucous membrane generally. The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae. Fungiform papillae are found dispersed throughout the filiform papillae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Filiform_papilla Wikipedia:Filiform_papilla papillae filiformes foliate papilla FMA:54823 MA:0002679 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4105 SCTID:362098003 Taste-buds, the end-organs of the gustatory sense, are scattered over the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue at irregular intervals. They occur especially in the sides of the vallate papillae. There is a localized area at the side of the base of the tongue, the foliate papillae, in which they are especially abundant. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002468 UMLS:C0545785 foliate papilla of tongue foliate papillae foliate papillae set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray1021.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray1021.png/200px-Gray1021.png ncithesaurus:Foliate_Papilla papillae foliatae uberon FMA:54823 foliate papilla of tongue Wikipedia:Foliate_papilla papillae foliatae Taste-buds, the end-organs of the gustatory sense, are scattered over the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue at irregular intervals. They occur especially in the sides of the vallate papillae. There is a localized area at the side of the base of the tongue, the foliate papillae, in which they are especially abundant. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foliate_papilla esophagus mucosa A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002859 EMAPA:26981 EMAPA:26991 FMA:62996 MA:0002680 SCTID:362127004 UBERON:0002469 UBERON:0003345 UMLS:C0227176 esophageal mucosa esophagus mucosa esophagus mucosa of organ esophagus mucous membrane esophagus organ mucosa gullet mucosa gullet mucosa of organ gullet mucous membrane gullet organ mucosa lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae mucosa of esophagus mucosa of gullet mucosa of oesophagus mucosa of organ of esophagus mucosa of organ of gullet mucosa of organ of oesophagus mucous membrane of esophagus mucous membrane of gullet mucous membrane of oesophagus muscularis mucosae of oesophagus ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Mucosa oesophageal mucosa oesophagus mucosa oesophagus mucosa of organ oesophagus mucous membrane oesophagus organ mucosa organ mucosa of esophagus organ mucosa of gullet organ mucosa of oesophagus tunica mucosa esophagi tunica mucosa oesophageae tunica mucosa oesophagi tunica mucosa oesophagi uberon FMA:62996 FMA:TA tunica mucosa oesophageae OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic esophagus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gullet OBOL:automatic mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oesophagus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic gullet mucosa OBOL:automatic gullet organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gullet mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of gullet BTO:0002859 tunica mucosa oesophagi FMA:62996 muscularis mucosae of oesophagus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gullet FMA:62996 oesophageal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oesophagus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of esophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus mucous membrane FMA:62996 FMA:TA lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae OBOL:automatic esophagus mucosa of organ FMA:62996 mucous membrane of oesophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus organ mucosa FMA:62996 esophagus mucosa autopod region BTO:0004359 EFO:0000877 FMA:83015 MA:0002714 MAT:0000091 MIAA:0000091 Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group; note that this refers to the limb segment, not just the skeleton. SCTID:95936004 Terminal segment of free upper limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot UBERON:0002470 UMLS:C0687080 autopod autopodial limb segment autopodial segment autopodium autopodium region distal free limb segment distal segment of free limb ncithesaurus:Paw paw pod uberon MA:0002714 autopod Terminal segment of free upper limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot UBERON:cjm MA:th autopodial limb segment FMA:83015 distal free limb segment FMA:83015 distal segment of free limb definitional zeugopod EFO:0000878 FMA:83016 MA:0002716 MAT:0000092 MIAA:0000092 The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus). There exists some controversy about which podial segments are present in some fishes, e.g. if the autopod is not newly evolved in tetrapods, there is a question as to which segments are actually present in basal vertebrate taxa.[PHENOSCAPE:curators] UBERON:0002471 epipodium middle free limb segment middle limb segment middle part of limb middle segment of free limb uberon zeugopod limb segment zeugopodial zeugopodial limb segment zeugopodium zygopod zygopodium PHENOSCAPE:curators The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus). MA:th zeugopod limb segment FMA:83016 middle free limb segment MA:th zeugopodial limb segment FMA:83016 middle segment of free limb MA:th epipodium stylopod EFO:0000879 FMA:83014 MA:0002717 MAT:0000093 MIAA:0000093 Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton. UBERON:0002472 propodium proximal free limb segment proximal part of limb proximal segment of free limb stylopodial stylopodial limb segment stylopodium uberon FMA:83014 proximal segment of free limb MA:th propodium MA:th stylopodial limb segment FMA:83014 proximal free limb segment intercerebral commissure Class of unpaired telencephalic white matter structures consisting of fiber pathways which project across the midsagittal plane and which serve to interconnect telencephalic structures lying within the contralateral cerebral hemisphere[FMA]. FMA:67930 MA:0002721 UBERON:0002473 brain commissure interhemispheric commissure uberon Class of unpaired telencephalic white matter structures consisting of fiber pathways which project across the midsagittal plane and which serve to interconnect telencephalic structures lying within the contralateral cerebral hemisphere[FMA]. FMA:67930 MA:0002721 interhemispheric commissure cerebellar peduncular complex A composite structure of the brain stem, which in NeuroNames is subdivided into the superior cerebellar peduncle of pons, the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and the superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain (MM)[NIF]. FMA:77791 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_970 UBERON:0002474 UMLS:C0228515 cerebellar peduncles cerebellar peduncles and decussations cerebellar peduncles set cerebellum peduncles ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Peduncle pedunculi cerebellares set of cerebellar peduncles todo - this requires work for making consistent with ABA, which strictly separates cerebellum from brainstem. in MA, cerebellar peduncle is part of both brainstem and cerebellar white matter. uberon A composite structure of the brain stem, which in NeuroNames is subdivided into the superior cerebellar peduncle of pons, the decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle and the superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain (MM)[NIF]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_970 Wikipedia:Cerebellar_peduncle NIF FMA:77791 set of cerebellar peduncles NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_970 cerebellar peduncles and decussations FMA:77791 FMA:TA pedunculi cerebellares saphenous nerve FMA:45262 MA:0002761 OpenCyc:Mx4rvY0kgpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181079005 The saphenous nerve (long or internal saphenous nerve) is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002475 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Gray827.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray827.png/200px-Gray827.png nervus saphenus uberon The saphenous nerve (long or internal saphenous nerve) is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Saphenous_nerve Wikipedia:Saphenous_nerve nervus saphenus lateral globus pallidus ABA:GPe BTO:0002247 EHDAA2:0004462 FMA:61839 MA:0002767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 SCTID:361560008 The lateral globus pallidus (or external, GPe) receives a strong glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus. The two form a particular system: a coupled pacemaker. The axons of the external globus pallidum go essentially to the subthalamic nucleus. They go also to other elements of the basal ganglia system, the striatum, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the internal globus pallidus, where they release the neurotransmitter GABA. GPe is particular in comparison to the other elements of the set by the fact that it does not work as an output base of the basal ganglia (not sending axons to the thalamus) but as the main regulator of the basal ganglia system. It is sometimes used as a target for deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002476 external globus pallidus external pallidum external part of globus pallidus globus pallidus external segment globus pallidus externus globus pallidus lateral segment globus pallidus lateralis globus pallidus, lateral segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif lateral pallidal segment lateral pallidum lateral part of globus pallidus lateral segment of globus pallidus pallidum I pallidus II pars lateralis globi pallidi medialis uberon BTO:0002247 globus pallidus lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 lateral pallidum FMA:61839 MA:0002767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 globus pallidus external segment ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 external part of globus pallidus FMA:61839 FMA:TA pars lateralis globi pallidi medialis FMA:61839 pallidus II NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 external pallidum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1610 lateral segment of globus pallidus BTO:0002247 pallidum I MA:0002767 globus pallidus lateral segment The lateral globus pallidus (or external, GPe) receives a strong glutamatergic projection from the subthalamic nucleus. The two form a particular system: a coupled pacemaker. The axons of the external globus pallidum go essentially to the subthalamic nucleus. They go also to other elements of the basal ganglia system, the striatum, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the internal globus pallidus, where they release the neurotransmitter GABA. GPe is particular in comparison to the other elements of the set by the fact that it does not work as an output base of the basal ganglia (not sending axons to the thalamus) but as the main regulator of the basal ganglia system. It is sometimes used as a target for deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_globus_pallidus medial globus pallidus ABA:GPi BTO:0002248 FMA:61840 MA:0002768 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 SCTID:361562000 See also: endopeduncular nucleus The medial globus pallidus (or internal, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The GABA-containing neurons send their axons to specific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (VA and VL), to the centromedian complex and to the pedunculopontine complex. The efferent bundle is constituted first of the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, then crosses the internal capsule as the Edinger's comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the subthalamic nucleus and constitutes the Forel's field H2, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form H1 that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002477 entopeduncular nucleus entopeduncular nucleus (monakow) globus pallidus inernal segment globus pallidus interna globus pallidus internal segment globus pallidus internus globus pallidus medial segment globus pallidus medial segment globus pallidus medialis globus pallidus, medial segment http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Brain_structure.gif/200px-Brain_structure.gif internal globus pallidus internal pallidum internal part of globus pallidus medial pallidal segment medial part of globus pallidus medial segment of globus pallidus mesial pallidum pallidum I pallidus I pallidus I pars medialis globi pallidi uberon FMA:61840 FMA:TA pars medialis globi pallidi FMA:61840 entopeduncular nucleus (monakow) FMA:61840 pallidus I FMA:61840 globus pallidus internal segment MA:0002768 entopeduncular nucleus globus pallidus medialis globus pallidus internus The medial globus pallidus (or internal, GPi) is one of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The GABA-containing neurons send their axons to specific nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (VA and VL), to the centromedian complex and to the pedunculopontine complex. The efferent bundle is constituted first of the ansa and fasciculus lenticularis, then crosses the internal capsule as the Edinger's comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the subthalamic nucleus and constitutes the Forel's field H2, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form H1 that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_globus_pallidus ABA FMA:61840 medial part of globus pallidus FMA:61840 globus pallidus, medial segment FMA:61840 globus pallidus internus FMA:61840 internal globus pallidus FMA:61840 globus pallidus medial segment BTO:0002248 globus pallidus medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 medial segment of globus pallidus MA:0002768 globus pallidus inernal segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 internal part of globus pallidus globus pallidus interna FMA:61840 mesial pallidum FMA:61840 medial pallidal segment MA FMA:TA globus pallidus medialis MA:0002768 globus pallidus medial segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1555 internal pallidum orbitosphenoid AAO:0000345 EMAPA:18719 Endochondral ossification of the lateral sides of the braincase.[AAO] FMA:52869 Large median unpaired cartilage bone consisting of two diverging plates. Positioned medial to the eye. The orbitosphenoid develops from the Trabeculae communis and forms the anterior and anterolateral boundary of the orbital foramen and constitutes a significant part of the sidewalls and floor of the cranial cavity. Bordered by the lateral ethmoid anteriorly, and the pterosphenoid posteriorly, The orbitosphenoid may extend ventrally to meet the parasphenoid. In the adult, the orbitosphenoid is fused ventrally to the parasphenoid via a thin sheet of bone.[TAO] MA:0002773 One of two thin triangular plates, which arise from the upper and anterior parts of the body, and, projecting lateralward, end in sharp points. SCTID:361737003 TAO:0000253 UBERON:0002478 VHOG:0001153 ZFA:0000253 ala minor (os sphenoidale) alæ parvæ conchosphcénocïde@fr http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray145.png ingrassia's process lesser wing of sphenoid lesser wing of sphenoid bone lesser wing of sphenoidal bone orbito-sphcénocïde@fr relationship loss: develops_from taenia marginalis anterior (TAO:0001505)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps orbitosphenoid-lateral ethmoid joint (TAO:0001941)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps orbitosphenoid-prootic joint (TAO:0001794)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps pterosphenoid-orbitosphenoid joint (TAO:0001831)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: develops_from neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000253 relationship loss: overlaps pterosphenoid-orbitosphenoid joint (TAO:0001831)[TAO] FMA FMA:52869 ala minor (os sphenoidale) One of two thin triangular plates, which arise from the upper and anterior parts of the body, and, projecting lateralward, end in sharp points. Wikipedia:Lesser_wing_of_sphenoid_bone Wikipedia:Lesser_wing_of_sphenoid_bone alæ parvæ FMA:52869 ingrassia's process Kardong 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000253 relationship loss: overlaps orbitosphenoid-prootic joint (TAO:0001794)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000253 relationship loss: overlaps orbitosphenoid-lateral ethmoid joint (TAO:0001941)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000253 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: develops_from neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] FMA:52869 lesser wing of sphenoidal bone MA:0002773 lesser wing of sphenoid bone TAO:0000253 orbito-sphcénocïde@fr FMA-abduced-lr 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000253 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000345 AAO:LAP Endochondral ossification of the lateral sides of the braincase.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000345 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000253 relationship loss: develops_from taenia marginalis anterior (TAO:0001505)[TAO] FMA:52869 lesser wing of sphenoid TAO:0000253 conchosphcénocïde@fr 2012-08-14 Large median unpaired cartilage bone consisting of two diverging plates. Positioned medial to the eye. The orbitosphenoid develops from the Trabeculae communis and forms the anterior and anterolateral boundary of the orbital foramen and constitutes a significant part of the sidewalls and floor of the cranial cavity. Bordered by the lateral ethmoid anteriorly, and the pterosphenoid posteriorly, The orbitosphenoid may extend ventrally to meet the parasphenoid. In the adult, the orbitosphenoid is fused ventrally to the parasphenoid via a thin sheet of bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000253 ZFIN:curator dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus ABA:LGd BM:GLd FMA:62214 MA:0002775 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1595 The main division of the lateral geniculate body; consists of two magnocellular layers [TA] (strata magnocellularia [TA]) and four parvocellular layers [TA] (strata parvocellularia [TA]) and serves as a processing station in the major pathway from the retina to the cerebral cortex, receiving fibers from the optic tract and giving rise to the geniculocalcarine radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. UBERON:0002479 dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body lateral geniculate complex, dorsal part nucleus dorsalis corporis geniculati lateralis nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars dorsalis uberon MA:0002775 dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1595 nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars dorsalis FMA:62214 FMA:TA nucleus dorsalis corporis geniculati lateralis The main division of the lateral geniculate body; consists of two magnocellular layers [TA] (strata magnocellularia [TA]) and four parvocellular layers [TA] (strata parvocellularia [TA]) and serves as a processing station in the major pathway from the retina to the cerebral cortex, receiving fibers from the optic tract and giving rise to the geniculocalcarine radiation to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61422 ventral lateral geniculate nucleus ABA:LGv BM:LGv FMA:62215 MA:0002776 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 UBERON:0002480 corpus geniculatum externum, nucleus accessorius corpus geniculatum laterale, pars oralis dorsal_nucleus_of_lateral_geniculate_body griseum praegeniculatum lateral geniculate complex, ventral part lateral geniculate complex, ventral part (kolliker) lateral geniculate nucleus, ventral part nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis, pars ventralis nucleus praegeniculatus nucleus pregeniculatum nucleus pregeniculatus nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati lateralis praegeniculatum pregeniculate nucleus uberon ventral nucleus of lateral geniculate body ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 dorsal_nucleus_of_lateral_geniculate_body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 nucleus praegeniculatus FMA:62215 FMA:TA nucleus pregeniculatus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 ventral part of the lateral geniculate complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 corpus geniculatum laterale, pars oralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 corpus geniculatum externum, nucleus accessorius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 lateral geniculate nucleus, ventral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis, pars ventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 griseum praegeniculatum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 lateral geniculate complex, ventral part (kolliker) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 praegeniculatum MA:0002776 ventral nucleus of lateral geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1597 nucleus pregeniculatum FMA:62215 FMA:TA nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati lateralis bone tissue FMA:224804 MA:0002780 MESH:A02.835.232 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO] Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts[VSAO]. UBERON:0002481 UMLS:C0391978 VSAO:0000047 ZFA:0005621 calcium tissue galen:BoneTissue ncithesaurus:Bone_Tissue osseous tissue osteogenic tissue uberon 2012-08-14 GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000047 VSAO VSAO:curator osteogenic tissue Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts[VSAO]. VSAO:0000047 Wikipedia:Bone_tissue lamellar bone Bone tissue that has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets (lamellae) and is mechanically strong. FMA:224806 MA:0002781 UBERON:0002482 galen:LamellarBone histological classification, lamellar vs woven. Note that only FMA has woven uberon Bone tissue that has a regular parallel alignment of collagen into sheets (lamellae) and is mechanically strong. Wikipedia:Bone#Woven_or_lamellar trabecular bone tissue BTO:0001700 Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Its Latin name is substantia spongiosa or substantia spongiosa ossium. The words cancellous and trabecular refer to the tiny, lattice-shaped that form the tissue. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:24019 MA:0002782 UBERON:0002483 cancellated bone cancellous bone cancellous bone tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_compact_spongy_bone.jpg one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occurs at the ends of long bones, proximal to joints and within the interior of vertebrae. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. spongy bone spongy bone tissue substantia spongiosa substantia spongiosa ossium substantia trabecularis ossium trabecular bone trabecular substance uberon BTO:0001700 cancellated bone FMA:24019 MA:0002782 cancellous bone Cancellous bone, synonymous with trabecular bone or spongy bone, is one of the two types of osseous tissue that form bones. Compared to compact bone, which is the other type of osseous tissue, it has a higher surface area but is less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff. It typically occupies the interior region of bones. Cancellous bone is highly vascular and frequently contains red bone marrow where hematopoiesis, which is the production of blood cells, occurs. The primary anatomical and functional unit of cancellous bone is the trabecula. Its Latin name is substantia spongiosa or substantia spongiosa ossium. The words cancellous and trabecular refer to the tiny, lattice-shaped that form the tissue. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trabecular_bone Wikipedia:Trabecular_bone substantia spongiosa ossium BTO:0001700 substantia trabecularis ossium BTO:0001700 trabecular substance Wikipedia:Trabecular_bone substantia spongiosa bone marrow cavity AO notes: not clear if the FMA intends to have two classes. MP:0000065: "the medullary cavities of the bones.". NCITA also has "medullary bone" FMA:75147 FMA:83698 MA:0002783 UBERON:0002484 cavity of cancellous bone marrow cavity medullary cavity the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity. Located in the main shaft (cortical bone) of a long bone (diaphysis) (consisting mostly of compact bone), the medullary cavity has walls composed of spongy bone (cancellous bone) and is lined with a thin, vascular membrane (endosteum) uberon FMA:83698 medullary cavity Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_cavity the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity. Located in the main shaft (cortical bone) of a long bone (diaphysis) (consisting mostly of compact bone), the medullary cavity has walls composed of spongy bone (cancellous bone) and is lined with a thin, vascular membrane (endosteum) FMA:83698 marrow cavity doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 prostate duct FMA:19580 MA:0002785 SCTID:362276000 UBERON:0002485 UMLS:C0227965 duct of prostate duct of prostate gland ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Duct prostate duct prostate gland duct prostatic duct the minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra. uberon PMID:18977204 MP:0009734 the minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra. glottis A small, slit-like aperture lying longitudinally on the floor of the pharynx.[AAO] AAO:0010610 BTO:0001627 FMA:55414 GAID:343 MA:0002788 MESH:A04.329.364 SCTID:264482000 The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002486 UMLS:C0017681 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Arytenoid_cartilage.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Arytenoid_cartilage.png/200px-Arytenoid_cartilage.png ncithesaurus:Glottis uberon 2012-06-20 A small, slit-like aperture lying longitudinally on the floor of the pharynx.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010610 AAO:BMZ The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds and the space in between the folds. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Glottis tooth cavity . FMA:55660 MA:0002792 MESH:A14.254.900.265 SCTID:362105008 UBERON:0002487 cavitas dentis cavitas pulparis cavity of tooth pulp cavity pulp cavity of tooth tooth pulp cavity uberon MA:0002792 cavity of tooth . Wikipedia:Tooth_cavity MA:0002792 tooth pulp cavity FMA:55660 FMA:TA cavitas pulparis helix . FMA:60992 MA:0002793 OpenCyc:Mx4rwRDEk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279607004 UBERON:0002488 UMLS:C0229304 helical part of pinna helix (auricula) helix of auricle of ear helix of ear helix of pinna ncithesaurus:Helix uberon . Wikipedia:Helix coronal suture EMAPA:19225 FMA:52928 MA:0002795 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2eGHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244510008 The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002489 coronal suture of skull fronto-parietal suture frontoparietal suture http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gray188-Coronal_suture.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gray188-Coronal_suture.png/200px-Gray188-Coronal_suture.png sutura coronalis uberon The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Coronal_suture PMID:11784098 frontoparietal suture PMID:11784098 fronto-parietal suture Wikipedia:Coronal_suture sutura coronalis frontal suture 2 2 EMAPA:19226 FMA:52989 MA:0002796 SCTID:136854008 The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together. If it does not disappear it may be called a 'metopic suture' or 'sutura frontalis persistens. ' If the suture is not present at birth (craniosynostosis) it will cause a keel-shaped deformity of the skull called 'trigonocephaly. ' It is present in a fetal skull so that the skull can bend and is very elastic at the time of birth. The baby's head literally bends when coming out of the mother's womb. The space is filled as the child grows older. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002490 frontal suture of skull http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Frontal_suture.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gray134.png/200px-Gray134.png metopic suture sutura frontalis sutura frontalis sutura metopica uberon The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together. If it does not disappear it may be called a 'metopic suture' or 'sutura frontalis persistens. ' If the suture is not present at birth (craniosynostosis) it will cause a keel-shaped deformity of the skull called 'trigonocephaly. ' It is present in a fetal skull so that the skull can bend and is very elastic at the time of birth. The baby's head literally bends when coming out of the mother's womb. The space is filled as the child grows older. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Frontal_suture two halves of the frontal bone FMA:52989 FMA:TA sutura metopica MA:0002796 metopic suture Wikipedia:Frontal_suture sutura frontalis Wikipedia:Frontal_suture sutura frontalis lambdoid suture EMAPA:19227 FMA:52933 MA:0002797 SCTID:361830007 The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone. Its name comes from its lambda-like shape. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002491 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gray188-Lambdoid_suture.png lambdoid suture of skull lambdoidal suture sutura lambdoidea uberon Wikipedia:Lambdoid_suture sutura lambdoidea The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal and temporal bones with the occipital bone. Its name comes from its lambda-like shape. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lambdoid_suture HP MA:0002797 lambdoidal suture Wikipedia:Lambdoid_suture sutura lambdoidea sagittal suture 2 2 EMAPA:19224 FMA:52929 MA:0002798 SCTID:244511007 The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then 'premature closure' of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called 'scaphocephaly. ' Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures, and the vertex is the highest point on the skull and is many times near the midpoint of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture is also known as the 'interparietal suture' and the 'sutura interparietalis. ' The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning 'arrow'. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002492 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif/200px-Kort-lang-skalle.gif sagittal suture of skull sutura sagittalis uberon both parietals Wikipedia:Sagittal_suture sutura sagittalis The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet. If certain bones of the skull grow too fast then 'premature closure' of the sutures may occur. This can result in skull deformities. If the sagittal suture closes early the skull becomes long, narrow, and wedge-shaped, a condition called 'scaphocephaly. ' Two anatomical landmarks are found on the sagittal suture: the bregma and the vertex of the skull. The bregma is formed by the intersection of the sagittal and coronal sutures, and the vertex is the highest point on the skull and is many times near the midpoint of the sagittal suture. The sagittal suture is also known as the 'interparietal suture' and the 'sutura interparietalis. ' The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning 'arrow'. The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid suture. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sagittal_suture uterine artery FMA:18829 MA:0002799 SCTID:244300003 The uterine artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the uterus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002493 arteria uterina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gray1170.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gray1170.png/200px-Gray1170.png uberon Wikipedia:Uterine_artery arteria uterina FMA-abduced-lr The uterine artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the uterus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Uterine_artery papillary muscle EHDAA:8655 FMA:12154 GAID:175 In anatomy, the papillary muscles of the heart serve to limit the movements of the mitral and tricuspid valves. These muscles contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, which in turn prevent inversion. This occurs in response to pressure gradients. Instead they brace the valves against the high pressure, preventing regurgitation of ventricular blood back into the atrial cavities. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002800 MESH:A02.633.580.680 On the internal or parietal surface of the left ventricle in man and in mammals are two papillary muscles, which are almost identical and well developed.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rDid0jLYYEduAAAACs2IKfQ SCTID:279329009 UBERON:0002494 UMLS:C0030352 VHOG:0001392 galen:PapillaryMuscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Papillary_muscles.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Papillary_muscles.png/200px-Papillary_muscles.png musculus papillaris ncithesaurus:Papillary_Muscle papillary muscle of ventricle uberon ventricular papillary muscle ventricule papillary muscle MA:0002800 papillary muscle of ventricle MA:0002800 ventricular papillary muscle Wikipedia:Papillary_muscle musculus papillaris In anatomy, the papillary muscles of the heart serve to limit the movements of the mitral and tricuspid valves. These muscles contract to tighten the chordae tendineae, which in turn prevent inversion. This occurs in response to pressure gradients. Instead they brace the valves against the high pressure, preventing regurgitation of ventricular blood back into the atrial cavities. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Papillary_muscle 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00345.x On the internal or parietal surface of the left ventricle in man and in mammals are two papillary muscles, which are almost identical and well developed.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001392 http://bgee.unil.ch/ long bone BTO:0004256 Endochondral_ossification is an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, with the exception of the clavicle[Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification]. The medial and and lateral ends undergo EO, the mid-portion is formed by a process with features of EO & IO (the process is shared by the mandible)[ISBN:9780397517251] FMA:7474 Long bone is a limb bone that is subcylindrical and has a shaft with periosteum separating the ends of the bones. Long bones are present only in the limbs[VSAO]. MA:0002802 OpenCyc:Mx4rv6axr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:332709000 UBERON:0002495 UMLS:C0222647 galen:LongBone ncithesaurus:Long_Bone uberon Long bone is a limb bone that is subcylindrical and has a shaft with periosteum separating the ends of the bones. Long bones are present only in the limbs[VSAO]. VSAO:wd Wikipedia:Long_bone stapes base FMA:52769 MA:0002804 SCTID:279685009 UBERON:0002496 base of stapes footplate stapes footplate uberon FMA:52769 footplate MA:0002804 stapes footplate MA:0002804 base of stapes MA acromion AAO:0000826 Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula.[AAO] EMAPA:25119 FMA:23260 GAID:187 MA:0002805 MESH:A02.835.232.087.783.261 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmrF8pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Region of the scapula where the latter meets with the clavicle: attachment point of the clavicle to the scapula in some taxa. SCTID:181911000 UBERON:0002497 UMLS:C0001209 VSAO:0005067 acromion of the scapula acromion process http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Gray206.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gray206.png/200px-Gray206.png ncithesaurus:Acromion relationship loss: part_of pars acromialis (AAO:0000752)[AAO] scapular acromion uberon Wikipedia:Acromion acromion of the scapula 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000826 AAO:LAP Anterior rounded projection of the pars acromialis of the scapula.[AAO] VSAO:0005067 acromion process FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000826 relationship loss: part_of pars acromialis (AAO:0000752)[AAO] VSAO:0005067 scapular acromion Region of the scapula where the latter meets with the clavicle: attachment point of the clavicle to the scapula in some taxa. VSAO:0005067 Wikipedia:Acromion deltopectoral crest AAO:0000736 EMAPA:25052 FMA:23418 MA:0002808 The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002498 crista ventralis crista ventralis humeri deltoid crest deltoid crest deltoid eminence deltoid impression deltoid process deltoid tuberosity deltoid tuberosity of humerus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/HumerusFront.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HumerusFront.png/200px-HumerusFront.png tuberositas deltoidea tuberositas deltoidea (corpus humeri) tuberositas deltoidea humeri uberon Wikipedia:Deltoid_tuberosity tuberositas deltoidea humeri AAO:0000736 deltoid crest MP:0004353 deltoid crest AAO:0000736 crista ventralis FMA:23418 deltoid tuberosity of humerus The deltoid tuberosity is the region on the shaft of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Deltoid_tuberosity MP:0004353 deltoid process FMA:23418 FMA:TA tuberositas deltoidea MP:0004353 deltoid eminence AAO:0000736 crista ventralis humeri MP:0004353 deltoid impression FMA:23418 deltoid tuberosity cochlear labyrinth BTO:0004686 Editor notes: we follow the FMA in placing this in the membranous labyrinth. Notes: The labyrinth can be divided by layer or by region. Bony vs. membranous / Vestibular vs. cochlear FMA:61259 MA:0002809 The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002499 UMLS:C0931689 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Labyrinth uberon FMA The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_labyrinth zygomatic arch Editors note: compare with zygomatic bone FMA:53120 MA:0002810 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.995 OpenCyc:Mx4rvih1YZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272682006 The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. The term zygomatic derives from the Latin zyosislymore meaning malar bone or cheekbone. The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter. The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002500 UMLS:C0162485 arcus zygomaticus galen:Zygoma http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png/200px-Gray188-Sphenozygomatic_suture.png ncithesaurus:Zygomatic_Arch uberon zygoma Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch arcus zygomaticus The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone (the side of the cheekbone), the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process of the mandible. The term zygomatic derives from the Latin zyosislymore meaning malar bone or cheekbone. The zygomatic arch is occasionally referred to as the zygoma, but this term usually refers to the zygomatic bone or occasionally the zygomatic process. The zygomatic process of the temporal arises by two roots: an anterior, directed inward in front of the mandibular fossa, where it expands to form the articular tubercle. a posterior, which runs backward above the external acoustic meatus and is continuous with the supramastoid crest. The upper border of the arch gives attachment to the temporal fascia; the lower border and medial surface give origin to the Masseter. The zygomatic arch is significant in evolutionary biology, as it is part of the structures derived from the ancestral single temporal fenestra of the synapsid ancestor of mammals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_arch MA FMA-abduced-lr oval window FMA:56913 GAID:882 MA:0002813 MESH:A09.246.631.909.551 SCTID:362561009 The oval window (or vestibular window) is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. Vibrations that come into contact with the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear. The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear, and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been amplified over twenty times from what they were when they contacted the tympanic membrane, a testament to the amplifying power of the middle ear. It is a reniform (kidney-shaped) opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the internal ear; its long diameter is horizontal, and its convex border is upward. In the recent state it is occupied by the base of the stapes, the circumference of which is fixed by the annular ligament to the margin of the foramen. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002501 fenestra ovalis fenestra vestibuli http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Gray911.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray911.png/200px-Gray911.png oval window of petrous part of temporal bone uberon vestibular window Wikipedia:Oval_window fenestra vestibuli The oval window (or vestibular window) is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. Vibrations that come into contact with the tympanic membrane travel through the three ossicles and into the inner ear. The oval window is the intersection of the middle ear with the inner ear, and is directly contacted by the stapes; by the time vibrations reach the oval window, they have been amplified over twenty times from what they were when they contacted the tympanic membrane, a testament to the amplifying power of the middle ear. It is a reniform (kidney-shaped) opening leading from the tympanic cavity into the vestibule of the internal ear; its long diameter is horizontal, and its convex border is upward. In the recent state it is occupied by the base of the stapes, the circumference of which is fixed by the annular ligament to the margin of the foramen. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Oval_window Wikipedia:Oval_window fenestra ovalis MA:0002813 vestibular window round window FMA:56932 GAID:878 MA:0002814 MESH:A09.246.631.246.814 SCTID:279785002 The round window is one of the two openings into the cochlea of the inner ear. It is closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002502 cochlear window fenestra cochleae fenestra rotunda http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Gray911.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gray911.png/200px-Gray911.png round window of petrous part of temporal bone uberon Wikipedia:Round_window fenestra cochleae MA:0002814 cochlear window The round window is one of the two openings into the cochlea of the inner ear. It is closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, which vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window. It allows fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn ensures that hair cells of the basilar membrane will be stimulated and that audition will occur. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Round_window Wikipedia:Round_window fenestra rotunda greater trochanter FMA:32852 MA:0002822 SCTID:182050001 The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002503 UMLS:C0223865 galen:GreaterTrochanter great trochanter greater trochanter of femur http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray243.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gray243.png/200px-Gray243.png ncithesaurus:Great_Trochanter trochanter major uberon Wikipedia:Greater_trochanter trochanter major FMA The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system. It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female. It has two surfaces and four borders. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Greater_trochanter lesser trochanter FMA:32853 MA:0002823 SCTID:182051002 The lesser trochanter (small trochanter) of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002504 UMLS:C0223866 galen:LesserTrochanter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray341.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray341.png/200px-Gray341.png lesser trochanter of femur ncithesaurus:Lesser_Trochanter trochanter minor uberon The lesser trochanter (small trochanter) of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lesser_trochanter Wikipedia:Lesser_trochanter trochanter minor FMA spiral modiolar artery FMA:52312 MA:0002824 SCTID:149380004 UBERON:0002505 the artery which parallels the spiral ganglion in the root of the spiral lamina of the modiolus, serving the ganglion and the cochlear duct and its contents. uberon MP:0004629 the artery which parallels the spiral ganglion in the root of the spiral lamina of the modiolus, serving the ganglion and the cochlear duct and its contents. iris epithelium An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:58517 MA:0002826 UBERON:0002506 epithelial tissue of iris epithelium of iris epithelium pigmentosum (iris) epithelium pigmentosum iridis iris epithelial tissue iris epithelium iris pigmented epithelium pigmented epithelium of iris uberon FMA:58517 epithelium pigmentosum (iris) FMA:58517 FMA:TA epithelium pigmentosum iridis MA OBOL:automatic iris epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of iris OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of iris FMA FMA:58517 pigmented epithelium of iris FMA:58517 iris epithelium An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0002826 iris pigmented epithelium abdominal lymph node A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:12787 MA:0002827 SCTID:245342005 UBERON:0002507 abdomen lymph node lymph node of abdomen uberon OBOL:automatic abdomen lymph node A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic celiac lymph node FMA:12792 MA:0002828 SCTID:245343000 The visceral glands are associated with the branches of the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Those related to the branches of the celiac artery (the celiac lymph nodes) form three sets, gastric, hepatic, and pancreaticolienal. gastric lymph nodes, hepatic lymph nodes, splenic lymph nodes [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002508 UMLS:C0229766 celiac node coeliac node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gray613.png/200px-Gray613.png ncithesaurus:Celiac_Lymph_Node nodus lymphaticus coeliacus terminal ventral aortic node uberon The visceral glands are associated with the branches of the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Those related to the branches of the celiac artery (the celiac lymph nodes) form three sets, gastric, hepatic, and pancreaticolienal. gastric lymph nodes, hepatic lymph nodes, splenic lymph nodes [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Celiac_lymph_node mesenteric lymph node BTO:0000767 FMA:12795 MA:0002829 UBERON:0002509 UMLS:C0229792 mesenteric node ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei mesenterici the lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group. uberon MP:0005232 the lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group. BTO:0000767 nodi lymphoidei mesenterici anterior fontanel AO notes TAO:0001739 anterior cranial fontanel is 'Fontanel that is located between the contralateral frontals and anterior to the epiphyseal bar' EMAPA:19199 FMA:75439 In humans, the anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle, frontal fontanelle) is the largest, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter. The fontanelle allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth. While the posterior and lateral fontanelles are obliterated by about six months after birth, the anterior is not completely closed until about the middle of the second year. Full ossification starts in the late twenties and finishes before the age of 50 . [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002830 SCTID:244680006 UBERON:0002510 anterior fontanelle bregmatic fontanelle fonticulus anterior frontal fontanelle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray197.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray197.png/200px-Gray197.png uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_fontanelle bregmatic fontanelle Wikipedia:Anterior_fontanelle fonticulus anterior In humans, the anterior fontanelle (bregmatic fontanelle, frontal fontanelle) is the largest, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter. The fontanelle allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth. While the posterior and lateral fontanelles are obliterated by about six months after birth, the anterior is not completely closed until about the middle of the second year. Full ossification starts in the late twenties and finishes before the age of 50 . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_fontanelle Wikipedia:Anterior_fontanelle frontal fontanelle FMA:75439 anterior fontanelle trabecula carnea EMAPA:18626 FMA:7269 MA:0002831 Note that WP states they are ventricular, but MP has classes for atrial ventricular carnea. SCTID:118755002 The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or fleshy beams), are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart.[1] They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only. They are of three kinds: * some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,* others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle, * while a third set, the papillary muscles are continuous by their bases with the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented[WP]. UBERON:0002511 cardiac trabecula heart trabecula trabecula of heart trabeculae carneae cordis uberon ventricle trabecula carnea ventricular trabecula GO:0060347 heart trabecula GO:0060347 cardiac trabecula Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae trabeculae carneae cordis The trabeculae carneae (columnae carneae, or fleshy beams), are rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart.[1] They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only. They are of three kinds: * some are attached along their entire length on one side and merely form prominent ridges,* others are fixed at their extremities but free in the middle, * while a third set, the papillary muscles are continuous by their bases with the wall of the ventricle, while their apices give origin to the chordæ tendineæ which pass to be attached to the segments of both the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve. The purpose of the trabeculae carneae is most likely to prevent suction that would occur with a flat surfaced membrane and thus impair the heart's ability to pump efficiently. The trabeculae carneae also serve a similar function to papillary muscles in that their contraction pulls on the chordae tendineae, preventing inversion of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves, that is, their bulging towards the atrial chambers, which would lead to subsequent leakage of the blood into the atria. So by the action of papillary muscles on the atrioventricular valves, backflow of the blood from the ventricles into the atria is prevented[WP]. Wikipedia:Trabeculae_carneae MA:0002831 ventricular trabecula MA:0002831 ventricle trabecula carnea corpus luteum BTO:0000292 EMAPA:29886 FMA:18619 GAID:369 MA:0002834 MESH:A05.360.319.114.630.278 SCTID:257943001 Taxon notes: maintains the endometrium in mammals[WP]. A corpus luteum is known in hagfish (100), Squalus (101), and salamander (100) but not lamprey (102). There are no data for Branchiostoma and Ciona, and given that they are multiple spawners, there is no a priori reason to conclude that they lack a corpus luteum[PMID:20959416] UBERON:0002512 UMLS:C0010092 a transient endocrine gland that develops from the postovulatory or atretic follicles and secretes progesterone; it is thought to be related to egg retention[PMID]. corpora lutea corpus luteum of ovary http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Folliclesinovary.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Folliclesinovary.jpg/200px-Folliclesinovary.jpg luteal gland ncithesaurus:Corpus_Luteum uberon MA MA PMID:20959416 PMID:20959416 Wikipedia:Corpus_luteum a transient endocrine gland that develops from the postovulatory or atretic follicles and secretes progesterone; it is thought to be related to egg retention[PMID]. BTO:0000292 luteal gland PMID:20959416 corpora lutea endochondral bone AAO:0010776 AEO:0000083 BTO:0002157 EHDAA2:0003083 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO] TAO:0001591 UBERON:0002513 VSAO:0000145 XAO:0004018 ZFA:0001591 cartilaginous bone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000009 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg note that some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral. Editor notes: placement in this class to be inferred ossified chondrogenic bone uberon VSAO GO:0001958 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. VSAO:0000145 Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification 2012-08-14 GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000145 VSAO:0000145 ossified chondrogenic bone VSAO BTO:0002157 cartilaginous bone intramembranous bone Bone that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues.[TAO] Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. TAO:0001644 UBERON:0002514 ZFA:0001635 [In TAO], This term was made obsolete because it is considered a synonym of membrane bone (VSAO:0000023).[TAO] membrane bone uberon AEO:0000085 membrane bone 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0001644 [In TAO], This term was made obsolete because it is considered a synonym of membrane bone (VSAO:0000023).[TAO] 2012-08-14 Bone that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001644 TAO:wd Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification periosteum BTO:0001022 FMA:24041 GAID:925 MA:0002838 MESH:A10.165.265.746 Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones. Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Periosteum is divided into an outer 'fibrous layer' and inner 'cambium layer' (or 'osteogenic layer'). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, periosteum has nociceptors nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as 'pericranium'. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:33840008 UBERON:0002515 UMLS:C0031110 galen:PeriOsteum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Bone_growth.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bone_growth.png/200px-Bone_growth.png ncithesaurus:Periosteum periosteal uberon Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones. Periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. Periosteum is divided into an outer 'fibrous layer' and inner 'cambium layer' (or 'osteogenic layer'). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, periosteum has nociceptors nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as 'pericranium'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Periosteum epiphyseal plate BTO:0000412 EMAPA:25059 EMAPA:25062 EMAPA:25065 EMAPA:25068 EMAPA:25071 FMA:75427 GAID:191 MA:0002839 MESH:A02.835.232.251.352 SCTID:84349008 UBERON:0002516 a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. cartilago epiphysialis editor note: consider splitting this class into the epiphyseal plates of long bones and vertebrae epiphyseal cartilage epiphyseal disk epiphyseal growth disk epiphyseal growth plate epiphyseal growth plate cartilage epiphysial plate growth plate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Tib_fib_growth_plates.jpg lamina epiphysialis long bone epiphyseal plate physis uberon BTO:0000412 epiphyseal disk BTO:0000412 physis BTO:0000412 cartilago epiphysialis BTO:0000412 epiphyseal growth disk MA:0002839 growth plate FMA:75427 epiphysial plate Wikipedia:Epiphyseal_plate lamina epiphysialis MA:0002839 long bone epiphyseal plate Wikipedia:Epiphyseal_plate a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line. basicranium FMA:52801 MA:0002840 MESH:A01.456.830 SCTID:181890004 The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. The skull base is formed from a series of cartilages either side of, and rostral to, the notochord, whose tip lies just caudal to the pituitary gland. It is closely associated with the sensory capsules, which partially or completely sur- round the olfactory epithelium, the eye, and the inner ear[PMID:11523816] UBERON:0002517 UMLS:C0149543 base of skull basicranial basis cranii basis cranii cranial base http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray193.png/200px-Gray193.png ncithesaurus:Base_of_the_Skull skull base uberon MA:0002840 cranial base Wikipedia:Base_of_skull basis cranii The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. Wikipedia:Base_of_skull FMA:52801 FMA:TA basis cranii otolith organ EFO:0003539 Editor notes: Representation of utricle, sacule and otoliths in correspondence to other ontologies may require review. In EHDAA2, saccule and utricle are epithelia GAID:883 In fishes, as in other vertebrates, the vestibular end-organs are divided into a gravity receptor system, with three subdivisions and an angular acceleration receptor system. The gravity receptor system on each side consists of utricular, saccular, and lagenar maculae, each covered by an otolith (reference 1); (...)considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] MA:0002841 MESH:A09.246.631.909.625 TAO:0000559 UBERON:0002518 VHOG:0001676 ZFA:0000559 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bigotolith.jpg/200px-Bigotolith.jpg otolith organs saccule and utricle saccule or utricle. uberon utricle and saccule Wikipedia:Otolith_organ saccule or utricle. 2012-09-17 In fishes, as in other vertebrates, the vestibular end-organs are divided into a gravity receptor system, with three subdivisions and an angular acceleration receptor system. The gravity receptor system on each side consists of utricular, saccular, and lagenar maculae, each covered by an otolith (reference 1); (...)considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] PMID:11581521 Moorman SJ, Development of sensory systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ILAR Journal (2001), DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000) VHOG VHOG:0001676 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MESH:A09.246.631.909.625 saccule and utricle MESH:A09.246.631.909.625 utricle and saccule ZFA:0000559 otolith organs otolithic membrane FMA:75573 GAID:884 MA:0002842 MESH:A09.246.631.909.625.125.680 SCTID:362571006 UBERON:0002519 a gelatinous membrane located in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and plays an essential role in the brain's interpretation of equilibrium. Both the saccular macula and utricular macula are covered by an otolithic membrane. The membrane is composed of crystalline particles of calcium carbonate called otoliths. When the head is moved the otoliths shift, causing cilia in the nearby saccule and utricle to distort. This produces nerve signals which are sent to the brain, which then uses them to establish its sense of balance. The embedded crystals are very and dense and make the density of the otolithic membrane higher than that of the endolymph surrounding it. When the head accelerates along a line or tilts to change its orientation to gravity, the otolithic membrane shifts relative to the bone supporting the maculae. This shift bends the hair cells whose processes are embedded in the otolithic membrane.[WP]. membrana statoconiorum otolith layer of statoconial membrane uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia Wikipedia:Otolithic_membrane a gelatinous membrane located in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, and plays an essential role in the brain's interpretation of equilibrium. Both the saccular macula and utricular macula are covered by an otolithic membrane. The membrane is composed of crystalline particles of calcium carbonate called otoliths. When the head is moved the otoliths shift, causing cilia in the nearby saccule and utricle to distort. This produces nerve signals which are sent to the brain, which then uses them to establish its sense of balance. The embedded crystals are very and dense and make the density of the otolithic membrane higher than that of the endolymph surrounding it. When the head accelerates along a line or tilts to change its orientation to gravity, the otolithic membrane shifts relative to the bone supporting the maculae. This shift bends the hair cells whose processes are embedded in the otolithic membrane.[WP]. MA FMA:75573 otolith layer of statoconial membrane FMA:75573 FMA:TA membrana statoconiorum submandibular lymph node BTO:0000769 FMA:61224 MA:0002843 SCTID:245319003 The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submaxillary triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submaxillary salivary gland. One gland, the middle gland of Stahr, which lies on the external maxillary artery as it turns over the mandible, is the most constant of the series; small lymph glands are sometimes found on the deep surface of the submaxillary salivary glands. The afferents of the submaxillary glands drain the medial palpebral commissure, the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, the lateral part of the lower lip, the gums, and the anterior part of the margin of the tongue. Efferent vessels from the facial and submental glands also enter the submaxillary glands. Their efferent vessels pass to the superior deep cervical glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002520 UMLS:C0229722 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg/200px-Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg level ib neck node ncithesaurus:Submandibular_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei submandibulares submandibular node uberon BTO:0000769 nodi lymphoidei submandibulares The submandibular lymph nodes (submaxillary glands in older texts), three to six in number, are placed beneath the body of the mandible in the submaxillary triangle, and rest on the superficial surface of the submaxillary salivary gland. One gland, the middle gland of Stahr, which lies on the external maxillary artery as it turns over the mandible, is the most constant of the series; small lymph glands are sometimes found on the deep surface of the submaxillary salivary glands. The afferents of the submaxillary glands drain the medial palpebral commissure, the cheek, the side of the nose, the upper lip, the lateral part of the lower lip, the gums, and the anterior part of the margin of the tongue. Efferent vessels from the facial and submental glands also enter the submaxillary glands. Their efferent vessels pass to the superior deep cervical glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submandibular_lymph_node CL:tm elastic tissue Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan. Elastic tissue is classified as 'connective tissue proper'. The elastic fiber is formed from the elastic microfibril and amorphous elastin. The microfibril scaffolds and organizes the deposition of amorphous elastin. Amorphous elastin forms from monomers of soluble tropoelastin which is insolubilized and crosslinked into amorphous elastin by lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase reacts with specific lysine residues and by oxidative deamination generates reactive aldehydes and allysine. These reactive aldehydes and allysines can react with lysine and other allysine residues to crosslink and form desmosine, isodesmosine, and a number of other polyfunctional crosslinks that join surrounding elastin molecules to build an elastin matrix and elastic fiber. These unique crosslinks are responsible for elastin's elasticity. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:20113 GAID:926 MA:0002853 MESH:A10.165.400 SCTID:27197004 UBERON:0002521 elastic connective tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Gray377.png textus connectivus elasticus uberon Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins found in extracellular matrix of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan. Elastic tissue is classified as 'connective tissue proper'. The elastic fiber is formed from the elastic microfibril and amorphous elastin. The microfibril scaffolds and organizes the deposition of amorphous elastin. Amorphous elastin forms from monomers of soluble tropoelastin which is insolubilized and crosslinked into amorphous elastin by lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase reacts with specific lysine residues and by oxidative deamination generates reactive aldehydes and allysine. These reactive aldehydes and allysines can react with lysine and other allysine residues to crosslink and form desmosine, isodesmosine, and a number of other polyfunctional crosslinks that join surrounding elastin molecules to build an elastin matrix and elastic fiber. These unique crosslinks are responsible for elastin's elasticity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Elastic_fiber tunica media BTO:0002011 FMA:55590 GAID:170 MA:0002855 MESH:A02.633.570.491.800 SCTID:61695000 The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002522 UMLS:C0162867 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg/200px-Illu_artery.jpg ncithesaurus:Tunica_Media todo - check BTO tunica media vasorum uberon BTO:0002011 tunica media vasorum Wikipedia:Tunica_media tunica media vasorum ncithesaurus The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tunica_media MA tunica intima BTO:0002012 FMA:55589 GAID:523 MA:0002861 MESH:A07.231.330.800 SCTID:8361002 SCTID:87483006 The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] UBERON:0002523 UMLS:C0162864 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg/200px-Illu_artery.jpg ncithesaurus:Tunica_Intima tunica intima vasorum uberon The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Tunica_intima MA BTO:0002012 tunica intima vasorum ISBN10:0073040584 The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. Wikipedia:Tunica_intima check for exceptions, e.g. capillaries Kardong mediastinal lymph node A lymph node that is part of a mediastinum. Each consists of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea (5 groups), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm. In the mediastinal lymph nodes arises lymphatic ducts, which draines the lymph to the left subclavian vein (to the venous angle in the confluence of the subclavian and deep jugular veins). The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumors cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle. EFO:0001670 FMA:12774 MA:0002877 SCTID:181760002 UBERON:0002524 UMLS:C0588055 mediastinal node ncithesaurus:Mediastinal_Lymph_Node uberon FMA A lymph node that is part of a mediastinum. Each consists of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea (5 groups), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm. In the mediastinal lymph nodes arises lymphatic ducts, which draines the lymph to the left subclavian vein (to the venous angle in the confluence of the subclavian and deep jugular veins). The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumors cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Lymph_node#Lymph_nodes_of_the_thorax brachial lymph node FMA:44314 MA:0002878 UBERON:0002525 UMLS:C0229840 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Gray607.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gray607.png/200px-Gray607.png ncithesaurus:Brachial_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei brachiales the lymph nodes located along the brachial vein that receive drainage from most of the free upper limb and send efferent vessels to the central axillary lymph nodes. uberon Wikipedia:Brachial_lymph_nodes nodi lymphoidei brachiales MP:0005231 Wikipedia:Brachial_lymph_nodes the lymph nodes located along the brachial vein that receive drainage from most of the free upper limb and send efferent vessels to the central axillary lymph nodes. lumbar lymph node FMA:84599 MA:0002879 SCTID:281412000 UBERON:0002526 uberon pancreatic lymph node A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:16626 MA:0002881 SCTID:276170003 UBERON:0002527 UMLS:C0229783 lymph node of pancreas ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Lymph_Node pancreas lymph node pancreatic node pyloric lymph node uberon OBOL:automatic pancreas lymph node MA:0002881 pyloric lymph node OBOL:automatic lymph node of pancreas A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic sacral lymph node FMA:16655 MA:0002883 SCTID:279797001 UBERON:0002528 UMLS:C0229827 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Lymph_Node sacral node uberon limb segment A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. FMA:241863 MA:0002889 UBERON:0002529 UMLS:C1268195 extremity part free limb segment limb region ncithesaurus:Extremity_Part note FMA has both limb segment and free limb segment, the former includes the girdles. Note that MA uses the term more generally and includes A,S,Z,S+Z(arm/leg), whereas FMA is just A,S,Z region of limb segment of limb subdivision of limb uberon FMA:241863 free limb segment A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. UBERON:cjm gland A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones or breast milk, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). A gland is an organ specialised for secretion[GO]. AAO:0000212 AEO:0000096 BTO:0000522 Druese EFO:0000797 EHDAA2:0003096 EHDAA:2161 EHDAA:4475 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:18425 FBbt:00100317 FMA:86294 HAO:0000375 MAT:0000021 MIAA:0000021 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3vyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:134358001 UBERON:0002530 UBERON:MIAA_0000021 UMLS:C1285092 WikipediaCategory:Glands galen:Gland glandula glandular http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gray1026.png ncithesaurus:Gland uberon BTO:0000522 Druese A gland is an organ in an animal's body that synthesizes a substance for release such as hormones or breast milk, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland). A gland is an organ specialised for secretion[GO]. Wikipedia:Gland BTO:0000522 glandula Wikipedia:Gland glandula paired fin bud An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a paired fin. The fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. EFO:0003468 Embryonic surface structure that develops into a paired fin.[ZFA] MAT:0000062 MIAA:0000062 TAO:0001383 UBERON:0002531 VSAO:0000179 ZFA:0001383 fin bud fin buds uberon ZFA:0001383 fin bud VSAO:0000179 fin buds An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a paired fin. The fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 UBERON:cjm 2012-08-31 Embryonic surface structure that develops into a paired fin.[ZFA] ZFA ZFA:0001383 ZFIN:curator epiblast (generic) BTO:0004593 In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] MAT:0000067 MIAA:0000067 MP says - tissue that gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm of the embryo proper. In HOG, epiblast is part of primitive streak/blastpore, which is inconsistent with the MP definition of primitive streak as a ridge of the epiblast. Note that these terms, epiblast and hypoblast, are also used to describe layers of the avian embryonic blastoderm, but the layers so-named seem to be altogether different in these two kinds of vertebrate embryos(CVS). Consider obsoleting this as a grouping class UBERON:0002532 VHOG:0000243 blastocyst ectoblast epiblast epiblastus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png primitive ectoderm uberon In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] Wikipedia:Epiblast ZFIN:curator VHOG:0000243 primitive ectoderm 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009) In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000243 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MP:0003886 ectoblast VHOG:0000243 epiblast Wikipedia:Epiblast epiblastus tail bud (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011104 BTO:0001445 EFO:0002748 EHDAA2:0001976 EHDAA:1595 EMAPA:16580 Editor notes: See notes from UBERONREF:0000002 MAT:0000070 MIAA:0000070 Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25.[AAO] TAO:0000077 The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node. UBERON:0002533 VHOG:0000201 XAO:0000107 ZFA:0000077 end bud tail bud mesenchyme tailbud uberon (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (5) a larva or embryo with a postanal tail.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0000201 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001445 The rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo; remnant of the primitive node. 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011104 ISBN:0815318960 OMD:tail+bud Rapidly proliferating mass of cells at the caudal extremity of the embryo. Its formation is reflected in a caudal carving of the posterior portion of the archenteric canal at NF stage 22. With its further outgrowth, the postanal gut primordium becomes stretched. Its lumen is in broad communication with the hindgut at NF stage 25.[AAO] BTO:0001445 end bud ZFA:0000077 tail bud mesenchyme paired fin Fin that is one of a pair located ventrally on the organism. TAO:0002278 UBERON:0002534 VSAO:0000111 ZFA:0005596 artioptcérygie@fr nageoire paire@fr pelvic/pectoral fin uberon UBERON:cjm pelvic/pectoral fin Fin that is one of a pair located ventrally on the organism. TAO:wd VSAO:0000111 artioptcérygie@fr VSAO:0000111 nageoire paire@fr ZFA ZFA gill Anatomical surface structure found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only 1/20 parts dissolved Oxygen compared to air. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. Oxygen is carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. MESH:A13.421 UBERON:0002535 this term potentially applicable across multiple metazoa - see also the subclass 'pharyngeal arch derived gill' uberon Anatomical surface structure found in many aquatic organisms. It is a respiration organ whose function is the extraction of oxygen from water and the excretion of carbon dioxide. The microscopic structure of a gill is such that it presents a very large surface area to the external environment. Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, branches, or slender tufted processes which have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms as water contains only 1/20 parts dissolved Oxygen compared to air. With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. Oxygen is carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. Wikipedia:Gill arthropod sensillum BTO:0001237 EFO:0000939 Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 MAT:0000163 MIAA:0000163 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt] TGMA:0000540 UBERON:0002536 sensillum uberon FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 sensillum FBbt:00007152 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt] Wikipedia:Sensillum hermaphrodite gonad BTO:0000981 EFO:0000971 MAT:0000165 MIAA:0000165 UBERON:0002537 WBbt:0005178 a gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects[WP]. glandula hermaphroditica hermaphrodite genitalia hermaphrodite gland ovotestis uberon Wikipedia:Ovotestis#In_gastropods hermaphrodite gland Wikipedia:Ovotestis#In_gastropods glandula hermaphroditica BTO:0000981 ovotestis GO:0040035 hermaphrodite genitalia Wikipedia:Ovotestis a gonad with both testicular and ovarian aspects[WP]. hatching gland A transversely oriented set of cells located deep to the EVL on the pericardial membrane, especially prominent during pharyngula period because of the brightly refractile cytoplasmic granules (containing hatching enzymes) of the principal cells of the gland. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] AAO:0011050 BTO:0000558 EFO:0000863 MAT:0000180 MIAA:0000180 TAO:0000026 The cells of the hatching gland contain enzymes responsible for solubilization of the egg chorion, facilitating the hatching process[GO]. A transversely oriented set of cells located deep to the EVL on the pericardial membrane, especially prominent during pharyngula period because of the brightly refractile cytoplasmic granules (containing hatching enzymes) of the principal cells of the gland. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0002538 VHOG:0000078 XAO:0000034 ZFA:0000026 frontal gland hgg uberon The cells of the hatching gland contain enzymes responsible for solubilization of the egg chorion, facilitating the hatching process[GO]. A transversely oriented set of cells located deep to the EVL on the pericardial membrane, especially prominent during pharyngula period because of the brightly refractile cytoplasmic granules (containing hatching enzymes) of the principal cells of the gland. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 A transversely oriented set of cells located deep to the EVL on the pericardial membrane, especially prominent during pharyngula period because of the brightly refractile cytoplasmic granules (containing hatching enzymes) of the principal cells of the gland. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000026 ZFIN:curator GO pharyngeal arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010359 BTO:0001785 EFO:0000959 EHDAA:571 EMAPA:16117 GAID:1292 MAT:0000242 MESH:A16.254.160 MIAA:0000242 Numbered cranial to caudal. different in mammals. branchial arch = ZFA:0001613 pharyngeal arch 3-7. generally gill arch 1 = pharyngeal arch 3. terminology varies as to whether branchial arch follows gill or pharyngeal numbering One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] SCTID:308766004 TAO:0001306 UBERON:0002539 UMLS:C0080322 VHOG:0000155 XAO:0000096 ZFA:0001306 arcus pharyngei branchial arch http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray41.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray41.png/200px-Gray41.png ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Arch pharyngeal arches uberon visceral arch EHDAA2 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010359 NLM:branchial+arch One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] PMID:16313389 PMID:16313389 UBERONREF:0000002 BTO:0001785 MP:0002884 branchial arch pharyngeal arches NLM:branchial+arch One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches PMID:16313389 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_arch 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000155 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_arch arcus pharyngei lateral line system A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] AAO:0000269 AAO:0000975 EFO:0000941 MAT:0000249 MIAA:0000249 Sensory system which develops from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes.[AAO] TAO:0000034 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0002540 VHOG:0001243 XAO:0000095 ZFA:0000034 a line of neuroblasts along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes. lateral line organs lateral line stitches lateral-line organs ll relationship loss: is_formed_by lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] uberon VHOG:0001243 lateral line organs ISBN:0471209627 ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Lateral_line_system a line of neuroblasts along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes. 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001243 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000034 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000975 relationship loss: is_formed_by lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] http://tolweb.org/Amniota 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000975 AAO:EJS Sensory system which develops from a specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes named lateral line placodes.[AAO] germ ring AAO:0000211 EFO:0003427 Embryonic structure that forms as a thickened annulus at the blastoderm rim. The germ ring is thickened because it is the involuting margin of the blastoderm[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. MAT:0000255 MIAA:0000255 TAO:0000111 The thickend rim of the blastoderm evident during late blastula and gastrula stages[FishBase]. Embryonic structure which is a uniform thickened annulus at the blastoderm margin, consisting of two layers in addition to the EVL, the epiblast and the hypoblast. The germ ring is formed by the involution of the blastoderm back upon itself[ZFA] UBERON:0002541 ZFA:0000111 todo - check timing of appearance and disappearance - check relationship with primitive streak. he blastopore lips in amphibians appear to have the equivalent function of the germ ring in zebrafish (ES) uberon The thickend rim of the blastoderm evident during late blastula and gastrula stages[FishBase]. Embryonic structure which is a uniform thickened annulus at the blastoderm margin, consisting of two layers in addition to the EVL, the epiblast and the hypoblast. The germ ring is formed by the involution of the blastoderm back upon itself[ZFA] http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=germ%20ring Embryonic structure that forms as a thickened annulus at the blastoderm rim. The germ ring is thickened because it is the involuting margin of the blastoderm[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 scale A small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function. BTO:0005055 EFO:0000960 HAO:0000907 MAT:0000257 MIAA:0000257 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9M5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0002542 Usage notes: currently defined in a very inclusive fashion - may be obsoleted and replaced by more specific classes in future versions. The TAO, VSAO amd ZFA classes by this name are classified as 'dermal scales' scales uberon A small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function. Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology) obsolete median fin skeleton Mistakenly placed in uberon, should remain domain of TAO for now Postcranial axial skeleton that is unpaired and located on the sagittal plane of the organism. UBERON:0002543 axial fin skeleton true uberon unpaired fin skeleton ZFA:0001123 unpaired fin skeleton Postcranial axial skeleton that is unpaired and located on the sagittal plane of the organism. TAO:wd TAO:0001123 axial fin skeleton digit AAO:0011126 EFO:0000881 EMAPA:32725 FMA:85518 MA:0000690 MAT:0000285 MIAA:0000285 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzLD_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361367007 UBERON:0002544 UMLS:C0582802 VHOG:0000944 XAO:0003032 digital galen:Digit limb digit ncithesaurus:Digit one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates[WP]. todo homology ZFA:0001588-pectoral fin distal radial. Note: This term is a GAT in FMA. Note: we elect to place a strict taxon constraint on this class - this is controversial, and may be weakened later on - see [Wikipedia:Digit_(anatomy)#Evolution]. AO notes: EMAPA mapping from TH uberon MA:0000690 limb digit 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nature07339 Boisvert CA, Mark-Kurik E and Ahlberg PE, The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature (2008) Our reinterpretation of the distal fin endoskeleton of Panderichthys removes the final piece of evidence supporting the formerly popular hypothesis that tetrapod digits are wholly new structures without homologues in sarcopterygian fish fins. This hypothesis, which was based partly on the complete absence of plausible digit homologues in Panderichthys (then the closest known relative of tetrapods), has already been called into question by the discovery of digit-like radials in Tiktaalik and the fact that Hox gene expression patterns closely resembling those associated with digit formation in tetrapods occur in the distal fin skeletons of paddlefish and Australian lungfish. Our new data show that Panderichthys is not an anomaly: like Tiktaalik and other fish members of the Tetrapodomorpha, it has distal radials that can be interpreted as digit homologues.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000944 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Digit_(anatomy) one of several most distal parts of a limb, such as fingers or toes, present in many vertebrates[WP]. PHENOSCAPE:ni obsolete body ganglion EFO:0000901 MAT:0000344 MIAA:0000344 UBERON:0002545 true trunk ganglion uberon cranial placode AAO:0010466 EFO:0001650 Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. Editor note: to avoid confusion, we include neurogenic placode as a subclass. Do not merge. Terminological notes: The term placode or placodes also applies to developing organs such as teeth, mammary glands, hair follicles, feathers and scales. We include a separate parent class for this. Taxon notes: Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons[PMID:11523831]. MAT:0000369 MIAA:0000369 UBERON:0002546 XAO:0000305 placode uberon Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. UBERON:cjm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53175/ https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/4 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3561940&group_id=76834&atid=1127722 cjm Wikipedia:Placode placode tadpole An an organism at the larval stage BTO:0001347 MAT:0000370 MIAA:0000370 UBERON:0002547 tadpole stage uberon An an organism at the larval stage UBERON:cjm larva AEO:0000126 BTO:0000707 FBbt:00001727 HAO:0000459 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQCBvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0002048 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies. TODO: discriminate between stages and organisms UBERON:0002548 Whole organism that is premetamorphic or a very immature individual.[TAO] a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ammocoete bipinnaria caterpillar glochidium grub larval larval organism leptocephalus maggot naiad naupilus nymph planula tadpole trochophore uberon veliger wriggler zoea Wikipedia:Larva planula Wikipedia:Larva naiad Wikipedia:Larva veliger Wikipedia:Larva ammocoete Wikipedia:Larva trochophore TAO:0002048 larval organism 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002048 TAO:wd Whole organism that is premetamorphic or a very immature individual.[TAO] Wikipedia:Larva naupilus Wikipedia:Larva glochidium Wikipedia:Larva tadpole Wikipedia:Larva a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. Wikipedia:Larva leptocephalus Wikipedia:Larva zoea Wikipedia:Larva wriggler Wikipedia:Larva bipinnaria Wikipedia:Larva grub Wikipedia:Larva nymph Wikipedia:Larva maggot Wikipedia:Larva caterpillar ventral trigeminal tract FMA:72506 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1001 The ventral trigeminothalamic tract serves as pain, temperature, and light touch pathway from the face, head and neck. It receives input from trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve. It receives discriminative tactile and pressure input from the contralateral principal sensory nucleus of CN V, which terminates in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. It then ascends to the contralateral sensory cortex via three neurons . [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002549 anterior trigeminothalamic tract tractus trigeminothalamicus anterior trigeminal lemniscus-2 uberon ventral crossed tract ventral secondary ascending tract of v ventral trigeminal pathway ventral trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72506 FMA:TA tractus trigeminothalamicus anterior FMA:72506 ventral crossed tract FMA:72506 ventral trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72506 ventral trigeminal pathway The ventral trigeminothalamic tract serves as pain, temperature, and light touch pathway from the face, head and neck. It receives input from trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve. It receives discriminative tactile and pressure input from the contralateral principal sensory nucleus of CN V, which terminates in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. It then ascends to the contralateral sensory cortex via three neurons . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_trigeminal_tract FMA:72506 trigeminal lemniscus-2 FMA:72506 anterior trigeminothalamic tract anterior hypothalamic region FMA:62027 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1005 UBERON:0002550 chiasmal zone uberon FMA:62027 chiasmal zone interstitial nucleus of cajal ABA:INC BM:MB-ICA FMA:72432 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1008 SCTID:369251002 UBERON:0002551 interstitial nucleus interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (crosby) nucleus interstitialis uberon ABA FMA:72432 interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus FMA:72432 interstitial nucleus FMA:72432 FMA:TA nucleus interstitialis vestibulocerebellar tract FMA:72508 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1009 The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002552 uberon vestibulocerebellar fibers FMA:72508 vestibulocerebellar fibers The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibulocerebellar_tract anatomical cavity Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. FMA:67552 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1011 UBERON:0002553 cavity galen:Cavity uberon Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. FMA:67552 regional part of superior colliculus A multi-tissue structure that is part of a superior colliculus. FMA:85592 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1014 UBERON:0002554 segment of superior colliculus superior colliculus segment uberon FMA:85592 superior colliculus segment FMA:85592 segment of superior colliculus A multi-tissue structure that is part of a superior colliculus. OBOL:automatic intermediate hypothalamic region . Brain structure that lies perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the embryonic neural tube, is continuous with the rostral hypothalamic proliferation and whose most lateral extent is deflected dorsally within the inferior lobe.[TAO] FMA:62028 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1015 See notes for pars intermedia of adenohypophysis TAO:0006000 UBERON:0002555 area hypothalamica intermedia intermediate hypothalamic area intermediate hypothalamus uberon 2012-08-14 Brain structure that lies perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the embryonic neural tube, is continuous with the rostral hypothalamic proliferation and whose most lateral extent is deflected dorsally within the inferior lobe.[TAO] TAO TAO:0006000 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-001018-1 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-020730-6 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-081114-19 TAO:0006000 intermediate hypothalamus FMA:62028 FMA:TA area hypothalamica intermedia FMA:62028 intermediate hypothalamic area . Wikipedia:Pituitary_gland#Intermediate_lobe corticotectal tract BM:CTT FMA:72419 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1016 UBERON:0002556 corticotectal fibers corticotectal fibres fibrae corticotectales uberon FMA:72419 corticotectal fibers FMA:72419 corticotectal fibres FMA:72419 FMA:TA fibrae corticotectales linear nucleus FMA:72436 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1018 UBERON:0002557 uberon organ cavity FMA:12237 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1019 SCTID:362606005 UBERON:0002558 cavity of organ uberon FMA:12237 cavity of organ medullary reticular formation ABA:MDRN BM:Me-MeRF FMA:72241 GAID:588 MA:0001049 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1020 SCTID:369059009 TAO:0000421 The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata UBERON:0002559 ZFA:0000421 bulb reticular formation bulbar reticular formation medulla oblongata reticular formation medulla oblonmgata reticular formation medullary reticular nucleus metepencephalon reticular formation note that ZFA:0000421 is part of the the medulla oblongata, so it is placed here, rather than with the generic term reticular formation reticular formation of bulb reticular formation of medulla reticular formation of medulla oblongata reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation of metepencephalon rhombencephalic reticular formation uberon OBOL:automatic bulb reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata reticular formation ABA ABA OBOL:automatic metepencephalon reticular formation GO:0021723 rhombencephalic reticular formation ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA GO:0021723 The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata ZFA:0000421 reticular formation FMA:72241 bulbar reticular formation MA:0001049 medullary reticular nucleus FMA:72241 reticular formation of medulla ABA OBOL:automatic reticular formation of bulb OBOL:automatic reticular formation of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata reticular formation FMA ABA temporal operculum FMA:74891 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1025 SCTID:369222001 UBERON:0002560 facies supratemporalis operculum temporale uberon FMA:74891 facies supratemporalis Wikipedia:Operculum_%28brain%29 operculum temporale neuraxis cavity FMA:75007 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1029 The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube UBERON:0002561 cavity of neuraxis cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis neuraxis cavity neuraxis lumen uberon FMA:75007 cavity of neuraxis FMA:75007 neuraxis cavity FMA:75007 cavity of ventricular system of neuraxis cjm The cavity that is enclosed by the central nervous system. In vertebrates this is the cavity that includes as parts ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord that develops from the lumen of the neura tube UBERON:cjm superior frontal sulcus FMA:83755 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1030 SCTID:279342009 The superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002562 UMLS:C0228198 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray726_Superior_frontal_sulcus.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray726_Superior_frontal_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray726_Superior_frontal_sulcus.svg.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Frontal_Sulcus sulcus f1 sulcus frontalis primus sulcus frontalis superior sulcus frontalis superior superior frontal fissure uberon FMA:83755 superior frontal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1030 sulcus frontalis superior The superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_frontal_sulcus FMA:83755 sulcus f1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1030 sulcus frontalis primus Wikipedia:Superior_frontal_sulcus sulcus frontalis superior central nucleus of inferior colliculus ABA:ICc BM:MB-Tec-ICC FMA:72413 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1035 UBERON:0002563 chief nucleus of inferior colliculus inferior colliculus, central nucleus nucleus of inferior colliculus (crosby) uberon FMA:72413 chief nucleus of inferior colliculus ABA FMA FMA:72413 inferior colliculus, central nucleus lateral orbital gyrus FMA:62418 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1036 SCTID:279195001 UBERON:0002564 uberon olivary pretectal nucleus ABA:OP BM:MB-Tec-OPT FMA:72405 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1037 The pretectum, also known as the pretectal area, is a region of neurons found between the thalamus and midbrain. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002565 anterior pretectal nucleus nucleus pretectalis anterior olivary nucleus of superior colliculus pretectal olivary nucleus uberon FMA:72405 anterior pretectal nucleus FMA:72405 olivary nucleus of superior colliculus ABA FMA FMA:72405 FMA:TA nucleus pretectalis anterior ABA FMA:72405 pretectal olivary nucleus The pretectum, also known as the pretectal area, is a region of neurons found between the thalamus and midbrain. It receives binocular sensory input from retinal ganglion cells of the eyes, and is the region responsible for maintaining the pupillary light reflex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olivary_pretectal_nucleus ABA superior precentral sulcus FMA:83763 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1038 UBERON:0002566 precentral dimple sulcus praecentralis superior sulcus precentralis superior superior part of precentral fissure uberon FMA:83763 superior part of precentral fissure FMA:83763 precentral dimple NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1038 sulcus praecentralis superior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1038 sulcus precentralis superior basal part of pons FMA:72244 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1043 UBERON:0002567 basal portion of pons base of pons basilar part of pons pars basilaris pontis pons proper uberon ventral portion of pons FMA:72244 base of pons FMA:72244 basal portion of pons FMA:72244 pons proper FMA:72244 ventral portion of pons FMA:72244 basilar part of pons FMA:72244 FMA:TA pars basilaris pontis amiculum of dentate nucleus FMA:72546 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1044 UBERON:0002568 dentate nuclear amiculum uberon FMA:72546 dentate nuclear amiculum transverse temporal sulcus FMA:83782 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1045 UBERON:0002569 uberon medial orbital gyrus FMA:62419 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1046 SCTID:279194002 UBERON:0002570 uberon external nucleus of inferior colliculus ABA:ICe BM:MB-Tec-ICX FMA:72412 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1047 UBERON:0002571 uberon ABA FMA principal pretectal nucleus FMA:72402 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1048 UBERON:0002572 uberon FMA pontine reticular formation ABA:PRNr BM:Pons-PRF FMA:68876 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1050 SCTID:362403007 The reticular formation is a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002573 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/200px-Gray701.png pons of varolius reticular formation pons reticular formation pontine reticular nucleus reticular formation of pons reticular formation of pons of varolius uberon FMA:68876 reticular formation of pons FMA ABA:PRNr pontine reticular nucleus The reticular formation is a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as awaking/sleeping cycle, and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_reticular_formation FMA OBOL:automatic pons of varolius reticular formation OBOL:automatic pons reticular formation OBOL:automatic reticular formation of pons of varolius regional part of inferior olivary complex A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior olivary complex [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71259 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1052 UBERON:0002574 inferior olivary complex segment segment of inferior olivary complex uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1052 segment of inferior olivary complex A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior olivary complex [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71259 inferior olivary complex segment posterior orbital gyrus FMA:80184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1054 SCTID:279197009 UBERON:0002575 uberon temporal pole FMA:74890 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1055 SCTID:314155002 The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002576 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG polus temporalis uberon NeuroNames:126 polus temporalis The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Temporal_pole pericentral nucleus of inferior colliculus BM:MB-Tec-ICP FMA:72411 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1056 UBERON:0002577 cortex of inferior colliculus uberon FMA FMA:72411 cortex of inferior colliculus sublentiform nucleus FMA:72404 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1057 UBERON:0002578 uberon FMA regional part of medullary reticular formation A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary reticular formation [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:73730 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1060 UBERON:0002579 medullary reticular formation segment segment of medullary reticular formation uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1060 segment of medullary reticular formation A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary reticular formation [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:73730 medullary reticular formation segment brachium of superior colliculus BM:MB-BSC FMA:72417 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1065 The brachium of superior colliculus (or superior brachium) extends lateralward from the superior colliculus, and, passing between the pulvinar and medial geniculate body, is partly continued into an eminence called the lateral geniculate body, and partly into the optic tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002580 brachium colliculi superioris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG superior brachium superior collicular brachium superior colliculus brachium superior quadrigeminal brachium uberon Wikipedia:Brachium_of_superior_colliculus brachium colliculi superioris FMA:72417 superior quadrigeminal brachium FMA:72417 superior colliculus brachium The brachium of superior colliculus (or superior brachium) extends lateralward from the superior colliculus, and, passing between the pulvinar and medial geniculate body, is partly continued into an eminence called the lateral geniculate body, and partly into the optic tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachium_of_superior_colliculus FMA:72417 superior collicular brachium FMA:72417 superior brachium postcentral gyrus BTO:0004354 EFO:0001383 FMA:61896 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1070 SCTID:279167001 The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Penfield, and parallel surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as 'primary somatosensory cortex', as it received the bulk of the thalamocortical projection from the sensory input fields. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002581 UMLS:C0152302 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Postcentral_gyrus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Postcentral_gyrus.png/200px-Postcentral_gyrus.png ncithesaurus:Postcentral_Gyrus postcentral convolution posterior central gyrus postrolandic gyrus uberon The lateral postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe of the human brain and an important landmark. It was initially defined from surface stimulation studies of Penfield, and parallel surface potential studies of Bard, Woolsey, and Marshall. Although initially defined to be roughly the same as Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2, more recent work by Kaas has suggested that for homogeny with other sensory fields only area 3 should be referred to as 'primary somatosensory cortex', as it received the bulk of the thalamocortical projection from the sensory input fields. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Postcentral_gyrus FMA:61896 postrolandic gyrus FMA:61896 postcentral convolution FMA:61896 posterior central gyrus anterior calcarine sulcus FMA:83750 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1072 UBERON:0002582 anterior calcarine fissure sulcus calcarinus anterior uberon FMA:83750 anterior calcarine fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1072 sulcus calcarinus anterior commissure of superior colliculus A commissure that is part of a superior colliculus [Automatically generated definition]. BM:MB-Tec-SC-SCX FMA:72418 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1073 SCTID:369258008 TAO:0000684 UBERON:0002583 ZFA:0000684 anterior colliculus commissure anterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure commissure of anterior colliculus commissure of anterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure of cranial colliculus commissure of optic tectum commissure of superior colliculi cranial colliculus commissure intertectal commissure optic tectum commissure superior colliculus commissure uberon OBOL:automatic commissure of optic tectum FMA:72418 commissure of superior colliculi OBOL:automatic commissure of cranial colliculus FMA:72418 superior colliculus commissure OBOL:automatic commissure of anterior colliculus OBOL:automatic commissure of anterior corpus quadrigeminum A commissure that is part of a superior colliculus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anterior colliculus commissure ZFA:0000684 intertectal commissure OBOL:automatic optic tectum commissure OBOL:automatic anterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure OBOL:automatic cranial colliculus commissure regional part of vestibular nuclear complex A regional part of brain that is part of a vestibular nuclear complex [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71267 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1080 UBERON:0002584 segment of vestibular nuclear complex uberon vestibular nuclear complex segment FMA:71267 vestibular nuclear complex segment A regional part of brain that is part of a vestibular nuclear complex [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1080 segment of vestibular nuclear complex central tegmental tract of midbrain FMA:72456 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1081 SCTID:369243000 UBERON:0002585 uberon calcarine sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-CAS FMA:83749 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1086 SCTID:279355005 The calcarine fissure is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002586 UMLS:C0228224 calcarine fissure ncithesaurus:Calcarine_Sulcus sulcus calcarinus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1086 sulcus calcarinus The calcarine fissure is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Calcarine_sulcus FMA:83749 calcarine fissure nucleus subceruleus ABA:SLC FMA:72479 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1088 UBERON:0002587 nucleus subcaeruleus subcaerulean nucleus subceruleus nucleus subcoeruleus nucleus uberon FMA:72479 FMA:TA nucleus subcaeruleus ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72479 subcaerulean nucleus decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle BM:BCX FMA:72455 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1089 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle located in the caudal midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus, consisting of a large bundle of fibers crossing the midline. It contains fibers projecting from the deep cerebellar nucleus to the midbrain and thalamus through the superior cerebellar peduncle (MM). The decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle is the portion of the superior cerebellar peduncle which crosses into the midbrain. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:369252009 UBERON:0002588 UBERON:0003032 Wernekink's decussation decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum decussation of brachium conjunctivum decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray711.png/200px-Gray711.png superior cerebellar peduncle decussation uberon FMA:72455 decussation of brachium conjunctivum FMA:72455 FMA:TA decussatio pedunculorum cerebellarium superiorum FMA:72455 superior cerebellar peduncle decussation FMA:72455 decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles FMA:72455 Wernekink's decussation NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1089 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle located in the caudal midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus, consisting of a large bundle of fibers crossing the midline. It contains fibers projecting from the deep cerebellar nucleus to the midbrain and thalamus through the superior cerebellar peduncle (MM). The decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle is the portion of the superior cerebellar peduncle which crosses into the midbrain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Decussation_of_superior_cerebellar_peduncle FMA lateral corticospinal tract FMA:72635 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1095 SCTID:369091005 The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract. Its fibres arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the opposite side. They pass downward in company with those of the anterior corticospinal tract through the same side of the brain as that from which they originate, but they cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata and descend in the lateral funiculus of the medulla spinalis. The lateral corticospinal tract controls movement of contralateral limbs. Control of more central axial and girdle muscles comes from the anterior corticospinal tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002589 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg lateral pyramidal tract tractus corticospinalis lateralis, fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_corticospinal_tract tractus corticospinalis lateralis, fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis FMA:72635 lateral pyramidal tract The lateral corticospinal tract (also called the crossed pyramidal tract or lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus) is the largest part of the corticospinal tract. It extends throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis, and on transverse section appears as an oval area in front of the posterior column and medial to the posterior spinocerebellar tract. Its fibres arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the opposite side. They pass downward in company with those of the anterior corticospinal tract through the same side of the brain as that from which they originate, but they cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata and descend in the lateral funiculus of the medulla spinalis. The lateral corticospinal tract controls movement of contralateral limbs. Control of more central axial and girdle muscles comes from the anterior corticospinal tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_corticospinal_tract prepyriform area (pre-)piriform cortex ABA:PIR BM:Tel-PRP FMA:62484 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 SCTID:369104008 UBERON:0002590 gyrus olfactorius lateralis lateral olfactory gyrus piriform cortex (price) piriform olfactory cortex prepiriform cortex prepyriform cortex pyriform area uberon ABA ABA FMA:62484 FMA:TA gyrus olfactorius lateralis FMA:62484 prepiriform cortex ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 piriform olfactory cortex FMA:62484 prepyriform cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 pyriform area (pre-)piriform cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 FMA:62484 lateral olfactory gyrus oral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus ABA:SPVO FMA:235322 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1100 UBERON:0002591 uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA juxtarestiform body FMA:72613 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1101 SCTID:110687007 The juxtarestiform body is a subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which comprises both the juxtarestiform and restiform bodies. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002592 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Gray677.png uberon The juxtarestiform body is a subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which comprises both the juxtarestiform and restiform bodies. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Juxtarestiform_body orbital operculum FMA:74887 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1102 UBERON:0002593 uberon dentatothalamic tract FMA:72462 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1104 The dentatothalamic tract (or dentatorubrothalamic tract) is a tract which connects the dentate nucleus and the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002594 dentatothalamic fibers tractus dentatothalamicus uberon Wikipedia:Dentatothalamic_tract tractus dentatothalamicus FMA:72462 dentatothalamic fibers The dentatothalamic tract (or dentatorubrothalamic tract) is a tract which connects the dentate nucleus and the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dentatothalamic_tract orbital sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-ORS FMA:83770 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1112 SCTID:314143008 The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well-marked H-shaped orbital sulcus UBERON:0002595 UMLS:C0228206 cruciate sulcus of campbell ncithesaurus:Orbital_Sulcus orbital sulci sulci orbitalis sulcus orbitalis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1112 cruciate sulcus of campbell sulci orbitalis FMA:83770 orbital sulci The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well-marked H-shaped orbital sulcus Wikipedia:Orbital_sulcus FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1112 sulcus orbitalis ventral posterior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VPI BTO:0004373 BTO:0004374 EV:0100209 FMA:62187 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1116 SCTID:279147005 The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002596 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nucleus ventrales posteriores nucleus ventralis posterior uberon ventral posterior thalamic nucleus ventrobasal complex ventrobasal nucleus FMA:62187 ventrobasal nucleus FMA The ventral posterior nucleus is the somato-sensory relay nucleus in thalamus of the brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_posterior_nucleus FMA:62187 ventrobasal complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1116 nucleus ventrales posteriores FMA:62187 ventral posterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1116 nucleus ventralis posterior principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve ABA:PSV BM:VP EHDAA2:0004628 EV:0100274 FMA:54533 GO has pontine nucleus as a child of trigeminal sensory nucleus, WP says this is a synonym, but we have a separate class for this - UBERON:0002151 MA:0002740 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1120 SCTID:369031008 The principal sensory nucleus (or chief sensory nucleus of V) is a group of second order neurons which have cell bodies in the dorsal Pons. It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V. Most of the sensory information crosses the midline and travels to the contralateral ventral posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Ventral Trigeminothalamic Tract, but information of the oral cavity travels to the ipsilateral Ventral Posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Dorsal Trigeminothalamic Tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002597 UMLS:C0228701 chief sensory nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png main sensory nucleus main sensory nucleus of cranial nerve v ncithesaurus:Principal_Sensory_Nucleus_of_the_Trigeminal_Nerve pontine nucleus principal sensory nucleus principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve principal sensory trigeminal nucleus principal trigeminal nucleus superior trigeminal nucleus superior trigeminal sensory nucleus trigeminal V chief sensory nucleus trigeminal V principal sensory nucleus trigeminal nerve superior sensory nucleus uberon NIF FMA:54533 principal sensory trigeminal nucleus MA:0002740 trigeminal V principal sensory nucleus FMA:54533 main sensory nucleus GO:0021730 The principal sensory nucleus (or chief sensory nucleus of V) is a group of second order neurons which have cell bodies in the dorsal Pons. It receives information about discriminative sensation and light touch of the face as well as conscious proprioception of the jaw via first order neurons of CN V. Most of the sensory information crosses the midline and travels to the contralateral ventral posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Ventral Trigeminothalamic Tract, but information of the oral cavity travels to the ipsilateral Ventral Posteriomedial (VPM) of the thalamus via the Dorsal Trigeminothalamic Tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Chief_sensory_nucleus FMA:54533 chief sensory nucleus FMA:54533 superior trigeminal nucleus ABA FMA:54533 trigeminal nerve superior sensory nucleus MA:0002740 trigeminal V chief sensory nucleus FMA:54533 superior trigeminal sensory nucleus ABA MA FMA:54533 principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve FMA:54533 principal trigeminal nucleus ABA GO:0021740 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nuclei pontine nucleus paracentral sulcus FMA:83762 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1121 SCTID:369228002 UBERON:0002598 sulcus subcentralis medialis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1121 sulcus subcentralis medialis medial olfactory gyrus FMA:74509 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1127 SCTID:369103002 UBERON:0002599 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy limbic lobe FMA:72719 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1128 SCTID:279215006 The limbic lobe (also known as the Cingulate) is a portion of the brain associated with functions such as olfaction and emotion. It contains parts of other lobes, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal. Its main components are the fornicate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala It is related to the term limbic system, but unlike that term, 'limbic lobe' is a part of the Terminologia Anatomica, and there is less disagreement over what is included in the 'limbic lobe' than there is over what is included in the 'limbic system'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002600 fornicate gyrus grande lobe limbique of broca http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Human_brain_inferior-medial_view_description.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_brain_inferior-medial_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_inferior-medial_view_description.JPG limbic lobe (carpenter) lobus limbicus uberon Wikipedia:Limbic_lobe lobus limbicus FMA:72719 fornicate gyrus The limbic lobe (also known as the Cingulate) is a portion of the brain associated with functions such as olfaction and emotion. It contains parts of other lobes, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal. Its main components are the fornicate gyrus, the hippocampus, and the amygdala It is related to the term limbic system, but unlike that term, 'limbic lobe' is a part of the Terminologia Anatomica, and there is less disagreement over what is included in the 'limbic lobe' than there is over what is included in the 'limbic system'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Limbic_lobe fasciolar gyrus ABA:FC BTO:0002497 FMA:61921 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1129 SCTID:279210001 TODO - existing definitions, synonyms and relationships in existing AOs seem contradictory; to be resolved. We take the dentate gyrus relationship from BTO, and it is also implied by the FMA synonym. However, FMA says archiortex (embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus) and NIF says limbic lobe (which is more general than hippocampus). ABA xref made on basis of BTO related synonym UBERON:0002601 a small paired band that passes around the splenium of the corpus callosum from the lateral longitudinal stria to the dentate gyrus[Biology-Online]. A posterior and upward extension of the dentate gyrus, forming a transitional area between the dentate gyrus and the indusium griseum[BTO]. fasciola cinerea gyrus fasciolaris retrosplenial gyrus of hippocampus uberon FMA:61921 retrosplenial gyrus of hippocampus ABA BTO:0002497 fasciola cinerea ABA BTO:0002497 a small paired band that passes around the splenium of the corpus callosum from the lateral longitudinal stria to the dentate gyrus[Biology-Online]. A posterior and upward extension of the dentate gyrus, forming a transitional area between the dentate gyrus and the indusium griseum[BTO]. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Fasciolar_gyrus BTO:0002497 gyrus fasciolaris emboliform nucleus FMA:72538 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1135 The emboliform nucleus lies immediately to the medial side of the nucleus dentatus, and partly covering its hilus. It is one among the four pairs of cerebellar nuclei, which are from lateral to medial: the dentate, interposed (emboliform and globose), and fastigial nuclei. These nuclei can be seen using the Weigert method staining. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002602 anterior interposed nucleus anterior interpositus nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray707.png nucleus emboliformis nucleus interpositus anterior uberon FMA:72538 anterior interpositus nucleus FMA:72538 anterior interposed nucleus Wikipedia:Emboliform_nucleus nucleus emboliformis FMA:72538 FMA:TA nucleus interpositus anterior The emboliform nucleus lies immediately to the medial side of the nucleus dentatus, and partly covering its hilus. It is one among the four pairs of cerebellar nuclei, which are from lateral to medial: the dentate, interposed (emboliform and globose), and fastigial nuclei. These nuclei can be seen using the Weigert method staining. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Emboliform_nucleus paraterminal gyrus FMA:61919 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1138 The paraterminal gyrus (subcallosal gyrus, peduncle of the corpus callosum) is a narrow lamina on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the lamina terminalis, behind the parolfactory area, and below the rostrum of the corpus callosum. It is continuous around the genu of the corpus callosum with the supracallosal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002603 gyrus paraterminalis, gyrus subcallosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray732.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png precommissural hippocampus subcallosal gyrus uberon FMA:61919 precommissural hippocampus The paraterminal gyrus (subcallosal gyrus, peduncle of the corpus callosum) is a narrow lamina on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the lamina terminalis, behind the parolfactory area, and below the rostrum of the corpus callosum. It is continuous around the genu of the corpus callosum with the supracallosal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Paraterminal_gyrus Wikipedia:Paraterminal_gyrus gyrus paraterminalis, gyrus subcallosus FMA:61919 subcallosal gyrus ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLLv BM:LLV FMA:72484 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1140 The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002604 anterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/200px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG nucleus anterior lemnisci lateralis nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, ventral part uberon ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus FMA:72484 FMA:TA nucleus anterior lemnisci lateralis ABA:NLLv nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, ventral part FMA:72484 ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus FMA NIF The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_nucleus_of_the_lateral_lemniscus FMA:72484 anterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus precentral operculum FMA:74888 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1141 UBERON:0002605 uberon neuropil A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells of the central nervous system[MESH] FBbt:00005139 FMA:261269 GAID:740 MESH:A08.637.500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1142 NIF_Subcellular:sao205380252 SCTID:67146008 UBERON:0002606 UMLS:C0228081 ncithesaurus:Neuropil neuropilus uberon A dense intricate feltwork of interwoven fine glial processes, fibrils, synaptic terminals, axons, and dendrites interspersed among the nerve cells of the central nervous system[MESH] MESH:A08.637.500 Wikipedia:Neuropil Wikipedia:Neuropil neuropilus FBbt superior rostral sulcus FMA:83766 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1143 UBERON:0002607 sulcus rostralis superior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1143 sulcus rostralis superior caudal part of ventral lateral nucleus FMA:62194 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 UBERON:0002608 dorsal part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) nucleus dorsooralis (van buren) nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs dorsalis nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis uberon ventral lateral nucleus, caudal part ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis FMA:62194 ventral lateral nucleus, caudal part FMA:62194 ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1144 nucleus dorsooralis (van buren) spinothalamic tract of midbrain FMA:72463 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1150 SCTID:369090006 UBERON:0002609 uberon FMA cochlear nuclear complex ABA:CN BM:Me-Co EV:0100260 FMA:72240 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1151 The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002610 UMLS:C0152411 cochlear nuclei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray691.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Nuclei nuclei cochleares uberon ABA The cochlear nuclei consist of: (a) the dorsal cochlear nucleus, corresponding to the tuberculum acusticum on the dorso-lateral surface of the inferior peduncle; and (b) the ventral or accessory cochlear nucleus, placed between the two divisions of the nerve, on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cochlear_nuclei ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Cochlear_nuclei nuclei cochleares ABA FMA:72240 cochlear nuclei obsolete node of ranvier . UBERON:0002611 in GO ranvier node ranvier's node true uberon FMA:67368 ranvier node . Wikipedia:Node_of_ranvier FMA:67368 ranvier's node transverse orbital sulcus FMA:83771 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1155 UBERON:0002612 sulcus orbitalis transversus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1155 sulcus orbitalis transversus globose nucleus FMA:72536 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1158 The globose nucleus is one of the deep cerebellar nuclei. It is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus. This nucleus contains primarily large and small multipolar neurons. The globose nucleus and emboliform nucleus are occasionally referred to collectively as the interposed nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002613 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray707.png nucleus globosus nucleus interpositus posterior posterior interposed nucleus posterior interpositus nucleus uberon FMA:72536 FMA:TA nucleus interpositus posterior FMA:72536 posterior interpositus nucleus FMA:72536 posterior interposed nucleus Wikipedia:Globose_nucleus nucleus globosus The globose nucleus is one of the deep cerebellar nuclei. It is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus. This nucleus contains primarily large and small multipolar neurons. The globose nucleus and emboliform nucleus are occasionally referred to collectively as the interposed nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Globose_nucleus medial part of ventral lateral nucleus ABA:VM BM:Die-Th-VM FMA:62195 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 UBERON:0002614 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars medialis nucleus ventrooralis medialis (hassler) uberon ventral lateral nucleus, medial part ventral medial nucleus ventral medial nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars medialis FMA:62195 ventral lateral nucleus, medial part FMA:62195 ventral medial nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 nucleus ventrooralis medialis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1159 ventral medial nucleus of thalamus ventral tegmental decussation FMA:72452 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1163 SCTID:369249001 UBERON:0002615 anterior tegmental decussation decussatio tegmentalis anterior decussation of forel uberon ventral tegmental decussation of forel FMA:72452 FMA:TA decussatio tegmentalis anterior FMA:72452 anterior tegmental decussation regional part of brain A multi-tissue structure that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:55676 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1167 SCTID:384763002 UBERON:0002616 UMLS:C0445620 anatomical structure of brain biological structure of brain brain anatomical structure brain biological structure brain part ncithesaurus:Brain_Part neuraxis segment segment of brain uberon A multi-tissue structure that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain FMA:55676 neuraxis segment OBOL:automatic anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain biological structure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1167 segment of brain pars postrema of ventral lateral nucleus FMA:62196 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 UBERON:0002617 nucleus dorsointermedius externus magnocellularis (hassler) nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs postremus nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars postrema posterodorsal part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) uberon ventral lateral nucleus (pars postrema) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 nucleus dorsointermedius externus magnocellularis (hassler) FMA:62196 ventral lateral nucleus (pars postrema) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs postremus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1170 nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, pars postrema trochlear nerve fibers FMA:71116 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1172 UBERON:0002618 UBERON:0002674 central part of trochlear nerve trochlear nerve fibers trochlear nerve root trochlear nerve tract uberon FMA FMA:71116 trochlear nerve root FMA:71116 trochlear nerve tract FMA:71116 central part of trochlear nerve FMA:71116 trochlear nerve fibers regional part of cerebral cortex A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebral cortex [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:242193 MA:0000187 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1173 SCTID:119408004 UBERON:0002619 UBERON:0003208 cerebral cortex part cerebral cortex region neocortex region region of cerebral cortex segment of cerebral cortex todo - check MA term uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebral cortex [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000187 neocortex region MA:0000187 cerebral cortex region NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1173 segment of cerebral cortex FMA:242193 region of cerebral cortex tuber cinereum FMA:62327 GAID:649 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.352.870 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1189 SCTID:362381006 The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammilary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002620 UMLS:C0041283 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray724.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray724.png/200px-Gray724.png ncithesaurus:Tuber_Cinereum uberon The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammilary bodies and the optic chiasm. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tuber_cinereum regional part of cochlear nuclear complex A regional part of brain that is part of a cochlear nuclear complex [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:83952 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1195 UBERON:0002621 cochlear nuclear complex segment segment of cochlear nuclear complex uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1195 segment of cochlear nuclear complex FMA:83952 cochlear nuclear complex segment A regional part of brain that is part of a cochlear nuclear complex [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic preoptic periventricular nucleus FMA:62324 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1201 SCTID:369127000 The preoptic periventricular nucleus is located along the midline and is medial to the medial preoptic nucleus.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002622 nucleus preopticus periventricularis periventricular preoptic nucleus preoptic periventricular hypothalamic nucleus uberon FMA:62324 preoptic periventricular hypothalamic nucleus FMA:62324 periventricular preoptic nucleus The preoptic periventricular nucleus is located along the midline and is medial to the medial preoptic nucleus.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area#Preoptic_periventricular_nucleus FMA:62324 FMA:TA nucleus preopticus periventricularis cerebral peduncle BM:CP BTO:0004676 EFO:0001987 FMA:62394 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1202 SCTID:362391000 The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum. The region includes the midbrain tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the crus cerebri or the pes pedunculi There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem. Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei. In as much as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles. On a broad scale, though, this area contains many nerve tracts conveying motor information to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Important fibers running through the cerebral peduncles include the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract, among others. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002623 UMLS:C0007793 cerebral peduncle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray689.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gray689.png/200px-Gray689.png ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Peduncle peduncle of midbrain pedunculus cerebri pedunculus cerebri uberon FMA:62394 cerebral peduncle FMA FMA:62394 FMA:TA pedunculus cerebri Wikipedia:Cerebral_peduncle pedunculus cerebri FMA:62394 peduncle of midbrain The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum. The region includes the midbrain tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra and pretectum. By this definition, the cerebral peduncles are also known as the basis pedunculi, while the large ventral bundle of efferent fibers is referred to as the crus cerebri or the pes pedunculi There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem. Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei. In as much as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles. On a broad scale, though, this area contains many nerve tracts conveying motor information to and from the brain to the rest of the body. Important fibers running through the cerebral peduncles include the corticospinal tract and the corticobulbar tract, among others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_peduncle orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus FMA:61982 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1207 UBERON:0002624 UMLS:C0262300 inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part ncithesaurus:Orbital_Part_of_the_Inferior_Frontal_Gyrus pars orbitalis gyri frontalis inferioris uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1207 pars orbitalis gyri frontalis inferioris FMA:61982 inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part median preoptic nucleus ABA:MEPO BM:MPO FMA:62323 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1208 The median preoptic nucleus is located along the midline in a position significantly dorsal to the other 3 preoptic nuclei, at least in the macaca fascicularis brain. It wraps around the top (dorsal), front, and bottom (ventral) surfaces of the anterior commissure. The median preoptic nucleus generates thirst. Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in the median preoptic nucleus. UBERON:0002625 uberon The median preoptic nucleus is located along the midline in a position significantly dorsal to the other 3 preoptic nuclei, at least in the macaca fascicularis brain. It wraps around the top (dorsal), front, and bottom (ventral) surfaces of the anterior commissure. The median preoptic nucleus generates thirst. Drinking decreases noradrenaline release in the median preoptic nucleus. Wikipedia:Preoptic_area#Median_preoptic_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA head of caudate nucleus EMAPA:18547 FMA:61852 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1212 SCTID:279298007 UBERON:0002626 caput (caudatus) caudate nuclear head uberon FMA:61852 caudate nuclear head FMA:61852 caput (caudatus) capsule of medial geniculate body FMA:62049 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1214 UBERON:0002627 capsula corporis geniculati medialis medial geniculate body capsule uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1214 capsula corporis geniculati medialis FMA:62049 medial geniculate body capsule tail of caudate nucleus EMAPA:18548 FMA:61854 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1215 SCTID:279299004 UBERON:0002628 caudate nuclear tail uberon FMA:61854 caudate nuclear tail triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus FMA:61980 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1216 UBERON:0002629 UMLS:C0262350 ncithesaurus:Triangular_Part_of_the_Inferior_Frontal_Gyrus pars triangularis gyri frontalis inferioris uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1216 pars triangularis gyri frontalis inferioris body of caudate nucleus FMA:61853 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1217 SCTID:314175006 UBERON:0002630 caudate nuclear body corpus (caudatus) uberon FMA:61853 caudate nuclear body FMA:61853 corpus (caudatus) cerebral crus BTO:0004677 EV:0100243 FMA:72464 MA:0001056 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1218 The cerebral crus is the anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle which contains the motor tracts, the plural of which is cerebral crura. In some older texts, it is used as a synonym for the entire cerebral peduncle, not just the anterior portion of it. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002631 base of cerebral peduncle cerebral peduncle (clinical definition) crura cerebri crus cerebri crus cerebri http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png ncithesaurus:Crus_Cerebri uberon EV:0100243 crus cerebri BTO:0004677 base of cerebral peduncle Wikipedia:Cerebral_crus crus cerebri FMA:72464 cerebral peduncle (clinical definition) BTO:0004677 crus cerebri BTO FMA-abduced-lr MA:0001056 crura cerebri The cerebral crus is the anterior portion of the cerebral peduncle which contains the motor tracts, the plural of which is cerebral crura. In some older texts, it is used as a synonym for the entire cerebral peduncle, not just the anterior portion of it. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cerebral_crus medial part of medial mammillary nucleus ABA:Mmme FMA:62345 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1220 UBERON:0002632 medial mammillary nucleus (carpenter) medial mammillary nucleus, medial part medial mammillary nucleus, median part medial subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus uberon FMA:62345 medial mammillary nucleus, medial part FMA:62345 medial mammillary nucleus, median part FMA:62345 medial subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve ABA:V BM:Vm BTO:0001075 EV:0100273 FMA:54562 MA:0001029 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1222 SCTID:38390003 TAO:0001365 The trigeminal motor nucleus contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch, namely the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric. UBERON:0002633 UMLS:C0228700 VHOG:0001355 ZFA:0001365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png motor nucleus V motor nucleus of cranial nerve v motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve motor trigeminal nucleus nV ncithesaurus:Motor_Nucleus_of_the_Trigeminal_Nerve note this in ZFA this is part of the medulla; pons is a dubious structure for zebrafish nucleus motorius nervi trigemini nucleus motorius nervi trigemini trigeminal V motor nucleus trigeminal motor nuclei trigeminal motor nucleus uberon ABA MA:0001029 trigeminal V motor nucleus FMA MA ABA ABA ABA TAO:0001365 trigeminal motor nuclei ABA ZFA:0001365 motor nucleus V FMA:54562 motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve Wikipedia:Trigeminal_motor_nucleus nucleus motorius nervi trigemini NIF ZFA:0001365 trigeminal motor nucleus The trigeminal motor nucleus contains motor neurons that innervate muscles of the first branchial arch, namely the muscles of mastication, the tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_motor_nucleus BTO:0001075 motor trigeminal nucleus ABA ABA ABA ZFA:0001365 nV ABA FMA:54562 FMA:TA nucleus motorius nervi trigemini ABA anterior nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:AHN BM:Die-Hy-HAA BTO:0002450 EV:0100231 FMA:62319 GAID:642 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.342.063 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1226 SCTID:369133009 The Anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. Its function is thermoregulation (the maintenance of body temperature between certain parameters) of the body. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002634 anterior hypothalamic area anterior hypothalamic nucleus area hypothalamica rostralis fundamental gray substance http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HypothalamicNuclei.PNG/200px-HypothalamicNuclei.PNG nucleus anterior hypothalami parvocellular nucleus of hypothalamus uberon FMA:62319 anterior hypothalamic area ABA FMA:62319 FMA:TA area hypothalamica rostralis The Anterior hypothalamic nucleus is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. Its function is thermoregulation (the maintenance of body temperature between certain parameters) of the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_hypothalamic_nucleus BTO:0002450 nucleus anterior hypothalami FMA:62319 fundamental gray substance ABA FMA:62319 parvocellular nucleus of hypothalamus ABA FMA:62319 anterior hypothalamic nucleus ABA Wikipedia:Anterior_hypothalamic_nucleus nucleus anterior hypothalami regional part of midbrain tegmentum A multi-tissue structure that is part of a midbrain tegmentum. FMA:62399 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1227 UBERON:0002635 midbrain tegmentum segment segment of midbrain tegmentum uberon A multi-tissue structure that is part of a midbrain tegmentum. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1227 segment of midbrain tegmentum FMA:62399 midbrain tegmentum segment lateral pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Pll FMA:62181 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 UBERON:0002636 lateral pulvinar nucleus of thalamus nucleus pulvinaris lateralis nucleus pulvinaris lateralis (hassler) nucleus pulvinaris lateralis thalami nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars lateralis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris lateralis thalami FMA:62181 lateral pulvinar nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1228 nucleus pulvinaris lateralis (hassler) ventral anterior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VA BTO:0002468 EV:0100199 FMA:62184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 SCTID:279131008 The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002637 UMLS:C0175276 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png ncithesaurus:Ventroanterior_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nucleus lateropolaris nucleus ventralis anterior nucleus ventralis anterior thalami nucleus ventralis anterior thalami nucleus ventralis thalami anterior uberon ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus ventral anterior thalamic nucleus ventroanterior nucleus of the thalamus ventroanterior thalamic nucleus FMA:62184 ventral anterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus ventralis anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus ventralis anterior thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus lateropolaris NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 ventroanterior thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1232 nucleus ventralis thalami anterior FMA:62184 ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus Wikipedia:Ventral_anterior_nucleus nucleus ventralis anterior thalami The ventral anterior nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_anterior_nucleus medial pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Plm FMA:62182 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 UBERON:0002638 nucleus pulvinaris medialis nucleus pulvinaris medialis thalami nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars medialis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 nucleus pulvinaris medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 nucleus pulvinaris medialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1233 nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars medialis midbrain reticular formation A reticular formation that is part of a midbrain. BM:MB-MBRF FMA:62406 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1235 SCTID:369234009 UBERON:0002639 reticular formation of midbrain tegmental reticular formation uberon FMA:62406 tegmental reticular formation FMA:62406 reticular formation of midbrain A reticular formation that is part of a midbrain. OBOL:automatic cuneocerebellar tract FMA:72637 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1238 The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers) take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the inferior peduncle of the same side. It is uncertain whether fibers are continued directly from the gracile and cuneate fasciculi into the inferior peduncle. The term 'cuneocerebellar tract' is sometimes used to collectively refer to the posterior external arcuate fibers. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002640 cuneocerebellar fibers http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray699.png/200px-Gray699.png uberon The posterior external arcuate fibers (dorsal external arcuate fibers) take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei; they pass to the inferior peduncle of the same side. It is uncertain whether fibers are continued directly from the gracile and cuneate fasciculi into the inferior peduncle. The term 'cuneocerebellar tract' is sometimes used to collectively refer to the posterior external arcuate fibers. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cuneocerebellar_tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1238 cuneocerebellar fibers oral pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Pla FMA:62180 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1239 UBERON:0002641 anterior pulvinar nucleus nucleus pulvinaris anterior nucleus pulvinaris oralis nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami oral nuclear group of pulvinar oral part of pulvinar oral portion of pulvinar uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1239 nucleus pulvinaris oralis FMA:62180 oral part of pulvinar NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1239 nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami FMA:62180 anterior pulvinar nucleus FMA:62180 FMA:TA nucleus pulvinaris anterior FMA:62180 oral portion of pulvinar FMA:62180 oral nuclear group of pulvinar cuneate fasciculus of medulla A cuneate fasciculus that is part of a medulla oblongata. FMA:72623 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1242 TODO - change definition to be the *whole* of the CF in the MO. isa parentage to fasciculus of brain should be inferred UBERON:0002642 uberon A cuneate fasciculus that is part of a medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic decussation of medial lemniscus BM:Me-LMX FMA:72622 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1245 The sensory decussation or decussation of the lemniscus is a decussation or cross over of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. The fibres of this decussation are called the internal arcuate fibres and are found at the superior aspect of the closed medulla superior to the motor decussation. It is part of the second neuron in the Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002643 decussatio lemnisci medialis decussation of lemnisci decussation of lemniscus decussation of medial lemnisci http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray759.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray759.png/200px-Gray759.png medial lemniscus decussation medullary sensory decussation sensory decussation uberon FMA:72622 decussation of lemnisci The sensory decussation or decussation of the lemniscus is a decussation or cross over of axons from the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. The fibres of this decussation are called the internal arcuate fibres and are found at the superior aspect of the closed medulla superior to the motor decussation. It is part of the second neuron in the Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sensory_decussation FMA:72622 medullary sensory decussation FMA:72622 sensory decussation FMA:72622 medial lemniscus decussation Wikipedia:Sensory_decussation decussatio lemnisci medialis FMA:72622 decussation of medial lemnisci FMA:72622 decussation of lemniscus intermediate orbital gyrus FMA:80183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1247 UBERON:0002644 uberon densocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62163 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1255 UBERON:0002645 nucleus medialis dorsalis paralamellaris (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars densocellularis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1255 nucleus medialis dorsalis paralamellaris (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1255 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars densocellularis dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of medulla A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72617 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1257 UBERON:0002646 bundle of Schutz of medulla fasciculus of Schutz of medulla medulla bundle of Schutz medulla dorsal longitudinal fasciculus medulla fasciculus of Schutz medulla posterior longitudinal fasciculus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of medulla uberon OBOL:automatic medulla bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic medulla posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic medulla dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of medulla A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of medulla magnocellular part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62161 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 UBERON:0002647 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part magnocellular mediodorsal nucleus magnocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus magnocellular part of dorsomedial nucleus magnocellular part of mediodorsal nucleus nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars magnocellularis nucleus medialis fibrosus nucleus medialis fibrosus (hassler) pars magnocellularis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 nucleus medialis fibrosus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 magnocellular part of mediodorsal nucleus FMA:62161 magnocellular part of dorsomedial nucleus FMA:62161 magnocellular mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 nucleus medialis fibrosus (hassler) FMA FMA:62161 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1262 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars magnocellularis FMA:62161 FMA:TA pars magnocellularis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62161 magnocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus anterior median eminence FMA:74870 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1264 UBERON:0002648 uberon dorsolateral fasciculus of medulla . FMA:72616 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1267 SCTID:369287009 UBERON:0002649 UMLS:C0228587 dorsolateral tract lissauer's tract ncithesaurus:Tract_of_Lissauer posterolateral fasciculus posterolateral tract tract of lissauer tractus posterolateralis uberon zone of lissauer FMA:72616 FMA:TA tractus posterolateralis FMA:72616 posterolateral tract . Wikipedia:Lissauer's_tract FMA:72616 dorsolateral tract FMA:72616 posterolateral fasciculus FMA:72616 lissauer's tract paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62160 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 UBERON:0002650 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part nucleus medialis dorsalis caudalis (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami, pars multiformis nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars multiformis nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars paralaminaris paralaminar part of dorsomedial nucleus paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus pars paralaminaris nuclei mediodorsalis thalami pars paralaminaris of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus uberon ventral mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars multiformis FMA:62160 paralaminar part of dorsomedial nucleus FMA:62160 FMA:TA pars paralaminaris nuclei mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62160 ventral mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars paralaminaris FMA:62160 paralaminar part of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62160 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, paralaminar part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis thalami, pars multiformis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1276 nucleus medialis dorsalis caudalis (hassler) FMA:62160 pars paralaminaris of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus anterior horn of lateral ventricle FMA:74520 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1279 SCTID:279247001 The anterior cornu (frontal horn, anterior horn; precornu) of the lateral ventricle passes forward and lateralward, with a slight inclination downward, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, curving around the anterior end of the caudate nucleus. Its floor is formed by the upper surface of the reflected portion of the corpus callosum, the rostrum. It is bounded medially by the anterior portion of the septum pellucidum, and laterally by the head of the caudate nucleus. Its apex reaches the posterior surface of the genu of the corpus callosum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002651 UMLS:C0152281 anterior horn of lateral ventricle cornu anterius cornu anterius ventriculi lateralis frontal horn of lateral ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray735.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray735.png/200px-Gray735.png ncithesaurus:Frontal_Horn_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle uberon FMA:74520 FMA:TA cornu anterius ventriculi lateralis Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_lateral_ventricle cornu anterius FMA:74520 anterior horn of lateral ventricle The anterior cornu (frontal horn, anterior horn; precornu) of the lateral ventricle passes forward and lateralward, with a slight inclination downward, from the interventricular foramen into the frontal lobe, curving around the anterior end of the caudate nucleus. Its floor is formed by the upper surface of the reflected portion of the corpus callosum, the rostrum. It is bounded medially by the anterior portion of the septum pellucidum, and laterally by the head of the caudate nucleus. Its apex reaches the posterior surface of the genu of the corpus callosum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_lateral_ventricle FMA:74520 frontal horn of lateral ventricle posterior median eminence FMA:74875 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1280 UBERON:0002652 uberon gracile fasciculus of medulla A gracile fasciculus that is part of a medulla oblongata. FMA:72624 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1282 UBERON:0002653 column of goll fasciculus of goll goll's tract gracile fascicle (gall) gracile fascicle of medulla medulla segment of fasciculus gracilis medulla segment of gracile fasciculus tract of gall uberon FMA:72624 medulla segment of gracile fasciculus FMA:72624 gracile fascicle of medulla NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1282 gracile fascicle (gall) FMA:72624 medulla segment of fasciculus gracilis A gracile fasciculus that is part of a medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic FMA:72624 goll's tract parvicellular part of medial dorsal nucleus FMA:62162 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 UBERON:0002654 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part lateral mediodorsal nucleus lateral nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, pars fasciculosa nucleus medialis dorsalis fasciculosis (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis nucleus fasciculosis (hassler) nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars parvicellularis pars parvocellularis lateralis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami pars principalis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami parvicellular part of dorsomedial nucleus parvocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus principal division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus uberon FMA:62162 lateral nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62162 lateral mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, pars fasciculosa NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 nucleus medialis dorsalis, pars parvicellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 nucleus medialis dorsalis fasciculosis (hassler) FMA:62162 FMA:TA pars parvocellularis lateralis nuclei mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62162 FMA:TA pars principalis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami FMA:62162 parvocellular nucleus of medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62162 parvicellular part of dorsomedial nucleus FMA:62162 dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part FMA:62162 principal division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1283 nucleus medialis dorsalis nucleus fasciculosis (hassler) body of lateral ventricle FMA:83703 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1287 SCTID:279246005 The body of lateral ventricle (cella) extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is an irregularly curved cavity, triangular on transverse section, with a roof, a floor, and a medial wall. The roof is formed by the under surface of the corpus callosum; the floor by the following parts, enumerated in their order of position, from before backward: the caudate nucleus of the corpus striatum, the stria terminalis and the terminal vein, the lateral portion of the upper surface of the thalamus, the choroid plexus, and the lateral part of the fornix; the medial wall is the posterior part of the septum pellucidum, which separates it from the opposite ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002655 UMLS:C0152280 central part of lateral ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray735.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray735.png/200px-Gray735.png lateral ventricular body ncithesaurus:Body_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle pars centralis ventriculi lateralis pars centralis ventriculi lateralis uberon Wikipedia:Body_of_lateral_ventricle pars centralis ventriculi lateralis FMA:83703 FMA:TA pars centralis ventriculi lateralis FMA:83703 lateral ventricular body FMA:83703 central part of lateral ventricle The body of lateral ventricle (cella) extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of the corpus callosum. It is an irregularly curved cavity, triangular on transverse section, with a roof, a floor, and a medial wall. The roof is formed by the under surface of the corpus callosum; the floor by the following parts, enumerated in their order of position, from before backward: the caudate nucleus of the corpus striatum, the stria terminalis and the terminal vein, the lateral portion of the upper surface of the thalamus, the choroid plexus, and the lateral part of the fornix; the medial wall is the posterior part of the septum pellucidum, which separates it from the opposite ventricle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Body_of_lateral_ventricle periamygdaloid area BM:Tel-Cx-PAM FMA:62485 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1291 UBERON:0002656 para-amygdaloid cortex periamygdaloid cortex periamygdaloid region semilunar gyrus uberon ventral cortical nucleus of amygdala FMA:62485 ventral cortical nucleus of amygdala FMA:62485 periamygdaloid cortex FMA:62485 para-amygdaloid cortex FMA:62485 semilunar gyrus FMA:62485 periamygdaloid region posterior parahippocampal gyrus FMA:67966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1295 UBERON:0002657 parahippocampal gyrus (amaral) parahippocampal gyrus (insausti) uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1295 parahippocampal gyrus (insausti) medial lemniscus of midbrain A medial lemniscus that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72461 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1296 UBERON:0002658 midbrain medial lemniscus uberon OBOL:automatic midbrain medial lemniscus A medial lemniscus that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic superior medullary velum FMA:74508 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1300 SCTID:369269006 The superior medullary velum (anterior medullary velum, valve of Vieussens) is a thin, transparent of white substance, which stretches between the superior cerebellar peduncles; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged. It forms, together with the superior cerebellar peduncle, the roof of the upper part of the fourth ventricle; it is narrow above, where it passes beneath the inferior colliculi, and broader below, where it is continuous with the white substance of the superior vermis. A slightly elevated ridge, the fraenulum veli, descends upon its upper part from between the inferior colliculi, and on either side of this the trochlear nerve emerges. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002659 anterior medullary velum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Gray701.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gray701.png/200px-Gray701.png uberon velum medullare superius The superior medullary velum (anterior medullary velum, valve of Vieussens) is a thin, transparent of white substance, which stretches between the superior cerebellar peduncles; on the dorsal surface of its lower half the folia and lingula are prolonged. It forms, together with the superior cerebellar peduncle, the roof of the upper part of the fourth ventricle; it is narrow above, where it passes beneath the inferior colliculi, and broader below, where it is continuous with the white substance of the superior vermis. A slightly elevated ridge, the fraenulum veli, descends upon its upper part from between the inferior colliculi, and on either side of this the trochlear nerve emerges. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_medullary_velum FMA:74508 anterior medullary velum Wikipedia:Superior_medullary_velum velum medullare superius medial longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72454 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1302 UBERON:0002660 midbrain medial longitudinal fasciculus uberon OBOL:automatic midbrain medial longitudinal fasciculus A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic superior frontal gyrus BTO:0004836 EFO:0001991 FMA:61857 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1303 SCTID:279166005 The superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus. The superior frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002661 UMLS:C0152296 gyrus frontalis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Superior_frontal_gyrus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Superior_frontal_gyrus.png/200px-Superior_frontal_gyrus.png marginal gyrus ncithesaurus:Superior_Frontal_Convolution superior frontal convolution uberon FMA:61857 marginal gyrus The superior frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus. The superior frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_frontal_gyrus FMA:61857 superior frontal convolution Wikipedia:Superior_frontal_gyrus gyrus frontalis superior medial pes lemniscus FMA:72460 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1310 UBERON:0002662 superficial pes lemniscus uberon FMA:72460 superficial pes lemniscus septal nuclear complex EHDAA2:0004709 FMA:61845 GAID:637 MA:0002978 MESH:A08.186.211.577.750.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1313 TODO - nucleus vs nuclear complex The septal nuclei are structures in the middle anteroventral cerebrum that are composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens. In the 1950s, Olds &amp; Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly in order to experience a euphoric feeling (i.e. press a bar to receive electrical current that will stimulate the neurons). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002663 nuclei septales parolfactory nuclei septal nuclei septal nucleus uberon MA:0002978 septal nucleus Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei nuclei septales FMA:61845 parolfactory nuclei FMA:61845 septal nuclei The septal nuclei are structures in the middle anteroventral cerebrum that are composed of medium-size neurons grouped into medial, lateral, and posterior groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, habenula, cingulate gyrus, and thalamus. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the nucleus accumbens. In the 1950s, Olds &amp; Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly in order to experience a euphoric feeling (i.e. press a bar to receive electrical current that will stimulate the neurons). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Septal_nuclei lateral part of medial mammillary nucleus FMA:62346 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1314 UBERON:0002664 intercalated mammillary nucleus intermediate mammillary nucleus lateral mammillary nucleus (gagel) lateral subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part uberon FMA:62346 lateral subdivision of medial mammillary nucleus FMA:62346 intermediate mammillary nucleus FMA:62346 intercalated mammillary nucleus FMA:62346 medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part supracallosal gyrus BTO:0003738 FMA:61920 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1316 SCTID:369231001 The supracallosal gyrus (indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus) consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus. It contains two longitudinally directed strands of fibers termed respectively the medial and lateral longitudinal striae. The supracallosal gyrus is prolonged around the splenium of the corpus callosum as a delicate lamina, the fasciola cinerea, which is continuous below with the fascia dentata hippocampi. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002665 supracommissural hippocampal rudiment supracommissural hippocampus uberon FMA:61920 supracommissural hippocampal rudiment The supracallosal gyrus (indusium griseum; gyrus epicallosus) consists of a thin layer of grey matter in contact with the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum and continuous laterally with the grey matter of the cingulate gyrus. It contains two longitudinally directed strands of fibers termed respectively the medial and lateral longitudinal striae. The supracallosal gyrus is prolonged around the splenium of the corpus callosum as a delicate lamina, the fasciola cinerea, which is continuous below with the fascia dentata hippocampi. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supracallosal_gyrus FMA:61920 supracommissural hippocampus mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve FMA:72489 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1318 SCTID:369263007 UBERON:0002666 mesencephalic root of v mesencephalic trigeminal tract uberon FMA:72489 mesencephalic trigeminal tract lateral septal nucleus ABA:LS BM:Tel-Spt-SLN FMA:61878 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 UBERON:0002667 lateral parolfactory nucleus lateral septal nucleus (cajal) lateral septum lateral septum nucleus uberon ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 lateral septum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 lateral septal nucleus (cajal) FMA:61878 lateral parolfactory nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1321 lateral septum nucleus oculomotor nerve fibers FMA:72457 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1323 UBERON:0002668 central part of oculomotor nerve oculomotor nerve fibers root of oculomotor nerve todo - make subclass of root of cranial nerve uberon FMA:72457 oculomotor nerve fibers FMA:72457 root of oculomotor nerve FMA:72457 central part of oculomotor nerve anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus FMA:83760 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1327 UBERON:0002669 anterior branch of lateral sulcus anterior horizontal limb of lateral fissure anterior horizontal ramus of lateral fissure anterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus horizontal limb of lateral fissure horizontal ramus of sylvian fissure ramus anterior sulci lateralis cerebri uberon FMA:83760 anterior horizontal ramus of lateral fissure FMA:83760 anterior horizontal limb of lateral fissure FMA:83760 FMA:TA ramus anterior sulci lateralis cerebri FMA:83760 anterior branch of lateral sulcus FMA:83760 anterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus FMA:83760 horizontal limb of lateral fissure anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus FMA:83759 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1330 UBERON:0002670 anterior ascending limb of lateral fissure anterior ascending ramus of lateral sulcus ascending branch of lateral sulcus ascending ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus ascending ramus of sylvian fissure middle ramus of lateral fissure ramus ascendens sulci lateralis cerebri superior branch of lateral fissure uberon FMA:83759 anterior ascending ramus of lateral sulcus FMA:83759 anterior ascending limb of lateral fissure FMA:83759 ascending ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus FMA:83759 superior branch of lateral fissure FMA:83759 ascending branch of lateral sulcus FMA:83759 FMA:TA ramus ascendens sulci lateralis cerebri FMA:83759 middle ramus of lateral fissure pallidotegmental fasciculus FMA:72458 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1331 UBERON:0002671 pallidotegmental tract uberon FMA:72458 pallidotegmental tract anterior subcentral sulcus FMA:83765 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1332 UBERON:0002672 uberon vestibular nuclear complex ABA:VNC BM:Me-VS BTO:0004368 EV:0100254 Editor notes: In TA they are grouped in both the pons and medulla; WP+MA says the SVN is in the pons, and GO includes VNC development under pons development, but this is not supported by ABA. Todo - check with NIF FMA:72239 GAID:602 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.600.800 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1337 The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002673 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray691.png/200px-Gray691.png nuclei vestibulares nuclei vestibulares in medulla oblongata uberon vestibular nuclei vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata vestibular nucleus ABA Wikipedia:Vestibular_nuclei ABA ABA FMA NIF ABA ABA FMA:72239 FMA:TA nuclei vestibulares in medulla oblongata GO:0021750 vestibular nucleus ABA ABA ABA FMA:72239 vestibular nuclei in medulla oblongata ABA FMA:72239 vestibular nuclei ABA The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_nuclei http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612305510069 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3413105&group_id=36855 Wikipedia:Vestibular_nuclei nuclei vestibulares diagonal sulcus FMA:83758 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1344 UBERON:0002675 uberon ventral supraoptic decussation FMA:62052 Gudden commissure Gudden's commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1347 The ventral supraoptic decussation is the crossover point for signals from the left and right eye, en route respectively to the right and left sides of the visual cortex. Occupying the posterior part of the commissure of the optic chiasma is a strand of fibers, the Ventral supraoptic decussation (commissure of Gudden, Gudden's inferior commissure), which is not derived from the optic nerves; it forms a connecting link between the medial geniculate bodies. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002676 VSOX commissura supraoptica ventralis commissura supraoptica ventralis commissure of Gudden http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray722.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray722.png/200px-Gray722.png supraoptic commissures, ventral uberon ventral supra-optic commissure ventral supraoptic commissure (of Meynert) ventral supraoptic decussation ventral supraoptic decussation of gudden von Gudden's commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1347 ventral supraoptic decussation NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1347 commissure of Gudden FMA:62052 FMA:TA commissura supraoptica ventralis The ventral supraoptic decussation is the crossover point for signals from the left and right eye, en route respectively to the right and left sides of the visual cortex. Occupying the posterior part of the commissure of the optic chiasma is a strand of fibers, the Ventral supraoptic decussation (commissure of Gudden, Gudden's inferior commissure), which is not derived from the optic nerves; it forms a connecting link between the medial geniculate bodies. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_supraoptic_decussation Wikipedia:Ventral_supraoptic_decussation commissura supraoptica ventralis FMA:62052 supraoptic commissures, ventral NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1347 VSOX FMA:62052 Gudden's commissure FMA FMA:62052 ventral supra-optic commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1347 ventral supraoptic commissure (of Meynert) FMA:62052 von Gudden's commissure FMA:62052 Gudden commissure FMA:62052 ventral supraoptic decussation of gudden regional part of medullary raphe nuclear complex A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary raphe nuclear complex [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:83951 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1349 UBERON:0002677 medullary raphe nuclear complex segment segment of medullary raphe nuclear complex uberon FMA:83951 medullary raphe nuclear complex segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1349 segment of medullary raphe nuclear complex A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary raphe nuclear complex [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic regional part of medulla oblongata A regional part of brain that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71011 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1355 SCTID:119241003 UBERON:0002678 medullary oblongata segment segment of medulla oblongata uberon FMA:71011 medullary oblongata segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1355 segment of medulla oblongata A regional part of brain that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anterodorsal nucleus ABA:AD BM:Die-Th-AD FMA:62141 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 SCTID:279127002 UBERON:0002679 anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus anterodorsal thalamic nucleus nucleus anterior dorsalis nucleus anterior dorsalis thalami nucleus anterior thalami dorsalis nucleus anterodorsalis nucleus anterodorsalis (hassler) nucleus anterodorsalis thalami nucleus anterosuperior nucleus thalamicus anterodorsalis uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterodorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus thalamicus anterodorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterodorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterior thalami dorsalis FMA:62141 anterodorsal thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 anterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterodorsalis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterior dorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterior dorsalis FMA:62141 anterodorsal nucleus of thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1358 nucleus anterosuperior regional part of metencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:67942 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1361 UBERON:0002680 metencephalon subdivision segment of metencephalon uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1361 segment of metencephalon FMA:67942 metencephalon subdivision A regional part of brain that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anteromedial nucleus ABA:AM BM:Die-AM FMA:62142 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 SCTID:279128007 UBERON:0002681 anteromedial nucleus of thalamus anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus anteromedial thalamic nucleus nucleus anterior medialis nucleus anterior medialis thalami nucleus anterior thalami medialis nucleus anteromedialis nucleus anteromedialis (hassler) nucleus anteromedialis thalami nucleus thalamicus anteromedialis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus thalamicus anteromedialis FMA:62142 anteromedial thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anteromedialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anteromedialis (hassler) FMA:62142 anteromedial nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anterior thalami medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anteromedialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anterior medialis ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1365 nucleus anterior medialis thalami ABA abducens nucleus ABA:VI BM:Pons-VI EHDAA2:0004310 EV:0100266 FMA:54504 Hindbrain motor nucleus which is the origin of motor axons of cranial nerve VI. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain.[TAO] MA:0001010 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1366 SCTID:280165008 TAO:0000713 The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. This nucleus is located beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons, medial to the sulcus limitans. The abducens nucleus along with the internal genu of the facial nerve make up the facial colliculus, a hump at the caudal end of the medial eminence on the dorsal aspect of the pons. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002682 UMLS:C0152407 ZFA:0000713 abducens VI nucleus abducens motor nuclei abducens motor nucleus abducens nerve nucleus abducent nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png motor nucleus VI nVI ncithesaurus:Abducens_Nucleus nucleus nervi abducentis nucleus nervi abducentis nucleus of abducens nerve nucleus of abducens nerve (VI) part of medulla oblongata in ABA and ZFA; part of pons in MA and pontine tegmentum in NIF; note that pons/medulla are spatially disjoint in ABA. sixth cranial nerve nucleus uberon FMA:54504 sixth cranial nerve nucleus TAO:0000713 abducens motor nuclei The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. This nucleus is located beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons, medial to the sulcus limitans. The abducens nucleus along with the internal genu of the facial nerve make up the facial colliculus, a hump at the caudal end of the medial eminence on the dorsal aspect of the pons. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Abducens_nucleus ABA MA:0001010 abducens VI nucleus FMA:54504 abducent nucleus FMA:54504 abducens nerve nucleus ZFA:0000713 nVI ABA FMA:54504 nucleus of abducens nerve ABA ZFA:0000713 abducens motor nucleus Wikipedia:Abducens_nucleus nucleus nervi abducentis ZFA:0000713 motor nucleus VI FMA:54504 FMA:TA nucleus nervi abducentis FMA ABA ABA FMA:54504 nucleus of abducens nerve (VI) ABA 2012-08-14 Hindbrain motor nucleus which is the origin of motor axons of cranial nerve VI. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain.[TAO] ISBN:3764351209 TAO TAO:0000713 ABA ABA GO MA NIF ZFA rhinal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-RS FMA:83746 In the human brain, the rhinencephalon appears as a longitudinal elevation, with a corresponding internal furrow, on the under surface of the hemisphere close to the lamina terminalis; it is separated from the lateral surface of the hemisphere by a furrow, the external rhinal fissure (or rhinal sulcus), and is continuous behind with that part of the hemisphere, which will ultimately form the anterior end of the temporal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 SCTID:279357002 UBERON:0002683 fissura rhinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gehirn,_basal_-_beschriftet_lat.svg rhinal fissuer (turner, rezius) rhinal fissure sulcus rhinalis sulcus rhinalis; fissura rhinalis uberon FMA:83746 rhinal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 fissura rhinalis Wikipedia:Rhinal_sulcus sulcus rhinalis; fissura rhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 sulcus rhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1368 rhinal fissuer (turner, rezius) In the human brain, the rhinencephalon appears as a longitudinal elevation, with a corresponding internal furrow, on the under surface of the hemisphere close to the lamina terminalis; it is separated from the lateral surface of the hemisphere by a furrow, the external rhinal fissure (or rhinal sulcus), and is continuous behind with that part of the hemisphere, which will ultimately form the anterior end of the temporal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rhinal_sulcus nucleus raphe obscurus ABA:RO FMA:72585 MA:0002981 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1369 The raphe obscurus projects to the cerebellar lobes VI and VII and to crus II along with the nucleus raphe pontis . This so called obscure nucleus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve. It has been observed that the ablation of this nucleus causes a change in the firing pattern in the XII nerve . In addition, the raphe obscurus mediates expiration via the inhibitory effect of serotonin and depresses periodic synaptic potentials . It has also been shown that this nucleus stimulates gastrointestinal motor function; microinjections of 5-HT into the n.r. obscurus increase gastric movement . [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002684 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png nucleus raphes obscurus nucleus raphes obscurus obscurus raphe nucleus raphe obscurus nucleus uberon FMA:72585 raphe obscurus nucleus ABA ABA The raphe obscurus projects to the cerebellar lobes VI and VII and to crus II along with the nucleus raphe pontis . This so called obscure nucleus has also been implicated in the modulation of the hypoglossal nerve. It has been observed that the ablation of this nucleus causes a change in the firing pattern in the XII nerve . In addition, the raphe obscurus mediates expiration via the inhibitory effect of serotonin and depresses periodic synaptic potentials . It has also been shown that this nucleus stimulates gastrointestinal motor function; microinjections of 5-HT into the n.r. obscurus increase gastric movement . [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_obscurus FMA:72585 FMA:TA nucleus raphes obscurus Wikipedia:Nucleus_raphe_obscurus nucleus raphes obscurus FMA FMA:72585 obscurus raphe nucleus anteroventral nucleus ABA:AV BM:Die-AV EV:0100199 FMA:62143 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 SCTID:279130009 UBERON:0002685 anterior ventral nucleus of thalamus anteroprincipal thalamic nucleus anteroventral nucleus of thalamus anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus anteroventral thalamic nucleus nucleus anterior thalami ventralis nucleus anterior ventralis nucleus anteroinferior nucleus anteroventralis nucleus anteroventralis thalami nucleus thalamicus anteroprincipalis nucleus thalamicus anteroventralis uberon FMA:62143 anteroprincipal thalamic nucleus FMA:62143 anteroventral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anterior thalami ventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anteroventralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anteroventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anteroinferior ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus FMA:62143 anterior ventral nucleus of thalamus FMA:62143 anteroventral nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus thalamicus anteroventralis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus thalamicus anteroprincipalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1372 nucleus anterior ventralis angular gyrus FMA:61898 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1376 SCTID:279186009 The angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language, mathematics and cognition. It is Brodmann area 39 of the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002686 UMLS:C0152305 gyrus angularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Surfacegyri.JPG middle part of inferior parietal lobule ncithesaurus:Angular_Gyrus preoccipital gyrus uberon FMA:61898 preoccipital gyrus Wikipedia:Angular_gyrus gyrus angularis FMA:61898 middle part of inferior parietal lobule The angular gyrus is a region of the brain in the parietal lobe, that lies near the superior edge of the temporal lobe, and immediately posterior to the supramarginal gyrus; it is involved in a number of processes related to language, mathematics and cognition. It is Brodmann area 39 of the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Angular_gyrus area X FMA:62198 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 UBERON:0002687 anteromedial part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) area x of olszewski nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs ventralis medialis nucleus ventralis oralis, pars posterior (dewulf) nucleus ventrooralis internus (hassler) nucleus ventrooralis internus, superior part uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus ventrooralis internus, superior part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus ventrooralis internus (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 area x of olszewski NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus lateralis intermedius mediodorsalis situs ventralis medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1379 nucleus ventralis oralis, pars posterior (dewulf) supramarginal gyrus BA40 Brodmann area 40 FMA:61897 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1381 SCTID:279185008 UBERON:0002688 UMLS:C0228214 anterior part of inferior parietal lobule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Gehirn,_lateral_-_Hauptgyri_beschriftet.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gehirn%2C_lateral_-_Hauptgyri_beschriftet.svg/200px-Gehirn%2C_lateral_-_Hauptgyri_beschriftet.svg.png inferior parietal lobule (krieg) ncithesaurus:Supramarginal_Gyrus uberon Brodmann area 40 Wikipedia:Supramarginal_gyrus BA40 FMA:61897 anterior part of inferior parietal lobule supraoptic crest ABA:OV AO notes: NIF has two classes here FMA:62315 MA:0003018 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1400 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100313 UBERON:0002689 one of the circumventricular organs of the brain. The OVLT is outside the blood brain barrier, and so neurons in this region can respond to factors that are present in the systemic circulation. organum vasculosum lamina terminalis organum vasculosum laminae terminalis prechiasmatic gland uberon vascular organ of lamina terminalis ABA FMA:62315 FMA:TA organum vasculosum laminae terminalis FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100313 organum vasculosum lamina terminalis Wikipedia:Organum_vasculosum_of_the_lamina_terminalis https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3474225&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 one of the circumventricular organs of the brain. The OVLT is outside the blood brain barrier, and so neurons in this region can respond to factors that are present in the systemic circulation. ABA ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1400 prechiasmatic gland Wikipedia MA ABA ABA FMA:62315 vascular organ of lamina terminalis FMA:TA organum vasculosum laminae terminalis anteroventral periventricular nucleus ABA:AVPV FMA:62314 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1401 UBERON:0002690 uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ventral tegmental area ABA:VTA BM:MB-VTA EFO:0001935 FMA:72438 GAID:587 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.822.820 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1415 The ventral tegmentum (tegmentum is Latin for covering), better known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain. The VTA, the origin of dopaminergic cell bodies that comprise the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain, cognition, motivation, drug addiction, and several psychiatric disorders. The VTA contains neurons that project to numerous areas of the brain, from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the caudal brainstem and everywhere in between. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002691 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gray712.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gray712.png/200px-Gray712.png uberon ventral tegmental area of tsai ventral tegmental nucleus (tsai) ventral tegmental nucleus of tsai ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA The ventral tegmentum (tegmentum is Latin for covering), better known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain. The VTA, the origin of dopaminergic cell bodies that comprise the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is widely implicated in the drug and natural reward circuitry of the brain, cognition, motivation, drug addiction, and several psychiatric disorders. The VTA contains neurons that project to numerous areas of the brain, from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the caudal brainstem and everywhere in between. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_tegmental_area medullary raphe nuclear complex FMA:68874 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1420 SCTID:362420006 UBERON:0002692 raphe medullae oblongatae raphe nuclei of medulla raphe of medulla oblongata uberon FMA FMA:68874 FMA:TA raphe medullae oblongatae FMA:68874 raphe nuclei of medulla FMA:68874 raphe of medulla oblongata Wikipedia occipitotemporal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-OTS FMA:74518 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1422 SCTID:369220009 UBERON:0002693 inferior temporal fissure inferior temporal fissure (crosby) inferior temporal sulcus (roberts) inferior temporal sulcus (szikla) inferior temporal sulcus-2 lateral occipitotemporal sulcus occipito-temporal sulcus third temporal sulcus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1422 inferior temporal fissure (crosby) FMA:74518 inferior temporal sulcus-2 FMA:74518 inferior temporal fissure FMA:74518 occipito-temporal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1422 lateral occipitotemporal sulcus FMA:74518 third temporal sulcus anterior hypothalamic commissure FMA:62053 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1424 UBERON:0002694 anterior hypothalamic commissure (Ganser) anterior hypothalamic decussation of Ganser uberon FMA:62053 anterior hypothalamic decussation of Ganser FMA:62053 anterior hypothalamic commissure (Ganser) parieto-occipital sulcus AO notes - two classes in ncit (in general ncit distinguishes between fissue and sulcus, whereas FMA treats these as exact synonyms) BM:Tel-Cx-POS FMA:83754 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 Only a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure (or parieto-occipital sulcus) is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface. The lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 cm. in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm. in length. The medial part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 727) runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the calcarine fissure below and behind the posterior end of the corpus callosum. In most cases it contains a submerged gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rv7l_DJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279354009 UBERON:0002695 UMLS:C1744592 fissura parieto-occipitalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Gray726_parieto-occipital_sulcus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gray726_parieto-occipital_sulcus.png/200px-Gray726_parieto-occipital_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Parieto-occipital_Fissure ncithesaurus:Parieto-occipital_Sulcus parieto-occipital fissure parieto-occipital incisure parietooccipital sulcus sulcus parieto-occipitalis sulcus parieto-occipitalis medialis sulcus parietoccipitalis sulcus parietooccipitalis sulcus parietooccipitalis, fissura parietooccipitalis uberon FMA:83754 parietooccipital sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parietooccipitalis FMA:83754 parieto-occipital incisure Only a small part of the Parietooccipital Fissure (or parieto-occipital sulcus) is seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface. The lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 cm. in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm. in length. The medial part of the parietooccipital fissure (Fig. 727) runs downward and forward as a deep cleft on the medial surface of the hemisphere, and joins the calcarine fissure below and behind the posterior end of the corpus callosum. In most cases it contains a submerged gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parieto-occipital_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 fissura parieto-occipitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parietoccipitalis Wikipedia:Parieto-occipital_sulcus sulcus parietooccipitalis, fissura parietooccipitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parieto-occipitalis medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1428 sulcus parieto-occipitalis FMA:83754 parieto-occipital fissure cuneiform nucleus ABA:CUN BM:MB-CNF FMA:72427 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1430 UBERON:0002696 parabigeminal area (mai) uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA dorsal supraoptic decussation FMA:62051 Meynert's commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1433 UBERON:0002697 commissura supraoptica dorsalis commissure of Meynert dorsal supra-optic commissure dorsal supraoptic commissure dorsal supraoptic commissure (of ganser) dorsal supraoptic decussation (of Meynert) dorsal supraoptic decussation (of ganser) dorsal supraoptic decussation of Meynert ganser's commissure supraoptic commissure of Meynert supraoptic commissures, dorsal uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1433 dorsal supraoptic decussation (of ganser) FMA:62051 ganser's commissure FMA:62051 dorsal supraoptic commissure FMA:62051 dorsal supra-optic commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1433 dorsal supraoptic decussation (of Meynert) FMA:62051 Meynert's commissure FMA:62051 supraoptic commissures, dorsal FMA:62051 FMA:TA commissura supraoptica dorsalis preoccipital notch FMA:83739 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 SCTID:369229005 UBERON:0002698 incisura parieto-occipitalis incisura praeoccipitalis incisura preoccipitalis occipital notch preoccipital incisura preoccipital incisure uberon FMA:83739 preoccipital incisura NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 incisura praeoccipitalis FMA:83739 occipital notch FMA:83739 preoccipital incisure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 incisura preoccipitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1436 incisura parieto-occipitalis supraopticohypophysial tract FMA:62054 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1440 UBERON:0002699 supra-opticohypophysial tract supraopticohypophyseal tract tractus supraopticohypophysialis uberon FMA:62054 FMA:TA tractus supraopticohypophysialis FMA:62054 supraopticohypophyseal tract FMA:62054 supra-opticohypophysial tract subcuneiform nucleus FMA:72428 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1441 UBERON:0002700 subcuneiform area of midbrain uberon FMA:72428 subcuneiform area of midbrain anterior median oculomotor nucleus FMA:72423 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1445 UBERON:0002701 anterior median nucleus of oculomotor nerve uberon FMA:72423 anterior median nucleus of oculomotor nerve middle frontal gyrus BTO:0004834 FMA:61859 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1451 SCTID:362332009 The middle frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. (A gyrus is one of the prominent 'bumps' or 'ridges' on the surface of the human brain. ) The middle frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. The borders of the middle frontal gyrus are the inferior frontal sulcus below; the superior frontal sulcus above; and the precentral sulcus behind. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002702 gyrus frontalis medialis gyrus frontalis medius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Middle_frontal_gyrus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Middle_frontal_gyrus.png/200px-Middle_frontal_gyrus.png intermediate frontal gyrus medial frontal gyrus ncithesaurus:Middle_Frontal_Gyrus uberon Wikipedia:Middle_frontal_gyrus gyrus frontalis medius The middle frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. (A gyrus is one of the prominent 'bumps' or 'ridges' on the surface of the human brain. ) The middle frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus, is more of a region than a true gyrus. The borders of the middle frontal gyrus are the inferior frontal sulcus below; the superior frontal sulcus above; and the precentral sulcus behind. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_frontal_gyrus FMA:61859 intermediate frontal gyrus FMA:61859 FMA:TA gyrus frontalis medialis FMA:61859 medial frontal gyrus precentral gyrus EFO:0001373 FMA:61894 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1455 The primary motor cortex (or M1) is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002703 UMLS:C0152299 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ba4.png/200px-Ba4.png ncithesaurus:Precentral_Gyrus precentral convolution prerolandic gyrus uberon FMA:61894 prerolandic gyrus The primary motor cortex (or M1) is a brain region that in humans is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. It works in association with pre-motor areas to plan and execute movements. M1 contains large neurons known as Betz cells which send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto alpha motor neurons which connect to the muscles. Pre-motor areas are involved in planning actions (in concert with the basal ganglia) and refining movements based upon sensory input (this requires the cerebellum). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Precentral_gyrus FMA:61894 precentral convolution metathalamus ABA:GENd EV:0100217 FMA:62023 MA:0000868 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1461 SCTID:361550004 The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002704 corpora geniculata geniculate group of the dorsal thalamus geniculate thalamic group http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png note we follow FMA in making this a subtype of nucleus, but in fact it is a group containing two nuclei nuclei metathalami uberon MA The metathalamus is a composite structure of the thalamus, consisting of the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metathalamus ABA Wikipedia:Metathalamus corpora geniculata NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1461 nuclei metathalami FMA:62023 geniculate group of the dorsal thalamus ABA MA:0000868 geniculate thalamic group midline nuclear group ABA:MTN BTO:0002454 FMA:62020 MA:0000864 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1462 SCTID:279163002 The midline nuclear group (or midline thalamic nuclei) a region of the thalamus consisting of the following nuclei: paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (nucleus paraventricularis thalami) - not to be confused with paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus paratenial nucleus (nucleus parataenialis) reuniens nucleus (nucleus reuniens) rhomboidal nucleus (nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis) subfascicular nucleus (nucleus subfascicularis) [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002705 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png median nuclei of thalamus midline nuclear group midline nuclear group of thalamus midline nuclei of thalamus midline thalamic group nuclei mediani (thalami) nuclei mediani thalami nuclei mediani thalami periventricular nuclei of thalamus uberon FMA:62020 periventricular nuclei of thalamus FMA:62020 midline nuclear group Wikipedia:Midline_nuclear_group nuclei mediani thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1462 nuclei mediani (thalami) FMA:62020 FMA:TA nuclei mediani thalami FMA:62020 midline nuclear group of thalamus MA:0000864 midline thalamic group FMA:62020 midline nuclei of thalamus FMA:62020 median nuclei of thalamus FMA The midline nuclear group (or midline thalamic nuclei) a region of the thalamus consisting of the following nuclei: paraventricular nucleus of thalamus (nucleus paraventricularis thalami) - not to be confused with paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus paratenial nucleus (nucleus parataenialis) reuniens nucleus (nucleus reuniens) rhomboidal nucleus (nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis) subfascicular nucleus (nucleus subfascicularis) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Midline_nuclear_group MA posterior nucleus of hypothalamus ABA:PH BM:Die-Hy-HPA BTO:0002461 EV:0100235 FMA:62350 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1463 SCTID:362385002 UBERON:0002706 area hypothalamica posterior nucleus posterior hypothalami posterior hypothalamic area posterior hypothalamic nucleus uberon ABA ABA BTO:0002461 nucleus posterior hypothalami FMA:62350 posterior hypothalamic nucleus FMA:62350 FMA:TA area hypothalamica posterior ABA FMA:62350 posterior hypothalamic area ABA pyramidal tract BM:Me-PyT FMA:72634 GAID:702 MESH:A08.186.854.633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1464 SCTID:362325000 The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002707 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png uberon The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pyramidal_tract posterior periventricular nucleus BTO:0002479 FMA:62349 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1466 UBERON:0002708 nucleus periventricularis posterior periventricular nucleus, posterior subdivision posterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus posterior periventricular nucleus posterior periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus uberon BTO:0002479 nucleus periventricularis posterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1466 posterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus FMA:62349 posterior periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus FMA:62349 periventricular nucleus, posterior subdivision FMA:62349 posterior periventricular nucleus posterior nuclear complex ABA:PO BTO:0002462 FMA:62024 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1467 SCTID:424395006 TAO:0000325 UBERON:0002709 ZFA:0000325 caudal thalamic nucleus nuclei posteriores thalami posterior complex of thalamus posterior nuclear complex posterior nuclear complex of thalamus posterior nuclear group of thalamus posterior thalamic nuclear group posterior thalamic nucleus uberon ABA BTO:0002462 posterior thalamic nucleus ABA FMA:62024 posterior nuclear complex of thalamus FMA:62024 posterior complex of thalamus FMA:62024 posterior thalamic nuclear group TAO:0000325 caudal thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1467 nuclei posteriores thalami FMA:62024 posterior nuclear complex FMA:62024 posterior nuclear group of thalamus cingulate sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-CGS FMA:83748 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 SCTID:279350000 The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus (brain fold) on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002710 calloso-marginal sulcus callosomarginal fissure callosomarginal sulcus cingulate fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Gray727_cingulate_sulcus.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gray727_cingulate_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray727_cingulate_sulcus.svg.png sulcus callosomarginalis sulcus cingulatus sulcus cinguli sulcus cinguli uberon The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus (brain fold) on the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated by the cingulate sulcus from the cingulate gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cingulate_sulcus FMA:83748 callosomarginal sulcus FMA:83748 cingulate fissure Wikipedia:Cingulate_sulcus sulcus cinguli FMA:83748 callosomarginal fissure FMA:83748 calloso-marginal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 sulcus callosomarginalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 sulcus cingulatus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1468 sulcus cinguli nucleus of posterior commissure ABA:NPC BM:NPC FMA:68463 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1470 UBERON:0002711 posterior commissure nucleus uberon FMA:68463 posterior commissure nucleus ABA ABA ABA premammillary nucleus FMA:62348 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1473 UBERON:0002712 premammillary nuclei uberon FMA FMA FMA:62348 premammillary nuclei circular sulcus of insula A marginal sulcus that is part of a insula [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:83753 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 UBERON:0002713 central lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus central lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus central lobe marginal sulcus circular fissure circular sulcus (of reil) circuminsular sulcus ciruclar insular sulcus cortex of island marginal branch of cingulate sulcus cortex of island marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus cortex of island marginal sulcus insula lobule marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insula lobule marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insula lobule marginal sulcus insula marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insula marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insula marginal sulcus insular cortex marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insular cortex marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insular cortex marginal sulcus insular lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insular lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insular lobe marginal sulcus insular region marginal branch of cingulate sulcus insular region marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus insular region marginal sulcus island of reil marginal branch of cingulate sulcus island of reil marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus island of reil marginal sulcus limiting fissure marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of central lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular region marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of island of reil marginal insular sulcus marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of central lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular region marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of island of reil marginal sulcus of central lobe marginal sulcus of cortex of island marginal sulcus of insula marginal sulcus of insula lobule marginal sulcus of insular cortex marginal sulcus of insular lobe marginal sulcus of insular region marginal sulcus of island of reil sulcus circularis insulae sulcus marginalis insulae uberon OBOL:automatic insular region marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island FMA:83753 circular fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 marginal insular sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 sulcus marginalis insulae OBOL:automatic insular region marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insular region marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic central lobe marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic insular cortex marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic island of reil marginal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 ciruclar insular sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of central lobe OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular region OBOL:automatic cortex of island marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insular cortex marginal branch of cingulate sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1475 sulcus circularis insulae OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of central lobe OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of island of reil OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insula lobule OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of cortex of island OBOL:automatic insular cortex marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of island of reil OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insular lobe OBOL:automatic cortex of island marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insula lobule marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule OBOL:automatic central lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insula marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of island of reil FMA:83753 circuminsular sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insula OBOL:automatic central lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex OBOL:automatic marginal branch of cingulate sulcus of insular cortex OBOL:automatic island of reil marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insula marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insula marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic cortex of island marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular region A marginal sulcus that is part of a insula [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insular lobe OBOL:automatic insular lobe marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insular region OBOL:automatic insular lobe marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insular lobe marginal branch of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula OBOL:automatic marginal sulcus of insular cortex FMA:83753 limiting fissure OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of central lobe OBOL:automatic insula lobule marginal branch of cingulate sulcus FMA:83753 marginal sulcus of insula OBOL:automatic island of reil marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus OBOL:automatic insula lobule marginal sulcus OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of cortex of island OBOL:automatic marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus of insula lobule rubrospinal tract FMA:72640 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1476 SCTID:369264001 UBERON:0002714 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the red nucleus of the midbrain towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. monakow's tract rubrospinal tract (monakow) tractus rubrospinalis uberon Wikipedia:Rubrospinal_tract long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the red nucleus of the midbrain towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. FMA:72640 monakow's tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1476 rubrospinal tract (monakow) Wikipedia:Rubrospinal_tract tractus rubrospinalis spinal trigeminal tract of medulla FMA:72625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1477 UBERON:0002715 uberon collateral sulcus AO notes: cnit has two distinct classes; FMA and NIF treat these as exact synonyms. FMA:83751 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1480 SCTID:279356006 The collateral fissure (or sulcus) is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole. Behind, it lies below and lateral to the calcarine fissure, from which it is separated by the lingual gyrus; in front, it is situated between the hippocampal gyrus and the anterior part of the fusiform gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002716 UMLS:C0228226 collateral fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray738.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray738.png/200px-Gray738.png ncithesaurus:Collateral_Fissure ncithesaurus:Collateral_Sulcus sulcus collateralis sulcus collateralis, fissura collateralis uberon The collateral fissure (or sulcus) is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole. Behind, it lies below and lateral to the calcarine fissure, from which it is separated by the lingual gyrus; in front, it is situated between the hippocampal gyrus and the anterior part of the fusiform gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Collateral_fissure FMA:83751 collateral fissure Wikipedia:Collateral_fissure sulcus collateralis, fissura collateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1480 sulcus collateralis rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus FMA:72433 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1481 The rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) is a portion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus which controls vertical gaze. They project to the vestibular nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002717 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Gray710.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Gray710.png/200px-Gray710.png nucleus interstitialis rostral interstitial nucleus of mlf uberon The rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) is a portion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus which controls vertical gaze. They project to the vestibular nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus Wikipedia:Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus nucleus interstitialis solitary tract BM:Me-ST FMA:72619 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1483 The solitary tract is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla. The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002718 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray695.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray695.png/200px-Gray695.png respiratory bundle of Gierke tractus solitarius medullae oblongatae uberon Wikipedia:Solitary_tract tractus solitarius medullae oblongatae The solitary tract is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla. The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Solitary_tract spino-olivary tract FMA:72643 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1484 SCTID:362607001 The spino-olivary tract is located in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord. This tract carries proprioception information from muscles and tendons as well as cutaneous impulses to the olivary nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002719 helweg's tract tractus spinoolivaris uberon The spino-olivary tract is located in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord. This tract carries proprioception information from muscles and tendons as well as cutaneous impulses to the olivary nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spino-olivary_tract FMA:72643 helweg's tract Wikipedia:Spino-olivary_tract tractus spinoolivaris mammillary peduncle FMA:62061 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1486 SCTID:369146004 UBERON:0002720 peduncle of mammillary body uberon FMA FMA:62061 peduncle of mammillary body lateral sulcus A sulcus that divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain but is longer in the left hemisphere. The lateral sulcus is one of the earliest-developing sulci of the human brain. It first appears around the fourteenth gestational week[WP,modified]. BM:Tel-Cx-LS FMA:77801 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 SCTID:369226003 Sylvian fissure Sylvian sulcus UBERON:0002721 UMLS:C0228187 fissura lateralis fissura lateralis cerebri fissura lateralis cerebri (sylvii) fissura transversa cerebri fissure of Sylvius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Lateral_sulcus2.png lateral cerebral fissure lateral cerebral sulcus lateral fissure lateral fissure of Sylvius ncithesaurus:Fissure_of_Sylvius sulcus lateralis sulcus lateralis cerebri transverse cerebral fissure uberon FMA:77801 FMA:TA fissura transversa cerebri FMA:77801 lateral fissure Sylvian sulcus UBERON:cjm FMA FMA:77801 lateral cerebral fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 Sylvian fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 fissura lateralis FMA:77801 FMA:TA sulcus lateralis cerebri A sulcus that divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain but is longer in the left hemisphere. The lateral sulcus is one of the earliest-developing sulci of the human brain. It first appears around the fourteenth gestational week[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Lateral_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 sulcus lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 fissura lateralis cerebri (sylvii) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1487 fissura lateralis cerebri Wikipedia:Lateral_sulcus sulcus lateralis cerebri FMA:77801 transverse cerebral fissure FMA:77801 lateral cerebral sulcus trochlear nucleus ABA:IV BM:MB-IV EV:0100251 FMA:54518 MA:0001075 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1488 SCTID:280163001 TAO:0000450 The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus. It is a motor nucleus, so located near the midline. Oddly, fibers from the trochlear nucleus cross over in the midbrain at the superior medullary velum and exit posteriorly, (this is the only cranial nerve to do so). The nerve then goes around the midbrain, and is visible coming out the sides. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002722 ZFA:0000450 fourth cranial nerve nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Drn.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Drn.png/200px-Drn.png motor nucleus IV nIV nucleus nervi trochlearis nucleus nervi trochlearis nucleus of trochlear nerve trochlear IV nucleus trochlear motor nucleus uberon MA:0001075 trochlear IV nucleus FMA:54518 FMA:TA nucleus nervi trochlearis ABA The nucleus of the trochlear nerve is located in the midbrain, at the level of the inferior colliculus. It is a motor nucleus, so located near the midline. Oddly, fibers from the trochlear nucleus cross over in the midbrain at the superior medullary velum and exit posteriorly, (this is the only cranial nerve to do so). The nerve then goes around the midbrain, and is visible coming out the sides. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trochlear_nucleus ABA ABA FMA:54518 nucleus of trochlear nerve ABA ABA FMA:54518 fourth cranial nerve nucleus ABA ZFA:0000450 trochlear motor nucleus ABA ZFA:0000450 motor nucleus IV Wikipedia:Trochlear_nucleus nucleus nervi trochlearis ZFA:0000450 nIV ABA ABA ABA mammillary princeps fasciculus FMA:62057 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1492 UBERON:0002723 principal mammillary fasciculus principal mammillary tract principle mamillary fasciculus uberon FMA:62057 principal mammillary fasciculus FMA:62057 principle mamillary fasciculus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1492 principal mammillary tract limen of insula FMA:75266 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1493 SCTID:369215009 UBERON:0002724 angulus gyri olfactorii lateralis gyrus ambiens (noback) insula limen limen insulae uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1493 limen insulae NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1493 gyrus ambiens (noback) FMA:75266 insula limen FMA:75266 angulus gyri olfactorii lateralis cervical spinal cord A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region. FMA:71166 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1499 SCTID:180960003 UBERON:0002726 UMLS:C0581619 cervical segment of spinal cord cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] cervical spinal cord ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spinal_Cord segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 uberon FMA:71166 cervical segment of spinal cord FMA:71166 cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] FMA:71166 FMA:TA segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 FMA:71166 cervical spinal cord A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region. OBOL:automatic medial medullary lamina BTO:0002251 FMA:62470 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1501 SCTID:369205003 UBERON:0002727 inner medullary lamina internal medullary lamina of corpus striatum internal medullary lamina of globus pallidus internal medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus lamina medullaris interna corporis striati lamina medullaris medialis corporis striati medial medullary lamina medial medullary lamina of corpus striatum medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus medial medullary lamina of pallidum medial medullary stria uberon FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina of corpus striatum FMA:62470 internal medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus FMA:62470 inner medullary lamina FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina of pallidum FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62470 medial medullary lamina FMA:62470 internal medullary lamina of corpus striatum FMA:62470 medial medullary stria FMA:62470 FMA:TA lamina medullaris interna corporis striati FMA:62470 FMA:TA lamina medullaris medialis corporis striati FMA:62470 internal medullary lamina of globus pallidus entorhinal area ABA:ENT BM:Tel-Cx-ENT BTO:0002650 Brodmann's area 28 Component of the temporal lobe on the mesial surface. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the entorhinal cortex are the rostral end of the collateral sulcus and the caudal end of the amygdala respectively. The medial boundary is the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the lateral boundary is the collateral sulcus. (DK). EFO:0001920 FMA:72356 GAID:636 MESH:A08.186.211.577.710.225 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1508 SCTID:369099007 UBERON:0002728 UMLS:C0175196 entorhinal cortex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray-Brodman-Entorhinal_Cortex_EC_.png ncithesaurus:Entorhinal_Cortex todo - check area vs complex. ABA:ENT this is part of the hippocampal formation via retrohippocampal region uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1508 entorhinal cortex Component of the temporal lobe on the mesial surface. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the entorhinal cortex are the rostral end of the collateral sulcus and the caudal end of the amygdala respectively. The medial boundary is the medial aspect of the temporal lobe and the lateral boundary is the collateral sulcus. (DK). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1508 Wikipedia:Entorhinal_cortex ABA FMA ABA ABA BTO:0002650 Brodmann's area 28 BTO claustral amygdaloid area FMA:61869 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1515 UBERON:0002729 claustrum diffusa claustrum parvum uberon ventral claustrum ventral portion of claustrum FMA:61869 claustrum parvum NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF FMA:61869 ventral portion of claustrum FMA:61869 claustrum diffusa FMA FMA:61869 ventral claustrum regional part of thalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a thalamus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:67705 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1517 SCTID:119406000 UBERON:0002730 segment of thalamus thalamus segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1517 segment of thalamus FMA:67705 thalamus segment A regional part of brain that is part of a thalamus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic vestibulocochlear nerve root FMA:72499 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1519 UBERON:0002731 central part of vestibulocochlear nerve statoacoustic nerve fibers uberon vestibulocochlear nerve fibers vestibulocochlear nerve roots vestibulocochlear nerve tract FMA:72499 central part of vestibulocochlear nerve FMA:72499 vestibulocochlear nerve roots FMA:72499 vestibulocochlear nerve tract FMA:72499 vestibulocochlear nerve fibers FMA:72499 statoacoustic nerve fibers longitudinal pontine fibers FMA:72513 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1523 SCTID:361544009 UBERON:0002732 fibrae pontis longitudinales longitudinal fasciculus of the pons longitudinal pontine fibers longitudinal pontine fibres longitudinal pontine tract uberon FMA:72513 longitudinal fasciculus of the pons FMA:72513 FMA:TA fibrae pontis longitudinales FMA:72513 longitudinal pontine fibres FMA:72513 longitudinal pontine fibers FMA:72513 longitudinal pontine tract intralaminar nuclear group ABA:ILM FMA:62021 GAID:660 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.826.701.460 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1530 SCTID:279159009 The intralaminar nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus that contains the following nuclei: central lateral centromedian (or 'central medial') paracentral parafascicular. Some sources also include a 'central dorsal' nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002733 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Thalmus.png/200px-Thalmus.png intralaminar nuclear group intralaminar nuclear group of thalamus intralaminar nuclei of thalamus intralaminar thalamic nuclei nonspecific thalamic system nuclei intralaminares (thalami) nuclei intralaminares thalami uberon FMA:62021 nonspecific thalamic system The intralaminar nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus that contains the following nuclei: central lateral centromedian (or 'central medial') paracentral parafascicular. Some sources also include a 'central dorsal' nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intralaminar_thalamic_nuclei FMA:62021 intralaminar nuclei of thalamus ABA FMA:62021 intralaminar nuclear group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1530 nuclei intralaminares (thalami) FMA:62021 FMA:TA nuclei intralaminares thalami FMA:62021 intralaminar nuclear group of thalamus FMA:62021 intralaminar thalamic nuclei ABA ABA superior temporal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-STS FMA:83783 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1534 SCTID:279344005 UBERON:0002734 UMLS:C0228237 ncithesaurus:Superior_Temporal_Sulcus parallel sulcus sulcus t1 superior temporal fissure uberon FMA:83783 superior temporal fissure FMA:83783 sulcus t1 FMA:83783 parallel sulcus transverse pontine fibers FMA:72514 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1535 SCTID:79836003 UBERON:0002735 fibrae pontis transversae superficial transverse fibers of pons transverse fibers of pons transverse pontine fibers transverse pontine fibres transverse pontine tract uberon FMA:72514 transverse pontine tract FMA:72514 FMA:TA fibrae pontis transversae FMA:72514 transverse fibers of pons FMA:72514 superficial transverse fibers of pons FMA:72514 transverse pontine fibres FMA:72514 transverse pontine fibers lateral nuclear group ABA:LAT EV:0100210 FMA:62174 GAID:661 MA:0000862 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.826.701.485 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 SCTID:279126006 The lateral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the lateral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: lateral dorsal nucleus lateral posterior nucleus pulvinar [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002736 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png lateral group of the dorsal thalamus lateral nuclear group lateral nuclear group of thalamus lateral nucleus of thalamus lateral thalamic group lateral thalamic nuclei lateral thalamic nucleus nuclei laterales thalami nucleus lateralis thalami uberon ABA FMA:62174 lateral thalamic nuclei The lateral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the lateral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: lateral dorsal nucleus lateral posterior nucleus pulvinar [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_nuclear_group MA ABA MA:0000862 lateral thalamic group FMA:62174 lateral nuclear group FMA:62174 lateral nucleus of thalamus FMA:62174 lateral nuclear group of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 nuclei laterales thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 lateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 lateral group of the dorsal thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1537 nucleus lateralis thalami lateral inferior limiting sulcus FMA:74523 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1540 UBERON:0002737 uberon FMA isthmus of cingulate gyrus FMA:62502 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1541 UBERON:0002738 cingulate gyrus isthmus isthmus of fornicate gyrus isthmus of limbic lobe uberon FMA:62502 isthmus of fornicate gyrus FMA:62502 isthmus of limbic lobe FMA:62502 cingulate gyrus isthmus medial dorsal nucleus ABA:MD BM:Die-Th-MD BTO:0002453 EV:0100200 FMA:62156 GAID:663 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.826.701.490 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 SCTID:279149008 The medial dorsal nucleus (or dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus) is a large nucleus in the thalamus. It receives inputs from the Pre-Frontal Cortex and the Limbic System and in turn relays them to the Pre-Frontal Association Cortex. As a result, it plays a crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking and active memory. The connections of the medial dorsal nucleus have even been used to delineate the prefrontal cortex of the Göttingen minipig brain. By stereology the number of brain cells in the region has been estimated to around 6.43 million neurons in the adult human brain and 36.3 million glial cells, and with the newborn having quite different numbers: around 11.2 million neurons and 10.6 million glial cells. Lesions of the medial dorsal nucleus have been associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002739 UMLS:C0228329 dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus dorsomedial nuclear group dorsomedial nucleus dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png medial dorsal nucleus medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus medial dorsal thalamic nucleus medial nuclear group medial nuclear group of thalamus medial thalamic nuclei medial thalamic nucleus mediodorsal nucleus mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus mediodorsal thalamic nucleus ncithesaurus:Dorsomedial_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nucleus dorsomedialis thalami nucleus medialis dorsalis nucleus mediodorsalis thalami uberon DHB:MD mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus FMA:62156 dorsomedial nucleus FMA:62156 dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62156 medial nuclear group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 nucleus medialis dorsalis FMA:62156 mediodorsal thalamic nucleus FMA:62156 medial nuclear group of thalamus Wikipedia:Medial_dorsal_nucleus nucleus mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62156 medial dorsal nucleus ABA FMA:62156 dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62156 medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus The medial dorsal nucleus (or dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus) is a large nucleus in the thalamus. It receives inputs from the Pre-Frontal Cortex and the Limbic System and in turn relays them to the Pre-Frontal Association Cortex. As a result, it plays a crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, multi-tasking and active memory. The connections of the medial dorsal nucleus have even been used to delineate the prefrontal cortex of the Göttingen minipig brain. By stereology the number of brain cells in the region has been estimated to around 6.43 million neurons in the adult human brain and 36.3 million glial cells, and with the newborn having quite different numbers: around 11.2 million neurons and 10.6 million glial cells. Lesions of the medial dorsal nucleus have been associated with Wernicke's encephalopathy [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_dorsal_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 nucleus dorsomedialis thalami FMA:62156 dorsomedial nuclear group BTO:0002453 nucleus mediodorsalis thalami FMA:62156 medial thalamic nuclei FMA:62156 mediodorsal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1543 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus FMA:62156 medial thalamic nucleus posterior cingulate gyrus FMA:61924 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1546 The posterior cingulate cortex is the backmost part of the cingulate cortex, lying behind the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the 'limbic lobe'. The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the brain. Surrounding areas include the retrosplenial cortex and the precuneus. Cytoarchitectonically posterior cingulate cortex is associated with Brodmann areas 23 and 31. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002740 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray727.svg/200px-Gray727.svg.png uberon The posterior cingulate cortex is the backmost part of the cingulate cortex, lying behind the anterior cingulate cortex. This is the upper part of the 'limbic lobe'. The cingulate cortex is made up of an area around the midline of the brain. Surrounding areas include the retrosplenial cortex and the precuneus. Cytoarchitectonically posterior cingulate cortex is associated with Brodmann areas 23 and 31. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Posterior_cingulate_gyrus diagonal band BTO:0002445 FMA:61973 GAID:684 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.380 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1551 The diagonal band of Broca consists of fibers that are said to arise in the parolfactory area, the gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance, and course backward in the longitudinal striae to the dentate gyrus and the hippocampal region. This is a cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the paraterminal gyrus in the septal area with the hippocampus and lateral olfactory area. Along with the Septum Pellucidum the Diagonal Band of Broca is believed to be involved in the generation of theta waves in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002741 band of Broca bandaletta diagonalis (Broca) broca's diagonal band broca's diagonal gyrus diagonal band of broca diagonal gyrus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray724.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray724.png/200px-Gray724.png olfactory fasciculus olfactory radiations of zuckerkandl stria diagonalis stria diagonalis (Broca) uberon Wikipedia:Diagonal_band_of_Broca stria diagonalis BTO:0002445 band of Broca FMA:61973 diagonal gyrus FMA:61973 olfactory fasciculus The diagonal band of Broca consists of fibers that are said to arise in the parolfactory area, the gyrus subcallosus and the anterior perforated substance, and course backward in the longitudinal striae to the dentate gyrus and the hippocampal region. This is a cholinergic bundle of nerve fibers posterior to the anterior perforated substance. It interconnects the paraterminal gyrus in the septal area with the hippocampus and lateral olfactory area. Along with the Septum Pellucidum the Diagonal Band of Broca is believed to be involved in the generation of theta waves in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Diagonal_band_of_Broca BTO:0002445 stria diagonalis (Broca) FMA:61973 broca's diagonal gyrus BTO:0002445 stria diagonalis BTO:0002445 bandaletta diagonalis (Broca) FMA:61973 broca's diagonal band lamina of septum pellucidum FMA:62472 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1554 One of two layers of both white and gray matter of the septum pellucidum. During fetal development there is a space between the two laminae called the cavum septum pellucidum which, in ninety per cent of cases, disappears during infancy. SCTID:12164006 UBERON:0002742 editor note laminae septi pellucidi septum pellucidum lamina uberon FMA:62472 septum pellucidum lamina FMA laminae septi pellucidi One of two layers of both white and gray matter of the septum pellucidum. During fetal development there is a space between the two laminae called the cavum septum pellucidum which, in ninety per cent of cases, disappears during infancy. Wikipedia:Septum_pellucidum#Layers basal forebrain BM:Tel-BF BTO:0002444 FMA:77700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1560 The basal forebrain is a collection of structures located ventrally to the striatum. It is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the CNS. It includes a group of structures that lie near the bottom of the front of the brain, including the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Research, conducted by investigators from Children's Hospital Boston and the University of Helsinki, ties together previous observations about sleep and finds that nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep. This structure is defined, in part, as the place where adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The basal forebrain and adjacent areas are a focus for sleep research. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to EEG sychrony and sleep. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002743 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png/200px-Basal_Forebrain_Monakhos_2007.png pars basalis telencephali uberon The basal forebrain is a collection of structures located ventrally to the striatum. It is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the CNS. It includes a group of structures that lie near the bottom of the front of the brain, including the nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, and medial septal nuclei. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. Research, conducted by investigators from Children's Hospital Boston and the University of Helsinki, ties together previous observations about sleep and finds that nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep. This structure is defined, in part, as the place where adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The basal forebrain and adjacent areas are a focus for sleep research. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to EEG sychrony and sleep. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Basal_forebrain BTO Wikipedia:Basal_forebrain pars basalis telencephali hilum of dentate nucleus FMA:72548 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1561 SCTID:369055003 UBERON:0002744 dentate nuclear hilum uberon FMA:72548 dentate nuclear hilum ventral amygdalofugal projection FMA:61977 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1563 UBERON:0002745 uberon ventral amygdalofugal pathway NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1563 ventral amygdalofugal pathway intermediate periventricular nucleus FMA:62328 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1564 UBERON:0002746 intermediate periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus periventricular nucleus at the tuberal level uberon FMA:62328 periventricular nucleus at the tuberal level FMA:62328 intermediate periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus neodentate part of dentate nucleus FMA:72539 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1567 UBERON:0002747 neodentate portion of dentate nucleus uberon FMA:72539 neodentate portion of dentate nucleus medial lemniscus of medulla A medial lemniscus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72621 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1570 UBERON:0002748 medulla medial lemniscus uberon OBOL:automatic medulla medial lemniscus A medial lemniscus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic regional part of cerebellar cortex A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:76924 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1571 UBERON:0002749 cerebellar cortical segment segment of cerebellar cortex uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1571 segment of cerebellar cortex FMA:76924 cerebellar cortical segment A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic medial longitudinal fasciculus of medulla A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72618 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1574 UBERON:0002750 medulla medial longitudinal fasciculus uberon OBOL:automatic medulla medial longitudinal fasciculus A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic inferior temporal gyrus BM:Tel-ITG FMA:61907 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1577 SCTID:279191005 The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002751 gyrus temporalis inferior gyrus temporalis inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray726.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray726.png/200px-Gray726.png lateral occipitotemporal gyrus (heimer-83) ncithesaurus:Inferior_Temporal_Gyrus uberon The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal sulcus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_temporal_gyrus Wikipedia:Inferior_temporal_gyrus gyrus temporalis inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1577 gyrus temporalis inferior olivocerebellar tract FMA:72638 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1579 The olivocerebellar tract (olivocerebellar fibers) leaves the olivary nucleus and pass out through the hilum and decussate with those from the opposite olive in the raphé, then as internal arcuate fibers they pass partly through and partly around the opposite olive and enter the inferior peduncle to be distributed to the cerebellar hemisphere of the opposite side from which they arise. They terminate directly on Purkinje cells as the climbing fiber input system. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002752 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray695.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray695.png/200px-Gray695.png t. olivocerebellaris uberon Wikipedia:Olivocerebellar_tract t. olivocerebellaris The olivocerebellar tract (olivocerebellar fibers) leaves the olivary nucleus and pass out through the hilum and decussate with those from the opposite olive in the raphé, then as internal arcuate fibers they pass partly through and partly around the opposite olive and enter the inferior peduncle to be distributed to the cerebellar hemisphere of the opposite side from which they arise. They terminate directly on Purkinje cells as the climbing fiber input system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olivocerebellar_tract posterior spinocerebellar tract BM:DSCT FMA:72641 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1585 SCTID:369284002 The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsig's fasciculus, Flechsig's tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Proprioceptive information is taken to the via central processes of dorsal root ganglia (first order neurons). These central processes travel through the dorsal horn where they synapse with second order neurons of Clarke's nucleus. Axon fibers from Clarke's Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the posteriolateral funiculus ipsilaterally until it reaches the cerebellum, where unconscious proprioceptive information is processed. This tract involves two neurons and ends up on the same side of the body. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002753 dorsal spinocerebellar tract flechsig's tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png uberon FMA:72641 dorsal spinocerebellar tract FMA:72641 flechsig's tract The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (posterior spinocerebellar tract, Flechsig's fasciculus, Flechsig's tract) conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the ventral spinocerebellar tract. Proprioceptive information is taken to the via central processes of dorsal root ganglia (first order neurons). These central processes travel through the dorsal horn where they synapse with second order neurons of Clarke's nucleus. Axon fibers from Clarke's Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the posteriolateral funiculus ipsilaterally until it reaches the cerebellum, where unconscious proprioceptive information is processed. This tract involves two neurons and ends up on the same side of the body. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract predorsal bundle FMA:72614 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1590 UBERON:0002754 predorsal bundle of edinger predorsal fasciculus tectospinal fibers uberon FMA:72614 tectospinal fibers FMA:72614 predorsal fasciculus pyramidal decussation BM:Me-PyX FMA:72633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1594 SCTID:369058001 UBERON:0002755 When these pyramidal fibers are traced downward, it is found that some three-fifths or more of them leave the pyramids in successive bundles, and decussate in the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata, forming what is termed the pyramidal decussation or motor decussation. Having crossed the middle line, they pass down in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus as the lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus. [WP,unvetted]. corticospinal decussation decussatio pyramidum decussatio pyramidum medullae oblongatae decussation of corticospinal tract decussation of pyramidal tract fibers decussation of pyramids decussation of pyramids of medulla decussation of the pyramidal tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Gray684.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png motor decussation motor decussation of medulla pyramidal decussation (pourfour du petit) uberon FMA:72633 decussation of corticospinal tract FMA:72633 FMA:TA decussatio pyramidum medullae oblongatae FMA:72633 decussation of pyramids FMA:72633 motor decussation NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1594 pyramidal decussation (pourfour du petit) FMA:72633 corticospinal decussation NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1594 decussation of the pyramidal tract FMA:72633 decussation of pyramidal tract fibers When these pyramidal fibers are traced downward, it is found that some three-fifths or more of them leave the pyramids in successive bundles, and decussate in the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata, forming what is termed the pyramidal decussation or motor decussation. Having crossed the middle line, they pass down in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus as the lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Decussation_of_pyramids FMA:72633 FMA:TA decussatio pyramidum FMA:72633 decussation of pyramids of medulla FMA:72633 motor decussation of medulla anterior cingulate gyrus FMA:61916 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1603 UBERON:0002756 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png/200px-Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png uberon regional part of epithalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a epithalamus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62013 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1607 UBERON:0002757 epithalamus segment segment of epithalamus uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a epithalamus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:62013 epithalamus segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1607 segment of epithalamus dorsal nucleus of medial geniculate body ABA:MGd BTO:0002673 FMA:62216 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 UBERON:0002758 dorsal nucleus of medial geniculate complex medial geniculate complex, dorsal part medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal part nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars dorsalis nucleus dorsalis coporis geniculati medialis nucleus geniculatus medialis fibrosus (hassler) nucleus geniculatus medialis pars dorsalis uberon ABA BTO:0002673 nucleus dorsalis coporis geniculati medialis FMA:62216 dorsal nucleus of medial geniculate complex ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 medial geniculate complex, dorsal part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 nucleus geniculatus medialis fibrosus (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 nucleus geniculatus medialis pars dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1608 medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal part magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body ABA:MGm BTO:0002672 FMA:62218 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 UBERON:0002759 corpus geniculatus mediale, pars magnocelluaris magnocelluar nucleus of medial geniculate complex medial division of medial geniculate body medial geniculate complex, medial part medial geniculate nucleus, medial part medial magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body medial nucleus of medial geniculate body nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars magnocelluaris nucleus geniculatus medialis magnocelluaris (hassler) nucleus geniculatus medialis, pars magnocelluaris nucleus medialis magnocellularis corporis geniculati medialis uberon FMA:62218 medial geniculate complex, medial part BTO:0002672 nucleus medialis magnocellularis corporis geniculati medialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars magnocelluaris ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 magnocelluar nucleus of medial geniculate complex FMA:62218 medial magnocellular nucleus of medial geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 nucleus geniculatus medialis, pars magnocelluaris FMA:62218 medial division of medial geniculate body FMA:62218 medial geniculate nucleus, medial part FMA:62218 medial nucleus of medial geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 nucleus geniculatus medialis magnocelluaris (hassler) ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1612 corpus geniculatus mediale, pars magnocelluaris ventral corticospinal tract FMA:72636 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1618 SCTID:369092003 The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract. It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region. It consists of descending fibers which arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the same side, and which, as they run downward in the medulla spinalis, cross in succession through the anterior white commissure to the opposite side, where they end, either directly or indirectly, by arborizing around the motor neurons in the anterior column. A few of its fibers are said to pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior column. They conduct voluntary motor impulses from the precentral gyrus to the motor centers of the cord. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002760 anterior corticospinal tract anterior pyramidal tract anterior tract of turck bundle of turck column of turck http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png uberon FMA:72636 anterior corticospinal tract The anterior corticospinal tract (also called the ventral corticospinal tract, medial corticospinal tract, direct pyramidal tract, or anterior cerebrospinal fasciculus) is a small bundle of descending fibers that connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract, which is the main part of the corticospinal tract. It lies close to the anterior median fissure, and is present only in the upper part of the medulla spinalis; gradually diminishing in size as it descends, it ends about the middle of the thoracic region. It consists of descending fibers which arise from cells in the motor area of the cerebral hemisphere of the same side, and which, as they run downward in the medulla spinalis, cross in succession through the anterior white commissure to the opposite side, where they end, either directly or indirectly, by arborizing around the motor neurons in the anterior column. A few of its fibers are said to pass to the lateral column of the same side and to the gray matter at the base of the posterior column. They conduct voluntary motor impulses from the precentral gyrus to the motor centers of the cord. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_corticospinal_tract FMA:72636 anterior pyramidal tract inferior frontal sulcus FMA:83757 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1619 SCTID:279343004 The inferior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002761 UMLS:C0262251 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Gray726_Inferior_frontal_sulcus.svg inferior frontal fissure ncithesaurus:Inferior_Frontal_Sulcus sulcus f2 sulcus frontalis inferior uberon FMA:83757 inferior frontal fissure The inferior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_frontal_sulcus Wikipedia:Inferior_frontal_sulcus sulcus frontalis inferior FMA:83757 sulcus f2 internal medullary lamina of thalamus FMA:62079 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1621 SCTID:369161003 UBERON:0002762 internal medullary lamina internal medullary lamina of thalamus lamina medullaris medialis thalami uberon FMA:62079 internal medullary lamina FMA:62079 FMA:TA lamina medullaris medialis thalami FMA:62079 internal medullary lamina of thalamus accessory medullary lamina FMA:62471 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1626 UBERON:0002763 accessory medullar lamina of pallidum accessory medullary lamina accessory medullary lamina of corpus striatum accessory medullary lamina of globus pallidus incomplete medullary lamina of globus pallidus lamina medullaris accessoria corporis striati uberon FMA:62471 incomplete medullary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62471 accessory medullary lamina of corpus striatum FMA:62471 accessory medullary lamina of globus pallidus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1626 accessory medullar lamina of pallidum FMA:62471 accessory medullary lamina FMA:62471 FMA:TA lamina medullaris accessoria corporis striati inferior precentral sulcus FMA:83764 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1627 UBERON:0002764 inferior part of precentral fissure sulcus praecentralis inferior sulcus precentralis inferior uberon FMA:83764 inferior part of precentral fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1627 sulcus praecentralis inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1627 sulcus precentralis inferior lateral medullary lamina FMA:62469 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 SCTID:369204004 UBERON:0002765 external medulary lamina of globus pallidus external medulary lamina of lentiform nucleus external medullary lamina of corpus striatum external medullary lamina of globus pallidus external medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus lamina medullaris externa corporis striati lamina medullaris lateralis corporis striati lateral medulary lamina of globus pallidus lateral medulary stria lateral medullary lamina lateral medullary lamina of corpus striatum lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lateral medullary lamina of pallidum lateral medullary stria medulary lamina of pallidum outer medulary lamina outer medullary lamina uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 external medulary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62469 external medullary lamina of lentiform nucleus FMA:62469 FMA:TA lamina medullaris externa corporis striati FMA:62469 lateral medullary stria FMA:62469 outer medullary lamina FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 lateral medulary stria FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina of pallidum FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina of corpus striatum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 lateral medulary lamina of globus pallidus FMA:62469 FMA:TA lamina medullaris lateralis corporis striati NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 external medulary lamina of lentiform nucleus FMA:62469 external medullary lamina of corpus striatum FMA:62469 lateral medullary lamina FMA:62469 external medullary lamina of globus pallidus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 outer medulary lamina NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1634 medulary lamina of pallidum fusiform gyrus FMA:61908 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1641 SCTID:110678003 The fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe. It is also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002766 gyrus fusiformis gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Gray727.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray727.svg/200px-Gray727.svg.png lateral occipitotemporal gyrus medial occipitotemporal gyrus-1 (heimer) occipitotemporal gyrus uberon FMA:61908 FMA:TA gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis FMA:61908 lateral occipitotemporal gyrus The fusiform gyrus is part of the temporal lobe. It is also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus. Other sources have the fusiform gyrus above the occipitotemporal gyrus and underneath the parahippocampal gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fusiform_gyrus Wikipedia:Fusiform_gyrus gyrus fusiformis FMA:61908 occipitotemporal gyrus inferior rostral sulcus FMA:83767 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1642 UBERON:0002767 sulcus rostralis inferior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1642 sulcus rostralis inferior vestibulospinal tract FMA:72646 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1643 SCTID:369289007 TAO:0000709 UBERON:0002768 ZFA:0000709 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the vestibular nucleus of the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png tractus vestibulospinalis uberon vestibulo-spinal tract Wikipedia:Vestibulospinal_tract a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the vestibular nucleus of the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. ZFA:0000709 vestibulo-spinal tract Wikipedia:Vestibulospinal_tract tractus vestibulospinalis superior temporal gyrus A gyrus (plural gyri) is a bump or ridge on the surface of the brain. The superior temporal gyrus is one of three (sometimes two) gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain. The superior temporal gyrus is bounded by: the lateral sulcus above; the superior temporal sulcus (not always present or visible) below; an imaginary line drawn from the preoccipital notch to the lateral sulcus posteriorly. The superior temporal gyrus contains several important structures of the brain, including: Brodmann areas 41 and 42, marking the location of the primary auditory cortex, the cortical region responsible for the sensation of sound; Wernicke's area, Brodmann 22p, an important region for the processing of speech so that it can be understood as language. [WP,unvetted]. BM:Tel-STG EFO:0001944 FMA:61905 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1648 SCTID:362345008 UBERON:0002769 gyrus temporalis superior gyrus temporalis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Superior_temporal_gyrus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Superior_temporal_gyrus.png/200px-Superior_temporal_gyrus.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Temporal_Gyrus uberon Wikipedia:Superior_temporal_gyrus gyrus temporalis superior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1648 gyrus temporalis superior A gyrus (plural gyri) is a bump or ridge on the surface of the brain. The superior temporal gyrus is one of three (sometimes two) gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain. The superior temporal gyrus is bounded by: the lateral sulcus above; the superior temporal sulcus (not always present or visible) below; an imaginary line drawn from the preoccipital notch to the lateral sulcus posteriorly. The superior temporal gyrus contains several important structures of the brain, including: Brodmann areas 41 and 42, marking the location of the primary auditory cortex, the cortical region responsible for the sensation of sound; Wernicke's area, Brodmann 22p, an important region for the processing of speech so that it can be understood as language. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_temporal_gyrus posterior hypothalamic region FMA:62029 GAID:651 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.362 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1651 The part of the hypothalamus posterior to the middle region consisting of several nuclei including the medial mamillary nucleus, lateral mamillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (posterior hypothalamic area). The posterior hypothalamic area is concerned with control of sympathetic responses and is sensitive to conditions of decreasing temperature and controls the mechanisms for the conservation and increased production of heat. UBERON:0002770 mammillary level of hypothalamus mammillary region posterior hypothalamus uberon FMA:62029 posterior hypothalamus MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.357.362 The part of the hypothalamus posterior to the middle region consisting of several nuclei including the medial mamillary nucleus, lateral mamillary nucleus, and posterior hypothalamic nucleus (posterior hypothalamic area). The posterior hypothalamic area is concerned with control of sympathetic responses and is sensitive to conditions of decreasing temperature and controls the mechanisms for the conservation and increased production of heat. FMA:62029 mammillary region FMA:62029 mammillary level of hypothalamus middle temporal gyrus EFO:0002466 FMA:61906 Middle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. Its exact function is unknown, but it has been connected with processes as different as contemplating distance, recognition of known faces, and accessing word meaning while reading. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1653 SCTID:279190006 UBERON:0002771 gyrus temporalis medius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/WOROI_60_loc.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/WOROI_60_loc.png/200px-WOROI_60_loc.png intermediate temporal gyrus medial temporal gyrus ncithesaurus:Middle_Temporal_Gyrus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1653 gyrus temporalis medius Middle temporal gyrus is a gyrus in the brain on the Temporal lobe. It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus. Its exact function is unknown, but it has been connected with processes as different as contemplating distance, recognition of known faces, and accessing word meaning while reading. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Middle_temporal_gyrus FMA:61906 intermediate temporal gyrus Wikipedia:Middle_temporal_gyrus medial temporal gyrus olfactory sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-OFS FMA:83769 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1655 SCTID:279358007 The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002772 UMLS:C0228205 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gray729_olfactory_sulcus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray729_olfactory_sulcus.png/200px-Gray729_olfactory_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Sulcus olfactory groove sulcus olfactorius sulcus olfactorius lobi frontalis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1655 sulcus olfactorius NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1655 olfactory groove The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_sulcus Wikipedia:Olfactory_sulcus sulcus olfactorius lobi frontalis anterior transverse temporal gyrus FMA:61909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1657 SCTID:279192003 UBERON:0002773 anterior transverse convolution of heschl anterior transverse temporal convolution of heschl first transverse gyrus of heschl great transverse gyrus of heschl uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1657 anterior transverse convolution of heschl posterior transverse temporal gyrus FMA:61910 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1661 SCTID:279193008 UBERON:0002774 posterior transverse convolution of heschl posterior transverse temporal convolution of heschl uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1661 posterior transverse convolution of heschl olivocochlear bundle FMA:72485 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1666 SCTID:369030009 UBERON:0002775 bundle of rasmussen efferent cochlear bundle olivocochlear bundle of rasmussen olivocochlear tract tractus olivocochlearis uberon FMA:72485 FMA:TA tractus olivocochlearis FMA:72485 efferent cochlear bundle FMA:72485 olivocochlear tract ventral nuclear group ABA:VENT BTO:0002467 EV:0100206 Editors note: consider splitting nucleus from nuclear group FMA:62022 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1669 SCTID:279125005 The ventral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the ventral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: ventral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nucleus ventral posterior nucleus [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002776 ZFA:0005576 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nuclei ventrales thalami uberon ventral group of dorsal thalamus ventral nuclear group ventral nuclear group of thalamus ventral nuclear mass ventral nuclei of thalamus ventral tier thalamic nuclei FMA:62022 ventral nuclear mass ABA FMA:62022 ventral tier thalamic nuclei FMA:62022 ventral nuclei of thalamus FMA:62022 ventral nuclear group of thalamus The ventral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the ventral side of the thalamus. According to MeSH, it consists of the following: ventral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nucleus ventral posterior nucleus [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_nuclear_group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1669 nuclei ventrales thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1669 ventral group of dorsal thalamus FMA:62022 ventral nuclear group obsolete neostriatum GAID:669 UBERON:0002777 true uberon ventral pallidum ABA:PALv BM:Tel-VPa BTO:0004375 FMA:77613 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1674 Part of the globus pallidus, consistingo of the more medial of the two segments. In some species, e.g., primates, it is separated from the lateral segment by the fibers of the medial medullary lamina (MM). UBERON:0002778 uberon ventral globus pallidus ventral pallidum BTO:0004375 ventral globus pallidus FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1674 Part of the globus pallidus, consistingo of the more medial of the two segments. In some species, e.g., primates, it is separated from the lateral segment by the fibers of the medial medullary lamina (MM). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1674 ventral pallidum BTO NIF-def lateral superior olivary nucleus BM:Pons-SOL FMA:72472 In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva and olivae, singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1675 SCTID:360477003 UBERON:0002779 accessory olivary nucleus accessory superior olivary nucleus accessory superior olive http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gray679.png/200px-Gray679.png lateral superior olive superior olivary nucleus, lateral part uberon FMA:72472 lateral superior olive FMA:72472 superior olivary nucleus, lateral part FMA:72472 accessory superior olive FMA:72472 accessory olivary nucleus FMA:72472 accessory superior olivary nucleus In anatomy, the olivary bodies or simply olives (Latin oliva and olivae, singular and plural, respectively) are a pair of prominent oval structures in the medulla oblongata, the lower portion of the brainstem. They contain the olivary nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olivary_body regional part of forebrain A regional part of brain that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:61996 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1677 UBERON:0002780 forebrain segment segment of forebrain uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1677 segment of forebrain A regional part of brain that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:61996 forebrain segment caudal part of ventral posterolateral nucleus FMA:62206 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1681 UBERON:0002781 uberon ventral posterior lateral nucleus (ilinsky) ventral posterolateral nucleus, caudal part ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part FMA:62206 ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, caudal part FMA:62206 ventral posterolateral nucleus, caudal part medial superior olivary nucleus BM:Pons-SOM FMA:72473 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1682 The superior olivary complex (or SOC or superior olive) is a small mass of gray substance situated on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body. Small in humans, but well developed in certain animals, it exhibits similar structure as the inferior olivary nucleus, and is situated immediately above it. Some of the fibers of the trapezoid body end by arborizing around the cells of this nucleus, while others arise from these cells. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002782 chief nucleus of superior olive chief superior olivary nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray713.png/200px-Gray713.png main superior olivary nucleus medial superior olive nucleus laminaris principal superior olivary nucleus superior olivary nucleus, medial part uberon FMA:72473 main superior olivary nucleus FMA:72473 principal superior olivary nucleus FMA:72473 medial superior olive FMA:72473 chief superior olivary nucleus FMA:72473 superior olivary nucleus, medial part The superior olivary complex (or SOC or superior olive) is a small mass of gray substance situated on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body. Small in humans, but well developed in certain animals, it exhibits similar structure as the inferior olivary nucleus, and is situated immediately above it. Some of the fibers of the trapezoid body end by arborizing around the cells of this nucleus, while others arise from these cells. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1682 nucleus laminaris FMA:72473 chief nucleus of superior olive central tegmental tract of pons FMA:72494 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1683 UBERON:0002783 uberon regional part of diencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62005 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1685 SCTID:119264001 UBERON:0002784 diencephalon segment uberon FMA:62005 diencephalon segment A regional part of brain that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic regional part of lateral hypothalamic region A multi-tissue structure that is part of a lateral hypothalamic area. FMA:62312 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1687 UBERON:0002785 lateral hypothalamic region segment segment of lateral hypothalamic region uberon FMA:62312 lateral hypothalamic region segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1687 segment of lateral hypothalamic region A multi-tissue structure that is part of a lateral hypothalamic area. OBOL:automatic abducens nerve fibers FMA:72491 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1689 UBERON:0002786 abducens nerve fibers abducens nerve tract central part of abducens nerve root of abducens nerve uberon FMA ZFA-abduced FMA:72491 central part of abducens nerve FMA:72491 abducens nerve tract FMA:72491 root of abducens nerve FMA:72491 abducens nerve fibers decussation of trochlear nerve FMA:72488 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1690 UBERON:0002787 decussation of trochlear nerve (IV) trochlear neural decussation uberon FMA:72488 trochlear neural decussation FMA:72488 decussation of trochlear nerve (IV) anterior nuclear group ABA:ATN EV:0100196 FMA:62019 GAID:658 MA:0000861 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.826.701.080 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 SCTID:279124009 TAO:0000427 The anterior nuclei of thalamus (or anterior nuclear group) are collection of nuclei at the rostral end of the dorsal thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002788 ZFA:0000427 anterior nuclear group anterior nuclear group of thalamus anterior nuclei of thalamus anterior nucleus of thalamus anterior thalamic group anterior thalamic nuclei anterior thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nuclei anterior thalami nuclei anteriores (thalami) nuclei anteriores thalami nuclei thalamicus anterior rostral thalamic nucleus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei anteriores (thalami) FMA:62019 anterior nuclear group of thalamus The anterior nuclei of thalamus (or anterior nuclear group) are collection of nuclei at the rostral end of the dorsal thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anterior_nuclear_group MA:0000861 anterior thalamic group FMA:62019 anterior nuclear group FMA:62019 anterior nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei thalamicus anterior FMA:62019 anterior thalamic nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 anterior thalamus TAO:0000427 rostral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei anterior thalami FMA:62019 anterior nuclei of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1692 nuclei anteriores thalami MA regional part of posterior hypothalamic region A regional part of brain that is part of a posterior hypothalamic region [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62311 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1697 UBERON:0002789 posterior hypothalamic region segment segment of posterior hypothalamic region uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1697 segment of posterior hypothalamic region FMA:62311 posterior hypothalamic region segment A regional part of brain that is part of a posterior hypothalamic region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic dorsal acoustic stria FMA:72496 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1698 UBERON:0002790 posterior acoustic stria stria cochlearis posterior uberon FMA:72496 FMA:TA stria cochlearis posterior FMA:72496 posterior acoustic stria regional part of telencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62374 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1700 UBERON:0002791 segment of telencephalon telencephalon segment uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1700 segment of telencephalon FMA:62374 telencephalon segment lumbar spinal cord . FMA:71168 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1704 SCTID:180962006 UBERON:0002792 UMLS:C0581621 lumbar segment of spinal cord lumbar segments of spinal cord [1-5] lumbar spinal cord ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Spinal_Cord segmenta lumbalia medullae spinalis [1-5] uberon FMA:71168 lumbar segments of spinal cord [1-5] FMA:71168 lumbar spinal cord . Wikipedia:Lumbar_spinal_cord FMA:71168 lumbar segment of spinal cord FMA:71168 FMA:TA segmenta lumbalia medullae spinalis [1-5] dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of pons A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons. FMA:72492 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1707 UBERON:0002793 uberon A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons. OBOL:automatic medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72493 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1708 UBERON:0002794 medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius pons medial longitudinal fasciculus pons of varolius medial longitudinal fasciculus uberon OBOL:automatic pons of varolius medial longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic pons medial longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic medial longitudinal fasciculus of pons of varolius A medial longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a pons [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic frontal pole Component of the frontal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the frontal pole are the superior frontal gyrus and the rostral division of the middle frontal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennama-Notestine). FMA:74885 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1716 SCTID:314144002 UBERON:0002795 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG polus frontalis uberon NeuroNames:57 polus frontalis Component of the frontal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the frontal pole are the superior frontal gyrus and the rostral division of the middle frontal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennama-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1716 motor root of trigeminal nerve FMA:52612 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1717 SCTID:280189001 TAO:0000650 UBERON:0002796 ZFA:0000650 dorsal motor root of v motor branch of trigeminal nerve motor root of nervus v radix motoria (Nervus trigeminus [V]) todo - check ZFA uberon FMA:52612 motor branch of trigeminal nerve FMA:52612 radix motoria (Nervus trigeminus [V]) TAO:0000650 dorsal motor root of v Wikipedia dorsal trigeminal tract FMA:72500 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1718 The dorsal trigeminal tract (dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, or lemniscus) is a tract which receives signals from Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. this tract arises from Principal trigeminal nucleus and terminates in the VPM nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002797 dorsal ascending trigeminal tract dorsal division of trigeminal lemniscus dorsal secondary ascending tract of v dorsal secondary tract of v dorsal trigeminal lemniscus dorsal trigeminal pathway dorsal trigeminothalamic tract posterior trigeminothalamic tract reticulothalamic tract tractus trigeminothalamicus posterior uberon uncrossed dorsal trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72500 dorsal trigeminothalamic tract The dorsal trigeminal tract (dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, or lemniscus) is a tract which receives signals from Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles. this tract arises from Principal trigeminal nucleus and terminates in the VPM nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_trigeminal_tract FMA:72500 dorsal division of trigeminal lemniscus FMA:72500 dorsal trigeminal lemniscus FMA:72500 dorsal trigeminal pathway FMA:72500 dorsal ascending trigeminal tract FMA:72500 FMA:TA tractus trigeminothalamicus posterior FMA:72500 reticulothalamic tract FMA:72500 posterior trigeminothalamic tract FMA:72500 uncrossed dorsal trigeminothalamic tract spinothalamic tract of pons FMA:72504 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1719 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the pontine tegmentum SCTID:369026006 UBERON:0002798 pons of varolius spinothalamic tract pons of varolius spinothalamic tract of medulla pons spinothalamic tract pons spinothalamic tract of medulla spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons of varolius spinothalamic tract of pons of varolius uberon OBOL:automatic pons of varolius spinothalamic tract OBOL:automatic spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons OBOL:automatic pons of varolius spinothalamic tract of medulla FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1719 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the pontine tegmentum FMA OBOL:automatic pons spinothalamic tract of medulla OBOL:automatic spinothalamic tract of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic spinothalamic tract of medulla of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons spinothalamic tract fronto-orbital sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-OFS FMA:83768 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1724 UBERON:0002799 fronto-orbital dimple orbito-frontal sulcus orbitofrontal sulcus uberon FMA:83768 orbito-frontal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-OFS orbitofrontal sulcus FMA FMA:83768 fronto-orbital dimple spinal trigeminal tract of pons FMA:72507 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1725 SCTID:369027002 UBERON:0002800 uberon stratum zonale of thalamus FMA:83905 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1727 UBERON:0002801 neuraxis stratum stratum zonale thalami uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1727 stratum zonale thalami FMA:83905 neuraxis stratum left parietal lobe A parietal lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72974 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1728 SCTID:314147009 UBERON:0002802 uberon A parietal lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic right parietal lobe A parietal lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72973 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1729 SCTID:314146000 UBERON:0002803 uberon A parietal lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic left limbic lobe A limbic lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72981 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1780 UBERON:0002804 uberon A limbic lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic right limbic lobe A limbic lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72980 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1781 UBERON:0002805 uberon A limbic lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic left occipital lobe An occipital lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72976 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1782 SCTID:314150007 UBERON:0002806 uberon An occipital lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic right occipital lobe An occipital lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72975 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1783 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rv9OFy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:314149007 UBERON:0002807 uberon An occipital lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic left temporal lobe A temporal lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72972 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1784 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rwQLi-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:314158000 UBERON:0002808 uberon A temporal lobe that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic right temporal lobe A temporal lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72971 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1785 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rwQLi-ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:314157005 UBERON:0002809 uberon A temporal lobe that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic right frontal lobe A frontal cortex that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1786 SCTID:314141005 UBERON:0002810 uberon A frontal cortex that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic left frontal lobe A frontal cortex that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72970 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1787 SCTID:314142003 UBERON:0002811 uberon A frontal cortex that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic left cerebral hemisphere A cerebral hemisphere that is in the left side of a brain. FMA:61819 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1795 SCTID:362323007 UBERON:0002812 UMLS:C0228176 left hemisphere ncithesaurus:Left_Cerebral_Hemisphere uberon A cerebral hemisphere that is in the left side of a brain. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1795 left hemisphere right cerebral hemisphere A cerebral hemisphere that is in the right side of a brain. FMA:67292 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1797 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvigx5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362322002 UBERON:0002813 UMLS:C0228175 ncithesaurus:Right_Cerebral_Hemisphere right hemisphere uberon A cerebral hemisphere that is in the right side of a brain. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1797 right hemisphere posterior superior fissure FMA:83733 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081254 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081254 SCTID:314170001 UBERON:0002814 fissura post clivalis post-clival fissure postclival fissure posterior superior fissure of cerebellum postlunate fissure uberon FMA:83733 posterior superior fissure of cerebellum FMA:83733 postlunate fissure FMA:83733 post-clival fissure FMA:83733 postclival fissure FMA:83733 FMA:TA fissura post clivalis horizontal fissure FMA:14697 FMA:75135 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081255 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081255 SCTID:314173004 The largest and deepest fissure in the cerebellum is named the horizontal sulcus (or horizontal fissure). It commences in front of the pons, and passes horizontally around the free margin of the hemisphere to the middle line behind, and divides the cerebellum into an upper and a lower portion. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002815 fissura horizontalis fissura intercruralis cerebelli great horizontal fissure horizontal fissure of cerebellum horizontal fissure of right lung(line) horizontal sulcus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray702.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gray702.png/200px-Gray702.png intercrural fissure of cerebellum uberon FMA:75135 great horizontal fissure The largest and deepest fissure in the cerebellum is named the horizontal sulcus (or horizontal fissure). It commences in front of the pons, and passes horizontally around the free margin of the hemisphere to the middle line behind, and divides the cerebellum into an upper and a lower portion. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum FMA:14697 horizontal fissure of right lung(line) FMA:75135 FMA:TA fissura intercruralis cerebelli Wikipedia:Horizontal_fissure_of_cerebellum fissura horizontalis FMA:75135 intercrural fissure of cerebellum prepyramidal fissure FMA:75138 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081257 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081257 SCTID:314171002 UBERON:0002816 fissura prebiventralis cerebelli prebiventral fissure of cerebellum prepyramidal fissure of cerebellum prepyramidal sulcus uberon FMA:75138 prebiventral fissure of cerebellum FMA:75138 prepyramidal fissure of cerebellum FMA:75138 prepyramidal sulcus FMA:75138 FMA:TA fissura prebiventralis cerebelli secondary fissure FMA:84043 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081258 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081258 SCTID:314169002 UBERON:0002817 fissura postpyramidalis cerebelli post-pyramidal fissure of cerebellum postpyramidal fissure secondary fissure secondary fissure of cerebellum uberon FMA:84043 FMA:TA fissura postpyramidalis cerebelli FMA:84043 secondary fissure FMA:84043 postpyramidal fissure FMA:84043 secondary fissure of cerebellum FMA:84043 post-pyramidal fissure of cerebellum posterolateral fissure FMA:83730 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20081259 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081259 SCTID:314172009 UBERON:0002818 dorsolateral fissure of cerebellum posterolateral fissure of cerebellum prenodular fissure prenodular sulcus uberon uvulonodular fissure FMA:83730 dorsolateral fissure of cerebellum FMA:83730 uvulonodular fissure FMA:83730 prenodular fissure FMA:83730 posterolateral fissure of cerebellum FMA:83730 prenodular sulcus apex of cochlea FMA:75641 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2523 The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system, sensing proprioception. The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals. As fluid rushes by the cupula, hair cells within it sense rotational acceleration, and transmit the corresponding signal to the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) In their natural orientation within the head, the cupulae are located on the medial aspect of the semicircular canals. In this orientation, the kinocilia rest on the posterior aspect of the cupula. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002819 cochlea apex cupula of cochlea uberon The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system, sensing proprioception. The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals. As fluid rushes by the cupula, hair cells within it sense rotational acceleration, and transmit the corresponding signal to the brain through the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) In their natural orientation within the head, the cupulae are located on the medial aspect of the semicircular canals. In this orientation, the kinocilia rest on the posterior aspect of the cupula. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Apex_of_cochlea FMA:75641 cupula of cochlea FMA:75641 cochlea apex zona arcuata of basilar membrane of cochlea FMA:75709 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2528 UBERON:0002820 UBERON:0002821 uberon macula lutea proper FMA:58671 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2542 UBERON:0002822 uberon clivus of fovea centralis FMA:58674 NIF differs from FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2544 UBERON:0002823 clivus of macula lutea fovea centralis clivus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2544 clivus of macula lutea FMA:58674 fovea centralis clivus vestibular ganglion EMAPA:17573 FMA:53435 MA:0001086 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2549 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002199 SCTID:244450009 Scarpa's ganglion The vestibular nerve ganglion (also called Scarpa's ganglion) is the ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002824 UMLS:C0036286 VHOG:0000682 ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Ganglion uberon vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component vestibulocochlear component The vestibular nerve ganglion (also called Scarpa's ganglion) is the ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Scarpa%27s_ganglion MA:0001086 vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component MA ncithesaurus FMA:53435 Scarpa's ganglion FMA superior part of vestibular ganglion FMA:77531 MA:0002778 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2551 UBERON:0002825 pars superior vestibularis uberon vestibular ganglion superior part MA:0002778 vestibular ganglion superior part MA:0002778 pars superior vestibularis inferior part of vestibular ganglion FMA:77532 MA:0002779 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2552 UBERON:0002826 uberon vestibular ganglion inferior part MA:0002779 vestibular ganglion inferior part auditory ganglion (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003543 EHDAA2:0002196 EHDAA:5569 EHDAA:6653 EMAPA:16982 EMAPA:17571 Editor notes: Consider follow MA naming scheme. // The cell bodies of the cochlear nerve lie within the central aspect of the cochlea and are collectively known as the spiral ganglion. This name reflects the fact that the cell bodies, considered as a unit, have a spiral (or perhaps more accurately, a helical) shape, reflecting the shape of the cochlea. The terms "cochlear nerve fiber" and "spiral ganglion cell" are used, to some degree, interchangeably, although the former may be used to more specifically refer to the central axons of the cochlear nerve. These central axons exit the cochlea at its base, where it forms a nerve trunk. In humans, this aspect of the nerve is roughly one inch in length. It projects centrally to the brainstem, where its fibers synapse with the cell bodies of the cochlear nucleus[Wikipedia:Cochlear_nerve] MA:0001084 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2564 SAG TAO:0000588 The sensory ganglion of the ear. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for statoacoustic ganglion by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] UBERON:0002827 VHOG:0000696 XAO:0004142 ZFA:0000588 acoustic ganglion acoustic ganglion VIII acoustico-vestibular VIII ganglion auditory ganglion gVIII ganglion VIII statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion statoacoustic VIII ganglion statoacoustic ganglia uberon vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion ZFA:0000588 auditory ganglion (During the development of the inner ear in a vertebrate embryo) As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 PMID:21452441 Park BY, Saint-Jeannet JP, Induction and Segregation of the Vertebrate Cranial Placodes. Developmental Biology (2010) VHOG VHOG:0000696 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA VHOG:0000696 statoacoustic VIII ganglion EMAPA:16982 acoustic ganglion VIII MA:0001084 vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion ZFA ZFA ZFA:0000588 statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion ZFA:0000588 statoacoustic ganglia ZFA:0000588 gVIII 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000588 The sensory ganglion of the ear. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for statoacoustic ganglion by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] ZFIN:curator EHDAA2:0002196 acoustico-vestibular VIII ganglion VHOG:0000696 acoustic ganglion EHDAA2 NBK53175 SAG ZFA:0000588 ventral cochlear nucleus ABA:VCO BM:CV FMA:54621 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2567 SCTID:280178008 The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002828 anterior cochlear nucleus c1281209 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png uberon ventral cochlear nucleus FMA:54621 ventral cochlear nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2567 c1281209 FMA:54621 anterior cochlear nucleus The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle. Composed of several regions of distinct cell types, this nucleus serves primarily as a relay station for ascending auditory information. Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. Other cell types project to the lateral lemniscus and the inferior colliculus directly. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_cochlear_nucleus dorsal cochlear nucleus ABA:DCO BM:Me-CD FMA:54624 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2569 SCTID:280179000 The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the 'tuberculum acousticum'), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus, it forms the cochlear nucleus, where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002829 UMLS:C0175499 dorsal cochlear nucleus dorsal division of cochlear nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Gray760.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Cochlear_Nucleus nucleus cochlearis posterior posterior cochlear nucleus tuberculum acousticum uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus nucleus cochlearis posterior The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the 'tuberculum acousticum'), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral surface of the brainstem. Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus, it forms the cochlear nucleus, where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus FMA:54624 posterior cochlear nucleus FMA:54624 dorsal cochlear nucleus FMA:54624 dorsal division of cochlear nucleus anteroventral cochlear nucleus FMA:72571 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2572 UBERON:0002830 anterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus anteroventral auditory nucleus nucleus magnocellularis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2572 nucleus magnocellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2572 anterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus FMA:72571 anteroventral auditory nucleus posteroventral cochlear nucleus FMA:72572 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2573 UBERON:0002831 posterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2573 posterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus ventral nucleus of trapezoid body FMA:72477 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2576 SCTID:369020000 UBERON:0002832 anterior nucleus of trapezoid body nucleus anterior corporis trapezoidei uberon FMA:72477 FMA:TA nucleus anterior corporis trapezoidei FMA:72477 anterior nucleus of trapezoid body medial nucleus of trapezoid body FMA:75732 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2595 UBERON:0002833 uberon cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6005 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2599 SCTID:278325008 UBERON:0002834 cervical dorsal root ganglion cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6005 cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6005 cervical dorsal root ganglion thoracic dorsal root ganglion A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:6006 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2600 SCTID:278326009 UBERON:0002835 dorsal root ganglion of thorax ganglion of dorsal root of thorax ganglion spinalis of thorax thoracic dorsal root ganglion thoracic spinal ganglion thorax dorsal root ganglion thorax ganglion of dorsal root thorax ganglion spinalis uberon FMA:6006 thoracic spinal ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of dorsal root of thorax FMA:6006 thoracic dorsal root ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion spinalis of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax ganglion spinalis OBOL:automatic dorsal root ganglion of thorax A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax dorsal root ganglion OBOL:automatic thorax ganglion of dorsal root lumbar dorsal root ganglion FMA:6007 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2601 SCTID:278327000 UBERON:0002836 lumbar dorsal root ganglion lumbar spinal ganglion the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the lumbar vertebrae. uberon FMA:6007 lumbar dorsal root ganglion FMA:6007 lumbar spinal ganglion MP:0006404 the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the lumbar vertebrae. sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6008 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2602 SCTID:278328005 UBERON:0002837 sacral dorsal root ganglion sacral spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6008 sacral spinal ganglion FMA:6008 sacral dorsal root ganglion first cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25144 FMA:6010 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2603 UBERON:0002838 first cervical dorsal root ganglion first cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6010 first cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6010 first cervical dorsal root ganglion second cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25155 FMA:6315 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2604 UBERON:0002839 second cervical dorsal root ganglion second cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6315 second cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6315 second cervical spinal ganglion third cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25156 FMA:6316 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2605 UBERON:0002840 third cervical dorsal root ganglion third cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6316 third cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6316 third cervical spinal ganglion fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25157 FMA:6317 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2606 UBERON:0002841 fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion fourth cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6317 fourth cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6317 fourth cervical spinal ganglion fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25158 FMA:6318 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2607 UBERON:0002842 fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion fifth cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6318 fifth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6318 fifth cervical dorsal root ganglion seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25160 FMA:6360 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2609 UBERON:0002843 seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion seventh cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6360 seventh cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6360 seventh cervical dorsal root ganglion eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion FMA:6361 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2610 UBERON:0002844 eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion eighth cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6361 eighth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6361 eighth cervical dorsal root ganglion first thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25174 FMA:6321 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2611 UBERON:0002845 first thoracic dorsal root ganglion first thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6321 first thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6321 first thoracic spinal ganglion second thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25175 FMA:6322 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2612 UBERON:0002846 second thoracic dorsal root ganglion second thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6322 second thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6322 second thoracic dorsal root ganglion third thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25176 FMA:6323 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2613 UBERON:0002847 third thoracic dorsal root ganglion third thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6323 third thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6323 third thoracic dorsal root ganglion fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25179 FMA:6325 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2615 UBERON:0002848 fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion fifth thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6325 fifth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6325 fifth thoracic dorsal root ganglion sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25178 FMA:6326 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2616 UBERON:0002849 sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion sixth thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6326 sixth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6326 sixth thoracic dorsal root ganglion seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25180 FMA:6327 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2617 UBERON:0002850 seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion seventh thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6327 seventh thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6327 seventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25181 FMA:6328 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2618 UBERON:0002851 eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion eighth thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6328 eighth thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6328 eighth thoracic dorsal root ganglion ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25182 FMA:6329 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2619 UBERON:0002852 ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion ninth thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6329 ninth thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6329 ninth thoracic spinal ganglion tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25183 FMA:6330 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2620 UBERON:0002853 tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion tenth thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6330 tenth thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6330 tenth thoracic spinal ganglion eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25184 FMA:6331 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2621 UBERON:0002854 eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion eleventh thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6331 eleventh thoracic spinal ganglion FMA:6331 eleventh thoracic dorsal root ganglion twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25185 FMA:6332 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2622 UBERON:0002855 twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion twelfth thoracic spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6332 twelfth thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6332 twelfth thoracic spinal ganglion second lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25165 FMA:6336 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2623 UBERON:0002856 second lumbar dorsal root ganglion second lumbar spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6336 second lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6336 second lumbar dorsal root ganglion first lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25164 FMA:6335 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2624 UBERON:0002857 first lumbar dorsal root ganglion first lumbar spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6335 first lumbar dorsal root ganglion FMA:6335 first lumbar spinal ganglion third lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25166 FMA:6337 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2625 UBERON:0002858 third lumbar dorsal root ganglion third lumbar spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6337 third lumbar spinal ganglion FMA:6337 third lumbar dorsal root ganglion fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25168 FMA:6339 L5 dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2627 UBERON:0002859 UBERON:0003944 fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion fifth lumbar spinal ganglion the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra uberon FMA:6339 fifth lumbar dorsal root ganglion MP:0001022 the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra L5 dorsal root ganglion MP:0001022 FMA:6339 fifth lumbar spinal ganglion first sacral dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25170 FMA:6342 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2628 UBERON:0002860 first sacral dorsal root ganglion first sacral spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6342 first sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6342 first sacral spinal ganglion second sacral dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25171 FMA:6343 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2629 UBERON:0002861 second sacral dorsal root ganglion second sacral spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6343 second sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6343 second sacral spinal ganglion third sacral dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25172 FMA:6344 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2630 UBERON:0002862 third sacral dorsal root ganglion third sacral spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6344 third sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6344 third sacral spinal ganglion fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6346 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2632 UBERON:0002863 fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion fifth sacral spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6346 fifth sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6346 fifth sacral spinal ganglion accessory cuneate nucleus ABA:ECU BM:Me-CX EV:0100285 FMA:72603 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2634 SCTID:15575006 The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation. It receives input from cervical spinal nerves and transmits that information to the cerebellum. These fibers are called cuneocerebellar (cuneate nucleus &gt; cerebellum) fibers. In this function, the accessory cuneate nucleus is comparable to the upper extremity portion of the posterior spinocerebellar tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002864 external cuneate nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png lateral cuneate nucleus nucleus cuneatus accessorius nucleus of corpus restiforme uberon ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Accessory_cuneate_nucleus nucleus cuneatus accessorius ABA ABA FMA:72603 lateral cuneate nucleus The accessory cuneate nucleus is located lateral to the cuneate nucleus in the medulla oblongata at the level of the sensory decussation. It receives input from cervical spinal nerves and transmits that information to the cerebellum. These fibers are called cuneocerebellar (cuneate nucleus &gt; cerebellum) fibers. In this function, the accessory cuneate nucleus is comparable to the upper extremity portion of the posterior spinocerebellar tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Accessory_cuneate_nucleus FMA:72603 nucleus of corpus restiforme ABA FMA:72603 external cuneate nucleus ABA arcuate nucleus of medulla An arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72609 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2635 UBERON:0002865 arcuate hypothalamic nucleus of medulla arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus of medulla arcuate nucleus-1 arcuate nucleus-2 of medulla arcuate periventricular nucleus of medulla infundibular hypothalamic nucleus of medulla infundibular nucleus of medulla infundibular periventricular nucleus of medulla medial arcuate nucleus medulla arcuate hypothalamic nucleus medulla arcuate nucleus medulla arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus medulla arcuate nucleus-2 medulla arcuate periventricular nucleus medulla infundibular hypothalamic nucleus medulla infundibular nucleus medulla infundibular periventricular nucleus nucleus arciformis pyramidalis uberon FMA:72609 medial arcuate nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2635 nucleus arciformis pyramidalis OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate hypothalamic nucleus OBOL:automatic arcuate periventricular nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic infundibular nucleus of medulla FMA:72609 arcuate nucleus-1 OBOL:automatic arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla infundibular nucleus OBOL:automatic infundibular hypothalamic nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla infundibular hypothalamic nucleus OBOL:automatic arcuate hypothalamic nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic arcuate nucleus-2 of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate nucleus OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate periventricular nucleus OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate nucleus-2 OBOL:automatic medulla infundibular periventricular nucleus OBOL:automatic infundibular periventricular nucleus of medulla OBOL:automatic medulla arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus An arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus that is part of a medulla [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus ABA:SPVC EV:0100235 FMA:72606 MESH:A08.186.211.132.931.920.927 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2637 UBERON:0002866 caudal nucleus caudal nucleus (kandell) spinal trigeminal nucleus, caudal part uberon ABA ABA ABA FMA:72606 spinal trigeminal nucleus, caudal part ABA ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2637 caudal nucleus ABA central gray substance of medulla FMA:72595 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2638 UBERON:0002867 central gray matter medullary central gray substance uberon FMA:72595 medullary central gray substance NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2638 central gray matter commissural nucleus of vagus nerve FMA:54597 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2639 UBERON:0002868 commissural nucleus-1 nucleus of inferior commissure nucleus of inferior commisure uberon FMA:54597 nucleus of inferior commissure FMA FMA:54597 commissural nucleus-1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2639 nucleus of inferior commisure diffuse reticular nucleus FMA:72598 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2641 UBERON:0002869 kolloker-fuse nucleus nucleus of kolliker-fuse uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2641 kolloker-fuse nucleus dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve ABA:DMX BM:DX EHDAA2:0004649 EV:0100287 FMA:54592 MA:0001036 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2642 SCTID:52884007 The dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve (or posterior motor nucleus of vagus) is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve that arises from the floor of the fourth ventricle. It mostly serves parasympathetic vagal functions in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and other thoracic and abdominal vagal innervations. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002870 UMLS:C0926535 dorsal efferent nucleus of vagus dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve dorsal motor nucleus of vagus X nerve dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve dorsal motor vagal nucleus dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve dorsal vagal nucleus dorsal vagal nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gray697.png/200px-Gray697.png ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Nucleus_of_the_Vagus_Nerve nucleus alaris nucleus posterior nervi vagi posterior nucleus of vagus nerve uberon vagus nucleus Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve ABA ABA Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2642 dorsal vagal nucleus Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve nucleus posterior nervi vagi ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve posterior nucleus of vagus nerve Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor vagal nucleus MA:0001036 dorsal motor nucleus of vagus X nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2642 nucleus alaris ABA Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal vagal nucleus ABA ABA Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus FMA:54592 dorsal efferent nucleus of vagus definitional Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve vagus nucleus Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve ABA The dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve (or posterior motor nucleus of vagus) is a cranial nerve nucleus for the vagus nerve that arises from the floor of the fourth ventricle. It mostly serves parasympathetic vagal functions in the heart, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and other thoracic and abdominal vagal innervations. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve Wikipedia:Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve MA NIF hypoglossal nucleus ABA:XII BM:XII EHDAA2:0004635 EV:0100286 FMA:54505 MA:0001039 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2644 SCTID:47361005 The hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, and it extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline. In the open medulla, it is visible as what is known as the hypoglossal trigone, a raised area (medial to the vagal trigone) protruding slightly into the fourth ventricle. In the closed medulla, the gracile and cuneate nuclei lie posteriorly, which means the nucleus is not as close to the back of the medulla as in the open medulla. It is, however, still close to the midline. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002871 UMLS:C0228802 VHOG:0001358 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png hypoglossal XII nucleus hypoglossal nerve nucleus hypoglossal nucleus ncithesaurus:Hypoglossal_Nucleus ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Hypoglossal_Nerve nucleus nervi hypoglossi nucleus nervi hypoglossi nucleus of hypoglossal nerve twelfth cranial nerve nucleus uberon FMA:54505 hypoglossal nucleus Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nucleus nucleus nervi hypoglossi ABA FMA:54505 nucleus of hypoglossal nerve The hypoglossal nucleus is a cranial nerve nucleus, and it extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline. In the open medulla, it is visible as what is known as the hypoglossal trigone, a raised area (medial to the vagal trigone) protruding slightly into the fourth ventricle. In the closed medulla, the gracile and cuneate nuclei lie posteriorly, which means the nucleus is not as close to the back of the medulla as in the open medulla. It is, however, still close to the midline. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hypoglossal_nucleus MA:0001039 hypoglossal XII nucleus ABA ABA FMA:54505 twelfth cranial nerve nucleus FMA:54505 hypoglossal nerve nucleus ABA ABA ABA FMA:54505 FMA:TA nucleus nervi hypoglossi ABA ABA ABA inferior salivatory nucleus ABA:ISN EHDAA2:0004641 FMA:72601 In the brain, the inferior salivatory nucleus is a cluster of neurons controlling the parasympathetic input to the parotid gland. It is one of the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2645 UBERON:0002872 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Gray843.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gray843.png/200px-Gray843.png inferior salivary nucleus inferior salivatary nucleus nucleus salivatorius inferior uberon ABA Wikipedia:Inferior_salivatory_nucleus nucleus salivatorius inferior ABA ABA ABA ABA In the brain, the inferior salivatory nucleus is a cluster of neurons controlling the parasympathetic input to the parotid gland. It is one of the components of the glossopharyngeal nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_salivatory_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA GO:0021752 inferior salivary nucleus definitional interpolar part of spinal trigeminal nucleus ABA:SPVI FMA:235324 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2646 UBERON:0002873 uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA lateral pericuneate nucleus FMA:72604 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2647 UBERON:0002874 uberon medial pericuneate nucleus FMA:72605 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2648 UBERON:0002875 uberon nucleus intercalatus EV:0100291 FMA:72597 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2651 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2654 SCTID:369077004 UBERON:0002876 UBERON:0002878 intercalated nucleus of medulla nucleus intercalatus of medulla nucleus of staderini nucleus staderini two NIF classes with the same name uberon FMA:72597 nucleus intercalatus of medulla FMA:72597 intercalated nucleus of medulla NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2651 nucleus staderini NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2654 nucleus staderini parasolitary nucleus ABA:PAS FMA:77091 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2653 UBERON:0002877 nucleus fasciculus solitarius nucleus juxtasolitarius uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2653 nucleus fasciculus solitarius ABA ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2653 nucleus juxtasolitarius ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA peritrigeminal nucleus FMA:72600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2655 UBERON:0002879 uberon pontobulbar nucleus FMA:72608 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2656 UBERON:0002880 nucleus of circumolivary bundle pontobulbar body uberon FMA:72608 pontobulbar body FMA:72608 nucleus of circumolivary bundle sublingual nucleus ABA:NR FMA:68574 In the substance of the formatio reticularis are two small nuclei of gray matter. The one near the dorsal aspect of the hilus of the inferior olivary nucleus is called the Sublingual nucleus (inferior central nucleus, nucleus of Roller.) [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2657 UBERON:0002881 inferior central nucleus nucleus of roller nucleus of roller nucleus sublingualis uberon In the substance of the formatio reticularis are two small nuclei of gray matter. The one near the dorsal aspect of the hilus of the inferior olivary nucleus is called the Sublingual nucleus (inferior central nucleus, nucleus of Roller.) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sublingual_nucleus ABA Wikipedia:Sublingual_nucleus nucleus of roller FMA:68574 nucleus of roller Wikipedia:Sublingual_nucleus nucleus sublingualis Wikipedia:Sublingual_nucleus inferior central nucleus supraspinal nucleus BM:SSp EV:0100282 FMA:74507 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2658 UBERON:0002882 uberon central amygdaloid nucleus BM:Tel-Am-ACE BTO:0002686 EV:0100191 FMA:74047 MA:0002923 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2682 UBERON:0002883 amygdala central nucleus central nucleus of amygda central nucleus of amygdala nucleus amygdalae centralis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2682 central nucleus of amygda BTO:0002686 amygdala central nucleus FMA:74047 central nucleus of amygdala BTO:0002686 nucleus amygdalae centralis intercalated amygdaloid nuclei FMA:61868 MA:0002925 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 UBERON:0002884 intercalated amygdaloid nuclei intercalated amygdaloid nucleus intercalated masses of nucleus amygdaloideus intercalated nuclei of amygdala intercalated nucleus of the amygdala massa intercalata massa intercalata of amygdala uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 intercalated nucleus of the amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 massa intercalata FMA:61868 intercalated nuclei of amygdala FMA:61868 intercalated amygdaloid nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2683 massa intercalata of amygdala FMA:61868 intercalated amygdaloid nucleus FMA:61868 intercalated masses of nucleus amygdaloideus accessory basal amygdaloid nucleus FMA:61867 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 UBERON:0002885 accessory basal nucleus of amygdala basal amygdaloid nucleus, medial part basomedial nucleus (de olmos) uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 basomedial nucleus (de olmos) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 basal amygdaloid nucleus, medial part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2686 accessory basal nucleus of amygdala lateral amygdaloid nucleus ABA:LA BM:Tel-Am-ALA BTO:0002704 FMA:61866 MA:0002926 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2687 UBERON:0002886 lateral nucleus of amygdala lateral principal nucleus of amygdala nucleus amygdalae lateralis uberon BTO:0002704 nucleus amygdalae lateralis FMA:61866 lateral principal nucleus of amygdala FMA:61866 lateral nucleus of amygdala basal amygdaloid nucleus ABA:BLA FMA:68855 MA:0002921 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2692 UBERON:0002887 basolateral amygaloid nucleus basolateral amygdalar nucleus basolateral amygdaloid nucleus basolateral nucleus (de olmos) intermediate principal nucleus nucleus amygdalae basalis lateralis uberon FMA:68855 basolateral amygdaloid nucleus FMA:68855 FMA:TA nucleus amygdalae basalis lateralis FMA:68855 intermediate principal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2692 basolateral amygdalar nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2692 basolateral amygaloid nucleus lateral part of basal amygdaloid nucleus FMA:68857 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2695 UBERON:0002888 lateral basal nucleus of amygdala lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala lateral division of basal nucleus lateral division of the basal nucleus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2695 lateral division of basal nucleus FMA:68857 lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala FMA:68857 lateral division of the basal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2695 lateral basal nucleus of amygdala medial part of basal amygdaloid nucleus ABA:BMA FMA:68858 MA:0002922 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2696 UBERON:0002889 basomedial amygdalar nucleus basomedial amygdaloid nucleus medial basal nucleus of amygdala medial division of basal nucleus nucleus amygdalae basalis medialis uberon FMA:68858 medial basal nucleus of amygdala FMA:68858 medial division of basal nucleus FMA:68858 MA:0002922 basomedial amygdaloid nucleus FMA:68858 FMA:TA nucleus amygdalae basalis medialis ABA:BMA basomedial amygdalar nucleus anterior amygdaloid area ABA:AAA BM:Tel-Am-AAA FMA:61861 MA:0002919 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2698 UBERON:0002890 anterior amygaloid area anterior amygdalar area uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2698 anterior amygdalar area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2698 anterior amygaloid area cortical amygdaloid nucleus BTO:0002703 EV:0100193 FMA:61862 MA:0002924 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2700 UBERON:0002891 nucleus amygdalae corticalis posterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala uberon FMA:61862 posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2700 posterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus BTO:0002703 nucleus amygdalae corticalis medial amygdaloid nucleus BM:Tel-Am-AME BTO:0002702 EV:0100192 FMA:74046 MA:0002927 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2701 UBERON:0002892 medial amygalar nucleus medial nucleus of amygdala nucleus amygdalae medialis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2701 medial amygalar nucleus BTO:0002702 nucleus amygdalae medialis FMA:74046 medial nucleus of amygdala nucleus of lateral olfactory tract ABA:NLOT BM:Tel-NLOT FMA:61865 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2702 UBERON:0002893 lateral olfactory tract nucleus nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (ganser) part of amygdala in FMA but this leads to inconsistency when combined with ABA partitions uberon FMA:61865 lateral olfactory tract nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2702 nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (ganser) ABA ABA ABA olfactory cortex (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001446 EHDAA2:0001289 EHDAA:5482 EMAPA:17779 Editor note - consider relationship: receives_input_from UBERON:0002264 MA:0000193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2707 That portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the palaeocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archaeocortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals[BTO:0001446]. The olfactory cortex is involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and is responsible for the identification of odors[GO]. UBERON:0002894 VHOG:0000325 archaeocortex archeocortex olfactory lobe uberon Editor note - consider relationship: receives_input_from UBERON:0002264 GO BTO:0001446 archeocortex The olfactory cortex is involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and is responsible for the identification of odors[GO]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_cortex MA MA:0000193 olfactory lobe (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008) VHOG VHOG:0000325 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001446 That portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the palaeocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archaeocortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals[BTO:0001446]. BTO:0001446 archaeocortex secondary olfactory cortex BTO:0004345 Brodmann's area 28; major gateway for neocortical input to the hippocampus; origin of the perforant pathway; a component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. (CSP) * The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY. (Stedman, 25th ed). EV:0100179 FMA considers this a syn of entorhinal cortex. See also brodman definition NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2709 UBERON:0002895 entorhinal cortex secondary olfactory areas secondary olfactory cortex secondary olfactory cortical area (carpenter) uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2709 secondary olfactory areas FMA:72356 entorhinal cortex FMA Brodmann's area 28; major gateway for neocortical input to the hippocampus; origin of the perforant pathway; a component of the medial temporal lobe memory system. (CSP) * The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called PERFORANT PATHWAY. (Stedman, 25th ed). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2709 NIF FMA:72356 secondary olfactory cortex telodiencephalic fissure FMA:83726 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4001 UBERON:0002896 telo-diencephalic fissure uberon FMA:83726 telo-diencephalic fissure cistern of lamina terminalis FMA:74516 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4002 SCTID:12692002 UBERON:0002897 UMLS:C0228153 cisterna lamina terminalis lamina terminalis cistern ncithesaurus:Lamina_Terminalis_Cistern uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4002 cisterna lamina terminalis FMA:74516 lamina terminalis cistern chiasmatic cistern EMAPA:19057 EMAPA:19150 EMAPA:25081 FMA:74515 In front, the cisterna interpeduncularis extends forward across the optic chiasma, forming the cistern of chiasma or chiasmatic cistern, and on to the upper surface of the corpus callosum, for the arachnoid stretches across from one cerebral hemisphere to the other immediately beneath the free border of the falx cerebri, and thus leaves a space in which the anterior cerebral arteries are contained. The 'leaf' or extension of the chiasmatic cistern above the chiasma, which is separated from the optic recess of the third ventricle by the thin lamina terminalis, has been called the suprachiasmatic cistern. As spaces filled with freely circulating cerebrospinal fluid, cisterns receive little direct study, but are mentioned in pathological conditions. Cysts and tumors of the lamina terminalis extend into the suprachiasmatic cistern, as can pituitary tumors, or the cistern can be partially or completely effaced by injury and hematoma or by blockage of the cerebral aqueduct. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4003 SCTID:47947006 UBERON:0002898 UMLS:C0228152 cisterna chiasmatica cisterna chiasmatica cisterna chiasmatis ncithesaurus:Chiasmatic_Cistern uberon In front, the cisterna interpeduncularis extends forward across the optic chiasma, forming the cistern of chiasma or chiasmatic cistern, and on to the upper surface of the corpus callosum, for the arachnoid stretches across from one cerebral hemisphere to the other immediately beneath the free border of the falx cerebri, and thus leaves a space in which the anterior cerebral arteries are contained. The 'leaf' or extension of the chiasmatic cistern above the chiasma, which is separated from the optic recess of the third ventricle by the thin lamina terminalis, has been called the suprachiasmatic cistern. As spaces filled with freely circulating cerebrospinal fluid, cisterns receive little direct study, but are mentioned in pathological conditions. Cysts and tumors of the lamina terminalis extend into the suprachiasmatic cistern, as can pituitary tumors, or the cistern can be partially or completely effaced by injury and hematoma or by blockage of the cerebral aqueduct. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Chiasmatic_cistern NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4003 cisterna chiasmatis Wikipedia:Chiasmatic_cistern cisterna chiasmatica NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4003 cisterna chiasmatica hippocampal sulcus AO notes - two classes in ncit (in general ncit distinguishes between fissure and sulcus, whereas FMA treats these as exact synonyms) FMA:83747 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4004 SCTID:369101000 The hippocampal sulcus, also known as the hippocampal fissure, is a sulcus that separates the dentate gyrus from the subiculum and the CA1 field in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002899 UMLS:C0228251 dentate fissure hippocampal fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg/200px-Hippocampus_%28brain%29.jpg ncithesaurus:Hippocampal_Fissure sulcus hippocampalis, sulcus hippocampi sulcus hippocampi uberon Wikipedia:Hippocampal_sulcus sulcus hippocampalis, sulcus hippocampi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4004 sulcus hippocampi The hippocampal sulcus, also known as the hippocampal fissure, is a sulcus that separates the dentate gyrus from the subiculum and the CA1 field in the hippocampus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Hippocampal_sulcus FMA:83747 dentate fissure FMA:83747 hippocampal fissure transverse occipital sulcus BTO:0003786 FMA:83786 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4013 UBERON:0002900 sulcus occipitalis transversus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4013 sulcus occipitalis transversus posterior calcarine sulcus FMA:83787 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4015 UBERON:0002901 postcalcarine sulcus posterior calcarine fissure posterior part of calcarine sulcus sulcus calcarinus posterior uberon FMA:83787 postcalcarine sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4015 sulcus calcarinus posterior FMA:83787 posterior part of calcarine sulcus FMA:83787 posterior calcarine fissure occipital pole BTO:0001868 FMA:74892 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4016 SCTID:314160003 The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002902 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG polus occipitalis polus occipitalis cerebri uberon BTO BTO:0001868 polus occipitalis cerebri The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Occipital_pole NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4016 polus occipitalis lunate sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-LUS FMA:83788 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4017 UBERON:0002903 UMLS:C0262278 lunate fissure ncithesaurus:Lunate_Sulcus sulcus lunatus sulcus simialis uberon FMA:83788 lunate fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4017 sulcus simialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4017 sulcus lunatus lateral occipital sulcus FMA:83785 In the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus extends from behind forward, and divides the lateral surface of the occipital lobe into a superior and an inferior gyrus, which are continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4018 SCTID:369219003 UBERON:0002904 UMLS:C0228229 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Gray727_lateral-occipital_sulcus.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gray727_lateral-occipital_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray727_lateral-occipital_sulcus.svg.png ncithesaurus:Lateral-occipital_Sulcus sulcus occipitalis lateralis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4018 sulcus occipitalis lateralis In the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus extends from behind forward, and divides the lateral surface of the occipital lobe into a superior and an inferior gyrus, which are continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_occipital_sulcus intralingual sulcus FMA:83789 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4019 UBERON:0002905 sulcus intralingualis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4019 sulcus intralingualis anterior occipital sulcus FMA:75758 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 UBERON:0002906 ascending limb of the inferior temporal sulcus posterior inferior temporal sulcus sulci occipitales superiores sulcus annectans sulcus occipitalis anterior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 sulcus annectans NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 ascending limb of the inferior temporal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 sulcus occipitalis anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 posterior inferior temporal sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4023 sulci occipitales superiores superior postcentral sulcus FMA:83775 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4025 UBERON:0002907 postcentral dimple sulcus postcentralis superior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4025 sulcus postcentralis superior FMA:83775 postcentral dimple subparietal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-SPS FMA:83777 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4026 SCTID:279352008 UBERON:0002908 splenial sulcus sulcus subparietalis suprasplenial sulcus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4026 sulcus subparietalis FMA:83777 splenial sulcus FMA:83777 suprasplenial sulcus posterior subcentral sulcus FMA:83778 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4027 UBERON:0002909 sulcus subcentralis posterior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4027 sulcus subcentralis posterior posterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus FMA:83761 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4028 UBERON:0002910 ascending terminal ramus of sylvian fissure posterior ascending limb of lateral fissure posterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus ramus posterior ascendens fissurae lateralis ramus posterior sulci lateralis cerebri uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4028 ramus posterior ascendens fissurae lateralis FMA:83761 posterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus FMA:83761 FMA:TA ramus posterior sulci lateralis cerebri FMA:83761 posterior ascending limb of lateral fissure parietal operculum FMA:74889 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4029 SCTID:362353000 The parietal operculum, forming the superior bank of the sylvian fissure, as studied in the cat, contains the secondary somatosensory representation, 'S-II', and a second somatotopic representation (parietal ventral, or PV). Anatomically, primate S-II receives inputs from area 3 and area 1, and projects to PV and area 7. PV has projections to area 5 and premotor areas. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002911 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Operculum.png/200px-Operculum.png operculum parietale uberon The parietal operculum, forming the superior bank of the sylvian fissure, as studied in the cat, contains the secondary somatosensory representation, 'S-II', and a second somatotopic representation (parietal ventral, or PV). Anatomically, primate S-II receives inputs from area 3 and area 1, and projects to PV and area 7. PV has projections to area 5 and premotor areas. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Parietal_operculum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4029 operculum parietale marginal sulcus FMA:83773 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4030 SCTID:279351001 The marginal sulcus is the portion of the cingulate sulcus adjacent to the paracentral lobule and the precuneus. It is sometimes known as the 'marginal part of the cingulate sulcus'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002912 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Gray727_marginal_sulcus.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gray727_marginal_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray727_marginal_sulcus.svg.png marginal branch of cingulate sulcus marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus ramus marginalis sulci cingulati ramus marginalis sulci cinguli ramus marginalis; sulcus marginalis uberon FMA:83773 marginal branch of cingulate sulcus The marginal sulcus is the portion of the cingulate sulcus adjacent to the paracentral lobule and the precuneus. It is sometimes known as the 'marginal part of the cingulate sulcus'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Marginal_sulcus FMA:83773 marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4030 ramus marginalis sulci cingulati FMA:83773 FMA:TA ramus marginalis sulci cinguli Wikipedia:Marginal_sulcus ramus marginalis; sulcus marginalis intraparietal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-IPS BTO:0003787 FMA:83772 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4031 SCTID:279338006 The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human functional neuroimaging. Its principal functions are related to perceptual-motor coordination (for directing eye movements and reaching) and visual attention. The IPS is also thought to play a role in other functions, including processing symbolic numerical information, visuospatial working memory and interpreting the intent of others. [WP,unvetted]. Turner sulcus UBERON:0002913 UMLS:C0228213 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Gray726_intraparietal_sulcus.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gray726_intraparietal_sulcus.svg/200px-Gray726_intraparietal_sulcus.svg.png interparietal fissure intraparietal fissure intraparietal sulcus of Turner ncithesaurus:Intraparietal_Sulcus sulcus interparietalis sulcus intraparietalis uberon BTO:0003787 intraparietal sulcus of Turner FMA:83772 intraparietal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4031 sulcus interparietalis FMA:83772 interparietal fissure Wikipedia:Intraparietal_sulcus sulcus intraparietalis BTO:0003787 sulcus intraparietalis BTO:0003787 Turner sulcus The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human functional neuroimaging. Its principal functions are related to perceptual-motor coordination (for directing eye movements and reaching) and visual attention. The IPS is also thought to play a role in other functions, including processing symbolic numerical information, visuospatial working memory and interpreting the intent of others. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intraparietal_sulcus inferior postcentral sulcus FMA:83776 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4032 UBERON:0002914 sulcus postcentralis inferior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4032 sulcus postcentralis inferior postcentral sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-PoCS FMA:83774 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4033 SCTID:279339003 The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain. (A sulcus is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the brain. ) The postcentral sulcus divides the postcentral gyrus from the remainder of the parietal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002915 UMLS:C0228212 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Postcentral_sulcus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Postcentral_sulcus.png/200px-Postcentral_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Postcentral_Sulcus postcentral fissure of cerebral hemisphere postcentral fissure-1 structure of postcentral sulcus sulcus postcentralis sulcus postcentralis uberon FMA:83774 postcentral fissure of cerebral hemisphere The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain. (A sulcus is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the brain. ) The postcentral sulcus divides the postcentral gyrus from the remainder of the parietal lobe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Postcentral_sulcus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4033 sulcus postcentralis FMA:83774 postcentral fissure-1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4033 structure of postcentral sulcus Wikipedia:Postcentral_sulcus sulcus postcentralis central sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-CS FMA:83752 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjMKxpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279340001 The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates. Also called the central fissure, it was originally called the fissure of Rolando or the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002916 central cerebral sulcus central fissure central sulcus of rolando fissure of rolando http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Gray726_central_sulcus.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Central_sulcus.png/200px-Central_sulcus.png ncithesaurus:Central_Sulcus_of_Rolando rolandic fissure sulcus centralis sulcus centralis (rolandi) sulcus centralis cerebri sulcus centralis cerebri sulcus of rolando uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 rolandic fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 sulcus centralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 sulcus centralis cerebri The central sulcus is a fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates. Also called the central fissure, it was originally called the fissure of Rolando or the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_sulcus FMA:83752 central cerebral sulcus Wikipedia:Central_sulcus sulcus centralis cerebri FMA:83752 central fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4035 sulcus centralis (rolandi) regional part of inferior colliculus A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior colliculus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:77871 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4036 UBERON:0002917 inferior colliculus segment segment of inferior colliculus uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a inferior colliculus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:77871 inferior colliculus segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4036 segment of inferior colliculus medial parabrachial nucleus FMA:72480 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4038 The Medial parabrachial nucleus is a nucleus of the pons which constitutes part of the pneumotaxic center. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002918 nucleus parabrachialis medialis uberon The Medial parabrachial nucleus is a nucleus of the pons which constitutes part of the pneumotaxic center. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_parabrachial_nucleus Wikipedia:Medial_parabrachial_nucleus nucleus parabrachialis medialis anterior parolfactory sulcus FMA:83744 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4039 UBERON:0002919 paraolfactory sulci paraolfactory sulcus sulcus parolfactorius anterior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4039 paraolfactory sulci NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4039 sulcus parolfactorius anterior FMA:83744 paraolfactory sulcus callosal sulcus FMA:83743 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4040 SCTID:279349000 The callosal sulcus is a sulcus in the brain between the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum, below the longitudinal cerebral fissure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002920 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gray727_sulcus_of_the_corpus_callosum.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gray727_sulcus_of_the_corpus_callosum.svg/200px-Gray727_sulcus_of_the_corpus_callosum.svg.png sulcus corporis callosi sulcus corporis callosi sulcus of corpus callosum uberon FMA:83743 sulcus of corpus callosum Wikipedia:Callosal_sulcus sulcus corporis callosi NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4040 sulcus corporis callosi The callosal sulcus is a sulcus in the brain between the cingulate gyrus and corpus callosum, below the longitudinal cerebral fissure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Callosal_sulcus longitudinal fissure FMA:83727 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 OpenCyc:Mx4rwJlWu5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:369225004 The deep groove which separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain. The falx cerebri, a dural brain covering, lies within the medial longitudinal fissure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002921 UMLS:C0228186 fissura interhemispherica fissura longitudinalis cerebrales fissura longitudinalis cerebri fissura longitudinalis magna hemispheric sulcus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hemispheres.png/200px-Hemispheres.png interhemispheric fissure longitudinal cerebral fissure longitudinal fissure of hemisphere longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum longitudinal sulcus medial longitudinal fissure ncithesaurus:Longitudinal_Fissure sagittal fissure uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura longitudinalis magna The deep groove which separates the two hemispheres of the vertebrate brain. The falx cerebri, a dural brain covering, lies within the medial longitudinal fissure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_longitudinal_fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 longitudinal fissure of hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura longitudinalis cerebri NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura interhemispherica NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 fissura longitudinalis cerebrales FMA:83727 longitudinal sulcus FMA:83727 longitudinal cerebral fissure FMA:83727 sagittal fissure FMA:83727 hemispheric sulcus FMA:83727 medial longitudinal fissure NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4041 longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum FMA:83727 interhemispheric fissure olfactory trigone FMA:74883 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4042 SCTID:369102007 The olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance. Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002922 UMLS:C0228279 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray732.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png ncithesaurus:Trigonum_Olfactorium trigonum olfactorium trigonum olfactorium uberon BTO-def Wikipedia:Olfactory_trigone trigonum olfactorium The olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance. Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_trigone NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4042 trigonum olfactorium posterior parolfactory sulcus FMA:83745 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4043 UBERON:0002923 uberon terminal nerve EFO:0003678 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4044 PMID:2286018 state: 'The presence of an additional cranial nerve (the nervus terminalis or cranial nerve zero) is well documented in many non-human vertebrate species. However, its existence in the adult human has been disputed. The present study focused on the structure and incidence of this nerve in the adult human brain. The nerve was examined post-mortem in 10 adult brains using dissection microscopy, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. In all specimens, the nervus terminalis was identified bilaterally as a microscopic plexus of unmyelinated peripheral nerve fascicles in the subarachnoid space covering the gyrus rectus of the orbital surface of the frontal lobes. The plexus appeared in the region of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and coursed posteriorly to the vicinity of the olfactory trigone, medial olfactory gyrus, and lamina terminalis. We conclude that the terminal nerve is a common finding in the adult human brain, confirming early light microscopic reports.' TAO:0001356 The terminal nerve, located anterior to cranial nerve I, is comprised of a group of cells with somata adjacent to the olfactory bulb and processes that extend anteriorly to the olfactory epithelium and posteriorly to the telencephalon. In teleost fish an additional group of axons extends along the optic tract and delivers putative neuromodulators to the retina. It is thought to develop from cranial neural crest. The terminal nerve, located anterior to cranial nerve I, is comprised of a group of cells with somata adjacent to the olfactory bulb and processes that extend anteriorly to the olfactory epithelium and posteriorly to the telencephalon. In teleost fish an additional group of axons extends along the optic tract and delivers putative neuromodulators to the retina. It is thought to develop from cranial neural crest. Whitlock 2004. Also see Grens, Greenwood and Fernald, Brain Behav Evol 2005; 66(1):1-9.[TAO] UBERON:0002924 ZFA:0001356 cranial nerve 0 cranial nerve zero nervus terminalis uberon ZFA:0001356 nervus terminalis Wikipedia:Terminal_nerve cranial nerve zero PMID:15821344 The terminal nerve, located anterior to cranial nerve I, is comprised of a group of cells with somata adjacent to the olfactory bulb and processes that extend anteriorly to the olfactory epithelium and posteriorly to the telencephalon. In teleost fish an additional group of axons extends along the optic tract and delivers putative neuromodulators to the retina. It is thought to develop from cranial neural crest. Wikipedia:Terminal_nerve ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-041202-1 ZFA Wikipedia:Terminal_nerve cranial nerve 0 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001356 The terminal nerve, located anterior to cranial nerve I, is comprised of a group of cells with somata adjacent to the olfactory bulb and processes that extend anteriorly to the olfactory epithelium and posteriorly to the telencephalon. In teleost fish an additional group of axons extends along the optic tract and delivers putative neuromodulators to the retina. It is thought to develop from cranial neural crest. Whitlock 2004. Also see Grens, Greenwood and Fernald, Brain Behav Evol 2005; 66(1):1-9.[TAO] ZFIN:curator trigeminal nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex. BM:V BTO:0001074 EV:0100271 FMA:71247 GAID:604 MA:0001028 MESH:A08.186.211.132.931 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nifext_11 SCTID:280164007 UBERON:0002925 UMLS:C0040999 VHOG:0001353 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nucleus note massive inconsistencies between GO, MA, wikipedia. Part of pons in MA, but this leads to inconsistencies with ABA. See https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3291162&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis nucleus of trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis trigeminal V nucleus trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus trigeminal nucleus uberon BTO:0001074 nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis FMA:71247 nucleus of trigeminal nuclear complex A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex. OBOL:automatic FMA MA:0001028 trigeminal V nucleus BTO:0001074 nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis FMA:71247 trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus BTO:0001074 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini FMA:71248 trigeminal nucleus gustatory epithelium FMA:62412 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4099 UBERON:0002926 editor note - see also epithelium of tongue and subclasses uberon FMA dentate gyrus polymorphic layer MA:0002864 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4128 UBERON:0002928 uberon dentate gyrus pyramidal layer MA:0000948 UBERON:0002929 uberon tectopontine tract FMA:72505 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_701 SCTID:3301002 UBERON:0002930 fibrae tectopontinae tectopontine fibers tectopontine fibres uberon FMA:72505 FMA:TA fibrae tectopontinae FMA:72505 tectopontine fibres FMA:72505 tectopontine fibers dorsal septal nucleus FMA:61877 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_704 UBERON:0002931 uberon trapezoid body BM:TB FMA:72487 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_707 SCTID:369019006 The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus. Axons leaving the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) form a broad pathway that crosses under the brain stem in the trapezoid body. A thin pathway, the intermediate acoustic stria, also leaves the VCN, merging with the trapezoid body close to the superior olivary complex, where many of its axons synapse. Axons leaving the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) form the dorsal acoustic stria, which reaches primarily the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002932 corpus trapezoideum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Gray760.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gray760.png/200px-Gray760.png uberon Wikipedia:Trapezoid_body corpus trapezoideum The trapezoid body is part of the acoustic pathway. It is a bundle of fibers and cells in the pontine tegmentum. It consists of fibers arising from the ventral cochlear nucleus. A collection of nerve cells inside forms a trapezoid nucleus. The superior olivary nucleus is situated on the dorsal surface of the trapezoid body. Most nerve fibers pass directly from the superior olivary nuclei to the inferior colliculus. Axons leaving the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) form a broad pathway that crosses under the brain stem in the trapezoid body. A thin pathway, the intermediate acoustic stria, also leaves the VCN, merging with the trapezoid body close to the superior olivary complex, where many of its axons synapse. Axons leaving the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) form the dorsal acoustic stria, which reaches primarily the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Trapezoid_body nucleus of anterior commissure ABA:BAC BM:Tel-ACN FMA:61883 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_712 UBERON:0002933 anterior commissure nucleus bed nucleus of anterior commissure nucleus of commissura anterior uberon FMA:61883 anterior commissure nucleus FMA:61883 nucleus of commissura anterior FMA:61883 bed nucleus of anterior commissure ventral oculomotor nucleus FMA:72422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_713 UBERON:0002934 uberon ventral oculomotor cell column FMA:72422 ventral oculomotor cell column magnocellular part of ventral anterior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VA-VAmc FMA:62192 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 UBERON:0002935 magnocellular division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus magnocellular ventral anterior nucleus nucleus lateropolaris (magnocellularis) nucleus lateropolaris magnocellularis (hassler) nucleus rostralis lateralis situs perifascicularis nucleus thalamicus ventral anterior, pars magnocellularis nucleus ventralis anterior, pars magnocellularis pars magnocellularis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami uberon ventral anterior nucleus, magnocellular part ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus rostralis lateralis situs perifascicularis FMA FMA:62192 FMA:TA pars magnocellularis nuclei ventralis anterior thalami FMA:62192 ventral anterior nucleus, pars magnocellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 magnocellular ventral anterior nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus lateropolaris magnocellularis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus lateropolaris (magnocellularis) FMA:62192 magnocellular division of ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus FMA:62192 ventral anterior nucleus, magnocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 ventroanterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus thalamicus ventral anterior, pars magnocellularis FMA:62192 ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_716 nucleus ventralis anterior, pars magnocellularis magnocellular part of red nucleus FMA:72431 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_720 UBERON:0002936 paleoruber red nucleus, magnocellular part uberon FMA:72431 paleoruber FMA:72431 red nucleus, magnocellular part parvicellular part of ventral anterior nucleus FMA:62191 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_722 UBERON:0002937 nucleus ventralis anterior (dewulf) nucleus ventralis anterior, pars parvicellularis uberon ventral anterior nucleus, pars parvicellularis ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part ventralis anterior (jones) FMA:62191 ventral anterior nucleus, pars parvicellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_722 nucleus ventralis anterior, pars parvicellularis FMA FMA:62191 ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_722 nucleus ventralis anterior (dewulf) parvocellular part of red nucleus FMA:72430 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_725 UBERON:0002938 neoruber red nucleus, parvocellular part uberon FMA:72430 neoruber FMA:72430 red nucleus, parvocellular part ventral posteroinferior nucleus BM:Die-Th-VPI BTO:0002464 BTO:0004373 BTO:0004374 EV:0100209 FMA:62199 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_728 SCTID:369173003 UBERON:0002939 nucleus ventralis posterior inferior thalami uberon ventral posterior inferior nucleus ventral posterior inferior nucleus of thalamus ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus FMA:62199 ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus FMA:62199 FMA:TA nucleus ventralis posterior inferior thalami FMA:62199 ventral posterior inferior nucleus of thalamus FMA:62199 ventral posterior inferior nucleus anterior column of fornix FMA:61966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_731 UBERON:0002940 anterior crus of fornix anterior pillar of fornix uberon FMA:61966 anterior pillar of fornix FMA:61966 anterior crus of fornix capsule of red nucleus FMA:72450 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_732 SCTID:369245007 UBERON:0002941 red nuclear capsule uberon FMA:72450 red nuclear capsule ventral posterolateral nucleus ABA:VPL FMA:62200 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 SCTID:369171001 The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. Together with the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) it constitutes the ventral posterior nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002942 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis thalami nucleus ventralis posterolateralis nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami nucleus ventralis thalami posterior lateralis posterolateral ventral nucleus of thalamus posterolateral ventral nucleus of the thalamus uberon ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis thalami posterior lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis posterolateralis FMA:62200 ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis thalami Wikipedia:Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami FMA:62200 posterolateral ventral nucleus of thalamus FMA:62200 ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 posterolateral ventral nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_737 nucleus ventralis posterolateralis thalami The ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) is a nucleus of the thalamus. Together with the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) it constitutes the ventral posterior nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus lingual gyrus FMA:61904 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_740 SCTID:279203007 The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the hippocampal gyrus. The lingual gyrus is so-named because it resembles the tongue in shape. This region is believed to play an important role in dreaming and vision, especially in recognizing words, regardless of size, font, etc. Shunt [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002943 gyrus lingualis gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gray727_lingual_gyrus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gray727_lingual_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_lingual_gyrus.png lingula of cerebral hemisphere medial occipitotemporal gyrus medial occipitotemporal gyrus-2 uberon FMA:61904 medial occipitotemporal gyrus The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the hippocampal gyrus. The lingual gyrus is so-named because it resembles the tongue in shape. This region is believed to play an important role in dreaming and vision, especially in recognizing words, regardless of size, font, etc. Shunt [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lingual_gyrus FMA:61904 lingula of cerebral hemisphere Wikipedia:Lingual_gyrus gyrus lingualis FMA:61904 medial occipitotemporal gyrus-2 FMA:61904 FMA:TA gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis spinothalamic tract of medulla FMA:72644 GAID:703 MESH:A08.186.854.761 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_741 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the medulla SCTID:360570003 UBERON:0002944 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png spinothalamic tract uberon FMA:72644 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_741 spinothalamic tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_741 Part of spinothalamic tract that is in the medulla FMA FMA ventral posteromedial nucleus ABA:VPM BM:Die-Th-VPM FMA:62202 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 SCTID:369172008 The ventral posteromedial nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002945 arcuate nucleus of thalamus arcuate nucleus of the thalamus arcuate nucleus-3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ThalamicNuclei.png/200px-ThalamicNuclei.png nucleus arcuatus thalami nucleus semilunaris thalami nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami nucleus ventralis posteromedialis nucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami nucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami nucleus ventrocaudalis anterior internus (hassler) posteromedial ventral nucleus of thalamus posteromedial ventral nucleus of the thalamus semilunar nucleus thalamic gustatory nucleus uberon ventral posterior medial nucleus ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus FMA:62202 arcuate nucleus-3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventrocaudalis anterior internus (hassler) The ventral posteromedial nucleus is a nucleus of the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus FMA FMA:62202 semilunar nucleus FMA:62202 ventral posterior medial nucleus FMA FMA:62202 thalamic gustatory nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus arcuatus thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 posteromedial ventral nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 nucleus semilunaris thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus Wikipedia:Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus nucleus ventralis posteromedialis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62202 posteromedial ventral nucleus of thalamus FMA:62202 arcuate nucleus of thalamus FMA:62202 ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_743 arcuate nucleus of the thalamus regional part of cerebellum A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:256150 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_748 SCTID:119242005 UBERON:0002946 segment of cerebellum uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_748 segment of cerebellum frontal operculum FMA:74886 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_751 SCTID:362352005 UBERON:0002947 operculum frontale uberon Wikipedia:Operculum_%28brain%29 operculum frontale superior occipital gyrus FMA:61901 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_758 SCTID:279182006 UBERON:0002948 gyrus occipitalis primus uberon FMA:61901 gyrus occipitalis primus tectospinal tract BM:TSp FMA:72620 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_759 UBERON:0002949 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the superior colliculus of the midbrain towards target cells in the ventral spinal cord[GO]. held's bundle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Gray670.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gray670.png/200px-Gray670.png tectospinal pathway tractus tectospinalis uberon Wikipedia:Tectospinal_tract tractus tectospinalis Wikipedia:Tectospinal_tract a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the superior colliculus of the midbrain towards target cells in the ventral spinal cord[GO]. FMA:72620 held's bundle FMA:72620 tectospinal pathway regional part of midbrain A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:61997 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_763 SCTID:119239004 UBERON:0002950 midbrain segment segment of midbrain uberon FMA:61997 midbrain segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_763 segment of midbrain A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic regional part of intermediate hypothalamic region A regional part of brain that is part of a intermediate hypothalamic region [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62310 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_767 UBERON:0002951 intermediate hypothalamic region segment segment of intermediate hypothalamic region uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_767 segment of intermediate hypothalamic region FMA:62310 intermediate hypothalamic region segment A regional part of brain that is part of a intermediate hypothalamic region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic intermediate acoustic stria FMA:72497 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_768 UBERON:0002952 commissure of held intermediate acoustic stria (held) intermediate acoustic stria of held uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_768 intermediate acoustic stria (held) lateral lemniscus BM:Pons-LL FMA:72502 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_976 SCTID:362399003 The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002953 UBERON:0003042 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lateral_lemniscus.PNG/200px-Lateral_lemniscus.PNG lateral fillet lemniscus lateralis uberon FMA:72502 lateral fillet Wikipedia:Lateral_lemniscus lemniscus lateralis The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei and ultimately the contralateral inferior colliculus of the midbrain. Three distinct, primarily inhibitory, cellular groups are located interspersed within these fibers, and are thus named the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_lemniscus dorsal hypothalamic area BM:Die-Hy-HDA FMA:62339 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_777 UBERON:0002954 uberon rhomboidal nucleus ABA:RH BTO:0002458 FMA:62154 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_778 UBERON:0002955 nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis nucleus rhomboidalis rhomboid nucleus rhomboid thalamic nucleus uberon BTO:0002458 nucleus commissuralis rhomboidalis ABA FMA:62154 rhomboid thalamic nucleus ABA ABA FMA:62154 rhomboid nucleus ABA BTO:0002458 nucleus rhomboidalis granular layer of cerebellar cortex ABA:CBXgr BTO:0004425 FMA:83140 MA:0000993 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_779 The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer. UBERON:0002956 UMLS:C1708253 cerebellar granular layer cerebellar granule cell layer cerebellar granule layer cerebellum granule cell layer cerebellum granule layer granule cell layer of cerebellar cortex ncithesaurus:Granular_Layer_of_the_Cerebellum uberon ABA MA:0000993 cerebellum granule cell layer GO:0021681 The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_779 granule cell layer of cerebellar cortex GO:0021681 cerebellar granular layer caudal central oculomotor nucleus FMA:72426 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_780 SCTID:369239004 UBERON:0002957 caudal central nucleus caudal central nucleus of oculomotor nerve uberon FMA:72426 caudal central nucleus of oculomotor nerve FMA:72426 caudal central nucleus medial lemniscus of pons A medial lemniscus that is part of a pons [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72503 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_781 UBERON:0002958 medial lemniscus of pons of varolius pons medial lemniscus pons of varolius medial lemniscus uberon OBOL:automatic medial lemniscus of pons of varolius OBOL:automatic pons medial lemniscus OBOL:automatic pons of varolius medial lemniscus A medial lemniscus that is part of a pons [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic subfascicular nucleus FMA:62155 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_783 UBERON:0002959 uberon central oculomotor nucleus FMA:72425 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_786 UBERON:0002960 central nucleus of perlia nucleus of perlia spitzka's nucleus uberon FMA:72425 spitzka's nucleus archicortex A portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the paleocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals. Being part of the limbic system, it has functions related to emotions and formation of memory. Signals being sent from the limbic lobe to the hippocampal formations can go via the archicortex as an intermediate. EHDAA2:0004496 FMA:62424 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_787 SCTID:423918008 UBERON:0002961 archipallium uberon FMA:62424 archipallium A portion of the cerebral cortex that, with the paleocortex, develops in association with the olfactory system, and which is phylogenetically older than the neocortex and lacks its layered structure. The embryonic archicortex corresponds to the cortex of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus in mature mammals. Being part of the limbic system, it has functions related to emotions and formation of memory. Signals being sent from the limbic lobe to the hippocampal formations can go via the archicortex as an intermediate. Wikipedia:Archicortex adductor pollicis muscle FMA:37380 In human anatomy, the adductor pollicis muscle is a muscle in the manus that functions to adduct the thumb. It has two heads: transverse and oblique. It is a fleshy, flat, triangular, and fan-shaped muscle deep in the thenar compartment beneath the long flexor tendons and the lumbrical muscles at the center of the palm. It overlies the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles[WP]. SCTID:181649004 UBERON:0002962 adductor pollicis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Musculusadductorpollicis.png musculus adductor pollicis uberon dbpedia In human anatomy, the adductor pollicis muscle is a muscle in the manus that functions to adduct the thumb. It has two heads: transverse and oblique. It is a fleshy, flat, triangular, and fan-shaped muscle deep in the thenar compartment beneath the long flexor tendons and the lumbrical muscles at the center of the palm. It overlies the metacarpal bones and the interosseous muscles[WP]. Wikipedia:Adductor_pollicis_muscle dbpedia medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb and the ulnar sesamoid dbpedia Wikipedia:Adductor_pollicis_muscle musculus adductor pollicis dbpedia medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb and the ulnar sesamoid Wikipedia:Adductor_pollicis_muscle adductor pollicis caudal pontine reticular nucleus ABA:PRNc FMA:72469 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_792 The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The pontis caudalis is rostral to the gigantocellular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons, as the name would indicate. The pontis caudalis has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the nucleus gigantocellularis and the superior colliculus. The neurons in the dorsal half of this nuclei fire rhythmically during mastication, and in an anesthetized animal it is possible to induce mastication via electrical stimulation of the PC or adjacent areas of the gigantocellular nucleus. The pontis caudalis is also thought to play a role in the grinding of teeth during sleep. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002963 nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis pontine reticular nucleus, caudal part uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA Wikipedia:Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis ABA The caudal pontine reticular nucleus is composed of gigantocellular neurons. In rabbits and cats it is exclusively giant cells, however in humans there are normally sized cells as well. The pontis caudalis is rostral to the gigantocellular nucleus and is located in the caudal pons, as the name would indicate. The pontis caudalis has been known to mediate head movement, in concert with the nucleus gigantocellularis and the superior colliculus. The neurons in the dorsal half of this nuclei fire rhythmically during mastication, and in an anesthetized animal it is possible to induce mastication via electrical stimulation of the PC or adjacent areas of the gigantocellular nucleus. The pontis caudalis is also thought to play a role in the grinding of teeth during sleep. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus FMA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72469 pontine reticular nucleus, caudal part ABA dorsal oculomotor nucleus FMA:62442 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_793 UBERON:0002964 dorsal oculomotor cell column uberon FMA:62442 dorsal oculomotor cell column rostral intralaminar nuclei FMA:62164 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_794 UBERON:0002965 nuclei intralaminares rostrales rostral intralaminar nuclear group rostral intralaminar nuclei uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_794 nuclei intralaminares rostrales FMA:62164 rostral intralaminar nuclear group FMA:62164 rostral intralaminar nuclei regional part of midbrain tectum A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain tectum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62398 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_795 UBERON:0002966 midbrain tectum segment segment of midbrain tectum uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain tectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_795 segment of midbrain tectum FMA:62398 midbrain tectum segment cingulate gyrus A gyrus in the medial part of the brain. It partially wraps around the corpus callosum and is limited above by the cingulate sulcus. The cortical part of the cingulate gyrus is referred to as cingulate cortex.[Wikipedia]. The cingulate gyrus receives inputs from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the neocortex, as well as from somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. It projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus. It is also involved in respiratory control. BM:Tel-CG BTO:0003976 FMA:62434 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_798 SCTID:279208003 UBERON:0002967 UMLS:C0018427 cingulate area cingulate region falciform lobe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png ncithesaurus:Cingulate_Gyrus uberon upper limbic gyrus A gyrus in the medial part of the brain. It partially wraps around the corpus callosum and is limited above by the cingulate sulcus. The cortical part of the cingulate gyrus is referred to as cingulate cortex.[Wikipedia]. The cingulate gyrus receives inputs from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the neocortex, as well as from somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex. It projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It functions as an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, executive control needed to suppress inappropriate unconscious priming is known to involve the anterior cingulate gyrus. It is also involved in respiratory control. Wikipedia:Cingulate_gyrus FMA:62434 cingulate area FMA:62434 cingulate region FMA:62434 falciform lobe FMA:62434 upper limbic gyrus central gray substance of pons ABA:PCG FMA:72470 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_799 UBERON:0002968 central gray of pons pontine central gray uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:72470 central gray of pons ABA ABA ABA FMA:72470 pontine central gray ABA ABA inferior temporal sulcus BM:Tel-Cx-ITS FMA:83784 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_800 SCTID:279346007 UBERON:0002969 UMLS:C0228242 inferior temporal sulcus-1 middle temporal sulcus (szikla) ncithesaurus:Inferior_Temporal_Sulcus second temporal sulcus sulcus t2 uberon FMA:83784 inferior temporal sulcus-1 FMA:83784 sulcus t2 FMA:83784 second temporal sulcus intermediate oculomotor nucleus FMA:72420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_803 UBERON:0002970 intermediate oculomotor cell column uberon FMA:72420 intermediate oculomotor cell column periolivary nucleus FMA:72475 MA:0002757 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_804 UBERON:0002971 dorsal periolivary nucleus nuclei periolivares peri-olivary nuclei uberon FMA:72475 dorsal periolivary nucleus FMA:72475 FMA:TA nuclei periolivares FMA:72475 peri-olivary nuclei centromedian nucleus EV:0100215 FMA:62165 In the anatomy of the brain, the centromedian nucleus, also known as the centrum medianum, (CM or Cm-Pf) is a part of the intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus. There are two centromedian nuclei arranged bilaterally. It contains about 2000 neurons per cubic millimetre and has a volume of about 310 cubic millimetres with 664,000 neurons in total. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 SCTID:279162007 UBERON:0002972 UMLS:C0920328 central magnocellular nucleus of thalamus central nucleus-1 centre median nucleus centromedian nucleus of thalamus centromedian thalamic nucleus centrum medianum centrum medianum thalami ncithesaurus:Centromedian_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus noyau centre median of luys nucleus centralis centralis nucleus centralis thalami (hassler) nucleus centri mediani thalami nucleus centromedianus nucleus centromedianus thalami nucleus centromedianus thalami nucleus centrum medianum uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centralis thalami (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 centrum medianum thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centralis centralis FMA:62165 centre median nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centromedianus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centri mediani thalami FMA FMA:62165 central magnocellular nucleus of thalamus FMA:62165 central nucleus-1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centrum medianum FMA:62165 centromedian thalamic nucleus Wikipedia:Centromedian_nucleus nucleus centromedianus thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 centrum medianum NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_805 nucleus centromedianus thalami In the anatomy of the brain, the centromedian nucleus, also known as the centrum medianum, (CM or Cm-Pf) is a part of the intralaminar nucleus (ILN) of the thalamus. There are two centromedian nuclei arranged bilaterally. It contains about 2000 neurons per cubic millimetre and has a volume of about 310 cubic millimetres with 664,000 neurons in total. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Centromedian_nucleus FMA:62165 centromedian nucleus of thalamus parahippocampal gyrus BTO:0004380 EV:0100181 FMA:61918 GAID:634 MESH:A08.186.211.577.710 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_807 SCTID:279205000 UBERON:0002973 UMLS:C0228249 a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval. The anterior part of the gyrus includes the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. The term parahippocampal cortex is used to refer to an area that encompasses both the posterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus and the medial portion of the fusiform gyrus.[Wikipedia]. gyrus parahippocampalis hippocampal gyrus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG ncithesaurus:Parahippocampal_Gyrus uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Parahippocampal_gyrus gyrus parahippocampalis FMA:61918 hippocampal gyrus Wikipedia:Parahippocampal_gyrus a grey matter cortical region of the brain that surrounds the hippocampus. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval. The anterior part of the gyrus includes the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices. The term parahippocampal cortex is used to refer to an area that encompasses both the posterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus and the medial portion of the fusiform gyrus.[Wikipedia]. molecular layer of cerebellar cortex FMA:83897 MA:0000996 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_810 SCTID:369045002 Taxon notes: Compare with ZFA:0000636 - cerebellar crest, which is also composed of parallel fibers but located in a more restricted nucleus within the cerebellum The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells UBERON:0002974 UMLS:C1709064 cerebellar molecular layer cerebellum molecular cell layer cerebellum molecular layer ncithesaurus:Molecular_Layer_of_the_Cerebellum uberon GO:0021679 The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells GO:0021679 cerebellar molecular layer medial oculomotor nucleus FMA:72421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_813 UBERON:0002975 medial oculomotor cell column uberon FMA:72421 medial oculomotor cell column preolivary nucleus FMA:72474 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_814 UBERON:0002976 preolivary nuclei uberon FMA:72474 preolivary nuclei triangular septal nucleus ABA:TRS BM:Tel-Spt-STN FMA:61880 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_816 UBERON:0002977 nucleus triangularis septi triangular nucleus of septum triangular nucleus septum (cajal) uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_816 triangular nucleus septum (cajal) ABA FMA:61880 triangular nucleus of septum FMA:61880 FMA:TA nucleus triangularis septi oral part of ventral lateral nucleus FMA:62193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 UBERON:0002978 nucleus lateralis oralis situs principalis nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis nucleus ventrooralis externus, anterior part (van buren) subnucleus rostralis uberon ventral anterior nucleus, pars densicellularis ventral lateral anterior nucleus ventral lateral nucleus, oral part ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, oral part FMA:62193 ventral lateral thalamic nucleus, oral part FMA:62193 ventral lateral nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 nucleus ventrooralis externus, anterior part (van buren) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis FMA:62193 ventral anterior nucleus, pars densicellularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 subnucleus rostralis FMA:62193 ventral lateral anterior nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_817 nucleus lateralis oralis situs principalis Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex ABA:CBXpu BTO:0004909 FMA:83896 MA:0000997 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_818 Purkinje cell layer SCTID:369046001 The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. UBERON:0002979 UMLS:C1709776 cerebellar Purkinje cell layer cerebellum Purkinje cell layer cerebellum Purkinje layer ncithesaurus:Purkinje_Cell_Layer_of_the_Cerebellum uberon ABA FMA:83896 Purkinje cell layer GO:0021680 The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells. FMA:83896 GO:0021694 cerebellar Purkinje cell layer opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus FMA:61981 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_823 UBERON:0002980 opercular portion of inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis gyri frontalis inferioris posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus uberon FMA:61981 opercular portion of inferior frontal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_823 pars opercularis gyri frontalis inferioris FMA:61981 posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl BTO:0004352 EV:0100213 FMA:62178 GAID:662 MESH:A08.186.211.730.385.826.701.485.600 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_824 SCTID:279157006 The pulvinar is the caudal-most nucleus of the thalamus. The pulvinar is usually grouped as one of the lateral thalamic nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002981 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray719.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gray719.png/200px-Gray719.png nuclei pulvinares pulvinar pulvinar nuclei pulvinar thalami uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_824 pulvinar thalami FMA:62178 FMA:TA nuclei pulvinares FMA:62178 pulvinar The pulvinar is the caudal-most nucleus of the thalamus. The pulvinar is usually grouped as one of the lateral thalamic nuclei. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pulvinar_nuclei FMA:62178 pulvinar nuclei inferior pulvinar nucleus BM:Die-Th-Pl-Pli FMA:62183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 UBERON:0002982 nucleus pulvinaris inferior nucleus pulvinaris inferior thalami nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars inferior uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 nucleus pulvinaris thalami, pars inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 nucleus pulvinaris inferior thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_830 nucleus pulvinaris inferior lateral posterior nucleus ABA:LP BM:Die-Th-LP BTO:0004351 EV:0100212 FMA:62177 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 SCTID:279155003 UBERON:0002983 UMLS:C0228341 lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus lateral posterior thalamic nucleus laterodorsal nucleus, caudal part ncithesaurus:Lateral_Posterior_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nucleus dorso-caudalis nucleus dorsocaudalis (hassler) nucleus lateralis posterior nucleus lateralis posterior thalami nucleus lateralis thalami posterior posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus uberon FMA:62177 posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus ABA FMA:62177 laterodorsal nucleus, caudal part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus dorsocaudalis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus lateralis thalami posterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus lateralis posterior ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus lateralis posterior thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_835 nucleus dorso-caudalis FMA:62177 lateral posterior thalamic nucleus FMA:62177 lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus lateral dorsal nucleus ABA:LD BM:Die-Th-LD BTO:0004349 BTO:0004350 EV:0100211 FMA:62176 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 SCTID:279154004 UBERON:0002984 lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus laterodorsal nucleus nucleus of thalamus laterodorsal nucleus thalamic nucleus laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part laterodorsal thalamic nucleus nucleus dorsalis lateralis thalami nucleus dorsalis superficialis (hassler) nucleus dorsolateralis thalami nucleus lateralis dorsalis nucleus lateralis dorsalis of thalamus nucleus lateralis dorsalis thalami nucleus lateralis thalami dorsalis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus dorsalis superficialis (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis dorsalis thalami ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus dorsolateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 laterodorsal nucleus thalamic nucleus FMA:62176 FMA:TA nucleus dorsalis lateralis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis dorsalis FMA:62176 laterodorsal thalamic nucleus FMA:62176 lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis dorsalis of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 laterodorsal nucleus nucleus of thalamus FMA:62176 lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_838 nucleus lateralis thalami dorsalis FMA:62176 laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part ventral nucleus of medial geniculate body ABA:MGv BM:Die-Th-MG-MGv BTO:0002671 FMA:62217 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 UBERON:0002985 medial geniculate complex, ventral part medial geniculate nucleus, ventral part medial nucleus of medial geniculate complex nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars ventralis nucleus geniculatus medialis fasciculosus (hassler) nucleus geniculatus medialis pars ventralis nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati medialis uberon ventral nucleus of medial geniculate complex ventral principal nucleus of medial geniculate body FMA:62217 ventral nucleus of medial geniculate complex FMA:62217 medial geniculate complex, ventral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 nucleus corporis geniculati medialis, pars ventralis FMA:62217 medial geniculate nucleus, ventral part FMA:62217 FMA:TA nucleus ventralis corporis geniculati medialis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 medial nucleus of medial geniculate complex FMA:62217 ventral principal nucleus of medial geniculate body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 nucleus geniculatus medialis fasciculosus (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_845 nucleus geniculatus medialis pars ventralis ABA neurofilament . FMA:63859 GO:0005883 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_846 NIF_Subcellular:sao1316272517 UBERON:0002986 UMLS:C0027834 ncithesaurus:Neurofilament neuronal intermediate filament uberon FMA:63859 neuronal intermediate filament . Wikipedia:Neurofilament anterior spinocerebellar tract FMA:72642 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_848 SCTID:369285001 The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Both these tracts involve two neurons and end up on the same side of the body. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. The ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in the Clarke's nuclei (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is one of the few afferent tracts through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels. Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. These axons ascend up to the pons where they join the superior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum. Once in the deep white matter of the cerebellum, the axons recross the midline, give off collaterals to the globose and emboliform nuclei, and terminate in the cortex of the anterior lobe and vermis of the posterior lobe. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002987 gower's tract gowers' tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg/200px-Medulla_spinalis_-_tracts_-_English.svg.png uberon ventral spinocerebellar tract The ventral spinocerebellar tract conveys proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum. It is part of the somatosensory system and runs in parallel with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. Both these tracts involve two neurons and end up on the same side of the body. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. The ventral spinocerebellar tract then enters the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is in contrast with the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (C8 - L2/L3), which only has 1 unilateral axon that has its cell body in the Clarke's nuclei (only at the level of C8 - L2/L3). The fibers of the ventral spinocerebellar tract then eventually enter the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle. This is one of the few afferent tracts through the superior cerebellar peduncle. Originates from ventral horn at lumbosacral spinal levels. Axons first cross midline in the spinal cord and run in the ventral border of the lateral funiculi. These axons ascend up to the pons where they join the superior cerebellar peduncle to enter the cerebellum. Once in the deep white matter of the cerebellum, the axons recross the midline, give off collaterals to the globose and emboliform nuclei, and terminate in the cortex of the anterior lobe and vermis of the posterior lobe. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract FMA:72642 ventral spinocerebellar tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_848 gower's tract FMA:72642 gowers' tract first dorsal interosseous of manus FMA:37424 SCTID:245003002 UBERON:0002988 abductor indicis first dorsal interosseous of hand uberon FMA:37424 first dorsal interosseous of hand FMA FMA:37424 abductor indicis anconeus muscle AAO:0010714 FMA:37704 SCTID:244993003 Some consider anconeus to be a continuation of the triceps brachii muscle. Some sources consider it to be part of the posterior compartment of the arm, while others consider it part of the posterior compartment of the forearm. UBERON:0002989 anconeus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray1232.png m. anconeus musculus anconeus small muscle on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint. uberon Wikipedia:Anconeus_muscle musculus anconeus dbpedia dbpedia lateral surface of the olecranon process and the superior part of the posterior ulna distally Wikipedia:Anconeus_muscle small muscle on the posterior aspect of the elbow joint. Wikipedia:Anconeus_muscle anconeus AAO:0010714 m. anconeus FMA dbpedia lateral epicondyle of the humerus proximally mammillothalamic tract of hypothalamus FMA:62059 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_855 SCTID:369139008 UBERON:0002990 uberon FMA supramammillary commissure FMA:62056 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_859 SCTID:369148003 UBERON:0002991 commissure of forel commissure y postmammillary decussation supramammillary decussation uberon FMA:62056 postmammillary decussation FMA:62056 commissure y FMA FMA:62056 supramammillary decussation FMA paratenial nucleus ABA:PT BTO:0002457 FMA:62151 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_860 One of the median nuclei of the thalamus, situated ventral and medial to the stria medullaris. SCTID:422800004 UBERON:0002992 nucleus parataenialis nucleus parataenialis thalami parataenial nucleus paratenial nucleus of thalamus paratenial thalamic nucleus uberon BTO:0002457 One of the median nuclei of the thalamus, situated ventral and medial to the stria medullaris. FMA:62151 parataenial nucleus BTO:0002457 nucleus parataenialis thalami FMA:62151 paratenial thalamic nucleus ABA FMA NIF BTO:0002457 nucleus parataenialis BTO:0002457 paratenial nucleus of thalamus FMA:62151 FMA:TA nucleus parataenialis ABA inferior central nucleus FMA:72466 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_861 UBERON:0002993 inferior central nucleus (of roller) inferior central nucleus of raphe inferior central tegmental nucleus todo - compare with UBERON:0002881 uberon FMA:72466 inferior central nucleus of raphe FMA:72466 inferior central tegmental nucleus FMA FMA:72466 inferior central nucleus (of roller) FMA nucleus of pretectal area FMA:72401 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_864 UBERON:0002994 pretectal area nucleus uberon FMA:72401 pretectal area nucleus FMA substantia nigra pars lateralis ABA:SNI FMA:76844 MA:0001065 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_866 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM). Substantia nigra, lateral part UBERON:0002995 disjointness violation - relationship: part_of UBERON:0001966 lateral part of substantia nigra pars lateralis uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_866 pars lateralis FMA:76844 lateral part of substantia nigra ABA:SNI Substantia nigra, lateral part ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA MA ABA ABA ABA NIF disjointness violation - relationship: part_of UBERON:0001966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_866 Regional part of substantia nigra consisting of loosely packed cells, generally located ventral and lateral to the pars compacta. Many cells in this region use GABA as a neurotransmitter (MM). ABA nucleus of optic tract ABA:NOT FMA:72403 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_868 UBERON:0002996 large-celled nucleus of optic tract lentiform nucleus of pretectal area nucleus of the optic tract optic tract nucleus uberon ABA ABA FMA FMA:72403 lentiform nucleus of pretectal area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_868 nucleus of the optic tract ABA FMA:72403 large-celled nucleus of optic tract FMA:72403 optic tract nucleus nucleus of medial eminence FMA:72467 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_870 UBERON:0002997 medial eminence nucleus nucleus of eminentia teres uberon FMA:72467 nucleus of eminentia teres FMA:72467 medial eminence nucleus inferior frontal gyrus BTO:0004835 FMA:61860 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_873 SCTID:362333004 The inferior frontal gyrus is a gyrus of the frontal lobe of the human brain. Its superior border is the inferior frontal sulcus, its inferior border the lateral fissure, and its posterior border is the inferior precentral sulcus. Above it is the middle frontal gyrus, behind it the precentral gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002998 UMLS:C0152298 gyrus frontalis inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Inferior_frontal_gyrus.png inferior frontal convolution ncit has two classes, but these are exact synonyms in FMA ncithesaurus:Inferior_Frontal_Convolution ncithesaurus:Inferior_Frontal_Gyrus uberon The inferior frontal gyrus is a gyrus of the frontal lobe of the human brain. Its superior border is the inferior frontal sulcus, its inferior border the lateral fissure, and its posterior border is the inferior precentral sulcus. Above it is the middle frontal gyrus, behind it the precentral gyrus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_frontal_gyrus Wikipedia:Inferior_frontal_gyrus gyrus frontalis inferior FMA:61860 inferior frontal convolution oral pontine reticular nucleus ABA:PRNv FMA:72468 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_875 The oral pontine reticular nucleus is delineated from its caudal brother, with which it shares its first three names. This nucleus tapers into the lower mesencephalic reticular formation and contains sporadic giant cells. Different populations of the pontis oralis have displayed discharge patterns which coordinate with phasic movements to and from paradoxical sleep. From this information it has been implied that the n.r. pontis oralis is involved in the mediation of changing to and from REM sleep. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0002999 nucleus reticularis pontis oralis pontine reticular nucleus, rostral part uberon FMA FMA:72468 pontine reticular nucleus, rostral part Wikipedia:Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus nucleus reticularis pontis oralis FMA The oral pontine reticular nucleus is delineated from its caudal brother, with which it shares its first three names. This nucleus tapers into the lower mesencephalic reticular formation and contains sporadic giant cells. Different populations of the pontis oralis have displayed discharge patterns which coordinate with phasic movements to and from paradoxical sleep. From this information it has been implied that the n.r. pontis oralis is involved in the mediation of changing to and from REM sleep. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Oral_pontine_reticular_nucleus intermediate filament . FMA:63851 GAID:1079 GO:0005882 MESH:A11.284.195.190.750.410 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_879 NIF_Subcellular:sao952483289 UBERON:0003000 UMLS:C0021770 ncithesaurus:Intermediate_Filament uberon . Wikipedia:Intermediate_filament lemniscus A bundle or band of sensory nerve fibers. ribbon, from Greek lemniskos. FMA:76742 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_881 UBERON:0003001 uberon A bundle or band of sensory nerve fibers. ribbon, from Greek lemniskos. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_881 Wikipedia:Lemniscus_(anatomy) medial lemniscus BM:LM FMA:83675 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_887 SCTID:362398006 The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003002 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray759.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gray759.png/200px-Gray759.png lemniscus medialis uberon Wikipedia:Medial_lemniscus lemniscus medialis The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a pathway in the brainstem that carries sensory information from the gracile and cuneate nuclei to the thalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Medial_lemniscus microfilament . FMA:63850 GAID:1080 GO:0005884 MESH:A11.284.195.190.750.510 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_888 NIF_Subcellular:sao2006047981 UBERON:0003003 UMLS:C0025979 actin filament microfilament microfilamentum ncithesaurus:Actin_Filament uberon FMA:63850 actin filament FMA:63850 microfilamentum . Wikipedia:Microfilament FMA:63850 microfilament median raphe nucleus ABA:CS BM:MR FMA:72465 MRN NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_889 TODO: The term medial raphe nucleus refers to a composite structure that consists of the superior central nucleus and the inferior central nucleus of the pontine reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 )[http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=h&ID=1391] The median raphe nucleus (or superior central nucleus) is composed of polygonal, fusiform and pyriform neurons and exists rostral to the nucleus raphe pontis. One trait of the MRN is its inhibition by lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocin, two serotonin antagonist hallucinogens. The inactivation of the nucleus centralis superior via LSD produces a dose dependent inactivation in the MRN, but not in the raphe pallidus[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003004 cell group b8 medial raphe nucleus median nucleus of the raphe nucleus raphes medianus nucleus raphes medianus, nucleus centralis superior superior central nucleus superior central nucleus raphe superior central tegmental nucleus uberon Wikipedia:Median_raphe_nucleus nucleus raphes medianus, nucleus centralis superior ABA ABA FMA:72465 superior central nucleus raphe ABA Wikipedia ABA FMA:72465 median nucleus of the raphe The median raphe nucleus (or superior central nucleus) is composed of polygonal, fusiform and pyriform neurons and exists rostral to the nucleus raphe pontis. One trait of the MRN is its inhibition by lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocin, two serotonin antagonist hallucinogens. The inactivation of the nucleus centralis superior via LSD produces a dose dependent inactivation in the MRN, but not in the raphe pallidus[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Median_raphe_nucleus https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3248146&group_id=36855 FMA:72465 superior central nucleus FMA:72465 FMA:TA nucleus raphes medianus FMA:72465 superior central tegmental nucleus Wikipedia dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72453 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_893 UBERON:0003005 bundle of Schutz of midbrain fasciculus of Schutz of midbrain midbrain bundle of Schutz midbrain dorsal longitudinal fasciculus midbrain fasciculus of Schutz midbrain posterior longitudinal fasciculus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain uberon OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of midbrain A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic midbrain dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain bundle of Schutz dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLLd BM:LLD FMA:72483 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_894 UBERON:0003006 dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal part nucleus posterior lemnisci lateralis posterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus uberon ABA:NLLd nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal part FMA:72483 FMA:TA nucleus posterior lemnisci lateralis FMA:72483 dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus FMA:72483 posterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus lateral parabrachial nucleus FMA:72481 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_897 The lateral parabrachial nucleus induces thirst by stimulating the median preoptic nucleus. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003007 uberon The lateral parabrachial nucleus induces thirst by stimulating the median preoptic nucleus. It gets its name from its location relative to the superior cerebellar peduncles, which is also known as the 'brachia conjunctiva'. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a hypothalamus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62063 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_898 UBERON:0003008 bundle of Schutz of hypothalamus bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region fasciculus of Schutz of hypothalamus fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region hypothalamus bundle of Schutz hypothalamus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus hypothalamus fasciculus of Schutz hypothalamus posterior longitudinal fasciculus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region preoptico-hypothalamic area bundle of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic area dorsal longitudinal fasciculus preoptico-hypothalamic area fasciculus of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic area posterior longitudinal fasciculus preoptico-hypothalamic region bundle of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic region dorsal longitudinal fasciculus preoptico-hypothalamic region fasciculus of Schutz preoptico-hypothalamic region posterior longitudinal fasciculus uberon OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus fasciculus of Schutz A dorsal longitudinal fasciculus that is part of a hypothalamus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic region OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area posterior longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic fasciculus of Schutz of hypothalamus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic area fasciculus of Schutz OBOL:automatic posterior longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of preoptico-hypothalamic area OBOL:automatic preoptico-hypothalamic region dorsal longitudinal fasciculus OBOL:automatic hypothalamus bundle of Schutz OBOL:automatic bundle of Schutz of hypothalamus dorsal tegmental decussation FMA:72451 Meynert's decussation NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_901 SCTID:369248009 UBERON:0003009 decussatio tegmentalis posterior dorsal fountain decussation fountain decussation of Meynert posterior tegmental decussation uberon FMA:72451 posterior tegmental decussation FMA:72451 Meynert's decussation FMA:72451 dorsal fountain decussation FMA:72451 FMA:TA decussatio tegmentalis posterior lateral pes lemniscus FMA:72459 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_902 UBERON:0003010 deep pes lemniscus lateral pontine bundle laterale haubenfussschleife laterale pontine buendel uberon FMA:72459 lateral pontine bundle FMA:72459 deep pes lemniscus facial motor nucleus ABA:VII FMA:54582 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_903 TAO:0000206 The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve. These lower motor neurons innervate the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003011 ZFA:0000206 branchiomotor nucleus of facial nerve facial motor nucleus facial nerve motor nucleus facial nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gray788.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray788.png/200px-Gray788.png motor nucleus VII motor nucleus of VII motor nucleus of facial nerve n. nervi facialis nVII nucleus motorius nervi facialis see comments for facial nucleus. also check ZFA/pons uberon ZFA:0000206 motor nucleus VII FMA:54582 branchiomotor nucleus of facial nerve ABA ABA Wikipedia:Facial_motor_nucleus n. nervi facialis The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve. These lower motor neurons innervate the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_motor_nucleus Wikipedia:Facial_nucleus facial nucleus ABA FMA:54582 motor nucleus of VII ABA ABA FMA:54582 facial motor nucleus ZFA:0000206 nucleus motorius nervi facialis FMA:54582 motor nucleus of facial nerve ABA ZFA:0000206 nVII ABA ABA ZFA:0000206 facial nerve motor nucleus ABA flocculonodular lobe EV:0100297 FMA:72253 MA:0002965 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_904 SCTID:279361008 The flocculonodular lobe is a lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the nodule and the flocculus. It is closely associated with the vestibulocerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003012 cerebellum flocculonodular lobe flocculonodular lobe flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/200px-CerebellumDiv.png lobus flocculonodularis posterior lobe-2 of cerebellum uberon MA:0002965 cerebellum flocculonodular lobe FMA:72253 posterior lobe-2 of cerebellum The flocculonodular lobe is a lobe of the cerebellum consisting of the nodule and the flocculus. It is closely associated with the vestibulocerebellum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Flocculonodular_lobe FMA:72253 flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum FMA:72253 FMA:TA lobus flocculonodularis FMA:72253 flocculonodular lobe alar central lobule FMA:72517 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_907 The lobulus centralis is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the alar central lobule. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003013 ala lobuli centralis alae of central lobule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray702.png lobules II, III of vermis uberon Wikipedia:Alar_central_lobule ala lobuli centralis The lobulus centralis is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the alar central lobule. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Alar_central_lobule FMA:72517 lobules II, III of vermis FMA-abduced-lr FMA:72517 alae of central lobule anterior quadrangular lobule FMA:72516 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_913 SCTID:369041006 UBERON:0003015 anterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum [H IV et V] anterior semilunar lobule lobulus quadrangularis anterior cerebelli [h iv et v] semilunar lobule-1 (anterior) uberon FMA:72516 semilunar lobule-1 (anterior) FMA:72516 FMA:TA lobulus quadrangularis anterior cerebelli [h iv et v] FMA:72516 anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum [H IV et V] FMA:72516 anterior quadrangular lobule of cerebellum FMA:72516 anterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum FMA:72516 anterior semilunar lobule postcommissural fornix FMA:62062 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_914 UBERON:0003016 uberon substantia innominata ABA:SI BM:Tel-SI BTO:0002447 FMA:61885 GAID:638 MESH:A08.186.211.577.820 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_915 The substantia innominata (literally 'unnamed substance') of Meynert is a stratum consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus. The gross anatomical structure is called anterior perforated substance because to the naked eye looks perforated by many holes. Holes are due to many blood vessels that pass through this area. It is part of the basal forebrain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003017 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG/200px-Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG innominate substance nucleus of substantia innominata substantia innominata of Reichert substantia innominata of Reil uberon BTO:0002447 substantia innominata of Reichert ABA FMA:61885 nucleus of substantia innominata The substantia innominata (literally 'unnamed substance') of Meynert is a stratum consisting partly of gray and partly of white substance, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus. The gross anatomical structure is called anterior perforated substance because to the naked eye looks perforated by many holes. Holes are due to many blood vessels that pass through this area. It is part of the basal forebrain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Substantia_innominata BTO:0002447 substantia innominata of Reil ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy WP FMA:61885 innominate substance parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus ABA:VPMpc FMA:62207 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 UBERON:0003018 gustatory nucleus (thalamus) gustatory thalamic nucleus nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami, pars parvicellularis pars parvicellularis nuclei ventralis posteromedialis thalami parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus uberon ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus, parvicellular part ventral posteromedial nucleus, parvocellular part ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, parvicellular part FMA:62207 FMA:TA pars parvicellularis nuclei ventralis posteromedialis thalami FMA:62207 gustatory thalamic nucleus FMA:62207 ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, parvicellular part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 gustatory nucleus (thalamus) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 nucleus ventralis posterior medialis thalami, pars parvicellularis FMA:62207 ventral posteromedial nucleus, parvocellular part FMA:62207 parvicellular part of ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_917 ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, parvicellular part FMA:62207 ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus, parvicellular part oral part of ventral posterolateral nucleus FMA:62205 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 UBERON:0003019 nucleus lateralis intermedius lateralis nucleus posteroventralis oralis nucleus ventralis intermedius (dewulf) nucleus ventralis intermedius (walker) nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis nucleus ventrointermedius uberon ventral part of ventral lateral posterior nucleus (jones) ventral posterolateral nucleus, oral part ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis intermedius (dewulf) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis intermedius thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus posteroventralis oralis FMA:62205 ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventrointermedius FMA:62205 ventral posterolateral nucleus, oral part NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus ventralis intermedius (walker) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_918 nucleus lateralis intermedius lateralis subcallosal area FMA:61890 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_919 SCTID:362357004 The subcallosal area (parolfactory area of Broca, area parolfactoria) is a small triangular field on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the subcallosal gyrus, from which it is separated by the posterior parolfactory sulcus; it is continuous below with the olfactory trigone, and above and in front with the cingulate gyrus; it is limited anteriorly by the anterior parolfactory sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003020 adolfactory area area paraolfactoria area subcallosa, area parolfactoria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray732.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png paraolfactory area parolfactory area uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:61890 parolfactory area FMA:61890 paraolfactory area Wikipedia:Subcallosal_area area subcallosa, area parolfactoria FMA:61890 FMA:TA area paraolfactoria FMA:61890 adolfactory area The subcallosal area (parolfactory area of Broca, area parolfactoria) is a small triangular field on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the subcallosal gyrus, from which it is separated by the posterior parolfactory sulcus; it is continuous below with the olfactory trigone, and above and in front with the cingulate gyrus; it is limited anteriorly by the anterior parolfactory sulcus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Subcallosal_area central lobule ABA:CENT FMA:72519 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_920 SCTID:279383007 The central lobule is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the ala lobuli centralis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003021 central lobule of cerebellum central lobule of cerebellum [II and III] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Gray703.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gray703.png/200px-Gray703.png lobulus centralis lobulus centralis cerebelli [ii et iii] uberon Wikipedia:Central_lobule lobulus centralis FMA:72519 central lobule of cerebellum [II and III] FMA:72519 FMA:TA lobulus centralis cerebelli [ii et iii] The central lobule is a small square lobule, situated in the anterior cerebellar notch. It overlaps the lingula, from which it is separated by the precentral fissure; laterally, it extends along the upper and anterior part of each hemisphere, where it forms a wing-like prolongation, the ala lobuli centralis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Central_lobule FMA:72519 central lobule of cerebellum ABA lobe parts of cerebral cortex FMA:68603 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_922 UBERON:0003022 cerebral cortical segment check w.r.t regional part of cerebreal cortex regional organ part of cerebral cortex segment of cerebral cortex uberon FMA:68603 regional organ part of cerebral cortex FMA:68603 cerebral cortical segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_922 segment of cerebral cortex pontine tegmentum FMA:71108 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_923 SCTID:362401009 The pontine tegmentum is a part of the pons of the brain involved in the initiation of REM sleep. It includes the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, among others, and is located near the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus. The trapezoid body is part of the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003023 dorsal portion of pons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Brainstem_Abducens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Brainstem_Abducens.png/200px-Brainstem_Abducens.png tegmental portion of pons tegmentum of pons tegmentum pontis tegmentum pontis uberon FMA:71108 dorsal portion of pons The pontine tegmentum is a part of the pons of the brain involved in the initiation of REM sleep. It includes the pedunculopontine nucleus and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, among others, and is located near the raphe nucleus and the locus ceruleus. The trapezoid body is part of the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum FMA:71108 FMA:TA tegmentum pontis FMA:71108 tegmental portion of pons Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum tegmentum pontis FMA:71108 tegmentum of pons principal part of ventral posteromedial nucleus FMA:62208 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_927 UBERON:0003024 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis, pars prinicipalis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_927 nucleus ventralis posteromedialis, pars prinicipalis brachium of inferior colliculus BM:MB-BSC FMA:71114 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_929 The Brachium of inferior colliculus (or inferior brachium) carries auditory afferent fibers from the inferior colliculus of the mesencephalon to the medial geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003025 brachium colliculi inferioris brachium of medial geniculate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem-thalamus_posterior_view_description.JPG inferior brachium inferior collicular brachium inferior colliculus brachium inferior quadrigeminal brachium peduncle of inferior colliculus uberon FMA:71114 inferior quadrigeminal brachium FMA:71114 brachium of medial geniculate FMA:71114 peduncle of inferior colliculus Wikipedia:Brachium_of_inferior_colliculus brachium colliculi inferioris The Brachium of inferior colliculus (or inferior brachium) carries auditory afferent fibers from the inferior colliculus of the mesencephalon to the medial geniculate nucleus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brachium_of_inferior_colliculus FMA:71114 inferior colliculus brachium FMA:71114 inferior brachium FMA:71114 inferior collicular brachium limitans nucleus BM:Die-Th-L FMA:62220 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 SCTID:369181002 UBERON:0003026 limitans thalamic nucleus nucleus limitans nucleus limitans opticus (hassler) nucleus limitans thalami uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 limitans thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 nucleus limitans thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 nucleus limitans opticus (hassler) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_931 nucleus limitans cingulate cortex BM:Tel-Cx-Cg BTO:0003975 EFO:0000343 MA:0000904 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_934 The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It is extended from the corpus callosum below to the cingulate sulcus above, at least anteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003027 UMLS:C0598179 gyrus cingulatus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png/200px-Gray727_cingulate_gyrus.png ncithesaurus:Cingulate_Cortex uberon The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cortex. It is extended from the corpus callosum below to the cingulate sulcus above, at least anteriorly. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cingulate_cortex Wikipedia:Cingulate_cortex gyrus cingulatus commissure of inferior colliculus A commissure that is part of a inferior colliculus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71115 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_935 SCTID:369260005 UBERON:0003028 caudal colliculus commissure commissure of caudal colliculus commissure of inferior colliculi commissure of posterior colliculus commissure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum inferior collicular commissure inferior colliculus commissure posterior colliculus commissure posterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure uberon OBOL:automatic commissure of caudal colliculus OBOL:automatic posterior colliculus commissure OBOL:automatic commissure of posterior colliculus A commissure that is part of a inferior colliculus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71115 inferior colliculus commissure OBOL:automatic caudal colliculus commissure OBOL:automatic posterior corpus quadrigeminum commissure FMA:71115 commissure of inferior colliculi OBOL:automatic commissure of posterior corpus quadrigeminum FMA:71115 inferior collicular commissure stria terminalis BM:ST BM:STr BTO:0004616 FMA:61974 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_937 The stria terminalis (terminal stria) is a structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, the stria terminalis runs from its corticomedial division to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003029 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Gray683.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gray683.png/200px-Gray683.png semicircular stria stria terminalis terminal stria uberon Wikipedia:Terminal_stria terminal stria FMA:61974 semicircular stria Wikipedia:Stria_terminalis stria terminalis The stria terminalis (terminal stria) is a structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus. Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, the stria terminalis runs from its corticomedial division to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Stria_terminalis posterior nucleus of thalamus BM:Die-Th-Po FMA:62221 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_939 SCTID:424901000 TAO:0000325 UBERON:0003030 UMLS:C0262315 ZFA:0000325 caudal thalamic nucleus ncithesaurus:Posterior_Nucleus_of_the_Thalamus nucleus posterior thalami uberon TAO:0000325 caudal thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_939 nucleus posterior thalami submedial nucleus ABA:SMT EV:0100203 FMA:62223 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 SCTID:279151007 UBERON:0003031 gelatinosus thalamic nucleus nucleus submedialis thalami nucleus submedius thalami submedial nucleus of thalamus submedial nucleus thalamus submedial thalamic nucleus uberon FMA:62223 FMA:TA nucleus submedialis thalami FMA:62223 gelatinosus thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 submedial thalamic nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 submedial nucleus thalamus FMA:62223 submedial nucleus of thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_946 nucleus submedius thalami suprageniculate nucleus ABA:SGN BM:Die-Th-SG FMA:62222 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_953 SCTID:369180001 UBERON:0003033 nucleus suprageniculatus suprageniculate thalamic nucleus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_953 nucleus suprageniculatus ABA ABA FMA:62222 suprageniculate thalamic nucleus central dorsal nucleus ABA:NC FMA:62169 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 UBERON:0003034 nucleus centralis dorsalis thalami nucleus centralis superior lateralis nucleus centralis superior lateralis thalami nucleus circularis uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus centralis dorsalis thalami NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus circularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus centralis superior lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_956 nucleus centralis superior lateralis thalami regional part of cerebellar white matter A multi-tissue structure that is part of a white matter of cerebellum. FMA:72547 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_959 UBERON:0003035 segment of cerebellar white matter uberon A multi-tissue structure that is part of a white matter of cerebellum. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_959 segment of cerebellar white matter central lateral nucleus ABA:CL BM:Die-CL EV:0100205 FMA:62170 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_961 SCTID:279153005 UBERON:0003036 central lateral nucleus of thalamus central lateral thalamic nucleus centrolateral thalamic nucleus nucleus centralis lateralis of thalamus nucleus centralis lateralis thalami uberon FMA:62170 central lateral nucleus of thalamus ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_961 nucleus centralis lateralis thalami FMA:62170 central lateral thalamic nucleus ABA ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_961 nucleus centralis lateralis of thalamus FMA:62170 centrolateral thalamic nucleus septum AAO:0011127 BM:Tel-Spt FMA:86461 OpenCyc:Mx4rrqot_on_EdaAAAACs0uFOQ UBERON:0003037 a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. general anatomical term in FMA septa septal uberon Wikipedia:Septum a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. septa thoracic spinal cord FMA:71167 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_966 SCTID:278750009 The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003038 UMLS:C0581620 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gray820.png/200px-Gray820.png ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Spinal_Cord segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] thoracic region of spinal cord thoracic segment of spinal cord thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] thoracic spinal cord uberon FMA:71167 thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] FMA:71167 FMA:TA segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] FMA:71167 thoracic segment of spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic region of spinal cord The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_spinal_cord anterior commissure anterior part FMA:61963 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_969 UBERON:0003039 anterior commissure pars anterior anterior commissure, anterior part anterior part of anterior commissure olfactory limb of anterior commissure olfactory part of anterior commissure pars anterior pars anterior commissurae anterioris the horseshoe-shaped tract that connects the two olfactory bulbs. uberon MP:0010859 anterior commissure pars anterior MP:0010859 the horseshoe-shaped tract that connects the two olfactory bulbs. MP:0008230 pars anterior commissurae anterioris FMA:61963 anterior commissure, anterior part MP:0008230 pars anterior FMA:61963 olfactory part of anterior commissure MP:0008230 anterior part of anterior commissure FMA:61963 anterior part of anterior commissure FMA:61963 olfactory limb of anterior commissure central gray substance of midbrain ABA:PAG BM:MB-PAG BTO:0002701 EFO:0002470 EV:0100249 FMA:74510 GAID:585 MA:0000209 MA:0002895 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.822.595 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_973 Periaqueductal gray (PAG; also called the 'central gray') is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the midbrain. It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract. The spinomesencephalic tract is so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the mesencephalon, another name for the midbrain, the part of the brain in which the PAG resides. [WP,unvetted]. SCTID:369233003 TAO:0000518 TODO - resolve MA - see tracker UBERON:0003040 ZFA:0000518 anulus of cerebral aqueduct central (periaqueductal) gray central grey griseum centrale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cn3nucleus.png/200px-Cn3nucleus.png midbrain periaqueductal grey periaquectuctal grey periaqueductal gray periaqueductal gray matter periaqueductal gray of tegmentum periaqueductal grey periaqueductal grey matter periaqueductal grey substance s. grisea centralis substantia grisea centralis uberon FMA:74510 periaqueductal gray matter MA:0000209 midbrain periaqueductal grey MA:0000209 central grey ABA FMA:74510 periaqueductal gray of tegmentum EV:0100249 periaqueductal grey matter FMA:74510 periaqueductal gray ABA ABA ABA FMA:74510 central (periaqueductal) gray ABA Wikipedia:Periaqueductal_gray s. grisea centralis ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_973 substantia grisea centralis FMA:74510 anulus of cerebral aqueduct MA:0002895 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3209233&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 periaquectuctal grey FMA:74510 periaqueductal grey substance ABA ABA Periaqueductal gray (PAG; also called the 'central gray') is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the midbrain. It plays a role in the descending modulation of pain and in defensive behaviour. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract also send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract. The spinomesencephalic tract is so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the mesencephalon, another name for the midbrain, the part of the brain in which the PAG resides. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Periaqueductal_gray https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3209233&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_973 griseum centrale ABA MA:0002895 periaqueductal grey trigeminal nerve fibers FMA:72501 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_974 UBERON:0003041 central part of trigeminal nerve trigeminal nerve fibers trigeminal nerve tract uberon FMA:72501 central part of trigeminal nerve FMA:72501 trigeminal nerve tract FMA:72501 trigeminal nerve fibers posterior part of anterior commissure FMA:61964 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_977 UBERON:0003043 anterior commissure pars posterior anterior commissure temporal limb anterior commissure, posterior part pars posterior temporal limb of anterior commissure the major forebrain commissure that connects the two temporal lobes of the cortex. uberon MP:0010860 anterior commissure pars posterior FMA:61964 temporal limb of anterior commissure MP:0008230 anterior commissure temporal limb MP:0010860 the major forebrain commissure that connects the two temporal lobes of the cortex. MP:0008229 pars posterior FMA:61964 anterior commissure, posterior part uncinate fasciculus FMA:77636 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_983 SCTID:369083001 The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with frontal ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions. It is the last white matter tract to mature in the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003044 cerebral uncinate fasciculus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray751.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gray751.png/200px-Gray751.png uberon The uncinate fasciculus is a white matter tract in the human brain that connects parts of the limbic system such as the hippocampus and amygdala in the temporal lobe with frontal ones such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Its function is unknown though it is affected in several psychiatric conditions. It is the last white matter tract to mature in the human brain. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Uncinate_fasciculus FMA:77636 cerebral uncinate fasciculus dorsal longitudinal fasciculus DLF FMA:83845 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_986 SCTID:369082006 The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF) (not to be confused with the medial longitudinal fasciculus) is a white matter fiber tract located within the brain stem, specifically in the dorsal brainstem tegmentum. The DLF travels through the periaqueductal gray matter. The tract is comprised of a diffuse brainstem pathway located in the periventricular gray matter comprising ascending visceral sensory axons and descending hypothalamic axons. As with all white matter tracts, the DLF consists of myelinated axons carrying information between neurons. The DLF, carries both ascending and descending fibers, conveys visceral motor and sensory signals. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003045 ZFA:0005266 bundle of Schutz fasciculus longitudinalis posterior fasciculus longitudinalis posterior; fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis fasciculus of Schutz posterior longitudinal fasciculus uberon FMA:83845 bundle of Schutz FMA:83845 fasciculus of Schutz Wikipedia:Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus fasciculus longitudinalis posterior; fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis FMA:83845 FMA:TA fasciculus longitudinalis posterior FMA:83845 posterior longitudinal fasciculus DLF ZFA:0005266 The dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF) (not to be confused with the medial longitudinal fasciculus) is a white matter fiber tract located within the brain stem, specifically in the dorsal brainstem tegmentum. The DLF travels through the periaqueductal gray matter. The tract is comprised of a diffuse brainstem pathway located in the periventricular gray matter comprising ascending visceral sensory axons and descending hypothalamic axons. As with all white matter tracts, the DLF consists of myelinated axons carrying information between neurons. The DLF, carries both ascending and descending fibers, conveys visceral motor and sensory signals. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus ventral acoustic stria FMA:72498 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_991 UBERON:0003046 anterior acoustic stria stria cochlearis anterior uberon FMA:72498 anterior acoustic stria FMA:72498 FMA:TA stria cochlearis anterior regional part of pretectal region A regional part of brain that is part of a pretectal region [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:74519 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_993 UBERON:0003047 pretectal region segment segment of pretectal region uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a pretectal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:74519 pretectal region segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_993 segment of pretectal region regional part of hypothalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a hypothalamus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:67706 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_995 SCTID:360454003 UBERON:0003048 hypothalamus segment segment of hypothalamus uberon A regional part of brain that is part of a hypothalamus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:67706 hypothalamus segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_995 segment of hypothalamus collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle A rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some transitional epithelial cells which covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity from the exterior, and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan[WBbt]. The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins and lipids[WP]. Note that GO has a superclass protein-based cuticle development // taxonomic restriction may be too strict UBERON:0003049 UBERON:WBbt_0005755 WBbt:0005755 nematode cuticle uberon A rigid external coating which is secreted by the hypodermis, seam and some transitional epithelial cells which covers the outer body, the major openings into the body cavity from the exterior, and two large sensory bristles, the male spicules. The cuticle of the spicules, the hook, and of some portions of the spicule channels is especially rigid and is probably sclerotized. Similar sclerotic features are occasionally noted in the ventral surface of the male tail fan[WBbt]. The main structural components of the nematode cuticle are proteins, highly cross-linked collagens and specialised insoluble proteins known as cuticlins, together with glycoproteins and lipids[WP]. UBERON:cjm WA:dh olfactory placode A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. AAO:0011076 EFO:0003420 EHDAA2:0001232 EHDAA:1504 EMAPA:16543 Olfactory placodes are the only ectodermal placodes to produce glia, a cell type typically derived from neural crest // Note that NBK53171 classifies this as non-neurogenic TAO:0000048 UBERON:0003050 VHOG:0000186 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000005 ZFA:0000048 nasal I placode nasal placode olfactory placodes placoda nasalis placoda olfactoria uberon placoda nasalis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000186 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. Wikipedia:Nasal_placode XAO:0000005 NBK53171 ZFA placoda olfactoria olfactory placodes EHDAA2 ear vesicle AAO:0011080 BTO:0002661 EHDAA2:0001342 EMAPA:16669 Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] OV One of the paired sacs of invaginated ectoderm that develop into the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. [Biology_online][VHOG] SCTID:308792006 TAO:0000051 The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle.[well established][VHOG] The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops[BTO]. Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells[ZFA]. epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP] UBERON:0003051 UBERON:0004373 UMLS:C1518678 VHOG:0001148 XAO:0000006 ZFA:0000051 acoustic vesicle auditory vesicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray40.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray40.png/200px-Gray40.png ncithesaurus:Otic_Vesicle otic vesicle otocyst uberon VHOG:0001148 acoustic vesicle 2012-09-17 One of the paired sacs of invaginated ectoderm that develop into the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. [Biology_online][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001148 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0002661 auditory vesicle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.413 The inner ear develops embryonically in all vertebrates as an invagination of the ectodermal otic placode to form an otic vesicle.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001148 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0002661 MP:0009806 The saccular invagination of ectoderm from which the vertebrate inner ear develops[BTO]. Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells[ZFA]. epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP] Wikipedia:Otic_vesicle ZFIN:curator NBK53175 2012-08-14 Epithelial sac present beside the fifth rhombomere; forms the semicircular canals dorsally and the otolith organs ventrally, and houses the acoustico-vestibular sensory epithelia (maculae) of hair cells. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000051 ZFIN:curator midbrain-hindbrain boundary AAO:0011064 EHDAA2:0004395 EHDAA:5789 Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] MHB TAO:0000042 The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. UBERON:0003052 VHOG:0000649 XAO:0000016 ZFA:0000042 editor note: consider adding class for organizer. Consider adding separate class for isthmus as a structure isthmo-cerebellar region isthmus isthmus/MHB mid-hindbrain boundary mid-hindbrain junction midbrain hindbrain boundary uberon ZFA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000649 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000649 isthmo-cerebellar region ZFA GO:0021555 The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. ZFA Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 isthmus/MHB ventricular zone AAO:0011112 BTO:0003654 EFO:0003624 MA:0000819 Proliferative region that is part of the ventricular system. Proliferative zone in the region of the neural tube adjacent to the lumen. TAO:0001083 There are two primary regions that are thought to give rise to neurons that make up the cerebellum. The first region is the ventricular zone (the roof of the fourth ventricle). This area produces Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclear neurons[BTO:0003654]. UBERON:0003053 VHOG:0001224 VZ XAO:0000021 ZFA:0001083 brain ventricular zone in BTO this is restricted to the 4th ventricle - however this class also represents the early ventricular zone as well as its post-natal remnants. The MA class is named 'ventricular zone of brain' and is presumably restricted to the post-natal zone uberon ventricular zone of brain Proliferative zone in the region of the neural tube adjacent to the lumen. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_4.html MA BTO:0003654 There are two primary regions that are thought to give rise to neurons that make up the cerebellum. The first region is the ventricular zone (the roof of the fourth ventricle). This area produces Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nuclear neurons[BTO:0003654]. MA:0000819 brain ventricular zone Proliferative region that is part of the ventricular system. ZFA:0001083 ZFA roof plate AAO:0011097 Multi-tissue structure that is the dorsal-most aspect of the devleloping neural tube.[TAO] TAO:0007058 TODO - Note that although this is classically defined as being located on the neural tube, in many AOs the roof plate continues post-embryonically after the neural tube has ceased to exist. Consider 'roof plate of neural tube'. TODO - alar plate vs roof plate UBERON:0003054 ZFA:0007058 a single row of glia at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube. This region provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types and of the specification of neural crest cells. The cells comprising the roof plate are the precursors to radial glial cells. alar plate roofplate uberon Wikipedia:Roof_plate alar plate GO:0021509 PMID:15378040 a single row of glia at the dorsal midline of the developing neural tube. This region provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types and of the specification of neural crest cells. The cells comprising the roof plate are the precursors to radial glial cells. 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue structure that is the dorsal-most aspect of the devleloping neural tube.[TAO] TAO TAO:0007058 ZFIN:curator periderm A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. EHDAA2:0001846 EHDAA:6538 EVL Originally the epidermis is one layer thick, in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two-layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. The periderm goes through distinct developmental phases and is ultimately sloughed into the amniotic fluid when differentiation of the underlying epidermal layers is complete. The function of the periderm is not known, but is thought to be related to transport/exchange between the fetus and the amniotic fluid (http://courses.washington.edu/hubio567/devbio/periderm.html) TAO:0001185 The outermost epidermal layer covering the fish at embryonic stages; derived from the EVL and thought to eventually be replaced by the superficial stratum of the epidermis. Sometimes used synonymously with EVL. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] UBERON:0003055 UMLS:C1518973 VHOG:0001680 XAO:0000029 ZFA:0001185 epidermis epithelial layer epidermis outer layer ncithesaurus:Periderm periderm relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of ectoderm (TAO:0000016) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[TAO] skin periderm uberon EHDAA2 A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. ISBN:9780878932504 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001846 skin periderm EHDAA2 ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001185 relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of ectoderm (TAO:0000016) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001185 The outermost epidermal layer covering the fish at embryonic stages; derived from the EVL and thought to eventually be replaced by the superficial stratum of the epidermis. Sometimes used synonymously with EVL. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] ZFIN:curator EVL ZFA:0001185 pre-chordal neural plate (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011084 TAO:0007016 The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003056 VHOG:0001200 XAO:0000045 ZFA:0007016 anterior neural plate uberon The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0001200 http://bgee.unil.ch/ chordal neural plate (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] TAO:0007017 The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003057 VHOG:0001201 XAO:0000046 ZFA:0007017 posterior neural plate uberon (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0001201 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator hypochord A transient rod-like structure which is endodermally derived and located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord is thought to play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta. Eriksson and Lofberg, 2000.[TAO] AAO:0000733 EFO:0003475 In other words, we identified variations in gene expression patterns that may contribute to a molecular basis of evolutionary variation of axial structures between Teleostei and Mammalia in the determination of body axis. As already mentioned, one such difference is illustrated by the hypochord present in lower vertebrates but absent in higher animals. Perhaps, Tbx-b and Tbx-c are involved in the mechanisms underlying the formation of this organ that were lost during later evolution leading to the disappearance of the hypochord itself, similarly to other organs, such as the lateral line.[uncertain][VHOG] TAO:0000031 The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta[GO]. near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle[AAO] UBERON:0003058 Unlike in frogs and axolotl, the hypochord does not appear to be endodermally derived[ZFA] Unsegmented ventral structure in the caudal region of anuran larvae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.[AAO] VHOG:0000081 XAO:0000056 ZFA:0000031 subnotochordal rod uberon GO:0055016 PMID:10648245 subnotochordal rod AAO:0000733 GO:0055016 ISBN:0815318960 PMID:10648245 The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta[GO]. near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle[AAO] 2012-09-17 In other words, we identified variations in gene expression patterns that may contribute to a molecular basis of evolutionary variation of axial structures between Teleostei and Mammalia in the determination of body axis. As already mentioned, one such difference is illustrated by the hypochord present in lower vertebrates but absent in higher animals. Perhaps, Tbx-b and Tbx-c are involved in the mechanisms underlying the formation of this organ that were lost during later evolution leading to the disappearance of the hypochord itself, similarly to other organs, such as the lateral line.[uncertain][VHOG] PMID:11548409 Korzh VP, T-box genes and developmental decisions that cells make. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology (2001) VHOG VHOG:0000081 http://bgee.unil.ch/ XAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000733 AAO:Pugener_2002 Unsegmented ventral structure in the caudal region of anuran larvae; near metamorphosis the hypochord fuses to the coccyx, thereby forming the urostyle.[AAO] 2012-08-14 A transient rod-like structure which is endodermally derived and located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord is thought to play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta. Eriksson and Lofberg, 2000.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000031 ZFIN:curator presomitic mesoderm AAO:0011086 EFO:0001982 It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] PSM TAO:0000279 UBERON:0003059 Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] VHOG:0000559 XAO:0000057 ZFA:0000279 presumptive somite mesoderm segmental plate somitogenic mesoderm uberon unsegmented mesenchyme unsegmented paraxial mesoderm UBERON:cjm unsegmented paraxial mesoderm VHOG:0000559 unsegmented mesenchyme Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> ZFIN:curator definitional 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000279 Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001) It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000559 http://bgee.unil.ch/ pronephric duct (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011088 Duct of the embryonic kidney, present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the anal region where it empties separately from, and just posterior to the anus. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. SCTID:361406002 TAO:0000150 The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] UBERON:0003060 UMLS:C1283945 VHOG:0000082 XAO:0000063 ZFA:0000150 archinephric duct ductus pronephricus ncithesaurus:Pronephric_Duct uberon GO XAO Wikipedia (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686 VHOG VHOG:0000082 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000082 archinephric duct Wikipedia:Pronephric_duct ductus pronephricus 2012-08-14 Duct of the embryonic kidney, present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the anal region where it empties separately from, and just posterior to the anus. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000150 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000082 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Pronephric_duct blood island AAO:0011006 AO notes: EHDAA2 distinguishes 3 types, but does not have a superclass. The VHOG class may refer to yolk sac Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. EFO:0003489 EHDAA:207 Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates.[AAO] Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] TAO:0000094 TE:E5.11.2.0.0.0.4 UBERON:0003061 UMLS:C1511224 VBI VHOG:0000085 XAO:0000067 ZFA:0000094 blood islands caudal hematopoietic tissue ncithesaurus:Blood_Island posterior ICM posterior blood island relationship loss: part_of intermediate cell mass of mesoderm (TAO:0000033)[TAO] uberon ventral blood island ventral lateral plate mesoderm Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. Wikipedia:Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle 2012-08-14 Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000094 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000094 relationship loss: part_of intermediate cell mass of mesoderm (TAO:0000033)[TAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011006 AAO:EJS Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000085 http://bgee.unil.ch/ blood islands primitive knot A signaling center that directs the development of the whole embryo or of part of the embryo.[AAO] AAO:0000346 BILA:0000053 BTO:0003395 DMZ EHDAA2:0001272 EHDAA:549 EMAPA:16075 Embryonic structure that is a local accumulation of cells along the germ ring. The shield marks the dorsal side of the embryo[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. GAID:1312 Hensen node Hensen's node MESH:A16.254.650 SCTID:361464001 Spemann Mangold organizer Spemann's organizer TAO:0000071 The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield).[well established][VHOG] This class groups together possibly disparate structures, following homology class in vHOG; early development terms need review UBERON:0003062 UBERON:0004018 UMLS:C1283999 VHOG:0000598 XAO:0000072 ZFA:0000071 dorsal marginal zone embryo organizer embryonic organizer embryonic shield ncithesaurus:Primitive_Node node nodus primitivus organizer organizer for gastrulation in vertebrates. The primitive knot starts as a regional knot of cells that forms on the blastodisc immediately anterior to where the outer layer of cells will begin to migrate inwards - an area known as the primitive streak. Posterior to the node is the primitive pit, where the cells of the epiblast (the upper layer of embryonic cells) initially begin to invaginate. This invagination expands posteriorly into the primitive groove as the cells layers continue to move into the space between the embryonic cells and the yolk. This differentiates the embryo into the germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The primitive knot migrates posteriorly as gastrulation proceeds, eventually being absorbed into the tail bud.[WP]. the regional thickening of cells at the rostral tip of the vertebrate primitive streak through which gastrulating cells migrate anteriorally to form tissues in the future head and neck; this region organizes the formation of the three embryonic layers and establishes the longitudinal axis and the polarity of the embryo[MP]. primitive node shield uberon embryonic shield http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html DMZ VHOG:0000598 Wikipedia:Primitive_knot primitive node Spemann Mangold organizer ZFA:0000071 XAO:0000072 dorsal marginal zone ZFA Spemann's organizer ZFA:0000071 EHDAA 2012-06-20 A signaling center that directs the development of the whole embryo or of part of the embryo.[AAO] AAO AAO:0000346 AAO:BJB ZFA:0000071 shield EMAPA:16075 ISBN:9780878932504 node GAID:1312 Hensen's node Wikipedia:Primitive_knot MP:0004066 Wikipedia:Primitive_knot Wikipedia:Regional_specification#Dorsal.2Fventral_axis_.26_organizer organizer for gastrulation in vertebrates. The primitive knot starts as a regional knot of cells that forms on the blastodisc immediately anterior to where the outer layer of cells will begin to migrate inwards - an area known as the primitive streak. Posterior to the node is the primitive pit, where the cells of the epiblast (the upper layer of embryonic cells) initially begin to invaginate. This invagination expands posteriorly into the primitive groove as the cells layers continue to move into the space between the embryonic cells and the yolk. This differentiates the embryo into the germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The primitive knot migrates posteriorly as gastrulation proceeds, eventually being absorbed into the tail bud.[WP]. the regional thickening of cells at the rostral tip of the vertebrate primitive streak through which gastrulating cells migrate anteriorally to form tissues in the future head and neck; this region organizes the formation of the three embryonic layers and establishes the longitudinal axis and the polarity of the embryo[MP]. EHDAA2 GAID:1312 Hensen node Wikipedia:Primitive_knot 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008) The organizer is a central feature of vertebrate embryogenesis. It was first characterized in functional terms in amphibians by Spemann and Mangold (1924), and homologous tissues have since been identified in representatives of most other vertebrate classes, including mammals (the node), birds (Henson's node) and teleost fish (the embryonic shield).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000598 http://bgee.unil.ch/ definitional GAID:1312 embryo organizer Wikipedia:Primitive_knot nodus primitivus Embryonic structure that is a local accumulation of cells along the germ ring. The shield marks the dorsal side of the embryo[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 GAID:1312 embryonic organizer ZFA:0000071 organizer prechordal plate AAO:0011085 Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate._Evolution_and_Development_(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001493 EHDAA:181 TAO:0000060 There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003063 UBERON:0004881 VHOG:0000086 XAO:0000079 ZFA:0000060 a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells[GO]. Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chordamesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region[ZFA]. Uniquely thickened portion of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord[WP]. head mesenchyme head mesoderm todo - check; developmental relationship to anterior hypoblast in ZFA? uberon XAO:0000079 head mesoderm XAO:0000079 head mesenchyme 2012-09-17 Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate._Evolution_and_Development_(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000086 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000060 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Prechordal_plate ZFIN:curator a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells[GO]. Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chordamesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region[ZFA]. Uniquely thickened portion of the endoderm that is in contact with ectoderm immediately rostral to the cephalic tip of the notochord[WP]. ZFA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008) There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000086 http://bgee.unil.ch/ intermediate mesoderm (...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010575 EMAPA:16178 IM Mesoderm between somite and lateral plate. Traditionally thought to give rise to the urogenital system.[AAO] SCTID:361476001 TAO:0001206 The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. UBERON:0003064 UMLS:C1284010 VHOG:0000087 XAO:0000085 ZFA:0001206 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png intermediate mesenchyme intermediate plate mesoderm mesenchyma intermedium ncithesaurus:Intermediate_Mesoderm note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). uberon AAO (...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG VHOG:0000087 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm, ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.43 UBERON:cjm intermediate plate mesoderm XAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010575 AAO:EJS Mesoderm between somite and lateral plate. Traditionally thought to give rise to the urogenital system.[AAO] GOC:curators The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm UBERONREF:0000002 intermediate mesenchyme Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm mesenchyma intermedium EMAPA ciliary marginal zone AAO:0010342 CMZ EFO:0003668 Region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. After 60 hpf, the CMZ is the source of most retinal growth. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050427-5'>Wehman et al, 2005.</a> Region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. After 60 hpf, the CMZ is the source of most retinal growth. Wehman et al, 2005.[TAO] TAO:0001289 The retina of all vertebrates develops via similar mechanisms. Toward the end of retinal histogenesis, proliferating progenitors and newly generated cells are confined to peripheral regions of the retina. In fish and amphibians, this region is maintained after embryonic development and becomes the CMZ (ciliary margin zone). A CMZ exists in birds but compared to that of fish and amphibians this region produces much less new retina as the globe of the eye expands postnatally. At least some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the addition of new cells in this zone appear to have been conserved from fish to birds.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003065 VHOG:0000088 XAO:0000086 ZFA:0001289 circumferential germinal zone peripheral growth zone uberon 2012-08-14 Region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. After 60 hpf, the CMZ is the source of most retinal growth. Wehman et al, 2005.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001289 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1159/000057571 Reh TA, Fischer AJ, Stem cells in the vertebrate retina. Brain Behav Evol (2001) The retina of all vertebrates develops via similar mechanisms. Toward the end of retinal histogenesis, proliferating progenitors and newly generated cells are confined to peripheral regions of the retina. In fish and amphibians, this region is maintained after embryonic development and becomes the CMZ (ciliary margin zone). A CMZ exists in birds but compared to that of fish and amphibians this region produces much less new retina as the globe of the eye expands postnatally. At least some of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the addition of new cells in this zone appear to have been conserved from fish to birds.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000088 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Region at the periphery of the retina where retinal stem cells are located. After 60 hpf, the CMZ is the source of most retinal growth. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-050427-5'>Wehman et al, 2005.</a> ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001289 peripheral growth zone pharyngeal arch 2 2 2nd arch 2nd pharyngeal arch 2nd visceral arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010363 EHDAA2:0000050 EHDAA:611 EMAPA:16272 In XAO, develops from visceral pouch 2 SCTID:308768003 TAO:0001596 The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] UBERON:0003066 VHOG:0000297 XAO:0000098 ZFA:0001611 arcus pharyngeus secundus assists in forming the side and front of the neck. branchial arch 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray41.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gray41.png/200px-Gray41.png hyoid arch hyoid bars ncithesaurus:Second_Pharyngeal_Arch pharyngeal arch 2 pharyngeal arches 2 second branchial arch second pharyngeal arch second visceral arch uberon visceral arch 2 XAO:0000098 hyoid arch visceral arch 2 Wikipedia:Second_pharyngeal_arch arcus pharyngeus secundus 2nd visceral arch VHOG:0000297 second visceral arch branchial arch 2 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000297 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000297 pharyngeal arches 2 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010363 The second of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] XAO:EJS Wikipedia:Second_pharyngeal_arch assists in forming the side and front of the neck. 2nd arch EHDAA2:0000050 second branchial arch dorsolateral placode In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. TAO:0001310 The only remaining dorsolateral placode in land vertebrates is the otic/octaval placode UBERON:0003067 VHOG:0000103 XAO:0000187 ZFA:0001310 dorsolateral placodes uberon NBK53175 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000103 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0001310 dorsolateral placodes Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. ZFIN:curator axial mesoderm AAO:0011017 EFO:0003647 TAO:0001204 The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] UBERON:0003068 VHOG:0000107 XAO:0000205 ZFA:0001204 chordamesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png uberon Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm chordamesoderm GO:0048318 The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm 2012-09-17 The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000107 http://bgee.unil.ch/ otic placode A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK] AAO:0011079 EFO:0003429 EHDAA2:0001339 EHDAA:506 EMAPA:16195 Primordium of the ear epithelium before it hollows into the otic vesicle, present beside the hindbrain rudiment in the midsegmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000138 UBERON:0003069 UMLS:C1518677 VHOG:0000235 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] With the exception of the pigment cells of the stria vascularis and the secretory epithelium of the cochlea, which are of neural crest origin, all compo- nents of the inner ear derive from the otic placode. In most species the thickening of the ectoderm into a placode occurs in a region adjacent to rhombomere 5 (reviewed in Ohyama et al., 2007), while in amphibians the otic placode is centered onto rhombomere 4 (Ruiz i Altaba and Jessell, 1991).[NBK53175] XAO:0000223 ZFA:0000138 auditory placode ear placode ear/otic placode ncithesaurus:Otic_Placodes octaval VIII placode octaval placode placoda otica uberon A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK] NBK:NBK53175 Wikipedia:Otic_placode 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000235 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (2) neurogenic placodes (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ placoda otica ISBN10:0471888893 octaval placode ISBN10:0471888893 octaval VIII placode 2012-08-14 Primordium of the ear epithelium before it hollows into the otic vesicle, present beside the hindbrain rudiment in the midsegmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000138 ZFIN:curator NBK:NBK53175 invaginates trigeminal placode EFO:0003433 EHDAA2:0004209 Fig9-5 of ISBN10:0471888893 calls this the profundus placode; XAO says 'profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end...' TAO:0000162 The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24.[XAO] The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion, distinguishable during much of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion. UBERON:0003070 VHOG:0000109 XAO:0000225 ZFA:0000162 profundus V placode profundus placode trigeminal V placode uberon ISBN10:0471888893 profundus V placode The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24.[XAO] XAO 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000162 The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion, distinguishable during much of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator ISBN10:0471888893 profundus placode 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000109 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0471888893 The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion. VHOG:0000109 eye primordium AAO:0011038 AO notes: TODO - check that GO's optic placode is the same as ZFA's eye primordium; we may want to have separate term for ocular primordium precursor. XAO has both optic field and eye primordium EFO:0003541 EHDAA2:0004431 Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. TAO:0000570 UBERON:0003071 UBERON:0005060 XAO:0000227 XAO:0004090 ZFA:0000570 eye anlage eye field eye placode occular primordium ocular primordium optic field optic placode optic placode of camera-type eye optic primordium uberon GO:0046619 UBERON:cjm optic placode of camera-type eye GO:0046619 Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. ZFA:0000570 OBOL:automatic eye placode XAO:0000227 eye anlage PMID:16496288 XAO GO:0046619 optic placode optic cup (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001303 EHDAA:2912 EMAPA:16674 Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. SCTID:308789007 TAO:0001202 UBERON:0003072 UMLS:C0231109 VHOG:0000167 ZFA:0001202 eye cup ncithesaurus:Optic_Cup ocular cup uberon (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000167 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000167 ocular cup ZFA MP:0004269 Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. Optic_cup_(embryology) ZFA:0001202 ZFA lens placode (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. AAO:0011055 Classical transplantation experiments using amphibian embryos suggested that the optic vesicle is the source of lens-inducing signals sufficient to generate lens tissues in competent ectoderm (reviewed in Grainger et al., 1996). More recent findings suggest a multistep model for lens induction. There is now good evidence that lens specification occurs at the neurula stage, before the optic vesicle contact the surface ectoderm, and that neural crest cell migration in the frontonasal region is required to restrict the position of the lens placode (Bailey et al., 2006)[NBK53175] EFO:0003494 EHDAA2:0000982 EHDAA:2908 EMAPA:16672 Ectodermal primordium of the lens of the eye. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000122 UBERON:0003073 UMLS:C1517770 VHOG:0000166 XAO:0000240 ZFA:0000122 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray864.png ncithesaurus:Lens_Placodes placoda lentis uberon (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000166 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. Wikipedia:Lens_placode ZFIN:curator NBK53175 2012-08-14 Ectodermal primordium of the lens of the eye. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000122 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Lens_placode placoda lentis mesonephric duct (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000637 Anatomical structure consisting of either of a pair of longitudinal ducts which carry urine and in males, sperm, to the cloaca.[AAO] EHDAA2:0001243 EHDAA:1590 EMAPA:16577 GAID:1315 Leydig's duct MESH:A16.254.940 Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. SCTID:308800003 TAO:0000546 TODO - mesonephric portion of the nephric duct. Development notes: In the male the Wolffian duct persists, and forms for example the epididymis, the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle and efferent ducts. The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] UBERON:0003074 UMLS:C0043204 VHOG:0000082 Wolffian duct XAO:0000242 ZFA:0000546 archinephric duct ductus mesonephricus; ductus Wolffi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png ncithesaurus:Mesonephric_Duct renal duct uberon Wikipedia:Mesonephric_duct ductus mesonephricus; ductus Wolffi VHOG:0000082 Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct archinephric duct Leydig's duct Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000637 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure consisting of either of a pair of longitudinal ducts which carry urine and in males, sperm, to the cloaca.[AAO] GO 2012-09-17 The first-formed kidney duct, which drains the kidney of most anamniotes and becomes the ductus deferens of male amniotes. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-3, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000082 http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) in all craniates, the archinephric duct develops in embryogeny.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.686 VHOG VHOG:0000082 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GOC:yaf Wikipedia:Wolffian_duct Wolffian duct ZFA:0000546 Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Mesonephric_duct ZFIN:curator neural plate (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA] AAO:0011072 BTO:0001765 EHDAA:346 EHDAA:902 EMAPA:16095 EMAPA:16527 EMAPA:16756 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001252 TAO:0000132 The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0003075 UMLS:C0920623 VHOG:0000068 XAO:0000249 ZFA:0000132 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png lamina neuralis ncithesaurus:Neural_Plate presumptive central nervous system uberon A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA] ISBN:0815318960 OMD:neural+plate Wikipedia:Neural_plate ZFIN:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0000068 http://bgee.unil.ch/ XAO Wikipedia:Neural_plate lamina neuralis ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000132 The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Wikipedia posterior neural tube (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011082 TAO:0007037 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003076 VHOG:0001383 XAO:0000250 ZFA:0007037 uberon (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0001383 http://bgee.unil.ch/ paraxial mesoderm AAO:0010568 AO notes: note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). Also in ZFA it is part of the trunk whereas this conflicts with the division into head and trunk in ehdaa2 (which we follow here) EFO:0003515 EMAPA:16183 EMAPA:16751 Mesoderm lateral to the neural tube and notochord that is divided into cranial and post-cranial portions. The trunk portions further segment into somites.[AAO] Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361475002 TAO:0000255 The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO] UBERON:0003077 UMLS:C1284009 VHOG:0000114 XAO:0000259 ZFA:0000255 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png mesoderma paraxiale ncithesaurus:Paraxial_Mesoderm paraxial mesenchyme somitic mesoderm uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007) Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000114 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN:9780878932504 somitic mesoderm EHDAA2 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010568 AAO:EJS Mesoderm lateral to the neural tube and notochord that is divided into cranial and post-cranial portions. The trunk portions further segment into somites.[AAO] UBERONREF:0000002 ZFA:0000255 paraxial mesenchyme ZFA XAO Wikipedia:Paraxial_mesoderm mesoderma paraxiale GO:0048339 The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO] Wikipedia:Paraxial_mesoderm epibranchial placode AAO:0011036 EFO:0003455 Epibranchial placodes-derived neurons innervate internal organs to transmit information such as heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral distension from the periphery to the central nervous system (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, 2001). From rostral to caudal the epibranchial placodes comprise the geniculate, petrosal, and nodose placodes, each associated in sequence with the first, second and third branchial clefts. Each placode contributes sensory neurons to cranial nerves VII (facial nerve), IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), and X (vagal nerve), respectively[NBK53175]. AO notes: in XAO this develops_from dorsolateral placode, but in NBK53175, this is a separate group Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches._J_Anat_(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] TAO:0001294 These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003078 VHOG:0000117 XAO:0000284 ZFA:0001294 epibranchial placodes uberon ventrolateral placode ZFA:0001294 epibranchial placodes ZFA Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. VHOG:0000117 ISBN10:0471888893 ventrolateral placode EHDAA2-abduced NBK53175 ZFA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A, The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000117 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches._J_Anat_(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000117 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2-abduced floor plate A ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage[GO]. A structure integral to the developing nervous system of vertebrate organisms. Located on the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube, the floor plate is a specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved among vertebrates with homologous structures in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode C. elegans. Functionally, the structure serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube[WP]. AAO:0011041 BTO:0001720 EFO:0003473 FP Note that although this is classically defined as being located on the neural tube, in many AOs the floor plate continues post-embryonically after the neural tube has ceased to exist. Consider 'floor plate of neural tube'. Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories.[AAO] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000545 TAO:0000022 UBERON:0003079 ZFA:0000022 bodenplatte floorplate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Gray642.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Gray642.png/200px-Gray642.png uberon ventral plate FP TAO:0000022 ZFA Wikipedia BTO:0001720 bodenplatte BTO:0001720 ventral plate A ventral region of glial cells in the neural tube that provides inductive signals for the specification of neuronal cell types. The floor plate is evident at the ventral midline by the neural fold stage[GO]. A structure integral to the developing nervous system of vertebrate organisms. Located on the ventral midline of the embryonic neural tube, the floor plate is a specialized glial structure that spans the anteroposterior axis from the midbrain to the tail regions. It has been shown that the floor plate is conserved among vertebrates with homologous structures in invertebrates such as the fruit fly Drosophila and the nematode C. elegans. Functionally, the structure serves as an organizer to ventralize tissues in the embryo as well as to guide neuronal positioning and differentiation along the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube[WP]. GO:0021508 PMID:15738958 Wikipedia:Floor_plate 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011041 GO:0021508 Organizing center consisting of a small group of cells located at the ventral midline of the neural tube that influences the development of the nervous system, governing the specification of neuronal cell types and directing axonal trajectories.[AAO] PMID:15738958 anterior neural tube (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011012 TAO:0007038 UBERON:0003080 VHOG:0001384 XAO:0000307 ZFA:0007038 editor note: TODO - add grouping class for the anterior end of the neural tube at all stages uberon (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0001384 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lateral plate mesoderm A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010574 AO notes: subclass of mesoderm in ZFA. EHDAA2:0000919 EHDAA:379 EMAPA:16179 Portion of mesoderm traditionally thought to give rise to limb bones and parts of the girdles.[AAO] Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. SCTID:361477005 TAO:0000121 The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] UBERON:0003081 UBERON:0006258 UMLS:C1517749 VHOG:0000118 XAO:0000311 ZFA:0000121 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png/200px-Gray19_with_color.png lateral mesoderm lateral plate lateral plate mesenchyme mesoderma laminae lateralis ncithesaurus:Lateral_Mesoderm uberon EHDAA2 VHOG EHDAA2:0000919 lateral plate mesenchyme MP:0010117 Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm mesoderma laminae lateralis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010574 AAO:EJS Portion of mesoderm traditionally thought to give rise to limb bones and parts of the girdles.[AAO] EHDAA2 XAO 2012-09-17 The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000118 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 GO:0048368 lateral mesoderm 2012-09-17 A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) VHOG VHOG:0000118 http://bgee.unil.ch/ myotome A group of tissues formed from somites that develop into the body wall muscle[WP]. Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the musculature[MP]. Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses[ZFA] AAO:0011067 AEO:0001018 BTO:0000742 EHDAA2:0003431 EHDAA:1721 EHDAA:1727 EHDAA:1733 EHDAA:1739 Editors note: The term "myotome" is also used to describe the muscles served by a single nerve root / spinal segment - consider adding new class. In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG] Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] SCTID:344535001 TAO:0001056 UBERON:0003082 UMLS:C1513802 VHOG:0001244 XAO:0000315 ZFA:0001056 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray65.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray65.png/200px-Gray65.png muscle plate myomere myomeres myotome region myotomes myotomus ncithesaurus:Myotome_Region uberon A group of tissues formed from somites that develop into the body wall muscle[WP]. Somitic compartment that is a precursor of muscle. mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the musculature[MP]. Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses[ZFA] MP:0003939 PMID:17313522 Wikipedia:Myotome ZFIN:curator TAO:0001056 myomeres 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.embor920 Hollway GE, Currie PD, Myotome meanderings. Cellular morphogenesis and the making of muscle. EMBO Rep.(2003) In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001244 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001056 ZFIN:curator EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Myotome myotomus EHDAA2 trunk neural crest AAO:0010582 EFO:0003605 EHDAA2:0001901 Post-cranial portion of the neural crest. Exact anatomical derivations not experimentally resolved in amphibians.[AAO] TAO:0001024 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. UBERON:0003083 VHOG:0000062 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000319 ZFA:0001024 trunk crest uberon ISBN:0815318960 Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010582 AAO:EJS Post-cranial portion of the neural crest. Exact anatomical derivations not experimentally resolved in amphibians.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000062 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ heart primordium AAO:0011044 BTO:0001887 Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline between 21 and 26 somites to form the heart rudiment or cone. Stainier 2001.[TAO] Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. TAO:0000028 The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They will give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27&28.[AAO] UBERON:0003084 UMLS:C1514450 XAO:0000336 ZFA:0000028 editor note: should probably be fused with heart rudiment. fused heart primordium ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Heart relationship loss: develops_from lateral mesoderm (TAO:0001065)[TAO] uberon ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000028 relationship loss: develops_from lateral mesoderm (TAO:0001065)[TAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011044 The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They will give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27&28.[AAO] XAO:curator Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline between 21 and 26 somites to form the heart rudiment or cone. Stainier 2001.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000028 ZFIN:curator XAO ZFA Obol ventral aorta AAO:0010412 BTO:0004674 Outflow artery from the heart to the aortic arches. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000604 Taxon notes (via vHOG): "When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them." Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, Third Edition (2001) Orlando Fla.: Harcourt College Publishers, p.620. // in Reptiles, splits to form bases of 3 arteries: left aortic arch, right aortic arch and pulmonary trunk. In birds, the right systemic arch becomes predominant, the left never fully develops [Kardong] The artery in vertebrate embryos that carries blood from the ventricle of the heart to the aortic arches. In adult fish it branches into afferent branchial arteries supplying the gills. In adult tetrapods it is represented by the ascending part of the aorta[BTO]. The ventral aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. UBERON:0003085 VHOG:0000121 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000338 ZFA:0000604 uberon 2012-08-14 Outflow artery from the heart to the aortic arches. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000604 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 VHOG VHOG:0000121 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0004674 GO:0035908 The artery in vertebrate embryos that carries blood from the ventricle of the heart to the aortic arches. In adult fish it branches into afferent branchial arteries supplying the gills. In adult tetrapods it is represented by the ascending part of the aorta[BTO]. The ventral aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. PMID:2297080 Wikipedia caudal artery AAO:0011023 CA EFO:0003472 Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000011 The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis.[AAO] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003086 VHOG:0000123 XAO:0000364 ZFA:0000011 relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011023 ISBN:0-226-55763-4 The posterior extension of the dorsal aorta to the tail region, which degenerates at metamorphosis.[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000011 relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. <a href='http://zfin.org/cgi-bin/ZFIN_jump?record=ZDB-PUB-961014-576'>Kimmel et al, 1995.</a> Wikipedia:Caudal_artery ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 Extension of the dorsal aorta in the tail. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000011 ZFIN:curator anterior cardinal vein AAO:0011011 ACV BTO:0004387 EHDAA:1312 EMAPA:16241 EMAPA:16355 FMA:70309 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] One of the the two paired cardinal veins draining the cephalic part of the body. SCTID:308780006 TAO:0000423 The anterior cardinal vein returns blood from the dorsal head and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus.[AAO] UBERON:0003087 UBERON:0009770 UMLS:C0231086 VHOG:0000113 XAO:0000383 ZFA:0000423 contribute to the formation of the internal jugular veins and together with the common cardinal vein form the superior vena cava. In an anastomosis by anterior cardinal veins, the left brachiocephalic vein is produced[WP] ncithesaurus:Anterior_Cardinal_Vein precardinal vein rostral cardinal vein rostral cardinal veins superior cardinal vein uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011011 PMID:12606281 The anterior cardinal vein returns blood from the dorsal head and drains into the duct of Cuvier via the pronephric sinus.[AAO] http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/pcardio/venen01.html superior cardinal vein ZFA:0000423 rostral cardinal vein 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000113 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0073040584 MP:0004784 One of the the two paired cardinal veins draining the cephalic part of the body. Wikipedia:Anterior_cardinal_vein FMA:70309 Wikipedia:Anterior_cardinal_vein precardinal vein caudal vein AAO:0011025 CV EFO:0003616 TAO:0000180 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003088 VHOG:0000126 Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterial cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterial cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. Kimmel et al, 1995.[ZFIN] Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk[XB:curator]. XAO:0000390 ZFA:0000180 ncithesaurus:Caudal_Vein relationship loss: develops_from caudal vein plexus (TAO:0001286)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000180 relationship loss: develops_from caudal vein plexus (TAO:0001286)[TAO] Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterior cardinal vein in the posterior trunk[XB:curator]. XB:curator Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterial cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. Kimmel et al, 1995.[ZFIN] ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000180 Vein in the tail returning blood from the trunk and tail to the heart, leads directly into the posterial cardinal vein in the posterior trunk. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000180 relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] sclerotome AAO:0010571 AEO:0000212 AO notes: part_of somite in XAO EHDAA2:0003439 Skeletogenic portion of somites.[AAO] TAO:0001080 The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003089 UMLS:C0183176 VHOG:0000680 Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. XAO:0000397 ZFA:0001080 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray65.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray65.png/200px-Gray65.png ncithesaurus:Sclerotome sclerotomes sclerotomus uberon ZFA Wikipedia:Sclerotome sclerotomus TAO:0001080 sclerotomes EHDAA2 Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Sclerotome XB:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000680 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010571 AAO:EJS Skeletogenic portion of somites.[AAO] supraorbital lateral line AAO:0011103 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000443 The lateral line that is located above the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:_Evolution_and_Adaptation_(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003090 VHOG:0000128 XAO:0000442 ZFA:0000443 relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] supraorbital line uberon ZFA:0000443 supraorbital line One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 The lateral line that is located above the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:_Evolution_and_Adaptation_(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000128 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000128 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000443 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000443 relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] thyroid primordium AAO:0011106 BTO:0004709 EHDAA2:0002033 EHDAA:952 EMAPA:16361 EMAPA:16558 In all vertebrates the thyroid arises from the ventral aspect of the second pouch[PMID:16313389]. Note that we follow EHDAA2 in dividing this into endoderm and mesenchyme. In this ontology we place the broad developmental relationship at this level, and include specific relationships to the pharyngeal endoderm at the level of the endoderm Portion of tissue part of the pharyngeal endoderm that is fated to become thyroid follicle[ZFIN:curator]. TAO:0001081 The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. UBERON:0003091 UMLS:C1519512 XAO:0000444 ZFA:0001081 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Primordium uberon The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview ISBN10:0073040584 PMID:16313389 ZFA Portion of tissue part of the pharyngeal endoderm that is fated to become thyroid follicle[ZFIN:curator]. ZFIN:curator ZFA ultimobranchial body (...) ultimobranchial bodies that develop in all vertebrates from the ventral or posterior surface of the last pair of pharyngeal pouches. The ultimobranchial bodies are vestigial in most mammals (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010547 Anatomical structure which includes small, calcitonin producing glands originating as epithelial growths from the sixth pharyngeal pouch.[AAO] Developmental origins vary across species. PMID:16313389 says: the most posterior pouch generates the ultimobranchial bodies in most vertebrate classes, but mammals do not contain this structure // The neural crest is the source of ultimobranchial cells[Kardong]. WP says pouch 4, but this isn't supported by Kardong (table 13.1 or fig 15.5). EHDAA2 says 6th arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002103 EHDAA:2987 EHDAA:9139 GAID:1246 MESH:A13.939 Pharyngeal pouch derivative, usually paired cell masses located in the neck region[Kardong]. The ultimobranchial body or gland is a small organ found in the neck region of many animals. In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the calcitonin-producing cells&mdash;also called parafollicular cells or clear cells&mdash;of the thyroid gland. In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral recess of the fourth pharyngeal pouch (or fifth) [WP,unvetted]. The ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin. In mammals the bodies fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. (Stedman, 25th ed) SCTID:345552007 TAO:0001448 The glandular tissue originating from the fifth branchial pouch which combines with the buccal cavity outgrowth to form the thyroid and contributes calcitonin-secreting cells to the gland. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0003092 VHOG:0001185 XAO:0000452 ZFA:0001448 corpus ultimopharyngeum postbranchial body uberon ultimobranchial ultimobranchial bodies ultimobranchial gland ultimopharyngeal body ultimopharyngeal gland Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimopharyngeal body Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimobranchial bodies ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia XAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010547 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure which includes small, calcitonin producing glands originating as epithelial growths from the sixth pharyngeal pouch.[AAO] ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body corpus ultimopharyngeum Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimopharyngeal gland Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimobranchial gland (...) ultimobranchial bodies that develop in all vertebrates from the ventral or posterior surface of the last pair of pharyngeal pouches. The ultimobranchial bodies are vestigial in most mammals (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.523 VHOG VHOG:0001185 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0073040584 MESH:A13.939 Pharyngeal pouch derivative, usually paired cell masses located in the neck region[Kardong]. The ultimobranchial body or gland is a small organ found in the neck region of many animals. In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the calcitonin-producing cells&mdash;also called parafollicular cells or clear cells&mdash;of the thyroid gland. In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral recess of the fourth pharyngeal pouch (or fifth) [WP,unvetted]. The ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates contain large amounts of calcitonin. In mammals the bodies fuse with the thyroid gland and are thought to develop into the parafollicular cells. (Stedman, 25th ed) Wikipedia:Ultimopharyngeal_body Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body ultimobranchial Wikipedia:Ultimobranchial_body postbranchial body 2012-09-17 The glandular tissue originating from the fifth branchial pouch which combines with the buccal cavity outgrowth to form the thyroid and contributes calcitonin-secreting cells to the gland. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001185 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ultimobranchial+body occipital lateral line AAO:0011075 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000400 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003093 VHOG:0000131 XAO:0000458 ZFA:0000400 relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] supratemporal lateral line uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000131 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000400 relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000400 ZFIN:curator infraorbital lateral line AAO:0011053 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000524 The lateral line that is located below the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:_Evolution_and_Adaptation_(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003094 VHOG:0000132 XAO:0000459 ZFA:0000524 infraorbital line relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] uberon One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000524 infraorbital line 2012-08-14 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000524 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 The lateral line that is located below the eye. [Butler_AB_and_Hodos_W, Comparative_vertebrate_neuroanatomy:_Evolution_and_Adaptation_(1996)_New_York:_Wiley-Liss_Inc., p.27][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000132 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000524 relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000132 http://bgee.unil.ch/ dorsal lateral line AAO:0011030 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0005112 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003095 VHOG:0001677 XAO:0000462 ZFA:0005112 relationship loss: part_of posterior lateral line system (TAO:0001471)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0005112 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001677 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005112 relationship loss: part_of posterior lateral line system (TAO:0001471)[TAO] One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator middle lateral line One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000344 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003096 VHOG:0000133 XAO:0000463 ZFA:0000344 relationship loss: develops_from middle lateral line primordium (TAO:0005118)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of middle lateral line system (TAO:0005114)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000344 relationship loss: part_of anterior lateral line (TAO:0001470)[TAO] 2012-08-14 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000344 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000344 relationship loss: develops_from middle lateral line primordium (TAO:0005118)[TAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.195 The mechanosensory lateral line system is widely distributed in aquatic anamniotes. It was apparently present in the earliest vertebrates, as it has been identified in agnathans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, lungfishes, the crossopterygian Latimeria, and aquatic amphibians.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000133 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000344 relationship loss: part_of middle lateral line system (TAO:0005114)[TAO] One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:curator dorsal fin AAO:0010378 BTO:0004650 Median fin located on the dorsal surface of the organism. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:417127006 TAO:0001173 UBERON:0003097 VSAO:0000165 XAO:0000469 ZFA:0001173 is_a median fin[TAO] nageoire dorsale@fr notoptcérygie@fr uberon VSAO:0000165 nageoire dorsale@fr VSAO:0000165 notoptcérygie@fr Median fin located on the dorsal surface of the organism. VSAO:0000165 Wikipedia:Dorsal_fin optic stalk (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011077 EHDAA2:0001318 EHDAA:3816 EMAPA:16678 SCTID:308788004 TAO:0000137 The evagination from the neural tube of the developing embryo which develops the optic cup at its extremity; the stalk persists as the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003098 UMLS:C0231107 VHOG:0000223 XAO:0000475 ZFA:0000137 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray864.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gray864.png/200px-Gray864.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Stalk pedunculus opticus uberon Wikipedia:Optic_stalk pedunculus opticus 2012-09-17 The evagination from the neural tube of the developing embryo which develops the optic cup at its extremity; the stalk persists as the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000223 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+stalk (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000223 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Optic_stalk cranial neural crest AAO:0010580 Anterior most portion of the neural crest. Migrates in three highly conserved streams: mandibular, hyoid and branchial.[AAO] EFO:0003645 EHDAA2:0004420 EMAPA:16091 Neural crest that is part of the head.[TAO] TAO:0001194 The cranial neural crest arises in the anterior and populates the face and the pharyngeal arches giving rise to bones, cartilage, nerves and connective tissue [Wikipedia]. This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003099 VHOG:0000063 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0001001 ZFA:0001194 cephalic neural crest crista neuralis cranialis head crest head neural crest uberon The cranial neural crest arises in the anterior and populates the face and the pharyngeal arches giving rise to bones, cartilage, nerves and connective tissue [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Cranial_neural_crest ZFA:0001194 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Cranial_neural_crest crista neuralis cranialis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010580 AAO:EJS Anterior most portion of the neural crest. Migrates in three highly conserved streams: mandibular, hyoid and branchial.[AAO] EMAPA:16091 cephalic neural crest 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000063 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Neural crest that is part of the head.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001194 ZFIN:curator female organism AAO:0010030 BILA:0000028 CARO:0000028 FBbt:00007011 FMA:67812 Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. HAO:0000028 SCTID:362608006 TAO:0000303 TGMA:0001839 UBERON:0003100 XAO:0003005 ZFA:0000303 female female human body uberon TAO:0000303 female CARO:0000028 Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. FMA:67812 female human body male organism AAO:0010033 BILA:0000027 CARO:0000027 FBbt:00007004 FMA:67811 Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. HAO:0000027 SCTID:362609003 TAO:0000242 TGMA:0001838 UBERON:0003101 WBbt:0007850 XAO:0003006 ZFA:0000242 male male human body uberon TAO:0000242 male FMA:67811 male human body CARO:0000027 Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. surface structure AAO:0010337 AEO:0000010 EHDAA2:0003010 Organism subdivision that is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface[ZFA]. Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA] TAO:0000292 UBERON:0003102 VSAO:0000001 XAO:0003028 ZFA:0000292 anatomical surface feature galen:SurfaceRegion surface feature surface region uberon Organism subdivision that is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface[ZFA]. VSAO:0000001 Wikipedia:Surface_structure ZFA:0000292 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/24 EHDAA2:0003010 anatomical surface feature 2012-08-14 Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA] TAO TAO:0000292 ZFIN:curator compound organ AAO:0010015 AEO:0000024 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. BILA:0000024 CARO:0000024 EHDAA2:0003024 HAO:0000024 TADS:0000598 TAO:0000496 TGMA:0001837 UBERON:0003103 VHOG:0001723 XAO:0003041 ZFA:0000496 organ uberon Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. CARO:0000024 mesenchyme A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] AAO:0010427 AEO:0000145 BTO:0001393 EHDAA2:0003145 EV:0100007 Editors notes: the relationship to mesoderm is weaker than develops_from in order to have classes such as 'head mesenchyme from mesoderm' make sense Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.[AAO] Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO]. TAO:0000393 UBERON:0003104 UMLS:C0162415 VHOG:0000170 XAO:0003046 ZFA:0000393 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell.jpg/200px-Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell.jpg mesenchyma mesenchymal mesenchymal tissue mesenchyme tissue ncithesaurus:Mesenchyme portion of mesenchymal tissue portion of mesenchyme tissue uberon BTO:0001393 Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO]. Wikipedia:Mesenchyme ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000393 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010427 AAO:EJS Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.[AAO] Wikipedia:Mesenchyme mesenchyma dorsal lateral plate region AAO:0011008 AGM AGM region DA roof DA-PCV joint DLP DP joint EFO:0003699 Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo. // Region where blood progenitor markers are expressed. Probable site of definitive hematopoiesis between 36hpf and 4dpf. Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo.[AAO] Region where blood progenitor markers are expressed. Probable site of definitive hematopoiesis between 36hpf and 4dpf.[TAO] TAO:0005028 This class was created automatically from a combination of ontologies UBERON:0003105 XAO:0003051 ZFA:0005028 aorta gonad mesonephros region aorta-gonads-mesonephros region dorsal aorta - posterior cardinal vein joint uberon ventral wall of dorsal aorta DP joint ZFA:0005028 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011008 AAO:EJS Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo.[AAO] 2012-08-14 Region where blood progenitor markers are expressed. Probable site of definitive hematopoiesis between 36hpf and 4dpf.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005028 ZFIN:curator DA-PCV joint ZFA:0005028 DA roof ZFA:0005028 ZFA:0005028 dorsal aorta - posterior cardinal vein joint PMID:9618755 Region located near the pronephros and pronephric ducts that is a site of hematopoiesis in the embryo. // Region where blood progenitor markers are expressed. Probable site of definitive hematopoiesis between 36hpf and 4dpf. ZFIN:curator urostyle AAO:0000732 Anatomical cluster that is the result of fusion of preural centrum 1 with one or more adjacent ural centra.[TAO] In teleosts: Anatomical cluster that is the result of fusion of preural centrum 1 with one or more adjacent ural centra[AAO]; Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord[AAO]. In zebrafish, it is composed of preural vertebra 1 and ural centra 1 and 2. The number of ural centra that become fused with preural centrum 1 varies among teleost subgroups. Because of varying developmental origins the urostyle may not be homologous across species.[TAO] In zebrafish, it is composed of preural vertebra 1 and ural centra 1 and 2. The number of ural centra that become fused with preural centrum 1 varies among teleost subgroups. Because of varying developmental origins the urostyle may not be homologous across species.[TAO]. Grouping with AAO dubious Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord.[AAO] TAO:0000158 UBERON:0003106 XAO:0003080 ZFA:0000158 compound caudal centrum compound centrum compound terminal centrum compound terminal vertebra last vertebra relationship loss: part_of caudal fin skeleton (VSAO:0000167)[TAO] terminal centrum uberon ultimate vertebra TAO:0000158 compound terminal centrum 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000158 relationship loss: part_of caudal fin skeleton (VSAO:0000167)[TAO] TAO:0000158 compound terminal vertebra 2012-09-06 Curator In zebrafish, it is composed of preural vertebra 1 and ural centra 1 and 2. The number of ural centra that become fused with preural centrum 1 varies among teleost subgroups. Because of varying developmental origins the urostyle may not be homologous across species.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000158 AAO:0000732 In teleosts: Anatomical cluster that is the result of fusion of preural centrum 1 with one or more adjacent ural centra[AAO]; Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord[AAO]. TAO:0000158 TAO:0000158 compound caudal centrum 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is the result of fusion of preural centrum 1 with one or more adjacent ural centra.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000158 TAO:wd ZFIN:curator TAO:0000158 terminal centrum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000732 AAO:Pugener_2002 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Rodlike caudal bony structure unique to anurans that lies within a compartment formed by the elongated, anteriorly oriented pelvic girdle. The urostyle is formed by the fusion of the coccyx and the hypochord.[AAO] Meckel's cartilage AAO:0000289 EHDAA2:0001072 EHDAA:7997 EMAPA:17635 EMAPA:17907 In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001580 Meckel's cartilage is the bilaterally paired, rod-like, cartilaginous ventral component of the lower jar, or ventral mandibular arch. It is typically resorbed in adults. Meckels cartilage Paired, rod-shaped elements that extend the length of the mandible and lie between the dentaries and the angulosplenials. Can be reduced to various extent in adults.[AAO] Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is the cartilaginous embryonic component of the lower jaw, or ventral mandibular arch. It develops into the endochondral articular and retroarticular bones. Meckel's cartilage is paired.[TAO] SCTID:308773009 TAO:0001205 Taxon notes: functional lower jaw of Elasmobranchii and Holocephali, the embryonic lower jaw of other gnathostomous vertebrates[http://www.briancoad.com] UBERON:0003107 VHOG:0000249 XAO:0003085 ZFA:0001205 cartilago arcus pharyngei primi primary mandinle uberon ventral mandibular cartilage Meckel's cartilage is the bilaterally paired, rod-like, cartilaginous ventral component of the lower jar, or ventral mandibular arch. It is typically resorbed in adults. PMID:3693112 Wikipedia:Meckel's_cartilage 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000289 AAO:LAP Paired, rod-shaped elements that extend the length of the mandible and lie between the dentaries and the angulosplenials. Can be reduced to various extent in adults.[AAO] cartilago arcus pharyngei primi 2012-08-14 Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is the cartilaginous embryonic component of the lower jaw, or ventral mandibular arch. It develops into the endochondral articular and retroarticular bones. Meckel's cartilage is paired.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001205 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.16-17 In all jawed vertebrates, including fish, the first pharyngeal arch generates the jaw apparatus. The neural crest cells of this arch migrate to form Meckel's cartilage, the precursor of the jaw.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000249 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://www.briancoad.com primary mandinle EHDAA2 ZFA:0001205 ventral mandibular cartilage VHOG ZFA suspensorium (1) the arrangement of bones which supports the jaw from the braincase; (2) in teleost fish, a large, usually triangular, bone which supports the jaw. The teleost suspensorium is formed by fusion of various elements which vary among different taxa. AAO:0000596 Editor notes: requires review, possible split; TAO/ZFA structure is splanchoncranium (but includes some dermal bones as parts). Note AAO also includes 'palatoquadrate and suspensorium' as a class TAO:0000444 UBERON:0003108 XAO:0003086 ZFA:0000444 hyopalatine mandibular suspensorium suspensoria uberon ZFA (1) the arrangement of bones which supports the jaw from the braincase; (2) in teleost fish, a large, usually triangular, bone which supports the jaw. The teleost suspensorium is formed by fusion of various elements which vary among different taxa. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossarySq.html TAO:0000444 hyopalatine TAO:0000444 suspensoria parapophysis AAO:0000708 Endochondral bone that forms from a lateral outgrowth of the basiventral arcualia and connects the rib with the vertebral centrum.[TAO] Endochondral bone that forms from a lateral outgrowth of the basiventral arcualia and connects the rib with the vertebral centrum[TAO]. A lateral or ventrolateral projections of vertebrae to which ribs are attached in Danio rerio. ZFA: They can arise through replacement ossification of a basiventral or form directly in bone. They are separated from the centrum in basal teleosts, e.g., Leptolepis coryphaenoides, Megalops and Elops. Paired processes, which arise near the dorsolateral part of the vertebral centrum, for the attachment of the capitulum of two-headed ribs.[AAO] Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae.[AAO] TAO:0001362 TODO - check UBERON:0003109 ZFA:0001362 lateral process of basiventral parapophyses relationship loss: develops_from basiventral (TAO:0001361)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of non-Weberian precaudal vertebra (TAO:0001582)[TAO] transverse apophyses transverse apophysis uberon 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that forms from a lateral outgrowth of the basiventral arcualia and connects the rib with the vertebral centrum.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001362 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000708 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Paired processes, which arise near the dorsolateral part of the vertebral centrum, for the attachment of the capitulum of two-headed ribs.[AAO] TAO:0001362 transverse apophysis TAO:0001362 parapophyses 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001362 relationship loss: develops_from basiventral (TAO:0001361)[TAO] TAO:0001362 transverse apophyses Endochondral bone that forms from a lateral outgrowth of the basiventral arcualia and connects the rib with the vertebral centrum[TAO]. A lateral or ventrolateral projections of vertebrae to which ribs are attached in Danio rerio. ZFA: They can arise through replacement ossification of a basiventral or form directly in bone. They are separated from the centrum in basal teleosts, e.g., Leptolepis coryphaenoides, Megalops and Elops. ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000698 AAO:Pugener_2002 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 AAO:Trueb_1973 Projections on each side of the vertebra from the point where the neural arch lamina joins the pedicel for the articulation with the head of a single-headed rib or the upper head of a double-headed rib. Also called diapophyses. They provide surfaces for the attachment of muscles. In anurans, the term transverse process is used in reference to the processes associated with the presacral and postsacral vertebrae.[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001362 relationship loss: part_of non-Weberian precaudal vertebra (TAO:0001582)[TAO] otic region AAO:0010208 AO notes UBERONREF:0000007 has this as a syn for otic capsule Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the neurocranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[AAO] TAO:0000189 UBERON:0003110 XAO:0003175 ZFA:0000189 cranial vault relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000189 TAO:MAH ZFA:0000189 cranial vault 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010208 AAO:EJS Anatomical cluster that is a posterolateral part of the neurocranium and structurally supports the vestibuloauditory system.[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000189 relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] sphenoid region AAO:0010207 Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the cranium. Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the neurocranium.[AAO] TAO:0000290 UBERON:0003111 XAO:0003174 ZFA:0000290 uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010207 AAO:EJS Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the neurocranium.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that forms the floor and sidewalls of the middle part of the cranium. TAO:0000290 UBERONREF:0000007 olfactory region AAO:0010206 Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ. Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the peripheral olfactory organ.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the neurocranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organs.[AAO] EFO:0003525 TAO:0000351 UBERON:0003112 XAO:0003172 ZFA:0000351 ethmoid region ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Region uberon ZFA:0000351 ethmoid region 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the peripheral olfactory organ.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000351 TAO:MAH 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010206 AAO:EJS Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the neurocranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organs.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that is located in the anterior region of the cranium and provides structural support for the olfactory organ. TAO:0000351 dermatocranium AAO:0010154 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of dermally derived bones.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium which consists of dermally derived bones.[AAO] Editor notes: wikipedia treats skull roof and dermatocranium as synonymous, but some sources treat the roof as being part of the dermatocranium - see UBERONREF:0000007 Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. TAO:0000863 UBERON:0003113 VHOG:0001665 XAO:0003169 ZFA:0000863 dendrocranium dermal bone cranium dermal part of skull exocranium roof of skull roofing bones of the skull skull roof uberon TAO:0000863 dendrocranium Wikipedia:Skull_roof skull roof 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010154 AAO:BJB Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium which consists of dermally derived bones.[AAO] 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of dermally derived bones.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000863 ZFIN:curator Kardong ZFA Wikipedia:Skull_roof roofing bones of the skull Wikipedia:Skull_roof roof of skull UBERONREF:0000007 exocranium ZFA:0000863 dermal bone cranium Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. Wikipedia:Skull_roof ZFA:0000863 pharyngeal arch 3 3 3rd arch 3rd pharyngeal arch 3rd visceral arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010365 EHDAA2:0000069 EHDAA:1080 EMAPA:16399 SCTID:308769006 TAO:0001598 The most anterior, or first, pharygeal/branchial arch, composed of the mandibular process, forming the posterior border of the stomodeum, and the maxillary process anterior to the stomodeum, contains the first aortic arch.[AAO] The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus. UBERON:0003114 VHOG:0000298 XAO:0000447 ZFA:0001606 branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first gill arch gill arch 1 in XAO, called branchial arch 1 and df VP3 third pharyngeal arch third visceral arch uberon visceral arch 3 3rd arch EHDAA2:0000069 MP:0006339 The third branchial arch contributes to the development of the hyoid bone, stylopharyngeus muscle, inferior parathyroid gland, and thymus. 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000298 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd visceral arch VHOG:0000298 AAO:0010365 ZFA:0001606 branchial arch 1 ZFA:0001606 first branchial arch ZFA:0001606 gill arch 1 ZFA:0001606 first gill arch 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010365 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The most anterior, or first, pharygeal/branchial arch, composed of the mandibular process, forming the posterior border of the stomodeum, and the maxillary process anterior to the stomodeum, contains the first aortic arch.[AAO] pharyngeal arch 4 4 4th arch 4th branchial arch 4th pharyngeal arch 4th visceral arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010366 EHDAA2:0000086 EHDAA:1663 EMAPA:16760 SCTID:308770007 TAO:0001599 The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature.[AAO] UBERON:0003115 VHOG:0000299 XAO:0000449 ZFA:0001607 branchial arch 2 contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus fourth pharyngeal arch fourth visceral arch gill arch 2 in XAO, called branchial arch 2 and df VP4 second branchial arch second gill arch uberon visceral arch 4 4th branchial arch AAO:0010366 ZFA:0001607 branchial arch 2 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000299 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MP:0006340 contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus ZFA:0001607 second branchial arch VHOG:0000299 fourth visceral arch 4th arch EHDAA2:0000086 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010366 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature.[AAO] ZFA:0001607 second gill arch ZFA:0001607 gill arch 2 pharyngeal arch 5 5 5th pharyngeal arch 5th visceral arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] A fifth arch never establishes itself in amniotes // in XAO, called branchial arch 3 and df VP5 AAO:0010367 SCTID:308771006 TAO:0001600 The third in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the third aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] UBERON:0003116 VHOG:0001204 XAO:0000451 ZFA:0001608 branchial arch 3 fifth pharyngeal arch fifth visceral arch gill arch 3 third branchial arch uberon visceral arch 5 XAO:0000451 fifth visceral arch 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010367 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The third in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the third aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] 5th pharyngeal arch VHOG:0001204 5th visceral arch VHOG:0001204 VHOG:0001204 fifth pharyngeal arch ZFA:0001608 gill arch 3 ZFA:0001608 branchial arch 3 XAO:0000451 third branchial arch 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0001204 http://bgee.unil.ch/ AAO:0010367 XAO:0000451 branchial arch 3 ZFA:0001608 visceral arch 5 pharyngeal arch 6 6 6th arch 6th pharyngeal arch 6th visceral arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010368 EHDAA2:0004075 SCTID:308772004 TAO:0001601 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles The forth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the forth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] UBERON:0003117 UBERON:0004349 VHOG:0001205 XAO:0000453 ZFA:0001609 branchial arch 4 fourth branchial arch gill arch 4 sixth branchial arch sixth pharyngeal arch sixth visceral arch uberon visceral arch 6 MP:0006347 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles 6th pharyngeal arch VHOG:0001205 XAO:0000453 sixth visceral arch AAO:0010368 ZFA:0001609 branchial arch 4 fourth branchial arch VHOG:0001205 sixth pharyngeal arch ZFA:0001609 gill arch 4 6th arch EHDAA2:0004075 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0001205 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0001609 visceral arch 6 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010368 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The forth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the forth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] 6th visceral arch VHOG:0001205 aortic arch 1 1st arch artery AA1 AAO:0010415 EHDAA2:0000007 EMAPA:16202 EMAPA:16685 SCTID:308774003 TAO:0005005 UBERON:0003118 UBERON:0004371 VHOG:0000149 XAO:0000342 ZFA: The paired aortic arch 1 arteries branch off of the ventral aorta, and empty into the right and left lateral dorsal aortas. // Disappears early in development in tetrapods ZFA:0005005 first aortic arch first branchial arch artery mandibular aortic arch the vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis uberon XAO:0000342 first aortic arch ZFA:0005005 mandibular aortic arch MP:0006356 the vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis 1st arch artery EMAPA:16685 AA1 ZFA:0005005 aortic arch 2 2nd arch artery AA2 AAO:0010418 EHDAA2:0000051 EMAPA:16203 EMAPA:16686 SCTID:308775002 TAO:0005006 The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP]. The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 2 that is part of hyoid arch.[AAO] UBERON:0003119 UBERON:0004372 VHOG:0000148 XAO:0000343 ZFA:0005006 hyoid aortic arch second aortic arch second branchial arch artery uberon XAO:0000343 second aortic arch AA2 ZFA:0005006 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010418 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The second in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 2 that is part of hyoid arch.[AAO] ZFA:0005006 hyoid aortic arch The first and second arches disappear early, but the dorsal end of the second gives origin to the stapedial artery, a vessel which atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. It passes through the ring of the stapes and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibular branches which follow the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital and mandibular arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the external carotid. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery, and the branches of the stapedial artery are now branches of this vessel. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve and becomes the middle meningeal artery; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arches_1_and_2 2nd arch artery EHDAA2:0000051 aortic arch 3 3rd arch artery AA3 AAO:0010419 Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000070 EMAPA:16687 SCTID:308776001 TAO:0005007 The third aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery, and is therefore named the carotid arch[WP]. The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] UBERON:0003120 UBERON:0004352 VHOG:0000147 XAO:0000344 ZFA:0005007 carotid arch third aortic arch third branchial arch artery uberon The third aortic arch constitutes the commencement of the internal carotid artery, and is therefore named the carotid arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_3 carotid arch 2012-08-14 Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005007 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010419 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The third in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 3 lies within the 3rd branchial arch and branches directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] 3rd arch artery EHDAA2:0000070 AA3 ZFA:0005007 XAO:0000344 third aortic arch aortic arch 4 4th arch artery AA4 AAO:0010420 Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] Development notes: Normally, the left fourth arch becomes the aortic arch, the right fourth arch contributes to the innominate artery[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview] in birds it is the right fourth arch which forms the permanent aorta // proximal right subclavian EHDAA2:0000087 EMAPA:17004 SCTID:308777005 TAO:0005008 The forth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP]. UBERON:0003121 UBERON:0004350 VHOG:0000146 XAO:0000355 ZFA:0005008 fourth aortic arch fourth branchial arch artery systemic arch uberon XAO:0000355 fourth aortic arch ISBN10:0073040584 XAO:0000355 systemic arch The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4 4th arch artery EHDAA2:0000087 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010420 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The forth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] AA4 ZFA:0005008 2012-08-14 Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005008 ZFIN:curator aortic arch 5 AA5 AAO:0010421 SCTID:308778000 TAO:0005009 The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] The fifth arch disappears on both sides[WP]. The fifth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 5 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 6 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. Aortic arches 5 and 6 supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] UBERON:0003122 VHOG:0000145 XAO:0000352 ZFA:0005009 fifth aortic arch uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010421 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The fifth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 5 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 6 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. Aortic arches 5 and 6 supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] XAO:0000352 fifth aortic arch AA5 ZFA:0005009 The fifth arch disappears on both sides[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_5 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005009 The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] ZFIN:curator aortic arch 6 6th arch artery AA6 AAO:0010422 Development notes: the distal left sixth arch becomes the ductus arteriosus, the proximal sixth arches bilaterally contribute to the proximal branch pulmonary arteries[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview] EHDAA2:0000102 EMAPA:17005 SCTID:308779008 TAO:0005016 The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP]. UBERON:0003123 UBERON:0004351 VHOG:0000144 XAO:0000353 ZFA:0005016 pulmonary arch sixth aortic arch sixth branchial arch artery uberon The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6 AA6 ZFA:0005016 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005016 The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 6th arch artery EMAPA:17005 ISBN10:0073040584 pulmonary arch 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010422 ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] XAO:0000353 sixth aortic arch chorion BTO:0000252 Development notes: Extra-embryonic ectoderm[PMID:19829370]. Taxon notes: The chorion of placentals is bilaminar as in reptiles and birds, but forms from the trophoblast and includes the ajdacent mesodermal layer [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"]. EFO:0002780 EHDAA2:0000245 EHDAA:150 EMAPA:16112 EV:0100121 FMA:80224 GAID:1299 MESH:A16.254.403.473 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] The chorion is one of the membranes that exists during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. The outer membrane enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. [TFD][VHOG] The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO:0000252]. UBERON:0003124 UMLS:C0008503 UMLS:C1516505 VHOG:0000200 chorion (vertebrates) chorion frondosum chorionic chorionic sac embryonic chorion fetal chorion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Gray24.png ncithesaurus:Chorion ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Sac uberon BTO:0000252 The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO:0000252]. 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000200 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Chorion chorionic sac Wikipedia:Chorion chorion frondosum 2012-09-17 The outer membrane enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000200 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chorion The chorion is one of the membranes that exists during pregnancy between the developing fetus and mother. It is formed by extraembryonic mesoderm and the two layers of trophoblast and surrounds the embryo and other membranes. The chorionic villi emerge from the chorion, invade the endometrium, and allow transfer of nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood. Wikipedia:Chorion ISBN10:0073040584 vitelline membrane AAO:0010332 BTO:0001450 FBbt:00000042 GAID:1318 MESH:A16.631.886 Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] TODO - consider GO CC request. GO:0030704-vitelline membrane formation considered a subclass of CC organization Thin membrane enclosing and immediately adjacent to the ovum. Produced in the ovary.[AAO] UBERON:0003125 VHOG:0000720 XAO:0000030 a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding, binding to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species [Wikipedia]. A protective layer around the egg[FBbt]. m. vitellina relationship loss: part_of zygote (AAO:0010324)[AAO] uberon yolk sac membrane zona pellucida zona pellucida - vitelline membrane VHOG:0000720 zona pellucida - vitelline membrane 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010332 AAO:EJS Thin membrane enclosing and immediately adjacent to the ovum. Produced in the ovary.[AAO] BTO:0001450 yolk sac membrane 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000720 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010332 relationship loss: part_of zygote (AAO:0010324)[AAO] Wikipedia:Vitelline_membrane a structure directly adjacent to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of an ovum. It is composed mostly of protein fibers, with protein receptors needed for sperm binding, binding to sperm plasma membrane receptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes to prevention of breeding between different species [Wikipedia]. A protective layer around the egg[FBbt]. Wikipedia:Vitelline_membrane m. vitellina trachea AAO:0010140 An elongated tube which carries air to and from the lungs.[AAO] BTO:0001388 EFO:0000935 EHDAA2:0002066 EHDAA:3078 EMAPA:16853 EV:0100040 FMA:7394 GAID:361 In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000441 MAT:0000137 MESH:A04.889 MIAA:0000137 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViOX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181213009 Taxon notes: in mouse 15-18 C-rings, 15-20 in human. [ISBN10:0123813611]. In birds, the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx, from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the cartilagenous rings are complete, and may even be ossified. In amphibians, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however found in some long-necked salamanders, and in caecilians. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in amniotes. The only vertebrate to have lungs, but no trachea, is Polypterus, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx. The respiratory tube between the larynx and the bronchi. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. UBERON:0003126 UMLS:C0040578 VHOG:0000371 XAO:0000118 cartilaginous trachea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg/200px-Illu_conducting_passages.jpg ncithesaurus:Trachea tracheal tracheal tubule uberon vertebrate trachea windpipe EHDAA2 BTO:0001388 tracheal tubule 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010140 AAO:BJB An elongated tube which carries air to and from the lungs.[AAO] 2012-09-17 The respiratory tube between the larynx and the bronchi. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-29, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000371 http://bgee.unil.ch/ vertebrate trachea GO:0060438 The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. Wikipedia:Vertebrate_trachea 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.409 In primitive fishes and most tetrapods, the lungs of adults are usually paired. They lie ventral to the digestive tract and are connected to the outside environment through the trachea.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000371 http://bgee.unil.ch/ open tracheal system trachea A trachea composed of composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles [Wikipedia]. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. FBbt:00005043 SPD:0000434 TADS:0000315 TODO check if is_a epithelium UBERON:0003127 invertebrate trachea trachea uberon FBbt:00005043 trachea A trachea composed of composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles [Wikipedia]. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007424 Wikipedia:Invertebrate_trachea cranium BTO:0001328 EFO:0000831 EHDAA:6029 FMA:71325 MA:0000316 MAT:0000340 MIAA:0000340 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVlEyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181889008 The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton[WP]. AO notes: the inclusion of the FMA class here is probably not quite correct, as this class includes as parts sutures, whereas this is not part of the bones of the cranium UBERON:0003128 Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). VHOG:0000334 bones of cranium calvarium cranial epicranial plate ossa cranii set of bones of cranium skeletal system of head skull minus mandible uberon upper part of skull FMA-inferred FMA:71325 set of bones of cranium FMA:71325 bones of cranium BTO:0001328 calvarium Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). Wikipedia:Cranium_(anatomy) FMA:71325 FMA:TA ossa cranii skull Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. BTO:0001295 EHDAA2:0000325 EMAPA:17680 FMA:46565 GAID:82 In FMA the skull is divided into orbit, neurocranium (8 parts), viscerocranium (26 parts). Here we have a separate overlapping division into cranium and mandible. // A skull that is missing a mandible is only a cranium; this is the source of a very commonly made error in terminology. Those animals having skulls are called craniates[WP]. Editor/AO notes: in many ontologies, the structure called the cranium is inclusive of the mandible/lower jaw skeleton MESH:A02.835.232.781 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:110530005 UBERON:0003129 UMLS:C0037303 WikipediaCategory:Skull cranial skeleton galen:Skull ncithesaurus:Skull skeletal system of head uberon Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Skull http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2962656&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 FMA arthropod sternum Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00004557 HAO:0000956 UBERON:0003130 sternum uberon ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the subunits are called sternites, and may also be modified on the terminal abdominal segments so as to form part of the functional genitalia, in which case they are frequently reduced in size and development, and may become internalized and/or membranous. Wikipedia:Sternum_(arthropod) ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the subunits are called sternites, and may also be modified on the terminal abdominal segments so as to form part of the functional genitalia, in which case they are frequently reduced in size and development, and may become internalized and/or membranous. arthropod tibia A section of the arthropod leg. Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology. Homology notes: homology of leg segments between groups are difficult to prove and are the source of much argument. Some authors posit up to eleven segments per leg for the most recent common ancestor of extant arthropods [1], but modern arthropods have eight or fewer. It has been argued [2][3] that the ancestral leg need not have been so complex, and that other events, such as the successive loss of function of a Hox-gene could result in parallel gains of leg segments. FBbt:00004642 HAO:0001017 TADS:0000281 UBERON:0003131 uberon A section of the arthropod leg. Wikipedia:Arthropod_leg arthropod hypopharynx A median tonguelike structure arising from the mouth. Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00005751 HAO:0000409 TGMA:0000090 UBERON:0003132 uberon A median tonguelike structure arising from the mouth. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279974/hypopharynx reproductive organ An organ involved in reproduction EMAPA:17381 GO uses genitalia for the singular organ MA:0001752 MESH:A05.360 OpenCyc:Mx4rwO39aJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:128181006 TGMA:0000591 UBERON:0003133 UMLS:C0017420 WBbt:0008422 genital organ genitalia ncithesaurus:Genitalia reproductive system organ sex organ uberon An organ involved in reproduction UBERON:xp genitalia female reproductive organ A female organ involved in reproduction EMAPA:17959 MA:0000544 UBERON:0003134 female organism reproductive organ female organism reproductive structure female organism reproductive system organ female organism sex organ female reproductive gland/organ female reproductive system organ female sex organ reproductive organ of female organism reproductive structure of female organism reproductive system organ of female organism sex organ of female organism uberon OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system organ OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive organ OBOL:automatic reproductive structure of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system organ of female organism OBOL:automatic sex organ of female organism MA:0000544 female reproductive gland/organ OBOL:automatic reproductive organ of female organism OBOL:automatic female organism sex organ OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive structure A female organ involved in reproduction UBERON:xp male reproductive organ A male organ involved in reproduction MA:0000545 UBERON:0003135 male organism reproductive organ male organism reproductive structure male organism reproductive system organ male organism sex organ male reproductive gland/organ male reproductive system organ male sex organ reproductive organ of male organism reproductive structure of male organism reproductive system organ of male organism sex organ of male organism uberon OBOL:automatic reproductive system organ of male organism OBOL:automatic sex organ of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive organ OBOL:automatic reproductive structure of male organism OBOL:automatic male organism sex organ MA:0000545 male reproductive gland/organ OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive system organ OBOL:automatic male organism reproductive structure A male organ involved in reproduction UBERON:xp OBOL:automatic reproductive organ of male organism obsolete tagma UBERON:0003136 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete antennal segment UBERON:0003137 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete thoracic segment UBERON:0003138 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete larval tagma UBERON:0003139 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete larval thorax UBERON:0003140 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete larval abdomen UBERON:0003141 true uberon prepupa BTO:0001110 FBbt:00002952 HAO:0000812 PP UBERON:0003142 uberon FBbt:00002952 PP pupa BTO:0001143 EFO:0002684 FBbt:00002953 HAO:0000886 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQCBr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Organism at the pupal stage. The pupal stage is a life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. UBERON:0003143 aurelia chrysalides chrysalis pupae pupal uberon NCBITaxon:37572 Wikipedia:Pupa chrysalis pupae Organism at the pupal stage. The pupal stage is a life stage of some insects undergoing transformation. The pupal stage is found only in holometabolous insects, those that undergo a complete metamorphosis, going through four life stages; embryo, larva, pupa and imago. Wikipedia:Pupa NCBITaxon:37572 Wikipedia:Pupa chrysalides NCBITaxon:37572 Wikipedia:Pupa aurelia obsolete adult tagma UBERON:0003144 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete adult arthropod thorax UBERON:0003145 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete adult arthropod abdomen UBERON:0003146 true uberon obsolete peritreme That part of the integument of an insect which surrounds the spiracles. UBERON:0003147 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology. term also used for edge of the aperture of a univalve shell rim true uberon That part of the integument of an insect which surrounds the spiracles. http://www.answers.com/topic/peritreme FBbt:00003121 rim obsolete sclerite UBERON:0003148 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology hardened portions of arthropod exoskeletons. plate true uberon Wikipedia:Sclerite hardened portions of arthropod exoskeletons. FBbt:00004475 plate obsolete tergite UBERON:0003149 abdominal tergite arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon FBbt:00004476 abdominal tergite obsolete sternite UBERON:0003150 abdominal sternite arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon FBbt:00004477 abdominal sternite obsolete foramen UBERON:0003151 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete phragma The lamella that serves as the site of attachment of the longitudinal flight muscle [HAO]. UBERON:0003152 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon HAO:0000716 The lamella that serves as the site of attachment of the longitudinal flight muscle [HAO]. head capsule BTO:0004711 EFO:0001927 FBbt:00004482 HAO:0000398 UBERON:0003153 uberon obsolete gena UBERON:0003154 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology cheek true uberon FBbt:00004491 cheek arthropod occiput FBbt:00004492 HAO:0000658 TGMA:0000041 UBERON:0003155 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology, but this is retained for disambiguation purposes occiput uberon FBbt:00004492 occiput obsolete postocciput UBERON:0003156 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete postgena UBERON:0003157 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete tentorial pit UBERON:0003158 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete anterior tentorial pit UBERON:0003159 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete posterior tentorial pit UBERON:0003160 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon dorsal ocellus A simple visual organ of insects[GO]. Two ocelli appear on the vertical and one on the frontal plate[FBbt]. The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus[HAO]. Two evolutionary distinct ocellus types exist [2]: dorsal ocelli (or simply 'ocelli'), found in most insects, and lateral ocelli (or stemmata), which are found in the larvae of some insect orders. They are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals, e.g. cnidarians may also be referred to as 'ocelli', but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of the dorsal ocelli of insects[Wikipedia]. BTO:0001758 FBbt:00004505 HAO:0000661 UBERON:0003161 dorsal ocelli ocelli ocellus uberon ocelli dorsal ocelli A simple visual organ of insects[GO]. Two ocelli appear on the vertical and one on the frontal plate[FBbt]. The multi-tissue structure that is located on the top of the head, composed of the corneal lens, pigment cell, rhabdoms and synaptic plexus[HAO]. Two evolutionary distinct ocellus types exist [2]: dorsal ocelli (or simply 'ocelli'), found in most insects, and lateral ocelli (or stemmata), which are found in the larvae of some insect orders. They are structurally and functionally very different. Simple eyes of other animals, e.g. cnidarians may also be referred to as 'ocelli', but again the structure and anatomy of these eyes is quite distinct from those of the dorsal ocelli of insects[Wikipedia]. FBbt:00004505 GO:0008056 HAO:0000661 Wikipedia:Ocellus#Ocelli lateral ocellus FBbt:00004506 HAO:0000481 The ocellus that is paired[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. UBERON:0003162 uberon HAO:0000481 The ocellus that is paired[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Ocellus#Ocelli obsolete mouthpart TODO UBERON:0003163 true uberon obsolete clypeus UBERON:0003164 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete cibarium UBERON:0003165 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology atrium true uberon FBbt:00004526 atrium obsolete prementum UBERON:0003166 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology theca true uberon FBbt:00004534 theca obsolete lacinia UBERON:0003167 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete mentum UBERON:0003168 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete cervical sclerite UBERON:0003169 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete tergum UBERON:0003170 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete episternum UBERON:0003171 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete epimeron UBERON:0003172 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete pronotum UBERON:0003173 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete furcasternum UBERON:0003174 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete prescutum UBERON:0003175 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete anterior notal wing process UBERON:0003176 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete posterior notal wing process UBERON:0003177 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete postnotum UBERON:0003178 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology postscutellum true uberon FBbt:00004588 postscutellum obsolete pleural wing process UBERON:0003179 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete anepisternum UBERON:0003180 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology mesopleurite true uberon FBbt:00004597 mesopleurite obsolete scutoscutellar suture UBERON:0003181 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete pleural suture UBERON:0003182 true uberon obsolete notopleural suture UBERON:0003183 true uberon obsolete mesofurca UBERON:0003184 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology mesothoracic sternal apophysis true uberon FBbt:00004619 mesothoracic sternal apophysis obsolete metafurca UBERON:0003185 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology metathoracic sternal apophysis true uberon FBbt:00004638 metathoracic sternal apophysis obsolete coxa UBERON:0003186 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete pretarsus UBERON:0003187 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete auxilia UBERON:0003188 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete unguitractor plate UBERON:0003189 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete empodium UBERON:0003190 true uberon obsolete tegula UBERON:0003191 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete axillary sclerite UBERON:0003192 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete axillary cord UBERON:0003193 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon imaginal disc-derived wing vein FBbt:00004751 HAO:0001095 UBERON:0003194 uberon obsolete crossvein UBERON:0003195 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete wing cell UBERON:0003196 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology intervein true uberon FBbt:00004769 intervein obsolete costal cell UBERON:0003197 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete aedeagus UBERON:0003198 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon egg chamber FBbt:00004894 HAO:0000287 UBERON:0003199 UMLS:C1571705 follicle germarium derived egg chamber ncithesaurus:Follicle uberon FBbt:00004894 germarium derived egg chamber FBbt:00004894 follicle obsolete pedicel UBERON:0003200 true uberon exocuticle BTO:0001602 FBbt:00004973 HAO:0000311 The outer layer of the procuticle of certain crustaceans and arthropods, which contains cuticulin, chitin, and phenolic substances that are oxidized to produce the dark pigment of the cuticle;nThe hard and usually darkened layer of the cuticle lying between the endocuticle and epicuticle. UBERON:0003201 uberon BTO:0001602 The outer layer of the procuticle of certain crustaceans and arthropods, which contains cuticulin, chitin, and phenolic substances that are oxidized to produce the dark pigment of the cuticle;nThe hard and usually darkened layer of the cuticle lying between the endocuticle and epicuticle. endocuticle BTO:0001603 FBbt:00004974 HAO:0000290 The inner layer of the procuticle in certain crustaceans and arthropods, which is almost entirely composed of protein and chitin. UBERON:0003202 uberon BTO:0001603 The inner layer of the procuticle in certain crustaceans and arthropods, which is almost entirely composed of protein and chitin. obsolete apodeme UBERON:0003203 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete epipharynx UBERON:0003204 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon obsolete articulation UBERON:0003205 incorrect grouping true uberon obsolete apophysis UBERON:0003206 incorrect grouping true uberon obsolete arthropod appendage segment UBERON:0003207 arthropod specific groupings belong in separate ontology true uberon blood nerve barrier UBERON:0003209 barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier[GO]. blood-nerve barrier uberon GO:0008065 Wikipedia:Blood-nerve_barrier barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier[GO]. blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier UBERON:0003210 barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP]. uberon MP:0006088 barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP]. median ocellus FBbt:00004507 HAO:0000526 The ocellus that is is located medially on the cranium[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. UBERON:0003211 uberon HAO:0000526 The ocellus that is is located medially on the cranium[HAO]. The number, form, and function of the dorsal ocelli varies markedly throughout insect orders. They tend to be larger and more strongly expressed in flying insects (particularly bees, wasps, dragonflies and locusts), where they are typically found as a triplet. Two lateral ocelli are directed to the left and right of the head respectively, while a central (median) ocellus is directed frontally. In some terrestrial insects (e.g. some ants and cockroaches), only two lateral ocelli are present: the median ocellus is absent. Note that the unfortunately labelled 'lateral ocelli' here refers to the sideways facing position of the ocelli, which are of the dorsal type. They should not be confused with the lateral ocelli of some insect larvae (see stemmata)[Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Ocellus#Ocelli gustatory organ Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912). FBbt:00005159 FMA:77853 UBERON:0003212 gustatory organ system organ gustatory system organ organ of gustatory organ system organ of gustatory system organ of taste system taste organ taste system organ uberon OBOL:automatic taste system organ OBOL:automatic organ of taste system OBOL:automatic gustatory organ system organ OBOL:automatic gustatory system organ OBOL:automatic organ of gustatory organ system Any sense organ that functions in (some) detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste (GO:0050912). FBC:auto_generated_definition OBOL:automatic organ of gustatory system mammary gland alveolus FMA:73285 MA:0002760 UBERON:0003214 a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO]. alveolus of lactiferous gland alveolus of lobe of breast alveolus of lobe of mammary gland alveolus of mammary gland lactiferous alveolus lactiferous gland alveolus lobe of breast alveolus lobe of mammary gland alveolus mammary alveolus uberon OBOL:automatic alveolus of mammary gland OBOL:automatic alveolus of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic alveolus of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast alveolus OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland alveolus GO:0060749 a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO]. OBOL:automatic alveolus of lobe of breast alveolus EFO:0002513 EV:0100043 FMA:82493 OpenCyc:Mx4rwN8NFZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003215 UMLS:C0034051 alveolar ncithesaurus:Alveolus organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Alveolus organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP]. hard palate EMAPA:18952 FMA:55023 GAID:221 In FMA this is divided into bony parts and submucosa MA:0002477 MAT:0000161 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502.660 MIAA:0000161 SCTID:245778002 UBERON:0003216 UMLS:C0226901 anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes[GO]. The hard palate is formed from bony processes of the maxilla, premaxilla and palatine[Kardong]. hard palate http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Illu_mouth.jpg ncithesaurus:Hard_Palate palatum durum uberon FMA Wikipedia:Hard_palate palatum durum EMAPA check this GO:0060022 Wikipedia:Hard_palate anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes[GO]. The hard palate is formed from bony processes of the maxilla, premaxilla and palatine[Kardong]. neural lobe of neurohypophysis BTO:0000561 EHDAA2:0001418 EHDAA:7542 FMA:74636 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000860 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_941 SCTID:424523008 TODO - compare with UBERON:0002198 The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003217 VHOG:0001180 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG/200px-Pituitary_gland_representation.PNG pars nervosa pars nervosa (neurohypophysis) pars nervosa neurohypophysis pars nervosa of hypophysis pars nervosa of neurohypophysis pars nervosa of posterior lobe of pituitary gland pars nervosa pituitary gland pars posterior posterior lobe posterior lobe of neurohypophysis posterior lobe-3 uberon BTO:0000561 posterior lobe The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) comprises the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and is part of the endocrine system. Despite its name, the posterior pituitary gland is not a gland, per se; rather, it is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary gland. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neurohypophysis#cite_note-1 FMA:74636 FMA:TA pars nervosa neurohypophysis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001180 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:74636 FMA:TA pars nervosa (neurohypophysis) MA:0000860 pars posterior MA:0000860 pars nervosa NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_941 pars nervosa pituitary gland FMA:74636 posterior lobe of neurohypophysis ovary septum Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. UBERON:0003218 uberon GO:0080126 Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. shell septum Septum that divides the internal chambers (camerae) of the shell of a cephalopod, namely nautiloids or ammonoids. UBERON:0003219 uberon GO:0080126 Septum that divides the internal chambers (camerae) of the shell of a cephalopod, namely nautiloids or ammonoids. Wikipedia:Septum_(marine_biology) metanephric mesenchyme A mass of intermediate mesodermal cells around the distal end of the ureteric bud that gives rise to nephrons in the metanephric kidney. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004062 EHDAA:4041 EHDAA:5021 EHDAA:5915 EMAPA:17208 EMAPA:17375 EMAPA:29990 Genes: The positional specification of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme is negatively regulated by Foxc1 and Foxc2. Next the permanent kidney forming metanephrogenic mesenchyme is specified by Hox11 genes. The competence to respond to ureteric bud inducers is regulated by WT1. GDNF secretion restricted to posterior region by Robo2 and Sprouty1. The receptors for GDNF are synthesized in the nephric ducts and later in ureteric buds [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"] SCTID:361529008 UBERON:0003220 VHOG:0000540 When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow.[well established][VHOG] metanephric blastema metanephric mesoderm metanephrogenic mesenchyme metanephros associated mesenchyme one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO] uberon ISBN:9780878932504 GO:0072075 Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO] EHDAA:5021 metanephrogenic mesenchyme Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema metanephric blastema Wikipedia:Metanephric_blastema metanephric mesoderm 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.462 VHOG VHOG:0000540 When the ureteric buds emerge from the nephric duct, they enter the metanephrogenic mesenchyme. The ureteric buds induce this mesenchymal tissue to condense around them and differentiate into the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. As this mesenchyme differentiates, it tells the ureteric bud to branch and grow.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001139 metanephros associated mesenchyme 2012-09-17 A mass of intermediate mesodermal cells around the distal end of the ureteric bud that gives rise to nephrons in the metanephric kidney. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000540 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metanephric+mesenchyme phalanx Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits. MA:0000304 OpenCyc:Mx4rvolPZpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:290029003 Taxon notes: In primates such as humans and monkeys, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three[WP] UBERON:0003221 UMLS:C0222682 VSAO:0000199 digit long bone galen:Phalanx long bone of digit ncithesaurus:Phalanx phalange phalangeal phalanges phalanx bone uberon OBOL:automatic digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits. VSAO:0000199 Wikipedia:Phalanx_bones phalanges Wikipedia:Phalanx_bones phalanx bone flexor digitorum superficialis FMA:38469 UBERON:0003222 an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints. The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle. The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint[WP]. flexor digitorum superficialis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray421.png musculus flexor digitorum superficialis uberon anterior margins on the bases of the middle phalanges of the four fingers dbpedia Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle musculus flexor digitorum superficialis Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle flexor digitorum superficialis muscle FMA dbpedia dbpedia medial epicondyle of the humerus as well as parts of the radius and ulna. dbpedia Wikipedia:Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints. The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass. The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle. The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint[WP]. chorion syncytiotrophoblast An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a syncytiotrophoblast and is part of a chorion. EHDAA2:0001973 EHDAA:156 UBERON:0003224 todo - check uberon EHDAA2 Obol An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a syncytiotrophoblast and is part of a chorion. OBOL:automatic supinator muscle FMA:38512 FMA:75002 SCTID:181634007 TODO: The term "supinator" can also refer more generally to a muscle that causes supination of a part of the body. In older texts, the term "supinator longus" was used to refer to the brachioradialis, and "supinator brevis" was used to the muscle now known as the supinator. UBERON:0003228 a muscle which originates on the distal humerus, inserts on the radius and accomplishes supination (rotation of the wrist). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Gray420.png musculus supinator supinator supinator brevus uberon palaeos dbpedia deep branch of radial nerve Lateral epicondyle of humerus supinator crest of ulna radial collateral ligament annular ligament dbpedia Wikipedia:Supinator_muscle musculus supinator Lateral epicondyle of humerus supinator crest of ulna radial collateral ligament annular ligament dbpedia Wikipedia:Supinator_muscle supinator brevus FMA Wikipedia:Supinator_muscle a muscle which originates on the distal humerus, inserts on the radius and accomplishes supination (rotation of the wrist). dbpedia epithelium of elbow An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000430 EHDAA:4168 EHDAA:6214 EMAPA:17415 UBERON:0003229 VHOG:0001044 cubital region epithelial tissue cubital region epithelium elbow epithelial tissue elbow epithelium epithelial tissue of cubital region epithelial tissue of elbow epithelium of cubital region uberon An epithelium that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of cubital region EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of elbow OBOL:automatic elbow epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic elbow epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cubital region OBOL:automatic cubital region epithelium OBOL:automatic cubital region epithelial tissue epithelium of carpal region An epithelium that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000219 EHDAA:5198 UBERON:0003230 carpal region epithelial tissue carpal region epithelium epithelial tissue of carpal region epithelial tissue of wrist epithelium of wrist uberon wrist epithelial tissue wrist epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic carpal region epithelium OBOL:automatic wrist epithelium An epithelium that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of wrist EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic wrist epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic carpal region epithelial tissue EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic epithelium of wrist epithelium of hip An epithelium that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000784 EHDAA:5155 EHDAA:6180 EMAPA:17491 UBERON:0003231 VHOG:0000779 epithelial tissue of hip epithelial tissue of hip region epithelial tissue of regio coxae epithelium of hip region epithelium of regio coxae hip epithelial tissue hip epithelium hip region epithelial tissue hip region epithelium regio coxae epithelial tissue regio coxae epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic regio coxae epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of regio coxae OBOL:automatic epithelium of regio coxae OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hip region EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hip region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hip OBOL:automatic regio coxae epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hip region epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of hip region OBOL:automatic hip epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hip epithelium epithelium of knee An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000896 EHDAA:5161 EHDAA:6186 EMAPA:17494 UBERON:0003232 VHOG:0000810 epithelial tissue of knee knee epithelial tissue knee epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic knee epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of knee An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic knee epithelium EHDAA2 epithelium of shoulder An epithelium that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001835 EHDAA:4182 EHDAA:6230 EMAPA:17422 UBERON:0003233 VHOG:0000761 epithelial tissue of shoulder shoulder epithelial tissue shoulder epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic shoulder epithelial tissue EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder epithelium extensor pollicis longus muscle FMA:38521 SCTID:361820003 The Extensor pollicis longus is much larger than the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle, the origin of which it partly covers. UBERON:0003234 extensor pollicis longis extensor pollicis longus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle.png musculus extensor pollicis longus uberon dbpedia dbpedia The Extensor pollicis longus is much larger than the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle, the origin of which it partly covers. Wikipedia:Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle Wikipedia:Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle musculus extensor pollicis longus FMA:38521 extensor pollicis longus dbpedia Wikipedia dbpedia Wikipedia:Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle extensor pollicis longis dbpedia epithelium of upper jaw An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002119 EHDAA:8027 EMAPA:17943 EMAPA:18971 UBERON:0003235 epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue of upper jaw epithelium of palatoquadrate arch palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue palatoquadrate arch epithelium uberon upper jaw epithelial tissue upper jaw epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic upper jaw epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper jaw EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic epithelium of palatoquadrate arch OBOL:automatic upper jaw epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch epithelium epithelium of lower jaw An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001019 EHDAA:7999 EMAPA:17922 EMAPA:18968 UBERON:0003236 VHOG:0000802 epithelial tissue of lower jaw epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch epithelium of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw epithelial tissue lower jaw epithelium uberon ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue ventral mandibular arch epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower jaw OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelium epithelium of superior semicircular canal An epithelium that is part of an anterior semicircular canal [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:7806 EMAPA:17301 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001961 UBERON:0003238 VHOG:0001039 anterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue anterior semicircular canal epithelium epithelial tissue of anterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue of superior semicircular canal epithelium of anterior semicircular canal superior semicircular canal epithelial tissue superior semicircular canal epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic superior semicircular canal epithelium An epithelium that is part of an anterior semicircular canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of anterior semicircular canal OBOL:automatic superior semicircular canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic anterior semicircular canal epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of superior semicircular canal OBOL:automatic anterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of anterior semicircular canal epithelium of posterior semicircular canal An epithelium that is part of a posterior semicircular canal [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:7800 EMAPA:17298 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001491 UBERON:0003239 VHOG:0000758 epithelial tissue of posterior semicircular canal posterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue posterior semicircular canal epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic posterior semicircular canal epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of posterior semicircular canal OBOL:automatic posterior semicircular canal epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a posterior semicircular canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of lateral semicircular canal An epithelium that is part of a lateral semicircular canal [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:7794 EMAPA:17823 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000922 UBERON:0003240 VHOG:0000480 epithelial tissue of lateral semicircular canal lateral semicircular canal epithelial tissue lateral semicircular canal epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic lateral semicircular canal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lateral semicircular canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lateral semicircular canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lateral semicircular canal epithelium of utricle An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:4730 EMAPA:17295 EMAPA:17298 EMAPA:17301 EMAPA:17820 EMAPA:17823 FMA:75604 MA:0001204 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002155 UBERON:0003241 VHOG:0000634 epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue of utricle epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium todo - check relationships w.r.t macula uberon utricle epithelial tissue utricle epithelium utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) OBOL:automatic epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) FMA OBOL:automatic utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium OBOL:automatic utricle epithelium OBOL:automatic utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium OBOL:automatic utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic utricle epithelial tissue FMA:75604 epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth FMA OBOL:automatic utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of utricle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of saccule An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:4724 EMAPA:17292 FMA:75605 MA:0001202 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001771 UBERON:0003242 VHOG:0000633 epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue of saccule epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium saccule epithelial tissue saccule epithelium saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium todo - check relationships w.r.t macula uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) OBOL:automatic epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule OBOL:automatic sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium OBOL:automatic sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium FMA:75605 epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) OBOL:automatic saccule epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule OBOL:automatic membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic saccule epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of saccule OBOL:automatic saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue epithelium of cochlear duct An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:4722 EMAPA:17600 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000264 Reissner's canal epithelial tissue Reissner's canal epithelium UBERON:0003243 VHOG:0000640 cochlear duct epithelial tissue cochlear duct epithelium cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium epithelial tissue of Reissner's canal epithelial tissue of cochlear duct epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium of Reissner's canal epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth uberon OBOL:automatic cochlear duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic Reissner's canal epithelium OBOL:automatic cochlear duct epithelium OBOL:automatic Reissner's canal epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of Reissner's canal OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of Reissner's canal OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cochlear duct OBOL:automatic cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium of mammary gland An epithelium that is part of a lactiferous gland [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001430 EHDAA2:0001057 EHDAA:6526 EMAPA:17760 FMA:74445 MA:0000792 UBERON:0003244 UMLS:C0596882 VHOG:0001088 epithelial tissue of lactiferous gland epithelial tissue of lobe of breast epithelial tissue of lobe of mammary gland epithelial tissue of mammary gland epithelium of lactiferous gland epithelium of lobe of breast epithelium of lobe of mammary gland lactiferous gland epithelial tissue lactiferous gland epithelium lobe of breast epithelial tissue lobe of breast epithelium lobe of mammary gland epithelial tissue lobe of mammary gland epithelium mammary epithelium mammary gland epithelial tissue mammary gland epithelium ncithesaurus:Mammary_Epithelium uberon EHDAA2 Wikipathways:WP2062 OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lactiferous gland BTO:0001430 mammary epithelium OBOL:automatic mammary gland epithelium OBOL:automatic lobe of breast epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobe of mammary gland An epithelium that is part of a lactiferous gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic mammary gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland epithelium OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lobe of breast FMA:74445 epithelium of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland epithelium OBOL:automatic lobe of breast epithelium epithelium of endolymphatic sac An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic sac [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:7765 EMAPA:17595 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000443 UBERON:0003246 endolymphatic sac epithelial tissue endolymphatic sac epithelium epithelial tissue of endolymphatic sac uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endolymphatic sac OBOL:automatic endolymphatic sac epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endolymphatic sac epithelium epithelium of forearm An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000554 EHDAA:4174 EHDAA:6220 EMAPA:17418 UBERON:0003247 VHOG:0001096 antebrachial region epithelial tissue antebrachial region epithelium arm middle limb segment epithelial tissue arm middle limb segment epithelium arm zeugopod epithelial tissue arm zeugopod epithelium brachial region middle limb segment epithelial tissue brachial region middle limb segment epithelium brachial region zeugopod epithelial tissue brachial region zeugopod epithelium epithelial tissue of antebrachial region epithelial tissue of arm middle limb segment epithelial tissue of arm zeugopod epithelial tissue of brachial region middle limb segment epithelial tissue of brachial region zeugopod epithelial tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue of lower arm epithelial tissue of lower segment of arm epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of arm epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelial tissue of zeugopod of arm epithelial tissue of zeugopod of brachial region epithelial tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium of antebrachial region epithelium of arm middle limb segment epithelium of arm zeugopod epithelium of brachial region middle limb segment epithelium of brachial region zeugopod epithelium of intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelium of lower arm epithelium of lower segment of arm epithelium of middle limb segment of arm epithelium of middle limb segment of brachial region epithelium of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelium of zeugopod of arm epithelium of zeugopod of brachial region epithelium of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelium lower arm epithelial tissue lower arm epithelium lower segment of arm epithelial tissue lower segment of arm epithelium middle limb segment of arm epithelial tissue middle limb segment of arm epithelium middle limb segment of brachial region epithelial tissue middle limb segment of brachial region epithelium middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelial tissue proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelium proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelial tissue proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelium uberon zeugopod of arm epithelial tissue zeugopod of arm epithelium zeugopod of brachial region epithelial tissue zeugopod of brachial region epithelium zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region epithelium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm epithelium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment epithelium OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment epithelium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region epithelium OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic epithelium of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod epithelium OBOL:automatic antebrachial region epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic antebrachial region epithelium OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod epithelium OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic epithelium of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic epithelium of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower arm OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic epithelium of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelium of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lower arm epithelium OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelium OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm epithelium OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lower arm epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic epithelium of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower arm OBOL:automatic epithelium of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm epithelial tissue epithelium of footplate An epithelium that is part of a footplate. EHDAA2:0000548 EHDAA:5145 EHDAA:6144 UBERON:0003248 foot plate epithelium footplate epithelium uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000548 footplate epithelium epithelium of otic placode An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001341 EHDAA:510 EMAPA:16197 UBERON:0003249 VHOG:0000636 ZFA:0007068 editor note - check ZFA, placemeant, appears to refer to both adult structures and primordium epithelial tissue of otic placode otic epithelium otic placode epithelial tissue otic placode epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of otic placode An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic otic placode epithelium OBOL:automatic otic placode epithelial tissue UBERON:cjm otic epithelium rectus capitis lateralis FMA:46316 SCTID:244841001 The Rectus capitis lateralis, a short, flat muscle, arises from the upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas, and is inserted into the under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone. UBERON:0003250 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle.PNG lateral rectus capitis musculus rectus capitis lateralis rectus capitis lateralis rectus capitus lateralis rectus capitus lateralis muscle uberon Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle rectus capitus lateralis Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle musculus rectus capitis lateralis FMA Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle rectus capitus lateralis muscle dbpedia upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas FMA:46316 lateral rectus capitis The Rectus capitis lateralis, a short, flat muscle, arises from the upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas, and is inserted into the under surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone. Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle dbpedia upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_lateralis_muscle rectus capitis lateralis temporal part of head Editor notes: see UBERONREF:0000007 'temporal region' FMA:63867 SCTID:362620003 UBERON:0003251 temporal region temporal region of head uberon FMA:63867 temporal region FMA FMA:63867 temporal region of head rib cage Anatomical cluster that consists of more than one rib in an individual.[TAO] FMA:7480 SCTID:361741004 Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs in an organism connected via the sternum. TAO:0002100 UBERON:0003252 cavea thoracis cavea thoracis galen:RibCage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Gray112.png rib series thoracic cage uberon FMA:7480 FMA:TA cavea thoracis FMA:7480 thoracic cage TAO:0002100 rib series FMA Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all ribs in an organism connected via the sternum. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Rib_cage 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that consists of more than one rib in an individual.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002100 TAO:wd FMA check other species Wikipedia:Human_rib_cage cavea thoracis TAO Wikipedia neck of rib FMA:7576 SCTID:263359009 The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. UBERON:0003253 collum costae collum costae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray122.png rib neck uberon PMID:15906248 The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends lateralward from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& with which the head articulates. Its anterior surface is flat and smooth, its posterior rough for the attachment of the ligament of the neck, and perforated by numerous foramina. Of its two borders the superior presents a rough crest (crista colli costE) for the attachment of the anterior costotransverse ligament; its inferior border is rounded. On the posterior surface at the junction of the neck and body, and nearer the lower than the upper border, is an eminencebthe tubercle; it consists of an articular and a non-articular portion. The articular portion, the lower and more medial of the two, presents a small, oval surface for articulation with the end of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebrC& to which the head is connected. The non-articular portion is a rough elevation, and affords attachment to the ligament of the tubercle. The tubercle is much more prominent in the upper than in the lower ribs. Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib collum costae Wikipedia:Neck_of_rib collum costae FMA:7576 rib neck amniotic ectoderm BTO:0000897 EHDAA2:0000117 EHDAA:138 EMAPA:16110 Editor note: we make the germ layer relationship develops_from, as currently the germ layers are declared to be purely embryonic. TODO - check. WP:Amnion - In the human embryo the earliest stages of the formation of the amnion have not been observed; in the youngest embryo which has been studied the amnion was already present as a closed sac, and appears in the inner cell-mass as a cavity. This cavity is roofed in by a single stratum of flattened, ectodermal cells, the amniotic ectoderm, and its floor consists of the prismatic ectoderm of the embryonic disk—the continuity between the roof and floor being established at the margin of the embryonic disk. Outside the amniotic ectoderm is a thin layer of mesoderm, which is continuous with that of the somatopleure and is connected by the body-stalk with the mesodermal lining of the chorion. UBERON:0003254 UBERON:0008359 VHOG:0000621 amnion ectoderm amnion epithelium amnionic ectoderm uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000117 amnion ectoderm OBOL:automatic amnion ectoderm BTO:0000897 amnion epithelium ISBN:9780878932504 amnionic ectoderm EHDAA2-via-amnioblasts ISBN:9780878932504 obsolete ectoderm of embryo EHDAA:132 UBERON:0003255 deleted because the original definition was unclear. Me may reconstitute this and to distinguish extramebryonic from embryonic germ layers. See amniotic ectoderm and amniotic mesoderm developmental tissue ectoderm ectoderm of developmental tissue embryo ectoderm true uberon OBOL:automatic ectoderm of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic developmental tissue ectoderm OBOL:automatic embryo ectoderm obsolete endoderm of embryo EHDAA:94 UBERON:0003256 deleted because the original definition was unclear. Me may reconstitute this and to distinguish extramebryonic from embryonic germ layers. See amniotic ectoderm and amniotic mesoderm developmental tissue endoderm embryo endoderm endoderm of developmental tissue true uberon OBOL:automatic embryo endoderm OBOL:automatic developmental tissue endoderm OBOL:automatic endoderm of developmental tissue yolk sac endoderm An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a endoderm and is part of a yolk sac. EHDAA2:0002215 EHDAA:166 EMAPA:16086 TODO - check UBERON:0003257 VHOG:0000626 uberon EHDAA2 An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a endoderm and is part of a yolk sac. OBOL:automatic endoderm of foregut An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000566 EHDAA:524 TODO - check UBERON:0003258 foregut endoderm uberon OBOL:automatic foregut endoderm An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic endoderm of midgut An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:987 EMAPA:16257 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001194 TODO - check UBERON:0003259 VHOG:0001080 midgut endoderm uberon OBOL:automatic midgut endoderm An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic endoderm of hindgut An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:979 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000781 TODO - check UBERON:0003260 hindgut endoderm uberon OBOL:automatic hindgut endoderm An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic thyroid primordium endoderm An endoderm that is part of a thyroid primordium. EHDAA:956 EMAPA:16560 EMAPA:25357 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002035 UBERON:0003261 UBERON:0005235 VHOG:0001089 endoderm of thyroid primordium uberon OBOL:automatic endoderm of thyroid primordium ZFA-propagated An endoderm that is part of a thyroid primordium. OBOL:automatic amniotic mesoderm EHDAA2:0000118 EHDAA:140 EMAPA:16111 EMAPA:16265 Editor note: we make the germ layer relationship develops_from, as currently the germ layers are declared to be purely embryonic. TODO - check. WP:Amnion - In the human embryo the earliest stages of the formation of the amnion have not been observed; in the youngest embryo which has been studied the amnion was already present as a closed sac, and appears in the inner cell-mass as a cavity. This cavity is roofed in by a single stratum of flattened, ectodermal cells, the amniotic ectoderm, and its floor consists of the prismatic ectoderm of the embryonic disk—the continuity between the roof and floor being established at the margin of the embryonic disk. Outside the amniotic ectoderm is a thin layer of mesoderm, which is continuous with that of the somatopleure and is connected by the body-stalk with the mesodermal lining of the chorion. UBERON:0003262 UBERON:0003411 VHOG:0000622 amnion mesenchyme amnion mesoderm mesenchyme of amnion uberon EMAPA:16265 mesenchyme of amnion OBOL:automatic amnion mesoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000118 amnion mesenchyme mesoderm of yolk sac A mesoderm that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:168 EMAPA:16087 TODO - check UBERON:0003264 VHOG:0000617 uberon yolk sac mesoderm OBOL:automatic yolk sac mesoderm A mesoderm that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic chorionic mesoderm EHDAA2:0003245 EHDAA:154 EMAPA:16114 EMAPA:16266 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000247 TODO - check UBERON:0003265 UBERON:0003423 VHOG:0000620 chorion mesenchyme chorion mesoderm chorionic mesenchyme mesenchyme of chorion mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) uberon OBOL:automatic chorion mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) ISBN10:0073040584 EHDAA2 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000247 chorion mesoderm EHDAA2:0003245 chorionic mesenchyme obsolete nerve of central nervous system UBERON:0003266 obsoleted pending formal definition of nerve, with explicit reference to PNS vs CNS true uberon tooth of upper jaw A calcareous tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002129 EHDAA:8045 EMAPA:17938 Editor notes: Note that we follow EHDAA2 and consider teeth part of the jaw skeleton MA:0001909 UBERON:0003267 UMLS:C1710581 ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Tooth uberon upper jaw tooth A calcareous tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001909 upper jaw tooth tooth of lower jaw A calcareous tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001029 EHDAA:8009 EMAPA:17917 MA:0001907 UBERON:0003268 UMLS:C1708757 calcareous tooth of lower jaw calcareous tooth of ventral mandibular arch dentine containing tooth of lower jaw dentine containing tooth of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw calcareous tooth lower jaw dentine containing tooth lower jaw tooth lower jaw vertebrate tooth ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Tooth tooth of ventral mandibular arch uberon ventral mandibular arch calcareous tooth ventral mandibular arch dentine containing tooth ventral mandibular arch tooth ventral mandibular arch vertebrate tooth vertebrate tooth of lower jaw vertebrate tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw calcareous tooth OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch vertebrate tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw vertebrate tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw dentine containing tooth OBOL:automatic vertebrate tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw tooth OBOL:automatic dentine containing tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch tooth OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch dentine containing tooth OBOL:automatic tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic vertebrate tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic dentine containing tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic calcareous tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic calcareous tooth of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch calcareous tooth A calcareous tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of eye A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000486 EHDAA:2923 EMAPA:17844 UBERON:0003269 eye skeletal muscle eye skeletal muscle group eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of eye uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of eye EHDAA2:0000486 eye skeletal muscle group OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of leg A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tetrapod leg [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:8291 EMAPA:19144 EMAPA:19318 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000974 UBERON:0003270 leg skeletal muscle leg skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of leg uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tetrapod leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of leg OBOL:automatic leg skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic leg skeletal muscle reference_0000032 skeletal muscle of pelvic girdle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:8326 EMAPA:18185 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001430 UBERON:0003271 girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle tissue pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle tissue pelvic girdle skeletal muscle pelvic girdle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle of pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle tissue of girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle bone uberon OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of girdle-pelvic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pelvic girdle OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of girdle-pelvic skeletal muscle of arm A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:8277 EMAPA:19107 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000142 UBERON:0003272 arm skeletal muscle arm skeletal muscle tissue brachial region skeletal muscle brachial region skeletal muscle tissue proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of brachial region skeletal muscle of proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle tissue of arm skeletal muscle tissue of brachial region skeletal muscle tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb uberon OBOL:automatic brachial region skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of arm OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of brachial region OBOL:automatic arm skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of proximal segment of free upper limb skeletal muscle of tongue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002065 EHDAA:9146 EMAPA:17883 EMAPA:18879 MA:0001596 The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003273 UMLS:C1710437 VHOG:0001390 ncithesaurus:Tongue_Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue skeletal muscle tissue of tongue tongue skeletal muscle tongue skeletal muscle tissue uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20587 Kusakabe R, Kuratani S, Evolution and developmental patterning of the vertebrate skeletal muscles: perspectives from the lamprey. Developmental Dynamics (2005) The lamprey head contains another group of muscles, the epi- and hypo-branchial muscles (EBM and HBM), derivatives of anterior trunk myotomes. (...) The origin and the migration pattern of HBM precursors are very similar to that of the gnathostome MPP, especially to that of the tongue muscle precursors. Other evidence of homology of lamprey HBM to the gnathostome tongue muscle is that HBM is innervated by the nerve termed the hypoglossal nerve based on its morphological position associated with the head/trunk interface. (...) The HBM-specific expression of the LampPax3/7 gene is consistent with the homology of this muscle to the gnathostome tongue muscle, or to the hypobranchial series as a whole (including the infrahyoid and possibly the diaphragm in mammals).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001390 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of tongue ISBN10:1607950324 OBOL:automatic tongue skeletal muscle reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic tongue skeletal muscle tissue mesothelium of omental bursa A mesothelium that is part of a lesser sac [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004557 EHDAA:2339 EMAPA:16890 EMAPA:18459 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001299 UBERON:0003274 VHOG:0000441 lesser sac mesothelium omental bursa mehomhelium omental bursa mesothelium uberon OBOL:automatic omental bursa mesothelium VHOG:0000441 omental bursa mehomhelium EHDAA2:0004557 lesser sac mesothelium A mesothelium that is part of a lesser sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeleton of embryo A skeletal system that is part of a embryo [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:5047 EMAPA:17213 UBERON:0003276 developmental tissue set of all bones developmental tissue set of bones of body developmental tissue skeletal system developmental tissue skeleton developmental tissue skeleton system embryo set of all bones embryo set of bones of body embryo skeletal system embryo skeleton embryo skeleton system set of all bones of developmental tissue set of all bones of embryo set of bones of body of developmental tissue set of bones of body of embryo skeletal system of developmental tissue skeletal system of embryo skeleton of developmental tissue skeleton system of developmental tissue skeleton system of embryo uberon OBOL:automatic skeletal system of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic set of all bones of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic embryo skeleton system OBOL:automatic set of bones of body of embryo OBOL:automatic developmental tissue set of bones of body OBOL:automatic developmental tissue skeletal system OBOL:automatic developmental tissue set of all bones OBOL:automatic embryo set of all bones OBOL:automatic embryo skeleton OBOL:automatic developmental tissue skeleton system OBOL:automatic set of all bones of embryo OBOL:automatic skeleton system of embryo OBOL:automatic skeleton of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic embryo set of bones of body A skeletal system that is part of a embryo [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic set of bones of body of developmental tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal system of embryo OBOL:automatic developmental tissue skeleton OBOL:automatic embryo skeletal system OBOL:automatic skeleton system of developmental tissue skeleton of upper jaw A subdivision of skeleton that is part of the upper jaw region[Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000622 EHDAA2:0002128 EHDAA:8041 EMAPA:17927 FMA:54397 FMA:59399 MA:0001908 The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003277 VHOG:0000429 XAO:0003087 uberon upper jaw upper jaw skeleton 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A subdivision of skeleton that is part of the upper jaw region[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001908 upper jaw skeleton of lower jaw A subdivision of skeleton that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000274 EHDAA2:0004606 EHDAA:8005 EMAPA:17910 FMA:54398 MA:0001906 TAO:0001273 The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw.[TAO] UBERON:0003278 VHOG:0000428 XAO:0003084 ZFA:0001273 in EHDAA2, this does not include the mandible; it includes the teeth and Meckel's cartilage lower jaw lower jaw skeleton mandible mandibles mandibular series relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: develops_from anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: overlaps anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: part_of anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: subdivision_of anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001273 relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: overlaps anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] TAO:0001273 mandibles 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0001273 mandibular series A subdivision of skeleton that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic VHOG-modified 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001273 relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: develops_from anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001273 The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw.[TAO] ZFIN:curator AAO:0000274 lower jaw skeleton ZFA:0001273 mandible EHDAA2 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001273 relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: subdivision_of anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] MA:0001906 lower jaw 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001273 relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: part_of anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] EHDAA2 ZFA:0001273 lower jaw endothelium of trachea An endothelium that is part of a trachea. EHDAA:3082 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002068 UBERON:0003279 endothelium of windpipe trachea endothelium uberon windpipe endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea endothelium OBOL:automatic windpipe endothelium An endothelium that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic endothelium of main bronchus An endothelium that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:3076 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001046 UBERON:0003280 bronchus principalis endothelium endothelium of bronchus principalis endothelium of primary bronchus endothelium of principal bronchus main bronchus endothelium primary bronchus endothelium principal bronchus endothelium uberon OBOL:automatic endothelium of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic main bronchus endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus endothelium OBOL:automatic principal bronchus endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis endothelium An endothelium that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of stomach EHDAA2:0001922 EHDAA:2999 EMAPA:17024 EMAPA:18902 MA:0001617 SCTID:261623000 The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0003281 VHOG:0000358 mesentery of ventriculus mesogaster mesogastium mesogastrium stomach mesentery todo - check primitive vs developed uberon ventriculus mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of ventriculus The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium MA OBOL:automatic ventriculus mesentery MA:0001617 mesogastium 2012-09-17 The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000358 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium Obol:obol stomach mesentery http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium mesogaster http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html mesogastrium MA mesentery of heart A mesentery that surrounds the heart. EHDAA:432 EMAPA:16212 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000739 UBERON:0003282 VHOG:0000353 heart mesentery mesocardium uberon MA:0000098 mesocardium A mesentery that surrounds the heart. MA:th OBOL:automatic heart mesentery mesentery of oesophagus A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001288 EHDAA:2943 EMAPA:16836 EMAPA:18864 MA:0001569 UBERON:0003283 VHOG:0000415 esophagus mesentery gullet mesentery mesentery of esophagus mesentery of gullet oesophagus mesentery uberon OBOL:automatic mesentery of esophagus OBOL:automatic gullet mesentery A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oesophagus mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of gullet OBOL:automatic esophagus mesentery 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000415 http://bgee.unil.ch/ mesentery of midgut A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001202 EHDAA:3031 EMAPA:16721 EMAPA:17039 EMAPA:17045 EMAPA:17197 UBERON:0003284 VHOG:0000413 midgut mesentery uberon A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000413 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic midgut mesentery obsolete limb of embryo UBERON:0002101 UBERON:0003285 true uberon foregut region of duodenum EHDAA2:0000560 EHDAA:3830 EMAPA:17178 UBERON:0003286 foregut duodenum uberon OBOL:automatic foregut duodenum midgut region of duodenum EHDAA2:0001189 EHDAA:3937 EMAPA:17193 UBERON:0003287 midgut duodenum uberon OBOL:automatic midgut duodenum meninx of midbrain A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001174 EHDAA:3708 EMAPA:17791 Editor notes: consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001058 Meninges that are part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001109 UBERON:0003288 VHOG:0000012 meninges of midbrain mesencephalon meninges midbrain meninges midbrain meninx uberon VHOG:0000012 mesencephalon meninges OBOL:automatic meninges of midbrain 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000012 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Meninges that are part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000012 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain meninx OBOL:automatic midbrain meninges meninx of telencephalon A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001990 EHDAA:5476 EMAPA:17774 Editor notes: consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000979 Meninges that are part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003289 VHOG:0000010 meninges of telencephalon telencephalon meninges telencephalon meninx uberon OBOL:automatic telencephalon meninges A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Meninges that are part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000010 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000010 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic telencephalon meninx OBOL:automatic meninges of telencephalon meninx of diencephalon A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000399 EHDAA:5458 EMAPA:17764 Editor notes: consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000826 Meninges that are part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003290 VHOG:0000009 between brain meninges between brain meninx diencephalon meninges diencephalon meninx interbrain meninges interbrain meninx mature diencephalon meninges mature diencephalon meninx meninges of between brain meninges of diencephalon meninges of interbrain meninges of mature diencephalon meninx of between brain meninx of interbrain meninx of mature diencephalon uberon OBOL:automatic interbrain meninx 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000009 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic meninx of between brain OBOL:automatic between brain meninx OBOL:automatic meninges of interbrain OBOL:automatic meninges of diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon meninges OBOL:automatic between brain meninges OBOL:automatic meninges of between brain OBOL:automatic diencephalon meninges OBOL:automatic meninx of interbrain OBOL:automatic diencephalon meninx OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon meninx 2012-09-17 Meninges that are part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000009 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic meninx of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain meninges OBOL:automatic meninges of mature diencephalon meninx of hindbrain A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000770 EHDAA:3688 EMAPA:17783 Editor notes: consider changing genus to subdivision of meninx In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000987 Meninges that are part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003291 VHOG:0000011 hindbrain meninges hindbrain meninx meninges of hindbrain rhomencephalon meninges uberon A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Meninges that are part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000011 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic hindbrain meninx OBOL:automatic meninges of hindbrain 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000011 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic hindbrain meninges VHOG:0000011 rhomencephalon meninges definitional meninx of spinal cord A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001895 EHDAA:2865 EMAPA:17804 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001130 Meninges that are part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] SCTID:181097002 UBERON:0003292 UMLS:C0037938 VHOG:0000443 menines of spinal cord meninges of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Spinal_Meninges spinal cord meninges spinal cord meninx spinal meninges spinal meninx uberon menines of spinal cord 2012-09-17 Meninges that are part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000443 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic meninges of spinal cord 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000443 http://bgee.unil.ch/ spinal meninges OBOL:automatic spinal cord meninges OBOL:automatic spinal cord meninx A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gland of foregut A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000567 EHDAA:950 EMAPA:16557 UBERON:0003294 VHOG:0000650 foregut gland uberon OBOL:automatic foregut gland A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pharyngeal gland BTO:0004849 EHDAA2:0001461 EHDAA:2967 FMA:55075 Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. UBERON:0003295 glandulae pharyngeae pharynx gland uberon EHDAA2:0001461 pharynx gland BTO Biology-Online_Dictionary:http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. BTO:0004849 glandulae pharyngeae gland of diencephalon A gland that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000395 EHDAA:4475 EMAPA:16646 EMAPA:16897 UBERON:0003296 VHOG:0000653 between brain gland diencephalon gland gland of between brain gland of interbrain gland of mature diencephalon interbrain gland mature diencephalon gland uberon OBOL:automatic between brain gland OBOL:automatic gland of interbrain A gland that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic diencephalon gland OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon gland OBOL:automatic gland of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain gland OBOL:automatic gland of between brain gland of integumental system A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000837 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:17758 MA:0000144 UBERON:0003297 VHOG:0000654 integumental system gland uberon OBOL:automatic integumental system gland A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic roof plate of neural tube A roof plate that is part of a neural tube [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001270 EHDAA:2891 EHDAA:916 EMAPA:16168 EMAPA:16535 TAO:0001436 UBERON:0003298 VHOG:0000303 ZFA:0001436 neural tube roof plate neural tube roofplate roof plate neural tube roof plate neural tube region roofplate of neural tube uberon OBOL:automatic roofplate of neural tube OBOL:automatic neural tube roof plate ZFA:0001436 roof plate neural tube region A roof plate that is part of a neural tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neural tube roofplate VHOG:0000303 roof plate neural tube roof plate of midbrain A roof plate that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001177 EHDAA:3712 EMAPA:16981 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001111 Roof plate that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] TAO:0000355 UBERON:0003299 VHOG:0000772 ZFA:0000355 midbrain roof plate midbrain roofplate roof plate mesencephalon roof plate midbrain roof plate midbrain region roofplate midbrain roofplate of midbrain uberon OBOL:automatic roofplate of midbrain ZFA:0000355 roof plate midbrain region VHOG:0000772 roofplate midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain roofplate OBOL:automatic midbrain roof plate VHOG:0000772 roof plate mesencephalon 2012-09-17 Roof plate that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000772 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000772 roof plate midbrain A roof plate that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic roof plate of telencephalon A roof plate that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001994 EHDAA:3512 EMAPA:16657 Roof plate that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003300 VHOG:0000774 roof plate telencephalon roofplate medulla telencephalon roofplate of telencephalon telencephalon roof plate telencephalon roofplate uberon A roof plate that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic telencephalon roof plate 2012-09-17 Roof plate that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000774 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic telencephalon roofplate VHOG:0000774 roof plate telencephalon OBOL:automatic roofplate of telencephalon VHOG:0000774 roofplate medulla telencephalon roof plate of diencephalon A roof plate that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000402 EHDAA:1979 EHDAA:2657 EHDAA:3494 EMAPA:16651 EMAPA:16909 Roof plate that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] TAO:0001358 UBERON:0003301 VHOG:0000771 ZFA:0001358 between brain roof plate between brain roofplate diencephalon roof plate diencephalon roofplate interbrain roof plate interbrain roofplate mature diencephalon roof plate mature diencephalon roofplate roof plate diencephalic region roof plate diencephalon roof plate of between brain roof plate of interbrain roof plate of mature diencephalon roofplate medulla diencephalon roofplate of between brain roofplate of diencephalon roofplate of interbrain roofplate of mature diencephalon uberon OBOL:automatic interbrain roof plate OBOL:automatic roofplate of between brain OBOL:automatic roofplate of diencephalon A roof plate that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Roof plate that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000771 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic roof plate of between brain OBOL:automatic diencephalon roof plate ZFA:0001358 roof plate diencephalic region OBOL:automatic roofplate of interbrain OBOL:automatic interbrain roofplate OBOL:automatic roofplate of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic roof plate of interbrain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon roof plate OBOL:automatic between brain roofplate OBOL:automatic diencephalon roofplate VHOG:0000771 roof plate diencephalon OBOL:automatic roof plate of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon roofplate OBOL:automatic between brain roof plate VHOG:0000771 roofplate medulla diencephalon roof plate of metencephalon A roof plate that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001160 EHDAA:5524 EMAPA:17098 EMAPA:17105 Roof plate that is part of the metencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003302 VHOG:0000770 epencephalon-2 roof plate epencephalon-2 roofplate metencephalon roof plate metencephalon roofplate roof plate metencephalon roof plate of epencephalon-2 roofplate medulla metencephalon roofplate of epencephalon-2 roofplate of metencephalon uberon 2012-09-17 Roof plate that is part of the metencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000770 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic roof plate of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 roof plate OBOL:automatic metencephalon roofplate OBOL:automatic metencephalon roof plate OBOL:automatic roofplate of epencephalon-2 OBOL:automatic roofplate of metencephalon A roof plate that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 roofplate VHOG:0000770 roofplate medulla metencephalon VHOG:0000770 roof plate metencephalon roof plate of medulla oblongata A roof plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001099 EHDAA:7614 Roof plate that is part of the medulla oblongata. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003303 VHOG:0000776 bulb roof plate bulb roofplate medulla oblongata roof plate medulla oblongata roofplate medulla oblonmgata roof plate medulla oblonmgata roofplate metepencephalon roof plate metepencephalon roofplate roof plate medulla oblongata roof plate of bulb roof plate of medulla oblonmgata roof plate of metepencephalon roofplate medulla oblongata roofplate of bulb roofplate of medulla oblongata roofplate of medulla oblonmgata roofplate of metepencephalon uberon OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata roofplate VHOG:0000776 roof plate medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata roofplate OBOL:automatic metepencephalon roof plate OBOL:automatic metepencephalon roofplate OBOL:automatic roofplate of bulb OBOL:automatic roofplate of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic roofplate of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata roof plate OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata roof plate OBOL:automatic roofplate of medulla oblonmgata A roof plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000776 roofplate medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic roof plate of bulb OBOL:automatic roof plate of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic bulb roof plate OBOL:automatic roof plate of metepencephalon 2012-09-17 Roof plate that is part of the medulla oblongata. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000776 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic bulb roofplate mesoderm blood island A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. EHDAA2:0003241 EHDAA:170 EMAPA:16115 EMAPA:16268 UBERON:0003304 UBERON:0003305 in EHDAA2, gives rise to blood and dorsal aorta mesenchyme blood island mesoderm blood islands uberon EHDAA2 A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic mesenchyme blood island EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0003241 mesoderm blood islands floor plate of neural tube A floor plate that is part of a neural tube [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0003688 EHDAA2:0001256 EHDAA:2871 EHDAA:910 EMAPA:16165 EMAPA:16531 In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] Note that although 'floor plate' is classically defined as being located on the neural tube, in many AOs the floor plate continues post-embryonically after the neural tube has ceased to exist. We introduce this class for the neural tube specific structure TAO:0001434 UBERON:0003306 VHOG:0000300 ZFA:0001434 floor plate neural tube floorplate neural tube floorplate of neural tube neural tube floor plate neural tube floorplate uberon VHOG:0000300 floorplate neural tube OBOL:automatic neural tube floorplate ZFA:0001434 floor plate neural tube OBOL:automatic floorplate of neural tube A floor plate that is part of a neural tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic neural tube floor plate 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000300 http://bgee.unil.ch/ floor plate of midbrain A floor plate that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0003567 EHDAA2:0001164 EHDAA:3698 EMAPA:16975 Floor plate that is part of the midbrain.[TAO] In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001106 TAO:0002196 UBERON:0003307 VHOG:0000780 ZFA:0001677 floor plate mesencephalon floor plate midbrain floor plate midbrain region floorplate midbrain floorplate of midbrain midbrain floor plate midbrain floorplate relationship type change: subclass multi-tissue structure (CARO:0000055) CHANGED TO: develops_from multi-tissue structure (UBERON:0000481)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass multi-tissue structure (CARO:0000055) CHANGED TO: part_of multi-tissue structure (UBERON:0000481)[TAO] uberon ZFA:0001677 floor plate midbrain region VHOG:0000780 floor plate midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain floor plate VHOG:0000780 floor plate mesencephalon 2012-08-14 Floor plate that is part of the midbrain.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002196 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002196 relationship type change: subclass multi-tissue structure (CARO:0000055) CHANGED TO: develops_from multi-tissue structure (UBERON:0000481)[TAO] A floor plate that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000780 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic midbrain floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of midbrain 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002196 relationship type change: subclass multi-tissue structure (CARO:0000055) CHANGED TO: part_of multi-tissue structure (UBERON:0000481)[TAO] VHOG:0000780 floorplate midbrain floor plate of telencephalon A floor plate that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001983 EHDAA:3498 EMAPA:16655 In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0000914 UBERON:0003308 VHOG:0000783 ZFA:0000914 floor plate telencephalic region floor plate telencephalon floorplate of telencephalon floorplate telencephalon telencephalon floor plate telencephalon floorplate uberon OBOL:automatic floorplate of telencephalon ZFA:0000914 floor plate telencephalic region 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000783 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000783 floor plate telencephalon A floor plate that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000914 floorplate telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic telencephalon floor plate floor plate of diencephalon A floor plate that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000388 EHDAA:1975 EHDAA:2651 EHDAA:3480 EMAPA:16645 EMAPA:16903 In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0000871 UBERON:0003309 VHOG:0000782 ZFA:0000871 between brain floor plate between brain floorplate diencephalon floor plate diencephalon floorplate floor plate diencephalic region floor plate diencephalon floor plate of between brain floor plate of interbrain floor plate of mature diencephalon floorplate diencephalon floorplate of between brain floorplate of diencephalon floorplate of interbrain floorplate of mature diencephalon interbrain floor plate interbrain floorplate mature diencephalon floor plate mature diencephalon floorplate uberon OBOL:automatic floorplate of between brain OBOL:automatic floor plate of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic between brain floor plate OBOL:automatic floor plate of between brain OBOL:automatic interbrain floor plate A floor plate that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000871 floor plate diencephalic region ZFA:0000871 floorplate diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of mature diencephalon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000782 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic diencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic interbrain floorplate OBOL:automatic between brain floorplate OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon floor plate VHOG:0000782 floor plate diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon floor plate OBOL:automatic floorplate of interbrain OBOL:automatic floor plate of interbrain OBOL:automatic floorplate of diencephalon floor plate of metencephalon A floor plate that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001158 EHDAA:5500 EMAPA:17093 EMAPA:17100 EMAPA:17258 In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003310 VHOG:0000784 epencephalon-2 floor plate epencephalon-2 floorplate floor plate metencephalon floor plate of epencephalon-2 floorplate metencephalon floorplate of epencephalon-2 floorplate of metencephalon metencephalon floor plate metencephalon floorplate uberon OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of metencephalon OBOL:automatic metencephalon floor plate OBOL:automatic epencephalon-2 floor plate OBOL:automatic metencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic floor plate of epencephalon-2 VHOG:0000784 floorplate metencephalon A floor plate that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000784 floor plate metencephalon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000784 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic floorplate of epencephalon-2 floor plate of medulla oblongata A floor plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001097 EHDAA:7590 EMAPA:17551 In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0003311 VHOG:0000786 bulb floor plate bulb floorplate floor plate medulla oblongata floor plate of bulb floor plate of medulla oblonmgata floor plate of metepencephalon floorplate medulla oblongata floorplate of bulb floorplate of medulla oblongata floorplate of medulla oblonmgata floorplate of metepencephalon medulla oblongata floor plate medulla oblongata floorplate medulla oblonmgata floor plate medulla oblonmgata floorplate metepencephalon floor plate metepencephalon floorplate uberon OBOL:automatic bulb floorplate OBOL:automatic floor plate of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic floorplate of bulb OBOL:automatic floorplate of medulla oblonmgata OBOL:automatic metepencephalon floor plate OBOL:automatic floor plate of metepencephalon A floor plate that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata floorplate VHOG:0000786 floor plate medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata floorplate OBOL:automatic floorplate of medulla oblongata OBOL:automatic floor plate of bulb OBOL:automatic floorplate of metepencephalon OBOL:automatic medulla oblongata floor plate OBOL:automatic medulla oblonmgata floor plate VHOG:0000786 floorplate medulla oblongata 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000786 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic metepencephalon floorplate OBOL:automatic bulb floor plate mesenchyme of testis EHDAA2:0002010 EHDAA:8150 Mesenchyme that is part of a testis [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003312 VHOG:0001442 testis mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic testis mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a testis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic eye mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000485 EHDAA:2910 EMAPA:16324 EMAPA:16673 EMAPA:17833 EMAPA:17836 Mesenchyme that is part of a camera-type eye. UBERON:0003314 VHOG:0001084 mesenchyme of eye todo - change mesenchyme relationships to precursor_of uberon EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of eye Mesenchyme that is part of a camera-type eye. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ovary EHDAA2:0001362 EHDAA:8128 Mesenchyme that is part of a ovary [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003315 VHOG:0001441 female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system ovary mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a ovary [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic ovary mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme mesenchyme of yolk sac EHDAA2:0002216 EHDAA:205 EMAPA:16267 Mesenchyme that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003316 VHOG:0000503 uberon yolk sac mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic yolk sac mesenchyme odontogenic papilla of incisor An odontogenic papilla that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003317 incisor dental papilla incisor mesenchyme incisor odontogenic papilla incisor tooth odontogenic papilla odontogenic papilla of incisor tooth uberon EHDAA2-abduced OBOL:automatic incisor odontogenic papilla An odontogenic papilla that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm incisor mesenchyme UBERON:cjm incisor dental papilla OBOL:automatic incisor tooth odontogenic papilla OBOL:automatic odontogenic papilla of incisor tooth mesenchyme of elbow EHDAA2:0000432 EHDAA:4170 EHDAA:6216 EMAPA:17416 Mesenchyme that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003318 VHOG:0001075 cubital region mesenchyme elbow mesenchyme mesenchyme of cubital region uberon OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of cubital region Mesenchyme that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic elbow mesenchyme OBOL:automatic cubital region mesenchyme mesenchyme of carpal region EHDAA2:0000220 EHDAA:5200 EMAPA:18485 Mesenchyme of the carpal region that conributes to the carpal skeleton. UBERON:0003319 carpal region mesenchyme carpus mesenchyme mesenchyme of wrist uberon wrist mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of wrist OBOL:automatic carpus mesenchyme OBOL:automatic carpal region mesenchyme Mesenchyme of the carpal region that conributes to the carpal skeleton. UBERON:cjm OBOL:automatic wrist mesenchyme mesenchyme of hip EHDAA2:0000786 EHDAA:5157 EHDAA:6182 EMAPA:17492 Mesenchyme that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003320 VHOG:0001029 hip mesenchyme hip region mesenchyme mesenchyme of hip region mesenchyme of regio coxae regio coxae mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of regio coxae OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hip region OBOL:automatic hip mesenchyme OBOL:automatic regio coxae mesenchyme OBOL:automatic hip region mesenchyme mesenchyme of knee EHDAA2:0000898 EHDAA:5163 EHDAA:6188 EMAPA:17495 Mesenchyme that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003321 VHOG:0001070 knee mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic knee mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of shoulder EHDAA2:0001837 EHDAA:4184 EHDAA:6232 EMAPA:17423 Mesenchyme that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003322 VHOG:0001035 shoulder mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic shoulder mesenchyme mesenchyme of upper jaw EHDAA2:0002124 EHDAA:8031 EMAPA:17929 Mesenchyme that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003323 VHOG:0001099 mesenchyme of palatoquadrate arch palatoquadrate arch mesenchyme uberon upper jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of palatoquadrate arch Mesenchyme that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic upper jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch mesenchyme EHDAA2 mesenchyme of lower jaw EHDAA2:0001024 EHDAA:8003 EMAPA:17916 Mesenchyme that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003324 VHOG:0001069 lower jaw mesenchyme mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch uberon ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch Mesenchyme that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower jaw mesenchyme mesenchyme of pinna EHDAA2:0001469 EHDAA:8981 EMAPA:17591 Mesenchyme that is part of a pinna [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003325 VHOG:0000747 auricle mesenchyme auricle of ear mesenchyme auricle of external ear mesenchyme auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme auricula mesenchyme mesenchyme of auricle mesenchyme of auricle of ear mesenchyme of auricle of external ear mesenchyme of auricula mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme of pinna of ear pinna mesenchyme pinna of ear mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle of external ear OBOL:automatic auricle mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricle of external ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic pinna of ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic auricula mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle Mesenchyme that is part of a pinna [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) OBOL:automatic auricle of ear mesenchyme OBOL:automatic pinna mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricle of ear OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of auricula OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of pinna of ear mesenchyme of mammary gland EHDAA2:0001058 EHDAA:6528 EMAPA:17761 Mesenchyme that is part of a mammary gland. UBERON:0003326 VHOG:0001087 lactiferous gland mesenchyme lobe of breast mesenchyme lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme mammary gland mesenchyme mammary mesenchyme mesenchyme of lactiferous gland mesenchyme of lobe of breast mesenchyme of lobe of mammary gland uberon OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic mammary gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a mammary gland. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of forearm EHDAA2:0000555 EHDAA:4176 EHDAA:6222 EMAPA:17419 Mesenchyme that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003327 VHOG:0000504 antebrachial region mesenchyme arm middle limb segment mesenchyme arm zeugopod mesenchyme brachial region middle limb segment mesenchyme brachial region zeugopod mesenchyme intermediate segment of free upper limb mesenchyme lower arm mesenchyme lower segment of arm mesenchyme mesenchyme of antebrachial region mesenchyme of arm middle limb segment mesenchyme of arm zeugopod mesenchyme of brachial region middle limb segment mesenchyme of brachial region zeugopod mesenchyme of intermediate segment of free upper limb mesenchyme of lower arm mesenchyme of lower segment of arm mesenchyme of middle limb segment of arm mesenchyme of middle limb segment of brachial region mesenchyme of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod mesenchyme of zeugopod of arm mesenchyme of zeugopod of brachial region mesenchyme of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment of arm mesenchyme middle limb segment of brachial region mesenchyme middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment mesenchyme proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod mesenchyme uberon zeugopod of arm mesenchyme zeugopod of brachial region mesenchyme zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod mesenchyme OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb EMAPA OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic antebrachial region mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic lower arm mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower arm OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb mesenchyme mesenchyme of footplate EHDAA2:0000549 EHDAA:5149 EHDAA:6172 EMAPA:17252 Mesenchyme that is part of a footplate. UBERON:0003328 UBERON:0005260 VHOG_RETIRED:0001055 foot plate mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 submucosa of anal canal A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27217 EMAPA:27227 EMAPA:27535 FMA:85399 SCTID:7892006 UBERON:0003329 anal canal submucosa anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa anal region submucosa anatomical anal canal submucosa submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa of anal region submucosa of anatomical anal canal uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic anal region submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa submucosa of rectum BTO:0002114 EMAPA:27083 EMAPA:27323 FMA:15034 SCTID:71683001 The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. UBERON:0003330 rectal submucosa rectum submucosa tela submucosa recti uberon BTO:0002114 tela submucosa recti BTO:0002114 The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. FMA:15034 rectal submucosa OBOL:automatic rectum submucosa submucosa of colon A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27379 FMA:14985 SCTID:61647009 UBERON:0003331 colon submucosa colonic submucosa large bowel submucosa submucosa of large bowel uberon FMA:14985 colonic submucosa OBOL:automatic colon submucosa A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic large bowel submucosa submucosa of duodenum A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27027 EMAPA:27097 EMAPA:27239 FMA:14943 SCTID:76519004 UBERON:0003332 doudenal submucosa duodenal submucosa duodenum submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic duodenum submucosa FMA:14943 duodenal submucosa FMA:14943 doudenal submucosa submucosa of jejunum A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27111 EMAPA:27351 FMA:14950 SCTID:70192009 UBERON:0003333 jejunal submucosa jejunum submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14950 jejunal submucosa OBOL:automatic jejunum submucosa serosa of rectum A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27087 EMAPA:27331 FMA:15039 UBERON:0003334 rectal serosa rectum serosa rectum serous membrane serous membrane of rectum uberon visceral peritoneum of rectum A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic rectum serosa FMA:15039 visceral peritoneum of rectum OBOL:automatic rectum serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of rectum FMA:15039 rectal serosa serosa of colon A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27387 FMA:14990 SCTID:90132000 UBERON:0003335 colon serosa colon serous membrane colonic serosa large bowel serosa large bowel serous membrane serosa of large bowel serous membrane of colon serous membrane of large bowel uberon visceral peritoneum of colon OBOL:automatic colon serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic colon serous membrane OBOL:automatic large bowel serosa OBOL:automatic large bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of colon A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14990 colonic serosa FMA:14990 visceral peritoneum of colon serosa of duodenum A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27247 FMA:14948 Histology notes: 1st part serosa, 2nd - 4th adventitia SCTID:1236009 UBERON:0003336 doudenal serosa duodenal serosa duodenum serosa duodenum serous membrane serous membrane of duodenum uberon visceral peritoneum of duodenum FMA:14948 duodenal serosa OBOL:automatic duodenum serous membrane OBOL:automatic duodenum serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of duodenum FMA:14948 doudenal serosa FMA:14948 visceral peritoneum of duodenum A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic serosa of jejunum A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27115 EMAPA:27359 FMA:14955 UBERON:0003337 jejunal serosa jejunum serosa jejunum serous membrane serous membrane of jejunum uberon visceral peritoneum of jejunum FMA:14955 jejunal serosa OBOL:automatic jejunum serosa OBOL:automatic serous membrane of jejunum A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic jejunum serous membrane FMA:14955 visceral peritoneum of jejunum ganglion of peripheral nervous system A ganglion that is part of a peripheral nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001123 EMAPA:18371 MA:0001161 UBERON:0003338 We follow MA in including separate classes for ganglion and peripheral nervous system, even though for vertebrates gangia are always in the PNS peripheral nervous system ganglion uberon A ganglion that is part of a peripheral nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic peripheral nervous system ganglion ganglion of central nervous system A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000227 EMAPA:16658 FMA:83843 UBERON:0003339 central nervous system ganglion ganglion of neuraxis neuraxis ganglion this has no subclasses in FMA. In EHDAA2 it has only the cranial ganglia uberon A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ganglion of neuraxis OBOL:automatic central nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic neuraxis ganglion obsolete urethra of urogenital sinus UBERON:0003340 true uberon obsolete urethra of urinary system UBERON:0003341 true uberon mucosa of anal canal A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27531 FMA:74654 SCTID:362170004 UBERON:0003342 UMLS:C0227414 anal canal mucosa anal canal mucosa of organ anal canal mucous membrane anal canal organ mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa anal mucosa anal mucous membrane anal region mucosa anal region mucosa of organ anal region mucous membrane anal region organ mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ anatomical anal canal mucous membrane anatomical anal canal organ mucosa mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of anal region mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ of anal region mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane of anal region mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal ncithesaurus:Anal_Mucosa organ mucosa of anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa of anal region organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal region OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anal region mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal region FMA:74654 anal mucosa OBOL:automatic anal region mucous membrane FMA:74654 anal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral region A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:26937 SCTID:362083000 UBERON:0003343 mucosa of oral opening mucosa of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral opening mucosa of organ of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral region mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth mucosa of subdivision of mouth mucous membrane of oral opening mucous membrane of oral part of face mucous membrane of oral region mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth oral opening mucosa oral opening mucosa of organ oral opening mucous membrane oral opening organ mucosa oral part of face mucosa oral part of face mucosa of organ oral part of face mucous membrane oral part of face organ mucosa oral region mucosa oral region mucosa of organ oral region mucous membrane oral region organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral opening organ mucosa of oral part of face organ mucosa of oral region organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth subdivision of mouth mucosa subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ subdivision of mouth mucous membrane subdivision of mouth organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral opening OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral region OBOL:automatic oral region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa OBOL:automatic oral region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral region OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of face organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral part of face OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral region OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral opening mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral opening organ mucosa OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral part of face A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth mucosa of rectum A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27081 EMAPA:27319 FMA:15033 SCTID:362167003 UBERON:0003346 mucosa of organ of rectum mucous membrane of rectum organ mucosa of rectum rectal mucosa rectal mucous membrane rectum mucosa rectum mucosa of organ rectum mucous membrane rectum organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic rectum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic rectum organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic rectum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of rectum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of rectum FMA:15033 rectal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of rectum OBOL:automatic rectum mucosa of organ FMA:15033 rectal mucosa epithelium of mucosa A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. BTO:0003752 EMAPA:18668 EMAPA:18835 EMAPA:18857 EMAPA:18862 EMAPA:18868 EMAPA:18893 EMAPA:18899 EMAPA:18912 EMAPA:18917 EMAPA:18927 EMAPA:18934 EMAPA:18941 EMAPA:19078 EMAPA:26961 EMAPA:26985 EMAPA:27019 EMAPA:27033 EMAPA:27047 EMAPA:27061 EMAPA:27075 EMAPA:27089 EMAPA:27103 EMAPA:27131 EMAPA:27145 EMAPA:27159 EMAPA:27175 EMAPA:27191 EMAPA:27207 EMAPA:27219 EMAPA:27229 EMAPA:27307 UBERON:0003350 lamina epithelialis mucosa lamina epithelialis mucosae uberon BTO:0003752 lamina epithelialis mucosa BTO:0003752 lamina epithelialis mucosae A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. BTO:0003752 pharyngeal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16551 EMAPA:16708 Epithelium lining the pharynx consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium with a short segment (1mm) of stratified squamous epithelium on the ventral side. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] MA:0002725 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001460 TAO:0001174 UBERON:0003351 XAO:0003202 ZFA:0001174 epithelial tissue of pharynx epithelium of pharynx pharynx epithelial tissue pharynx epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelial tissue 2012-08-14 Epithelium lining the pharynx consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium with a short segment (1mm) of stratified squamous epithelium on the ventral side. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001174 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic epithelium of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of pharynx ZFA ZFA epithelium of midgut An epithelium that is part of a midgut. BTO:0005053 EHDAA2:0001195 EMAPA:16569 UBERON:0003352 epithelial tissue of midgut midgut epithelial tissue midgut epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic BTO:0005053 midgut epithelium OBOL:automatic midgut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of midgut BTO OBOL:automatic midgut epithelium epithelium of hindgut An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000782 EMAPA:16717 UBERON:0003353 epithelial tissue of hindgut hindgut epithelial tissue hindgut epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hindgut An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelial tissue epithelium of rectum An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001594 EMAPA:17898 FMA:17510 UBERON:0003354 VHOG:0001037 WBbt:0005800 epithelial tissue of rectum rectal epithelium rectum epithelial tissue rectum epithelium uberon FMA:17510 rectal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic rectum epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic rectum epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of rectum epithelium of incisor An epithelium that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17919 EMAPA:17940 UBERON:0003355 epithelial tissue of incisor epithelial tissue of incisor tooth epithelium of incisor tooth incisor epithelial tissue incisor epithelium incisor tooth epithelial tissue incisor tooth epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic incisor epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic incisor tooth epithelium OBOL:automatic incisor epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of incisor An epithelium that is part of a incisor tooth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic incisor tooth epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of incisor tooth OBOL:automatic epithelium of incisor tooth epithelium of nasal septum An epithelium that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18442 UBERON:0003356 epithelial tissue of nasal septum nasal septum epithelial tissue nasal septum epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nasal septum OBOL:automatic nasal septum epithelium OBOL:automatic nasal septum epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of tongue An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000992 EHDAA2:0004598 EMAPA:17881 EMAPA:18872 MA:0001592 UBERON:0003357 UMLS:C1710436 epithelial tissue of tongue examples: tongue squamous epithelium, keratined, non-keratinized and parakeratinized epithelium, as well as gustatory epithelium. Note that not all these subtypes are named in individual anatomy ontologies. lingual epithelium ncithesaurus:Tongue_Epithelium tongue epithelial tissue tongue epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic tongue epithelium BTO:0000992 lingual epithelium An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of soft palate An epithelium that is part of a soft palate [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18950 UBERON:0003358 epithelial tissue of soft palate soft palate epithelial tissue soft palate epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic soft palate epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic soft palate epithelium An epithelium that is part of a soft palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of soft palate epithelium of submandibular gland An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004557 EMAPA:18813 UBERON:0003359 VHOG:0000989 epithelial tissue of submandibular gland submandibular gland duct epithelium submandibular gland epithelial tissue submandibular gland epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic submandibular gland epithelium OBOL:automatic submandibular gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of submandibular gland An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0004557 submandibular gland duct epithelium epithelium of parotid gland An epithelium that is part of a parotid gland [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004555 EMAPA:18538 UBERON:0003360 VHOG:0001434 epithelial tissue of parotid gland epithelium of parotid epithelium of parotid gland parotid epithelial tissue parotid epithelium parotid gland duct epithelium parotid gland epithelial tissue parotid gland epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic parotid gland epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of parotid gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of parotid OBOL:automatic parotid gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic parotid epithelial tissue BTO:0004555 parotid gland duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of parotid gland OBOL:automatic parotid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a parotid gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelium of sublingual gland An epithelium that is part of a sublingual gland [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004559 EMAPA:18810 Rivinus'gland epithelial tissue Rivinus'gland epithelium UBERON:0003361 VHOG:0001098 ductus sublingualis epithelial tissue ductus sublingualis epithelium epithelial tissue of Rivinus'gland epithelial tissue of ductus sublingualis epithelial tissue of sublingual gland epithelium of Rivinus'gland epithelium of ductus sublingualis sublingual gland duct epithelium sublingual gland epithelial tissue sublingual gland epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic ductus sublingualis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of ductus sublingualis An epithelium that is part of a sublingual gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sublingual gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic Rivinus'gland epithelial tissue BTO:0004559 sublingual gland duct epithelium OBOL:automatic Rivinus'gland epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of Rivinus'gland OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of Rivinus'gland OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of sublingual gland OBOL:automatic sublingual gland epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ductus sublingualis OBOL:automatic ductus sublingualis epithelium epithelium of endolymphatic duct An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18582 UBERON:0003362 endolymphatic duct epithelial tissue endolymphatic duct epithelium epithelial tissue of endolymphatic duct uberon An epithelium that is part of a endolymphatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endolymphatic duct epithelium OBOL:automatic endolymphatic duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endolymphatic duct epithelium of ductus reuniens An epithelium that is part of a ductus reuniens [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17289 UBERON:0003363 ductus reuniens epithelial tissue ductus reuniens epithelium epithelial tissue of ductus reuniens uberon OBOL:automatic ductus reuniens epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ductus reuniens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ductus reuniens OBOL:automatic ductus reuniens epithelial tissue epithelium of right lung An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17663 UBERON:0003364 epithelial tissue of right lung right lung epithelial tissue right lung epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right lung epithelium epithelium of left lung An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17655 UBERON:0003365 epithelial tissue of left lung left lung epithelial tissue left lung epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic left lung epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung epithelium epithelium of uterine horn An epithelium that is part of a uterine horn [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29030 UBERON:0003366 epithelial tissue of uterine horn uberon uterine horn epithelial tissue uterine horn epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterine horn [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic uterine horn epithelium OBOL:automatic uterine horn epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of uterine horn epithelium of vomeronasal organ An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004102 EMAPA:18444 Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue Jacobson's organ epithelium MA:0001328 UBERON:0003367 epithelial tissue of Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue of vomeronasal organ epithelium of Jacobson's organ uberon vomeronasal epithelium vomeronasal organ epithelial tissue vomeronasal organ epithelium vomeronasal organ sensory epithelium EHDAA2:0004102 vomeronasal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of Jacobson's organ Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic Jacobson's organ epithelium OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 MA:0001328 vomeronasal organ sensory epithelium OBOL:automatic vomeronasal organ epithelial tissue EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vomeronasal organ OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of Jacobson's organ OBOL:automatic vomeronasal organ epithelium epithelium of hard palate An epithelium that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18953 UBERON:0003368 epithelial tissue of hard palate hard palate epithelial tissue hard palate epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic hard palate epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hard palate epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hard palate An epithelium that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fossa ovalis of heart FMA:9246 Found in the right atrium of the heart, the fossa ovalis is an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovale, which normally closes shortly after birth. In a heart specimen of a neonate, the fossa ovalis is translucent, but later in life the membrane thickens. SCTID:277719009 UBERON:0003369 fossa ovalis oval fossa uberon FMA Wikipedia Found in the right atrium of the heart, the fossa ovalis is an embryonic remnant of the foramen ovale, which normally closes shortly after birth. In a heart specimen of a neonate, the fossa ovalis is translucent, but later in life the membrane thickens. Wikipedia:Fossa_ovalis_(heart) FMA:9246 oval fossa FMA:9246 fossa ovalis pelvic appendage bud ectoderm An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. EHDAA2:0001034 EMAPA:17254 UBERON:0003371 UBERON:0005232 VHOG:0001048 hindlimb bud ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm leg ectoderm lower limb bud ectoderm pelvic fin bud ectoderm uberon VHOG:0001048 hindlimb ectoderm An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001034 lower limb bud ectoderm hindlimb bud ectoderm pelvic fin bud ectoderm OBOL:automatic leg ectoderm VHOG:0001048 hindlimb ectoderm pectoral appendage bud ectoderm An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud. EHDAA2:0002134 EMAPA:17243 UBERON:0003372 UBERON:0005231 UBERON:0005663 VHOG:0001047 arm ectoderm forelimb bud ectoderm forelimb ectoderm pectoral fin bud ectoderm uberon upper limb bud ectoderm wing ectoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic arm ectoderm EHDAA2:0002134 upper limb bud ectoderm VHOG:0001047 forelimb ectoderm An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud. OBOL:automatic forelimb bud ectoderm Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 wing ectoderm pectoral fin bud ectoderm ectoderm of footplate An ectoderm that is part of a footplate. EMAPA:17250 UBERON:0003373 uberon An ectoderm that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic chorionic ectoderm BTO:0005145 EMAPA:16113 UBERON:0003374 chorion ectoderm chorion epithelium chorionic epithelium uberon ISBN10:0073040584 OBOL:automatic chorion ectoderm BTO:0005145 chorionic epithelium cardiac muscle of auricular region A cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a atrium auricular region. FMA:84279 UBERON:0003378 auricular region heart muscle cardiac muscle tissue of auricle uberon FMA:84279 cardiac muscle tissue of auricle A cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a atrium auricular region. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of right atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004155 EMAPA:17326 FMA:7282 SCTID:362018002 UBERON:0003379 VHOG:0001227 cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle of heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart myocardium of right atrium right atrium heart muscle right atrium myocardium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium uberon OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart VHOG:0001227 right atrium myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium EHDAA2:0004155 right atrium heart muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium cardiac muscle of left atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004154 EMAPA:17320 FMA:7285 SCTID:189936008 UBERON:0003380 VHOG:0001225 cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle of heart left atrium cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart left atrium heart muscle left atrium myocardium myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium uberon OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle VHOG:0001225 left atrium myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue EHDAA2:0004154 left atrium heart muscle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium cardiac muscle of right ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17342 FMA:83452 UBERON:0003381 VHOG:0001236 cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle right ventricle cardiac muscle right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue uberon A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:83452 cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle VHOG:0001236 right ventricle cardiac muscle GO:0003221 right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle of left ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17339 FMA:83453 UBERON:0003382 VHOG:0001234 cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle left ventricle cardiac muscle left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue uberon A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:83453 cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle GO:0003220 left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue VHOG:0001234 left ventricle cardiac muscle cardiac muscle of interventricular septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004158 EMAPA:17335 FMA:84084 UBERON:0003383 VHOG:0000999 cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum interventricular septum cardiac muscle interventricular septum heart muscle interventricular septum myocardium uberon VHOG:0000999 interventricular septum cardiac muscle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:84084 cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum EHDAA2:0004158 interventricular septum heart muscle VHOG:0000999 interventricular septum myocardium skeletal muscle of pharynx A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18963 UBERON:0003384 pharynx skeletal muscle pharynx skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx uberon OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle skeletal muscle of mesenchyme A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mesenchyme [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19066 EMAPA:19071 UBERON:0003385 mesenchyme skeletal muscle mesenchyme skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic mesenchyme skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mesenchyme [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of mesenchyme smooth muscle of eye A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18807 MA:0001268 UBERON:0003386 ocular smooth muscle uberon MA:0001268 ocular smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trachea A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001391 EMAPA:19192 FMA:262010 MA:0001863 UBERON:0003387 UBERON:0004244 UMLS:C1710458 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue trachea smooth muscle tracheal smooth muscle uberon MA:0001863 trachea smooth muscle BTO:0001391 tracheal smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesothelium of pericardial cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pericardial cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18449 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001436 UBERON:0003388 cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac pericardial cavity meso-epithelium pericardial cavity mesothelium uberon A mesothelium that is part of a pericardial cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium of diaphragm A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18429 UBERON:0003389 diaphragm meso-epithelium diaphragm mesothelium meso-epithelium of diaphragm meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium thoracic diaphragm mesothelium uberon A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of diaphragm OBOL:automatic diaphragm meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium mesothelium of pleural cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003155 EHDAA2:0001476 EMAPA:18463 UBERON:0003390 meso-epithelium of pleural cavity pleural cavity meso-epithelium pleural cavity mesothelium uberon A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pleural cavity meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pleural cavity OBOL:automatic pleural cavity mesothelium mesentery of urinary system A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17367 UBERON:0003393 excretory system mesentery mesentery of excretory system mesentery of renal system mesentery of systema urinaria renal system mesentery systema urinaria mesentery uberon urinary system mesentery OBOL:automatic systema urinaria mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of systema urinaria OBOL:automatic mesentery of excretory system OBOL:automatic excretory system mesentery OBOL:automatic urinary system mesentery A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesentery of renal system OBOL:automatic renal system mesentery mesentery of hindgut A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16718 UBERON:0003394 hindgut mesentery uberon OBOL:automatic hindgut mesentery A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of rectum A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18664 EMAPA:18929 UBERON:0003395 rectum mesentery uberon OBOL:automatic rectum mesentery A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of colon A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18942 FMA:14645 SCTID:245457004 UBERON:0003396 colon mesentery large bowel mesentery large intestinal mesentery mesentery of large bowel mesentery of large intestine uberon OBOL:automatic mesentery of large bowel OBOL:automatic colon mesentery OBOL:automatic large bowel mesentery A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14645 large intestinal mesentery FMA FMA:14645 mesentery of large intestine mesentery of duodenum A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19081 UBERON:0003397 duodenum mesentery uberon OBOL:automatic duodenum mesentery A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesentery of jejunum A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18670 EMAPA:18937 FMA:14651 SCTID:261286003 UBERON:0003398 jejunal mesentery jejunum mesentery mesojejunum uberon http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html mesojejunum A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skin of forearm A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18056 FMA:38265 MA:0000602 SCTID:181537008 UBERON:0003403 antebrachial region skin arm middle limb segment skin arm zeugopod skin brachial region middle limb segment skin brachial region zeugopod skin forearm skin intermediate segment of free upper limb skin lower arm skin lower segment of arm skin middle limb segment of arm skin middle limb segment of brachial region skin middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb skin proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment skin proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod skin skin of antebrachial region skin of arm middle limb segment skin of arm zeugopod skin of brachial region middle limb segment skin of brachial region zeugopod skin of intermediate segment of free upper limb skin of lower arm skin of lower segment of arm skin of middle limb segment of arm skin of middle limb segment of brachial region skin of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb skin of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment skin of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod skin of zeugopod of arm skin of zeugopod of brachial region skin of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb uberon zeugopod of arm skin zeugopod of brachial region skin zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of lower arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm skin OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region skin OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic skin of intermediate segment of free upper limb FMA:38265 forearm skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic lower arm skin OBOL:automatic skin of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm skin OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region skin OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic antebrachial region skin OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb lobar bronchus of right lung A lobar bronchus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17664 SCTID:245511004 UBERON:0003404 right lobar bronchus right lung lobar bronchus right lung secondary bronchus secondary bronchus of right lung uberon OBOL:automatic right lung secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic right lobar bronchus reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic right lung lobar bronchus A lobar bronchus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus of right lung lobar bronchus of left lung A lobar bronchus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17388 EMAPA:17656 SCTID:245510003 UBERON:0003405 left lobar bronchus left lung lobar bronchus left lung secondary bronchus secondary bronchus of left lung uberon OBOL:automatic left lung lobar bronchus A lobar bronchus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left lobar bronchus reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic left lung secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus of left lung cartilage of respiratory system A cartilage that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18694 MA:0001818 UBERON:0003406 apparatus respiratorius cartilage cartilage of apparatus respiratorius respiratory system cartilage uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory system cartilage OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of apparatus respiratorius A cartilage that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cartilage of nasal septum A cartilage that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:25091 FMA:59503 UBERON:0003407 cartilago septal nasi nasal septum cartilage septal nasal cartilage uberon OBOL:automatic nasal septum cartilage FMA:59503 septal nasal cartilage FMA:59503 cartilago septal nasi A cartilage that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gland of gut A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18815 UBERON:0003408 digestive tract gland gland of digestive tract gland of lower gastrointestinal tract gut gland lower gastrointestinal tract gland uberon A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gland of digestive tract OBOL:automatic lower gastrointestinal tract gland OBOL:automatic gut gland OBOL:automatic gland of lower gastrointestinal tract OBOL:automatic digestive tract gland gland of tongue A gland that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:25097 UBERON:0003409 tongue gland uberon A gland that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic tongue gland oropharyngeal gland A gland that is part of a oropharynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:25095 UBERON:0003410 gland of oral part of pharynx gland of oropharynx oral part of pharynx gland oropharynx gland uberon EMAPA:25095 gland of oropharynx OBOL:automatic oropharynx gland OBOL:automatic gland of oral part of pharynx A gland that is part of a oropharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx gland pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001035 EMAPA:17255 Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. Mesoderm part of pelvic fin bud.[TAO] TAO:0001386 UBERON:0003412 ZFA:0001386 leg mesenchyme lower limb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud mesenchyme uberon ZFA:0001386 mesoderm pelvic fin bud EHDAA2:0001035 lower limb bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic pelvic fin bud mesenchyme OBOL:automatic leg mesenchyme 2012-08-14 Mesoderm part of pelvic fin bud.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001386 ZFIN:curator pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002135 EHDAA:1703 EMAPA:17244 Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. Mesoderm that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] TAO:0000789 UBERON:0003413 UBERON:0005703 ZFA:0000789 arm mesenchyme mesoderm pectoral fin bud pectoral fin bud mesenchyme uberon upper limb bud mesenchyme wing mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002135 upper limb bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000789 mesoderm pectoral fin bud OBOL:automatic arm mesenchyme pectoral fin bud mesenchyme 2012-08-14 Mesoderm that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000789 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic wing mesenchyme mesenchyme of mandible EMAPA:17912 Mesenchyme that is part of a mandible [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003414 bone of lower jaw mesenchyme bone of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme bone organ of lower jaw mesenchyme bone organ of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme lower jaw bone mesenchyme lower jaw bone organ mesenchyme mandible mesenchyme mandibulla mesenchyme mesenchyme of bone of lower jaw mesenchyme of bone of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme of bone organ of lower jaw mesenchyme of bone organ of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme of lower jaw bone mesenchyme of lower jaw bone organ mesenchyme of mandibulla mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone organ uberon ventral mandibular arch bone mesenchyme ventral mandibular arch bone organ mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a mandible [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic bone of lower jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch bone mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of mandibulla OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone organ of lower jaw OBOL:automatic mandibulla mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mandible mesenchyme OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone organ of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw bone mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone organ OBOL:automatic lower jaw bone organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic bone organ of ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch bone organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower jaw bone OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of bone of lower jaw OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower jaw bone organ OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch bone mesenchyme of nasal septum EMAPA:18443 Mesenchyme that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003415 nasal septum mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic nasal septum mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of tongue EHDAA2:0004614 EMAPA:17882 EMAPA:18878 Mesenchyme that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003416 todo - develops_from tongue mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2:0004614 tongue mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of soft palate EMAPA:18951 Mesenchyme that is part of a soft palate [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003417 soft palate mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a soft palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic soft palate mesenchyme mesenchyme of submandibular gland EMAPA:18814 Mesenchyme that is part of a submandibular gland [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003418 VHOG:0001110 submandibular gland mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic submandibular gland mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a submandibular gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of parotid EMAPA:18539 Mesenchyme that is part of a parotid gland [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003419 VHOG:0001435 mesenchyme of parotid gland parotid gland mesenchyme parotid mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a parotid gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic parotid gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of parotid gland OBOL:automatic parotid mesenchyme mesenchyme of sublingual gland EMAPA:18811 Mesenchyme that is part of a sublingual gland [Automatically generated definition]. Rivinus'gland mesenchyme UBERON:0003420 VHOG:0001106 ductus sublingualis mesenchyme mesenchyme of Rivinus'gland mesenchyme of ductus sublingualis sublingual gland mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a sublingual gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of Rivinus'gland OBOL:automatic Rivinus'gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic sublingual gland mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ductus sublingualis OBOL:automatic ductus sublingualis mesenchyme mesenchyme of vomeronasal organ EHDAA2:0004103 EMAPA:18445 Jacobson's organ mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003421 mesenchyme of Jacobson's organ uberon vomeronasal mesenchyme vomeronasal organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic vomeronasal organ mesenchyme Jacobson's organ mesenchyme OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004103 vomeronasal mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of Jacobson's organ mesenchyme of umbilical cord EMAPA:26127 SCTID:368069009 UBERON:0003422 Wharton's jelly a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP] todo - check uberon umbilical cord mesenchyme EMAPA:26127 Wharton's jelly Wikipedia:Wharton's_jelly a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP] OBOL:automatic umbilical cord mesenchyme mesenchyme of hard palate EMAPA:18954 Mesenchyme that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003424 hard palate mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic hard palate mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic renal lymph node A lymph node that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002882 UBERON:0003425 UMLS:C2699031 kidney lymph node lymph node of kidney ncithesaurus:Renal_Lymph_Node uberon OBOL:automatic kidney lymph node A lymph node that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lymph node of kidney dermis adipose tissue An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000798 UBERON:0003426 adipose tissue of dermis dermis fat tissue dermis fatty tissue fat tissue of dermis fatty tissue of dermis uberon OBOL:automatic dermis fat tissue An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic dermis fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic fat tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of dermis abdominal fat pad MA:0000472 UBERON:0003427 abdomen fat pad fat pad of abdomen the encapsulated adipose tissue in the abdomen. uberon OBOL:automatic fat pad of abdomen MP:0000010 the encapsulated adipose tissue in the abdomen. OBOL:automatic abdomen fat pad gonadal fat pad AAO:0000157 Anatomical structure associated with the gonads which vary in form among amphibians but are primarily composed of adipose tissue and are thought to be a source of nutrients for the gonads.[AAO] EFO:0000811 Editor notes: consider change relationship from part_of. AO notes: we place the amphibian structures here as their definitions state a gonadal association. MA:0002547 UBERON:0003428 XAO:0003050 fat pad of gonad fat pad of gonads gonad fat pad gonad-associated fat pad gonadal fat pad the encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the ovaries or testes. uberon OBOL:automatic fat pad of gonads OBOL:automatic gonadal fat pad 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000157 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure associated with the gonads which vary in form among amphibians but are primarily composed of adipose tissue and are thought to be a source of nutrients for the gonads.[AAO] MP:0005335 the encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the ovaries or testes. OBOL:automatic fat pad of gonad OBOL:automatic gonad fat pad abdomen nerve A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000521 UBERON:0003429 nerve of abdomen uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of abdomen A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic neck nerve A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000588 UBERON:0003430 neck (volume) nerve nerve of neck nerve of neck (volume) uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) nerve A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of neck leg nerve A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000673 UBERON:0003431 nerve of leg uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of leg A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic chest nerve A nerve that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000551 UBERON:0003432 anterior thoracic region nerve anterolateral part of thorax nerve front of thorax nerve nerve of anterior thoracic region nerve of anterolateral part of thorax nerve of chest nerve of front of thorax uberon A nerve that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic front of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of front of thorax OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic nerve of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic nerve of chest OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region nerve arm nerve A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000595 UBERON:0003433 brachial region nerve nerve of arm nerve of brachial region nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb nerve uberon OBOL:automatic brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of arm OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb nerve wrist nerve A nerve that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000637 UBERON:0003434 carpal region nerve nerve of carpal region nerve of wrist uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of wrist A nerve that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic carpal region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of carpal region pedal digit nerve A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000649 SCTID:300056004 UBERON:0003435 digit of foot nerve digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve digitus pedis nerve foot digit nerve foot digit nerve hind limb digit nerve nerve of digit of foot nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve of digitus pedis nerve of foot digit nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve toe nerve uberon OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic toe nerve MA:0000649 foot digit nerve OBOL:accepted hind limb digit nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of toe OBOL:automatic digit of foot nerve OBOL:automatic digitus pedis nerve A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of foot digit OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of foot NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb shoulder nerve A nerve that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000634 UBERON:0003436 nerve of shoulder uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of shoulder A nerve that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic eyelid nerve A nerve that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001255 UBERON:0003437 blepharon nerve nerve of blepharon nerve of eyelid uberon A nerve that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blepharon nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of blepharon OBOL:automatic nerve of eyelid iris nerve A nerve that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001291 UBERON:0003438 nerve of iris uberon A nerve that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of iris nerve of trunk region A nerve that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16986 MA:0000515 UBERON:0003439 nerve of torso nerve of trunk todo - check EMAPA torso nerve trunk nerve uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of torso A nerve that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of trunk OBOL:automatic torso nerve MA:0000515 trunk nerve limb nerve A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000693 SCTID:359923002 UBERON:0003440 nerve of limb uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of limb A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forelimb nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000616 UBERON:0003441 anteriormost limb nerve fore limb nerve nerve of anteriormost limb nerve of fore limb nerve of forelimb nerve of superior member nerve of upper extremity superior member nerve uberon upper extremity nerve wing nerve OBOL:automatic fore limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic nerve of forelimb NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic upper extremity nerve OBOL:automatic superior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of upper extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of superior member OBOL:automatic nerve of fore limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb nerve hindlimb nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000664 UBERON:0003442 hind limb nerve inferior member nerve lower extremity nerve nerve of hind limb nerve of hindlimb nerve of inferior member nerve of lower extremity uberon OBOL:automatic hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb OBOL:automatic lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb thoracic cavity nerve A nerve that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000556 UBERON:0003443 cavity of chest nerve cavity of thorax nerve chest cavity nerve nerve of cavity of chest nerve of cavity of thorax nerve of chest cavity nerve of pectoral cavity nerve of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity nerve uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of chest nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of thorax A nerve that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of chest cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity nerve OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic chest cavity nerve pelvis nerve A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000542 UBERON:0003444 nerve of pelvis uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of pelvis A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pes nerve A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000653 UBERON:0003445 autopod of hind limb nerve autopod of hindlimb nerve autopod of inferior member nerve autopod of lower extremity nerve distal free limb segment of hind limb nerve distal free limb segment of hindlimb nerve distal free limb segment of inferior member nerve distal free limb segment of lower extremity nerve foot nerve hind limb autopod nerve hind limb distal free limb segment nerve hindlimb autopod nerve hindlimb distal free limb segment nerve inferior member autopod nerve inferior member distal free limb segment nerve lower extremity autopod nerve lower extremity distal free limb segment nerve nerve of autopod of hind limb nerve of autopod of hindlimb nerve of autopod of inferior member nerve of autopod of lower extremity nerve of distal free limb segment of hind limb nerve of distal free limb segment of hindlimb nerve of distal free limb segment of inferior member nerve of distal free limb segment of lower extremity nerve of foot nerve of hind limb autopod nerve of hind limb distal free limb segment nerve of hindlimb autopod nerve of hindlimb distal free limb segment nerve of inferior member autopod nerve of inferior member distal free limb segment nerve of lower extremity autopod nerve of lower extremity distal free limb segment nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb nerve uberon OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod nerve OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member nerve MA:0000653 foot nerve OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod nerve OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb distal free limb segment A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of foot OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb nerve ankle nerve A nerve that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. AO notes: FMA placement dubious FMA:86901 MA:0000640 UBERON:0003446 nerve of ankle neural network of ankle tarsal region nerve uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of ankle FMA:86901 neural network of ankle UBERON:cjm tarsal region nerve A nerve that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic digit nerve of manus A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000625 SCTID:181015006 UBERON:0003447 digit of hand nerve digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve digitus manus nerve finger nerve hand digit nerve nerve of digit of hand nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve of digitus manus nerve of finger nerve of hand digit nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve uberon OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digitus manus OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digitus manus nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of digit of hand OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of hand nerve MA:0000625 hand digit nerve OBOL:automatic finger nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of finger OBOL:automatic nerve of hand digit manus nerve A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000629 UBERON:0003448 arm autopod nerve arm distal free limb segment nerve autopod of arm nerve autopod of brachial region nerve autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve brachial region autopod nerve brachial region distal free limb segment nerve distal free limb segment of arm nerve distal free limb segment of brachial region nerve distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve hand nerve nerve of arm autopod nerve of arm distal free limb segment nerve of autopod of arm nerve of autopod of brachial region nerve of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of brachial region autopod nerve of brachial region distal free limb segment nerve of distal free limb segment of arm nerve of distal free limb segment of brachial region nerve of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of manus nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb autopod nerve proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment nerve terminal segment of free upper limb nerve uberon OBOL:automatic nerve of arm autopod OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic arm autopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of manus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod nerve OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod nerve OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic nerve of distal free limb segment of arm A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of autopod of brachial region MA:0000629 hand nerve tail intervertebral disc An intervertebral disk that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19592 MA:0000698 UBERON:0003449 intervertebral disc of post-vent region intervertebral disc of tail intervertebral disk of post-vent region intervertebral disk of tail post-vent region intervertebral disc post-vent region intervertebral disk post-vent region spinal disc spinal disc of post-vent region spinal disc of tail tail intervertebral disk tail spinal disc uberon An intervertebral disk that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intervertebral disk of tail OBOL:automatic intervertebral disc of tail OBOL:automatic post-vent region intervertebral disc OBOL:automatic tail intervertebral disk OBOL:automatic post-vent region spinal disc OBOL:automatic intervertebral disc of post-vent region OBOL:automatic intervertebral disk of post-vent region OBOL:automatic spinal disc of post-vent region OBOL:automatic spinal disc of tail OBOL:automatic tail spinal disc OBOL:automatic post-vent region intervertebral disk upper jaw incisor An incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002121 EMAPA:17939 FMA:55712 MA:0001601 SCTID:421578001 UBERON:0003450 UMLS:C1710579 incisor of palatoquadrate arch incisor of upper jaw incisor tooth of palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth of upper jaw maxillary secondary incisor tooth ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Incisor palatoquadrate arch incisor palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth premaxillary tooth uberon upper incisor upper jaw incisor tooth upper permanent incisor tooth upper primary incisor tooth upper secondary incisor tooth OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch incisor tooth FMA:55712 upper secondary incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor of upper jaw OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm upper incisor OBOL:automatic palatoquadrate arch incisor OBOL:automatic incisor of palatoquadrate arch FMA:55712 upper permanent incisor tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of upper jaw FMA:84214 upper primary incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of palatoquadrate arch UBERON:cjm premaxillary tooth FMA:55712 maxillary secondary incisor tooth An incisor tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower jaw incisor An incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001942 EHDAA2:0001021 EMAPA:17918 FMA:55713 MA:0001600 SCTID:420793009 UBERON:0003451 UMLS:C1708755 incisor of lower jaw incisor of ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth of lower jaw incisor tooth of ventral mandibular arch lower incisor lower jaw incisor tooth lower permanent incisor tooth lower primary incisor tooth lower secondary incisor tooth mandibular incisor mandibular secondary incisor tooth ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Incisor uberon ventral mandibular arch incisor ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor of lower jaw FMA:84215 lower primary incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of lower jaw OBOL:automatic lower jaw incisor tooth OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch incisor tooth OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch incisor FMA:55713 lower permanent incisor tooth OBOL:automatic incisor of ventral mandibular arch BTO:0001942 mandibular incisor FMA:55713 mandibular secondary incisor tooth FMA:55713 lower secondary incisor tooth An incisor tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm lower incisor OBOL:automatic incisor tooth of ventral mandibular arch trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84428 MA:0002833 UBERON:0003452 cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea trabecula carnea cardiac muscle trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium uberon OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart muscle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a trabecula carnea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis of trabecula carnea OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea muscle tissue of cardiac muscle large intestine Peyer's patch A Peyer's patch that is part of a large intestine. Edtor notes: requires expert attention FMA:15658 MA:0001550 Peyer's patch of large intestine UBERON:0003453 large intestine Peyer's patch solitary lymphatic follicle of large intestine solitary lymphoid follicle of subdivision of large intestine uberon FMA:15658 solitary lymphoid follicle of subdivision of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine Peyer's patch OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch of large intestine A Peyer's patch that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic FMA:15658 solitary lymphatic follicle of large intestine small intestine Peyer's patch Editor's note: add subtypes for jejunum, ileum FMA:15054 MA:0001557 Peyer's patch Peyer's patch of small bowel Peyer's patch of small intestine SCTID:38986009 UBERON:0003454 aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. small bowel Peyer's patch small intestine Peyer's patch uberon OBOL:automatic small intestine Peyer's patch OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel Peyer's patch ncithesaurus FMA:15054 aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch of small intestine FMA:15054 Peyer's patch inner renal medulla loop of henle A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. Henle loop of inner medulla of kidney Henle loop of inner renal medulla Henle loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney Henle loop of inner zone of renal medulla MA:0002623 UBERON:0003455 henle's loop of inner medulla of kidney henle's loop of inner renal medulla henle's loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney henle's loop of inner zone of renal medulla inner medulla of kidney Henle loop inner medulla of kidney henle's loop inner medulla of kidney loop of Henle inner renal medulla Henle loop inner renal medulla henle's loop inner renal medulla loop of Henle inner zone of medulla of kidney Henle loop inner zone of medulla of kidney henle's loop inner zone of medulla of kidney loop of Henle inner zone of renal medulla Henle loop inner zone of renal medulla henle's loop inner zone of renal medulla loop of Henle kidney inner medulla loop of henle loop of Henle of inner medulla of kidney loop of Henle of inner renal medulla loop of Henle of inner zone of medulla of kidney loop of Henle of inner zone of renal medulla uberon OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney MA:0002623 kidney inner medulla loop of henle A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla loop of Henle OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney loop of Henle OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney loop of Henle OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner renal medulla OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla Henle loop OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla Henle loop OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney henle's loop OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla henle's loop OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney Henle loop OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney Henle loop OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner renal medulla Henle loop of inner zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla loop of Henle OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney henle's loop OBOL:automatic henle's loop of inner zone of renal medulla Henle loop of inner renal medulla OBOL:automatic Henle loop of inner zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic Henle loop of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inner renal medulla henle's loop OBOL:automatic loop of Henle of inner zone of renal medulla respiratory system lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001824 UBERON:0003456 apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel of respiratory system lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel of respiratory system respiratory system lymph vessel uberon A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lymph vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic respiratory system lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel of respiratory system head bone A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000576 SCTID:118646007 UBERON:0003457 adult head bone adult head bone organ bone of adult head bone of head bone organ of adult head bone organ of head head bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic bone of head OBOL:automatic bone organ of adult head OBOL:automatic bone organ of head OBOL:automatic adult head bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of adult head A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic head bone organ OBOL:automatic adult head bone neck bone A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000584 OpenCyc:Mx4rvnpJSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003458 bone of neck bone of neck (volume) bone organ of neck bone organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) bone neck (volume) bone organ neck bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck OBOL:automatic bone of neck (volume) A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of neck OBOL:automatic neck bone organ chest bone A bone that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000547 UBERON:0003459 anterior thoracic region bone anterior thoracic region bone organ anterolateral part of thorax bone anterolateral part of thorax bone organ bone of anterior thoracic region bone of anterolateral part of thorax bone of chest bone of front of thorax bone organ of anterior thoracic region bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax bone organ of chest bone organ of front of thorax chest bone organ front of thorax bone front of thorax bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region bone OBOL:automatic front of thorax bone organ A bone that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone organ of chest OBOL:automatic bone of chest OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic bone of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic bone organ of front of thorax OBOL:automatic front of thorax bone OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic chest bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of front of thorax OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax bone OBOL:automatic bone of anterolateral part of thorax arm bone A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia MA:0000592 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKTXoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003460 arm bone organ bone of arm bone of brachial region bone of proximal segment of free upper limb bone of upper extremity bone organ of arm bone organ of brachial region bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb brachial region bone brachial region bone organ proximal segment of free upper limb bone proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region bone OBOL:automatic arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of arm GAID:178 bone of upper extremity A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia UBERON:cjm shoulder bone A bone that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. AO notes: this is a forelimb bone in MA, but this would lead to part-disjointness violations. Subtypes are clavicle, scapula, humerus MA:0000631 UBERON:0003461 bone of shoulder bone organ of shoulder shoulder bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic bone of shoulder A bone that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic shoulder bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of shoulder facial bone A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19019 Editors note: test whether 'facial bone' is an exact synonym MA:0001482 SCTID:181799005 UBERON:0003462 UMLS:C0015455 bone of facial skeleton bone of viscerocranium facial bone facial skeleton bone ncithesaurus:Facial_Bone uberon viscerocranium bone A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic viscerocranium bone OBOL:automatic facial skeleton bone MA EMAPA:19019 facial bone OBOL:automatic bone of facial skeleton OBOL:automatic bone of viscerocranium trunk bone A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000512 SCTID:427358002 UBERON:0003463 bone of torso bone of trunk bone organ of torso bone organ of trunk torso bone torso bone organ trunk bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic bone organ of trunk A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic torso bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of torso OBOL:automatic bone of trunk OBOL:automatic bone of torso OBOL:automatic torso bone hindlimb bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle) EFO:0003842 GAID:198 Note that the MA class is actually bone of pelvic complex; in contrast the NCIT class excludes ilium etc SCTID:361370006 UBERON:0003464 UMLS:C0448188 bone of hind limb bone of hindlimb bone of inferior member bone of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb bone organ of hindlimb bone organ of inferior member bone organ of lower extremity hind limb bone hind limb bone organ hindlimb bone organ inferior member bone inferior member bone organ lower extremity bone lower extremity bone organ ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Lower_Extremity uberon OBOL:automatic hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb OBOL:automatic lower extremity bone organ A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle) UBERON:cjm OBOL:automatic inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb bone OBOL:automatic inferior member bone obsolete chondrocranium bone A bone that is part of a chondrocranium [Automatically generated definition]. Made obsolete because it conflated neuro and chondro-cranium; also ZFA:0001544 equivalent was made obsolete. UBERON:0003465 UBERON:0004762 UBERON:0011164 ZFA:0001544 true uberon A bone that is part of a chondrocranium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:accepted forelimb zeugopod bone A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000598 UBERON:0003466 antebrachial region bone antebrachial region bone organ arm middle limb segment bone arm middle limb segment bone organ arm zeugopod bone arm zeugopod bone organ bone of antebrachial region bone of arm middle limb segment bone of arm zeugopod bone of brachial region middle limb segment bone of brachial region zeugopod bone of intermediate segment of free upper limb bone of lower arm bone of lower segment of arm bone of middle limb segment of arm bone of middle limb segment of brachial region bone of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone of zeugopod of arm bone of zeugopod of brachial region bone of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of antebrachial region bone organ of arm middle limb segment bone organ of arm zeugopod bone organ of brachial region middle limb segment bone organ of brachial region zeugopod bone organ of intermediate segment of free upper limb bone organ of lower arm bone organ of lower segment of arm bone organ of middle limb segment of arm bone organ of middle limb segment of brachial region bone organ of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone organ of zeugopod of arm bone organ of zeugopod of brachial region bone organ of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb brachial region middle limb segment bone brachial region middle limb segment bone organ brachial region zeugopod bone brachial region zeugopod bone organ intermediate segment of free upper limb bone intermediate segment of free upper limb bone organ lower arm bone lower segment of arm bone lower segment of arm bone organ middle limb segment of arm bone middle limb segment of arm bone organ middle limb segment of brachial region bone middle limb segment of brachial region bone organ middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone organ proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone organ uberon wing zeugopod bone zeugopod of arm bone zeugopod of arm bone organ zeugopod of brachial region bone zeugopod of brachial region bone organ zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region bone OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm bone OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of lower arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region middle limb segment MA:0000598 lower arm bone OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region bone OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic bone of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm bone OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic antebrachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower arm OBOL:automatic antebrachial region bone OBOL:automatic bone of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of brachial region NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod bone organ sesamoid bone of gastrocnemius A small sesamoid bone situated behind a condyle of the femur. MA:0001378 SCTID:302749009 UBERON:0003467 fabella galen:Fabella gastrocnemius sesamoid bone m. gastrocnemius sesamoid bone sesamoid bone of m. gastrocnemius uberon OBOL:automatic gastrocnemius sesamoid bone A small sesamoid bone situated behind a condyle of the femur. MP:0009005 Wikipedia:Fabella https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=3470151&group_id=76834 MA OBOL:automatic sesamoid bone of m. gastrocnemius OBOL:automatic m. gastrocnemius sesamoid bone MA:0001378 fabella ureteric segment of renal artery FMA:70491 MA:0002074 SCTID:65376008 The ureteral branches of renal artery are small branches which supply the ureter. UBERON:0003468 uberon ureteric artery FMA MA:0002074 ureteric artery FMA The ureteral branches of renal artery are small branches which supply the ureter. Wikipedia:Ureteral_branches_of_renal_artery respiratory system artery An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001804 UBERON:0003469 uberon An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic artery of upper lip FMA:49570 MA:0001917 SCTID:145137009 The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more tortuous than the inferior labial artery. It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side. It supplies the upper lip, and gives off in its course two or three vessels which ascend to the nose; a septal branch ramifies on the nasal septum as far as the point of the nose, and an alar branch supplies the ala of the nose. UBERON:0003470 arteria labialis superior ramus labialis superior arteriae facialis superior labial artery superior labial branch of facial artery uberon Wikipedia:Superior_labial_artery ramus labialis superior arteriae facialis FMA:49570 superior labial artery Wikipedia:Superior_labial_artery arteria labialis superior FMA The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more tortuous than the inferior labial artery. It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side. It supplies the upper lip, and gives off in its course two or three vessels which ascend to the nose; a septal branch ramifies on the nasal septum as far as the point of the nose, and an alar branch supplies the ala of the nose. Wikipedia:Superior_labial_artery FMA:49570 superior labial branch of facial artery artery of lower lip FMA:49567 MA:0001916 SCTID:145036002 The Iinferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery. UBERON:0003471 arteria labialis inferior inferior labial artery inferior labial branch of facial artery ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis) ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis uberon FMA Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis FMA:49567 inferior labial artery FMA:49567 inferior labial branch of facial artery FMA:TA ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis) Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery arteria labialis inferior The Iinferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery. Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000228 EHDAA:5290 MA:0001933 SCTID:278102002 UBERON:0003472 UMLS:C0226246 an artery that supplies blood to the cerebellum. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CerebellumArteries.jpg/250px-CerebellumArteries.jpg ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Cerebellar_artery an artery that supplies blood to the cerebellum. thoracic cavity artery An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. MA:0001902 Note that in MA, aorta is classified here - but this is problematic because the abdominal aorta is not in the thoracic cavity UBERON:0003473 uberon An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3317815&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 meningeal artery GAID:499 MA:0002001 MESH:A07.231.114.545 One of the arteries supplying the meninix[Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003474 uberon One of the arteries supplying the meninix[Automatically generated definition]. Wikipedia:Meningeal_arteries ureteric vein A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002250 UBERON:0003475 uberon ureter vein vein of ureter A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vein of ureter OBOL:automatic ureter vein respiratory system venous blood vessel A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001809 MA:0001810 UBERON:0003476 apparatus respiratorius vein respiratory system vein uberon vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius vein OBOL:automatic vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of upper lip FMA:52538 MA:0002255 SCTID:422755007 The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the upper lip. UBERON:0003477 superior labial vein uberon upper lip vein vena labialis superior The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the upper lip. Wikipedia:Superior_labial_vein OBOL:automatic upper lip vein vena labialis superior FMA FMA:52538 superior labial vein vein of lower lip FMA:52541 MA:0002253 SCTID:422955002 The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. UBERON:0003478 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png inferior labial vein lower lip vein uberon vena labialis inferior venae labiales inferiores Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein venae labiales inferiores vena labialis inferior OBOL:automatic lower lip vein FMA:52541 inferior labial vein FMA The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein thoracic cavity vein A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001903 UBERON:0003479 cavity of chest vein cavity of thorax vein chest cavity vein pectoral cavity vein uberon vein of cavity of chest vein of cavity of thorax vein of chest cavity vein of pectoral cavity vein of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic vein of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity vein OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax vein OBOL:automatic vein of thoracic cavity A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cavity of chest vein OBOL:automatic vein of chest cavity OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic chest cavity vein vein of clitoris A vein that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002252 SCTID:360819004 UBERON:0003480 clitoris vein uberon OBOL:automatic clitoris vein A vein that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic tail vein A vein that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0011105 Editors note: see also caudal vein MA:0002233 UBERON:0003481 XAO:0000393 caudal vein post-vent region vein uberon vein of post-vent region vein of tail A vein that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Tail_vein OBOL:automatic vein of post-vent region Wikipedia:Tail_vein caudal vein OBOL:automatic post-vent region vein OBOL:automatic vein of tail vein of trabecular bone A portion of vein that is part of a trabecular bone tissue [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002254 UBERON:0003482 spongy bone vein trabecular bone tissue vein trabecular bone vein uberon vein of spongy bone vein of trabecular bone tissue OBOL:automatic vein of spongy bone OBOL:automatic trabecular bone tissue vein OBOL:automatic trabecular bone vein OBOL:automatic spongy bone vein OBOL:automatic vein of trabecular bone tissue A portion of vein that is part of a trabecular bone tissue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic thymus lymphoid tissue A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002673 MESH:A06.407.850 UBERON:0003483 UMLS:C1515429 lymphatic tissue of thymus lymphatic tissue of thymus gland lymphocytic tissue of thymus lymphocytic tissue of thymus gland lymphoid tissue of thymus lymphoid tissue of thymus gland ncithesaurus:Thymic_Lymphoid_Tissue thymic lymphocytic tissue thymus gland lymphatic tissue thymus gland lymphocytic tissue thymus gland lymphoid tissue thymus lymphatic tissue thymus lymphocytic tissue uberon OBOL:automatic lymphocytic tissue of thymus OBOL:automatic thymus lymphocytic tissue OBOL:automatic thymus lymphatic tissue OBOL:automatic thymus gland lymphocytic tissue OBOL:automatic thymic lymphocytic tissue A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lymphocytic tissue of thymus gland OBOL:automatic lymphoid tissue of thymus gland OBOL:automatic lymphoid tissue of thymus OBOL:automatic lymphatic tissue of thymus OBOL:automatic lymphatic tissue of thymus gland OBOL:automatic thymus gland lymphoid tissue OBOL:automatic thymus gland lymphatic tissue eye sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002452 UBERON:0003484 camera-type eye sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of camera-type eye sebaceous gland of vertebrate eye uberon vertebrate eye sebaceous gland MA OBOL:automatic camera-type eye sebaceous gland OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of camera-type eye A sebaceous gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye sebaceous gland vagina sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001732 UBERON:0003485 sebaceous gland of vagina uberon A sebaceous gland that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of vagina mammary gland sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a mammary gland [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000794 UBERON:0003486 lactiferous gland sebaceous gland lobe of breast sebaceous gland lobe of mammary gland sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of lactiferous gland sebaceous gland of lobe of breast sebaceous gland of lobe of mammary gland sebaceous gland of mammary gland uberon OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland sebaceous gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland sebaceous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a mammary gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of lobe of breast skin sebaceous gland A holocrine gland of the dermis that secretes sebum into hair follicles. MA:0000149 SCTID:115977007 UBERON:0003487 cutaneous sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of skin uberon A holocrine gland of the dermis that secretes sebum into hair follicles. MP:0009535 FMA OBOL:automatic sebaceous gland of skin abdominal mammary gland A lactiferous gland that is part of the abdominal region [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000787 SCTID:113191002 SCTID:68037003 Taxon notes: Female mice normally have five pairs of nipples and mammary glands, three in the thoracic and two in the abdominal region. (There is an additional abdominal pair in female rats.) http://www.informatics.jax.org/greenbook/chapters/chapter13.shtml UBERON:0003488 abdomen lactiferous gland abdomen lobe of breast abdomen lobe of mammary gland abdomen mammary gland lactiferous gland of abdomen lobe of breast of abdomen lobe of mammary gland of abdomen mammary gland of abdomen uberon OBOL:automatic mammary gland of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of breast of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen mammary gland OBOL:automatic abdomen lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland of abdomen A lactiferous gland that is part of the abdominal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdomen lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland of abdomen respiratory system capillary endothelium An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001808 UBERON:0003489 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary endothelium respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel uberon reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary reference_0000032 An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius respiratory system reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001817 UBERON:0003490 apparatus respiratorius fibroreticular lamina apparatus respiratorius lamina fibroreticularis apparatus respiratorius reticular lamina fibroreticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius fibroreticular lamina of respiratory system lamina fibroreticularis of apparatus respiratorius lamina fibroreticularis of respiratory system respiratory system fibroreticular lamina respiratory system lamina fibroreticularis reticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius reticular lamina of respiratory system uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius fibroreticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic respiratory system fibroreticular lamina OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius reticular lamina OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of respiratory system OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of respiratory system bronchus reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001834 UBERON:0003492 bronchi fibroreticular lamina bronchi lamina fibroreticularis bronchi reticular lamina bronchial trunk fibroreticular lamina bronchial trunk lamina fibroreticularis bronchial trunk reticular lamina bronchus fibroreticular lamina bronchus lamina fibroreticularis fibroreticular lamina of bronchi fibroreticular lamina of bronchial trunk fibroreticular lamina of bronchus lamina fibroreticularis of bronchi lamina fibroreticularis of bronchial trunk lamina fibroreticularis of bronchus reticular lamina of bronchi reticular lamina of bronchial trunk reticular lamina of bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic bronchus lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic bronchus fibroreticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk reticular lamina OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of bronchus OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi reticular lamina OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of bronchi OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi fibroreticular lamina reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic bronchi lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk fibroreticular lamina trachea reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001856 UBERON:0003493 fibroreticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea fibroreticular lamina of windpipe lamina fibroreticularis of cartilaginous trachea lamina fibroreticularis of windpipe reticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea reticular lamina of windpipe uberon windpipe fibroreticular lamina windpipe lamina fibroreticularis windpipe reticular lamina A reticular lamina that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of windpipe OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina fibroreticularis OBOL:automatic windpipe reticular lamina OBOL:automatic lamina fibroreticularis of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic fibroreticular lamina of windpipe reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe fibroreticular lamina OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of windpipe respiratory system venule A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001813 UBERON:0003494 apparatus respiratorius venule uberon venule of apparatus respiratorius venule of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius venule A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic venule of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic venule of respiratory system respiratory system arteriole An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001803 UBERON:0003495 uberon An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true head blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000575 SCTID:127865000 UBERON:0003496 adult head blood vessel blood vessel of adult head blood vessel of head uberon reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic blood vessel of adult head OBOL:automatic blood vessel of head A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic adult head blood vessel abdomen blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000518 UBERON:0003497 UBERON:0012254 blood vessel of abdomen uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdomen A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:0012254 abdominal aorta artery heart blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002483 UBERON:0003498 blood vessel of heart uberon A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of heart brain blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002769 UBERON:0003499 blood vessel of brain uberon A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brain corneal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. Editor notes: follow up on tracker item MA:0001241 UBERON:0003500 blood vessel of cornea cornea blood vessel uberon PMID:17051153 A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:cjm https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3564332&group_id=36855&atid=440764 OBOL:automatic cornea blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cornea retina blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. GAID:509 MA:0001317 MESH:A07.231.611 SCTID:280692003 UBERON:0003501 XAO:0004153 blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball blood vessel of retina blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball inner layer of eyeball blood vessel retinal blood vessel tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic inner layer of eyeball blood vessel OBOL:automatic retinal blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball OBOL:automatic blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of retina OBOL:automatic tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel neck blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000583 UBERON:0003502 blood vessel of neck blood vessel of neck (volume) neck (volume) blood vessel uberon A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic blood vessel of neck OBOL:automatic neck (volume) blood vessel leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000669 UBERON:0003503 blood vessel of leg uberon A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of leg respiratory system blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001799 UBERON:0003504 apparatus respiratorius blood vessel blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius blood vessel of respiratory system uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of respiratory system A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic trachea blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trachea. MA:0001852 UBERON:0003505 UBERON:0003525 blood vessel of trachea uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of trachea A blood vessel that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic chest blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000549 UBERON:0003506 anterior thoracic region blood vessel anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel blood vessel of anterior thoracic region blood vessel of anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel of chest blood vessel of front of thorax front of thorax blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of front of thorax OBOL:automatic front of thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anterolateral part of thorax A blood vessel that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of chest arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000591 UBERON:0003507 blood vessel of arm blood vessel of brachial region blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb brachial region blood vessel proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic brachial region blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of arm OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brachial region pedal digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000645 UBERON:0003508 blood vessel of digit of foot blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel of digitus pedis blood vessel of foot digit blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel of toe digit of foot blood vessel digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel digitus pedis blood vessel foot digit blood vessel foot digit blood vessel hind limb digit blood vessel terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel toe blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of toe A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of foot digit OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of foot NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic digitus pedis blood vessel MA:0000645 foot digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic digit of foot blood vessel OBOL:automatic toe blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digitus pedis OBOL:accepted hind limb digit blood vessel arterial blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. MA:0000061 UBERON:0003509 only in MA - supertype of artery, arteriole, aorta. uberon A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. UBERON:cjm eyelid blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001250 UBERON:0003510 blepharon blood vessel blood vessel of blepharon blood vessel of eyelid uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of blepharon A blood vessel that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of eyelid OBOL:automatic blepharon blood vessel iris blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001290 UBERON:0003511 ZFA:0005568 blood vessel of iris uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of iris A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lung blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002457 UBERON:0003512 blood vessel of lung uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lung A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic trunk blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000511 UBERON:0003513 blood vessel of torso blood vessel of trunk torso blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic torso blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of trunk OBOL:automatic blood vessel of torso A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic limb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000687 UBERON:0003514 blood vessel of limb uberon A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of limb forelimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000611 UBERON:0003515 anteriormost limb blood vessel blood vessel of anteriormost limb blood vessel of fore limb blood vessel of forelimb blood vessel of superior member blood vessel of upper extremity fore limb blood vessel superior member blood vessel uberon upper extremity blood vessel wing blood vessel OBOL:automatic fore limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic superior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of superior member A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of forelimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of fore limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of upper extremity OBOL:automatic upper extremity blood vessel OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb blood vessel hindlimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000659 UBERON:0003516 blood vessel of hind limb blood vessel of hindlimb blood vessel of inferior member blood vessel of lower extremity hind limb blood vessel inferior member blood vessel lower extremity blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic lower extremity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hindlimb OBOL:automatic inferior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hind limb OBOL:automatic hind limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inferior member OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lower extremity kidney blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001682 TAO:0005306 UBERON:0003517 ZFA:0005306 blood vessel of kidney renal blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic renal blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of kidney A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic main bronchus blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001844 UBERON:0003518 blood vessel of bronchus principalis blood vessel of main bronchus blood vessel of primary bronchus blood vessel of principal bronchus bronchus principalis blood vessel primary bronchus blood vessel principal bronchus blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic blood vessel of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic blood vessel of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus blood vessel OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic primary bronchus blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of main bronchus thoracic cavity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000554 UBERON:0003519 blood vessel of cavity of chest blood vessel of cavity of thorax blood vessel of chest cavity blood vessel of pectoral cavity blood vessel of thoracic cavity cavity of chest blood vessel cavity of thorax blood vessel chest cavity blood vessel pectoral cavity blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic chest cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic blood vessel of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of chest cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thoracic cavity A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic cavity of chest blood vessel pelvis blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000531 UBERON:0003520 blood vessel of pelvis uberon A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of pelvis pes blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000642 UBERON:0003521 autopod of hind limb blood vessel autopod of hindlimb blood vessel autopod of inferior member blood vessel autopod of lower extremity blood vessel blood vessel of autopod of hind limb blood vessel of autopod of hindlimb blood vessel of autopod of inferior member blood vessel of autopod of lower extremity blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hind limb blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hindlimb blood vessel of distal free limb segment of inferior member blood vessel of distal free limb segment of lower extremity blood vessel of foot blood vessel of hind limb autopod blood vessel of hind limb distal free limb segment blood vessel of hindlimb autopod blood vessel of hindlimb distal free limb segment blood vessel of inferior member autopod blood vessel of inferior member distal free limb segment blood vessel of lower extremity autopod blood vessel of lower extremity distal free limb segment blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb distal free limb segment of hind limb blood vessel distal free limb segment of hindlimb blood vessel distal free limb segment of inferior member blood vessel distal free limb segment of lower extremity blood vessel foot blood vessel hind limb autopod blood vessel hind limb distal free limb segment blood vessel hindlimb autopod blood vessel hindlimb distal free limb segment blood vessel inferior member autopod blood vessel inferior member distal free limb segment blood vessel lower extremity autopod blood vessel lower extremity distal free limb segment blood vessel terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb blood vessel OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb MA:0000642 foot blood vessel OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb blood vessel OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity blood vessel OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of foot OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod blood vessel manual digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000621 UBERON:0003522 blood vessel of digit of hand blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of digitus manus blood vessel of finger blood vessel of hand digit blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of hand blood vessel digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel digitus manus blood vessel finger blood vessel fore limb digit blood vessel hand digit blood vessel hand digit blood vessel terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic digitus manus blood vessel MA:0000621 hand digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:accepted fore limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of hand digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of finger OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digit of hand OBOL:automatic finger blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit blood vessel OBOL:automatic digit of hand blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of digitus manus OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit manus blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000618 UBERON:0003523 arm autopod blood vessel arm distal free limb segment blood vessel autopod of arm blood vessel autopod of brachial region blood vessel autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel blood vessel of arm autopod blood vessel of arm distal free limb segment blood vessel of autopod of arm blood vessel of autopod of brachial region blood vessel of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of brachial region autopod blood vessel of brachial region distal free limb segment blood vessel of distal free limb segment of arm blood vessel of distal free limb segment of brachial region blood vessel of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of manus blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb brachial region autopod blood vessel brachial region distal free limb segment blood vessel distal free limb segment of arm blood vessel distal free limb segment of brachial region blood vessel distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel hand blood vessel proximal segment of free upper limb autopod blood vessel proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment blood vessel terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic arm autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of manus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of arm autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment MA:0000618 hand blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb A blood vessel that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic autopod of arm blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brachial region autopod tail blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000695 UBERON:0003524 blood vessel of post-vent region blood vessel of tail post-vent region blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic post-vent region blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of post-vent region OBOL:automatic blood vessel of tail respiratory system capillary A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001807 UBERON:0003526 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary of respiratory system capillary of apparatus respiratorius capillary of respiratory system capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary respiratory system capillary vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary OBOL:automatic capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary of apparatus respiratorius A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood capillary kidney capillary A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:31443 MA:0002586 SCTID:275409003 UBERON:0003527 blood capillary of kidney capillary of kidney capillary vessel of kidney kidney blood capillary kidney capillary vessel renal capillary uberon OBOL:automatic kidney capillary vessel reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic renal capillary OBOL:automatic capillary of kidney OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of kidney OBOL:automatic blood capillary of kidney OBOL:automatic kidney blood capillary A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic brain grey matter A gray matter of neuraxis that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000810 UBERON:0003528 UMLS:C1707348 brain gray matter brain gray matter of neuraxis brain grey substance gray matter of brain gray matter of neuraxis of brain grey matter of brain grey substance of brain ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gray_Matter uberon A gray matter of neuraxis that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic grey substance of brain OBOL:automatic gray matter of neuraxis of brain OBOL:automatic grey matter of brain OBOL:automatic brain grey substance OBOL:automatic brain gray matter OBOL:automatic brain gray matter of neuraxis OBOL:automatic gray matter of brain respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium An endothelium of lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001825 UBERON:0003529 apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymphatic vessel apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium endothelium of lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel of respiratory system endothelium of lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymphatic vessel of respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium of respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of lymph vessel respiratory system endothelium of lymphatic vessel respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymphatic vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius An endothelium of lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lymph vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lymph vessel endothelium of respiratory system pedal digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37852 MA:0000650 SCTID:181530005 UBERON:0003530 UMLS:C1708089 digit of foot skin digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin digitus pedis skin foot digit skin foot digit skin hind limb digit skin ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_Skin skin of digit of foot skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin of digitus pedis skin of foot digit skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin toe skin uberon OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of digit of foot NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit skin OBOL:automatic skin of toe OBOL:automatic digitus pedis skin OBOL:automatic toe skin OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit MA:0000650 foot digit skin OBOL:automatic skin of foot digit OBOL:automatic digit of foot skin OBOL:accepted hind limb digit skin forelimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23101 MA:0000617 SCTID:244130001 TODO - check free limb vs pectoral complex UBERON:0003531 UMLS:C0222212 anteriormost limb skin fore limb skin ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Upper_Limb_and_Shoulder skin of anteriormost limb skin of fore limb skin of forelimb skin of superior member skin of upper extremity skin of upper limb superior member skin uberon upper extremity skin upper limb skin wing skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic superior member skin OBOL:automatic skin of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic fore limb skin OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb skin NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing skin OBOL:automatic skin of superior member OBOL:automatic upper extremity skin FMA:23101 skin of upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of fore limb OBOL:automatic skin of upper extremity FMA:23101 upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of forelimb hindlimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23102 MA:0000665 SCTID:181528008 TODO - check free limb vs pelvic complex UBERON:0003532 UMLS:C0222268 hind limb skin inferior member skin lower extremity skin lower limb skin ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Lower_Limb_and_Hip skin of hind limb skin of hindlimb skin of inferior member skin of lower extremity skin of lower limb uberon OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member skin OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity FMA:23102 skin of lower limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb OBOL:automatic hind limb skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23102 lower limb skin manual digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:38304 MA:0000626 SCTID:361711001 UBERON:0003533 UMLS:C1708318 digit of hand skin digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin digitus manus skin finger skin fore limb digit skin hand digit skin hand digit skin ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_Skin skin of digit of hand skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin of digitus manus skin of finger skin of hand digit skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin uberon OBOL:automatic skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit skin OBOL:automatic digit of hand skin OBOL:automatic skin of finger OBOL:automatic finger skin OBOL:automatic skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:accepted fore limb digit skin OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin OBOL:automatic skin of digitus manus MA:0000626 hand digit skin OBOL:automatic skin of digit of hand OBOL:automatic skin of hand digit OBOL:automatic digitus manus skin tail skin A zone of skin that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000700 SCTID:67214004 UBERON:0003534 post-vent region skin skin of post-vent region skin of tail uberon A zone of skin that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic post-vent region skin OBOL:automatic skin of tail OBOL:automatic skin of post-vent region vagus X nerve trunk A nerve trunk that is part of a vagus nerve. FMA:6221 MA:0001150 SCTID:280308004 UBERON:0003535 trunk of vagus nerve uberon vagus neural trunk FMA:6221 vagus neural trunk A nerve trunk that is part of a vagus nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:6221 trunk of vagus nerve right lung alveolar duct An alveolar duct that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19185 EMAPA:19187 EMAPA:19189 EMAPA:19191 MA:0001785 UBERON:0003536 UMLS:C1709958 alveolar duct of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Alveolar_Duct uberon OBOL:automatic alveolar duct of right lung An alveolar duct that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left lung alveolar duct An alveolar duct that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19183 MA:0001776 Mice have 1 left lobe UBERON:0003537 UMLS:C1708672 alveolar duct of left lung ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Alveolar_Duct uberon OBOL:automatic alveolar duct of left lung An alveolar duct that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic right lung bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001787 SCTID:200089000 UBERON:0003538 UMLS:C0225670 bronchiole of right lung lobular bronchiole of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Bronchiole right lung lobular bronchiole uberon A bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right lung lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole of right lung OBOL:automatic bronchiole of right lung left lung bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19000 MA:0001778 SCTID:200484003 UBERON:0003539 UMLS:C0225674 bronchiole of left lung left lung lobular bronchiole lobular bronchiole of left lung ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Bronchiole uberon OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole of left lung OBOL:automatic bronchiole of left lung A bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left lung lobular bronchiole right lung terminal bronchiole A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001789 UBERON:0003540 UMLS:C1709961 bronchiolus terminalis of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Terminal_Bronchiole right lung bronchiolus terminalis terminal bronchiole of right lung uberon A terminal bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right lung bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole of right lung OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis of right lung left lung terminal bronchiole A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001780 UBERON:0003541 UMLS:C1708675 bronchiolus terminalis of left lung left lung bronchiolus terminalis ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Terminal_Bronchiole terminal bronchiole of left lung uberon OBOL:automatic left lung bronchiolus terminalis A terminal bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole of left lung OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis of left lung right lung respiratory bronchiole A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001788 UBERON:0003542 UMLS:C1709960 bronchiolus respiratorius of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Respiratory_Bronchiole respiratory bronchiole of right lung right lung bronchiolus respiratorius uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole of right lung OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung bronchiolus respiratorius A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left lung respiratory bronchiole A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001779 UBERON:0003543 UMLS:C1708674 bronchiolus respiratorius of left lung left lung bronchiolus respiratorius ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Respiratory_Bronchiole respiratory bronchiole of left lung uberon OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius of left lung OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole of left lung A respiratory bronchiole that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic left lung bronchiolus respiratorius brain white matter MA:0000820 UBERON:0003544 UMLS:C1706995 brain white matter of neuraxis brain white substance ncithesaurus:Brain_White_Matter the regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. uberon white matter of brain white matter of neuraxis of brain white substance of brain OBOL:automatic white matter of neuraxis of brain OBOL:automatic brain white matter of neuraxis MP:0008026 the regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. OBOL:automatic white matter of brain OBOL:automatic white substance of brain OBOL:automatic brain white substance obsolete brainstem white matter UBERON:0003545 obsoleted as definition is unclear. cerebellar peduncle originally classified here but in ABA brainstem and cerbellum are spatially disjoint true uberon distal convoluted tubule macula densa A macula densa that is part of a distal convoluted tubule [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001668 UBERON:0003546 uberon MA A macula densa that is part of a distal convoluted tubule [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA brain meninx A meninx that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. EV:0100312 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000813 Meninges that are part of the brain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] SCTID:180949007 UBERON:0003547 VHOG:0000013 brain meninges meninges of brain meninx of brain uberon OBOL:automatic meninx of brain OBOL:automatic meninges of brain 2012-09-17 Meninges that are part of the brain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000013 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000013 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic brain meninges A meninx that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forebrain meninges A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17764 EMAPA:17774 MA:0000883 UBERON:0003548 forebrain meninx meninges of forebrain meninx of forebrain uberon OBOL:automatic meninges of forebrain OBOL:automatic meninx of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain meninx A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic brain pia mater EV:0100315 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000816 The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0003549 UMLS:C1706994 VHOG:0000470 brain pia mater of neuraxis ncithesaurus:Brain_Pia_Mater pia mater of brain pia mater of neuraxis of brain the fibrous membrane forming the innermost of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity that is firmly attached to the glial capsule. uberon MP:0009026 the fibrous membrane forming the innermost of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity that is firmly attached to the glial capsule. OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of brain OBOL:automatic brain pia mater of neuraxis 2012-09-17 The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000470 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pia+mater 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000470 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic pia mater of brain forebrain pia mater A pia mater that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17767 EMAPA:17777 MA:0000886 UBERON:0003550 forebrain pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of forebrain pia mater of neuraxis of forebrain uberon OBOL:automatic pia mater of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of forebrain A pia mater that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic midbrain pia mater A pia mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001175 EMAPA:17794 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001061 Pia mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001110 UBERON:0003551 VHOG:0000467 mesencephalon pia mater midbrain pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of midbrain pia mater of neuraxis of midbrain uberon 2012-09-17 Pia mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000467 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000467 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of midbrain VHOG:0000467 mesencephalon pia mater A pia mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of midbrain telencephalon pia mater A pia mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001992 EMAPA:17777 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000982 Pia mater that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003552 VHOG:0000476 pia mater of neuraxis of telencephalon pia mater of telencephalon telencephalon pia mater of neuraxis uberon OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of telencephalon 2012-09-17 Pia mater that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000476 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic telencephalon pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of telencephalon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000476 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A pia mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic diencephalon pia mater A pia mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000400 EMAPA:17767 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000829 Pia mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003553 VHOG:0000475 between brain pia mater between brain pia mater of neuraxis diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis interbrain pia mater interbrain pia mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon pia mater mature diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of between brain pia mater of diencephalon pia mater of interbrain pia mater of mature diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis of between brain pia mater of neuraxis of diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis of interbrain pia mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon uberon OBOL:automatic interbrain pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon pia mater OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of interbrain OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of between brain A pia mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic between brain pia mater OBOL:automatic diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic interbrain pia mater OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of diencephalon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000475 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Pia mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000475 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic pia mater of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic pia mater of interbrain OBOL:automatic between brain pia mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic pia mater of diencephalon hindbrain pia mater A pia mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000772 EMAPA:17786 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000990 Pia mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0003554 VHOG:0000466 hindbrain pia mater of neuraxis pia mater of hindbrain pia mater of neuraxis of hindbrain rhombencephalon pia mater uberon VHOG:0000466 rhombencephalon pia mater OBOL:automatic pia mater of hindbrain A pia mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Pia mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000466 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000466 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of hindbrain OBOL:automatic hindbrain pia mater of neuraxis spinal cord pia mater A pia mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001896 EMAPA:17807 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001133 The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0003555 UMLS:C1710148 VHOG:0000468 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Pia_Mater pia mater of neuraxis of spinal cord pia mater of spinal cord spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis uberon 2012-09-17 The innermost of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000468 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pia+mater 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000468 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic pia mater of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic pia mater of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis A pia mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forebrain arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17765 EMAPA:17775 MA:0000884 UBERON:0003556 arachnoid mater of forebrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of forebrain arachnoid of forebrain forebrain arachnoid forebrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis uberon OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of forebrain An arachnoid mater that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic arachnoid of forebrain OBOL:automatic forebrain arachnoid OBOL:automatic forebrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of forebrain midbrain arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. Arachnoid mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EMAPA:17792 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001059 UBERON:0003557 VHOG:0000233 arachnoid mater of midbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of midbrain arachnoid of midbrain mesencephalon arachnoid mater midbrain arachnoid midbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis uberon OBOL:automatic midbrain arachnoid 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000233 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Arachnoid mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000233 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic arachnoid of midbrain VHOG:0000233 mesencephalon arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of midbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of midbrain OBOL:automatic midbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis diencephalon arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. Arachnoid mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EMAPA:17765 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000827 UBERON:0003558 VHOG:0000231 arachnoid mater of between brain arachnoid mater of diencephalon arachnoid mater of interbrain arachnoid mater of mature diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis of between brain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis of interbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon arachnoid of between brain arachnoid of diencephalon arachnoid of interbrain arachnoid of mature diencephalon between brain arachnoid between brain arachnoid mater between brain arachnoid mater of neuraxis diencephalon arachnoid diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis interbrain arachnoid interbrain arachnoid mater interbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon arachnoid mature diencephalon arachnoid mater mature diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis uberon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon arachnoid mater OBOL:automatic interbrain arachnoid mater 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000231 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic arachnoid of diencephalon 2012-09-17 Arachnoid mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000231 http://bgee.unil.ch/ An arachnoid mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of interbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of between brain OBOL:automatic diencephalon arachnoid OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of diencephalon OBOL:automatic arachnoid of between brain OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon arachnoid OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of interbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid of interbrain OBOL:automatic interbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic between brain arachnoid OBOL:automatic between brain arachnoid mater OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of diencephalon OBOL:automatic between brain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic interbrain arachnoid hindbrain arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. Arachnoid mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EMAPA:17784 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000988 UBERON:0003559 VHOG:0000236 arachnoid mater of hindbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis of hindbrain arachnoid of hindbrain hindbrain arachnoid hindbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis rhombencephalon arachnoid mater uberon OBOL:automatic hindbrain arachnoid mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic hindbrain arachnoid OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of hindbrain OBOL:automatic arachnoid of hindbrain VHOG:0000236 rhombencephalon arachnoid mater OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of hindbrain 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000236 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Arachnoid mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000236 http://bgee.unil.ch/ An arachnoid mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic spinal cord arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17805 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001131 The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0003560 VHOG:0000234 arachnoid mater of neuraxis of spinal cord arachnoid mater of spinal cord arachnoid of spinal cord spinal cord arachnoid spinal cord arachnoid mater of neuraxis uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000234 http://bgee.unil.ch/ An arachnoid mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic spinal cord arachnoid OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of neuraxis of spinal cord OBOL:automatic arachnoid of spinal cord OBOL:automatic spinal cord arachnoid mater of neuraxis 2012-09-17 The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000234 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arachnoid+mater OBOL:automatic arachnoid mater of spinal cord forebrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a forebrain. EMAPA:17766 MA:0000885 UBERON:0003561 dura mater of forebrain dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain forebrain dura mater of neuraxis uberon A dura mater that is part of a forebrain. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic forebrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of forebrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain midbrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. Dura mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EMAPA:17793 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0001060 UBERON:0003562 VHOG:0000410 dura mater of midbrain dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain mesencephalon dura mater midbrain dura mater of neuraxis uberon 2012-09-17 Dura mater that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000410 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000410 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain VHOG:0000410 mesencephalon dura mater OBOL:automatic dura mater of midbrain A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic midbrain dura mater of neuraxis telencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000981 UBERON:0003563 dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon dura mater of telencephalon telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis uberon OBOL:automatic dura mater of telencephalon OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon OBOL:automatic telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic diencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. Dura mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EMAPA:17766 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000828 UBERON:0003564 VHOG:0000258 between brain dura mater between brain dura mater of neuraxis diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis dura mater of between brain dura mater of diencephalon dura mater of interbrain dura mater of mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of between brain dura mater of neuraxis of diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of interbrain dura mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon interbrain dura mater interbrain dura mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon dura mater mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000258 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon dura mater OBOL:automatic dura mater of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of diencephalon OBOL:automatic between brain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic interbrain dura mater OBOL:automatic dura mater of between brain OBOL:automatic dura mater of interbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon OBOL:automatic diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis 2012-09-17 Dura mater that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000258 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of between brain OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of diencephalon OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of interbrain OBOL:automatic between brain dura mater OBOL:automatic interbrain dura mater of neuraxis A dura mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hindbrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. Dura mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EMAPA:17785 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000989 UBERON:0003565 VHOG:0000409 dura mater of hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis rhombencephalon dura mater uberon A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000409 rhombencephalon dura mater 2012-09-17 Dura mater that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000409 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis OBOL:automatic dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain OBOL:automatic dura mater of hindbrain 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000409 http://bgee.unil.ch/ head connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000577 UBERON:0003566 adult head connective tissue adult head portion of connective tissue adult head textus connectivus connective tissue of adult head connective tissue of head head portion of connective tissue head textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of adult head portion of connective tissue of head textus connectivus of adult head textus connectivus of head uberon OBOL:automatic adult head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic connective tissue of adult head A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic adult head connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of adult head OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of adult head OBOL:automatic head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of head abdomen connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000519 UBERON:0003567 abdomen portion of connective tissue abdomen textus connectivus connective tissue of abdomen portion of connective tissue of abdomen textus connectivus of abdomen uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdomen portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdomen textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdomen OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdomen A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic neck connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000585 UBERON:0003568 connective tissue of neck connective tissue of neck (volume) neck (volume) connective tissue neck (volume) portion of connective tissue neck (volume) textus connectivus neck portion of connective tissue neck textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of neck portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) textus connectivus of neck textus connectivus of neck (volume) uberon OBOL:automatic neck (volume) textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of neck OBOL:automatic connective tissue of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck OBOL:automatic neck textus connectivus OBOL:automatic neck portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck (volume) portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000671 UBERON:0003569 connective tissue of leg leg portion of connective tissue leg textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of leg textus connectivus of leg uberon OBOL:automatic connective tissue of leg OBOL:automatic leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of leg A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001814 UBERON:0003570 apparatus respiratorius connective tissue apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius connective tissue of respiratory system portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue of respiratory system respiratory system portion of connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus of respiratory system uberon OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius connective tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius trachea connective tissue A connective tissue that is part of a trachea. MA:0001853 UBERON:0003571 connective tissue of trachea connective tissue of windpipe portion of connective tissue of trachea portion of connective tissue of windpipe textus connectivus of trachea textus connectivus of windpipe trachea portion of connective tissue trachea textus connectivus uberon windpipe connective tissue windpipe portion of connective tissue windpipe textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea portion of connective tissue A connective tissue that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic windpipe portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic trachea textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of windpipe OBOL:automatic connective tissue of trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of trachea chest connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000550 UBERON:0003572 anterior thoracic region connective tissue anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue anterior thoracic region textus connectivus anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus chest portion of connective tissue chest textus connectivus connective tissue of anterior thoracic region connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue of chest connective tissue of front of thorax front of thorax connective tissue front of thorax portion of connective tissue front of thorax textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest portion of connective tissue of front of thorax textus connectivus of anterior thoracic region textus connectivus of anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus of chest textus connectivus of front of thorax uberon OBOL:automatic front of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of chest OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic chest portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic front of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of anterior thoracic region OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic chest textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of front of thorax OBOL:automatic anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic front of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of chest OBOL:automatic connective tissue of front of thorax OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of chest OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of front of thorax A portion of connective tissue that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax OBOL:automatic anterior thoracic region textus connectivus arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000593 UBERON:0003573 arm portion of connective tissue arm textus connectivus brachial region connective tissue brachial region portion of connective tissue brachial region textus connectivus connective tissue of arm connective tissue of brachial region connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of arm portion of connective tissue of brachial region portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of arm textus connectivus of brachial region textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb uberon OBOL:automatic brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region textus connectivus elbow connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000609 UBERON:0003574 connective tissue of cubital region connective tissue of elbow cubital region connective tissue cubital region portion of connective tissue cubital region textus connectivus elbow portion of connective tissue elbow textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of cubital region portion of connective tissue of elbow textus connectivus of cubital region textus connectivus of elbow uberon OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cubital region OBOL:automatic cubital region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cubital region OBOL:automatic elbow textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of elbow OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of elbow OBOL:automatic elbow portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cubital region connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cubital region A portion of connective tissue that is part of a elbow [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of elbow OBOL:automatic cubital region portion of connective tissue wrist connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000636 UBERON:0003575 carpal region connective tissue carpal region portion of connective tissue carpal region textus connectivus connective tissue of carpal region connective tissue of wrist portion of connective tissue of carpal region portion of connective tissue of wrist textus connectivus of carpal region textus connectivus of wrist uberon wrist portion of connective tissue wrist textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic carpal region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of wrist OBOL:automatic connective tissue of wrist OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of carpal region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of wrist OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of carpal region OBOL:automatic carpal region textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a wrist [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic carpal region connective tissue OBOL:automatic wrist textus connectivus OBOL:automatic wrist portion of connective tissue hip connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000656 UBERON:0003576 connective tissue of hip connective tissue of hip region connective tissue of regio coxae hip portion of connective tissue hip region connective tissue hip region portion of connective tissue hip region textus connectivus hip textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of hip portion of connective tissue of hip region portion of connective tissue of regio coxae regio coxae connective tissue regio coxae portion of connective tissue regio coxae textus connectivus textus connectivus of hip textus connectivus of hip region textus connectivus of regio coxae uberon OBOL:automatic hip region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of regio coxae OBOL:automatic regio coxae textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hip textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hip region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hip region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hip region OBOL:automatic hip region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hip OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hip region OBOL:automatic regio coxae connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of regio coxae OBOL:automatic hip portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hip OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hip OBOL:automatic regio coxae portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of regio coxae knee connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000667 UBERON:0003577 connective tissue of knee knee portion of connective tissue knee textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of knee textus connectivus of knee uberon A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of knee OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of knee OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of knee OBOL:automatic knee textus connectivus OBOL:automatic knee portion of connective tissue pedal digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000647 UBERON:0003578 connective tissue of digit of foot connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue of digitus pedis connective tissue of foot digit connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit connective tissue of toe digit of foot connective tissue digit of foot portion of connective tissue digit of foot textus connectivus digit of terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus digitus pedis connective tissue digitus pedis portion of connective tissue digitus pedis textus connectivus foot digit connective tissue foot digit connective tissue foot digit portion of connective tissue foot digit textus connectivus hind limb digit connective tissue portion of connective tissue of digit of foot portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue of digitus pedis portion of connective tissue of foot digit portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit portion of connective tissue of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb digit portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb digit textus connectivus textus connectivus of digit of foot textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus of digitus pedis textus connectivus of foot digit textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb digit textus connectivus of toe toe connective tissue toe portion of connective tissue toe textus connectivus uberon OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of foot digit OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of foot digit OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:accepted hind limb digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic toe portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic digitus pedis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic toe textus connectivus OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic digitus pedis connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of foot textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of toe OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic connective tissue of foot digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb digit MA:0000647 foot digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of toe OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of foot OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit textus connectivus OBOL:automatic toe connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of foot portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of foot NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic digitus pedis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic foot digit textus connectivus OBOL:automatic digit of foot connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of toe shoulder connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000632 UBERON:0003579 connective tissue of shoulder portion of connective tissue of shoulder shoulder portion of connective tissue shoulder textus connectivus textus connectivus of shoulder uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of shoulder OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of shoulder OBOL:automatic connective tissue of shoulder OBOL:automatic shoulder portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic shoulder textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002409 UBERON:0003580 connective tissue of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue lower respiratory tract textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract uberon OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower respiratory tract A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic eyelid connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001251 UBERON:0003581 UMLS:C1707989 blepharon connective tissue blepharon portion of connective tissue blepharon textus connectivus connective tissue of blepharon connective tissue of eyelid eyelid portion of connective tissue eyelid textus connectivus ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue of blepharon portion of connective tissue of eyelid textus connectivus of blepharon textus connectivus of eyelid uberon OBOL:automatic blepharon textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of blepharon A portion of connective tissue that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blepharon connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of eyelid OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of blepharon OBOL:automatic eyelid portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic blepharon portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of blepharon OBOL:automatic connective tissue of eyelid OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of eyelid OBOL:automatic eyelid textus connectivus nasopharynx connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001864 UBERON:0003582 connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx connective tissue of nasopharynx connective tissue of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx connective tissue nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus nasopharynx portion of connective tissue nasopharynx textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx connective tissue rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue rhinopharynx textus connectivus textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus of nasopharynx textus connectivus of rhinopharynx uberon OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx connective tissue OBOL:automatic nasopharynx textus connectivus larynx connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001754 UBERON:0003583 UMLS:C1708651 connective tissue of larynx larynx portion of connective tissue larynx textus connectivus ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue of larynx textus connectivus of larynx uberon OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of larynx OBOL:automatic connective tissue of larynx OBOL:automatic larynx textus connectivus OBOL:automatic larynx portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of larynx mammary gland connective tissue FMA:74479 MA:0002897 UBERON:0003584 connective tissue of lactiferous gland connective tissue of lobe of breast connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland connective tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland connective tissue lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue lactiferous gland textus connectivus lobe of breast connective tissue lobe of breast portion of connective tissue lobe of breast textus connectivus lobe of mammary gland connective tissue lobe of mammary gland portion of connective tissue lobe of mammary gland textus connectivus mammary gland portion of connective tissue mammary gland textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue of lobe of breast portion of connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland portion of connective tissue of mammary gland textus connectivus of lactiferous gland textus connectivus of lobe of breast textus connectivus of lobe of mammary gland textus connectivus of mammary gland the fibrous supportive tissue of the mammary gland. uberon OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast connective tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic mammary gland portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic mammary gland textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic connective tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast portion of connective tissue MP:0009507 the fibrous supportive tissue of the mammary gland. OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland connective tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of mammary gland dermis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000799 UBERON:0003585 connective tissue of dermis dermis portion of connective tissue dermis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of dermis textus connectivus of dermis uberon OBOL:automatic dermis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic dermis portion of connective tissue UBERONREF:0000002 A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of dermis OBOL:automatic connective tissue of dermis trunk connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000513 UBERON:0003586 connective tissue of torso connective tissue of trunk portion of connective tissue of torso portion of connective tissue of trunk textus connectivus of torso textus connectivus of trunk torso connective tissue torso portion of connective tissue torso textus connectivus trunk portion of connective tissue trunk textus connectivus uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of torso OBOL:automatic torso connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of torso OBOL:automatic torso portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of torso A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic torso textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of trunk limb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000689 UBERON:0003587 connective tissue of limb limb portion of connective tissue limb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of limb textus connectivus of limb uberon A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of limb OBOL:automatic limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of limb OBOL:automatic limb textus connectivus forelimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000613 UBERON:0003588 anteriormost limb connective tissue anteriormost limb portion of connective tissue anteriormost limb textus connectivus connective tissue of anteriormost limb connective tissue of fore limb connective tissue of forelimb connective tissue of superior member connective tissue of upper extremity fore limb connective tissue fore limb portion of connective tissue fore limb textus connectivus forelimb portion of connective tissue forelimb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of anteriormost limb portion of connective tissue of fore limb portion of connective tissue of forelimb portion of connective tissue of superior member portion of connective tissue of upper extremity superior member connective tissue superior member portion of connective tissue superior member textus connectivus textus connectivus of anteriormost limb textus connectivus of fore limb textus connectivus of forelimb textus connectivus of superior member textus connectivus of upper extremity uberon upper extremity connective tissue upper extremity portion of connective tissue upper extremity textus connectivus wing connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of superior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of upper extremity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of fore limb A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of fore limb OBOL:automatic superior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of upper extremity OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb connective tissue NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing connective tissue OBOL:automatic upper extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic upper extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of superior member OBOL:automatic forelimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic forelimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic fore limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic fore limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of forelimb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of superior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of forelimb OBOL:automatic fore limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic superior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic superior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of fore limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic upper extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of upper extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of forelimb hindlimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000661 UBERON:0003589 connective tissue of hind limb connective tissue of hindlimb connective tissue of inferior member connective tissue of lower extremity hind limb connective tissue hind limb portion of connective tissue hind limb textus connectivus hindlimb portion of connective tissue hindlimb textus connectivus inferior member connective tissue inferior member portion of connective tissue inferior member textus connectivus lower extremity connective tissue lower extremity portion of connective tissue lower extremity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of hind limb portion of connective tissue of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of inferior member portion of connective tissue of lower extremity textus connectivus of hind limb textus connectivus of hindlimb textus connectivus of inferior member textus connectivus of lower extremity uberon OBOL:automatic lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb OBOL:automatic inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member main bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001845 UBERON:0003590 bronchus principalis connective tissue bronchus principalis portion of connective tissue bronchus principalis textus connectivus connective tissue of bronchus principalis connective tissue of main bronchus connective tissue of primary bronchus connective tissue of principal bronchus main bronchus portion of connective tissue main bronchus textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of bronchus principalis portion of connective tissue of main bronchus portion of connective tissue of primary bronchus portion of connective tissue of principal bronchus primary bronchus connective tissue primary bronchus portion of connective tissue primary bronchus textus connectivus principal bronchus connective tissue principal bronchus portion of connective tissue principal bronchus textus connectivus textus connectivus of bronchus principalis textus connectivus of main bronchus textus connectivus of primary bronchus textus connectivus of principal bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic primary bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus connective tissue OBOL:automatic principal bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic principal bronchus connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic main bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic principal bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis connective tissue OBOL:automatic main bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of main bronchus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of principal bronchus lobar bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lobar bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001841 UBERON:0003591 connective tissue of lobar bronchus connective tissue of secondary bronchus lobar bronchus portion of connective tissue lobar bronchus textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lobar bronchus portion of connective tissue of secondary bronchus secondary bronchus connective tissue secondary bronchus portion of connective tissue secondary bronchus textus connectivus textus connectivus of lobar bronchus textus connectivus of secondary bronchus uberon A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lobar bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus portion of connective tissue bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001831 UBERON:0003592 UMLS:C1707052 bronchi connective tissue bronchi portion of connective tissue bronchi textus connectivus bronchial trunk connective tissue bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus bronchus portion of connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus connective tissue of bronchi connective tissue of bronchial trunk connective tissue of bronchus ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue of bronchi portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue of bronchus textus connectivus of bronchi textus connectivus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus of bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchi textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000555 UBERON:0003593 cavity of chest connective tissue cavity of chest portion of connective tissue cavity of chest textus connectivus cavity of thorax connective tissue cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue cavity of thorax textus connectivus chest cavity connective tissue chest cavity portion of connective tissue chest cavity textus connectivus connective tissue of cavity of chest connective tissue of cavity of thorax connective tissue of chest cavity connective tissue of pectoral cavity connective tissue of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity connective tissue pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue pectoral cavity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest cavity portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity textus connectivus of cavity of chest textus connectivus of cavity of thorax textus connectivus of chest cavity textus connectivus of pectoral cavity textus connectivus of thoracic cavity thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue thoracic cavity textus connectivus uberon OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pectoral cavity A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of chest cavity OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic chest cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic chest cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of chest portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of chest connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of chest textus connectivus OBOL:automatic chest cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of chest pelvis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000533 UBERON:0003594 connective tissue of pelvis pelvis portion of connective tissue pelvis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of pelvis textus connectivus of pelvis uberon OBOL:automatic pelvis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pelvis OBOL:automatic connective tissue of pelvis pes connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000644 UBERON:0003595 autopod of hind limb connective tissue autopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue autopod of hind limb textus connectivus autopod of hindlimb connective tissue autopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue autopod of hindlimb textus connectivus autopod of inferior member connective tissue autopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue autopod of inferior member textus connectivus autopod of lower extremity connective tissue autopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue autopod of lower extremity textus connectivus connective tissue of autopod of hind limb connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb connective tissue of autopod of inferior member connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue of foot connective tissue of hind limb autopod connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment connective tissue of hindlimb autopod connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment connective tissue of inferior member autopod connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment connective tissue of lower extremity autopod connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb distal free limb segment of hind limb connective tissue distal free limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus distal free limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue distal free limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus distal free limb segment of inferior member connective tissue distal free limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus distal free limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue distal free limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus foot connective tissue foot portion of connective tissue foot textus connectivus hind limb autopod connective tissue hind limb autopod portion of connective tissue hind limb autopod textus connectivus hind limb distal free limb segment connective tissue hind limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue hind limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus hindlimb autopod connective tissue hindlimb autopod portion of connective tissue hindlimb autopod textus connectivus hindlimb distal free limb segment connective tissue hindlimb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue hindlimb distal free limb segment textus connectivus inferior member autopod connective tissue inferior member autopod portion of connective tissue inferior member autopod textus connectivus inferior member distal free limb segment connective tissue inferior member distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue inferior member distal free limb segment textus connectivus lower extremity autopod connective tissue lower extremity autopod portion of connective tissue lower extremity autopod textus connectivus lower extremity distal free limb segment connective tissue lower extremity distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue lower extremity distal free limb segment textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of autopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of autopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of foot portion of connective tissue of hind limb autopod portion of connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of hindlimb autopod portion of connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of inferior member autopod portion of connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of lower extremity autopod portion of connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of autopod of hind limb textus connectivus of autopod of hindlimb textus connectivus of autopod of inferior member textus connectivus of autopod of lower extremity textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus of foot textus connectivus of hind limb autopod textus connectivus of hind limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus of hindlimb autopod textus connectivus of hindlimb distal free limb segment textus connectivus of inferior member autopod textus connectivus of inferior member distal free limb segment textus connectivus of lower extremity autopod textus connectivus of lower extremity distal free limb segment textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic foot portion of connective tissue MA:0000644 foot connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of foot OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb autopod A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hind limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb autopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic inferior member distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of foot OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic autopod of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic foot textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic inferior member autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member autopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb autopod OBOL:automatic hind limb autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of foot OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of inferior member ankle connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000639 UBERON:0003596 ankle portion of connective tissue ankle textus connectivus connective tissue of ankle portion of connective tissue of ankle tarsal region connective tissue textus connectivus of ankle uberon OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of ankle OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of ankle OBOL:automatic ankle textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of ankle A portion of connective tissue that is part of an ankle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm tarsal region connective tissue OBOL:automatic ankle portion of connective tissue manual digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000623 UBERON:0003597 connective tissue of digit of hand connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of digitus manus connective tissue of finger connective tissue of hand digit connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of hand connective tissue digit of hand portion of connective tissue digit of hand textus connectivus digit of terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue digit of terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus digitus manus connective tissue digitus manus portion of connective tissue digitus manus textus connectivus finger connective tissue finger portion of connective tissue finger textus connectivus fore limb digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue hand digit portion of connective tissue hand digit textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of digit of hand portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of digitus manus portion of connective tissue of finger portion of connective tissue of hand digit portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb digit portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb digit textus connectivus textus connectivus of digit of hand textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of digitus manus textus connectivus of finger textus connectivus of hand digit textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb digit uberon OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digitus manus OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of finger OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of finger OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hand digit MA:0000623 hand digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic digitus manus connective tissue OBOL:automatic finger connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of hand OBOL:accepted fore limb digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of hand textus connectivus OBOL:automatic finger textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digitus manus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hand digit OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hand digit OBOL:automatic finger portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic connective tissue of finger NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digit of hand OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic digitus manus portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of digitus manus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of hand connective tissue OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hand digit portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hand digit textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic connective tissue of digit of hand OBOL:automatic digitus manus textus connectivus OBOL:automatic digit of hand portion of connective tissue manus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000620 UBERON:0003598 arm autopod connective tissue arm autopod portion of connective tissue arm autopod textus connectivus arm distal free limb segment connective tissue arm distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue arm distal free limb segment textus connectivus autopod of arm connective tissue autopod of arm portion of connective tissue autopod of arm textus connectivus autopod of brachial region connective tissue autopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue autopod of brachial region textus connectivus autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus brachial region autopod connective tissue brachial region autopod portion of connective tissue brachial region autopod textus connectivus brachial region distal free limb segment connective tissue brachial region distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue brachial region distal free limb segment textus connectivus connective tissue of arm autopod connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment connective tissue of autopod of arm connective tissue of autopod of brachial region connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of brachial region autopod connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of hand connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment of arm connective tissue distal free limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of arm textus connectivus distal free limb segment of brachial region connective tissue distal free limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus hand connective tissue hand portion of connective tissue hand textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of arm autopod portion of connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of autopod of arm portion of connective tissue of autopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of brachial region autopod portion of connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of hand portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb autopod connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb autopod portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb autopod textus connectivus proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of arm autopod textus connectivus of arm distal free limb segment textus connectivus of autopod of arm textus connectivus of autopod of brachial region textus connectivus of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of brachial region autopod textus connectivus of brachial region distal free limb segment textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of arm textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of hand textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb uberon OBOL:automatic autopod of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic hand textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm autopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of arm A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic autopod of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic arm autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hand OBOL:automatic arm autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue MA:0000620 hand connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic autopod of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region distal free limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm autopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm autopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hand OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of autopod of arm OBOL:automatic arm distal free limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hand OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region autopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb autopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic hand portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic autopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb autopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of distal free limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of distal free limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of autopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue tail connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000697 UBERON:0003599 connective tissue of post-vent region connective tissue of tail portion of connective tissue of post-vent region portion of connective tissue of tail post-vent region connective tissue post-vent region portion of connective tissue post-vent region textus connectivus tail portion of connective tissue tail textus connectivus textus connectivus of post-vent region textus connectivus of tail uberon OBOL:automatic post-vent region textus connectivus A portion of connective tissue that is part of a tail [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic tail textus connectivus OBOL:automatic post-vent region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of post-vent region OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of post-vent region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of tail OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of tail OBOL:automatic post-vent region connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of tail OBOL:automatic tail portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of post-vent region neck cartilage A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000586 UBERON:0003601 cartilage of neck cartilage of neck (volume) neck (volume) cartilage uberon OBOL:automatic neck (volume) cartilage A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cartilage of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic cartilage of neck lower respiratory tract cartilage A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001819 UBERON:0003603 UMLS:C1708759 cartilage of lower respiratory tract ncithesaurus:Lower_Respiratory_Tract_Cartilage uberon OBOL:automatic cartilage of lower respiratory tract A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic trachea cartilage EMAPA:18699 Editor notes: check whether to classify as part of splanchoncranium FMA:7434 MA:0001857 SCTID:278979006 The cartilages of the trachea (or tracheal rings) vary from sixteen to twenty in number: each forms an imperfect ring, which occupies the anterior two-thirds or so of the circumference of the trachea, being deficient behind, where the tube is completed by fibrous tissue and unstriped muscular fibers. UBERON:0003604 UMLS:C1710456 cartilage of the trachea cartilage of trachea cartilage of windpipe cartilagines tracheales cartilaginous ring of trachea cartilaginous trachea cartilage cartilago trachealis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Gray952.png ncithesaurus:Trachea_Cartilage ring of the trachea trachea ring tracheal cartilage tracheal ring uberon windpipe cartilage EMAPA:18699 cartilaginous ring of trachea OBOL:automatic cartilage of trachea FMA:7434 tracheal cartilage FMA:7434 cartilago trachealis OBOL:automatic windpipe cartilage Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings cartilagines tracheales The cartilages of the trachea (or tracheal rings) vary from sixteen to twenty in number: each forms an imperfect ring, which occupies the anterior two-thirds or so of the circumference of the trachea, being deficient behind, where the tube is completed by fibrous tissue and unstriped muscular fibers. Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea cartilage Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings tracheal ring OBOL:automatic cartilage of windpipe Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings ring of the trachea Wikipedia:Tracheal_rings cartilage of the trachea eye skin gland A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002451 UBERON:0003605 camera-type eye skin gland camera-type eye skin glands camera-type eye skin glands set skin gland of camera-type eye skin gland of vertebrate eye skin glands of camera-type eye skin glands of vertebrate eye skin glands set of camera-type eye skin glands set of vertebrate eye uberon vertebrate eye skin gland vertebrate eye skin glands vertebrate eye skin glands set OBOL:automatic skin gland of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands set OBOL:automatic skin glands set of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin glands set of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands OBOL:automatic skin glands of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin gland OBOL:automatic skin glands of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands set A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin gland of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin gland limb long bone A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000298 UBERON:0003606 long bone of limb uberon OBOL:automatic long bone of limb A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forelimb long bone A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000299 UBERON:0003607 anteriormost limb long bone fore limb long bone long bone of anteriormost limb long bone of fore limb long bone of forelimb long bone of superior member long bone of upper extremity superior member long bone uberon upper extremity long bone wing long bone OBOL:automatic superior member long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of upper extremity OBOL:automatic long bone of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of fore limb OBOL:automatic upper extremity long bone A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of forelimb OBOL:automatic fore limb long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of superior member NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing long bone hindlimb long bone A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000300 UBERON:0003608 hind limb long bone inferior member long bone long bone of hind limb long bone of hindlimb long bone of inferior member long bone of lower extremity lower extremity long bone uberon OBOL:automatic inferior member long bone A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of hindlimb OBOL:automatic long bone of inferior member OBOL:automatic long bone of lower extremity OBOL:automatic hind limb long bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of hind limb aorta elastic tissue MA:0002859 UBERON:0003609 adult aorta elastic connective tissue adult aorta elastic tissue adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus aorta elastic connective tissue aorta textus connectivus elasticus dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue dorsal aorta elastic tissue dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of adult aorta elastic connective tissue of aorta elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue of adult aorta elastic tissue of aorta elastic tissue of dorsal aorta elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus of aorta textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree the dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus uberon OBOL:automatic aorta elastic connective tissue MP:0009862 the dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue OBOL:automatic aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree heart elastic tissue MA:0002858 UBERON:0003610 elastic connective tissue of heart elastic tissue of heart heart elastic connective tissue heart textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of heart the type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. uberon OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of heart OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of heart OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of heart OBOL:automatic heart elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic heart textus connectivus elasticus MP:0009863 the type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. respiratory system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001820 UBERON:0003611 apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue of respiratory system elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue of respiratory system respiratory system elastic connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue cardiovascular system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002857 UBERON:0003613 cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus circulatory system elastic connective tissue circulatory system elastic tissue circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue of circulatory system elastic tissue of cardiovascular system elastic tissue of circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of circulatory system OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic tissue OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of circulatory system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus blood vessel elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a blood vessel [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002856 UBERON:0003614 blood vessel elastic connective tissue blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of blood vessel elastic tissue of blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus An elastic tissue that is part of a blood vessel [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of blood vessel lung elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002860 UBERON:0003615 elastic connective tissue of lung elastic tissue of lung lung elastic connective tissue lung textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of lung uberon OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic lung textus connectivus elasticus An elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of lung OBOL:automatic lung elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of lung bronchus elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001838 UBERON:0003616 UMLS:C1707053 bronchi elastic connective tissue bronchi elastic tissue bronchi textus connectivus elasticus bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue bronchial trunk elastic tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus bronchus elastic connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of bronchi elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue of bronchus elastic tissue of bronchi elastic tissue of bronchial trunk elastic tissue of bronchus ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Elastic_Tissue textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi elastic connective tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic bronchus elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk elastic tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic bronchus textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic bronchi elastic tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of bronchi trachea elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001861 UBERON:0003617 cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue of windpipe elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic tissue of windpipe textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe uberon vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue vertebrate trachea elastic tissue vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus windpipe elastic connective tissue windpipe elastic tissue windpipe textus connectivus elasticus An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic windpipe elastic tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea elastic tissue OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of windpipe OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic windpipe elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic windpipe textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea OBOL:automatic vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue aorta tunica media FMA:74433 MA:0002903 SCTID:48467007 UBERON:0003618 adult aorta tunica media dorsal aorta tunica media the middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. trunk of aortic tree tunica media tunica media of adult aorta tunica media of aorta tunica media of dorsal aorta tunica media of trunk of aortic tree uberon OBOL:automatic tunica media of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic tunica media of trunk of aortic tree MP:0009873 the middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic adult aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic tunica media of aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica media OBOL:automatic tunica media of adult aorta aorta tunica intima FMA:74419 MA:0002904 SCTID:362031007 UBERON:0003619 adult aorta tunica intima dorsal aorta tunica intima the innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. trunk of aortic tree tunica intima tunica intima of adult aorta tunica intima of aorta tunica intima of dorsal aorta tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree uberon OBOL:automatic tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica intima OBOL:automatic tunica intima of aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica intima OBOL:automatic adult aorta tunica intima MP:0009872 the innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. OBOL:automatic tunica intima of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic tunica intima of adult aorta manual digit 1 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19113 FMA:35477 MA:0001389 Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] digit long bone Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] long bone of digit Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] phalanx SCTID:181975002 UBERON:0003620 UMLS:C1711344 digit long bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] digit long bone of first digit of hand digit long bone of hand digit 1 digit long bone of thumb first digit of hand digit long bone first digit of hand long bone of digit first digit of hand phalanx fore limb digit 1 phalanx hand digit 1 digit long bone hand digit 1 long bone of digit hand digit 1 phalanx hand digit 1 phalanx long bone of digit of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] long bone of digit of first digit of hand long bone of digit of hand digit 1 long bone of digit of thumb ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_1_Phalanx phalanx of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] phalanx of first digit of hand phalanx of hand digit 1 phalanx of thumb thumb digit long bone thumb long bone of digit thumb phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 digit long bone OBOL:automatic first digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 phalanx OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 phalanx OBOL:automatic first digit of hand phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic first digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic thumb digit long bone OBOL:automatic phalanx of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] OBOL:automatic phalanx of thumb MA:0001389 hand digit 1 phalanx OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] phalanx OBOL:automatic thumb long bone of digit OBOL:automatic digit long bone of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] long bone of digit OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 1 OBOL:automatic phalanx of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic thumb phalanx OBOL:automatic Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of thumb OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of thumb manual digit 2 2nd digit of hand 2nd digit of the manus. 2nd finger AAO:0010640 Anurans lack manual digit 1, so manual digit 2 is the digit after the prepollex (Phenotype RCN Oct 2012) EHDAA2:0000517 EMAPA:17432 FMA:24946 MA:0000455 SCTID:362758006 This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). UBERON:0003622 UMLS:C0230388 digit 2 of fore-paw finger 2 fore digit II fore limb digit 2 hand digit 2 hand digit 2 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Index_finger.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Index_finger.JPG/200px-Index_finger.JPG index finger ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_2 second digit of hand second finger uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 NCBITaxon:8782 PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). UBERON:0012261 reference_0000032 EMAPA:17432 digit 2 of fore-paw FMA:24946 second digit of hand MA:0000455 hand digit 2 EHDAA2:0000517 finger 2 2nd digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Index_finger AAO:0010640 fore digit II OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 manual digit 3 3rd digit of hand 3rd digit of the manus. 3rd finger AAO:0010641 EHDAA2:0000523 EMAPA:17435 FMA:24947 MA:0000456 SCTID:362763005 This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). UBERON:0003623 UMLS:C0230393 digit 3 of fore-paw digitus medius finger 3 fore digit III fore limb digit 3 hand digit 3 hand digit 3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Middle_finger.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Middle_finger.jpg/200px-Middle_finger.jpg middle finger ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_3 third digit of hand third finger uberon Wikipedia:Middle_finger digitus medius 3rd digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Middle_finger FMA:24947 third digit of hand EHDAA2:0000523 finger 3 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 MA:0000456 hand digit 3 NCBITaxon:8782 PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN This class represents the standard tetrapod configuration. Wagner proposes that avian digits I,II,III develop from C2,C3,C4. To support this scheme we have separate classes representing the avian digits (here called alula, manual digit, major digit). UBERON:0012262 OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 AAO:0010641 fore digit III EMAPA:17435 digit 3 of fore-paw reference_0000032 manual digit 4 4th digit of hand 4th digit of the manus. 4th finger AAO:0010642 EHDAA2:0000529 EMAPA:17438 FMA:24948 MA:0000457 SCTID:362768001 UBERON:0003624 UMLS:C0230398 digit 4 of fore-paw digitus annularis finger 4 fore digit IV fore limb digit 4 fourth digit of hand fourth finger hand digit 4 hand digit 4 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Ring_finger.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ring_finger.JPG/200px-Ring_finger.JPG ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_4 ring finger uberon reference_0000032 FMA:24948 fourth digit of hand OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 Wikipedia:Ring_finger digitus annularis NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 MA:0000457 hand digit 4 EMAPA:17438 digit 4 of fore-paw EHDAA2:0000529 finger 4 4th digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Ring_finger AAO:0010642 fore digit IV manual digit 5 5th digit of hand 5th digit of the manus. 5th finger AAO:0010643 EHDAA2:0000535 EMAPA:17441 FMA:24949 MA:0000458 SCTID:362773007 UBERON:0003625 UMLS:C0230403 digit 5 of fore-paw fifth digit of hand fifth finger finger 5 fore digit V fore limb digit 5 hand digit 5 hand digit 5 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pink.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pink.jpg/200px-Pink.jpg little finger manual digitus minimus ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_5 quintus, digitus V uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 EMAPA:17441 digit 5 of fore-paw reference_0000032 OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 Wikipedia:Little_finger quintus, digitus V MA:0000458 hand digit 5 5th digit of the manus. Wikipedia:Little_finger EHDAA2:0000535 finger 5 FMA:24949 fifth digit of hand Wikipedia:Little_finger manual digitus minimus AAO:0010643 fore digit V pedal digit 1 1st digit of the hind autopod. AAO:0010644 BTO:0002349 EHDAA2:0002037 EMAPA:17460 FMA:25047 GAID:45 MA:0000465 MESH:A01.378.610.250.300.792.380 SCTID:302546000 UBERON:0003631 UMLS:C1708079 VSAO:0000201 big toe digit 1 of hind-paw digit 1 of pes digitus primus (I) pedis foot digit 1 foot digit 1 great toe hallex hallux hallux; digitus primus [I] hind digit I hind limb digit 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/RightFootToes.jpg ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_1 pedal digit 1 pes digit I preaxial digit of hindlimb toe 1 uberon FMA:25047 hallux; digitus primus [I] EHDAA2:0002037 toe 1 AAO:0010644 hind digit I OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 FMA:25047 great toe FMA:TA hallux MA:0000465 foot digit 1 reference_0000032 EMAPA:17460 digit 1 of hind-paw 1st digit of the hind autopod. Wikipedia:Hallux BTO:0002349 digitus primus (I) pedis NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 pedal digit 2 2nd digit of the hind autopod. 2nd toe AAO:0010645 BTO:0002350 EHDAA2:0002042 EMAPA:17463 FMA:25048 MA:0000466 SCTID:362817008 UBERON:0003632 UMLS:C1708081 digit 2 of hind-paw digitus secundus (II) pedis digitus secundus [ii] digitus secundus pedis foot digit 2 foot digit 2 hind digit II hind limb digit 2 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_2 pes digit II second digit of foot second toe toe 2 uberon BTO:0002350 digitus secundus pedis MA:0000466 foot digit 2 AAO:0010645 hind digit II EMAPA:17463 digit 2 of hind-paw OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 BTO:0002350 digitus secundus (II) pedis EHDAA2:0002042 toe 2 2nd digit of the hind autopod. UBERON:cjm FMA:25048 second toe reference_0000032 FMA:25048 digitus secundus [ii] FMA:25048 second digit of foot pedal digit 3 3rd digit of the hind autopod. 3rd toe AAO:0010646 BTO:0002351 EHDAA2:0002047 EMAPA:17466 FMA:25051 MA:0000467 SCTID:362821001 UBERON:0003633 UMLS:C1708083 digit 3 of hind-paw digitus tertius (III) pedis digitus tertius [iii] digitus tertius pedis foot digit 3 foot digit 3 hind digit III hind limb digit 3 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_3 pes digit III third digit of foot third toe toe 3 uberon FMA:25051 digitus tertius [iii] AAO:0010646 hind digit III reference_0000032 3rd digit of the hind autopod. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:17466 digit 3 of hind-paw BTO:0002351 digitus tertius (III) pedis EHDAA2:0002047 toe 3 OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 FMA:25051 third digit of foot MA:0000467 foot digit 3 BTO:0002351 digitus tertius pedis FMA:25051 third toe pedal digit 4 4th digit of the hind autopod. 4th toe AAO:0010656 BTO:0002352 EHDAA2:0002052 EMAPA:17469 FMA:25052 MA:0000468 SCTID:362826006 UBERON:0003634 UMLS:C1708085 digit 4 of hind-paw digitus quartis pedis digitus quartus (IV) pedis digitus quartus [iv] foot digit 4 foot digit 4 fourth digit of foot fourth toe hind digit IV hind limb digit 4 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_4 pes digit IV toe 4 uberon FMA:25052 digitus quartus [iv] NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 MA:0000468 foot digit 4 EMAPA:17469 digit 4 of hind-paw BTO:0002352 digitus quartus (IV) pedis 4th digit of the hind autopod. UBERON:cjm FMA:25052 fourth toe EHDAA2:0002052 toe 4 OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 AAO:0010656 hind digit IV FMA:25052 fourth digit of foot BTO:0002352 digitus quartis pedis pedal digit 5 5th digit of the hind autopod. 5th toe AAO:0010658 BTO:0002353 EHDAA2:0002057 EMAPA:17472 FMA:25053 MA:0000469 SCTID:362830009 UBERON:0003635 UMLS:C1708087 digit 5 of hind-paw digitus V of pes digitus minimus pedis digitus quintus [V] pedis digitus quintus of pes digitus quintus pedis fifth digit of foot fifth toe foot digit 5 foot digit 5 hind digit V hind limb digit 5 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray291.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png little toe ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_5 pedal digitus minimus pes digit V toe 5 uberon EMAPA:17472 digit 5 of hind-paw Wikipedia:Fifth_toe digitus quintus pedis EHDAA2:0002057 toe 5 reference_0000032 FMA:25053 fifth toe OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 5th digit of the hind autopod. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Fifth_toe NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 FMA:25053 fifth digit of foot FMA:25053 FMA:TA digitus quintus [V] pedis AAO:0010658 hind digit V MA:0000469 foot digit 5 Wikipedia:Fifth_toe digitus minimus pedis manual digit 2 phalanx 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit 2 nd digit of hand phalanx 2 nd finger digit long bone 2 nd finger long bone of digit 2 nd finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19115 FMA:35480 MA:0001390 SCTID:361783009 UBERON:0003636 UMLS:C1708312 digit long bone of 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone of 2 nd finger digit long bone of hand digit 2 digit long bone of second finger fore limb digit 2 phalanx hand digit 2 digit long bone hand digit 2 long bone of digit hand digit 2 phalanx hand digit 2 phalanx index finger phalanx long bone of digit of 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit of 2 nd finger long bone of digit of hand digit 2 long bone of digit of second finger ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_2_Phalanx phalanx of 2 nd digit of hand phalanx of 2 nd finger phalanx of hand digit 2 phalanx of index finger phalanx of second finger second finger digit long bone second finger long bone of digit second finger phalanx uberon 2 nd finger phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 digit long bone FMA:35480 phalanx of index finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic second finger phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 2 nd finger A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 phalanx 2 nd digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 2 nd finger FMA:35480 index finger phalanx OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic second finger digit long bone 2 nd finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 2 nd digit of hand 2 nd finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic MA:0001390 hand digit 2 phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of second finger 2 nd digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of second finger 2 nd digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 2 nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic second finger long bone of digit manual digit 3 phalanx 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit 3 rd digit of hand phalanx 3 rd finger digit long bone 3 rd finger long bone of digit 3 rd finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19117 FMA:35483 MA:0001391 SCTID:361785002 UBERON:0003637 UMLS:C1708314 digit long bone of 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone of 3 rd finger digit long bone of hand digit 3 digit long bone of third finger fore limb digit 3 phalanx hand digit 3 digit long bone hand digit 3 long bone of digit hand digit 3 phalanx hand digit 3 phalanx long bone of digit of 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit of 3 rd finger long bone of digit of hand digit 3 long bone of digit of third finger middle finger phalanx ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_3_Phalanx phalanx of 3 rd digit of hand phalanx of 3 rd finger phalanx of hand digit 3 phalanx of middle finger phalanx of third finger third finger digit long bone third finger long bone of digit third finger phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic phalanx of 3 rd finger 3 rd digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 3 rd finger 3 rd digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of third finger 3 rd digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic FMA:35483 phalanx of middle finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of 3 rd digit of hand 3 rd finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic third finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic third finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 3 rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic third finger phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of third finger MA:0001391 hand digit 3 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 3 OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:35483 middle finger phalanx 3 rd finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic 3 rd finger phalanx OBOL:automatic manual digit 4 phalanx 4 th digit of hand digit long bone 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit 4 th digit of hand phalanx 4 th finger digit long bone 4 th finger long bone of digit 4 th finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19119 FMA:35486 MA:0001392 SCTID:361787005 UBERON:0003638 UMLS:C1708316 digit long bone of 4 th digit of hand digit long bone of 4 th finger digit long bone of fourth finger digit long bone of hand digit 4 fore limb digit 4 phalanx fourth finger digit long bone fourth finger long bone of digit fourth finger phalanx hand digit 4 digit long bone hand digit 4 long bone of digit hand digit 4 phalanx hand digit 4 phalanx long bone of digit of 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit of 4 th finger long bone of digit of fourth finger long bone of digit of hand digit 4 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_4_Phalanx phalanx of 4 th digit of hand phalanx of 4 th finger phalanx of fourth finger phalanx of hand digit 4 phalanx of ring finger ring finger phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic phalanx of 4 th digit of hand FMA:35486 phalanx of ring finger 4 th digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fourth finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 4 th digit of hand NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of fourth finger MA:0001392 hand digit 4 phalanx 4 th finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic 4 th finger phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 4 4 th finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 4 A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4 th digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fourth finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic fourth finger phalanx OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 phalanx FMA:35486 ring finger phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of fourth finger 4 th digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of fourth finger OBOL:automatic phalanx of 4 th finger manual digit 5 phalanx 5 th digit of hand digit long bone 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit 5 th digit of hand phalanx 5 th finger digit long bone 5 th finger long bone of digit 5 th finger phalanx A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19121 FMA:35489 MA:0001393 SCTID:361789008 UBERON:0003639 UMLS:C1708317 digit long bone of 5 th digit of hand digit long bone of 5 th finger digit long bone of fifth finger digit long bone of hand digit 5 fifth finger digit long bone fifth finger long bone of digit fifth finger phalanx fore limb digit 5 phalanx hand digit 5 digit long bone hand digit 5 long bone of digit hand digit 5 phalanx hand digit 5 phalanx little finger phalanx long bone of digit of 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit of 5 th finger long bone of digit of fifth finger long bone of digit of hand digit 5 ncithesaurus:Hand_Digit_5_Phalanx phalanx of 5 th digit of hand phalanx of 5 th finger phalanx of fifth digit of hand phalanx of fifth finger phalanx of hand digit 5 phalanx of little finger phalanx of manual digitus minimus uberon OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic digit long bone of fifth finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 5 th digit of hand 5 th finger phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 5 th digit of hand 5 th digit of hand long bone of digit OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 phalanx 5 th finger digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of 5 th finger A phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of 5 th finger OBOL:automatic fifth finger phalanx FMA:35489 phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic fifth finger digit long bone 5 th digit of hand phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:35489 phalanx of fifth digit of hand OBOL:automatic fifth finger long bone of digit OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hand digit 5 MA:0001393 hand digit 5 phalanx 5 th finger long bone of digit OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic phalanx of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic phalanx of manual digitus minimus 5 th digit of hand digit long bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of fifth finger FMA:35489 little finger phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of 5 th finger pedal digit 1 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19124 FMA:32884 MA:0001381 SCTID:361798006 UBERON:0003640 UMLS:C1708080 big toe phalanx digit long bone of foot digit 1 digit long bone of hallux foot digit 1 digit long bone foot digit 1 long bone of digit foot digit 1 phalanx foot digit 1 phalanx hallux digit long bone hallux long bone of digit hallux phalanx hind limb digit 1 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 1 long bone of digit of hallux ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_1_Phalanx phalanx of big toe phalanx of first digit of foot phalanx of foot digit 1 phalanx of great toe phalanx of hallux uberon FMA:32884 big toe phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 digit long bone OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 phalanx MA:0001381 foot digit 1 phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 long bone of digit NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32884 phalanx of great toe OBOL:automatic hallux phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of hallux OBOL:automatic digit long bone of hallux FMA:32884 phalanx of first digit of foot OBOL:automatic hallux digit long bone OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 1 FMA:32884 phalanx of big toe OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic hallux long bone of digit pedal digit 2 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19126 FMA:32899 MA:0001382 SCTID:361800004 UBERON:0003641 UMLS:C1708082 digit long bone of foot digit 2 foot digit 2 digit long bone foot digit 2 long bone of digit foot digit 2 phalanx foot digit 2 phalanx hind limb digit 2 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 2 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_2_Phalanx phalanx of foot digit 2 phalanx of second toe second toe phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 digit long bone FMA:32899 phalanx of second toe MA:0001382 foot digit 2 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 2 OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 2 OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 phalanx FMA:32899 second toe phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 2 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 3 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19128 FMA:32900 MA:0001383 SCTID:361802007 UBERON:0003642 UMLS:C1708084 digit long bone of foot digit 3 foot digit 3 digit long bone foot digit 3 long bone of digit foot digit 3 phalanx foot digit 3 phalanx hind limb digit 3 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 3 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_3_Phalanx phalanx of foot digit 3 phalanx of third toe third toe phalanx uberon A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32900 third toe phalanx MA:0001383 foot digit 3 phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 long bone of digit FMA:32900 phalanx of third toe OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 phalanx NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 phalanx respiratory system arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001800 UBERON:0003643 uberon An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic kidney arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002578 UBERON:0003644 uberon An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of digit 1 1 A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. AAO:0010616 EMAPA:19112 FMA:23899 MA:0001364 SCTID:181973009 The first metacarpal bone or the metacarpal bone of the thumb is the first bone of the thumb. It is connected to the trapezium of the carpus at the first carpometacarpal joint and to the proximal thumb phalanx at the first metacarpophalangeal joint[Wikipedia:First_metacarpal_bone]. UBERON:0003645 UMLS:C1708987 finger 1 metacarpus first digit of hand metacarpal first digit of hand metacarpal bone first metacarpal bone hand digit 1 metacarpal hand digit 1 metacarpal bone manual digit 1 metacarpus metacarpal 1 metacarpal I metacarpal bone digit 1 metacarpal bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal bone of first digit of hand metacarpal bone of hand digit 1 metacarpal bone of thumb metacarpal of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal of first digit of hand metacarpal of hand digit 1 metacarpal of thumb ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_1 pollex ; digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal pollex ; digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal bone thumb metacarpal thumb metacarpal bone uberon A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thumb metacarpal bone FMA:23899 first metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic thumb metacarpal OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 1 The first metacarpal bone or the metacarpal bone of the thumb is the first bone of the thumb. It is connected to the trapezium of the carpus at the first carpometacarpal joint and to the proximal thumb phalanx at the first metacarpophalangeal joint[Wikipedia:First_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:First_metacarpal_bone FMA:23899 metacarpal I OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of thumb OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of thumb OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 1 MA:0001364 metacarpal bone digit 1 OBOL:automatic pollex ; digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 1 metacarpal OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] OBOL:automatic metacarpal of Pollex ; Digitus primus [ I ] OBOL:automatic first digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic pollex ; digitus primus [ I ] metacarpal OBOL:automatic first digit of hand metacarpal metacarpal bone of digit 2 2 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone 2 nd finger metacarpal 2 nd finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. AAO:0000853 Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19114 FMA:23900 MA:0001365 SCTID:263399007 UBERON:0003646 UMLS:C1708988 finger 2 metacarpus hand digit 2 metacarpal hand digit 2 metacarpal bone manual digit 2 metacarpus metacarpal 2 metacarpal II metacarpal bone digit 2 metacarpal bone of 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone of 2 nd finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 2 metacarpal bone of second finger metacarpal of 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal of 2 nd finger metacarpal of hand digit 2 metacarpal of second finger ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_2 second finger metacarpal second finger metacarpal bone second metacarpal bone uberon OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 2 nd finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 metacarpal MA:0001365 metacarpal bone digit 2 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of second finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic second finger metacarpal bone FMA:23900 metacarpal II OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 2 nd finger 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000853 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and carpal 2(1) or carpal 2+3(1+2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II(I) distally.[AAO] OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 2 nd digit of hand 2 nd finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 2 nd digit of hand 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of second finger 2 nd digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic 2 nd finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic second finger metacarpal FMA:23900 second metacarpal bone metacarpal bone of digit 3 3 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone 3 rd finger metacarpal 3 rd finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000854 Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19116 FMA:23901 MA:0001366 SCTID:263400000 The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On the radial side is a smooth, concave facet for articulation with the second metacarpal, and on the ulnar side two small oval facets for the fourth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone]. UBERON:0003647 UMLS:C1708989 cannon bone finger 3 metacarpus hand digit 3 metacarpal hand digit 3 metacarpal bone manual digit 3 metacarpus metacarpal 3 metacarpal III metacarpal bone digit 3 metacarpal bone of 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone of 3 rd finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 3 metacarpal bone of third finger metacarpal of 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal of 3 rd finger metacarpal of hand digit 3 metacarpal of third finger ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_3 third finger metacarpal third finger metacarpal bone third metacarpal bone uberon UBERON:cjm cannon bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic third finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 3 MA:0001366 metacarpal bone digit 3 3 rd finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of third finger 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic FMA:23901 metacarpal III OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 3 rd finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 3 3 rd finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 3 rd digit of hand A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone FMA:23901 third metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic third finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 metacarpal 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000854 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 3(2) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III(II) distally.[AAO] OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 3 rd digit of hand 3 rd digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic The third metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the middle finger) is a little smaller than the second. The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle. The carpal articular facet is concave behind, flat in front, and articulates with the capitate. On the radial side is a smooth, concave facet for articulation with the second metacarpal, and on the ulnar side two small oval facets for the fourth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:Third_metacarpal_bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of third finger metacarpal bone of digit 4 4 4 th digit of hand metacarpal 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone 4 th finger metacarpal 4 th finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. AAO:0010615 EMAPA:19118 FMA:23902 MA:0001367 SCTID:263401001 The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate. On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation with the third metacarpal; and on the ulnar side a single concave facet, for the fifth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone]. UBERON:0003648 UMLS:C1708990 finger 4 metacarpus fourth finger metacarpal fourth finger metacarpal bone fourth metacarpal bone hand digit 4 metacarpal hand digit 4 metacarpal bone manual digit 4 metacarpus metacarpal 4 metacarpal IV metacarpal bone digit 4 metacarpal bone of 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone of 4 th finger metacarpal bone of fourth finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 4 metacarpal of 4 th digit of hand metacarpal of 4 th finger metacarpal of fourth finger metacarpal of hand digit 4 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_4 uberon FMA:23902 metacarpal IV OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 4 th finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 metacarpal OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 4 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic fourth finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic 4 th finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic metacarpal of fourth finger OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 4 th finger 4 th finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 4 th digit of hand 4 th digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of fourth finger MA:0001367 metacarpal bone digit 4 The fourth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the ring finger) is shorter and smaller than the third. The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate. On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation with the third metacarpal; and on the ulnar side a single concave facet, for the fifth metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fourth_metacarpal_bone 4 th digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fourth finger metacarpal FMA:23902 fourth metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 4 metacarpal bone of digit 5 5 5 th digit of hand metacarpal 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone 5 th finger metacarpal 5 th finger metacarpal bone A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. AAO:0000855 Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19120 FMA:23903 MA:0001368 SCTID:263402008 The fifth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the little finger or pinky finger) is the most lateral metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fifth_metacarpal_bone]. UBERON:0003649 UMLS:C1711224 fifth finger metacarpal fifth finger metacarpal bone fifth metacarpal bone finger 5 metacarpus hand digit 5 metacarpal hand digit 5 metacarpal bone manual digit 5 metacarpus metacarpal 5 metacarpal V metacarpal bone digit 5 metacarpal bone of 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone of 5 th finger metacarpal bone of fifth finger metacarpal bone of hand digit 5 metacarpal of 5 th digit of hand metacarpal of 5 th finger metacarpal of fifth finger metacarpal of hand digit 5 ncithesaurus:Metacarpal_Bone_Digit_5 note FMA also has FMA:36782 uberon OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of fifth finger FMA:23903 fifth metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 5 th finger 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000855 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell shaped bones of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with carpal 5(4) proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V(IV) distally.[AAO] OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 metacarpal A metacarpal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic 5 th finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fifth finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic fifth finger metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of 5 th digit of hand The fifth metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the little finger or pinky finger) is the most lateral metacarpal[Wikipedia:Fifth_metacarpal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fifth_metacarpal_bone 5 th digit of hand metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 5 th finger 5 th finger metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic metacarpal bone of 5 th digit of hand OBOL:automatic metacarpal of hand digit 5 MA:0001368 metacarpal bone digit 5 5 th digit of hand metacarpal OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 metacarpal bone OBOL:automatic metacarpal of fifth finger metatarsal bone of digit 1 1 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. AAO:0000925 Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19123 FMA:24502 MA:0001369 SCTID:182121005 The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe. It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones. The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form. The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus. The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation[Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone]. UBERON:0003650 UMLS:C1708999 first metatarsal bone foot digit 1 metatarsal bone hallux metatarsal bone metatarsal 1 metatarsal I metatarsal bone digit 1 metatarsal bone of foot digit 1 metatarsal bone of hallux ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_1 toe 1 metatarsal toe 1 metatarsus uberon A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic MA:0001369 metatarsal bone digit 1 FMA:24502 first metatarsal bone 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000925 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with the prepollex and tarsal 1 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit I distally.[AAO] OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 1 AAO:0000925 metatarsal I OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of hallux OBOL:automatic hallux metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 metatarsal bone The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe. It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones. The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form. The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus. The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation[Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:First_metatarsal_bone metatarsal bone of digit 2 2 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. AAO:0000926 Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19125 FMA:24503 MA:0001370 SCTID:182128004 UBERON:0003651 UMLS:C1709000 foot digit 2 metatarsal bone metatarsal 2 metatarsal II metatarsal bone digit 2 metatarsal bone of foot digit 2 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_2 second metatarsal bone toe 2 metatarsal toe 2 metatarsus uberon OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 2 FMA:24503 second metatarsal bone MA:0001370 metatarsal bone digit 2 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic AAO:0000926 metatarsal II 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000926 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 2 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit II distally.[AAO] OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 metatarsal bone metatarsal bone of digit 3 3 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000927 Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19127 FMA:24504 MA:0001371 SCTID:182134006 The third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal. This last facet is situated at the dorsal angle of the base[Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone]. UBERON:0003652 UMLS:C1709001 cannon bone foot digit 3 metatarsal bone metatarsal 3 metatarsal III metatarsal bone digit 3 metatarsal bone of foot digit 3 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_3 third metatarsal bone toe 3 metatarsal toe 3 metatarsus uberon OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 3 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone The third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal. This last facet is situated at the dorsal angle of the base[Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:Third_metatarsal_bone FMA:24504 third metatarsal bone 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000927 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 3 proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit III distally.[AAO] MA:0001371 metatarsal bone digit 3 UBERON:cjm cannon bone AAO:0000927 metatarsal III metatarsal bone of digit 4 4 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. AAO:0000928 Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19129 FMA:24505 MA:0001372 SCTID:182139001 The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone]. UBERON:0003653 UMLS:C1709002 foot digit 4 metatarsal bone fourth metatarsal bone metatarsal 4 metatarsal IV metatarsal bone digit 4 metatarsal bone of foot digit 4 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_4 toe 4 metatarsal toe 4 metatarsus uberon OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 4 MA:0001372 metatarsal bone digit 4 The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for articulation with the third cuneiform; on the lateral side a single facet, for articulation with the fifth metatarsal[Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fourth_metatarsal_bone 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000928 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 4 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit IV distally.[AAO] A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 metatarsal bone FMA:24505 fourth metatarsal bone AAO:0000928 metatarsal IV metatarsal bone of digit 5 5 A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. AAO:0000929 Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally.[AAO] EMAPA:19131 FMA:24506 MA:0001373 SCTID:182144008 The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. On the medial part of its dorsal surface is inserted the tendon of the Peronæus tertius and on the dorsal surface of the tuberosity that of the Peronæus brevis. A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the Abductor digiti quinti, and gives origin to the Flexor digiti quinti brevis. The base of the metatarsal is often injured and a particularly notorious fracture is the Jones fracture. When the tuberosity is broken, it is called a pseudo-Jones fracture or a dancer's fracture. This is a common fracture of the fifth metatarsal. Stress fractures are common in the fifth metatarsal among athletes[Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone]. UBERON:0003654 UMLS:C1709003 fifth metatarsal bone foot digit 5 metatarsal bone metatarsal 5 metatarsal V metatarsal bone digit 5 metatarsal bone of foot digit 5 ncithesaurus:Metatarsal_Bone_Digit_5 toe 5 metatarsal toe 5 metatarsus uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000929 AAO:LAP Dumb-bell-shaped bone of endochondral origin with cartilaginous epiphyses that articulates with tarsal 5 or the distal head of the tibiale-fibulare proximally and with the proximal phalanx of digit V distally.[AAO] A metatarsal bone that distally_connected_to a proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic MA:0001373 metatarsal bone digit 5 FMA:24506 fifth metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 metatarsal bone OBOL:automatic metatarsal bone of foot digit 5 The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base. The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal. On the medial part of its dorsal surface is inserted the tendon of the Peronæus tertius and on the dorsal surface of the tuberosity that of the Peronæus brevis. A strong band of the plantar aponeurosis connects the projecting part of the tuberosity with the lateral process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus. The plantar surface of the base is grooved for the tendon of the Abductor digiti quinti, and gives origin to the Flexor digiti quinti brevis. The base of the metatarsal is often injured and a particularly notorious fracture is the Jones fracture. When the tuberosity is broken, it is called a pseudo-Jones fracture or a dancer's fracture. This is a common fracture of the fifth metatarsal. Stress fractures are common in the fifth metatarsal among athletes[Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone]. Wikipedia:Fifth_metatarsal_bone AAO:0000929 metatarsal V molar tooth Adult humans have twelve molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the surface of the gum at about the age of twenty, although this varies from individual to individual. Ethnicity can also have an impact on the age at which this occurs, with statistical variations between groups. The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar. BTO:0001759 FMA:55638 MA:0000350 MESH:A14.254.860.525 Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. SCTID:362115002 UBERON:0003655 UMLS:C0026367 dens molaris molar molaris ncithesaurus:Molar_Tooth uberon BTO:0001759 molaris Wikipedia:Molar_%28tooth%29 dens molaris Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. Wikipedia:Molar_(tooth) MA:0000350 molar mesopodium bone A bone that is part of a mesopodial skeleton[cjm]. The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost[WP]. MA:0000295 UBERON:0003656 basipodium bone carpal/tarsal bone mesopod bone mesopodial bone uberon MA:0000295 carpal/tarsal bone intentional hidden GCI MA:th basipodium bone A bone that is part of a mesopodial skeleton[cjm]. The carpus (wrist) and tarsus (ankle) of land vertebrates primitively had three rows of carpal or tarsal bones. Often some of these have become lost or fused in evolution. Three proximals. In the hand humans has all three. In the foot the middle proximal appears in 5-15% of people as an os trigonum. Centrale or os centrale, on the medial side. In humans and our closest relatives the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas) it fuses to the scaphoid where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot. Distals, one per finger / toe at the base of each metacarpal or metatarsal. In mammals the 4th and 5th fuse. In the horse the 1st is lost[WP]. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates limb joint Any joint that is part of a (free) limb. MA:0000691 Most limb joints are synovial, but a few such as the tibiofibular joints are syndesmoses SCTID:312683002 UBERON:0003657 galen:LimbJoint joint of limb joint of limb skeletal system skeletal limb joint uberon OBOL:automatic joint of limb skeletal system GO:0036023 skeletal limb joint Any joint that is part of a (free) limb. UBERON:cjm hip muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000657 UBERON:0003658 hip muscle organ hip region muscle organ muscle organ of hip muscle organ of hip region muscle organ of regio coxae regio coxae muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic regio coxae muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hip region OBOL:automatic hip muscle organ OBOL:automatic hip region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of regio coxae OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hip pedal digit muscle A muscle organ that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000648 UBERON:0003659 digit of foot muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ digitus pedis muscle organ foot digit muscle foot digit muscle foot digit muscle organ hind limb digit muscle muscle organ of digit of foot muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ of digitus pedis muscle organ of foot digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ toe muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit A muscle organ that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digitus pedis MA:0000648 foot digit muscle OBOL:accepted hind limb digit muscle OBOL:automatic foot digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic toe muscle organ OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic digitus pedis muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of foot OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic digit of foot muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of toe OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of foot digit NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit muscle eyelid muscle MA:0000269 UBERON:0003660 UMLS:C1707990 blepharon muscle organ eyelid muscle organ muscle organ of blepharon muscle organ of eyelid ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Muscle uberon OBOL:automatic eyelid muscle organ OBOL:automatic blepharon muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of eyelid OBOL:automatic muscle organ of blepharon limb muscle A muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000692 UBERON:0003661 limb muscle organ muscle organ of limb uberon OBOL:automatic limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of limb A muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forelimb muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb. AAO:0000204 AO notes: FMA and MA class actually refer to muscles of entire pectoral complex BTO:0000479 FMA:37348 UBERON:0003662 UBERON:0005634 arm muscle system fore limb muscle organ forelimb muscle organ free upper limb muscle muscle of free upper limb muscle of upper limb musculature of arm musculature of the arm uberon wing muscle EHDAA2:0000141 arm muscle system FMA:37348 muscle of free upper limb FMA:37348 free upper limb muscle Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 wing muscle FMA:9621 muscle of upper limb NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing muscle musculature of the arm OBOL:automatic fore limb muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic forelimb muscle organ musculature of arm hindlimb muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000222 EFO:0001928 FMA:37368 UBERON:0003663 free lower limb muscle hind limb muscle organ hindlimb muscle organ inferior member muscle organ lower extremity muscle organ muscle of free lower limb muscle of posterior limb muscle organ of hind limb muscle organ of hindlimb muscle organ of inferior member muscle organ of lower extremity uberon FMA:37368 free lower limb muscle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of inferior member FMA:37368 muscle of free lower limb UBERON:cjm muscle of posterior limb A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hindlimb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity muscle organ OBOL:automatic inferior member muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hind limb OBOL:automatic muscle organ of lower extremity manual digit muscle A muscle organ that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000624 UBERON:0003664 digit of hand muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ digitus manus muscle organ finger muscle organ fore limb digit muscle hand digit muscle hand digit muscle hand digit muscle organ muscle organ of digit of hand muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of digitus manus muscle organ of finger muscle organ of hand digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic hand digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb MA:0000624 hand digit muscle OBOL:automatic finger muscle organ OBOL:automatic digit of hand muscle organ NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit muscle OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of finger OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digitus manus OBOL:automatic muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic muscle organ of digit of hand OBOL:automatic muscle organ of hand digit OBOL:accepted fore limb digit muscle OBOL:automatic digitus manus muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic tail muscle A muscle organ that attaches to a tail vertebra [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000081 BTO:0001905 MA:0000699 SCTID:113230005 UBERON:0003665 caudal muscle muscle organ of post-vent region muscle organ of tail post-vent region muscle organ tail muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic post-vent region muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of tail OBOL:automatic tail muscle organ A muscle organ that attaches to a tail vertebra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of post-vent region upper jaw molar A molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002125 EHDAA:8053 EMAPA:17942 FMA:55720 MA:0001603 UBERON:0003666 UMLS:C1710580 maxillary secondary molar tooth molar tooth of upper jaw ncithesaurus:Upper_Jaw_Molar uberon upper jaw molar tooth upper molar upper molar tooth upper permanent molar tooth upper primary molar tooth upper secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 maxillary secondary molar tooth UBERON:cjm upper molar tooth FMA:84210 upper primary molar tooth FMA:55720 upper permanent molar tooth OBOL:automatic molar tooth of upper jaw UBERON:cjm upper molar FMA:55720 upper secondary molar tooth OBOL:automatic upper jaw molar tooth A molar tooth that is part of a upper jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower jaw molar A molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001025 EHDAA:8017 EMAPA:17921 FMA:55721 MA:0001602 UBERON:0003667 UMLS:C1708756 lower jaw molar tooth lower molar lower molar tooth lower permanent molar tooth lower primary molar tooth lower secondary molar tooth mandibular secondary molar tooth molar tooth of lower jaw ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw_Molar uberon FMA:84213 lower primary molar tooth FMA:55721 lower secondary molar tooth FMA:55721 lower permanent molar tooth FMA:55721 mandibular secondary molar tooth UBERON:cjm lower molar UBERON:cjm lower molar tooth OBOL:automatic lower jaw molar tooth A molar tooth that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic molar tooth of lower jaw synovial bursa FMA:9692 GAID:252 MESH:A02.835.583.156 SCTID:182483003 UBERON:0003668 UMLS:C0006441 a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of slimy fluid. It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are filled with synovial fluid and are found around most major joints of the body. bursa bursa synovialis galen:Bursa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray350.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gray350.png/200px-Gray350.png ncithesaurus:Synovial_Bursa uberon Wikipedia:Synovial_bursa bursa synovialis FMA:9692 bursa Wikipedia:Synovial_bursa a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of slimy fluid. It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint. This helps to reduce friction between the bones and allows free movement. Bursae are filled with synovial fluid and are found around most major joints of the body. fascia lata FMA:13902 GAID:117 MESH:A02.340.424 SCTID:361911008 The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003669 UMLS:C0015642 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Gray431.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gray431.png/200px-Gray431.png ncithesaurus:Fascia_Lata uberon The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Fascia_lata smegma FMA:19656 GAID:1170 MESH:A12.200.769 UBERON:0003670 UMLS:C0037359 a combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells, transudated skin oils, and moisture. It occurs in both female and male mammalian genitalia[WP]. ncithesaurus:Smegma uberon Wikipedia:Smegma a combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells, transudated skin oils, and moisture. It occurs in both female and male mammalian genitalia[WP]. anterior cruciate ligament of knee joint FMA:44614 GAID:122 MESH:A02.513.514.100 OpenCyc:Mx4r77KC8RuaEd2f4ADggVfexA SCTID:182443006 UBERON:0003671 UMLS:C0078960 anterior cruciate ligament galen:AnteriorCruciateLigament ncithesaurus:Anterior_Cruciate_Ligament uberon FMA:44614 anterior cruciate ligament dentition AAO:0000126 Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth.[AAO] FMA:75150 GAID:1249 In FMA this is an anatomical set MESH:A14.254 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi65JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245543004 UBERON:0003672 UMLS:C0011443 dentes ncithesaurus:Dentition set of teeth teeth teeth teeth set uberon FMA:75150 set of teeth 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000126 AAO:LAP Dentition refers to set of teeth, especially with regard to their number, kind, and arrangement, in the mouth.[AAO] FMA:75150 teeth FMA FMA FMA:75150 FMA:TA dentes FMA:75150 teeth set ligamentum flavum FMA:13423 GAID:126 MESH:A02.513.514.287 SCTID:244598002 UBERON:0003673 UMLS:C0206327 flaval ligament ncithesaurus:Ligamentum_Flavum uberon GAID:126 flaval ligament cuspid FMA:55636 GAID:1262 In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. However, they can appear more flattened, causing them to resemble incisors and leading them to be called incisiform. They evolved and are used primarily for firmly holding food in order to tear it apart, and occasionally as weapons. They are often the largest teeth in a mammal's mouth. Most species that develop them normally have four per individual, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower, separated within each jaw by its incisors; humans and dogs are examples. In most animals, canines are the anterior-most teeth in the maxillary bone. The four canines in humans are the two maxillary canines and the two mandibular canines. MESH:A14.254.860.200 SCTID:88719004 UBERON:0003674 UMLS:C0010482 canine canine %28tooth%29 canine eminence canine teeth canine tooth cuspis dentis dens caninus dentes canini dogtooth %28anatomy%29 eye teeth eye tooth eyeteeth eyetooth fang http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Azawakh_K9.jpg ncithesaurus:Canine_Tooth uberon Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eye teeth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine teeth FMA:55636 canine tooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eye tooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eyetooth Wikipedia:Canine_tooth fang Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dentes canini Wikipedia:Canine_tooth eyeteeth In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth. However, they can appear more flattened, causing them to resemble incisors and leading them to be called incisiform. They evolved and are used primarily for firmly holding food in order to tear it apart, and occasionally as weapons. They are often the largest teeth in a mammal's mouth. Most species that develop them normally have four per individual, two in the upper jaw and two in the lower, separated within each jaw by its incisors; humans and dogs are examples. In most animals, canines are the anterior-most teeth in the maxillary bone. The four canines in humans are the two maxillary canines and the two mandibular canines. Wikipedia:Canine_tooth 1 cardinality not allowed with transitivity in OWL Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine eminence Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dogtooth %28anatomy%29 FMA:55636 FMA:TA cuspis dentis Wikipedia:Canine_tooth dens caninus Wikipedia:Canine_tooth canine %28tooth%29 GAID:1262 canine teeth tooth crown FMA:55623 GAID:1275 MESH:A14.254.900.710 SCTID:362106009 UBERON:0003675 UMLS:C0226993 anatomical crown corona dentis crown crown of tooth ncithesaurus:Corona_Dentis tooth crown uberon corona dentis ncithesaurus:Corona_Dentis FMA:55623 anatomical crown FMA:55623 crown of tooth FMA:55623 tooth crown patellar ligament EMAPA:18509 EMAPA:19139 FMA:44581 GAID:128 MESH:A02.513.514.475 SCTID:244639004 The central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is attached to the apex of the PATELLA and to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA. UBERON:0003676 UMLS:C0206332 central band of tendon of quadriceps femoris galen:LigamentumPatellae ligamentum patella ncithesaurus:Patellar_Ligament patellar tendon uberon FMA:44581 central band of tendon of quadriceps femoris MESH:A02.513.514.475 The central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is attached to the apex of the PATELLA and to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA. Wikipedia:Patellar_ligament FMA:44581 ligamentum patella FMA tooth root FMA:55624 GAID:1280 MESH:A14.254.900.750 SCTID:245728004 UBERON:0003677 radix corona root of tooth tooth root uberon FMA:55624 root of tooth FMA:55624 radix corona FMA:55624 tooth root tooth apex FMA:63000 GAID:1281 MESH:A14.254.900.750.700 UBERON:0003678 apex of tooth apical foramen tooth apex tooth apice uberon GAID:1281 apical foramen FMA:63000 apex of tooth FMA:63000 tooth apex GAID:1281 tooth apice mouth floor EFO:0001923 FMA:86592 GAID:1283 MESH:A14.549.441 SCTID:245786002 UBERON:0003679 UMLS:C0026638 floor of mouth ncithesaurus:Floor_of_the_Mouth sublingual region uberon FMA:86592 floor of mouth GAID:1283 sublingual region posterior cruciate ligament of knee joint FMA:44617 GAID:129 MESH:A02.513.514.600 SCTID:182445004 UBERON:0003680 UMLS:C0080039 galen:PosteriorCruciateLigament ncithesaurus:Posterior_Cruciate_Ligament posterior cruciate ligament uberon FMA:44617 posterior cruciate ligament masticatory muscle FMA:74060 GAID:145 In humans: Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed) MESH:A02.633.567.600 SCTID:244769003 UBERON:0003681 UMLS:C0024890 Usage notes: we use this specifically for a jaw muscle that is innervates by the mandibular nerve. Development notes: Masticatory muscles (MM) originate from the somitomeres. These muscles develop late and are not complete even at birth. Tongue muscles develop before masticatory muscles and complete by birth [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray781.png jaw muscle muscle of mastication musculi masticatorii ncithesaurus:Muscle_of_the_Mastication uberon In humans: Muscles arising in the zygomatic arch that close the jaw. Their nerve supply is masseteric from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. (From Stedman, 25th ed) MESH:A02.633.567.600 Wikipedia:Muscles_of_mastication Wikipedia:Muscles_of_mastication musculi masticatorii Wikipedia:Muscles_of_mastication musculi masticatorii Wikipedia dbpedia MESH palatal muscle Editor notes: consider extra class for fauces. AO notes: see also FMA:71438 FMA:46726 GAID:151 MESH:A02.633.567.750 SCTID:244794002 SCTID:73711005 The muscles of the palate are the glossopalatine, palatoglossus, levator palati(ni), musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and tensor palati(ni). UBERON:0003682 UMLS:C0030213 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray1028.png muscle of palate musculi palati mollis et faucium musculi palati mollis et faucium ncithesaurus:Palatal_Muscle palatal muscle palate muscle palatine muscle uberon MESH:A02.633.567.750 The muscles of the palate are the glossopalatine, palatoglossus, levator palati(ni), musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and tensor palati(ni). Wikipedia:Muscles_of_soft_palate_and_fauces Vagus except tensor veli palatini dbpedia FMA:46726 muscle of palate Wikipedia:Muscles_of_soft_palate_and_fauces musculi palati mollis et faucium FMA:46726 palate muscle FMA:46726 palatal muscle FMA:46726 palatine muscle rotator cuff FMA:37018 GAID:160 MESH:A02.633.567.912 UBERON:0003683 UMLS:C0085515 a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles of the rotator cuff are over half of the seven scapulohumeral muscles musculotendinous cuff ncithesaurus:Rotator_Cuff rotator cuff tendinous cuff uberon Wikipedia:Rotator_cuff a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. The four muscles of the rotator cuff are over half of the seven scapulohumeral muscles FMA:37018 tendinous cuff FMA:37018 rotator cuff FMA:37018 musculotendinous cuff abdominal cavity EFO:0000213 FMA:12266 GAID:17 MESH:A01.047.025 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZR1TJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361294009 UBERON:0003684 UMLS:C0230168 body cavity of the human body (and animal bodies) that holds the bulk of the viscera. It is located below (or inferior to) the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and large intestine. The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum. The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum, in the retroperitoneum. The viscera are also covered, in the front, with a layer of peritoneum called the greater omentum (or omental apron). cavitas abdominis cavity of abdominal compartment cavity of compartment of abdomen galen:AbdominalCavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg/200px-Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg.png ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Cavity space of abdominal compartment uberon Wikipedia:Abdominal_cavity body cavity of the human body (and animal bodies) that holds the bulk of the viscera. It is located below (or inferior to) the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, and large intestine. The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum. The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum, in the retroperitoneum. The viscera are also covered, in the front, with a layer of peritoneum called the greater omentum (or omental apron). Wikipedia:Abdominal_cavity cavitas abdominis FMA:12266 space of abdominal compartment FMA:12266 cavity of abdominal compartment GAID:17 cavitas abdominis FMA:12266 cavity of compartment of abdomen cranial suture FMA:7493 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. GAID:211 MA:0001475 MESH:A02.835.232.781.200 SCTID:244509003 UBERON:0003685 cranium suture sutura suture suture joint of skull suture of cranium uberon PMID:16496288 GO SCTID:244509003 suture joint of skull OBOL:automatic suture of cranium FMA:71385 suture FMA:71385 Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. ISBN:3110148986 Wikipedia:Suture_(joint) OBOL:automatic cranium suture tooth socket Dental alveolus (plural, alveoli) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process of maxilla with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connect the roots of the teeth and the alveolus are called gomphosis (plural gomphoses). In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla and the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:57490 GAID:217 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502.125.800 SCTID:288323008 UBERON:0003686 UMLS:C0227130 alveolus dentali alveolus dentalis dental alveolus dental alveolus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Alveole_zahn.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Alveole_zahn.jpg/200px-Alveole_zahn.jpg ncithesaurus:Tooth_Socket uberon GAID:217 dental alveolus Dental alveolus (plural, alveoli) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process of maxilla with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connect the roots of the teeth and the alveolus are called gomphosis (plural gomphoses). In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla and the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Dental_alveolus FMA:57490 dental alveolus GAID:217 alveolus dentalis GAID:217 alveolus dentali Wikipedia:Dental_alveolus alveolus dentalis MESH-modified foramen magnum AAO:0010826 FMA:75306 Foramen in the occipital region of neurocranium to allow passage of spinal cord.[TAO] GAID:228 In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A02.835.232.781.572.434 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOm-FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244679008 TAO:0002045 UBERON:0003687 UMLS:C0016519 ZFA:0005387 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Gray130.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Gray130.png/200px-Gray130.png ncithesaurus:Foramen_Magnum uberon 2012-08-14 Foramen in the occipital region of neurocranium to allow passage of spinal cord.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002045 TAO:wd In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foramen_magnum omentum EV:0100084 FMA:14650 GAID:23 MESH:A01.047.025.600.573 SCTID:362710002 UBERON:0003688 UMLS:C0028977 galen:Omentum ncithesaurus:Omentum omental uberon sella turcica Editor notes: for consistency with FMA we have a separate class for the cavity of the sella turcica FMA:54709 GAID:231 MESH:A02.835.232.781.802.662 SCTID:368554001 The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the human skull. [WP,unvetted]. Turkey Chair UBERON:0003689 UMLS:C0036609 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray145.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gray145.png/200px-Gray145.png ncithesaurus:Sella_Turcica suprasellar turkish saddle uberon Wikipedia:Sella_turcica turkish saddle FMA The sella turcica is a saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone at the base of the human skull. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sella_turcica Turkey Chair Wikipedia:Sella_turcica FMA Wikipedia:Sella_turcica suprasellar sacrum AAO:0000552 EFO:0003071 Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] FMA:16202 GAID:241 MESH:A02.835.232.834.717 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmBKnJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:264186006 The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). In children, it consists of usually five unfused vertebrae which begin to fuse between ages 16-18 and are usually completely fused into a single bone by age 26. It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely (that is, tilted forward). It is kyphotic — that is, concave facing forwards. The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle. The central part is curved outward towards the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003690 galen:Sacrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Gray95.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gray95.png/200px-Gray95.png ncithesaurus:Sacrum os sacrum os sacrum [vertebrae sacrales i - v] sacral sacral bone sacrum [sacral vertebrae I-V] sacrum [sacral vertebrae i - v] uberon FMA:16202 FMA:TA os sacrum [vertebrae sacrales i - v] FMA Wikipedia:Sacrum os sacrum The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). In children, it consists of usually five unfused vertebrae which begin to fuse between ages 16-18 and are usually completely fused into a single bone by age 26. It is curved upon itself and placed obliquely (that is, tilted forward). It is kyphotic — that is, concave facing forwards. The base projects forward as the sacral promontory internally, and articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the prominent sacrovertebral angle. The central part is curved outward towards the posterior, allowing greater room for the pelvic cavity. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Sacrum FMA:16202 sacrum [sacral vertebrae I-V] FMA:16202 sacral bone FMA Wikipedia:Sacrum os sacrum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000552 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Enlarged vertebra with transverse processes (diapophyses), and ocassionally ribs, that are modified and elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] FMA:16202 sacrum [sacral vertebrae i - v] FMA FMA epidural space FMA:71228 GAID:243 MESH:A02.835.232.834.803.350 SCTID:281866004 UBERON:0003691 extradural space spatium extradurale uberon FMA:71228 extradural space FMA:71228 FMA:TA spatium extradurale acromioclavicular joint FMA:25898 GAID:249 MESH:A02.835.583.032 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHhmSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182166001 The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula. UBERON:0003692 UMLS:C0001208 acromioclavicular articulation articulatio acromioclavicularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Gray326.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Gray326.png/200px-Gray326.png ncithesaurus:Acromioclavicular_Joint scapuloclavicular articulation uberon MESH:A02.835.583.032 The gliding joint formed by the outer extremity of the clavicle and the inner margin of the acromion process of the scapula. Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint FMA Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint articulatio acromioclavicularis Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint scapuloclavicular articulation FMA Wikipedia:Acromioclavicular_joint acromioclavicular articulation retroperitoneal space EFO:0002806 FMA:15080 GAID:25 MESH:A01.047.025.750 SCTID:243983004 UBERON:0003693 UMLS:C0035359 anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they only have peritoneum on their anterior side. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gray1126.png/200px-Gray1126.png ncithesaurus:Retroperitoneum retroperitoneal retroperitoneum uberon Wikipedia:Retroperitoneum anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind (retro) the peritoneum. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they only have peritoneum on their anterior side. FMA:15080 retroperitoneum atlanto-axial joint FMA:25524 GAID:250 MESH:A02.835.583.097 OpenCyc:Mx4rwUUIHpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361832004 The Atlanto-axial joint is of a complicated nature, comprising no fewer than four distinct joints. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas. UBERON:0003694 UMLS:C0004168 articulatio atlantoaxialis articulatio atlantoepistrophica atlanto axial joint atlantoaxial atlantoaxial joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray304.png lateral atlanto-axial joint median atlanto-axial joint ncithesaurus:Atlanto-axial_Joint uberon Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint articulatio atlantoaxialis GAID:250 atlantoaxial joint Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint atlantoaxial GAID:250 atlanto axial joint Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint median atlanto-axial joint Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint lateral atlanto-axial joint The Atlanto-axial joint is of a complicated nature, comprising no fewer than four distinct joints. There is a pivot articulation between the odontoid process of the axis and the ring formed by the anterior arch and the transverse ligament of the atlas. Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint Wikipedia:Atlanto-axial_joint articulatio atlantoepistrophica metacarpophalangeal joint EMAPA:19302 Editor notes: we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits. We include carpometacarpophalangeal joint as a synonym - these joints connect to the carpometacarpus - this is not necessarily inconsistent with the relationship for this class to metacarpal bone, as the carpometacarpus could be considered to have a metacarpal as part FMA:35246 GAID:255 MA:0000453 MESH:A02.835.583.345.512 MP joint OpenCyc:Mx4rwNt8wJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280995004 The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint. Arthritis of the MCP is a distinguishing feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003695 UMLS:C0025525 articulationes metacarpophalangeae carpometacarpophalangeal joint galen:MetacarpoPhalangealJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray337.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gray337.png/200px-Gray337.png metacarpal joint metacarpal phalangeal joint metacarpo-phalangeal joint ncithesaurus:Metacarpophalangeal_Joint uberon NCBITaxon:8782 carpometacarpophalangeal joint FMA:35246 MP joint HP:0004294 metacarpal phalangeal joint MA:0000453 metacarpo-phalangeal joint The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavities on the proximal ends of the first phalanges, with the exception of that of the thumb, which presents more of the characters of a ginglymoid joint. Arthritis of the MCP is a distinguishing feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis, as opposed to the distal interphalangeal joint in osteoarthritis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metacarpophalangeal_joint FMA:35246 metacarpal joint Wikipedia:Metacarpophalangeal_joint articulationes metacarpophalangeae metatarsophalangeal joint Editor notes: we follow FMA in making these joints part of digits FMA:35222 GAID:258 MESH:A02.835.583.378.531 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCtS0pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:239747005 SCTID:302535003 The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones of the toes . They are condyloid joints meaning an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) come close to the shallow cavities (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. UBERON:0003696 UMLS:C0025589 articulationes metatarsophalangeae galen:MetatarsoPhalangealJoint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray268.png metatarsal joint metatarsalphalangeal joint metatarsophalangeal metatarsophalangeal articulation ncithesaurus:Metatarsophalangeal_Joint uberon FMA:35222 metatarsal joint The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones of the toes . They are condyloid joints meaning an elliptical or rounded surface (of the metatarsal bones) come close to the shallow cavities (of the proximal phalanges). The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsalphalangeal joint Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsophalangeal articulation Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations metatarsophalangeal Wikipedia:Metatarsophalangeal_articulations articulationes metatarsophalangeae abdominal wall FMA:10429 FMA:259054 GAID:26 MESH:A01.047.050 SCTID:181613000 The abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides) and anterior (front) walls. There is a common set of layers covering and forming all the walls: the deepest being the extraperitoneal fat, the parietal peritoneum, and a layer of fascia which has different names over where it covers (eg transversalis, psoas fascia). Superficial to these, but not present in the posterior wall are the three layers of muscle, the transversus abdominis (transverse abdominal muscle), the internal (obliquus internus) and the external oblique (obliquus externus). UBERON:0003697 UMLS:C0836916 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg layers of the abdominal wall ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Wall paries abdominalis paries abdominalis uberon wall of abdomen wall of abdomen proper Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall paries abdominalis The abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides) and anterior (front) walls. There is a common set of layers covering and forming all the walls: the deepest being the extraperitoneal fat, the parietal peritoneum, and a layer of fascia which has different names over where it covers (eg transversalis, psoas fascia). Superficial to these, but not present in the posterior wall are the three layers of muscle, the transversus abdominis (transverse abdominal muscle), the internal (obliquus internus) and the external oblique (obliquus externus). Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall paries abdominalis FMA:10429 wall of abdomen proper FMA:259054 wall of abdomen Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall layers of the abdominal wall subtalar joint A joint of the pes that connects the talus and the calcaneus. FMA:35198 GAID:260 MESH:A02.835.583.378.831.780 SCTID:182213007 UBERON:0003698 UMLS:C0038593 articulatio subtalaris articulatio talocalcanea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Subtalar_Joint.PNG ncithesaurus:Subtalar_Joint subtalar joint talocalcaneal articulation talocalcaneal joint uberon FMA:35198 subtalar joint A joint of the pes that connects the talus and the calcaneus. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Subtalar_joint FMA:35198 FMA:TA articulatio subtalaris Wikipedia:Subtalar_joint talocalcaneal articulation MESH FMA:35198 FMA:TA articulatio talocalcanea GAID:260 talocalcaneal joint pubic symphysis AAO:0000769 FMA:16950 GAID:267 In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs - Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 188–192. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. MESH:A02.835.583.656 Medial attachment of the two halves of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rwGw9npwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:182200001 UBERON:0003699 UMLS:C0034015 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Gray321.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gray321.png/200px-Gray321.png interpubic articulation ncithesaurus:Pubic_Symphisis symphisis pubis symphysis pubica, symphysis pubis symphysis pubis symphysis pubis the firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments. uberon Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphysis pubica, symphysis pubis FMA MP:0009575 Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis the firm fibrocartilaginous joint in the median plane between the two opposing surfaces of the pubic bones, which are united by an interpubic disc of fibrocartilage as well as the superior and arcuate pubic ligaments. FMA:16950 symphysis pubis FMA Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphisis pubis Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis symphysis pubis Wikipedia:Pubic_symphysis interpubic articulation 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000769 AAO:LAP Medial attachment of the two halves of the pelvic girdle.[AAO] temporomandibular joint A joint of the jaw that connects the mandible to a temporal bone. There are two TMJs, one on either side, working in unison. The unique feature of the TMJs is the articular disc. The disc is composed of fibrocartilagenous tissue (like the firm and flexible elastic cartilage of the ear) which is positioned between the two bones that form the joint. The TMJs are one of the only synovial joints in the human body with an articular disc, another being the sternoclavicular joint. The disc divides each joint into two. The lower joint compartment formed by the mandible and the articular disc is involved in rotational movement -- this is the initial movement of the jaw when the mouth opens. The upper joint compartment formed by the articular disk and the temporal bone is involved in translational movement -- this is the secondary gliding motion of the jaw as it is opened widely. The part of the mandible which mates to the under-surface of the disc is the condyle and the part of the temporal bone which mates to the upper surface of the disk is the glenoid (or mandibular) fossa[WP]. BTO:0003674 EMAPA:19196 FMA:54832 GAID:272 MA:0002899 MESH:A02.835.583.861 SCTID:181814009 TMJ UBERON:0003700 UMLS:C0039493 articulatio temporomandibularis dentary-squamosal joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray309.png ncithesaurus:Jaw_Joint squamosal-dentary joint tempero-mandibular joint temperomandibular joint temporalmandibular joint temporomandibular temporomandibular articulation temporomandibular joint uberon BTO:0003674 TMJ Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint articulatio temporomandibularis FMA-abduced-lr A joint of the jaw that connects the mandible to a temporal bone. There are two TMJs, one on either side, working in unison. The unique feature of the TMJs is the articular disc. The disc is composed of fibrocartilagenous tissue (like the firm and flexible elastic cartilage of the ear) which is positioned between the two bones that form the joint. The TMJs are one of the only synovial joints in the human body with an articular disc, another being the sternoclavicular joint. The disc divides each joint into two. The lower joint compartment formed by the mandible and the articular disc is involved in rotational movement -- this is the initial movement of the jaw when the mouth opens. The upper joint compartment formed by the articular disk and the temporal bone is involved in translational movement -- this is the secondary gliding motion of the jaw as it is opened widely. The part of the mandible which mates to the under-surface of the disc is the condyle and the part of the temporal bone which mates to the upper surface of the disk is the glenoid (or mandibular) fossa[WP]. Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporomandibular articulation HP:0010754 temperomandibular joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporalmandibular joint Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporomandibular Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint temporomandibular joint http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryT.html squamosal-dentary joint dentary-squamosal joint http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryT.html Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint tempero-mandibular joint calcaneal tendon AO notes: in FMA this is a ligament, and part of the muscle Achille's tendon Achilles tendon Achilles' tendon FMA:51061 GAID:277 MA:0002993 MESH:A02.880.176 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjNX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181705009 The Achilles tendon is a tendon of the posterior leg. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. UBERON:0003701 UMLS:C0001074 calcaneal tendon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg ncithesaurus:Achilles_Tendon tendo Achillis tendo calcaneus uberon Wikipedia:Achilles_tendon tendo Achillis Achilles tendon MA:0002993 The Achilles tendon is a tendon of the posterior leg. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. Wikipedia:Achilles_tendon FMA:51061 calcaneal tendon FMA MA:0002993 tendo calcaneus MA inguinal canal EMAPA:19171 EMAPA:26913 FMA:19928 GAID:28 MESH:A01.047.412 SCTID:243966008 The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior (toward the front of the body) abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord + the ilioinguinal nerve and in women the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003702 UMLS:C0021445 canalis inguinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Gray1227.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gray1227.png/200px-Gray1227.png ncithesaurus:Inguinal_Canal uberon The inguinal canal is a passage in the anterior (toward the front of the body) abdominal wall which in men conveys the spermatic cord + the ilioinguinal nerve and in women the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve. The inguinal canal is larger and more prominent in men. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inguinal_canal FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Inguinal_canal canalis inguinalis extrahepatic bile duct FMA:14678 GAID:281 MA:0002659 MESH:A03.159.183.079 Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct. SCTID:276158002 UBERON:0003703 UMLS:C0206187 bile duct extrahepatic part extrahepatic biliary system ncithesaurus:Extrahepatic_Bile_Duct uberon GAID:281 extrahepatic biliary system MESH:A03.159.183.079 Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct. MA:0002659 bile duct extrahepatic part intrahepatic bile duct Duct that collects bile from the bile ductules and connects to the extrahepatic bile duct.[TAO] FMA:15766 GAID:287 MA:0001630 MESH:A03.159.183.158 Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct. SCTID:362193005 TAO:0005169 UBERON:0003704 UMLS:C0005401 ZFA:0005169 bile duct intrahepatic part intrahepatic biliary system ncithesaurus:Intrahepatic_Bile_Duct uberon MESH:A03.159.183.158 Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct. MA:0001630 bile duct intrahepatic part 2012-08-14 Duct that collects bile from the bile ductules and connects to the extrahepatic bile duct.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005169 ZFIN:curator FMA MA meckel's diverticulum AO notes: finding in ncit; GALT in chickens FMA:14967 GAID:317 MESH:A03.492.411.620.484.612 UBERON:0003705 a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth. It is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct diverticulum of meckel galen:MeckelsDiverticulum ileal diverticulum meckel diverticulum meckel's diverticulum meckels diverticulum ncithesaurus:Meckel_Diverticulum uberon GAID:317 meckels diverticulum FMA:14967 diverticulum of meckel Wikipedia FMA:14967 meckel's diverticulum GAID:317 meckel diverticulum FMA:14967 ileal diverticulum Wikipedia:Meckel's_diverticulum a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth. It is a vestigial remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct vocal cord BTO:0005084 EMAPA:19181 Either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx. FMA:55457 GAID:344 MESH:A04.329.364.737 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVieepwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245504003 Stimmband Stimmlippe UBERON:0003706 UMLS:C0042930 ncithesaurus:Vocal_Cord plica vocalis true vocal cord uberon vocal band vocal chord vocal cord vocal fold Either of two pairs of folds of mucous membrane projecting into the larynx. Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ BTO:0005084 Stimmlippe FMA BTO:0005084 plica vocalis GAID:344 vocal fold FMA:55457 true vocal cord BTO:0005084 vocal band FMA-abduced-lr FMA:55457 vocal cord BTO:0005084 vocal chord BTO:0005084 Stimmband BTO sinus of Valsalva EMAPA:18625 FMA:3745 GAID:472 MESH:A07.231.114.056.847 Petit's sinus SCTID:277732004 UBERON:0003707 UMLS:C0503361 Valsalva sinus aortic sinus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Gray497.png ncithesaurus:Sinus_of_Valsava one of the anatomic dilations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve. sinus aorta sinus aortae sinus of Morgagni sinus of Otto uberon Wikipedia:Aortic_sinus sinus aorta Wikipedia:Aortic_sinus sinus aortae GAID:472 aortic sinus Wikipedia:Aortic_sinus one of the anatomic dilations of the ascending aorta, which occurs just above the aortic valve. Wikipedia:Aortic_sinus sinus aortae Petit's sinus Wikipedia:Aortic_sinus Wikipedia:Aortic_sinus sinus of Otto Wikipedia:Aortic_sinus sinus of Morgagni GAID:472 Valsalva sinus MP carotid sinus EMAPA:19320 FMA:50094 GAID:482 In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a localized dilation of the internal carotid artery at its origin, the common carotid artery bifurcation. A synonym for the carotid sinus is the carotid bulb. [WP,unvetted]. MESH:A07.231.114.186.456 SCTID:281137000 UBERON:0003708 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Gray513.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gray513.png/200px-Gray513.png sinus caroticus uberon In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a localized dilation of the internal carotid artery at its origin, the common carotid artery bifurcation. A synonym for the carotid sinus is the carotid bulb. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Carotid_sinus Wikipedia:Carotid_sinus sinus caroticus circle of Willis EHDAA2:0000252 EHDAA:9758 FMA:50454 GAID:486 In zebrafish, the circle of vessels comprised of the basal communicating artery (BCA) and posterior communicating segments (PCS) superficially resemble but are not homologous to the human circle of Willis[http://zfish.nichd.nih.gov/zfatlas/Intro%20Page/comparative.html]. Editor note: MESH:A07.231.114.228.351 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSrCwJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362047009 UBERON:0003709 Willis circle a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. The Circle of Willis comprises the following arteries: Anterior cerebral artery (left and right); Anterior communicating artery; Internal carotid artery (left and right); Posterior cerebral artery (left and right); Posterior communicating artery (left and right).The basilar artery and middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are also considered part of the circle arterial circle arterial circle of Willis cerebral arterial circle circulus arteriosus cerebri http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg/200px-Circle_of_Willis_en.svg.png uberon GAID:486 cerebral arterial circle Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis arterial circle Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. The Circle of Willis comprises the following arteries: Anterior cerebral artery (left and right); Anterior communicating artery; Internal carotid artery (left and right); Posterior cerebral artery (left and right); Posterior communicating artery (left and right).The basilar artery and middle cerebral arteries, supplying the brain, are also considered part of the circle Wikipedia:Circle_of_Willis circulus arteriosus cerebri GAID:486 Willis circle FMA-modified FMA-modified vasa vasorum FMA:77433 GAID:526 MESH:A07.231.836 Nutrient blood vessels which supply the walls of large arteries or veins. SCTID:7524009 Taxon notes: The aorta of swine contains a vaso vasorum like humans - http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/swine/swine.htm#art UBERON:0003710 UMLS:C0042367 ncithesaurus:Vasa_Vasorum uberon MESH:A07.231.836 Nutrient blood vessels which supply the walls of large arteries or veins. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_vasorum brachiocephalic vein EHDAA2:0000182 EHDAA:9868 FMA:4723 GAID:529 MESH:A07.231.908.130 OpenCyc:Mx4rvz3aUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181371003 The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. UBERON:0003711 UMLS:C0006095 brachiocephalic venous tree galen:BrachiocephalicVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png innomiate vein innominate trunk innominate vein innominate vein innominate veins ncithesaurus:Innominate_Vein uberon vena brachiocephalica vena brachiocephalica, venae anonymæ Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein vena brachiocephalica, venae anonymæ FMA:4723 brachiocephalic venous tree GAID:529 innominate vein FMA:4723 innominate vein Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate veins Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innomiate vein Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate trunk The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein vena brachiocephalica Wikipedia:Brachiocephalic_vein innominate vein cavernous sinus An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone[MESH:A07.231.908.224.334]. EMAPA:19059 FMA:50772 GAID:532 MESH:A07.231.908.224.334 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKAVGJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244402005 The cavernous sinus (or lateral sellar compartment), within the human head, is a large collection of thin-walled veins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica. UBERON:0003712 UMLS:C0007473 cavernous cavernous sinus syndrome cavernous sinuses cavernus sinus vein ncithesaurus:Cavernous_Sinus parasellar syndrome sinus cavernosus uberon Wikipedia:Cavernous_sinus parasellar syndrome Wikipedia:Cavernous_sinus cavernus sinus vein The cavernous sinus (or lateral sellar compartment), within the human head, is a large collection of thin-walled veins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica. Wikipedia:Cavernous_sinus Wikipedia:Cavernous_sinus cavernous Wikipedia:Cavernous_sinus cavernous sinuses Wikipedia:Cavernous_sinus cavernous sinus syndrome Wikipedia:Cavernous_sinus sinus cavernosus An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone[MESH:A07.231.908.224.334]. MESH:A07.231.908.224.334 splenic vein FMA:14331 GAID:541 In anatomy, the splenic vein (in the past called the lienal vein) is the blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen. It joins with the superior mesenteric vein, to form the hepatic portal vein and follows a course superior to the pancreas, alongside of the similarly named artery, the splenic artery. It collects branches from the stomach and pancreas and most notably from the large intestine, which is drained by the inferior mesenteric vein and joins with splenic vein shortly before it forms the portal vein. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0002164 MESH:A07.231.908.670.730 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCt0eZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278029005 UBERON:0003713 UMLS:C0038001 galen:SplenicVein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Bilebladder.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gray1189.png/200px-Gray1189.png lienal vein ncithesaurus:Splenic_Vein uberon vena lienalis Wikipedia:Splenic_vein vena lienalis MA:0002164 Wikipedia:Splenic_vein lienal vein In anatomy, the splenic vein (in the past called the lienal vein) is the blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen. It joins with the superior mesenteric vein, to form the hepatic portal vein and follows a course superior to the pancreas, alongside of the similarly named artery, the splenic artery. It collects branches from the stomach and pancreas and most notably from the large intestine, which is drained by the inferior mesenteric vein and joins with splenic vein shortly before it forms the portal vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Splenic_vein neural tissue AAO:0000325 AEO:0000123 EHDAA2:0003123 FMA definition includes vasculature FMA:9642 GAID:609 MESH:A08.561 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[AAO] OpenCyc:Mx4rVmfYCsQ_QdeM_bFAeS8NRQ Portion of tissue which consists of neurons, neuroglia and vasculature. Examples: Neural tissue of brain, neural tissue of peripheral ganglion, neural tissue of nerve[FMA]. SCTID:91728009 UBERON:0003714 UMLS:C0027757 ncithesaurus:Nervous_Tissue nerve tissue nervous tissue portion of neural tissue uberon FMA:9642 nervous tissue FMA:9642 portion of neural tissue FMA:9642 Portion of tissue which consists of neurons, neuroglia and vasculature. Examples: Neural tissue of brain, neural tissue of peripheral ganglion, neural tissue of nerve[FMA]. FMA:9642 nerve tissue 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000325 AAO:LAP One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[AAO] splanchnic nerve FMA:5883 GAID:800 MESH:A08.800.050.050.800 SCTID:264198001 UBERON:0003715 the major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. uberon MP:0008318 the major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. recurrent laryngeal nerve A branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). It travels within the endoneurium. It is the nerve of the 6th Branchial Arch. FMA:6246 GAID:804 MESH:A08.800.050.050.925.450.700 SCTID:24227007 UBERON:0003716 VHOG:0001347 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray793.png inferior laryngeal nerve nervus laryngeus recurrens recurrent laryngeal nerve from vagus nerve recurrent nerve uberon vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch A branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). It travels within the endoneurium. It is the nerve of the 6th Branchial Arch. Wikipedia:Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve VHOG:0001347 vagus X nerve recurrent laryngeal branch Wikipedia:Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve recurrent nerve GAID:804 inferior laryngeal nerve Wikipedia:Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve nervus laryngeus recurrens muscle spindle FMA:83607 GAID:819 MESH:A08.800.550.700.500.500 SCTID:12945004 UBERON:0003718 UMLS:C0027871 muscle stretch receptor ncithesaurus:Muscle_Spindle neuromuscular spindle neuromuscular spindle the sensory organs in muscle that are involved in the stretch reflex. uberon MP:0004069 the sensory organs in muscle that are involved in the stretch reflex. GAID:819 neuromuscular spindle FMA:83607 neuromuscular spindle GAID:819 muscle stretch receptor Pacinian corpuscle AO notes: FMA treats pacinia and G-M as distinct FMA:83604 FMA:83609 GAID:817 GAID:820 MESH:A08.800.550.700.500.300 MESH:A08.800.550.700.500.700 NIF_Subcellular:FMA_83604 Pacinian corpuscle SCTID:37419002 UBERON:0003717 UBERON:0003719 any of the rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin, and which normally contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. corpuscle of golgi-mazzoni corpusculum lamellosum golgi mazzoni corpuscle golgi-mazzoni golgi-mazzoni corpuscle golgi-mazzoni corpuscles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray935.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray935.png/200px-Gray935.png lamellar corpuscle lamellated corpuscle pacinian body pacinian corpuscle pacinian corpuscle end-organs pacinian corpuscles uberon vater-pacini corpuscle vater-pacini corpuscles Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle golgi-mazzoni corpuscles Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle pacinian corpuscles MP:0000988 Wikipedia:Lamellar_corpuscle any of the rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors found in subcutaneous tissue beneath both hairy and glabrous skin, and which normally contain an afferent nerve fiber surrounded by a capsule with multiple concentric layers. GAID:817 golgi mazzoni corpuscle may also be located in organs - check Wikipedia:Lamellar_corpuscle lamellar corpuscle Pacinian corpuscle Wikipedia:Lamellar_corpuscle Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle lamellated corpuscle Wikipedia:Lamellar_corpuscle corpusculum lamellosum Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle vater-pacini corpuscle FMA:83609 golgi-mazzoni corpuscle FMA:83609 corpuscle of golgi-mazzoni Wikipedia Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle pacinian body Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle pacinian corpuscle end-organs Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle golgi-mazzoni Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle pacinian corpuscle Wikipedia:Pacinian_corpuscle vater-pacini corpuscles anterior cranial fossa FMA:9682 GAID:83 MESH:A01.456.830.150 The floor of the anterior fossa is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove. The lesser wings of the sphenoid separate the anterior and middle fossae. UBERON:0003720 UMLS:C0230044 anterior fossa fossa cranii anterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gray193.png/200px-Gray193.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Fossa uberon The floor of the anterior fossa is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove. The lesser wings of the sphenoid separate the anterior and middle fossae. Wikipedia:Anterior_cranial_fossa Wikipedia:Anterior_cranial_fossa fossa cranii anterior lingual nerve FMA:53218 GAID:835 MESH:A08.800.800.120.760.500.450 SCTID:280260006 UBERON:0003721 uberon middle cranial fossa FMA:54369 GAID:84 MESH:A01.456.830.165 The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones[MESH]. The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellC&; laterally by the temporal squamC&, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures[WP]. UBERON:0003722 UMLS:C0230045 fossa cranii media http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png middle fossa ncithesaurus:Middle_Fossa uberon MESH:A01.456.830.165 The compartment containing the anterior extremities and half the inferior surface of the temporal lobes (TEMPORAL LOBE) of the cerebral hemispheres. Lying posterior and inferior to the anterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, ANTERIOR), it is formed by part of the TEMPORAL BONE and SPHENOID BONE. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) by crests formed by the superior borders of the petrous parts of the temporal bones[MESH]. The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellC&; laterally by the temporal squamC&, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures[WP]. Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa middle fossa Wikipedia:Middle_cranial_fossa fossa cranii media vestibular nerve EHDAA2:0002200 EHDAA:3749 EMAPA:17803 FMA:53401 GAID:840 MA:0001111 MESH:A08.800.800.120.910.900 OpenCyc:Mx4rvxAWX5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362464003 The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. It receives positional information. Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla. It arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, ganglion of Scarpa, which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003723 UMLS:C0042598 VHOG:0001181 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg/200px-Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Nerve nervus vestibularis scarpa ganglion scarpa's ganglion scarpas ganglion uberon vestibular root of acoustic nerve vestibular root of eighth cranial nerve vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component FMA:53401 vestibular root of eighth cranial nerve GAID:840 scarpas ganglion GAID:840 scarpa ganglion Wikipedia:Vestibular_nerve nervus vestibularis GAID:840 scarpa's ganglion FMA:53401 vestibular root of acoustic nerve The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. It receives positional information. Axons of the vestibular nerve synapse in the vestibular nucleus on the lateral floor and wall of the fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla. It arises from bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion, ganglion of Scarpa, which is situated in the upper part of the outer end of the internal auditory meatus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_nerve MA:0001111 vestibulocochlear VIII nerve vestibular component musculocutaneous nerve FMA:37064 GAID:844 MESH:A08.800.800.720.050.540 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzp0l5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181019000 The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis minor, its fibers being derived from C5, C6, C7. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003724 casserio's nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/200px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif nervus musculocutaneus uberon Wikipedia:Musculocutaneous_nerve nervus musculocutaneus FMA:37064 casserio's nerve The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, opposite the lower border of the Pectoralis minor, its fibers being derived from C5, C6, C7. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Musculocutaneous_nerve cervical plexus FMA:5904 GAID:847 MESH:A08.800.800.720.150 OpenCyc:Mx4rvkEE3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181107005 The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C5 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side. Here there is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It is located in the neck, deep to sternocleidomastoid. Nerves formed from the cervical plexus innervate the back of the head, as well as some neck muscles. The branches of the cervical plexus emerge from the posterior triangle at the nerve point, a point which lies midway on the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid[WP]. UBERON:0003725 cervical nerve plexus cervical plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Gray784.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gray784.png/200px-Gray784.png plexus cervicalis plexus cervicalis uberon Wikipedia:Cervical_plexus plexus cervicalis FMA:5904 cervical nerve plexus The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C5 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral from lateral side. Here there is anastomosis with accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve and sympathetic trunk. It is located in the neck, deep to sternocleidomastoid. Nerves formed from the cervical plexus innervate the back of the head, as well as some neck muscles. The branches of the cervical plexus emerge from the posterior triangle at the nerve point, a point which lies midway on the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid[WP]. Wikipedia:Cervical_plexus FMA:5904 FMA:TA plexus cervicalis FMA:5904 cervical plexus thoracic nerve FMA:5860 GAID:857 MESH:A08.800.800.720.800 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSJp_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:360498003 The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. UBERON:0003726 pectoral nerve thoracic spinal nerve uberon FMA:5860 thoracic spinal nerve MESH:A08.800.800.720.800 The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. GAID:857 pectoral nerve intercostal nerve EMAPA:18227 FMA:6028 GAID:858 MESH:A08.800.800.720.800.350 SCTID:279568001 The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0003727 UMLS:C1285089 anterior ramus of thoracic nerve anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gray819.png/200px-Gray819.png ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Nerve nervi intercostales ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus thoracic anterior ramus uberon ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves nervi intercostales FMA:6028 anterior ramus of thoracic nerve The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves FMA:6028 anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve FMA:6028 thoracic anterior ramus FMA:6028 ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus FMA:6028 ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve mediastinum EFO:0003057 FMA:9826 GAID:94 MESH:A01.911.800.500 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2OKJ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181217005 The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig at Angle of Louis); and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz. that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum; that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum; and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum. It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm. UBERON:0003728 UMLS:C0025066 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mediastinum.png/200px-Mediastinum.png mediastinal mediastinal part of chest ncithesaurus:Mediastinum uberon The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest. The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig at Angle of Louis); and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz. that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum; that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum; and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum. It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm. Wikipedia:Mediastinum FMA:9826 mediastinal part of chest mouth mucosa BTO:0002860 FMA:59660 GAID:951 MA:0002794 MESH:A10.615.550.599 UBERON:0003729 UMLS:C0026639 Usage notes: this is defined as any mucous membrane of the mouth - including palate, lips, uvula, etc. ncit split mouth/oral mucosa into lip and buccal. In future we may split into masticatory/keratinized (gingiva + hard palate) vs lining/non-keratinized (lips, cheeks, floor of mouth, soft palate). FMA distinguishes between mucosa of mouth and region of mouth (the latter including the buccal mucosa) buccal mucosa mouth mucosa mouth mucous membrane mouth organ mucosa mucosa of mouth mucosal lining of mouth mucous membrane of mouth ncithesaurus:Oral_Mucosa oral mucosa oral mucous membrane oral part of viscerocranial mucosa the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized. tunica mucosa oris tunica mucosa oris uberon Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized. OBOL:accepted mouth organ mucosa FMA:59660 FMA:TA tunica mucosa oris Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa tunica mucosa oris MA:0002794 mucosal lining of mouth GAID:951 oral mucosa OBOL:accepted mucosa of mouth FMA:59660 oral part of viscerocranial mucosa GAID:951 buccal mucosa OBOL:accepted mouth mucous membrane FMA:59660 mucous membrane of mouth FMA:59660 mouth mucosa prostate bud A region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium destined to become the prostate[GO]. AR activation releases instructive signals from UGM that acts on UGS epithelium (UGE) to stimulate cell proliferation, form prostate ductal progenitors (prostatic buds), and regulate cell adhesion dynamics to permit prostatic bud outgrowth. There are three phases of prostatic budding: (1) the specification phase, when instructive developmental cues define where buds will form in the UGS, (2) the initiation phase, when prostatic buds begin to form, and (3) the elongation phase, when proliferation, cell adhesion, and cell migration coordinate outgrowth of prostatic buds into UGM. Timing of prostatic bud formation and the quantity and pattern of buds that are formed in the UGS are strictly regulated [3, 4]. The position of prostatic buds as they emerge from the UGS in utero determines the arrangement of prostate ducts in adulthood.[PMID:18977204] UBERON:0003820 prostate ductal progenitor prostatic bud uberon PMID:18977204 prostate ductal progenitor PMID:18977204 A region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium destined to become the prostate[GO]. GO:0060513 GO:0060572 metapodium bone A bone of the metapodial skeleton MA:0000301 UBERON:0003821 metacarpal or metatarsal bone metacarpal/metatarsal metacarpal/metatarsal bone metapodi bone metapodial bone metapodium bone uberon UBERON:cjm metapodi bone A bone of the metapodial skeleton UBERON:cjm MA:0000301 metacarpal/metatarsal bone intentional hidden GCI UBERON:cjm http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial metapodium bone UBERON:cjm metapodial bone forelimb stylopod A stylopod that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000199 EHDAA2:0002112 EHDAA:4186 EHDAA:6234 EMAPA:17424 FMA:24890 MA:0000035 MESH:A01.378.800.075 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj0Z5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302538001 Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus.[AAO] UBERON:0003822 UMLS:C0446516 VHOG:0000343 VSAO:0005057 WP states: anatomical usage, the term arm refers specifically to the segment between the shoulder and the elbow, while the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm. However, in common, literary, and historical usage, arm refers to the entire upper limb from shoulder to wrist. FMA uses the term Arm for this class, so we place it here. // comment: todo - check fore propodium in AAO // Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. TODO - add distinct term for skeleton and place AAO class here arm brachial region brachium fore propodium forelimb propodium forelimb stylopodial element forelimb stylopodium galen:Arm ncithesaurus:Arm proximal segment of free upper limb regio brachialis stylopod of arm stylopod of forelimb uberon upper arm wing stylopod 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000887 AAO:LAP Segment of the hindleg corresponding to the humerus.[AAO] FMA:24890 FMA:TA regio brachialis OBOL:automatic forelimb stylopodium NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing stylopod AAO:0000199 fore propodium FMA:24890 arm MA:th forelimb stylopodial element 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000343 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VSAO:0005057 brachium MA A stylopod that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000035 upper arm hindlimb zeugopod EFO:0003051 EHDAA2:0001030 EHDAA:5165 EHDAA:6190 EMAPA:17496 FMA:24979 FMA:24984 MA:0000051 MESH:A01.378.610.500 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] OpenCyc:Mx4rvczZBpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244015008 The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. UBERON:0003823 UMLS:C1140621 VHOG:0000348 VSAO:0005060 calf calf of leg crus crus of hindlimb galen:Leg hind epipodium hind limb middle limb segment hind limb zeudopodium hind limb zeugopod hindlimb epipodium hindlimb middle limb segment hindlimb zeudopodium hindlimb zeugopod hindlimb zeugopodium hindlimb zygopod intermediate segment of free lower limb leg lower extremity middle limb segment lower extremity zeugopod lower leg middle limb segment of hind limb middle limb segment of hindlimb ncithesaurus:Leg note that FMA:24979 denotes the middle segment (zeugopod), its placement here is correct. See obo-anatomy archives for discussion // Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. TODO - add distinct term for skeleton and place AAO class here posterior curral region posterior leg region posterior part of leg posterior region of leg regio cruris posterior regio surae shank sura sural sural region uberon zeugopod of hind limb zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod FMA:24984 FMA:TA regio surae OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopodium VHOG:0000348 hindlimb zeudopodium VSAO:0005060 shank hind epipodium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000348 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:24979 MESH:A01.378.610.500 leg PHENOSCAPE:curators The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. Wikipedia:Forearm VHOG:0000348 hind limb zeudopodium OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb FMA:24984 FMA:TA sura FMA:24984 posterior leg region OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod VSAO:0005060 crus OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod UBERON:cjm middle limb segment of hindlimb FMA:24984 posterior part of leg FMA:24984 FMA:TA regio cruris posterior FMA:24984 posterior region of leg OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment FMA:24984 posterior curral region OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb FMA:24984 sural region FMA:24984 calf of leg FMA:24979 intermediate segment of free lower limb MA nerve of thoracic segment A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000562 MESH:A08.800.800.720.800 SCTID:359876006 UBERON:0003824 nerve of thorax thoracic segment nerve thorax nerve uberon upper body nerve MA:0000562 upper body nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax nerve A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000562 thoracic segment nerve nerve of abdominal segment A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000528 UBERON:0003825 abdominal segment nerve uberon A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000528 abdominal segment nerve upper leg bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000682 UBERON:0003826 uberon A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic thoracic segment bone A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000559 SCTID:426649006 UBERON:0003827 bone of thorax bone organ of thorax thorax bone thorax bone organ uberon upper body bone OBOL:automatic thorax bone MA:0000559 upper body bone OBOL:automatic bone of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of thorax A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic abdominal segment bone A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000525 UBERON:0003828 abdominal segment of trunk bone abdominal segment of trunk bone organ bone of abdominal segment of trunk bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk uberon OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk bone A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic urethra muscle A muscle organ that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. AO notes: FMA class may not be equivalent FMA:76909 MA:0002649 UBERON:0003829 muscle layer of urethra muscle organ of urethra muscular coat of urethra muscular layer of urethra uberon urethra muscle organ urethral muscle layer A muscle organ that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of urethra FMA:76909 muscle layer of urethra MA:0002649 urethral muscle layer FMA:76909 muscular coat of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra muscle organ FMA:76909 muscular layer of urethra thoracic segment muscle A muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000561 UBERON:0003830 muscle organ of thorax thorax muscle organ uberon upper body muscle MA:0000561 upper body muscle A muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax muscle organ respiratory system muscle A muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001828 UBERON:0003831 apparatus respiratorius muscle organ muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius muscle organ of respiratory system respiratory system muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory system muscle organ PMID:15755883 OBOL:automatic muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic muscle organ of respiratory system A muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius muscle organ esophagus muscle A muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. Editor notes: merge muscle and muscle layer? MA:0002682 SCTID:360961009 UBERON:0003832 esophageal muscle esophagus muscle organ gullet muscle organ muscle organ of esophagus muscle organ of gullet muscle organ of oesophagus oesophagus muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic muscle organ of gullet OBOL:automatic muscle organ of oesophagus MA A muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of esophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic oesophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic gullet muscle organ abdominal segment muscle A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000527 UBERON:0003833 abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk uberon OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk thoracic segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000558 UBERON:0003834 blood vessel of thorax thorax blood vessel uberon upper body blood vessel MA:0000558 upper body blood vessel OBOL:automatic thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thorax A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic abdominal segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000524 UBERON:0003835 abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel abdominal segment skin A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000530 UBERON:0003836 abdominal segment of trunk skin skin of abdominal segment of trunk uberon OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk skin A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA OBOL:automatic skin of abdominal segment of trunk MA thoracic segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000560 UBERON:0003837 connective tissue of thorax portion of connective tissue of thorax textus connectivus of thorax thorax connective tissue thorax portion of connective tissue thorax textus connectivus uberon upper body connective tissue MA:0000560 upper body connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thorax OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thorax A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic thorax textus connectivus abdominal segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000526 UBERON:0003838 abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk uberon OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue forelimb joint A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19204 MA:0000614 UBERON:0003839 anteriormost limb joint of limb anteriormost limb limb joint fore limb joint of limb fore limb limb joint forelimb joint of limb forelimb limb joint joint of limb of anteriormost limb joint of limb of fore limb joint of limb of forelimb joint of limb of superior member joint of limb of upper extremity limb joint of anteriormost limb limb joint of fore limb limb joint of forelimb limb joint of superior member limb joint of upper extremity superior member joint of limb superior member limb joint uberon upper extremity joint of limb upper extremity limb joint wing joint OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb limb joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of forelimb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic fore limb limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of upper extremity OBOL:automatic joint of limb of superior member OBOL:automatic forelimb joint of limb OBOL:automatic upper extremity joint of limb OBOL:automatic fore limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic superior member joint of limb A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of forelimb OBOL:automatic limb joint of upper extremity OBOL:automatic limb joint of fore limb OBOL:automatic upper extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of superior member OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic forelimb limb joint OBOL:automatic superior member limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of fore limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of anteriormost limb hindlimb joint A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000662 SCTID:304573000 UBERON:0003840 hind limb joint of limb hind limb limb joint hindlimb joint of limb hindlimb limb joint inferior member joint of limb inferior member limb joint joint of limb of hind limb joint of limb of hindlimb joint of limb of inferior member joint of limb of lower extremity joint of lower limb limb joint of hind limb limb joint of hindlimb limb joint of inferior member limb joint of lower extremity lower extremity joint of limb lower extremity limb joint uberon OBOL:automatic hind limb limb joint A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic limb joint of hind limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity limb joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity joint of limb OBOL:automatic hind limb joint of limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb limb joint OBOL:automatic inferior member limb joint OBOL:automatic limb joint of inferior member OBOL:automatic limb joint of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hindlimb joint of limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member joint of limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of hindlimb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of hind limb UBERON:cjm joint of lower limb OBOL:automatic joint of limb of inferior member autopod joint A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002715 UBERON:0003841 autopod joint of limb autopod limb joint distal free limb segment joint of limb distal free limb segment limb joint joint of limb of autopod joint of limb of distal free limb segment limb joint of autopod limb joint of distal free limb segment paw joint uberon OBOL:automatic joint of limb of distal free limb segment MA:0002715 paw joint OBOL:automatic autopod joint of limb OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment joint of limb OBOL:automatic limb joint of distal free limb segment OBOL:automatic limb joint of autopod OBOL:automatic distal free limb segment limb joint OBOL:automatic joint of limb of autopod A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic autopod limb joint neural tube lumen (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011073 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube. EHDAA2:0001269 EHDAA:2889 EHDAA:914 EMAPA:16167 EMAPA:16533 TODO - check UBERON:0003842 UBERON:0005713 VHOG:0001119 XAO:0000252 cavity of neural tube lumen of neural tube neural lumen neural tube neural lumen neurocoel uberon VHOG:0001119 neurocoel (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0001119 http://bgee.unil.ch/ An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm lumen of neural tube EHDAA2:0001269 neural tube neural lumen UBERON:cjm cavity of neural tube EHDAA:2889 neural lumen dental epithelium AAO:0011027 BTO:0001723 Editor notes: see comments for dentail organ. Development notes: In the developing molar dentition of the mouse, tooth inductive po- tential resides in the dental epithelium until embryonic day (E)12.5 (3). Thereafter, tooth inductive potential shifts to neural crest-derived dental mesenchyme, which acquires the ability to direct tooth formation in nonodontogenic tissues (3, 4)[PMID:10954731]. Editor notes: todo - full developmental relationships Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. TAO:0005134 UBERON:0003843 UMLS:C1709309 VHOG:0001443 XAO:0003203 ZFA:0005134 dental epithelia dental epithelium ncithesaurus:Odontogenic_Epithelial_Remnants odontogenic epithelium tooth epithelium uberon ZFA:0005134 dental epithelium JB epithelium Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. ZFA:0005134 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3556489&group_id=76834&atid=994726 ZFA:0005134 dental epithelia BTO upper eyelid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002116 EMAPA:17835 UBERON:0003844 VHOG:0000638 epithelial tissue of superior eyelid epithelial tissue of upper eyelid epithelium of superior eyelid epithelium of upper eyelid superior eyelid epithelial tissue superior eyelid epithelium uberon upper eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of upper eyelid OBOL:automatic epithelium of superior eyelid OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper eyelid OBOL:automatic superior eyelid epithelium OBOL:automatic upper eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic superior eyelid epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a upper eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of superior eyelid lower eyelid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001016 EMAPA:17832 UBERON:0003845 VHOG:0000637 epithelial tissue of inferior eyelid epithelial tissue of lower eyelid epithelium of inferior eyelid epithelium of lower eyelid inferior eyelid epithelial tissue inferior eyelid epithelium lower eyelid epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic inferior eyelid epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower eyelid OBOL:automatic lower eyelid epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a lower eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower eyelid OBOL:automatic inferior eyelid epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of inferior eyelid OBOL:automatic epithelium of inferior eyelid thymus epithelium BTO:0001836 EHDAA2:0002019 MA:0000768 UBERON:0003846 UMLS:C1711423 VHOG:0001426 epithelial tissue of thymus epithelial tissue of thymus gland epithelium of thymus epithelium of thymus gland ncithesaurus:Thymic_Epithelial_Tissue the supporting framework of the thymus. thymic epithelial tissue thymic epithelium thymus epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of thymus MP:0009544 the supporting framework of the thymus. OBOL:automatic thymus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of thymus gland BTO:0001836 thymic epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of thymus OBOL:automatic thymus gland epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of thymus gland OBOL:automatic thymus gland epithelium thyroid artery AAO:0010490 EHDAA2:0002029 EHDAA:7372 EMAPA:18622 MA:0002066 Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the thyroid gland.[AAO] UBERON:0003847 UMLS:C1711424 VHOG:0001366 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Artery relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010490 AAO:BJB Part of the external carotid which supplies blood to the thyroid gland.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010490 relationship loss: part_of external carotid (AAO:0010218)[AAO] gonadal vein EHDAA2:0000719 EHDAA:8703 In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. OpenCyc:Mx4rvlWYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278192008 UBERON:0003848 VHOG:0001340 gonad vein gonada vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray1120.png/200px-Gray1120.png uberon vein of gonad vein of gonada OBOL:automatic gonada vein OBOL:automatic gonad vein In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gonadal_vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonada OBOL:automatic vein of gonad mesencephalic neural crest A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a midbrain. EFO:0003591 EHDAA2:0001101 EHDAA:360 TAO:0000935 UBERON:0003849 VHOG:0000796 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] ZFA:0000935 mesencephalic neural crest neural crest midbrain uberon ZFA:0000935 mesencephalic neural crest ZFA A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a midbrain. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000935 neural crest midbrain 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000796 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ telencephalon neural crest A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a telencephalon. Cranial neural crest that is part of the telencephalon.[TAO] EFO:0003574 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001991 TAO:0000812 UBERON:0003850 VHOG:0000799 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] ZFA:0000812 neural crest telencephalon uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000799 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000812 neural crest telencephalon A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a telencephalon. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 Cranial neural crest that is part of the telencephalon.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000812 ZFIN:curator diencephalon neural crest A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a diencephalon. EFO:0003573 EHDAA2:0000603 EMAPA:16518 TAO:0000811 UBERON:0003851 VHOG:0000798 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] ZFA:0000811 diencephalic neural crest future diencephalon neural crest neural crest diencephalon neural crest of future diencephalon uberon ZFA:0000811 diencephalic neural crest EHDAA2:0000603 future diencephalon neural crest ZFA:0000811 neural crest diencephalon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000798 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA:16518 neural crest of future diencephalon A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a diencephalon. OBOL:automatic rhombencephalon neural crest A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a hindbrain. Cranial neural crest that is part of the hindbrain.[TAO] EHDAA2:0001628 EHDAA:362 TAO:0007063 UBERON:0003852 VHOG:0001210 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] ZFA:0007063 neural crest hindbrain rhombencephalic neural crest uberon ZFA:0007063 neural crest hindbrain 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0001210 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Cranial neural crest that is part of the hindbrain.[TAO] TAO TAO:0007063 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0007063 rhombencephalic neural crest A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a hindbrain. OBOL:automatic spinal cord neural crest A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a spinal cord. EHDAA:696 EMAPA:16094 EMAPA:16163 EMAPA:16529 EMAPA:16881 UBERON:0003853 VHOG:0001006 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG] neural crest spinal cord spinal neural crest uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0001006 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ A neural crest that developmentally_contributes_to a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0001006 spinal neural crest VHOG:0001006 neural crest spinal cord spinal cord neural plate (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)[well established][VHOG] A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. Neural plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] TAO:0007021 UBERON:0003854 VHOG:0000439 ZFA:0007021 neural plate of spinal cord uberon (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 VHOG VHOG:0000439 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Neural plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000439 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic neural plate of spinal cord gonad mesenchyme EHDAA:5012 EMAPA:16858 EMAPA:17385 Mesenchyme that is part of a gonad [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003855 VHOG:0001090 gonada mesenchyme mesenchyme of gonad mesenchyme of gonada uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a gonad [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad odontogenic mesenchyme Editor notes: we follow ZFA in introducing an additional distinction between the dental papilla and the (uncondensed) mesenchyme. Note that in some species such as zebrafish teeth are not part of the mouth, and sharks have dermal denticles which share similar developmental origins with teeth. For now we assume a NC origin for all and add a taxon restriction to 1st arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ.[TAO] Mesenchyme that gives rise to an odontogenic papilla. TAO:0005139 UBERON:0003856 VHOG_RETIRED:0001444 ZFA:0005139 dental mesenchyme dental organ mesenchyme enamel organ mesenchyme tooth enamel organ mesenchyme tooth mesenchyme uberon 2012-08-14 Mesenchyme enclosed by dental organ.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005139 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic dental organ mesenchyme Mesenchyme that gives rise to an odontogenic papilla. UBERON:cjm ZFA OBOL:automatic tooth mesenchyme OBOL:automatic enamel organ mesenchyme see comments ZFA:0005139 dental mesenchyme OBOL:automatic tooth enamel organ mesenchyme upper eyelid mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002117 EHDAA:9051 Mesenchyme that is part of a upper eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003857 VHOG:0001093 mesenchyme of superior eyelid mesenchyme of upper eyelid superior eyelid mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of upper eyelid OBOL:automatic superior eyelid mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of superior eyelid Mesenchyme that is part of a upper eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower eyelid mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001017 EHDAA:9045 Mesenchyme that is part of a lower eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003858 VHOG:0001036 inferior eyelid mesenchyme mesenchyme of inferior eyelid mesenchyme of lower eyelid uberon OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower eyelid OBOL:automatic inferior eyelid mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a lower eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of inferior eyelid EHDAA2 forelimb mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003859 VHOG:0001109 anteriormost limb mesenchyme fore limb mesenchyme mesenchyme of anteriormost limb mesenchyme of fore limb mesenchyme of forelimb mesenchyme of superior member mesenchyme of upper extremity superior member mesenchyme uberon upper extremity mesenchyme wing mesenchyme NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of superior member OBOL:automatic anteriormost limb mesenchyme Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 wing mesenchyme OBOL:automatic upper extremity mesenchyme OBOL:automatic fore limb mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of upper extremity OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of anteriormost limb OBOL:automatic superior member mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of forelimb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of fore limb hindlimb mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003860 VHOG:0001074 hind limb mesenchyme inferior member mesenchyme lower extremity mesenchyme mesenchyme of hind limb mesenchyme of hindlimb mesenchyme of inferior member mesenchyme of lower extremity uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic inferior member mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower extremity mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of hind limb OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lower extremity OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of inferior member neural arch (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone.[TAO] AAO:0000725 Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally.[AAO] EFO:0003618 FMA:11946 MA:0001453 OpenCyc:Mx4rwKYHvZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:317373001 TAO:0001066 Taxon notes: tiny neural arches present in Hagfish (which lack a true vertebraal column). UBERON:0003861 UMLS:C0223076 VHOG:0001670 ZFA:0001066 arcus vertebra arcus vertebrae arcus vertebrae arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) dorsal arcocentrum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray82.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray82.png/200px-Gray82.png ncithesaurus:Arch_of_the_Vertebra posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone. relationship loss: develops_from basidorsal (TAO:0001060)[TAO] uberon vertebra dorsal arch vertebra neural arch FMA:11946 arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001066 relationship loss: develops_from basidorsal (TAO:0001060)[TAO] Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch posterior part of a vertebra that consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes: four articular processes, two transverse processes one spinous process[WP]. ZFA: A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone. MA:0001453 vertebra dorsal arch 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000725 AAO:Pugener_2002 Bony arch perched on the vertebral centrum; successive arches enclose the neural canal that surrounds and protects the spinal cord dorsally.[AAO] Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch arcus vertebrae ZFA:0001066 dorsal arcocentrum MA:0001453 vertebra neural arch Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch arcus vertebrae (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270 VHOG VHOG:0001670 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 A neural arch encloses the neural canal and typically meets its partner to form a neural spine. The neural arch can be a replacement ossification of the basidorsal cartilage or can form directly in membrane bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001066 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Vertebral_arch arcus vertebra pedal digit 4 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19130 FMA:32901 MA:0001384 SCTID:361804008 UBERON:0003862 UMLS:C1708086 digit long bone of foot digit 4 foot digit 4 digit long bone foot digit 4 long bone of digit foot digit 4 phalanx foot digit 4 phalanx fourth toe phalanx hind limb digit 4 phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 4 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_4_Phalanx phalanx of foot digit 4 phalanx of fourth toe uberon OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 digit long bone MA:0001384 foot digit 4 phalanx OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 phalanx OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 4 FMA:32901 fourth toe phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 4 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 long bone of digit OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 4 FMA:32901 phalanx of fourth toe A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 5 phalanx A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19132 FMA:32902 MA:0001385 SCTID:361806005 UBERON:0003863 UMLS:C1708088 digit long bone of foot digit 5 foot digit 5 digit long bone foot digit 5 long bone of digit foot digit 5 phalanx foot digit 5 phalanx hind limb digit 5 phalanx little toe phalanx long bone of digit of foot digit 5 ncithesaurus:Foot_Digit_5_Phalanx phalanx of fifth digit of foot phalanx of fifth toe phalanx of foot digit 5 phalanx of little toe uberon OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 digit long bone OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 long bone of digit FMA:32902 little toe phalanx FMA:32902 phalanx of little toe MA:0001385 foot digit 5 phalanx OBOL:automatic phalanx of foot digit 5 A phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit long bone of foot digit 5 FMA:32902 phalanx of fifth toe NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 phalanx OBOL:automatic long bone of digit of foot digit 5 FMA:32902 phalanx of fifth digit of foot OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 phalanx middle phalanx of manus A middle phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:75817 MA:0001394 SCTID:113223004 SCTID:371230003 UBERON:0003864 UMLS:C0223828 hand middle phalanx middle manual phalanx middle phalanx of finger middle phalanx of hand middle phalanx of manual digit ncithesaurus:Middle_Phalanx_of_the_Hand uberon MA:0001394 middle phalanx of hand A middle phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001394 hand middle phalanx FMA:75817 middle phalanx of finger distal phalanx of manus A distal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:75818 MA:0001388 SCTID:182001007 SCTID:361782004 This is typically proximally connected to the middle phalanx of manus, except in some cases such as the human thumb, where it connects to the proximal phalanx. It always connects to some phalanx, by definition UBERON:0003865 UMLS:C1269782 distal manual phalanx distal phalanx of finger distal phalanx of hand distal phalanx of manual digit hand distal phalanx ncithesaurus:Distal_Phalanx_of_Hand terminal phalanx of hand uberon ungual phalanx of hand FMA:75818 distal phalanx of finger MA:0001388 hand distal phalanx http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 ungual phalanx of hand UBERON:cjm terminal phalanx of hand A distal phalanx that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of pes A middle phalanx that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:75829 MA:0001386 SCTID:83207005 UBERON:0003866 foot middle phalanx middle pedal phalanx middle phalanx of foot middle phalanx of toe uberon A middle phalanx that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:75829 middle phalanx of toe MA:0001386 foot middle phalanx distal phalanx of pes A distal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:75830 MA:0001380 SCTID:361797001 This is typically proximally connected to the middle phalanx of pes, except in some cases such as the human big toe, where it connects to the proximal phalanx. It always connects to some phalanx, by definition UBERON:0003867 UMLS:C0224026 distal pedal phalanx distal phalanx of foot distal phalanx of toe foot distal phalanx ncithesaurus:Distal_Phalanx_of_Foot terminal phalanx of foot terminal phalanx of hindlimb uberon ungual phalanx of foot ungual phalanx of hindlimb FMA:75830 distal phalanx of toe UBERON:cjm terminal phalanx of foot http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 ungual phalanx of hindlimb http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 ungual phalanx of foot A distal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm terminal phalanx of hindlimb MA:0001380 foot distal phalanx proximal phalanx of pes A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:75828 MA:0001387 SCTID:85533000 UBERON:0003868 UMLS:C0224020 foot proximal phalanx ncithesaurus:Proximal_Phalanx_of_Foot proximal pedal phalanx proximal phalanx of foot proximal phalanx of foot digit proximal phalanx of hind digit proximal phalanx of pes proximal phalanx of toe uberon MA:0001387 foot proximal phalanx FMA:75828 proximal phalanx of toe A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic presumptive ganglion A presumptive structure that develops_into a ganglion. UBERON:0003869 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a ganglion. OBOL:automatic obsolete presumptive ventricle UBERON:0003874 true uberon subdivision of hippocampus FMA:74041 MA:0002428 SCTID:361561007 UBERON:0003876 do not include ABA:HIP hippocampus region hippocampus subdivision subdivision of hippocampus uberon MA:0002428 hippocampus region FMA:74041 hippocampus subdivision CA1 field of hippocampus ABA:CA1 CA1 CA1 field CA1 field of Ammon's horn CA1 field of cornu ammonis CA1 field of hippocampus EFO:0002454 FMA:74042 MA:0000950 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 UBERON:0003881 UMLS:C0694598 cornu ammonis 1 hippocampus CA1 ncithesaurus:CA1_Field_of_the_Cornu_Ammonis prosubiculum = distal ca1 regio i cornus ammonis regio i hippocampi proprii regio superior regio superior of the hippocampus region 1 of Ammon's horn region i of ammon's horn region i of hippocampus proper uberon FMA:74042 regio superior of the hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 prosubiculum = distal ca1 FMA:74042 region i of ammon's horn ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 cornu ammonis 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1197 regio superior FMA:74042 FMA:TA regio i hippocampi proprii FMA:74042 FMA:TA regio i cornus ammonis FMA:74042 region i of hippocampus proper CA2 field of hippocampus ABA:CA2 CA2 CA2 field CA2 field of Ammon's horn CA2 field of cornu ammonis CA2 field of hippocampus EFO:0002455 FMA:74044 MA:0000951 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1362 UBERON:0003882 UMLS:C0694599 hippocampus CA2 ncithesaurus:CA2_Field_of_the_Cornu_Ammonis regio ii cornus ammonis regio ii hippocampi proprii region 2 of Ammon's horn region ii of ammon's horn region ii of hippocampus proper uberon FMA:74044 region ii of hippocampus proper ABA FMA:74044 FMA:TA regio ii cornus ammonis FMA:74044 region ii of ammon's horn FMA:74044 FMA:TA regio ii hippocampi proprii ABA CA3 field of hippocampus ABA:CA3 CA3 CA3 field CA3 field of Ammon's horn CA3 field of cornu ammonis CA3 field of hippocampus EFO:0002456 FMA:74045 MA:0000952 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1204 Region III of hippocampus proper is a portion of the hippocampal formation. Region CA3 receives input along the mossy fibers from granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and from projection cells in entorhinal cortex along the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway terminates in stratum lucidum while the perforant path passes through stratum lacunosum and terminates in stratum moleculare. The inputs from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca terminate in stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the contralateral hippocampus. The pyramidal cells in CA3 (of which there are approximately 200,000 in each hemisphere in the rat) send some axons back to the hilus, but the majority project to regions CA2 and CA1 (a pathway called the Schaffer collaterals), in addition to a significant number of connections that terminate within CA3 (called recurrent connections). Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal or dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum. The region is conventionally divided into 3 divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band which is most distal from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria/fornix connection. CA3c is the most proximal to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. The region overall has been considered to be the 'pacemaker' of the hippocampus. In CA3 much of the synchronous bursing activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated. The excitatory collateral interconnectivity appears to be the property of CA3 most responsible for this. CA3, unlike other regions, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals ramifying extensively with local region and making excitatory contacts with neighbors. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and learning hippocampal processes. Oscillatory rhythms (10-30Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation. UBERON:0003883 UMLS:C0694600 hippocampus CA3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/HippocampalRegions.jpg ncithesaurus:CA3_Field_of_the_Cornu_Ammonis regio hippocampi proprii III; regio III cornus ammonis; CA3 regio iii cornus ammonis regio iii hippocampi proprii regio inferior region 3 of Ammon's horn region iii of ammon's horn region iii of hippocampus proper uberon FMA:74045 region iii of ammon's horn Region III of hippocampus proper is a portion of the hippocampal formation. Region CA3 receives input along the mossy fibers from granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) and from projection cells in entorhinal cortex along the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway terminates in stratum lucidum while the perforant path passes through stratum lacunosum and terminates in stratum moleculare. The inputs from the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca terminate in stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the contralateral hippocampus. The pyramidal cells in CA3 (of which there are approximately 200,000 in each hemisphere in the rat) send some axons back to the hilus, but the majority project to regions CA2 and CA1 (a pathway called the Schaffer collaterals), in addition to a significant number of connections that terminate within CA3 (called recurrent connections). Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal or dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum. The region is conventionally divided into 3 divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band which is most distal from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria/fornix connection. CA3c is the most proximal to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. The region overall has been considered to be the 'pacemaker' of the hippocampus. In CA3 much of the synchronous bursing activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated. The excitatory collateral interconnectivity appears to be the property of CA3 most responsible for this. CA3, unlike other regions, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals ramifying extensively with local region and making excitatory contacts with neighbors. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and learning hippocampal processes. Oscillatory rhythms (10-30Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation. Wikipedia:Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1204 regio inferior Wikipedia:Region_III_of_hippocampus_proper regio hippocampi proprii III; regio III cornus ammonis; CA3 ABA FMA:74045 FMA:TA regio iii hippocampi proprii ABA FMA:74045 region iii of hippocampus proper FMA:74045 FMA:TA regio iii cornus ammonis CA4 field of hippocampus CA4 CA4 field CA4 field of Ammon's horn CA4 field of cornu ammonis EFO:0002457 FMA:75741 MA:0000953 UBERON:0003884 UMLS:C2328406 consider obsoleting. consider - CA3c, hilus hippocampus CA4 ncithesaurus:CA4_Field_of_the_Cornu_Ammonis regio iv cornus ammonis regio iv hippocampi proprii region 4 of Ammon's horn region iv of ammon's horn region iv of hippocampus proper uberon FMA:75741 region iv of ammon's horn FMA:75741 FMA:TA regio iv cornus ammonis FMA:75741 FMA:TA regio iv hippocampi proprii FMA:75741 region iv of hippocampus proper mesometrium A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19816 MA:0002931 SCTID:250172001 UBERON:0003885 mesentery of uterus uberon MA A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 FMA:19816 MA:0002931 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/misc_topics/peritoneum.html mesentery of uterus body cavity precursor An anatomical cavity that develops_into a coelemic cavity lumen. UBERON:0003886 uberon An anatomical cavity that develops_into a coelemic cavity lumen. OBOL:automatic intraembryonic coelom (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA:251 EMAPA:16088 Editor notes: consider merging with coelom. TODO - add spatial relationships to halves of LPM. Note the OG places XAO and ZFA coelem terms here. Todo: check ZFA, which appears to be a structure present in adults In the development of the human embryo the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm. During the second week of development, the lateral mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom[WP]. UBERON:0003887 UMLS:C1512940 VHOG:0000316 ncithesaurus:Intraembryonic_Coelom somatic coelom uberon Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom somatic coelom In the development of the human embryo the intraembryonic coelom (or somatic coelom) is a portion of the conceptus forming in the mesoderm. During the second week of development, the lateral mesoderm splits into a dorsal somatic mesoderm (somatopleure) and a ventral splanchnic mesoderm (splanchnopleure). The resulting cavity between the somatopleure and splanchnopleure is called the intraembryonic coelom. This space will give rise to the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It briefly has a connection with the extraembryonic coelom[WP]. Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166 VHOG VHOG:0000316 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia extraembryonic coelom EHDAA2:0000246 EHDAA:146 EMAPA:16081 FMA:63943 SCTID:362843009 UBERON:0003888 UMLS:C1517055 VHOG:0001671 cavity between Heuser's membrane and the Trophoblast[WP]. chorion cavity chorionic cavity exocoelomic cavity exocoelomic cavity extraembryonic celom extraembryonic coelomic cavity ncithesaurus:Extraembryonic_Coelom uberon VHOG:0001671 exocoelomic cavity VHOG:0001671 exocoelomic cavity EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000246 chorion cavity FMA:63943 extraembryonic celom EHDAA2:0000246 chorionic cavity Wikipedia:Extraembryonic_coelom cavity between Heuser's membrane and the Trophoblast[WP]. VHOG:0001671 extraembryonic coelomic cavity fallopian tube EFO:0000974 EHDAA2:0000504 EV:0100112 FMA:18245 GAID:365 MA:0000385 MESH:A05.360.319.114.373 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViVeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181463001 Two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the utero-tubal junction[WP]. Embryos have two pairs of ducts to let gametes out of the body; one pair (the Mullerian ducts) develops in females into the Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, while the other pair (the Wolffian ducts) develops in males into the epididymis and vas deferens. UBERON:0003889 UMLS:C0015560 fallopian tubes female paramesonephric duct galen:FallopianTube http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Fallopian_tube#Homology http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg/200px-Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg.png mammalian oviduct ncithesaurus:Fallopian_Tube salpinges salpinx tuba uterina uberon uterine tube (sensu Mammalia) http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3293337&group_id=36855&atid=440764 mammalian oviduct salpinges FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Fallopian_tube tuba uterina Two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries of female mammals into the uterus, via the utero-tubal junction[WP]. Embryos have two pairs of ducts to let gametes out of the body; one pair (the Mullerian ducts) develops in females into the Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina, while the other pair (the Wolffian ducts) develops in males into the epididymis and vas deferens. Wikipedia:Fallopian_tube EHDAA2:0000504 female paramesonephric duct Mullerian duct AAO:0010141 Development notes: Sertoli cells secrete anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) inducing the demise of this duct EHDAA2:0004048 EMAPA:27665 Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] GAID:1309 In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] MESH:A16.254.570 Muellerian duct Müllerian duct RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001399 SCTID:308802006 Transient developmental organ which gives rise to oviducts in female (documented to persist in some male frogs).[AAO] UBERON:0003890 UBERON:0005318 UMLS:C0026732 VHOG:0001199 XAO:0000330 ductus paramesonephricus early paramesonephric duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gray1109.png/200px-Gray1109.png ncithesaurus:Mullerian_Duct paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. paramesonephric duct uberon 2012-09-17 Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001199 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paramesonephric+duct EMAPA:27665 paramesonephric duct 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010141 AAO:RED Transient developmental organ which gives rise to oviducts in female (documented to persist in some male frogs).[AAO] Wikipedia GO:0061205 Wikipedia:Paramesonephric_duct http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. EHDAA2:0004048 early paramesonephric duct 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559 In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001199 http://bgee.unil.ch/ stroma Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. FMA:81494 UBERON:0003891 UMLS:C0927195 ncithesaurus:Stroma_Connective_Tissue stromal uberon Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary_%28animal_tissue%29 capsule EHDAA:4739 EHDAA:9061 FMA:85272 UBERON:0003893 a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Examples: egg shell, articular capsules, renal capsules[WP]. capsular galen:Capsule see also: protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi. Note that FMA has classes such as Articular capsule that are not subtypes of Capsule (which is undefined in FMA). GO has 'capsule' which is a fungal structure, and 'external encapsulating structure' which is restricted to cells uberon Wikipedia:Capsule_(anatomy) a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Examples: egg shell, articular capsules, renal capsules[WP]. liver primordium A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. AAO:0011058 BTO:0003391 EFO:0002577 EFO:0003428 EHDAA2:0000744 EHDAA:973 EMAPA:16847 Editor's note: consider adding further subdivisions of the endoderm, e.g. ventral foregut. Note we place two EFO classes here, it's not clear how they differ TAO:0000124 UBERON:0003894 UMLS:C0734013 UMLS:C1514451 XAO:0003266 ZFA:0000124 embryological hepatic plate hepatic plate liver bud liver endoderm ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Cord ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Liver primordium of the liver uberon XAO:0003266 ZFA:0000124 liver bud EHDAA2:0000744 hepatic plate EFO:0002577 liver endoderm UBERON:cjm embryological hepatic plate ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Liver primordium of the liver EHDAA2 Zaret 1996 ventral foregut endoderm A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. ISBN:3211492755 hypaxial myotome region Portion of myotome that is ventral to the horizontal septum TAO:0001085 UBERON:0003895 ZFA:0001085 body wall muscle hypaxial myotome region uberon XAO:0003228 body wall muscle ZFA:0001085 hypaxial myotome region ISBN10:0073040584 Portion of myotome that is ventral to the horizontal septum obsolete muscle of body wall A muscle organ that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003896 UBERON:0004462 obsoleted as it grouped together a worm-specific structure (BTO) with the vertebrate structure (which develops from the myotome) true uberon wall muscle A muscle organ that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0001863 wall muscle axial muscle A skeletal muscle of the trunk or head. EHDAA2:0000159 EHDAA:5982 EMAPA:18166 EMAPA:18167 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000160 TAO:0001954 UBERON:0003897 uberon skeletal muscle of trunk A skeletal muscle of the trunk. SCTID:244848007 UBERON:0003898 skeletal muscle of torso skeletal muscle tissue of torso skeletal muscle tissue of trunk torso skeletal muscle torso skeletal muscle tissue trunk skeletal muscle trunk skeletal muscle tissue uberon OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of torso OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of torso reference_0000032 skeletal muscle of head A skeletal muscle of the head. SCTID:244718003 UBERON:0003899 adult head skeletal muscle adult head skeletal muscle tissue defined generically so could in theory encompass FBbt:00003260 'skeletal muscle of head' head skeletal muscle head skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of adult head skeletal muscle tissue of adult head skeletal muscle tissue of head uberon OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of adult head OBOL:automatic head skeletal muscle tissue reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic head skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic adult head skeletal muscle tissue A skeletal muscle of the head. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of adult head OBOL:automatic adult head skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of head epaxial myotome region Portion of myotome that is dorsal to the horizontal septum TAO:0001084 UBERON:0003900 ZFA:0001084 epaxial myotome regions uberon ISBN10:0073040584 Portion of myotome that is dorsal to the horizontal septum ZFA:0001084 epaxial myotome regions horizontal septum A connective tissue partition developing at the apex of the chevron-shaped myotome and separating dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] A logitudinal sheet of continuous connective tissue partition developing at the apex of the chevron-shaped myotome and separating dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body wall muscle masses; each is destined to become, respectively, the epaxial and hyopaxial musculature. EFO:0003555 TAO:0000671 UBERON:0003901 ZFA:0000671 horizontal myoseptum relationship loss: subclass myoseptum (TAO:0001089)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 A connective tissue partition developing at the apex of the chevron-shaped myotome and separating dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000671 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000671 relationship loss: subclass myoseptum (TAO:0001089)[TAO] ZFA:0000671 horizontal myoseptum A logitudinal sheet of continuous connective tissue partition developing at the apex of the chevron-shaped myotome and separating dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) body wall muscle masses; each is destined to become, respectively, the epaxial and hyopaxial musculature. ISBN10:0073040584 ZFA:0000671 retinal neural layer (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011095 BTO:0000929 EHDAA2:0001253 EHDAA:4763 EMAPA:17171 EMAPA:18590 FMA:58628 MA:0000277 TAO:0000046 The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. UBERON:0003902 UMLS:C1518263 VHOG:0000535 XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 editor note - we follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers; the neural layers are further divided into 9 layers. Note that in MA this class is a leaf node. ncithesaurus:Neural_Retina neural layer of retina neural retina neural retinal epithelium neuroretina stratum nervosum (retina) uberon FMA:58628 neural layer of retina MA:000027 neural retinal epithelium GO:0003407 The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 neural retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000535 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:58628 stratum nervosum (retina) ZFA:0000046 neuroretina bursa of Fabricius BTO:0001699 GAID:1205 MESH:A13.163 SCTID:86689007 UBERON:0003903 an epithelial and lymphoid organ that develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal region of the cloaca in birds. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. The bursa is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation[GO]. uberon GO:0048540 Wikipedia:Bursa_of_Fabricius an epithelial and lymphoid organ that develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal region of the cloaca in birds. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. The bursa is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation[GO]. bursal plica Follicle containing part of bursa of Fabricius. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. UBERON:0003904 bursal fold bursal plicae uberon bursal plicae Follicle containing part of bursa of Fabricius. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells[WP]. GOC:cjm bursal follicle Follicle within the plicae of bursa of Fabricius. UBERON:0003905 uberon Follicle within the plicae of bursa of Fabricius. GOC:cjm cardiac jelly EHDAA:1271 EHDAA:1279 EHDAA:1922 EHDAA:1930 EHDAA:426 EHDAA:442 EHDAA:450 EHDAA:458 EHDAA:466 EHDAA:474 EHDAA:772 EHDAA:780 EHDAA:788 EHDAA:800 EHDAA:808 Portion of extracellular matrix between the myocardium and the endocardium. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000212 TAO:0001318 The extracellular matrix between the myocardium and the endocardium. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates.[TAO] UBERON:0003906 UMLS:C1516293 VHOG:0000936 XAO:0004120 ZFA:0001318 heart cardiac jelly ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Jelly uberon VHOG:0000936 heart cardiac jelly 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001318 The extracellular matrix between the myocardium and the endocardium. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Portion of extracellular matrix between the myocardium and the endocardium. The cardiac jelly plays a central role in the septation of the heart and comprises most of the thickness of the heart wall at early stages, but disappears as the heart differentiates. ZFA:0001318 left atrioventricular canal AO notes: EHDAA2 represents lumen An atrioventricular canal that is in the left side of a atrioventricular region. EHDAA2:0000935 EHDAA:5336 FMA:71123 UBERON:0003907 left AVC left atrio-ventricular canal uberon EHDAA2:0000935 left atrio-ventricular canal An atrioventricular canal that is in the left side of a atrioventricular region. OBOL:automatic right atrioventricular canal AO notes: EHDAA2 represents lumen An atrioventricular canal that is in the right side of a atrioventricular region. EHDAA2:0001719 EHDAA:5338 FMA:71122 UBERON:0003908 right AVC right atrio-ventricular canal uberon An atrioventricular canal that is in the right side of a atrioventricular region. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001719 right atrio-ventricular canal sinusoid AO notes - some sources give discontinuous capillary as synonym but this may be a subtype - see FMA:63198 discontinuous sinusoid (undefined). FMA:63131 Fenestrated blood vessel endothelium with pores that are large enough for blood cells to pass. The basal lamina and gap junctions may be discontinuous.[TAO] SCTID:340163004 TAO:0005261 UBERON:0003909 ZFA:0005261 endothelium of irregular blood filled space sinusoidal sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium sinusoidal capillary sinusoidal endothelium small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. uberon 2012-08-14 Fenestrated blood vessel endothelium with pores that are large enough for blood cells to pass. The basal lamina and gap junctions may be discontinuous.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005261 ZFIN:curator http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=13986 sinusoidal capillary ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium Wikipedia:Sinusoid_(blood_vessel) small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. Wikipedia ZFA splenic sinusoid FMA:63199 SCTID:9081000 Taxon notes: Whereas man and the rat are in the "sinusal" group, the mouse belongs in the "nonsinusal" group. The red pulp of spleens of rat, dog, man, and many other mammals contains an elaborate plexus of sinuses; that of mouse, cat, pig and others has no true sinuses and relatively few veins leading from the meshes into collecting veins - http://www.informatics.jax.org/greenbook/chapters/chapter13.shtml UBERON:0003910 sinusoid of red pulp of spleen sinusoidal blood vessel of spleen uberon wide vessels in the spleen that drain into trabecular veins[WP]. Wikipedia:Red_pulp#Sinusoids wide vessels in the spleen that drain into trabecular veins[WP]. FMA:63199 sinusoid of red pulp of spleen OBOL:automatic sinusoidal blood vessel of spleen choroid plexus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a choroid plexus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:242811 MA:0000824 UBERON:0003911 UMLS:C1516506 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium choroid plexus epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of choroid plexus epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium FMA:242811 epithelium of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a choroid plexus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere chitinous tooth UBERON:0003912 tooth-like structure composed of chitin. uberon tooth-like structure HAO:0001019 UBERON:0003913 hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. see dermal denticle tooth-like organ uberon GOC:cjm hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. GOC:cjm tooth-like organ epithelial tube AEO:0000114 EHDAA2:0003114 Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. FBbt:00007474 UBERON:0003914 epithelial or endothelial tube uberon Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GO:0060562 PMID:12526790 endothelial tube Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003915 uberon Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fat pad AO notes: FMA says isa fascia organ. Note that XAO and AAO have structures called fat pad/body, but these are gonad-associated, so we place them with the gonad-specific subclass An accumulation of adipose tissue (fat cells) enclosed in fibrous tissue[BTO]. BTO:0000444 FMA:58616 MA:0002481 UBERON:0003916 a mass of closely packed fat cells (adipose tissue) surrounded by fibrous tissue septa[TMD]. fat body uberon An accumulation of adipose tissue (fat cells) enclosed in fibrous tissue[BTO]. BTO FMA:58616 fat body BTO:0000444 GO:0060613 a mass of closely packed fat cells (adipose tissue) surrounded by fibrous tissue septa[TMD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/fat+pad arthropod fat body A fatty tissue especially of nearly mature insect larvae that serves as a food reserve[BTO]. BTO:0000442 EFO:0000810 Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00001704 FBbt:00005066 GAID:1213 MESH:A13.365 MIAA:0000096 TADS:0000321 TGMA:0001856 UBERON:0003917 an insect gland dorsal to the insect gut, with a function analogous to that of the vertebrate liver. It is a storage organ for fats, glycogen and protein and is a major site of intermediary metabolism. fat body fat body sensu invertebrata uberon EFO:0000810 fat body sensu invertebrata GO:0007503 an insect gland dorsal to the insect gut, with a function analogous to that of the vertebrate liver. It is a storage organ for fats, glycogen and protein and is a major site of intermediary metabolism. FBbt:00005066 fat body A fatty tissue especially of nearly mature insect larvae that serves as a food reserve[BTO]. BTO kidney mesenchyme Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. UBERON:0003918 check this mesenchyme of kidney uberon GO:0072074 Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. obsolete mesenchyme of adult kidney UBERON:0003919 true uberon venous blood vessel Compare to: vein FMA:86188 MA:0000066 UBERON:0003920 a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart segment of venous tree organ uberon venous tree organ segment a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart http://www.thefreedictionary.com/venous+blood+vessel FMA:86188 venous tree organ segment FMA:86188 segment of venous tree organ pancreas primordium AO notes: in EHDAA2 this has dorsal and ventral primordia as parts. the buds are part of the primordium, with the ducts developing from the buds; only parenchyma and ducts have contribution from buds. Terminology notes: revisit after standardizing terms 'primordium', 'anlagen', 'bud' EFO:0002579 EFO:0003434 EHDAA2:0001382 EHDAA:2163 EMAPA:17066 FMA:79792 TAO:0000254 UBERON:0003921 XAO:0001101 ZFA:0000254 embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png pancreatic anlage pancreatic endoderm pancreatic primordium primordial pancreas uberon EFO:0002579 pancreatic endoderm embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas#Embryological_development EHDAA2 Wikipedia FMA:79792 primordial pancreas pancreatic bud EFO:0003470 SCTID:360398004 TAO:0001390 The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. In humans, an embryonic structure that is an outgrowth of the duodenum during embryogenesis - joins together to form the adult pancreas[WP]. UBERON:0003922 UMLS:C1283285 ZFA:0001390 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Gray982.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg/300px-Suckale08FBS_fig1_pancreas_development.jpeg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Bud pancreatic anlage pancreatic buds uberon Wikipedia:Pancreas#Embryological_development Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud zebrafish EHDAA2-inferred TAO:0001390 pancreatic buds EHDAA2 EHDAA2 PMID:16417468 The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. In humans, an embryonic structure that is an outgrowth of the duodenum during embryogenesis - joins together to form the adult pancreas[WP]. Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud dorsal pancreatic bud AAO:0011031 EFO:0003465 EHDAA2:0001385 EMAPA:17067 In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361435005 TAO:0001370 The pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.[AAO] UBERON:0003923 VHOG:0001428 XAO:0000467 ZFA:0001370 dorsal pancreas anlage dorsal pancreatic anlage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png pancreas dorsal primordium duct bud pancreas primordium dorsal bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. posterior pancreatic anlage posterior pancreatic bud uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011031 The pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct.[AAO] XAO:curator EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001385 pancreas dorsal primordium duct bud Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. XAO ventral pancreatic bud AAO:0011111 Development notes: the ventral pancreas and liver are derived from a common precursor cell population[PMID:16417468]. TODO - add this relationship. // The ventral pancreatic bud becomes the head and uncinate process, and comes from the hepatic diverticulum[WP] EFO:0003464 EHDAA2:0001389 EMAPA:17256 In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361437002 TAO:0001369 UBERON:0003924 VHOG:0001429 XAO:0001103 ZFA:0001369 anterior pancreatic anlage anterior pancreatic bud http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gray982.png/200px-Gray982.png pancreas primordium ventral bud pancreas ventral primordium duct bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. uberon ventral pancreas anlage ventral pancreatic anlage 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00308-7 Field HA, Dong PD, Beis D, Stainier DY, Formation of the digestive system in zebrafish. II. Pancreas morphogenesis. Developmental Biology (2003), DOI:10.2337/diabetes.49.2.225 Polak M, Bouchareb-Banaei L, Scharfmann R, Czernichow P, Early pattern of differentiation in the human pancreas. Diabetes (2000) In chick, Xenopus laevis, and the teleost fish Medaka, the pancreas develops from three buds that emerge from the gut tube, two from its ventral aspect, and one from its dorsal aspect. In mouse, although there are initially three buds that arise from the gut tube at the point of contact between the endoderm and the vasculature, the pancreas develops from only two of these buds, one dorsal and one ventral. (...) In this study, we use a transgenic zebrafish line (...). We provide evidence for the existence of two distinct pancreatic anlagen - a ventral anterior bud and a dorsal posterior bud - that join to form the definitive pancreas (reference 1); The pancreas develops from the fusion of distinct endoderm-derived dorsal and ventral diverticula. In humans, by day 35 of development, the ventral pancreatic bud begins to migrate backwards and comes into contact and eventually fuses with the dorsal pancreatic bud during the sixth week of development (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Pancreatic_bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. EHDAA2:0001389 pancreas ventral primordium duct bud EHDAA2 PMID:16417468 WP photoreceptor inner segment layer (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] Layer of the retina composed of the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells. MA:0002471 TAO:0001465 UBERON:0003925 VHOG:0001172 ZFA:0001465 retina photoreceptor layer inner segment uberon Layer of the retina composed of the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells. ZFIN:curator (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001172 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA ZFA MA:0002471 retina photoreceptor layer inner segment photoreceptor outer segment layer (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] MA:0002472 TAO:0001466 UBERON:0003926 VHOG:0001173 ZFA:0001466 retina photoreceptor layer outer segment uberon MA MA:0002472 retina photoreceptor layer outer segment ZFA (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001173 http://bgee.unil.ch/ obsolete macula lagena This term was obsoleted as it was previously defined midleadingly as 'A macula that is part of a cochlea'. UBERON:0003927 true uberon This term was obsoleted as it was previously defined midleadingly as 'A macula that is part of a cochlea'. UBERON:cjm digestive system duct A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. TAO:0005162 UBERON:0003928 ZFA:0005162 duct of digestive system duct of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system duct uberon OBOL:automatic duct of digestive system OBOL:automatic duct of gastrointestinal system A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system duct gut epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000956 EHDAA2:0004567 Epithelium lining the lumen of the gut.[TAO] TAO:0005123 UBERON:0003929 UMLS:C0836205 XAO:0003200 ZFA:0005123 digestive tract epithelial tissue digestive tract epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive tract epithelial tissue of gut epithelial tissue of lower gastrointestinal tract epithelium of digestive tract epithelium of gut epithelium of lower gastrointestinal tract gut epithelial tissue lower gastrointestinal tract epithelial tissue lower gastrointestinal tract epithelium ncithesaurus:Gut_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of gut OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower gastrointestinal tract OBOL:automatic lower gastrointestinal tract epithelium OBOL:automatic digestive tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower gastrointestinal tract OBOL:automatic digestive tract epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive tract 2012-08-14 Epithelium lining the lumen of the gut.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005123 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gut OBOL:automatic lower gastrointestinal tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gut epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic atrioventricular canal endocardium AV canal endocardium AVC endocardium Endocardium that is part of the atrioventricular canal[ZFA,vetted]. TAO:0002170 UBERON:0003930 XAO:0004124 ZFA:0001616 endocardium of AV canal endocardium of atrioventricular canal uberon AVC endocardium UBERON:cjm Endocardium that is part of the atrioventricular canal[ZFA,vetted]. ZFA:0001616 AV canal endocardium OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endocardium of AV canal OBOL:automatic endocardium of atrioventricular canal diencephalic white matter FMA:83931 TAO:0000338 UBERON:0003931 White matter that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. ZFA:0000338 diencephalic tract/commissure diencephalic tracts and commissures uberon white matter of diencephalon OBOL:automatic White matter that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. TAO:0000338 diencephalic tracts and commissures ZFA:0000338 diencephalic tract/commissure FMA:83931 white matter of diencephalon cartilage element of chondrocranium A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. EFO:0003690 TAO:0001461 UBERON:0003932 ZFA:0001461 cartilage of chondrocranium cartilaginous element of chondrocranium chondrocranium cartilage neurocranium cartilage uberon ZFA:0001461 neurocranium cartilage A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. UBERON:cjm OBOL:accepted cartilage of chondrocranium ZFA:0001461 chondrocranium cartilage OBOL:accepted cartilaginous element of chondrocranium cranial cartilage A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. Cartilage which is part of the cranium.[TAO] TAO:0001458 UBERON:0003933 ZFA:0001458 cartilage of cranium cranium cartilage uberon 2012-08-14 Cartilage which is part of the cranium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001458 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic cartilage of cranium OBOL:automatic cranium cartilage A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. UBERON:cjm ZFA:0001458 mesenchyme pectoral fin EFO:0003604 Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral fin [Automatically generated definition]. Mesenchyme that is part of the pectoral fin.[TAO] TAO:0001000 UBERON:0003934 ZFA:0001000 mesenchyme of pectoral fin pectoral fin mesenchyme uberon 2012-08-14 Mesenchyme that is part of the pectoral fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001000 ZFIN:curator Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral fin [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pectoral fin mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of pectoral fin mesenchyme pelvic fin Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic fin [Automatically generated definition]. TAO:0001449 UBERON:0003935 ZFA:0001449 mesenchyme of pelvic fin pelvic fin mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of pelvic fin Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic fin [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pelvic fin mesenchyme postoptic commissure EFO:0003478 POC TAO:0000059 UBERON:0003936 ZFA:0000059 post optic commissure post-optic commissure uberon POC ZFA:0000059 ZFA:0000059 post optic commissure ZFA:0000059 post-optic commissure sex gland MA:0001751 UBERON:0003937 any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction genitalia gland gland of genitalia gland of reproductive system reproductive gland reproductive system gland uberon MP:0000653 any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction OBOL:automatic genitalia gland OBOL:automatic gland of genitalia OBOL:automatic reproductive system gland MA:0001751 reproductive gland OBOL:automatic gland of reproductive system sensory dissociation area UBERON:0003938 the area of the parietal lobe that integrates tactile and visual stimuli uberon MP:0000796 the area of the parietal lobe that integrates tactile and visual stimuli transverse gyrus of Heschl UBERON:0003939 gyri temporales transversi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gray730.png the area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing[MP]. The transverse temporal gyri (also called Heschl's gyri or Heschl's convolutions) are found in the area of primary auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus of the human brain, occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42. It is the first cortical structure to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (towards the center of the brain) rather than dorsiventrally (front to back) as all other temporal lobe gyri run. The Heschl's gyri are named after Richard L. Heschl. uberon MP:0000803 Wikipedia:Transverse_temporal_gyrus the area of the temporal lobe concerned with hearing[MP]. The transverse temporal gyri (also called Heschl's gyri or Heschl's convolutions) are found in the area of primary auditory cortex in the superior temporal gyrus of the human brain, occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42. It is the first cortical structure to process incoming auditory information. Anatomically, the transverse temporal gyri are distinct in that they run mediolaterally (towards the center of the brain) rather than dorsiventrally (front to back) as all other temporal lobe gyri run. The Heschl's gyri are named after Richard L. Heschl. Wikipedia:Transverse_temporal_gyrus gyri temporales transversi cerebellum anterior vermis FMA:72255 MA:0002969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1185 UBERON:0003941 anterior cerebellum vermis anterior vermis of cerebellum part of vermal region the anterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located anterior to the primary fissure uberon vermis of anterior lobe vermis of anterior lobe of cerebellum FMA:72255 vermis of anterior lobe FMA:72255 anterior vermis of cerebellum MP:0000867 the anterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located anterior to the primary fissure MA:0002969 anterior cerebellum vermis FMA:72255 vermis of anterior lobe of cerebellum FMA:72255 part of vermal region somatic sensory system TODO - check UBERON:0003942 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals uberon MP:0000959 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25167 FMA:6338 L4 dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2626 UBERON:0003943 forth lumbar dorsal root ganglion fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion fourth lumbar spinal ganglion the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra uberon MP:0001019 the group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra FMA:6338 fourth lumbar spinal ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2626 forth lumbar dorsal root ganglion L4 dorsal root ganglion MP:0001019 FMA UBERON:cjm fourth lumbar dorsal root ganglion somatic motor system UBERON:0003945 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of motor signals uberon MP:0001051 the neural tissue involved in the transmission of motor signals placenta labyrinth Taxon notes: Mouse-human differences: The mouse and human placentas have labyrinthine and villous types of interdigitation between maternal and fetal tissues, respectively ... The mouse placental labyrinth is composed of an intricate network of maternal blood spaces and embryonal blood vessels. Maternal and embryonal blood is separated by a placental barrier that consists of four cellular layers: layer I trophoblasts line the maternal lacunae, trophoblasts in layers II and III form syncytial-like layers, and endothelial cells line the embryonic vessels[doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8138 ]. See also: http://placentation.ucsd.edu/placenta.html UBERON:0003946 labyrinthine layer labyrinthine layer of placenta placental labyrinth the placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood uberon MP:0001716 the placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood http://placentation.ucsd.edu GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer of placenta GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer brain ventricle/choroid plexus TODO - check relationship between CP and BV. If this is part of then this class should be obsoleted UBERON:0003947 the brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses uberon MP:0002200 the brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses blood-air barrier MESH:A04.411.715.025 TODO - alveolar lumen UBERON:0003948 the membrane between the capillary blood and alveolar air, comprised of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary epithelium and their adherent basement membranes and epithelial cell cytoplasm uberon MP:0002324 the membrane between the capillary blood and alveolar air, comprised of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary epithelium and their adherent basement membranes and epithelial cell cytoplasm tubal tonsil FMA:54975 Gerlach's tonsil Gerlach's tubal tonsil SCTID:143319002 UBERON:0003949 auditory tube lymph gland eustachian amygdala the lymph tissue associated with the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube uberon MP:0002386 the lymph tissue associated with the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube FMA:54975 auditory tube lymph gland FMA:54975 eustachian amygdala FMA:54975 Gerlach's tubal tonsil FMA:54975 Gerlach's tonsil inner ear canal UBERON:0003950 the tubular ducts of the inner ear uberon MP:0002729 the tubular ducts of the inner ear ocular fundus GAID:908 MESH:A09.371.729.313 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000583 SCTID:362519003 TODO - check relationships UBERON:0003951 UMLS:C0740422 eye fundus fundus fundus oculi fundus of eye galen:FundusOculi ncithesaurus:Fundus the posterior concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the posterior segment of the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, visible by an ophthalmoscope uberon HP:0001098 fundus MP:0002864 Wikipedia:Fundus_(eye) the posterior concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the posterior segment of the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, visible by an ophthalmoscope anterior stroma UBERON:0003952 the anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea uberon MP:0003093 the anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea posterior stroma UBERON:0003953 the posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea uberon MP:0003094 the posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea squamoparietal suture EMAPA:19228 FMA:52946 SCTID:136248004 SCTID:334174000 UBERON:0003954 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Gray188-Squamosal_suture.png squamo-parietal suture squamoparietal suture of skull squamosal suture squamous suture squamous suture of skull sutura squamosa cranii the articulation of the squamous portion of the temporal bones with the parietal bones[MP]. The squamosal suture arches backward from the pterion and connects the temporal squama with the lower border of the parietal: this suture is continuous behind with the short, nearly horizontal parietomastoid suture, which unites the mastoid process of the temporal with the region of the mastoid angle of the parietal[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Squamosal_suture squamous suture MP:0003844 squamo-parietal suture MP:0003844 Wikipedia:Squamosal_suture the articulation of the squamous portion of the temporal bones with the parietal bones[MP]. The squamosal suture arches backward from the pterion and connects the temporal squama with the lower border of the parietal: this suture is continuous behind with the short, nearly horizontal parietomastoid suture, which unites the mastoid process of the temporal with the region of the mastoid angle of the parietal[WP]. Wikipedia:Squamosal_suture sutura squamosa cranii Wikipedia:Squamosal_suture squamosal suture FMA:52946 squamous suture of skull molar crown FMA:85301 UBERON:0003955 crown of molar tooth molar tooth crown molar tooth tooth crown the part of a molar that is covered by enamel tooth crown of molar tooth uberon MP:0003932 the part of a molar that is covered by enamel OBOL:automatic molar tooth tooth crown FMA:85301 molar tooth crown OBOL:automatic tooth crown of molar tooth FMA:85301 crown of molar tooth aqueous drainage system UBERON:0003956 the structures associated with drainage of the aqueous humor from the eye, that include the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the uveoscleral network, and the aqueous veins uberon MP:0005198 the structures associated with drainage of the aqueous humor from the eye, that include the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the uveoscleral network, and the aqueous veins Bruch's membrane A transparent, nearly structureless innermost layer of the choroid in contact with the pigmented layer of the retina. Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside): 1. the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium; 2. the inner collagenous zone; 3. a central band of elastic fibers; 4. the outer collagenous zone; 5. the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The retinal pigment epithelium transports metabolic waste from the photoreceptors across Bruch's membrane to the choroid. Bruch membrane Bruch's basal membrane FMA:58438 GAID:914 MESH:A09.371.894.223.250 SCTID:280652000 TODO - see also UBERON:0003957 ZFA:0005562 basal lamina of choroid lamina basalis (choroid) lamina basilis uberon FMA:58438 basal lamina of choroid Bruch membrane MESH:A09.371.894.223.250 A transparent, nearly structureless innermost layer of the choroid in contact with the pigmented layer of the retina. Bruch's membrane consists of five layers (from inside to outside): 1. the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium; 2. the inner collagenous zone; 3. a central band of elastic fibers; 4. the outer collagenous zone; 5. the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The retinal pigment epithelium transports metabolic waste from the photoreceptors across Bruch's membrane to the choroid. MP:0005239 Wikipedia:Bruch's_membrane Bruch's basal membrane FMA:58438 FMA:58438 lamina basalis (choroid) FMA:58438 lamina basilis long bone epiphyseal ossification zone The layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited UBERON:0003958 uberon MP:0006399 The layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited rete testis An anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia[WP]. EMAPA:18332 Editors note: add more specific classification e.g. anastomosing network - consider FMA:3726 FMA:19834 GAID:399 Haller's rete MESH:A05.360.444.849.600 SCTID:279617009 UBERON:0003959 UMLS:C0035278 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg/200px-Hodenschema.svg.png ncithesaurus:Rete_Testis uberon FMA:19834 Haller's rete Wikipedia An anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vasa efferentia[WP]. MP:0006416 Wikipedia:Rete_testis styloid process of temporal bone Disease notes: Eagle's syndrome FMA:52877 SCTID:138874009 UBERON:0003960 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray137.png processus styloideus ossis temporalis processus styloideus ossis temporalis slender needle-like pointed projection that runs downward and slightly forward from the base of the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone where it joins the tympanic portion; it gives attachment to the styloglossus, stylohyoid, and stylopharyngeus muscles and the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments styloid process styloid process of petrous part of temporal bone temporal styloid process uberon Wikipedia:Temporal_styloid_process processus styloideus ossis temporalis Wikipedia:Temporal_styloid_process processus styloideus ossis temporalis MP-implied-by-def FMA:52877 styloid process of petrous part of temporal bone Kardong FMA:52877 styloid process Wikipedia:Temporal_styloid_process temporal styloid process MP:0008023 Wikipedia:Temporal_styloid_process slender needle-like pointed projection that runs downward and slightly forward from the base of the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone where it joins the tympanic portion; it gives attachment to the styloglossus, stylohyoid, and stylopharyngeus muscles and the stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments cingulum of brain SCTID:369084007 UBERON:0003961 cingulum the white matter fiber bundle that projects from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain uberon MP:0008232 the white matter fiber bundle that projects from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex in the brain pterygopalatine ganglion EHDAA2:0001889 FMA:6965 Meckel ganglion Meckel's ganglion SCTID:280364004 UBERON:0003962 g. pterygopalatinum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray779.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray779.png/200px-Gray779.png nasal ganglion palatine ganglion pterygopalatine ganglia sphenopalatine ganglion sphenopalatine parasympathetic ganglion the small parasympathetic ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal glands uberon MP:0008314 nasal ganglion MP:0008314 pterygopalatine ganglia FMA:6965 Meckel's ganglion MP:0008314 palatine ganglion definitional MP:0008314 sphenopalatine ganglion MP:0008314 Meckel ganglion EHDAA2:0001889 sphenopalatine parasympathetic ganglion MP:0008314 Wikipedia:Pterygopalatine_ganglion the small parasympathetic ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the lacrimal, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal glands Wikipedia:Pterygopalatine_ganglion g. pterygopalatinum otic ganglion EHDAA2:0001335 EHDAA:6706 FMA:6967 SCTID:279283005 UBERON:0003963 arnold's ganglion ganglion oticum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray783.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gray783.png/200px-Gray783.png the ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the parotid gland uberon FMA:6967 arnold's ganglion MP:0008315 Wikipedia:Otic_ganglion the ganglion that supplies nerve fibers to the parotid gland Wikipedia:Otic_ganglion ganglion oticum prevertebral ganglion FMA:5892 UBERON:0003964 collateral ganglion previsceral ganglion the sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column and are associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta; these include the celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia uberon FMA:5892 collateral ganglion FMA:5892 previsceral ganglion MP:0008316 the sympathetic ganglia located in front of the vertebral column and are associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta; these include the celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia sympathetic afferent fiber UBERON:0003965 the fibers that conduct sensory nerve impulses from the viscera through the posterior dorsal roots into the spinal cord uberon MP:0008319 the fibers that conduct sensory nerve impulses from the viscera through the posterior dorsal roots into the spinal cord gonial bone Editors note: To be revisted after a review of auditory ossicles UBERON:0003966 gonium investing bone that lies on the surface of the malleus. uberon MP:0008380 gonium MP:0008380 investing bone that lies on the surface of the malleus. cutaneous elastic fiber UBERON:0003967 the slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity uberon MP:0008418 the slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity peripheral lymph node UBERON:0003968 the lymph nodes located outside the thoracic and abdominal cavities, such as the submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes uberon MP:0008463 the lymph nodes located outside the thoracic and abdominal cavities, such as the submandibular, prescapular, axillary, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes placental labyrinth vasculature UBERON:0003970 blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate placenta vascular network placenta vasculature uberon vascular network of placenta vasculature of placenta OBOL:automatic placenta vascular network MP:0008803 blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate OBOL:automatic vasculature of placenta OBOL:automatic placenta vasculature OBOL:automatic vascular network of placenta interfrontal bone UBERON:0003971 a bone between the frontal bones in the skull; an extra bony plate within the anterior fontanelle that is not usually present uberon MP:0008818 a bone between the frontal bones in the skull; an extra bony plate within the anterior fontanelle that is not usually present placenta junctional zone Fetally derived placental region that separates the maternal uterine tissue from the placenta labyrinth UBERON:0003972 uberon Fetally derived placental region that separates the maternal uterine tissue from the placenta labyrinth MP:0008957 nasal concha of ethmoid bone FMA:57456 Note that FMA considers nasal concha and nasal concha of ethmoid bone to be synonymous. We disambiguate these here One of the conchae of the ethmoid bone, which occupy the caudal part of the nasal fossae and form the lateral and superior portions of the turbinate bones in mammals[MP]. The ethmoturbinals are associated with the cribiform plate. They are covered with olfactory epithelium. Primarily, they serve to increase the surface area over which olfactory receptor neurons can come in contact with respiratory air. These olfactory receptor nerves then synapse with the mitral cells of the olfactory lobes through the cribiform plate in the manner described above[Palaeos] UBERON:0003973 ethmo-turbinate ethmoturbinal ethmoturbinate nasal turbinate of ethmoid bone turbinate of ethmoid bone uberon ISBN10:0073040584 MP:0008971 ethmoturbinate MP:0008971 One of the conchae of the ethmoid bone, which occupy the caudal part of the nasal fossae and form the lateral and superior portions of the turbinate bones in mammals[MP]. The ethmoturbinals are associated with the cribiform plate. They are covered with olfactory epithelium. Primarily, they serve to increase the surface area over which olfactory receptor neurons can come in contact with respiratory air. These olfactory receptor nerves then synapse with the mitral cells of the olfactory lobes through the cribiform plate in the manner described above[Palaeos] palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/ethmoid.html ethmoturbinal http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/ethmoid.html cranial vagina Editor notes: relationship to caudal Mullerian duct? SCTID:362247003 UBERON:0003974 the upper third of the vagina. uberon upper third of vagina MP:0009077 the upper third of the vagina. internal female genitalia BTO:0003099 FMA:45654 SCTID:303518005 UBERON:0003975 female internal genitalia internal female genital organ internal genitalia of female reproductive system organa genitalia feminina interna the internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. uberon MP:0009209 the internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. BTO:0003099 internal female genital organ OBOL:automatic internal genitalia of female reproductive system BTO:0003099 organa genitalia feminina interna FMA:45654 female internal genitalia saccule duct FMA:77825 SCTID:279829002 UBERON:0003976 saccular duct saccular part of utriculosaccular duct the saccular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the sacculus to the endolymphatic duct uberon MP:0009259 the saccular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the sacculus to the endolymphatic duct MP:0009259 saccular duct utricle duct FMA:77824 SCTID:279819009 UBERON:0003977 the utricular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the utriculus to the endolymphatic duct uberon utricular duct utricular part of utriculosaccular duct MP:0009260 the utricular portion of the utriculosaccular duct that normally extends from the utriculus to the endolymphatic duct MP:0009260 utricular duct valve EHDAA2:0004046 EHDAA:1892 EHDAA:4406 FMA:67611 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqiwE5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0003978 anatomical valve galen:Valve uberon valvular FMA:67611 anatomical valve utricle valve UBERON:0003979 the utriculo-endolymphatic (UE) valve which is located in the antero-inferior wall of the utricle at the orifice of the utricular duct and serves to regulate endolymph volume in the endolymphatic sac, the utricle and the canals uberon MP:0009261 the utriculo-endolymphatic (UE) valve which is located in the antero-inferior wall of the utricle at the orifice of the utricular duct and serves to regulate endolymph volume in the endolymphatic sac, the utricle and the canals cerebellum fissure FMA:77789 SCTID:314163001 UBERON:0003980 cerebellar fissures cerebellar fissures set fissurae cerebelli set of cerebellar fissures the deep furrows which divide the lobules of the cerebellum, including the postcentral, primary and secondary furrows uberon we use the FMA set-of term in absence of a singular term FMA:77789 cerebellar fissures MP:0009267 the deep furrows which divide the lobules of the cerebellum, including the postcentral, primary and secondary furrows FMA:77789 cerebellar fissures set FMA:77789 set of cerebellar fissures FMA:77789 FMA:TA fissurae cerebelli primordial ovarian follicle EMAPA:30755 MA:0001710 UBERON:0003981 UMLS:C1514441 ncithesaurus:Primordial_Follicle ovary primordial follicle primordial follicle primordial follicles are indiscernible to the naked eye and develop to primary, secondary, and finally mature vesicular follicles uberon MA:0001710 ovary primordial follicle MP:0009361 primordial follicles are indiscernible to the naked eye and develop to primary, secondary, and finally mature vesicular follicles mature ovarian follicle . BTO:0000389 EFO:0003653 MA:0001709 Stage IV (690-730 microns) are oocyte maturation. Selman et al, 1993.[TAO] TAO:0001264 UBERON:0003982 ZFA:0001264 antral follicle folliculi ovarici vesiculosi ovarian follicle stage IV ovary mature follicle preovulatory follicle uberon ZFA:0001264 ovarian follicle stage IV BTO:0000389 folliculi ovarici vesiculosi BTO:0000389 antral follicle BTO:0000389 preovulatory follicle MA:0001709 ovary mature follicle . MP:0009364 2012-08-14 Stage IV (690-730 microns) are oocyte maturation. Selman et al, 1993.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001264 ZFIN:curator conus arteriosus AAO:0010250 Receives blood from the left atrium and becomes the median truncus arteriosus.[AAO] Terminology notes: we use the term CA for the anterior chamber if it is composed of cardiac muscle, contractile, and contains conal valves internally[Kardong] Taxon notes: Kardong says absent in adult tetrapods, check AAO UBERON:0003983 a conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray492.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gray492.png/200px-Gray492.png uberon MP:0009464 Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus a conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010250 AAO:BJB Receives blood from the left atrium and becomes the median truncus arteriosus.[AAO] uterine tube infundibulum EMAPA:29897 FMA:18307 SCTID:362262001 The third part of the uterine tube is the infundibulum. It terminates with the ostium of Fallopian tube, surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is attached to the ovary[Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube]. UBERON:0003984 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg/200px-Illu_cervix.jpg infundibulum infundibulum of fallopian tube infundibulum of oviduct infundibulum of uterine tube infundibulum tubae uterinae the funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP] uberon FMA:18307 infundibulum of fallopian tube infundibulum MP:0009466 Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube the funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP] Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube infundibulum tubae uterinae FMA:18307 infundibulum of oviduct FMA The third part of the uterine tube is the infundibulum. It terminates with the ostium of Fallopian tube, surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is attached to the ovary[Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube]. Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube FMA:18307 infundibulum of uterine tube major sublingual duct BTO:0004558 Bartholin's duct FMA:59986 SCTID:25237008 UBERON:0003985 the duct that drains the anterior portion of the sublingual gland and opens at the sublingual papilla uberon MP:0009528 the duct that drains the anterior portion of the sublingual gland and opens at the sublingual papilla Bartholin's duct FMA:59986 minor sublingual duct FMA:59987 UBERON:0003986 the 8-20 small ducts that open into the mouth on the surface of the sublingual fold uberon MP:0009529 the 8-20 small ducts that open into the mouth on the surface of the sublingual fold Hassall's corpuscle MA:0000772 SCTID:34223001 UBERON:0003987 UMLS:C0229950 ncithesaurus:Hassall_s_Corpuscle the small spherical bodies of epithelial cells found in the medulla of the thymus, that are arranged in a concentric pattern around clusters of degenerating lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages uberon MP:0009539 the small spherical bodies of epithelial cells found in the medulla of the thymus, that are arranged in a concentric pattern around clusters of degenerating lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages thymus corticomedullary boundary UBERON:0003988 the dense region demarcating the thymus medulla from the surrounding cortex that is characterized by numerous blood vessels (predominantly arterioles) with some perivascular connective tissue, mature and immature T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, variable numbers of perivascular B-lymphocytes and plasma cells; site of entry of bone marrow stem cells and exit of mature, functional T cells uberon MP:0009543 the dense region demarcating the thymus medulla from the surrounding cortex that is characterized by numerous blood vessels (predominantly arterioles) with some perivascular connective tissue, mature and immature T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, variable numbers of perivascular B-lymphocytes and plasma cells; site of entry of bone marrow stem cells and exit of mature, functional T cells medulla oblongata anterior median fissure FMA:83734 SCTID:279288001 UBERON:0003989 anterior median fissure anterior median fissure of medulla anterior median fissure of medulla oblongata fissura mediana anterior medullae oblongatae the longitudinal groove in the midline of the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata uberon ventral median fissure of medulla ventral median sulcus FMA:83734 anterior median fissure FMA:83734 anterior median fissure of medulla oblongata FMA:83734 ventral median sulcus MP:0009680 the longitudinal groove in the midline of the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata FMA:83734 FMA:TA fissura mediana anterior medullae oblongatae FMA:83734 ventral median fissure of medulla FMA:83734 anterior median fissure of medulla spinal cord motor column UBERON:0003990 the subclasses of motor neurons which are organized into longitudinally oriented columns that occupy distinct and, in some cases, discontinuous domains along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord; motor neurons within a single column send their axons to a common peripheral target uberon MP:0009685 the subclasses of motor neurons which are organized into longitudinally oriented columns that occupy distinct and, in some cases, discontinuous domains along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord; motor neurons within a single column send their axons to a common peripheral target fourth ventricle median aperture FMA:75015 MA:0002947 SCTID:279449001 UBERON:0003991 UMLS:C0152288 apertura mediana ventriculi quarti arachnoid forament foramen of Magendie foramen of Majendie fourth ventricle median aperture http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray708.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gray708.svg/200px-Gray708.svg.png median aperture median aperture of fourth ventricle ncithesaurus:Foramen_of_Magendie the large midline opening of the posterior inferior part of the roof of the fourth ventricle that connects the fourth ventricle to the posterior cerebromedullary cistern and the spinal cord uberon MP:0009802 Wikipedia:Median_aperture the large midline opening of the posterior inferior part of the roof of the fourth ventricle that connects the fourth ventricle to the posterior cerebromedullary cistern and the spinal cord FMA:75015 median aperture of fourth ventricle Wikipedia:Median_aperture apertura mediana ventriculi quarti MP:0009802 median aperture MA:0002947 fourth ventricle median aperture FMA:75015 foramen of Majendie MA:0002947 arachnoid forament FMA:75015 foramen of Magendie fourth ventricle lateral aperture FMA:78473 MA:0002946 One of the two lateral openings of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellopontine angle[MP]. SCTID:63426007 UBERON:0003992 UMLS:C0152287 apertura lateralis apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti foramen of Key-Retzius foramen of Luschka foramen of Retzius foramen of key and retzius forament of Luschka http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Lateral_ventricle.gif lateral aperture lateral aperture of fourth ventricle ncithesaurus:Foramen_of_Luschka uberon FMA:78473 foramen of key and retzius Wikipedia:Lateral_aperture apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti MP:0009803 lateral aperture FMA:78473 FMA:TA apertura lateralis FMA:78473 foramen of Key-Retzius FMA:78473 lateral aperture of fourth ventricle MA:0002946 forament of Luschka MP:0009803 One of the two lateral openings of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellopontine angle[MP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_aperture FMA:78473 foramen of Retzius FMA:78473 foramen of Luschka interventricular foramen of CNS AO notes: it is not clear if the FMA class refers to CNS or heart ventricles FMA:75351 SCTID:279248006 UBERON:0003993 UMLS:C0016520 foramen Monroi foramen interventriculare interventricular foramen interventricular foramina ncithesaurus:Foramen_of_Monroe the paired channels that connect the lateral and third ventricles and allows cerebrospinal fluid produced in the lateral ventricles to flow into the third ventricles uberon MP FMA:75351 interventricular foramen EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Interventricular_foramina_(neural_anatomy) interventricular foramina Wikipedia:Interventricular_foramina_(neural_anatomy) foramen interventriculare MP:0009804 Wikipedia:Interventricular_foramina_(neural_anatomy) the paired channels that connect the lateral and third ventricles and allows cerebrospinal fluid produced in the lateral ventricles to flow into the third ventricles Wikipedia:Interventricular_foramina_(neural_anatomy) foramen Monroi pelvic ligament MA:0002948 UBERON:0003994 pelvis ligament the dorsal sacroiliac, the sacrotuberal and/or the iliolumbar ligaments associated with the bony ring formed by the pair of hip bones fused at the symphysis and their firm articulation with the sacrum uberon MA:0002948 pelvis ligament MP:0009807 the dorsal sacroiliac, the sacrotuberal and/or the iliolumbar ligaments associated with the bony ring formed by the pair of hip bones fused at the symphysis and their firm articulation with the sacrum subarcuate fossa FMA:56418 UBERON:0003995 the irregular depression found on the posterior inner surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone just below its crest and above and lateral to the internal acoustic meatus[MP]. In the temporal bone, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery[1] a branch of the internal auditory artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and nearly all mammals. In these animals, the subarcuate fossa houses a part of the cerebellum, the petrosal lobe[WP]. uberon MP:0009822 the irregular depression found on the posterior inner surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone just below its crest and above and lateral to the internal acoustic meatus[MP]. In the temporal bone, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery[1] a branch of the internal auditory artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal. It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and nearly all mammals. In these animals, the subarcuate fossa houses a part of the cerebellum, the petrosal lobe[WP]. arcus anterior FMA:23976 MA:0002954 SCTID:181891000 The anterior arch of the atlas forms about one-fifth of the ring of the atlas: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles; posteriorly it is concave, and marked by a smooth, oval or circular facet (fovea dentis), for articulation with the odontoid process (dens) of the axis[WP]. The arch that connects the lateral masses of the atlas anteriorly and articulates with the anterior articular facet of the dens of the axis[MP]. UBERON:0003996 UBERON:0005209 anterior arch of atlas arcus anterior atlantis arcus anterior atlantis cervical vertebra 1 arcus anterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Arcusanterioratlantis.png uberon MA:0002954 anterior arch of atlas MA:0002954 cervical vertebra 1 arcus anterior MP:0009879 The anterior arch of the atlas forms about one-fifth of the ring of the atlas: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles; posteriorly it is concave, and marked by a smooth, oval or circular facet (fovea dentis), for articulation with the odontoid process (dens) of the axis[WP]. The arch that connects the lateral masses of the atlas anteriorly and articulates with the anterior articular facet of the dens of the axis[MP]. Wikipedia:Anterior_arch_of_atlas MA:0002954 arcus anterior atlantis Wikipedia:Anterior_arch_of_atlas arcus anterior atlantis hyoid bone greater horn EMAPA:18651 EMAPA:18841 FMA:59496 In humans, the greater cornua are the larger, more lateral projections from the left and right borders of the body of hyoid bone. They are in contrast to the lesser cornua, which also occur in pairs but are comparatively smaller and conical in shape. The greater cornua are derived from the third pharyngeal arches. [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Greater_cornua] MA:0002959 SCTID:369008008 The greater cornua (or greater horns) of the hyoid bone project backward from the lateral borders of the body; they are flattened from above downward and diminish in size from before backward; each ends in a tubercle to which is fixed the lateral hyothyroid ligament. The upper surface is rough close to its lateral border, for muscular attachments: the largest of these are the origins of the hyoglossus and Constrictor pharyngis medius which extend along the whole length of the cornu; the digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle have small insertions in front of these near the junction of the body with the cornu. To the medial border the hyothyroid membrane is attached, while the anterior half of the lateral border gives insertion to the thyrohyoid. The greater cornua derive from the 3rd pharyngeal arches[Wikipedia:Greater_cornu]. UBERON:0003997 cornu majus cornu majus ossis hyoidei cornua majora epibranchial epibranchial of gill arch I epibranchial of pharyngeal arch III greater cornu greater cornua greater cornua greater horn greater horn of hyoid greater horn of hyoid bone greater horn of the hyoid hyoid bone greater cornu hyoid bone long horn hyoid bone superior horn hyoid bone upper horn posterior horn of hyoid second horn of hyoid the larger and more lateral of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone[MP] tyrohal tyrohals uberon MA:0002959 hyoid bone upper horn FMA MA:0002959 hyoid bone greater cornu The greater cornua (or greater horns) of the hyoid bone project backward from the lateral borders of the body; they are flattened from above downward and diminish in size from before backward; each ends in a tubercle to which is fixed the lateral hyothyroid ligament. The upper surface is rough close to its lateral border, for muscular attachments: the largest of these are the origins of the hyoglossus and Constrictor pharyngis medius which extend along the whole length of the cornu; the digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle have small insertions in front of these near the junction of the body with the cornu. To the medial border the hyothyroid membrane is attached, while the anterior half of the lateral border gives insertion to the thyrohyoid. The greater cornua derive from the 3rd pharyngeal arches[Wikipedia:Greater_cornu]. Wikipedia:Greater_cornu CHECKME:CHECKME epibranchial of gill arch I FMA:59496 FMA:TA cornu majus ossis hyoidei cornua majora http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Greater_cornua FMA:59496 greater horn of hyoid CHECKME:CHECKME epibranchial Wikipedia http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Greater_cornua tyrohal http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Greater_cornua tyrohals greater cornua http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Greater_cornua FMA:59496 cornu majus FMA:59496 greater cornu ISBN10:0073040584 second horn of hyoid FMA:59496 greater horn of hyoid bone MP:0009913 Wikipedia:Greater_cornu the larger and more lateral of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone[MP] Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone greater cornua FMA:59496 greater horn CHECKME:CHECKME epibranchial of pharyngeal arch III Wikipedia:Hyoid_bone greater horn of the hyoid MA:0002959 hyoid bone superior horn FMA-abduced-lr hyoid bone lesser horn EMAPA:18652 EMAPA:18842 FMA:59499 MA:0002960 SCTID:369007003 The lesser cornua (or lesser horns) are two small, conical eminences, attached by their bases to the angles of junction between the body and greater cornua of the hyoid bone. They are connected to the body of the bone by fibrous tissue, and occasionally to the greater cornua by distinct diarthrodial joints, which usually persist throughout life, but occasionally become ankylosed. The lesser cornua are situated in the line of the transverse ridge on the body and appear to be morphological continuations of it. The apex of each cornu gives attachment to the stylohyoid ligament; the Chondroglossus rises from the medial side of the base. The lesser cornua are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arches[Wikipedia:Lesser_cornu]. UBERON:0003998 anterior horn of hyoid ceratohyal cornu minus cornu minus ossis hyoidei hyoid bone lesser cornu hyoid bone lower horn lesser cornu lesser cornu of hyoid lesser cornua lesser horn lesser horn of hyoid lesser horn of hyoid bone lesser horn of the hyoid shorter and more medial of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone[MP] uberon FMA:59499 lesser horn of hyoid ISBN10:0073040584 ceratohyal FMA:59499 FMA:TA cornu minus ossis hyoidei FMA:59499 lesser cornu MP-implied-by-def ISBN10:0073040584 anterior horn of hyoid The lesser cornua (or lesser horns) are two small, conical eminences, attached by their bases to the angles of junction between the body and greater cornua of the hyoid bone. They are connected to the body of the bone by fibrous tissue, and occasionally to the greater cornua by distinct diarthrodial joints, which usually persist throughout life, but occasionally become ankylosed. The lesser cornua are situated in the line of the transverse ridge on the body and appear to be morphological continuations of it. The apex of each cornu gives attachment to the stylohyoid ligament; the Chondroglossus rises from the medial side of the base. The lesser cornua are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arches[Wikipedia:Lesser_cornu]. Wikipedia:Lesser_cornu MP:0009914 Wikipedia:Lesser_cornu shorter and more medial of the paired processes on either side of the hyoid bone[MP] FMA MA:0002960 hyoid bone lower horn FMA-abduced-lr FMA:59499 lesser horn http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Lesser_cornua lesser cornua FMA:59499 cornu minus MA:0002960 hyoid bone lesser cornu FMA:59499 lesser horn of hyoid bone hyoid bone body EMAPA:18653 EMAPA:18843 FMA:59495 MA:0002958 SCTID:369006007 UBERON:0003999 base of hyoid bone basihyal bone basihyoid bone body of hyoid body of hyoid bone corpus ossis hyoidei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Gray186.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gray186.png/200px-Gray186.png hyoid bone base the main curve of the hyoid bone, from which the horns extend uberon MA:0002958 base of hyoid bone Wikipedia:Body_of_hyoid_bone corpus ossis hyoidei MA:0002958 hyoid bone base MA:0002958 body of hyoid bone cjm MP:0009917 Wikipedia:Body_of_hyoid_bone the main curve of the hyoid bone, from which the horns extend MA:0002958 basihyoid bone MA:0002958 basihyal bone ISBN10:0073040584 body of hyoid tarsal gland acinus . UBERON:0004000 acinus of tarsal gland meibomian gland acinus palpebral gland acinus uberon . MP:0009935 olfactory bulb layer . NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090402 TODO - check isa parentage UBERON:0004001 cytoarchitectural part of olfactory bulb uberon . MP:0009946 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090402 cytoarchitectural part of olfactory bulb cerebellum posterior lobe FMA:72252 MA:0002964 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_911 SCTID:279360009 UBERON:0004002 cerebrocerebellum middle lobe-1 of cerebellum posterior cerebellar lobe posterior lobe of cerebellum posterior lobe of the cerebellum posterior lobe-1 of cerebellum the region of the cerebellum that is posterior to the primary fissure and anterior to the posteriolateral fissure uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_911 posterior lobe of the cerebellum FMA:72252 posterior cerebellar lobe FMA:72252 middle lobe-1 of cerebellum MP:0009962 the region of the cerebellum that is posterior to the primary fissure and anterior to the posteriolateral fissure FMA:72252 posterior lobe-1 of cerebellum FMA:72252 cerebrocerebellum cerebellum hemisphere lobule FMA:83880 MA:0002967 TODO - define as a region overlapping UBERON:0004003 cerebellar hemisphere lobule lobule of cerebellar hemisphere lobule of hemisphere of cerebellum the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in either of the lateral sections of the cerebellum outside the vermis; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres uberon FMA:83880 lobule of cerebellar hemisphere FMA:83880 lobule of hemisphere of cerebellum MP:0009963 the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in either of the lateral sections of the cerebellum outside the vermis; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres cerebellum lobule MA:0002966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1084 UBERON:0004004 lobular parts of the cerebellar cortex one of the the ten gyri of the cerebellar cortex uberon MP:0009964 one of the the ten gyri of the cerebellar cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1084 lobular parts of the cerebellar cortex cerebellum lateral hemisphere UBERON:0004005 the most lateral paired regions of the cerebellum; the lateral zone receives input from the parietal cortex via pontocerebellar mossy fibers regarding the location and position of the body and integrates input signals with indications of muscle activity uberon MP:0009965 the most lateral paired regions of the cerebellum; the lateral zone receives input from the parietal cortex via pontocerebellar mossy fibers regarding the location and position of the body and integrates input signals with indications of muscle activity cerebellum intermediate hemisphere UBERON:0004006 the paired regions of the cerebellar hemisphere that lie adjacent to the vermis and are between the vermis and lateral regions of the hemispheres; it receives input from the corticopontocerebellar fibers that originate from the motor cortex, and also receives sensory feedback from the muscles; these signals are integrated by this region, to coordinate muscle activity with motor inputs uberon MP:0009966 the paired regions of the cerebellar hemisphere that lie adjacent to the vermis and are between the vermis and lateral regions of the hemispheres; it receives input from the corticopontocerebellar fibers that originate from the motor cortex, and also receives sensory feedback from the muscles; these signals are integrated by this region, to coordinate muscle activity with motor inputs cerebellar plate UBERON:0004008 the embryonic pseudostratified epithelium of the fourth cerebellar ventricle that eventually forms the vermis and ventral neuroepithelium uberon MP:0000856 the embryonic pseudostratified epithelium of the fourth cerebellar ventricle that eventually forms the vermis and ventral neuroepithelium cerebellum posterior vermis FMA:72259 MA:0002970 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081240 UBERON:0004009 posterior cerebellum vermis the posterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located posterior to the primary fissure uberon vermis of posterior lobe vermis of posterior lobe of cerebellum vermis of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081240 vermis of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum MP:0000869 the posterior portion of the narrow middle zone between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum that is located posterior to the primary fissure FMA:72259 vermis of posterior lobe primary muscle spindle UBERON:0004010 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and sensitive to stretch velocity uberon MP:0000991 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and sensitive to stretch velocity secondary muscle spindle UBERON:0004011 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and not sensitive to stretch velocity uberon MP:0000994 the sensory organ in muscle; involved in the stretch reflex and not sensitive to stretch velocity golgi tendon organ FMA:83608 UBERON:0004012 UMLS:C0027929 ncithesaurus:Golgi_Tendon_Organ neurotendinous ending neurotendinous organ of golgi the sensory organ in muscle that is involved in regulating muscle tension uberon FMA:83608 neurotendinous organ of golgi MP:0000999 the sensory organ in muscle that is involved in regulating muscle tension FMA:83608 neurotendinous ending egg cylinder UBERON:0004013 the transient cup-like structure of the epiblast that consists of a single layer of embryonic cells uberon MP:0003085 the transient cup-like structure of the epiblast that consists of a single layer of embryonic cells labium minora FMA:20374 MA:0002845 SCTID:362240001 The labia minora or nymphae are two longitudinal cutaneous folds on the human vulva. They are situated between the labia majora, and extend from the clitoris obliquely downward, laterally, and backward on either side of the vulval vestibule, ending between bottom of the vulval vestibule and the labia majora. In the virgin the posterior ends of the labia minora are usually joined across the middle line by a fold of skin, named the frenulum labiorum pudendi or fourchette. Labia minora may vary widely in size from woman to woman. On the front, each labium minus (nympha) divides into two portions: the upper division passes above the clitoris to meet the labium minus of the opposite side—which may not be equal in size—forming a fold which overhangs the glans clitoridis; this fold is named the preputium clitoridis. The lower division passes beneath the glans clitoridis and becomes united to its under surface, forming, with the labium minus of the opposite side—which also may not be equal in size—the frenulum clitoridis. On the opposed surfaces of the labia minora are numerous sebaceous follicles. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004014 UMLS:C0227766 galen:LabiaMinora http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Vulva_labeled_english.jpg labia minorum labium minora labium minorum labium minus labium minus pudendi ncithesaurus:Labium_Minus uberon FMA:20374 labium minus The labia minora or nymphae are two longitudinal cutaneous folds on the human vulva. They are situated between the labia majora, and extend from the clitoris obliquely downward, laterally, and backward on either side of the vulval vestibule, ending between bottom of the vulval vestibule and the labia majora. In the virgin the posterior ends of the labia minora are usually joined across the middle line by a fold of skin, named the frenulum labiorum pudendi or fourchette. Labia minora may vary widely in size from woman to woman. On the front, each labium minus (nympha) divides into two portions: the upper division passes above the clitoris to meet the labium minus of the opposite side—which may not be equal in size—forming a fold which overhangs the glans clitoridis; this fold is named the preputium clitoridis. The lower division passes beneath the glans clitoridis and becomes united to its under surface, forming, with the labium minus of the opposite side—which also may not be equal in size—the frenulum clitoridis. On the opposed surfaces of the labia minora are numerous sebaceous follicles. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Labia_minora Wikipedia Wikipedia:Labia_minora labium minus pudendi MA:0002845 labium minorum FMA-abduced-lr embryonic-extraembryonic boundary UBERON:0004015 the normal development /maintenance of the connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues uberon MP:0003890 the normal development /maintenance of the connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues dermatome AAO:0011028 AEO:0001017 EHDAA2:0003428 EHDAA:1719 EHDAA:1725 EHDAA:1731 EHDAA:1737 Not to be confused with 'dermatome segment of skin'. UBERON:0004016 UMLS:C0180383 XAO:0000220 cutis plate dermatomal mesenchyme http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gray64.png mesenchyma dermatomiale ncithesaurus:Dermatome the mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the dermis[MP] uberon Wikipedia:Cutis_plate cutis plate MP:0003940 Wikipedia:Dermatomal_mesenchyme the mesoderm that is derived from the somite that is fated to become the dermis[MP] Wikipedia:Dermatomal_mesenchyme mesenchyma dermatomiale EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Cutis_plate dermatomal mesenchyme periocular mesenchyme AO notes: Check XAO once it has a definition. Taxon notes: Periocular mesenchyme (PM) is a mesencephalic neural crest derived cell population which as a result of an interaction with the retinal pigment epithelium forms the scleral cartilage of the avian eye[PMID:3709965] UBERON:0004017 XAO:0004089 ZFA:0005572 periocular mesenchyme the mesenchymal cells that give rise to the corneal endothelium, corneal stroma, sclera, iris stroma, ciliary muscle, ciliary stroma, and trabecular meshwork of the eye[MP]. uberon XAO:0004089 periocular mesenchyme MP:0004054 PMID:3709965 the mesenchymal cells that give rise to the corneal endothelium, corneal stroma, sclera, iris stroma, ciliary muscle, ciliary stroma, and trabecular meshwork of the eye[MP]. baroreceptor FMA:85601 UBERON:0004019 the sensory nerve endings in the wall of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch and carotid sinus that are sensitive to changes in blood pressure uberon MP:0004118 the sensory nerve endings in the wall of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch and carotid sinus that are sensitive to changes in blood pressure obsolete embryonic cilium Made obsolete as cell components are out of scope OBSOLETE: the earliest cilia of the mouse embryo found on the cells of the embryonic node UBERON:0004020 true uberon MP:0004131 OBSOLETE: the earliest cilia of the mouse embryo found on the cells of the embryonic node spongiotrophoblast layer Taxon notes: restriction to Rodentia may be too strong - we apply it for now as we are inheriting the MP definition. Development notes: In the absence of direct lineage analysis, it has been assumed, from his- tological studies and from the continuity of marker gene expression, that the spongiotrophoblast largely derives from the cells of the ectoplacental cone[PMID:19829370] UBERON:0004021 spongiotrophoblast layer of placenta the structure of the outer structural layer of the rodent placenta[MP]. Forms a compact layer of non-syncytial cells between the labyrinth and the outer giant cells uberon MP:0004255 PMID:19829370 the structure of the outer structural layer of the rodent placenta[MP]. Forms a compact layer of non-syncytial cells between the labyrinth and the outer giant cells embryonic neuroepithelium AEO:0001008 BTO:0000314 EHDAA2:0004654 UBERON:0004022 neurepithelium neuroepithelium the epithelial cell layer that lines the neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells uberon BTO:0000314 neurepithelium AEO:0001008 neuroepithelium MP:0004261 the epithelial cell layer that lines the neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells ganglionic eminence GE UBERON:0004023 embryonic subventricular zone embryonic/fetal subventricular zone fetal subventricular zone the transient proliferative population of neurons that expands exponentially during late prenatal development; it is a continuous germinal zone distinct from the ventricular zone that surrounds the brain ventricles[MP]. The eminences are found in the ventral part of the telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles. These bulges develop into the basal ganglia.[1] They also contribute significantly in building up the GABAergic cortical cell population[WP]. uberon MP:0004274 Wikipedia:Ganglionic_eminence the transient proliferative population of neurons that expands exponentially during late prenatal development; it is a continuous germinal zone distinct from the ventricular zone that surrounds the brain ventricles[MP]. The eminences are found in the ventral part of the telencephalon, where they form bulges in the ventricles. These bulges develop into the basal ganglia.[1] They also contribute significantly in building up the GABAergic cortical cell population[WP]. medial ganglionic eminence MGE UBERON:0004024 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the neocortex; however, hippocampal neurons, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the MGE. uberon MP:0004276 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the neocortex; however, hippocampal neurons, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the MGE. lateral ganglionic eminence LGE UBERON:0004025 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the striatum; however, neocortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the LGE uberon MP:0004277 a distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone; this mass contributes most of its cells to the striatum; however, neocortex, thalamus, septum and olfactory bulb neurons are also partly derived from the LGE caudal ganglionic eminence CGE EFO:0001911 UBERON:0004026 the caudally located, distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone, located adjacent to the lateral ventricle uberon MP:0004278 the caudally located, distinct elevation of a transient proliferating cell mass of the fetal subventricular zone, located adjacent to the lateral ventricle chorionic plate BTO:0002879 SCTID:256391000 UBERON:0004027 UMLS:C0230972 hat portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Plate uberon MP:0004560 hat portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=69523 canal of Schlemm FMA:51873 SCTID:280605006 Schlemm's canal UBERON:0004029 UMLS:C0229108 ncithesaurus:Canal_of_Schlemm scleral sinus scleral venous sinus sinus venosus of sclera sinus venosus sclerae the vascular structure encircling the anterior chamber of the eye, through which the aqueous humor is returned to the blood circulation uberon FMA:51873 scleral venous sinus FMA/obol Wikipedia:Schlemm's_canal sinus venosus sclerae FMA:51873 scleral sinus MP:0005204 Wikipedia:Schlemm's_canal the vascular structure encircling the anterior chamber of the eye, through which the aqueous humor is returned to the blood circulation FMA/obol FMA:51873 sinus venosus of sclera aqueous vein UBERON:0004030 this vessel that receives aqueous humor from the sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm) uberon MP:0005207 this vessel that receives aqueous humor from the sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm) ectomesenchyme Ectomesenchyme has similar properties to mesenchyme. The major difference is that ectomesenchyme is usually considered to arise from neural crest cells, which are a critical group of cells that form in the cranial region during early vertebrate development. Thus, ectomesenchyme plays a critical role in the formation of the hard and soft tissues of the head and neck such as bones, muscles, teeth, and, most important, the branchial arches[Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme]. UBERON:0004031 mesenchymal cells derived from neural crest cells that contribute to development of the hard and soft tissue in the head and neck, including the branchial arches[MP]. uberon Ectomesenchyme has similar properties to mesenchyme. The major difference is that ectomesenchyme is usually considered to arise from neural crest cells, which are a critical group of cells that form in the cranial region during early vertebrate development. Thus, ectomesenchyme plays a critical role in the formation of the hard and soft tissues of the head and neck such as bones, muscles, teeth, and, most important, the branchial arches[Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme]. Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme MP:0006302 Wikipedia:Ectomesenchyme mesenchymal cells derived from neural crest cells that contribute to development of the hard and soft tissue in the head and neck, including the branchial arches[MP]. podocyte slit diaphragm TODO - submit to GO UBERON:0004032 the thin membrane that covers the podocyte filtration slit which allows small molecules such as water, glucose, and ionic salts to pass through while retaining larger macromolecules in the bloodstream uberon MP:0008060 the thin membrane that covers the podocyte filtration slit which allows small molecules such as water, glucose, and ionic salts to pass through while retaining larger macromolecules in the bloodstream podocyte slit junction TODO - submit to GO UBERON:0004033 the gaps between the interdigitated foot processes of the podocyte uberon MP:0008062 the gaps between the interdigitated foot processes of the podocyte cutaneous microfibril UBERON:0004034 the fiber-like strand of fibrillin that forms the scaffold of the cutaneous elastic fibers found in the extracellular matrix of the skin uberon MP:0008419 the fiber-like strand of fibrillin that forms the scaffold of the cutaneous elastic fibers found in the extracellular matrix of the skin subplate The transient fetal subplate zone, together with the marginal zone and the cortical plate, represents the developmental anlage of the mammalian cerebral cortex. It serves as a waiting compartment for growing cortical afferents; its cells are involved in the establishment of pioneering cortical efferent projections and transient fetal circuitry, and apparently have a number of other developmental roles. The subplate zone is a phylogenetically recent structure and it is most developed in the human brain. Subplate neurons are among the first generated neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex [1]. These neurons disappear during postnatal development and are important in establishing the correct wiring [2][3] and functional maturation [4] of the cerebral cortex. Subplate neurons appear to be selectively sensitive to injury (such as hypoxia) which in humans are associated with motor and cognitive defects[WP]. UBERON:0004035 the transient outer neural tube region that contains the first generated post-mitotic neurons that receive synaptic input from thalamic axons and in turn project axons to the developing cortical plate uberon MP:0008440 Wikipedia:Subplate the transient outer neural tube region that contains the first generated post-mitotic neurons that receive synaptic input from thalamic axons and in turn project axons to the developing cortical plate obsolete retinal cone cell inner segment UBERON:0004036 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal cone cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region true uberon MP:0008448 the retinal cone cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region obsolete retinal cone cell outer segment UBERON:0004037 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal cone cell region in which the visual pigment rhodopsin is in invaginations of the cell membrane true uberon MP:0008449 the retinal cone cell region in which the visual pigment rhodopsin is in invaginations of the cell membrane obsolete retinal rod cell inner segment UBERON:0004038 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal rod cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region true uberon MP:0008455 the retinal rod cell region which contains the machinery of the cell (mitochondria, golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, etc) and where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment region obsolete retinal rod cell outer segment UBERON:0004039 request from GO as subclass of photoreceptor segment the retinal rod cell region which contains stacks of membranous discs separate from the outer cell membrane that are rich in the visual pigment rhodopsin true uberon MP:0008456 the retinal rod cell region which contains stacks of membranous discs separate from the outer cell membrane that are rich in the visual pigment rhodopsin cortical intermediate zone UBERON:0004040 the region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone uberon MP:0008457 the region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone spleen primary B follicle AO notes - FMA:15843 is classified as primary follicle so it belongs here FMA:15843 UBERON:0004041 primary spleen B cell follicle the nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp uberon MP:0008471 the nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp CL:tm primary spleen B cell follicle spleen secondary B follicle UBERON:0004042 secondary spleen B cell follicle splenic secondary B cell follicle the nodules of antigen-activated, differentiating B cells, follicular dendritic cells, antigen-presenting T cells and macrophages in the spleen white pulp uberon CL:tm secondary spleen B cell follicle MP:0008472 splenic secondary B cell follicle CL:tm MP:0008472 the nodules of antigen-activated, differentiating B cells, follicular dendritic cells, antigen-presenting T cells and macrophages in the spleen white pulp semicircular canal ampulla MA:0002770 SCTID:279759001 TODO check duct vs canal. Also check FMA - has many subtypes of semicircular canal such as 'ampulla of anterior semicircular canal' UBERON:0004043 ampullae osseae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg/200px-Vestibular_system%27s_semicircular_canal-_a_cross-section.jpg membraneous ampulla of the semicircular duct semicircular duct ampulla the spherical enlargement at the base of each semicircular canal where they connect with the utricle, containing the crista ampullaris which detects movement of the fluid within the canals uberon MA:0002770 semicircular duct ampulla MP:0008488 Wikipedia:Osseous_ampullae the spherical enlargement at the base of each semicircular canal where they connect with the utricle, containing the crista ampullaris which detects movement of the fluid within the canals MP:0008488 membraneous ampulla of the semicircular duct MA Wikipedia:Osseous_ampullae ampullae osseae anterior visceral endoderm AVE BTO:0003361 UBERON:0004044 see also primitive streak the extraembryonic tissue that is responsible for the proper orientation of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and for appropriate patterning of adjacent embryonic tissue uberon AVE BTO:0003361 MP:0008533 the extraembryonic tissue that is responsible for the proper orientation of the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo and for appropriate patterning of adjacent embryonic tissue tailgut UBERON:0004045 the extension of the hindgut of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo, caudal to the location of the anal opening uberon MP:0008787 the extension of the hindgut of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo, caudal to the location of the anal opening anterior definitive endoderm TODO - check UBERON:0004046 the mesendoderm which first migrates from the node and which gives rise to the gut uberon MP:0008926 the mesendoderm which first migrates from the node and which gives rise to the gut basal cistern EMAPA:19056 EMAPA:19149 UBERON:0004047 the enclosed space where the arachnoid membrane stretches between the two temporal lobes and encloses the cerebral peduncles including the structures contained in the interpeduncular fossa uberon MP:0009029 the enclosed space where the arachnoid membrane stretches between the two temporal lobes and encloses the cerebral peduncles including the structures contained in the interpeduncular fossa pontine cistern EMAPA:18212 FMA:83719 UBERON:0004048 the space located on lateral aspects of the pons at the junction with the celebellum uberon MP:0009030 the space located on lateral aspects of the pons at the junction with the celebellum cerebellomedullary cistern FMA:74517 UBERON:0004049 great cistern the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; it is divided into a posterior cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the posterior surface of the medulla (also called cisterna magna), and a lateral cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla. uberon http://www.drugs.com/dict/cerebellomedullary-cistern.html the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; it is divided into a posterior cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the posterior surface of the medulla (also called cisterna magna), and a lateral cerebellomedullary cistern [TA] located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla. FMA:74517 great cistern subarachnoid cistern AO notes: in FMA is a subdivision of arachnoid space FMA:83717 SCTID:314223007 UBERON:0004050 UMLS:C0228144 cistern cisterna ncithesaurus:Subarachnoid_Cistern the widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain uberon Wikipedia:Cistern_(neuroanatomy) cisterna MP:0009032 Wikipedia:Cistern_(neuroanatomy) the widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain Wikipedia:Cistern_(neuroanatomy) cistern lateral cerebellomedullary cistern FMA:83722 UBERON:0004051 cisterna cerebellomedullaris lateralis the space between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla uberon MP:0009034 the space between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla MP:0009034 cisterna cerebellomedullaris lateralis quadrigeminal cistern FMA:74511 SCTID:56154003 UBERON:0004052 UMLS:C0228150 ambient cistern cistern of great cerebral vein cisterna ambiens cisterna quadrigeminalis cisterna venae magnae cerebri ncithesaurus:Quadrigeminal_Cistern superior cistern the enclosed space extending forward between the corpus callosum and the thalamus that contains the internal cerebral veins uberon FMA:74511 FMA:TA cisterna ambiens MP:0009035 the enclosed space extending forward between the corpus callosum and the thalamus that contains the internal cerebral veins FMA:74511 FMA:TA cisterna venae magnae cerebri FMA:74511 ambient cistern FMA:74511 superior cistern FMA:74511 cistern of great cerebral vein FMA:74511 FMA:TA cisterna quadrigeminalis external male genitalia BTO:0003097 EMAPA:30977 FMA:45642 SCTID:362264000 UBERON:0004053 external male genital organ galen:MaleExternalGenitalia male external genitalia organa genitalia masculina externa the external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum uberon BTO:0003097 organa genitalia masculina externa MP:0009199 the external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum BTO:0003097 external male genital organ FMA:45642 male external genitalia internal male genitalia BTO:0003096 Editor note: consider splitting genitalia from genital organ FMA:45655 SCTID:310536002 UBERON:0004054 internal male genital organ male internal genitalia organa genitalia masculina interna the internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands uberon BTO:0003096 internal male genital organ FMA:45655 male internal genitalia BTO:0003096 organa genitalia masculina interna MP:0009205 the internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands primitive pit EHDAA2:0001521 EHDAA:551 TODO - check The primitive pit is a depression in the center of the primitive node, connecting to the notochord. It consists of part of the primitive streak[Wikipedia:Primitive_pit]. UBERON:0004055 UMLS:C1514439 ncithesaurus:Primitive_Pit the small depression in the primitive streak that is caudal to the primitive node where the cells of the epiblast initially begin to invaginate during early embryogenesis uberon The primitive pit is a depression in the center of the primitive node, connecting to the notochord. It consists of part of the primitive streak[Wikipedia:Primitive_pit]. Wikipedia:Primitive_pit MP:0009329 Wikipedia:Primitive_pit the small depression in the primitive streak that is caudal to the primitive node where the cells of the epiblast initially begin to invaginate during early embryogenesis primitive groove A shallow groove, the primitive groove, appears on the surface of the primitive streak, and the anterior end of this groove communicates by means of an aperture, the blastophore, with the yolk-sac[Wikipedia:Primitive_groove]. EHDAA2:0001511 EHDAA:547 UBERON:0004056 UMLS:C1514434 ncithesaurus:Primitive_Groove the shallow valley that extends along the length of the primitive streak[MP] uberon A shallow groove, the primitive groove, appears on the surface of the primitive streak, and the anterior end of this groove communicates by means of an aperture, the blastophore, with the yolk-sac[Wikipedia:Primitive_groove]. Wikipedia:Primitive_groove MP:0009330 Wikipedia:Primitive_groove the shallow valley that extends along the length of the primitive streak[MP] skeletal muscle fiber triad UBERON:0004057 the skeletal muscle fiber structure comprised of the transverse tubule and the two associated terminal cisternae; each fiber normally has thousands of triads uberon MP:0009411 the skeletal muscle fiber structure comprised of the transverse tubule and the two associated terminal cisternae; each fiber normally has thousands of triads biliary ductule BTO:0002840 One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP] TAO:0005164 UBERON:0004058 ZFA:0005164 ZFIN: Digestive system duct that collects bile from the canaliculus and transports bile through the liver -- (check if the same) // The smallest and the most peripheral branches of the biliary tree consist of a portal part (portal ductule) and an intralobular part (intralobular ductule) // bile capillary bile ductule biliary ductule biliary ductule cholangiole ductuli biliferi uberon BTO:0002840 bile ductule BTO:0002840 cholangiole BTO:0002840 MP:0009494 One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP] BTO:0002840 bile capillary ductuli biliferi http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ductuli+biliferi BTO:0002840 biliary ductule BTO biliary ductule http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?ductuli+biliferi spinal cord medial motor column UBERON:0004059 the subclasses of motor neurons which project their axons to axial muscles that lie close to the vertebral column; motor neurons in the lateral subdivision of the MMC project their axons to body wall muscles uberon MP:0009686 the subclasses of motor neurons which project their axons to axial muscles that lie close to the vertebral column; motor neurons in the lateral subdivision of the MMC project their axons to body wall muscles neural tube ventricular layer EMAPA:16783 EMAPA:17152 UBERON:0004060 consider merging with 'ventricular zone' neural tube ependymal zone neural tube ventricular zone the layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen uberon MP:0009689 the layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen MP:0009689 neural tube ependymal zone MP:0009689 neural tube ventricular zone neural tube mantle layer EMAPA:17148 UBERON:0004061 neural tube intermediate zone the layer of glia and differentiating neurons that will form the gray matter of the spinal cord; this lies between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates uberon MP:0009690 the layer of glia and differentiating neurons that will form the gray matter of the spinal cord; this lies between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates MP:0009690 neural tube intermediate zone neural tube marginal layer EMAPA:17151 UBERON:0004062 neural tube marginal zone the outermost layer of the neural tube that contains nerve fibers and will form the white matter uberon MP:0009691 the outermost layer of the neural tube that contains nerve fibers and will form the white matter MP:0009691 neural tube marginal zone spinal cord alar plate EMAPA:17149 EMAPA:17581 TODO - merge with UBERON:0003054 roof plate? UBERON:0004063 VHOG:0000899 alar column spinal cord spinal cord alar column spinal cord alar lamina the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses; the alar plate develops into the dorsal horn in the grey matter of the spinal cord uberon MP:0009692 spinal cord alar lamina VHOG:0000899 alar column spinal cord MP:0009692 the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses; the alar plate develops into the dorsal horn in the grey matter of the spinal cord MP:0009692 spinal cord alar column neural tube basal plate AAO:0010561 EFO:0001904 UBERON:0004064 UMLS:C1511061 basal plate basal plate of neural tube ncithesaurus:Basal_Plate spinal cord basal plate the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons, whereas neurons found in the alar plate are primarily associated with sensory functions. The cell types of the basal plate include lower motor neurons and four types of interneuron. Initially the left and right sides of the basal plate are continuous, but during neurulation they become separated by the floor plate, a derivative of the notochord[WP]. uberon ventral part of neural tube Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) basal plate of neural tube Shh Swenson MP:0009693 Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) the region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. the region of the neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. It extends from the rostral mesencephalon to the end of the spinal cord and contains primarily motor neurons, whereas neurons found in the alar plate are primarily associated with sensory functions. The cell types of the basal plate include lower motor neurons and four types of interneuron. Initially the left and right sides of the basal plate are continuous, but during neurulation they become separated by the floor plate, a derivative of the notochord[WP]. MP:0009693 spinal cord basal plate primordial meninx UBERON:0004065 the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord that is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue from which the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater are formed uberon MP:0009726 the outermost mesenchymal covering of the developing brain and spinal cord that is composed of tough fibrous connective tissue from which the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater are formed frontonasal prominence An unpaired facial process in the embryo formed from the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle that develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout[MP]. During embryonic development, two areas of thickened ectoderm, the olfactory areas, appear immediately under the fore-brain in the anterior wall of the stomodeum, one on either side of a region termed the frontonasal prominence (or process)[WP]. By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts these areas are converted into pits, the olfactory pits, which indent the frontonasal prominence and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[WP]. EHDAA2:0000578 EHDAA:4778 EMAPA:16681 SCTID:361486000 UBERON:0004066 UBERON:0006237 UMLS:C1517321 VHOG:0001319 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gray44.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gray44.png/200px-Gray44.png ncithesaurus:Frontonasal_Prominence prominentia frontonasalis uberon An unpaired facial process in the embryo formed from the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle that develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout[MP]. During embryonic development, two areas of thickened ectoderm, the olfactory areas, appear immediately under the fore-brain in the anterior wall of the stomodeum, one on either side of a region termed the frontonasal prominence (or process)[WP]. By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts these areas are converted into pits, the olfactory pits, which indent the frontonasal prominence and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[WP]. MP:0009901 Wikipedia:Frontonasal_prominence Wikipedia:Frontonasal_prominence prominentia frontonasalis lateral nasal prominence EHDAA2:0000916 EHDAA:4786 EMAPA:16805 SCTID:308880000 UBERON:0004067 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray48.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray48.png/200px-Gray48.png lateral nasal process lateral nasal swelling latero-nasal process prominentia nasalis lateralis the lateral area of the two branches of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling in the future nasal region of the embryo; it separates the olfactory pit from the developing eye and the ala of the nose/snout develops from it uberon UBERON:cjm lateral nasal swelling MP:0009902 Wikipedia:Lateral_nasal_prominence the lateral area of the two branches of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling in the future nasal region of the embryo; it separates the olfactory pit from the developing eye and the ala of the nose/snout develops from it EMAPA:16805 latero-nasal process Wikipedia:Lateral_nasal_prominence prominentia nasalis lateralis EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000916 lateral nasal process Wikipedia medial nasal prominence EHDAA2:0001076 EHDAA:4792 EMAPA:16808 Fusion of right and left medial nasal processes forms a primary palate rostrally and the nasal septum caudally. The incisive bone, including upper incisor teeth and the rostral up- per lip, are derived from the primary palate. The nasal septum consists of bone, cartilage, and a patch of soft tissue membrane that separates right & left halves of the nasal cavity. SCTID:308877001 UBERON:0004068 VHOG:0000804 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Gray45.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gray45.png/200px-Gray45.png medial nasal process medial nasal swelling medial-nasal process nasomedial prominence prominentia nasalis medialis the central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it uberon UBERON:cjm nasomedial prominence Wikipedia:Medial_nasal_prominence prominentia nasalis medialis EMAPA:16808 medial-nasal process Wikipedia MP:0009903 Wikipedia:Medial_nasal_prominence the central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it EHDAA2:0001076 medial nasal process UBERON:cjm medial nasal swelling EHDAA2 accessory olfactory bulb ABA:AOB BTO:0004797 MA:0000966 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090453 Site of termination of vomeronasal nerve; projects to: other parts of pallial amygdala, medial amygdala, subpallial nucleus (Butler and Hodos) UBERON:0004069 accessory olfactory formation olfactory bulb accessory nucleus the forebrain region that coordinates sensory signaling arising from the vomeronasal organ; it is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb, and the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb project to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus uberon cjm NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090453 olfactory bulb accessory nucleus MA:0000966 accessory olfactory formation ABA ABA ABA MP:0009945 Wikipedia:Olfactory_bulb#Accessory_olfactory_bulb the forebrain region that coordinates sensory signaling arising from the vomeronasal organ; it is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb, and the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb project to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus ISBN10:0471888893 cerebellum vermis lobule MA:0002968 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081223 TODO - define as a region overlapping UBERON:0004070 the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in the central section of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres; in humans, vermis lobule regions may be nearly continuous with the cerebellar hemisphere lobules dorsally but are separated by deeper longitudinal fissues in the ventral regions; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres uberon MP:0009957 the region of a cerebellar lobule that resides in the central section of the cerebellum between the two hemispheres; in humans, vermis lobule regions may be nearly continuous with the cerebellar hemisphere lobules dorsally but are separated by deeper longitudinal fissues in the ventral regions; in mammals, the vermis portion of the cerebellum has a foliation pattern along the AP axis that is distinct from the lateral cerebellar hemispheres cerebellum emboliform nucleus SCTID:279222003 UBERON:0004071 the small wedge shaped nucleus interposed between the dentate and fastigial nuclei; it receives axons from Purkinje cells of the intermediate area of the cerebral hemispheres and most of its efferent connections travel via the superior cerebellar peduncle uberon MP:0009981 the small wedge shaped nucleus interposed between the dentate and fastigial nuclei; it receives axons from Purkinje cells of the intermediate area of the cerebral hemispheres and most of its efferent connections travel via the superior cerebellar peduncle cerebellum globose nucleus SCTID:279223008 UBERON:0004072 the two or three small masses of gray matter that is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus; it receives axons from the intermediate area of the cerebellar hemispheres and its afferents exit through the superior cerebellar peduncle; it is recognized in human cerebellum but is not distinguishable in all mammalian species uberon MP:0009982 the two or three small masses of gray matter that is located medial to the emboliform nucleus and lateral to the fastigial nucleus; it receives axons from the intermediate area of the cerebellar hemispheres and its afferents exit through the superior cerebellar peduncle; it is recognized in human cerebellum but is not distinguishable in all mammalian species cerebellum interpositus nucleus UBERON:0004073 the nucelus composed of the globose and emoliform nuclei of the cerebellum; in some mammalian species the globose nucleus is not distinguishable uberon MP:0009984 the nucelus composed of the globose and emoliform nuclei of the cerebellum; in some mammalian species the globose nucleus is not distinguishable cerebellum vermis lobule I . ABA:LING FMA:83884 MA:0000998 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_932 SCTID:77232000 TODO FMA:61904 lingual gyrus FMA:71032 lingula gyrus (lg) UBERON:0004074 lingula lingula (I) lingula of anterior cerebellum vermis lingula of cerebellum lobule I of cerebellum vermis neuraxis lingula uberon MA MA:0000998 lingula ABA:LING lingula (I) . MP:0009988 cerebellum vermis lobule II . ABA:CENT2 MA:0000999 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081225 UBERON:0004075 central lobule central lobule of cerebellum central vs alar central? II and III? part_of CENT in ABA lobule II lobule II of cerebellum vermis uberon vermic lobule II NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081225 vermic lobule II ABA:CENT2 lobule II MA:0000999 central lobule . MP:0009989 MA ABA MA cerebellum vermis lobule III . ABA:CENT3 II or III? MA:0001000 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081226 UBERON:0004076 central lobule central lobule of cerebellum lobule III lobule III of cerebellum vermis uberon MA:0001000 central lobule . MP:0009990 MA ABA:CENT3 lobule III ABA cerebellum vermis lobule IV ABA:CUL4 MA:0001001 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081227 The culmen is the portion of the anterior vermis adjacent to the primary fissure of cerebellum. The culmen and the anterior parts of the quadrangular lobules form the lobus culminis[WP]. UBERON:0004077 culmen of cerebellum lobule IV of cerebellum vermis neuraxis culmen uberon MP:0009991 The culmen is the portion of the anterior vermis adjacent to the primary fissure of cerebellum. The culmen and the anterior parts of the quadrangular lobules form the lobus culminis[WP]. Wikipedia:Culmen_(cerebellum) ABA FMA:83886 neuraxis culmen ABA MA cerebellum vermis lobule IX . ABA:UVU FMA:83883 MA:0001006 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081234 UBERON:0004078 cerebellar posterior vermis lobule IX lobule IX of cerebellar posterior vermis lobule IX of cerebellum vermis neuraxis uvula uberon uvula (IX) uvula [vermis] uvula of cerebellum uvula of vermis of cerebellum vermic lobule IX . MP:0009992 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081234 vermic lobule IX PMID:2022820 lobule IX of cerebellar posterior vermis MA FMA:83883 neuraxis uvula PMID:2022820 cerebellar posterior vermis lobule IX ABA:UVU uvula (IX) FMA:83883 uvula of cerebellum cerebellum vermis lobule V . ABA:CUL5 MA:0001002 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081228 UBERON:0004079 culmen culmen of cerebellum lobule V lobule V of cerebellum vermis neuraxis culmen uberon FMA:83886 neuraxis culmen ABA ABA:CUL5 lobule V MA . MP:0009993 MA:0001002 culmen cerebellum vermis lobule VI . ABA:DEC FMA:83887 MA:0001003 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081229 SCTID:279385000 UBERON:0000909 UBERON:0004080 UBERON:Declive-MA_0001003 declive declive (VI) declive of cerebellum declive of vermis of cerebellum lobule VI of cerebellum vermis neuraxis declive uberon vermic lobule vi FMA:83887 neuraxis declive ABA:DEC declive (VI) . MP:0009994 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081229 vermic lobule vi MA MA:0001003 declive cerebellum vermis lobule VII ABA:FOTU FMA:83889 MA:0001004 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081230 SCTID:369044003 The folium vermis is a short, narrow, concealed band at the posterior extremity of the vermis, consisting apparently of a single folium, but in reality marked on its upper and under surfaces by secondary fissures. Laterally, it expands in either hemisphere into a considerable lobule, the superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules), which occupies the posterior third of the upper surface of the hemisphere, and is bounded below by the horizontal sulcus. The superior semilunar lobules and the folium vermis form the lobus semilunaris. UBERON:0004081 check MA, MP, FMA, folium? folium folium lobule folium of cerebellum folium of vermis of cerebellum folium-tuber vermis (VII) lobule VII of cerebellum vermis neuraxis folium uberon vermic lobule VII MP:0009995 folium lobule FMA:83889 neuraxis folium MA MP:0009995 The folium vermis is a short, narrow, concealed band at the posterior extremity of the vermis, consisting apparently of a single folium, but in reality marked on its upper and under surfaces by secondary fissures. Laterally, it expands in either hemisphere into a considerable lobule, the superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules), which occupies the posterior third of the upper surface of the hemisphere, and is bounded below by the horizontal sulcus. The superior semilunar lobules and the folium vermis form the lobus semilunaris. Wikipedia:Folium_(vermis) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081230 vermic lobule VII ABA:FOTU folium-tuber vermis (VII) MA:0001004 folium cerebellum vermis lobule VIII . ABA:PYR FMA:83888 MA:0001005 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081233 UBERON:0002312 UBERON:0004082 cerebellum lobule VIII lobule VIII of cerebellum vermis neuraxis pyramis neuraxis pyramus pyramis pyramis of vermis of cerebellum pyramus pyramus pyramus (VIII) pyramus of cerebellum pyramus of vermis of cerebellum uberon vermic lobule VIII . MP:0009996 FMA:83888 pyramus of vermis of cerebellum MA ABA:PYR pyramus (VIII) FMA:83888 pyramis of vermis of cerebellum MA:0001005 pyramus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081233 vermic lobule VIII NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081233 pyramis cerebellum vermis lobule X . ABA:NOD FMA:83882 MA:0001007 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1165 UBERON:0004083 lobule X of cerebellum vermis neuraxis nodulus nodulus nodulus (X) nodulus of cerebellum nodulus of vermis of cerebellum uberon MA ABA:NOD nodulus (X) MA:0001007 nodulus . MP:0009997 genital labium EMAPA:30837 MA:0002464 UBERON:0004084 UMLS:C0227759 galen:Labia genital labia labia labial labium ncithesaurus:Labium the folds of skin which form the inner lips (labia minora) on both sides of the vaginal opening uberon MA MA:0002464 labium genital labia FMA-abduced-lr labia MP:0003520 the folds of skin which form the inner lips (labia minora) on both sides of the vaginal opening labium majora FMA:20367 MA:0002844 SCTID:362237001 The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds which extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the cleft of venus, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the Hart's Line, and the vulval vestibule, which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. Each labium majus has two surfaces, an outer, pigmented and covered with strong, crisp hairs; and an inner, smooth and beset with large sebaceous follicles. Between the two there is a considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat, and a tissue resembling the dartos tunic of the scrotum, besides vessels, nerves, and glands. The Labia Majora are thicker in front, where they form by their meeting the anterior commisure of the labia majora. Posteriorly they are not really joined, but appear to become lost in the neighboring integument, ending close to — and nearly parallel with — each other. Together with the connecting skin between them, they form the posterior commisure of the labia majora or posterior boundary of the pudendum. The interval between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anus, from 2.5 to 3 cm. in length, constitutes the perineum. The labia majora correspond to the scrotum in the male. Between the labia majora and the inner thighs are the labiocrural folds. Between the labia majora and labia minora are the interlabial sulci. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004085 UMLS:C0227760 galen:LabiaMajora http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray1229.png labia majorum labium majora labium majorum labium majus labium majus pudendi ncithesaurus:Labium_Majus uberon Wikipedia posterior labial commissure The labia majora are two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds which extend downward and backward from the mons pubis to the perineum and form the lateral boundaries of the cleft of venus, which contains the labia minora, interlabial sulci, clitoral hood, clitoral glans, frenulum clitoridis, the Hart's Line, and the vulval vestibule, which contains the external openings of the urethra and the vagina. Each labium majus has two surfaces, an outer, pigmented and covered with strong, crisp hairs; and an inner, smooth and beset with large sebaceous follicles. Between the two there is a considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat, and a tissue resembling the dartos tunic of the scrotum, besides vessels, nerves, and glands. The Labia Majora are thicker in front, where they form by their meeting the anterior commisure of the labia majora. Posteriorly they are not really joined, but appear to become lost in the neighboring integument, ending close to — and nearly parallel with — each other. Together with the connecting skin between them, they form the posterior commisure of the labia majora or posterior boundary of the pudendum. The interval between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anus, from 2.5 to 3 cm. in length, constitutes the perineum. The labia majora correspond to the scrotum in the male. Between the labia majora and the inner thighs are the labiocrural folds. Between the labia majora and labia minora are the interlabial sulci. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Labia_majora MA:0002844 labium majorum Wikipedia:Labia_majora labium majus pudendi brain ventricle BTO:0001442 EFO:0001914 FMA:78447 MA:0000818 MESH:A08.186.211.276 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1356 Note that FMA draws the distinction between e.g. 'fourth ventricle' and 'cavity of fourth ventricle'. The latter is a cavity, and part of the former, which is a region. The superclass of 'fourth ventricle' is_a 'region of ventricular system of the brain'. We place this class here, although it is not equivalent to ventricles, as it includes ventricle bodies. OpenCyc:Mx4rvmTY65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180929003 UBERON:0004086 UMLS:C0007799 cerebral ventricle ncithesaurus:Ventricle_Brain one of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid region of ventricular system of brain uberon FMA:78447 region of ventricular system of brain HP:0002118 cerebral ventricle vena cava AAO:0010215 BTO:0001438 EMAPA:18415 GAID:547 MA:0000068 MESH:A07.231.908.949 OpenCyc:Mx4rkJQ4U6gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244405007 The superior and inferior vena cava are collectively called the venae cavae. They are the veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium. The inferior vena cava (or posterior vena cava in animals) travels up alongside the abdominal aorta with blood from the lower part of the body (see # 11 in the diagram). It is the largest vein in the body. The superior vena cava (or anterior vena cava in animals) is above the heart, and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins that contain blood from the head and the arms (see # 3 in the diagram). [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004087 UMLS:C0042460 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Relations_of_the_aorta,_trachea,_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Heart_numlabels.png/200px-Heart_numlabels.png ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava uberon The superior and inferior vena cava are collectively called the venae cavae. They are the veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium. The inferior vena cava (or posterior vena cava in animals) travels up alongside the abdominal aorta with blood from the lower part of the body (see # 11 in the diagram). It is the largest vein in the body. The superior vena cava (or anterior vena cava in animals) is above the heart, and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins that contain blood from the head and the arms (see # 3 in the diagram). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Venae_cavae ocular region . FMA:260119 TODO: consider the following: eyeball (eye proper) part_of eye (= eyeball+eyelid etc) part_of ocular region (= eye + adnexa such as eyebrow); note the FMA class is more narrow though, and is more like eye + muscles + vasculature // in HP covers eyelid, eyebrow. UBERON:0004088 content of orbital part of eye eye region orbital content uberon . HP:0000284 OBOL:accepted eye region FMA:260119 orbital content FMA:260119 content of orbital part of eye midface MA:0001910 UBERON:0004089 editors note: this class is currently a union of the snout (e.g. in mouse), the midface and the lower face. Note that in MA, snout includes the whole jaw and should thus be more alike the lower face than the midface, so its placement here is not strictly accurate. In future we might introduce specific classes for each of these, and include the full parthood relationships. if this is done, then care should be taken to preserve inferences such as an abnormality of the lower face being an abnormality of the midface. lower face midface/lower face midfacial snout the middle of the face including the nose and its associated bony structures[MW]. uberon MA:0001910 snout HP:0000309 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/midface the middle of the face including the nose and its associated bony structures[MW]. periorbital region . AO notes: does not contain any subparts in FMA. In HP covers eyelid, eyebrow, soft tissue FMA:59351 MA:0002875 SCTID:362646004 UBERON:0004090 periorbita periorbital area uberon FMA:59351 periorbita MA:0002875 periorbital area . HP:0000606 hypothalamus-pituitary axis . UBERON:0004092 uberon . HP:0000864 corticospinal tract BM:CST The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004095 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Gray684.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray684.png/200px-Gray684.png tractus corticospinalis uberon HP:0002492 The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axons that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract mostly contains motor axons. It actually consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord: the lateral corticospinal tract and the medial corticospinal tract. An understanding of these tracts leads to an understanding of why for the most part, one side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain. Also the corticobulbar tract is considered to be a pyramidal tract. The corticobulbar tract carries signals that control motor neurons located in cranial nerve brain nuclei rather than motor neurons located in the spinal cord. The neurons of the pyramidal tracts are pyramidal neurons, but that is not how the pyramidal tract got its name, as most of the pyramidal neurons send their axons elsewhere. Instead, it got its name from the shape of the corticospinal axon tracts: when the pyramidal tract passes the medulla, it forms a dense bundle of nerve fibres that is shaped somewhat like a pyramid. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corticospinal_tract Wikipedia:Corticospinal_tract tractus corticospinalis odontoid process of cervical vertebra 2 AAO:0000721 Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen.[AAO] EMAPA:26535 FMA:24043 GAID:238 MA:0002872 MESH:A02.835.232.834.151.383.668 OpenCyc:Mx4rwIYGoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181899003 TODO check AAO:0000721 odontoid_process -- Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the atlas above[GAID]. UBERON:0004096 UBERON:0005210 UMLS:C0028881 axis dens axis odontoid process cervical vertebra 2 odontoid process dens dens of axis ncithesaurus:Odontoid_Process odontoid odontoid process odontoid process of axis uberon MA:0002872 axis odontoid process FMA:24043 odontoid process EMAPA:26535 dens 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000721 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Anterior process located between the atlantal cotyles that projects into the foramen magnum of the skull and bears facets that articulate with the lateral walls of the foramen.[AAO] GAID:238 HP:0003310 The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the atlas above[GAID]. Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Dens_(anatomy) Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Dens_(anatomy) odontoid FMA:24043 dens of axis FMA:24043 odontoid process of axis MA:0002872 cervical vertebra 2 odontoid process FMA:24043 axis dens obsolete renin-aldosterone axis . UBERON:0004097 true uberon . HP:0003350 tibial plateaux . UBERON:0004098 uberon . HP:0003832 joint space of elbow FMA:38911 Joint cavity shared by all the joints of the elbow. The elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis. All three share a joint cavity which is highly sinuated/scalloped/coved. Joint spaces of the elbow summarizes the joint cavity shared by all three adjoining joints of the elbow joint. UBERON:0004099 synovial cavity of elbow joint uberon HP:0003943 Joint cavity shared by all the joints of the elbow. The elbow joint is a compound joint that actually comprises three separate joints: the joints connecting the upper and lower arm: 1) Articulatio humero-ulnaris and 2) Articulatio humero-radialis as well as the proximal joint connecting the forarm bones: 3) Articulatio radio-ulnaris proximalis. All three share a joint cavity which is highly sinuated/scalloped/coved. Joint spaces of the elbow summarizes the joint cavity shared by all three adjoining joints of the elbow joint. FMA:38911 synovial cavity of elbow joint renal collecting system SCTID:279371005 The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. UBERON:0004100 collecting duct system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png kidney collecting duct system tubulus renalis colligens uberon HP:0004742 The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone. Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system tubulus renalis colligens Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system kidney collecting duct system Wikipedia:Collecting_duct_system collecting duct system nasolabial region . UBERON:0004101 uberon . HP:0005289 alveolar ridge BTO:0001383 GAID:215 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502.125 SCTID:245790000 UBERON:0004103 UMLS:C0447411 alveolar body alveolar bone alveolar margin alveolar process ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Ridge note that in BTO, this is part of an embryo one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth[WP]. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth[HP]. uberon HP:0006477 Wikipedia:Alveolar_ridge one of the two jaw ridges either on the roof of the mouth between the upper teeth and the hard palate or on the bottom of the mouth behind the lower teeth[WP]. The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth[HP]. MP:0004189 alveolar body PMID:19767574 Wikipedia MP:0004189 alveolar bone GAID:215 alveolar process hairline . UBERON:0004104 uberon . HP:0009553 subungual region Consider merging with nailbed Region beneath a nail or claw. UBERON:0004105 subungual uberon Region beneath a nail or claw. UBERON:cjm crus of ear FMA:61024 SCTID:362547004 UBERON:0004106 UMLS:C0229319 crus helicis crus of helical part of auricular cartilage crus of helix horizontal piece of cartilage located outside the ear canal that divides the upper and lower parts of the ear. ncithesaurus:Crus_Helicis uberon FMA:61024 FMA:TA crus helicis FMA:61024 crus of helix HP:0009895 horizontal piece of cartilage located outside the ear canal that divides the upper and lower parts of the ear. clivus of occipital bone FMA:75747 Part of the cranium, the clivus is a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellC& that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the sphenoid sinuses. Just lateral to the clivus bilaterally is the foramen lacerum which contains the internal carotid artery, proximal to its anastamosis with the Circle of Willis. Posterior to the clivus is the basilar artery. The clivus supports the upper part of the pons. SCTID:361736007 The clivus is an important landmark for checking for anatomical atlanto-occipital alignment; the clivus, when viewed on a lateral C-spine X-ray, forms a line which, if extended, is known as Wackenheim's clivus line. Wackenheim's clivus line should pass through the dens of the axis or be tangential to it. Editor note: check relationships. UBERON:0004108 UMLS:C0222724 Wackenheim's clivus line clivus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Clivus.png ncithesaurus:Clivus occipital bone clivus uberon HP:0010558 clivus FMA:75747 occipital bone clivus FMA Wikipedia Wackenheim's clivus line Wikipedia:Clivus_%28anatomy%29 HP:0010558 Part of the cranium, the clivus is a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellC& that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the sphenoid sinuses. Just lateral to the clivus bilaterally is the foramen lacerum which contains the internal carotid artery, proximal to its anastamosis with the Circle of Willis. Posterior to the clivus is the basilar artery. The clivus supports the upper part of the pons. Wikipedia:Clivus_%28anatomy%29 HP:0010558 FMA cortex of humerus . FMA:31542 UBERON:0004109 compact bone of humerus cortex of the humerus humerus compact bone humerus cortical bone uberon . HP:0010629 FMA:31542 compact bone of humerus midnasal cavity UBERON:0004110 includes the cavity between the nares and the choanae. uberon HP:0010641 includes the cavity between the nares and the choanae. anatomical conduit AEO:0000080 EHDAA2:0003080 FMA:242873 UBERON:0004111 any opening in the body. foramen foramina note that FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature uberon UBERON:cjm foramina EHDAA2:0003080 foramen FMA Wikipedia:Foramen any opening in the body. muscle of middle ear A muscle of head that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000256 UBERON:0004112 UMLS:C1513769 check tympanic cavity vs middle ear. the same for muscles? Consider merging with muscle of auditory ossicle. Extent in MA/NCITA is stapedius and tensor tympani muscle of tympanic cavity ncithesaurus:Muscle_of_the_Tympanum tympanic cavity muscle uberon A muscle of head that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle of auditory ossicle A muscle of head that attaches_to a auditory ossicle. Extent in FMA/SCTID is stapedius and tensor tympani. Consider merging with tympanic cavity muscle FMA:49026 SCTID:244778009 UBERON:0004113 auditory ossicles muscle muscle of auditory ossicles ossicular muscle uberon FMA:49026 ossicular muscle FMA:49026 muscle of auditory ossicles A muscle of head that attaches_to a auditory ossicle. OBOL:automatic FMA:49026 auditory ossicles muscle tympanic cavity BTO:0002098 EHDAA2:0004119 EV:0100358 FMA:56461 SCTID:362551002 UBERON:0004114 anatomical cavity of middle ear cavitas tympani cavity of middle ear http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray923.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gray923.png/200px-Gray923.png middle ear cavity middle-ear cavity small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. tympanum uberon OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear Wikipedia:Tympanic_cavity cavitas tympani OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle-ear cavity Wikipedia:Tympanic_cavity small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity EHDAA2 EHDAA2 BTO:0002098 tympanum blood vessel of tympanic cavity A blood vessel that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001219 UBERON:0004115 anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel blood vessel of anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel of cavity of middle ear blood vessel of middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel of middle ear cavity cavity of middle ear blood vessel middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel middle ear blood vessel middle ear cavity blood vessel tympanic cavity blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of anatomical cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of middle ear A blood vessel that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear blood vessel nerve of tympanic cavity A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001222 UBERON:0004116 anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve cavity of middle ear nerve middle ear anatomical cavity nerve middle ear cavity nerve nerve of anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve of cavity of middle ear nerve of middle ear anatomical cavity nerve of middle ear cavity tympanic cavity nerve tympanic cavity nerves uberon MA:0001222 tympanic cavity nerves OBOL:automatic anatomical cavity of middle ear nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle ear anatomical cavity OBOL:automatic middle ear cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle ear cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of middle ear nerve OBOL:automatic middle ear anatomical cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of middle ear OBOL:automatic nerve of anatomical cavity of middle ear A nerve that is part of a tympanic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pharyngeal pouch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011113 AO notes: VHOG and EMAPAA distinguish between pouch endoderm and pouch but we merge those here. Editor notes: consider adding location (precursor) - i.e. internal (endodermal) // The pouches are polarized structures. For example, whereas the rostral half of each pouch expresses Bmp-7, the caudal half expresses FGF-8 and the dorsal aspect of each pouch is marked via its expression of Pax-1. each pouch has an individual sense of identity. Shh expression is a prominent early feature of the caudal endoderm of the second arch, and individual pouches mark the anterior limits of expression of Hox genes within the pharyngeal endoderm; Hox-a2 has a rostral boundary at the second pouch, Hox-a3 at the third pouch and Hox-a4 at the most caudal pouch[PMID:16313389] EFO:0003627 EHDAA:1086 EHDAA:1669 EHDAA:579 EHDAA:617 Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits. Crump et al, 2004.[TAO] SCTID:34674002 TAO:0001106 UBERON:0004117 UMLS:C0231067 VHOG:0001203 XAO:0000282 ZFA:0001106 branchial pouch embryonic structure that forms on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish[WP]. Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits[ZFA]. ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches uberon visceral pouch visceral pouches VHOG:0001203 pharyngeal pouches EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ZFA VHOG:0001203 visceral pouches Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology) embryonic structure that forms on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish[WP]. Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Branchial_pouch branchial pouch 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0001203 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Outpocketings of pharyngeal endoderm that interdigitate with the neural crest derived pharyngeal arches. The pouches later fuse with the surface ectoderm to form the gill slits. Crump et al, 2004.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001106 ZFIN:curator visceral pouch vasculature of iris A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004118 ZFA:0005568 iris blood vessels iris vascular network iris vasculature uberon vascular network of iris A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0005568 iris blood vessels OBOL:automatic vascular network of iris OBOL:automatic iris vascular network endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0004119 uberon An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. UBERON:cjm mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0004120 uberon An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. UBERON:cjm ectoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0004121 uberon An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. UBERON:cjm genitourinary system AAO:0000624 An anatomical system that has_part a reproductive system and has_part a excretory system. Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO] BILA:0000122 BTO:0003091 EFO:0003864 EHDAA:1013 EMAPA:16367 EV:0100094 GAID:362 GU tract Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] MESH:A05 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVMgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:278861008 UBERON:0004122 UMLS:C0042066 Urogenitalsystem VHOG:0000286 XAO:0000140 galen:GenitoUrinarySystem genitourinary genitourinary tract ncithesaurus:Genitourinary_System relationship type change: differentiates_from intermediate mesoderm (AAO:0010575) CHANGED TO: develops_from intermediate mesoderm (UBERON:0003064)[AAO] uberon urogenital urogenital system urogenital tract BTO:0003091 urogenital tract BTO:0003091 Urogenitalsystem 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000624 relationship type change: differentiates_from intermediate mesoderm (AAO:0010575) CHANGED TO: develops_from intermediate mesoderm (UBERON:0003064)[AAO] An anatomical system that has_part a reproductive system and has_part a excretory system. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633 Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000286 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000624 AAO:EJS Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO] AAO myocardial layer An organ component layer that is part of a myocardium. MA:0000080 UBERON:0004123 layer of myocardium myocardium layer uberon An organ component layer that is part of a myocardium. OBOL:automatic myocardium trabecular layer EFO:0003706 MA:0002866 TAO:0005059 The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the the endocardium. Unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae of the zebrafish have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the endocardium. In zebrafish, unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences[ZFA]. UBERON:0004124 ZFA:0005059 myocardial trabecular layer trabeculae trabecular layer uberon ZFA:0005059 trabecular layer 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005059 The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the the endocardium. Unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae of the zebrafish have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] ZFIN:curator TAO:0005059 trabeculae The layer of the myocardium composed of projections of contractile myocytes. The trabecular layer is bounded internally by the endocardium. In zebrafish, unlike the trabeculations of higher vertebrates, both atrial and ventricular trabeculae have more strut-like character, and are more uniform without apparent regional differences[ZFA]. ZFA:0005059 myocardial compact layer MA:0002865 UBERON:0004125 myocardium compact layer outer dense layer of the myocardium uniting the epicardium and myocardium[MP]. uberon MP:0004056 outer dense layer of the myocardium uniting the epicardium and myocardium[MP]. MA:0002865 myocardium compact layer trabecular layer of ventricle A myocardium trabecular layer that is part of a cardiac ventricle. FMA:83511 TAO:0005060 UBERON:0004126 ZFA:0005060 myocardium of region of ventricle todo - check FMA trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle uberon ventricular trabecular myocardium GO:0003222 trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle GO:0003222 ventricular trabecular myocardium A myocardium trabecular layer that is part of a cardiac ventricle. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 reference_0000032 FMA:83511 myocardium of region of ventricle compact layer of ventricle TAO:0005062 The outer layer the ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers are arranged in a compact form and involved the entire ventricle.[TAO] The outer layer the ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers are arranged in a compact form and involved the entire ventricle. UBERON:0004127 ZFA:0005062 compact cardiac ventricle muscle uberon ventricle myocardium compact zone ventricular compact myocardium ventricular myocardial compact layer ventricular myocardial compact zone ZFA MP:0010556 ventricular myocardial compact layer reference_0000032 MP:0010556 ventricle myocardium compact zone The outer layer the ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers are arranged in a compact form and involved the entire ventricle. ZFA:0005062 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005062 The outer layer the ventricular myocardium, muscle fibers are arranged in a compact form and involved the entire ventricle.[TAO] ZFIN:curator MP:0010556 ventricular myocardial compact zone optic vesicle (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011039 EHDAA2:0001320 EMAPA:16540 Genes: Six3, Pax6, Rx1 are expressed together in the tip of the neural plate [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"]. Development notes: During subsequent develop- ment, the optic vesicle invaginates and becomes a two-layered structure with an inner neural retina and outer retinal pigment epithelium. As soon as the developing optic vesicle makes contact with the overlying ectoderm, it induces the ectoderm to thicken and form the lens placode PMID:16496288 SCTID:362864008 TAO:0000050 The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. UBERON:0004128 UMLS:C0231106 VHOG:0000165 XAO:0000228 ZFA:0000050 evagination http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gray863.png/200px-Gray863.png ncithesaurus:Optic_Vesicle ocular vesicle uberon ZFA ZFA GO:0003404 The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Optic_vesicles (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000165 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000165 ocular vesicle growth plate cartilage UBERON:0004129 cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. growth plate uberon GO:0003417 cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. cerebellar layer FMA:83141 MA:0000201 SCTID:360478008 UBERON:0004130 UMLS:C1707522 cell layer of cerebellar cortex gray matter layer of cerebellum layer of cerebellar cortex ncithesaurus:Cortical_Cell_Layer_of_the_Cerebellum uberon FMA:83141 gray matter layer of cerebellum trigeminal sensory nucleus MA:0001030 SCTID:280170001 TAO:0000433 TODO: check ZFA link. note this is part of medulla in ZFA, but we do not include this link here as it leads to inconsistencies The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. The nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom in humans): * The mesencephalic nucleus * The chief sensory nucleus (or pontine nucleus or main sensory nucleus or primary nucleus) * The spinal trigeminal nucleus[WP]. UBERON:0004132 VHOG:0001356 ZFA:0000433 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png sensory trigeminal V nucleus sensory trigeminal nuclei sensory trigeminal nucleus trigeminal V sensory nucleus trigeminal sensory nucleus uberon ZFA:0000433 sensory trigeminal nucleus MA GO:0021730 trigeminal sensory nucleus TAO:0000433 sensory trigeminal nuclei MA:0001030 trigeminal V sensory nucleus FMA The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. The nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom in humans): * The mesencephalic nucleus * The chief sensory nucleus (or pontine nucleus or main sensory nucleus or primary nucleus) * The spinal trigeminal nucleus[WP]. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nuclei salivatory nucleus . UBERON:0004133 salivary nucleus uberon GO:0021751 salivary nucleus . GO:0021751 proximal tubule BTO:0001498 EMAPA:28281 In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. MA:0002611 MESH:A05.810.453.736.560.570 UBERON:0004134 kidney proximal tubule proximal kidney tubule renal proximal tubule todo - ensure definition works across species. uberon MESH:A05.810.453.736.560.570 proximal kidney tubule GO MA:0002611 kidney proximal tubule GO GO:0072014 In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. checkme multiple distal tubule BTO:0000482 EMAPA:28387 MA:0002633 MESH:A05.810.453.736.560.540 The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that consists of the convoluted and straight distal tubule segments UBERON:0004135 kidney distal tubule renal distal tubule uberon MA:0002633 kidney distal tubule GO:0072017 The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that consists of the convoluted and straight distal tubule segments intermediate tubule FMA:17718 The intermediate tubule is a nephron tubule that lies between the proximal and distal tubules UBERON:0004136 renal intermediate tubule todo - check for applicability across species tubulus attenuatus uberon FMA FMA:17718 tubulus attenuatus GO:0072018 The intermediate tubule is a nephron tubule that lies between the proximal and distal tubules somitomeric trunk muscle TODO - find N+S conditions. SMT & develops_from somite is not specific enough (all SMT develops_from somite) The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.[GO]. UBERON:0004138 uberon GO:0002075 The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.[GO]. cardiogenic plate (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000215 EMAPA:16106 TODO - check plate vs rudiment vs primordium vs endocardial tube. See XAO The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field UBERON:0004139 VHOG:0000975 cardiogenic crescent heart rudiment myocardial plate uberon GO:0003142 cardiogenic crescent (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 PMID:15611355 Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000975 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0003142 The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field EHDAA2:0000215 myocardial plate heart field UBERON:0004140 XAO:0004185 a specific region of the lateral mesoderm in which the heart will develop. note that this term denotes the primary heart field; GO:0003128 denotes the superclass of primary and secondary: specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube[GO:0003138] primary heart field uberon GO:0003128 a specific region of the lateral mesoderm in which the heart will develop. PMID:17276708 XAO:0004185 primary heart field GO:0003128 heart tube AAO:0010411 Cavitated compound organ that will become the adult heart following looping morphogenesis and valve formation[ZFA]. EFO:0003526 EHDAA:424 EMAPA:16208 TAO:0000360 UBERON:0004141 XAO:0000337 ZFA:0000360 early primitive heart tube embryonic heart tube uberon EMAPA:16208 early primitive heart tube ZFA Cavitated compound organ that will become the adult heart following looping morphogenesis and valve formation[ZFA]. GO:0003143 ZFA:0000360 outflow tract septum The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract UBERON:0004142 uberon GO:0003148 The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract membranous septum The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. UBERON:0004143 uberon GO:0003149 The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. muscular septum The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum UBERON:0004144 uberon GO:0003150 The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum outflow tract EHDAA2:0001351 EHDAA:464 EHDAA:798 EMAPA:16229 EMAPA:16346 MA:0000100 The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries UBERON:0004145 VHOG:0000670 XAO:0004139 cardiac outflow tract uberon GO:0003151 The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries His-Purkinje system HPS His-Purkinji network TAO:0005071 The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles UBERON:0004146 ZFA:0005071 distal conduction system uberon ZFA:0005071 distal conduction system His-Purkinji network ZFA:0005071 HPS ZFA:0005071 GO:0003164 The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles cardiac Purkinje fiber BTO:0001735 MESH:A07.541.409.683 The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle UBERON:0004147 heart Purkinje fiber uberon BTO:0001735 heart Purkinje fiber GO:0003165 The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle cardiac vein EHDAA2:0004507 FMA:12846 SCTID:277726009 UBERON:0004148 UMLS:C0226654 UMLS:C0226737 Vein of heart cardiac vein coronary vein galen:CoronaryVein heart vein ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Vein ncithesaurus:Coronary_Vein uberon vein of heart OBOL:automatic vein of heart Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation coronary vein FMA:12846 cardiac vein FMA GOC:Obol Vein of heart OBOL:automatic heart vein ventriculo bulbo valve A heart valve located between the ventricle and bulbus arteriosus. TAO:0001375 UBERON:0004149 ZFA:0001375 bulboventricular valve uberon ZFA A heart valve located between the ventricle and bulbus arteriosus. GO:0003173 ZFA:0001375 bulboventricular valve coronary sinus valve FMA:9242 SCTID:277723001 UBERON:0004150 Vestigial cardiac valve which is continuous with the valve of the inferior vena cava[FMA]. thebesian valve thebesius valve todo - development uberon valve of coronary sinus GO:0003178 Vestigial cardiac valve which is continuous with the valve of the inferior vena cava[FMA]. cardiac chamber A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart FMA:7095 OpenCyc:Mx4rmexpjPdAEduAAAAOpmP6tw SCTID:276456008 UBERON:0004151 chamber of heart generic enough to cover FBbt:00003156 heart chamber but this is a cavity. GO defines it as the cavity. TODO - move subclasses. Note this also includes sinus venosus heart chamber uberon A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart GO:0003205 bulbus arteriosus A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] EFO:0003505 Evolution notes: replaces conus arteriosis in cartilaginous fish TAO:0000173 The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber[GO]. Multi-tissue structure that consists of three layers and through which the blood exits the heart. The bulbus arteriosus is a pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches[ZFA]. UBERON:0004152 ZFA:0000173 truncus uberon GO:0003232 PMID:15108157 The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber[GO]. Multi-tissue structure that consists of three layers and through which the blood exits the heart. The bulbus arteriosus is a pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches[ZFA]. ZFA:0000173 truncus 2012-08-14 A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000173 ZFIN:curator definitional ventricular septum intermedium Endocardial cushions project into the atrial canal, and, meeting in the middle line, unite to form the septum intermedium which divides the canal into two channels, the future right and left atrioventricular orifices[Gray's via WP]. SCTID:361468003 UBERON:0004153 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray467.png septum intermedium uberon Endocardial cushions project into the atrial canal, and, meeting in the middle line, unite to form the septum intermedium which divides the canal into two channels, the future right and left atrioventricular orifices[Gray's via WP]. GO:0003282 Wikipedia:Septum_intermedium Wikipedia septum primum AO notes: part_of IAS in EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001825 EHDAA:1900 EMAPA:17013 FMA:63909 In the developing heart, the cavity of the primitive atrium becomes subdivided into right and left chambers by a septum, the septum primum, which grows downward into the cavity. The increasingly smaller gap below it (before it fuses with the endocardial cushion) is known as the ostium primum. The septum primum eventually fuses with the endocardial cushion, closing the ostium primum off completely. Meanwhile, perforations appear in the superior part of the septum primum, forming the ostium secundum. This will eventually form part of the fossa ovalis.. SCTID:362017007 The first of the two membranous sheets which partially separate the two atria during embryonic development. [TFD][VHOG] The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004154 UMLS:C0225837 VHOG:0000020 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray465.png interatrial septum primum ncithesaurus:Septum_Primum uberon EHDAA2:0001825 interatrial septum primum GO:0003284 In the developing heart, the cavity of the primitive atrium becomes subdivided into right and left chambers by a septum, the septum primum, which grows downward into the cavity. The increasingly smaller gap below it (before it fuses with the endocardial cushion) is known as the ostium primum. The septum primum eventually fuses with the endocardial cushion, closing the ostium primum off completely. Meanwhile, perforations appear in the superior part of the septum primum, forming the ostium secundum. This will eventually form part of the fossa ovalis.. Wikipedia:Septum_primum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000020 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The first of the two membranous sheets which partially separate the two atria during embryonic development. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000020 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interatrial+septum+primum septum secundum . EHDAA2:0001827 EHDAA:3406 EMAPA:17864 FMA:63910 SCTID:308850005 The second of the two membranous sheets which partially separate the two atria during embryonic development. [TFD][VHOG] The septum secundum, semilunar in shape, grows downward from the upper wall of the atrium immediately to the right of the primary septum and ostium secundum. Shortly after birth it fuses with the septum primum, and consequently the foramen ovale is closed, but sometimes the fusion is incomplete and the upper part of the foramen remains patent. The limbus fossae ovalis denotes the free margin of the septum secundum. The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004155 UMLS:C0225838 VHOG:0000021 interatrial septum secundum ncithesaurus:Septum_Secundum uberon EHDAA2:0001827 interatrial septum secundum . GO:0003285 Wikipedia:Septum_secondum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000021 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The second of the two membranous sheets which partially separate the two atria during embryonic development. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000021 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interatrial+septum+secundum atrial septum primum . UBERON:0004157 uberon . GO:0003289 atrial septum secundum . UBERON:0004158 uberon . GO:0003290 atrial septum intermedium . UBERON:0004159 uberon . GO:0003291 proepicardium An outpouching of the septum transversum[GO]. An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium[Wiktionary] UBERON:0004160 uberon An outpouching of the septum transversum[GO]. An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium[Wiktionary] GO:0003342 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proepicardium septum transversum A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. EHDAA2:0001829 EHDAA:736 EMAPA:16318 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] Note that in EHDAA2 this is divided into mesenchymal portion and hepatic diverticulum SCTID:308819008 UBERON:0004161 UMLS:C0231004 VHOG:0000019 ncithesaurus:Septum_Transversum transverse septum uberon UBERON:cjm transverse septum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000019 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. VHOG:0000019 Wikipedia:Septum_transversum 2012-09-17 A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000019 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transverse+septum pulmonary myocardium The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein UBERON:0004162 uberon GO:0003350 The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein anterior ectodermal midgut UBERON:0004163 portions of the midgut that are derived from ectoderm. uberon GO:0007441 portions of the midgut that are derived from ectoderm. branchiomeric muscle Note: Kardong uses this term in a different way, including trapezius and mastoid groups The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish[GO]. UBERON:0004164 branchiomeric skeletal muscle uberon PMID:21610022 GO:0014707 The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish[GO]. Wikipedia:Branchiomeric_musculature GO:0014707 branchiomeric skeletal muscle superior reticular formation . UBERON:0004166 check ZFA structures superior reticular formation medial column & tegmentum uberon GO . GO:0021729 GO_REF:0000021 orbitofrontal cortex EFO:0001990 FMA:242003 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1049 UBERON:0004167 fronto-orbital cortex note that this is a gyrus in FMA orbital frontal cortex orbito-frontal cortex the region of the cerebral cortex covering the basal surface of the frontal lobes; this region normally controls emotion and decision making uberon MP GO:0021769 MGI:csmith MP:0004170 the region of the cerebral cortex covering the basal surface of the frontal lobes; this region normally controls emotion and decision making GO MP DHB:OFC NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1049 orbital frontal cortex spinal cord ventral commissure FMA:77035 SCTID:424149007 UBERON:0004170 UMLS:C1520137 anterior commissure anterior white commissure anterior white commissure of spinal cord commissura alba anterior medullae spinalis, alba anterior medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray664.png ncithesaurus:White_Commissure spinal cord anterior commissure the band of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord ventral to the central canal and posterior grey commissure[MP]. The anterior (or ventral) white commissure, also known as the alba anterior medullae spinalis, is a bundle of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord just anterior to the gray commissure. A N4 fibers and C fibers carrying pain sensation in the spinothalamic tract contribute to this commissure, as do fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract, which carry motor signals from the primary motor cortex[WP]. uberon ventral spinal commissure ventral white column ventral white commissure of spinal cord white commissure FMA MP:0009695 ventral white column MP:0009695 white commissure MP:0009695 anterior commissure FMA:77035 anterior white commissure of spinal cord GO:0021965 MP:0009695 Wikipedia:Anterior_white_commissure the band of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord ventral to the central canal and posterior grey commissure[MP]. The anterior (or ventral) white commissure, also known as the alba anterior medullae spinalis, is a bundle of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord just anterior to the gray commissure. A N4 fibers and C fibers carrying pain sensation in the spinothalamic tract contribute to this commissure, as do fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract, which carry motor signals from the primary motor cortex[WP]. Wikipedia:Anterior_white_commissure commissura alba anterior medullae spinalis, alba anterior medullae spinalis MP:0009695 ventral spinal commissure FMA:77035 ventral white commissure of spinal cord MP:0009695 spinal cord anterior commissure MP:0009695 anterior white commissure trigeminothalamic tract FMA:83852 UBERON:0004171 the trigeminothalamic tract is one of the major routes of nociceptive and temperature signaling from the face uberon GO:0021974 the trigeminothalamic tract is one of the major routes of nociceptive and temperature signaling from the face pons reticulospinal tract SCTID:362404001 UBERON:0004172 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord. uberon GO:0021975 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord. medulla reticulospinal tract FMA:73989 UBERON:0004173 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the medulla towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. medullary reticulospinal tract uberon GO:0021976 axon tract that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the medulla towards target cells in the spinal cord[GO]. FMA:73989 medullary reticulospinal tract leg joint Joint in the leg. For example the knee, which separates the leg tibia and femur Originally created for consistenct with GO, obsoleted when the GO class was obsoleted as the meaning was unclear UBERON:0003657 UBERON:0004174 joint of leg joint of lower limb true uberon OBOL:automatic joint of leg GO:0035111 Joint in the leg. For example the knee, which separates the leg tibia and femur OBOL:automatic joint of lower limb internal genitalia FMA:45652 The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals UBERON:0004175 internal genitalia internal genitals internal reproductive organ internal sex organ uberon GO:0035260 The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals external genitalia FMA:45643 SCTID:362207005 The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals UBERON:0004176 external genitalia external reproductive organ external sex organ uberon GO:0035261 The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals hemopoietic organ BTO:0004605 FMA:7143 Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. SCTID:361338006 UBERON:0004177 haematological system organ haemopoietic system organ hematopoeitic or lymphoid organ hematopoietic system organ lymphoid organ note that the FMA class 'lymphoid organ' is a general anatomical term organ of haematological system organ of haemopoietic system organ of hematopoietic system organ of organa haemopoietica organa haemopoietica organ uberon BTO:0004605 FMA:7143 lymphoid organ OBOL:automatic organ of hematopoietic system OBOL:automatic organ of haemopoietic system OBOL:automatic haemopoietic system organ OBOL:automatic organ of organa haemopoietica OBOL:automatic organ of haematological system GOC:Obol Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. OBOL:automatic haematological system organ OBOL:automatic hematopoietic system organ OBOL:automatic organa haemopoietica organ aorta smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an aorta [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001685 EFO:0002775 MA:0000702 UBERON:0004178 UMLS:C1706825 adult aorta involuntary muscle adult aorta non-striated muscle adult aorta smooth muscle adult aorta smooth muscle tissue aorta involuntary muscle aorta non-striated muscle aorta smooth muscle aortic smooth muscle dorsal aorta involuntary muscle dorsal aorta non-striated muscle dorsal aorta smooth muscle dorsal aorta smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of adult aorta involuntary muscle of aorta involuntary muscle of dorsal aorta involuntary muscle of trunk of aortic tree ncithesaurus:Aorta_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of adult aorta non-striated muscle of aorta non-striated muscle of dorsal aorta non-striated muscle of trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle of adult aorta smooth muscle of aorta smooth muscle of dorsal aorta smooth muscle of trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle tissue of adult aorta smooth muscle tissue of aorta smooth muscle tissue of dorsal aorta smooth muscle tissue of trunk of aortic tree trunk of aortic tree involuntary muscle trunk of aortic tree non-striated muscle trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle tissue uberon OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of adult aorta OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of adult aorta OBOL:automatic aorta smooth muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of adult aorta A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an aorta [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic aorta non-striated muscle BTO:0001685 aortic smooth muscle OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta smooth muscle OBOL:automatic adult aorta smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic aorta involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic adult aorta involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of aorta OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of aorta OBOL:automatic adult aorta smooth muscle prostate glandular acinus A saclike structure of the prostate gland, comprised of at least three cell layers: an innermost layer of secretory columnar luminal epithelium, a middle layer of squamous basal epithelium that also contains neuroendocrine cells, transit amplifying cells, and stem cells, and an outer layer of smooth muscle intermixed with other stromal cells Concurrent with branching morphogenesis, the solid cords of epithelium formed by budding arborize and differentiate postnatally into glandular acin. The basic prostate architecture is established by puberty and acquires secretory function thereafter[PMID:18977204] FMA:66808 UBERON:0004179 prostatic acinus prostatic follicle uberon FMA:66808 prostatic follicle A saclike structure of the prostate gland, comprised of at least three cell layers: an innermost layer of secretory columnar luminal epithelium, a middle layer of squamous basal epithelium that also contains neuroendocrine cells, transit amplifying cells, and stem cells, and an outer layer of smooth muscle intermixed with other stromal cells GO:0060525 PMID:18977204 FMA PMID:18977204 GO FMA:66808 prostatic acinus mammary gland fat MA:0002911 The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts UBERON:0004180 adipose tissue of lactiferous gland adipose tissue of mammary gland fat tissue of lactiferous gland fat tissue of lobe of breast fat tissue of lobe of mammary gland fat tissue of mammary gland fatty tissue of lactiferous gland fatty tissue of lobe of breast fatty tissue of lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland adipose tissue lactiferous gland fat tissue lactiferous gland fatty tissue lobe of breast adipose tissue lobe of breast fat tissue lobe of breast fatty tissue lobe of mammary gland adipose tissue lobe of mammary gland fat tissue lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue mammary gland adipose tissue mammary gland fat tissue mammary gland fatty tissue uberon GO:0060611 The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland adipose tissue OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic fat tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland adipose tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast adipose tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland fat tissue OBOL:automatic fat tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic fat tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue OBOL:automatic mammary gland adipose tissue OBOL:automatic fat tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland fat tissue OBOL:automatic lobe of breast fatty tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic mammary gland fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast fat tissue OBOL:automatic mammary gland fat tissue mammary gland cord Mammary gland cords form when the mammary gland bud invades the mammary fat TODO - mammary placode UBERON:0004182 uberon GO:0060652 Mammary gland cords form when the mammary gland bud invades the mammary fat labyrinthine layer blood vessel The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply UBERON:0004183 blood vessel of labyrinthine layer blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel of placenta labyrinth labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel placenta labyrinth blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic placenta labyrinth blood vessel OBOL:automatic labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of labyrinthine layer OBOL:automatic blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta GO:0060716 The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply OBOL:automatic blood vessel of placenta labyrinth prostate gland stroma FMA:45719 MA:0002912 TODO - check also FMA Stroma of glandular part of prostate The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland UBERON:0004184 UBERON:0005084 UMLS:C1521760 ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Stroma prostate stroma prostatic stroma stroma of glandular part of prostate stroma of prostate stroma of prostate gland uberon OBOL:automatic prostate stroma GO:0060741 The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland OBOL:automatic stroma of prostate OBOL:automatic stroma of prostate gland FMA:45719 prostatic stroma FMA:74349 OBOL:automatic stroma of glandular part of prostate endodermal gut A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. UBERON:0004185 uberon A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. GO:0061031 olfactory bulb mitral cell layer BTO:0001108 MA:0000973 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100201 The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer UBERON:0004186 mitral cell body layer mitral cell layer note that NIF divides this into main and accessory olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100201 mitral cell body layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100201 olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer GO:0061034 The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer BTO:0001108 mitral cell layer Harderian gland BTO:0000557 EMAPA:19153 GAID:1219 Hardarian gland Harder's gland MA:0001247 MESH:A13.445 SCTID:41474005 The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species[GO]. An accessory lacrimal gland on the inner side of the orbit in reptiles and birds but usually degenerate in mammals[BTO]. UBERON:0004187 UMLS:C0018597 gland of Hardarian ncithesaurus:Harderian_Gland uberon GO:0070384 The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species[GO]. An accessory lacrimal gland on the inner side of the orbit in reptiles and birds but usually degenerate in mammals[BTO]. Wikipedia:Harderian_gland BTO glomerular epithelium BTO:0001515 MA:0002847 TODO - check - GO says outer, BTO says inner. Make this a superclass The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. UBERON:0004188 epithelium of glomerulus epithelium of kidney glomerulus epithelium of renal glomerulus glomerular epithelial cell kidney glomerular epithelium uberon GO:0072010 The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. MA:0002847 kidney glomerular epithelium BTO:0001515 glomerular epithelial cell glomerular endothelium BTO:0004631 The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus UBERON:0004189 endothelium of renal glomerulus renal glomerulus endothelium uberon OBOL:automatic endothelium of renal glomerulus GO:0072011 The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus endothelium glomerulus vasculature The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus UBERON:0004190 renal glomerulus vascular network renal glomerulus vasculature uberon vascular network of renal glomerulus vasculature of renal glomerulus OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus vascular network OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus vasculature OBOL:automatic vascular network of renal glomerulus OBOL:automatic vasculature of renal glomerulus GO:0072012 The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus loop of Henle ascending limb thin segment A sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney that is permeable to ions but not to water EMAPA:28328 EMAPA:28361 FMA:17720 MA:0001678 UBERON:0004193 ascending limb thin segment of loop of Henle ascending thin limb check relationship to distal tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png pars ascendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin ascending limb thin ascending limb of loop of Henle uberon A sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney that is permeable to ions but not to water GO:0072021 Wikipedia:Thin_ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle FMA:17720 pars ascendens (tubulus attenuatus) FMA:17720 ascending thin limb EMAPA:28328 thin ascending limb long nephron Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend to the inner medulla UBERON:0004194 UMLS:C1517630 juxtamedullary nephron ncithesaurus:Juxtamedullary_Nephron uberon GO:0072029 Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend to the inner medulla GO:0072029 http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3031362&group_id=36855&atid=440764 juxtamedullary nephron short nephron Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical glomeruli, and have no short ascending limb, so the limb is situated in the outer medulla UBERON:0004195 uberon GO:0072030 Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical glomeruli, and have no short ascending limb, so the limb is situated in the outer medulla proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 EMAPA:29657 MA:0002612 S1 S1 portion of renal tubule S1 portion of tubule The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. UBERON:0004196 UBERON:0006432 proximal tubule segment 1 segment 1 of proximal tubule uberon GO:0072031 S1 MA:0002612 proximal tubule segment 1 GO GO:0072031 The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3298740&group_id=36855 EMAPA:29657 segment 1 of proximal tubule proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 EMAPA:29659 MA:0002613 S2 S2 portion of renal tubule S2 portion of tubule The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride[GO]. UBERON:0004197 UBERON:0006433 proximal tubule segment 2 segment 2 of proximal tubule uberon GO:0072032 The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride[GO]. GO:0072032 S2 GO MA:0002613 proximal tubule segment 2 EMAPA:29659 segment 2 of proximal tubule comma-shaped body EMAPA:27681 EMAPA:27835 The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron UBERON:0004198 ZFA:0005588 uberon GO:0072049 The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron ZFA cjm S-shaped body EMAPA:27756 EMAPA:27853 TODO The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron UBERON:0004199 ZFA:0005589 stage II nephron uberon http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Renal_vesicle.html stage II nephron GO:0072050 The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron cjm GO kidney pyramid BTO:0003926 FMA:258870 Kidney pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. One of a number of pyramidal masses seen on longitudinal section of the kidney; collectively, they constitute the renal medulla, and contain part of the secreting tubules and the collecting tubules[BTO]. Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids) are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney. The renal medulla is made up of 8 to 18 of these conical subdivisions. The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, or papilla, points internally. The pyramids appear striped because they are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001654 SCTID:361328001 UBERON:0002449 UBERON:0004200 UBERON:0005098 UMLS:C0227629 UMLS:C1514613 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png malphigian pyramid malpighian pyramid medullary pyramid ncithesaurus:Pyramid_of_Malpighi ncithesaurus:Renal_Pyramid not the same as FMA:50609 Pyramid (which is a volume / dimensional entity) pyramid pyramid of Malphigi pyramides renales pyramis renalis renal pyramid uberon BTO:0003926 pyramis renalis BTO:0003926 malphigian pyramid GO:0072056 pyramid Wikipedia:Renal_pyramids pyramides renales Wikipedia:Renal_pyramids malpighian pyramid ncithesaurus:Pyramid_of_Malpighi pyramid of Malphigi BTO:0003926 GO:0072056 Kidney pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. One of a number of pyramidal masses seen on longitudinal section of the kidney; collectively, they constitute the renal medulla, and contain part of the secreting tubules and the collecting tubules[BTO]. Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids) are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney. The renal medulla is made up of 8 to 18 of these conical subdivisions. The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex, or papilla, points internally. The pyramids appear striped because they are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Renal_pyramids Wikipedia:Renal_pyramids renal pyramid kidney outer medulla inner stripe EMAPA:29675 FMA:76663 MA:0002626 The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thick and thin portions of nephron tubules UBERON:0004201 inner stripe inner stripe of medulla of kidney inner stripe of outer medulla inner stripe of renal medulla outer medulla inner stripe stria interna medullae renalis uberon GO:0072057 inner stripe EMAPA:29675 inner stripe of outer medulla FMA:76663 inner stripe of renal medulla FMA:76663 FMA:TA stria interna medullae renalis GO:0072057 The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thick and thin portions of nephron tubules FMA:76663 inner stripe of medulla of kidney MA:0002626 outer medulla inner stripe kidney outer medulla outer stripe EMAPA:29663 FMA:76662 MA:0002629 The outer stripe is the region of the kidney that lies distal to the line of termination of the straight renal tubules UBERON:0004202 outer medulla outer stripe outer stripe outer stripe of medulla of kidney outer stripe of outer medulla outer stripe of renal medulla stria externa medullae renalis uberon MA:0002629 outer medulla outer stripe FMA:76662 outer stripe of medulla of kidney FMA:76662 FMA:TA stria externa medullae renalis FMA:76662 outer stripe of renal medulla GO:0072058 The outer stripe is the region of the kidney that lies distal to the line of termination of the straight renal tubules EMAPA:29663 outer stripe of outer medulla GO:0072058 outer stripe cortical collecting duct BTO:0002643 EMAPA:28130 The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex UBERON:0004203 uberon GO:0072059 The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex outer medullary collecting duct EMAPA:28346 The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla UBERON:0004204 uberon GO:0072060 The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla inner medullary collecting duct BTO:0004544 EMAPA:28370 The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla UBERON:0004205 uberon GO:0072061 The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla long descending thin limb bend The long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment UBERON:0004206 uberon GO:0072065 The long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment prebend segment The prebend segment is a part of the descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits robust sodium chloride reabsorption UBERON:0004207 uberon GO:0072066 The prebend segment is a part of the descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits robust sodium chloride reabsorption GO nephrogenic mesenchyme Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron The detailed events associated with the differentiation of the nephrogenic mesenchyme are somewhat complex. It has been suggested that each terminal branch of the ureteric bud stimulates the associated cap mesenchyme tissue to form a renal vesicle (the most primitive stage of nephron development: a stage I nephron). This then elongates, becomes a comma-shaped and then an S-shaped body (stage II nephron), and makes contact with and fuses with the distal component of the ureteric bud. The latter then forms the collecting duct. One fold of the S-shaped body gives rise to Bowman’s capsule (also termed the glomerular capsule). Soon afterwards, endothelial cells invade to make a capillary knot-like outgrowth, the glomerular tuft, which goes on to form the glomerulus. The inner epithelial layer of the Bowman’s capsule (also called the visceral epithelium, or podocyte layer because it consists of podocytes) is closely apposed to the endothelial glomerulus. Together, the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus comprise the definitive renal corpuscle. The rest of the nephron elongates to form components of the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal tubule. The distal pole of the developing nephron connects to the ureteric bud that induced it at an early stage of nephron/ collecting duct development, before differentiation of the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle and the distal tubule are complete. This connection allows the excretory products produced by the kidney to be removed and subsequently transferred, via the ureter, into the bladder where they are stored until it is appropriate to empty the bladder. [http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron] UBERON:0004208 mesenchyme of nephron nephron mesenchyme uberon OBOL:automatic nephron mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of nephron GO:0072076 Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron renal vesicle Editor notes: note that this class includes both metanephric and mesonephric vesicles - ZFA and EHDAA2 associations are placed with these classes. TODO - make a more specific develops_from relationship - see UBERON:0005107 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. UBERON:0004209 stage I nephron uberon GO:0072077 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. ZFA:0005586 http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Renal_vesicle.html stage I nephron EHDAA2 nephron epithelium The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron UBERON:0004211 epithelial tissue of nephron epithelium of nephron nephron epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nephron GO:0072088 The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron OBOL:automatic epithelium of nephron OBOL:automatic nephron epithelial tissue glomerular capillary A capillary that is part of a renal glomerulus [Automatically generated definition]. Capillary that is part of the renal glomerulus. Glomerular capillary endothelial membranes in zebrafish normally have a fenestrated morphology that is visible at the ultrastructural level.[TAO] EMAPA:28245 MA:0002587 SCTID:362049007 TAO:0005284 UBERON:0004212 UMLS:C0226356 ZFA:0005284 blood capillary of renal glomerulus capillary of renal glomerulus capillary vessel of renal glomerulus glomerular capillaries glomerular capillary system ncithesaurus:Glomerular_Capillary renal glomerulus blood capillary renal glomerulus capillary renal glomerulus capillary vessel uberon OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus capillary vessel OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus capillary MA:0002587 glomerular capillary system 2012-08-14 Capillary that is part of the renal glomerulus. Glomerular capillary endothelial membranes in zebrafish normally have a fenestrated morphology that is visible at the ultrastructural level.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005284 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-000824-1 ZFIN:curator OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus blood capillary OBOL:automatic capillary of renal glomerulus reference_0000032 A capillary that is part of a renal glomerulus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic glomerular capillaries OBOL:automatic blood capillary of renal glomerulus OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of renal glomerulus upper leg nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000685 Proximal segment of free lower limb nerve UBERON:0004214 hind limb stylopod nerve hindlimb stylopod nerve inferior member stylopod nerve lower extremity stylopod nerve nerve of Proximal segment of free lower limb nerve of hind limb stylopod nerve of hindlimb stylopod nerve of inferior member stylopod nerve of lower extremity stylopod nerve of stylopod of hind limb nerve of stylopod of hindlimb nerve of stylopod of inferior member nerve of stylopod of lower extremity nerve of stylopod of lower limb nerve of thigh nerve of upper leg stylopod of hind limb nerve stylopod of hindlimb nerve stylopod of inferior member nerve stylopod of lower extremity nerve stylopod of lower limb nerve thigh nerve uberon OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic thigh nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic nerve of upper leg OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of thigh back nerve A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000497 UBERON:0004215 nerve of back uberon A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of back lower arm nerve A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000601 UBERON:0004216 antebrachial region nerve arm middle limb segment nerve arm zeugopod nerve brachial region middle limb segment nerve brachial region zeugopod nerve intermediate segment of free upper limb nerve lower segment of arm nerve middle limb segment of arm nerve middle limb segment of brachial region nerve middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve nerve of antebrachial region nerve of arm middle limb segment nerve of arm zeugopod nerve of brachial region middle limb segment nerve of brachial region zeugopod nerve of intermediate segment of free upper limb nerve of lower arm nerve of lower segment of arm nerve of middle limb segment of arm nerve of middle limb segment of brachial region nerve of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod nerve of zeugopod of arm nerve of zeugopod of brachial region nerve of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment nerve proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod nerve uberon zeugopod of arm nerve zeugopod of brachial region nerve zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of lower arm OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic antebrachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm nerve OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of antebrachial region A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic nerve of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm nerve OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic nerve of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of arm upper arm nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000607 Proximal segment of free upper limb nerve UBERON:0004217 arm stylopod nerve brachial region stylopod nerve nerve of Proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of arm stylopod nerve of brachial region stylopod nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod nerve of stylopod of arm nerve of stylopod of brachial region nerve of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve of upper arm proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod nerve stylopod of arm nerve stylopod of brachial region nerve stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve uberon OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic nerve of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic arm stylopod nerve OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of upper arm OBOL:automatic nerve of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod lower leg nerve A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000679 UBERON:0004218 hind limb middle limb segment nerve hind limb zeugopod nerve hindlimb middle limb segment nerve hindlimb zeugopod nerve inferior member middle limb segment nerve inferior member zeugopod nerve intermediate segment of free lower limb nerve lower extremity middle limb segment nerve lower extremity zeugopod nerve middle limb segment of hind limb nerve middle limb segment of hindlimb nerve middle limb segment of inferior member nerve middle limb segment of lower extremity nerve nerve of hind limb middle limb segment nerve of hind limb zeugopod nerve of hindlimb middle limb segment nerve of hindlimb zeugopod nerve of inferior member middle limb segment nerve of inferior member zeugopod nerve of intermediate segment of free lower limb nerve of lower extremity middle limb segment nerve of lower extremity zeugopod nerve of lower leg nerve of middle limb segment of hind limb nerve of middle limb segment of hindlimb nerve of middle limb segment of inferior member nerve of middle limb segment of lower extremity nerve of zeugopod of hind limb nerve of zeugopod of hindlimb nerve of zeugopod of inferior member nerve of zeugopod of leg nerve of zeugopod of lower extremity uberon zeugopod of hind limb nerve zeugopod of hindlimb nerve zeugopod of inferior member nerve zeugopod of leg nerve zeugopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment nerve A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic nerve of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity nerve OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic nerve of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic nerve of lower leg OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic nerve of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb nerve OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod nerve OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of hindlimb middle limb segment urethra smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001691 UBERON:0004219 involuntary muscle of urethra non-striated muscle of urethra smooth muscle of urethra smooth muscle tissue of urethra uberon urethra involuntary muscle urethra non-striated muscle urethra smooth muscle tissue urethral smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urethra A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001691 urethral smooth muscle OBOL:automatic urethra smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic urethra non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urethra large intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA:0001547 UBERON:0004220 involuntary muscle of large intestine large intestine involuntary muscle large intestine non-striated muscle large intestine smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of large intestine smooth muscle of large intestine smooth muscle tissue of large intestine uberon OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of large intestine A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic large intestine involuntary muscle MA OBOL:automatic large intestine non-striated muscle consider merging OBOL:automatic large intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of large intestine intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000643 MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA:0001539 UBERON:0004221 UMLS:C1708547 bowel involuntary muscle bowel non-striated muscle bowel smooth muscle bowel smooth muscle tissue intestinal smooth muscle intestine involuntary muscle intestine non-striated muscle intestine smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bowel involuntary muscle of intestine ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of bowel non-striated muscle of intestine smooth muscle of bowel smooth muscle of intestine smooth muscle tissue of bowel smooth muscle tissue of intestine uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic consider merging OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bowel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bowel BTO:0000643 intestinal smooth muscle OBOL:automatic intestine non-striated muscle stomach smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001818 MA:0001627 UBERON:0004222 gastric muscle gastric smooth muscle involuntary muscle of stomach involuntary muscle of ventriculus non-striated muscle of stomach non-striated muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle of stomach smooth muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle tissue of stomach smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus stomach involuntary muscle stomach muscle stomach non-striated muscle stomach smooth muscle tissue uberon ventriculus involuntary muscle ventriculus non-striated muscle ventriculus smooth muscle ventriculus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic stomach smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic stomach non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of ventriculus BTO:0001818 gastric muscle MA:0001627 gastric smooth muscle OBOL:automatic stomach involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus BTO:0001818 stomach muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of stomach A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic ventriculus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of stomach vagina smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004999 MA:0001733 UBERON:0004223 involuntary muscle of vagina non-striated muscle of vagina smooth muscle of vagina smooth muscle tissue of vagina uberon vagina involuntary muscle vagina non-striated muscle vagina smooth muscle vagina smooth muscle tissue vaginal smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of vagina OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of vagina BTO:0004999 vagina smooth muscle OBOL:automatic vagina smooth muscle tissue BTO:0004999 vaginal smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vagina non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of vagina vas deferens smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29270 FMA:19239 MA:0001750 SCTID:299705008 UBERON:0004224 muscle layer of deferent duct muscle layer of ductus deferens muscle layer of vas deferens muscular coat of ductus deferens muscular layer of ductus deferens muscularis of vas deferens todo - check MA and FMA classes mean the same thing tunica muscularis (Ductus deferens) tunica muscularis ductus deferentis uberon FMA:19239 muscle layer of vas deferens FMA:19239 muscle layer of deferent duct FMA:19239 muscularis of vas deferens A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:19239 muscular layer of ductus deferens FMA:19239 muscle layer of ductus deferens FMA:19239 tunica muscularis (Ductus deferens) FMA:19239 FMA:TA tunica muscularis ductus deferentis FMA:19239 muscular coat of ductus deferens respiratory system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001660 MA:0001830 UBERON:0004225 airway smooth muscle apparatus respiratorius involuntary muscle apparatus respiratorius non-striated muscle apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of apparatus respiratorius involuntary muscle of respiratory system non-striated muscle of apparatus respiratorius non-striated muscle of respiratory system respiratory smooth muscle respiratory system involuntary muscle respiratory system non-striated muscle respiratory system smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle of respiratory system smooth muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle tissue of respiratory system uberon BTO:0001660 respiratory smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle tissue BTO:0001660 airway smooth muscle OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic respiratory system involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of respiratory system gastrointestinal system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001523 UBERON:0004226 digestive system involuntary muscle digestive system non-striated muscle digestive system smooth muscle digestive system smooth muscle tissue gastrointestinal system involuntary muscle gastrointestinal system non-striated muscle gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of digestive system involuntary muscle of gastrointestinal system non-striated muscle of digestive system non-striated muscle of gastrointestinal system smooth muscle of digestive system smooth muscle of gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue of digestive system smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system uberon OBOL:automatic digestive system non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic digestive system involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of digestive system A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of digestive system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic digestive system smooth muscle OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of digestive system OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic digestive system smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of digestive system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gastrointestinal system kidney pelvis smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:262022 MA:0002631 UBERON:0004227 involuntary muscle of kidney pelvis involuntary muscle of pelvis of ureter involuntary muscle of renal pelvis kidney pelvis involuntary muscle kidney pelvis non-striated muscle kidney pelvis smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of kidney pelvis non-striated muscle of pelvis of ureter non-striated muscle of renal pelvis pelvis of ureter involuntary muscle pelvis of ureter non-striated muscle pelvis of ureter smooth muscle pelvis of ureter smooth muscle tissue renal pelvis involuntary muscle renal pelvis non-striated muscle renal pelvis smooth muscle renal pelvis smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of kidney pelvis smooth muscle of pelvis of ureter smooth muscle of renal pelvis smooth muscle tissue of kidney pelvis smooth muscle tissue of pelvis of ureter smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis uberon OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic renal pelvis smooth muscle OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis involuntary muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter smooth muscle OBOL:automatic renal pelvis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of kidney pelvis urinary bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001849 MA:0001697 UBERON:0004228 bladder involuntary muscle bladder non-striated muscle bladder smooth muscle bladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle of bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder uberon urinary bladder involuntary muscle urinary bladder muscle urinary bladder non-striated muscle urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bladder A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder involuntary muscle MA:0001697 urinary bladder muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue MA:0001700 UBERON:0004229 deep trigone involuntary muscle deep trigone non-striated muscle deep trigone smooth muscle deep trigone smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle of deep trigone involuntary muscle of trigone of bladder involuntary muscle of trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle of vesical trigone non-striated muscle of Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle of deep trigone non-striated muscle of trigone of bladder non-striated muscle of trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle of deep trigone smooth muscle of trigone of bladder smooth muscle of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue of deep trigone smooth muscle tissue of trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue of vesical trigone trigone of bladder involuntary muscle trigone of bladder non-striated muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue uberon urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle urinary bladder trigone muscle urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue vesical trigone involuntary muscle vesical trigone non-striated muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of Lieutaud's trigone OBOL:automatic deep trigone smooth muscle OBOL:automatic deep trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of deep trigone OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic vesical trigone smooth muscle OBOL:automatic vesical trigone non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of trigone of bladder Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of Lieutaud's trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of trigone of bladder Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of Lieutaud's trigone OBOL:automatic vesical trigone involuntary muscle MA:0001700 urinary bladder trigone muscle Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of deep trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic deep trigone involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of deep trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of Lieutaud's trigone OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of deep trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic deep trigone non-striated muscle urinary bladder neck smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:67990 MA:0001699 UBERON:0004230 bladder neck involuntary muscle bladder neck non-striated muscle bladder neck smooth muscle bladder neck smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder neck involuntary muscle of neck of bladder involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle of vesical neck neck of bladder involuntary muscle neck of bladder non-striated muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of bladder neck non-striated muscle of neck of bladder non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle of bladder neck smooth muscle of neck of bladder smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck trigonal muscle of urinary bladder uberon urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle urinary bladder neck muscle urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue vesical neck involuntary muscle vesical neck non-striated muscle vesical neck smooth muscle vesical neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic bladder neck smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of vesical neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck smooth muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue FMA:67990 trigonal muscle of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue MA:0001699 urinary bladder neck muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic neck of bladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bladder neck non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic neck of bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bladder neck OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic bladder neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic vesical neck smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle anal region smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001532 UBERON:0004231 anal part of perineum involuntary muscle anal part of perineum non-striated muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue anal region involuntary muscle anal region non-striated muscle anal region smooth muscle tissue anal triangle involuntary muscle anal triangle non-striated muscle anal triangle smooth muscle anal triangle smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum involuntary muscle of anal region involuntary muscle of anal triangle non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum non-striated muscle of anal region non-striated muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle of anal part of perineum smooth muscle of anal region smooth muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue of anal region smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle uberon OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal region OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic anal triangle involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anal region involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic anal region non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic anal region smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal region lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000751 UBERON:0004232 UMLS:C1708791 involuntary muscle of lymph vessel involuntary muscle of lymphatic vessel lymph vessel involuntary muscle lymph vessel non-striated muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue lymphatic vessel involuntary muscle lymphatic vessel non-striated muscle lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Vessel_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of lymph vessel non-striated muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle of lymph vessel smooth muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel uberon OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lymph vessel OBOL:automatic lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic lymph vessel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic lymph vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic lymphatic vessel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lymphatic vessel A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lymphatic vessel lower respiratory tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002410 UBERON:0004233 involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract uberon OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue iris smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000655 MA:0001270 UBERON:0004234 involuntary muscle of iris iris involuntary muscle iris non-striated muscle iris smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of iris smooth muscle of iris smooth muscle tissue of iris uberon OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of iris OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of iris OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of iris OBOL:automatic iris non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of iris A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic iris smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic iris involuntary muscle mammary gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lactiferous gland [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000795 UBERON:0004235 involuntary muscle of lactiferous gland involuntary muscle of lobe of breast involuntary muscle of lobe of mammary gland involuntary muscle of mammary gland lactiferous gland involuntary muscle lactiferous gland non-striated muscle lactiferous gland smooth muscle lactiferous gland smooth muscle tissue lobe of breast involuntary muscle lobe of breast non-striated muscle lobe of breast smooth muscle lobe of breast smooth muscle tissue lobe of mammary gland involuntary muscle lobe of mammary gland non-striated muscle lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue mammary gland involuntary muscle mammary gland non-striated muscle mammary gland smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lactiferous gland non-striated muscle of lobe of breast non-striated muscle of lobe of mammary gland non-striated muscle of mammary gland smooth muscle of lactiferous gland smooth muscle of lobe of breast smooth muscle of lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue of lactiferous gland smooth muscle tissue of lobe of breast smooth muscle tissue of lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue of mammary gland uberon OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic lobe of breast smooth muscle OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of mammary gland OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of mammary gland OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lobe of mammary gland A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lactiferous gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mammary gland smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of mammary gland OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of breast smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic mammary gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland smooth muscle OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lobe of mammary gland OBOL:automatic lobe of breast non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lactiferous gland OBOL:automatic lactiferous gland smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic mammary gland non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lobe of breast OBOL:automatic lobe of mammary gland non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lobe of mammary gland arteriole smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000706 UBERON:0004236 uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel smooth muscle BTO:0001431 CALOHA:TS-1107 Function notes: Vascular smooth muscle contracts or relaxes to both change the volume of blood vessels and the local blood pressure, a mechanism that is responsible for the redistribution of the blood within the body to areas where it is needed (i.e. areas with temporarily enhanced oxygen consumption). Thus the main function of vascular smooth muscle tonus is to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body. Excessive vasoconstriction leads to hypertension, while excessive vasodilation as in shock leads to hypotension. MA:0000710 MESH:A02.633.570.491 TAO:0005321 UBERON:0004237 UBERON:0010508 UMLS:C1519956 ZFA:0005321 blood vessel involuntary muscle blood vessel non-striated muscle blood vessel smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of blood vessel ncithesaurus:Vascular_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. smooth muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel uberon vascular smooth muscle vascular smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic blood vessel involuntary muscle Wikipedia:Vascular_smooth_muscle smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of blood vessel ZFA:0005321 vascular smooth muscle OBOL:automatic blood vessel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of blood vessel spleen smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000757 UBERON:0004238 involuntary muscle of spleen non-striated muscle of spleen smooth muscle of spleen smooth muscle tissue of spleen spleen involuntary muscle spleen non-striated muscle spleen smooth muscle tissue uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of spleen OBOL:automatic spleen involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic spleen smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of spleen OBOL:automatic spleen non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of spleen OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of spleen small intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA:0001559 UBERON:0004239 involuntary muscle of small bowel involuntary muscle of small intestine non-striated muscle of small bowel non-striated muscle of small intestine small bowel involuntary muscle small bowel non-striated muscle small bowel smooth muscle small bowel smooth muscle tissue small intestine involuntary muscle small intestine non-striated muscle small intestine smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of small bowel smooth muscle of small intestine smooth muscle tissue of small bowel smooth muscle tissue of small intestine uberon OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic small intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of small bowel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic small intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic small bowel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of small bowel consider merging OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of small intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of small intestine OBOL:automatic small bowel non-striated muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of small bowel OBOL:automatic small bowel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic small intestine involuntary muscle gall bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001635 UBERON:0004240 UMLS:C1708179 biliary smooth muscle gall bladder involuntary muscle gall bladder non-striated muscle gall bladder smooth muscle tissue gallbladder involuntary muscle gallbladder non-striated muscle gallbladder smooth muscle gallbladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of gall bladder involuntary muscle of gallbladder ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of gall bladder non-striated muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle of gall bladder smooth muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder uberon OBOL:automatic gall bladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder smooth muscle tissue MA:0001635 biliary smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic gallbladder smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gall bladder smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gallbladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gall bladder OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gallbladder A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gall bladder involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic gallbladder involuntary muscle main bronchus smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001848 UBERON:0004241 bronchus principalis involuntary muscle bronchus principalis non-striated muscle bronchus principalis smooth muscle bronchus principalis smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bronchus principalis involuntary muscle of main bronchus involuntary muscle of primary bronchus involuntary muscle of principal bronchus main bronchus involuntary muscle main bronchus non-striated muscle main bronchus smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of bronchus principalis non-striated muscle of main bronchus non-striated muscle of primary bronchus non-striated muscle of principal bronchus primary bronchus involuntary muscle primary bronchus non-striated muscle primary bronchus smooth muscle primary bronchus smooth muscle tissue principal bronchus involuntary muscle principal bronchus non-striated muscle principal bronchus smooth muscle principal bronchus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of bronchus principalis smooth muscle of main bronchus smooth muscle of primary bronchus smooth muscle of principal bronchus smooth muscle tissue of bronchus principalis smooth muscle tissue of main bronchus smooth muscle tissue of primary bronchus smooth muscle tissue of principal bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of main bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic main bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic principal bronchus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of main bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis smooth muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of main bronchus OBOL:automatic primary bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of primary bronchus A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic primary bronchus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic principal bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic primary bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of main bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic principal bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic main bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of principal bronchus bronchus smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001840 UBERON:0004242 UMLS:C1707055 bronchi involuntary muscle bronchi non-striated muscle bronchi smooth muscle bronchi smooth muscle tissue bronchial trunk involuntary muscle bronchial trunk non-striated muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue bronchus involuntary muscle bronchus non-striated muscle bronchus smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bronchi involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk involuntary muscle of bronchus ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue non-striated muscle of bronchi non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk non-striated muscle of bronchus smooth muscle of bronchi smooth muscle of bronchial trunk smooth muscle of bronchus smooth muscle tissue of bronchi smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue of bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic bronchi non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bronchi involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bronchus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bronchi smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bronchus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchi A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bronchus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchi smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bronchus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk involuntary muscle prostate gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003159 FMA:74245 MA:0001741 UBERON:0004243 involuntary muscle of prostate involuntary muscle of prostate gland muscular tissue of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate gland prostate gland involuntary muscle prostate gland non-striated muscle prostate gland smooth muscle tissue prostate involuntary muscle prostate non-striated muscle prostate smooth muscle prostate smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of prostate smooth muscle of prostate gland smooth muscle tissue of prostate smooth muscle tissue of prostate gland substantia muscularis prostatae uberon OBOL:automatic prostate smooth muscle tissue FMA:74245 FMA:TA substantia muscularis prostatae OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of prostate OBOL:automatic prostate gland involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic prostate involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of prostate gland OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of prostate gland OBOL:automatic prostate non-striated muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of prostate OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of prostate gland OBOL:automatic prostate gland non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of prostate gland FMA:74245 muscular tissue of prostate OBOL:automatic prostate smooth muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of prostate OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of prostate OBOL:automatic prostate gland smooth muscle tissue oviduct smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001721 UBERON:0004245 fallopian tube involuntary muscle fallopian tube non-striated muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of fallopian tube non-striated muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube uberon OBOL:automatic fallopian tube non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic fallopian tube involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue outflow tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000492 UBERON:0004246 involuntary muscle of outflow tract non-striated muscle of outflow tract outflow tract involuntary muscle outflow tract non-striated muscle outflow tract smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of outflow tract smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic outflow tract involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic outflow tract non-striated muscle back bone A bone that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000494 UBERON:0004247 back bone organ bone of back bone organ of back uberon OBOL:automatic back bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of back OBOL:automatic bone organ of back A bone that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pedal digit bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. MA:0000646 UBERON:0004248 bone of digit of foot bone of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone of digitus pedis bone of foot digit bone of terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone of toe bone organ of digit of foot bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone organ of digitus pedis bone organ of foot digit bone organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone organ of toe digit of foot bone digit of foot bone organ digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone organ digital bone of foot digitus pedis bone digitus pedis bone organ foot digit bone foot digit bone foot digit bone organ hind limb digit bone terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone organ toe bone toe bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit bone OBOL:automatic digitus pedis bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of foot OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone OBOL:accepted hind limb digit bone OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone OBOL:automatic digit of foot bone OBOL:automatic bone of digit of foot OBOL:automatic toe bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic digit of foot bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of terminal segment of free lower limb digit OBOL:automatic bone organ of digitus pedis OBOL:automatic bone organ of foot digit OBOL:automatic bone of toe OBOL:automatic foot digit bone organ OBOL:automatic toe bone OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free lower limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free lower limb digit bone organ OBOL:automatic digitus pedis bone OBOL:automatic bone of digitus pedis MA:0000646 foot digit bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of toe OBOL:automatic bone of foot digit A bone that is part of a hindlimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. UBERON:cjm manual digit bone A bone that is part of a forelimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. MA:0000622 UBERON:0004249 bone of digit of hand bone of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone of digitus manus bone of finger bone of hand digit bone of terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone organ of digit of hand bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone organ of digitus manus bone organ of finger bone organ of hand digit bone organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of hand bone digit of hand bone organ digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone organ digital bone of hand digitus manus bone digitus manus bone organ finger bone finger bone organ fore limb digit bone hand digit bone hand digit bone hand digit bone organ terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone organ uberon OBOL:automatic bone of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of hand OBOL:automatic bone of finger OBOL:automatic bone of digitus manus OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone organ OBOL:automatic terminal segment of free upper limb digit bone OBOL:automatic finger bone OBOL:automatic bone of digit of hand OBOL:automatic finger bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:automatic bone organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit OBOL:accepted fore limb digit bone OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone organ NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit bone OBOL:automatic digit of hand bone organ OBOL:automatic digitus manus bone OBOL:automatic digit of terminal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of digitus manus OBOL:automatic bone organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic digit of hand bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of finger OBOL:automatic hand digit bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of hand digit A bone that is part of a forelimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. UBERON:cjm OBOL:automatic bone of hand digit OBOL:automatic digitus manus bone organ MA:0000622 hand digit bone upper arm bone A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000604 Proximal segment of free upper limb bone Proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ UBERON:0004250 arm stylopod bone arm stylopod bone organ bone of Proximal segment of free upper limb bone of arm stylopod bone of brachial region stylopod bone of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone of stylopod of arm bone of stylopod of brachial region bone of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone of upper arm bone organ of Proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of arm stylopod bone organ of brachial region stylopod bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone organ of stylopod of arm bone organ of stylopod of brachial region bone organ of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ of upper arm brachial region stylopod bone brachial region stylopod bone organ proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone organ stylopod of arm bone stylopod of arm bone organ stylopod of brachial region bone stylopod of brachial region bone organ stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ uberon upper arm bone organ OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic upper arm bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region bone OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm bone organ OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of upper arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic bone organ of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic bone organ of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm bone OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod bone OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of upper arm OBOL:automatic arm stylopod bone OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb bone OBOL:automatic arm stylopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod bone organ OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic bone of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic bone of arm stylopod hindlimb zeugopod bone A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000676 UBERON:0004251 bone of hind limb middle limb segment bone of hind limb zeugopod bone of hindlimb middle limb segment bone of hindlimb zeugopod bone of inferior member middle limb segment bone of inferior member zeugopod bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone of lower extremity middle limb segment bone of lower extremity zeugopod bone of lower leg bone of middle limb segment of hind limb bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone of middle limb segment of inferior member bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone of zeugopod of hind limb bone of zeugopod of hindlimb bone of zeugopod of inferior member bone of zeugopod of leg bone of zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment bone organ of hind limb zeugopod bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment bone organ of inferior member zeugopod bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod bone organ of lower leg bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member bone organ of zeugopod of leg bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity hind limb middle limb segment bone hind limb middle limb segment bone organ hind limb zeugopod bone hind limb zeugopod bone organ hindlimb middle limb segment bone hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ hindlimb zeugopod bone hindlimb zeugopod bone organ inferior member middle limb segment bone inferior member middle limb segment bone organ inferior member zeugopod bone inferior member zeugopod bone organ intermediate segment of free lower limb bone intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ lower extremity middle limb segment bone lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ lower extremity zeugopod bone lower extremity zeugopod bone organ lower leg bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ middle limb segment of hindlimb bone middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ middle limb segment of inferior member bone middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ middle limb segment of lower extremity bone middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ uberon zeugopod of hind limb bone zeugopod of hind limb bone organ zeugopod of hindlimb bone zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ zeugopod of inferior member bone zeugopod of inferior member bone organ zeugopod of leg bone zeugopod of leg bone organ zeugopod of lower extremity bone zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb bone OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone of lower leg OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb bone OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg bone OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity MA:0000676 lower leg bone OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member bone OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic bone organ of lower leg OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod bone organ OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member bone OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment bone organ OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment bone OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic bone of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity bone OBOL:automatic bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic bone of middle limb segment of hind limb hindlimb stylopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001367 FMA:22470 MA:0000684 SCTID:245013005 UBERON:0000374 UBERON:0004252 muscle of thigh thigh muscle uberon upper leg muscle FMA:22470 thigh muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000684 upper leg muscle FMA:22470 muscle of thigh skin muscle A muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18187 Editor notes: review as part of general integumentary system review - part of skin, or more generally, integumental system MA:0002710 UBERON:0004253 muscle of integumental system muscle organ of skin skin muscle organ uberon OBOL:automatic skin muscle organ A muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:18187 muscle of integumental system OBOL:automatic muscle organ of skin forelimb zeugopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37371 MA:0000600 SCTID:181631004 UBERON:0004254 forearm muscle lower arm muscle muscle of forearm uberon wing zeugopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing zeugopod muscle MA:0000600 lower arm muscle FMA:37371 muscle of forearm FMA:37371 forearm muscle forelimb stylopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition]. Editor notes: the FMA class "muscle of arm" belongs here, do not move. See notes on UBERON:0001460 for possible terminological confusion over term 'arm' FMA:37370 MA:0000606 SCTID:244979005 UBERON:0004255 muscle of arm muscle of upper arm uberon upper arm muscle wing stylopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing stylopod muscle FMA:37370 muscle of arm MA:0000606 upper arm muscle MA:0000606 muscle of upper arm hindlimb zeugopod muscle A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition]. Editor notes: the FMA class "muscle of leg" belongs here, do not move. See notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible terminological confusion over term 'leg' FMA:22471 MA:0000678 SCTID:265806001 UBERON:0004256 calf muscle lower leg muscle muscle of leg uberon A muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000678 lower leg muscle FMA:22471 muscle of leg OBOL:automatic calf muscle upper leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000681 UBERON:0004257 blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb blood vessel of thigh blood vessel of upper leg hind limb stylopod blood vessel hindlimb stylopod blood vessel thigh blood vessel uberon OBOL:automatic blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod blood vessel OBOL:automatic thigh blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of upper leg OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thigh OBOL:automatic blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod blood vessel back blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000493 UBERON:0004258 blood vessel of back uberon A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic blood vessel of back lower arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000597 UBERON:0004259 forelimb zeugopod blood vessel uberon A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm forelimb zeugopod blood vessel upper arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000603 UBERON:0004260 forelimb stylopod blood vessel uberon A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm forelimb stylopod blood vessel lower leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000675 UBERON:0004261 hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel uberon A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel upper leg skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18159 FMA:37790 MA:0000686 Proximal segment of free lower limb skin SCTID:181547006 UBERON:0004262 hind limb stylopod skin hindlimb stylopod skin inferior member stylopod skin lower extremity stylopod skin skin of Proximal segment of free lower limb skin of hind limb stylopod skin of hindlimb stylopod skin of inferior member stylopod skin of lower extremity stylopod skin of stylopod of hind limb skin of stylopod of hindlimb skin of stylopod of inferior member skin of stylopod of lower extremity skin of stylopod of lower limb skin of thigh skin of upper leg stylopod of hind limb skin stylopod of hindlimb skin stylopod of inferior member skin stylopod of lower extremity skin stylopod of lower limb skin thigh skin uberon OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of Proximal segment of free lower limb A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic skin of upper leg OBOL:automatic thigh skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member skin OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod skin OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of thigh OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb skin upper arm skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18062 MA:0000608 Proximal segment of free upper limb skin SCTID:181531009 UBERON:0004263 arm stylopod skin brachial region stylopod skin proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod skin skin of Proximal segment of free upper limb skin of arm stylopod skin of brachial region stylopod skin of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod skin of stylopod of arm skin of stylopod of brachial region skin of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin of upper arm stylopod of arm skin stylopod of brachial region skin stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin uberon OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm skin OBOL:automatic skin of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region skin OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod skin OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic skin of arm stylopod A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic arm stylopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of upper arm lower leg skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18156 MA:0000680 SCTID:244180007 UBERON:0004264 hind limb middle limb segment skin hind limb zeugopod skin hindlimb middle limb segment skin hindlimb zeugopod skin inferior member middle limb segment skin inferior member zeugopod skin intermediate segment of free lower limb skin lower extremity middle limb segment skin lower extremity zeugopod skin middle limb segment of hind limb skin middle limb segment of hindlimb skin middle limb segment of inferior member skin middle limb segment of lower extremity skin skin of hind limb middle limb segment skin of hind limb zeugopod skin of hindlimb middle limb segment skin of hindlimb zeugopod skin of inferior member middle limb segment skin of inferior member zeugopod skin of intermediate segment of free lower limb skin of lower extremity middle limb segment skin of lower extremity zeugopod skin of lower leg skin of middle limb segment of hind limb skin of middle limb segment of hindlimb skin of middle limb segment of inferior member skin of middle limb segment of lower extremity skin of zeugopod of hind limb skin of zeugopod of hindlimb skin of zeugopod of inferior member skin of zeugopod of leg skin of zeugopod of lower extremity uberon zeugopod of hind limb skin zeugopod of hindlimb skin zeugopod of inferior member skin zeugopod of leg skin zeugopod of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member skin OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb skin OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod skin OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member skin OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb skin OBOL:automatic skin of lower leg OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic skin of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic skin of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic skin of inferior member middle limb segment A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skin of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg skin OBOL:automatic skin of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity skin OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb skin OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb skin OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment skin OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb skin outflow tract myocardium (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001358 MA:0000489 UBERON:0004265 VHOG:0000603 cardiac muscle of outflow tract heart muscle of outflow tract heart myocardium of outflow tract muscle of heart of outflow tract myocardium of outflow tract outflow tract cardiac muscle outflow tract heart muscle outflow tract heart myocardium outflow tract muscle of heart uberon OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart muscle A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic outflow tract cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of outflow tract OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart myocardium OBOL:automatic heart muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic myocardium of outflow tract (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 PMID:9187138 Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997) VHOG VHOG:0000603 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:automatic outflow tract muscle of heart upper leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000683 Proximal segment of free lower limb connective tissue Proximal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue Proximal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus UBERON:0004266 connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb connective tissue of hind limb stylopod connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod connective tissue of inferior member stylopod connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb connective tissue of thigh connective tissue of upper leg hind limb stylopod connective tissue hind limb stylopod portion of connective tissue hind limb stylopod textus connectivus hindlimb stylopod connective tissue hindlimb stylopod portion of connective tissue hindlimb stylopod textus connectivus inferior member stylopod connective tissue inferior member stylopod portion of connective tissue inferior member stylopod textus connectivus lower extremity stylopod connective tissue lower extremity stylopod portion of connective tissue lower extremity stylopod textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue of hind limb stylopod portion of connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod portion of connective tissue of inferior member stylopod portion of connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb portion of connective tissue of thigh portion of connective tissue of upper leg stylopod of hind limb connective tissue stylopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue stylopod of hind limb textus connectivus stylopod of hindlimb connective tissue stylopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue stylopod of hindlimb textus connectivus stylopod of inferior member connective tissue stylopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue stylopod of inferior member textus connectivus stylopod of lower extremity connective tissue stylopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue stylopod of lower extremity textus connectivus stylopod of lower limb connective tissue stylopod of lower limb portion of connective tissue stylopod of lower limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus of hind limb stylopod textus connectivus of hindlimb stylopod textus connectivus of inferior member stylopod textus connectivus of lower extremity stylopod textus connectivus of stylopod of hind limb textus connectivus of stylopod of hindlimb textus connectivus of stylopod of inferior member textus connectivus of stylopod of lower extremity textus connectivus of stylopod of lower limb textus connectivus of thigh textus connectivus of upper leg thigh connective tissue thigh portion of connective tissue thigh textus connectivus uberon upper leg portion of connective tissue upper leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb stylopod A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic thigh portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic thigh textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of upper leg OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of upper leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic upper leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic thigh connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of lower limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thigh OBOL:automatic stylopod of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic upper leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thigh OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of upper leg OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thigh OBOL:automatic stylopod of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower extremity stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of Proximal segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic stylopod of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic hind limb stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of inferior member back connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000495 UBERON:0004267 back portion of connective tissue back textus connectivus connective tissue of back portion of connective tissue of back textus connectivus of back uberon OBOL:automatic back portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of back OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of back OBOL:automatic connective tissue of back OBOL:automatic back textus connectivus lower arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000599 UBERON:0004268 antebrachial region connective tissue antebrachial region portion of connective tissue antebrachial region textus connectivus arm middle limb segment connective tissue arm middle limb segment portion of connective tissue arm middle limb segment textus connectivus arm zeugopod connective tissue arm zeugopod portion of connective tissue arm zeugopod textus connectivus brachial region middle limb segment connective tissue brachial region middle limb segment portion of connective tissue brachial region middle limb segment textus connectivus brachial region zeugopod connective tissue brachial region zeugopod portion of connective tissue brachial region zeugopod textus connectivus connective tissue of antebrachial region connective tissue of arm middle limb segment connective tissue of arm zeugopod connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb connective tissue of lower arm connective tissue of lower segment of arm connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod connective tissue of zeugopod of arm connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb intermediate segment of free upper limb connective tissue intermediate segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue intermediate segment of free upper limb textus connectivus lower arm portion of connective tissue lower arm textus connectivus lower segment of arm connective tissue lower segment of arm portion of connective tissue lower segment of arm textus connectivus middle limb segment of arm connective tissue middle limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of arm textus connectivus middle limb segment of brachial region connective tissue middle limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of antebrachial region portion of connective tissue of arm middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of arm zeugopod portion of connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of lower arm portion of connective tissue of lower segment of arm portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of arm portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment textus connectivus proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod textus connectivus textus connectivus of antebrachial region textus connectivus of arm middle limb segment textus connectivus of arm zeugopod textus connectivus of brachial region middle limb segment textus connectivus of brachial region zeugopod textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of lower arm textus connectivus of lower segment of arm textus connectivus of middle limb segment of arm textus connectivus of middle limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod textus connectivus of zeugopod of arm textus connectivus of zeugopod of brachial region textus connectivus of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb uberon zeugopod of arm connective tissue zeugopod of arm portion of connective tissue zeugopod of arm textus connectivus zeugopod of brachial region connective tissue zeugopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue zeugopod of brachial region textus connectivus zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic lower arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic zeugopod of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic antebrachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic lower arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic antebrachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of intermediate segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of arm OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region middle limb segment OBOL:automatic brachial region zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower segment of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of antebrachial region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic antebrachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower arm OBOL:automatic arm middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic arm zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of arm OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of brachial region connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm zeugopod OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of brachial region OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower segment of arm OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region zeugopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb upper arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000605 Proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue Proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue Proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus UBERON:0004269 arm stylopod connective tissue arm stylopod portion of connective tissue arm stylopod textus connectivus brachial region stylopod connective tissue brachial region stylopod portion of connective tissue brachial region stylopod textus connectivus connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of arm stylopod connective tissue of brachial region stylopod connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod connective tissue of stylopod of arm connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue of upper arm portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of arm stylopod portion of connective tissue of brachial region stylopod portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod portion of connective tissue of stylopod of arm portion of connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue of upper arm proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod portion of connective tissue proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod textus connectivus stylopod of arm connective tissue stylopod of arm portion of connective tissue stylopod of arm textus connectivus stylopod of brachial region connective tissue stylopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue stylopod of brachial region textus connectivus stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of arm stylopod textus connectivus of brachial region stylopod textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod textus connectivus of stylopod of arm textus connectivus of stylopod of brachial region textus connectivus of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus of upper arm uberon upper arm portion of connective tissue upper arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic upper arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic brachial region stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of upper arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic arm stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of Proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic arm stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of arm stylopod OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic upper arm textus connectivus OBOL:automatic arm stylopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic stylopod of brachial region portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of arm OBOL:automatic Proximal segment of free upper limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of proximal segment of free upper limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of brachial region stylopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of upper arm OBOL:automatic stylopod of arm connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of upper arm OBOL:automatic connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region OBOL:automatic proximal segment of free upper limb stylopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of stylopod of brachial region lower leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000677 UBERON:0004270 connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod connective tissue of lower leg connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member connective tissue of zeugopod of leg connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity hind limb middle limb segment connective tissue hind limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue hind limb middle limb segment textus connectivus hind limb zeugopod connective tissue hind limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue hind limb zeugopod textus connectivus hindlimb middle limb segment connective tissue hindlimb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue hindlimb middle limb segment textus connectivus hindlimb zeugopod connective tissue hindlimb zeugopod portion of connective tissue hindlimb zeugopod textus connectivus inferior member middle limb segment connective tissue inferior member middle limb segment portion of connective tissue inferior member middle limb segment textus connectivus inferior member zeugopod connective tissue inferior member zeugopod portion of connective tissue inferior member zeugopod textus connectivus intermediate segment of free lower limb connective tissue intermediate segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue intermediate segment of free lower limb textus connectivus lower extremity middle limb segment connective tissue lower extremity middle limb segment portion of connective tissue lower extremity middle limb segment textus connectivus lower extremity zeugopod connective tissue lower extremity zeugopod portion of connective tissue lower extremity zeugopod textus connectivus lower leg portion of connective tissue lower leg textus connectivus middle limb segment of hind limb connective tissue middle limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus middle limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue middle limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus middle limb segment of inferior member connective tissue middle limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus middle limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue middle limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue middle limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod portion of connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment portion of connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod portion of connective tissue of lower leg portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of leg portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity textus connectivus of hind limb middle limb segment textus connectivus of hind limb zeugopod textus connectivus of hindlimb middle limb segment textus connectivus of hindlimb zeugopod textus connectivus of inferior member middle limb segment textus connectivus of inferior member zeugopod textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free lower limb textus connectivus of lower extremity middle limb segment textus connectivus of lower extremity zeugopod textus connectivus of lower leg textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus of middle limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus of middle limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus of zeugopod of hind limb textus connectivus of zeugopod of hindlimb textus connectivus of zeugopod of inferior member textus connectivus of zeugopod of leg textus connectivus of zeugopod of lower extremity uberon zeugopod of hind limb connective tissue zeugopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue zeugopod of hind limb textus connectivus zeugopod of hindlimb connective tissue zeugopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue zeugopod of hindlimb textus connectivus zeugopod of inferior member connective tissue zeugopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue zeugopod of inferior member textus connectivus zeugopod of leg connective tissue zeugopod of leg portion of connective tissue zeugopod of leg textus connectivus zeugopod of lower extremity connective tissue zeugopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue zeugopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower leg OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of inferior member middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower leg OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of inferior member OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of inferior member OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of lower extremity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb zeugopod OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of inferior member zeugopod OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of intermediate segment of free lower limb OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member zeugopod portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of leg OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hind limb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hind limb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower leg OBOL:automatic connective tissue of lower extremity zeugopod OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of hindlimb middle limb segment OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower extremity middle limb segment OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic inferior member middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb zeugopod textus connectivus OBOL:automatic lower extremity middle limb segment portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic zeugopod of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of lower extremity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic zeugopod of leg textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of lower extremity OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb textus connectivus OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of inferior member textus connectivus OBOL:automatic intermediate segment of free lower limb portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of middle limb segment of hindlimb OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of middle limb segment of hind limb OBOL:automatic connective tissue of zeugopod of hindlimb OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of hind limb zeugopod OBOL:automatic lower extremity zeugopod connective tissue OBOL:automatic hind limb middle limb segment connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of zeugopod of hind limb OBOL:automatic middle limb segment of hindlimb connective tissue OBOL:automatic hindlimb middle limb segment textus connectivus outflow tract pericardium A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000491 UBERON:0004271 pericardium of outflow tract uberon A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic pericardium of outflow tract cartilaginous joint suture A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001498 UBERON:0004273 articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium cartilaginous joint cranial suture cartilaginous joint cranial sutures cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set cartilaginous joint cranium suture cartilaginous joint suture of cranium cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture of cartilaginous joint suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint uberon OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial suture OBOL:automatic cranial suture of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial sutures OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint suture of cranium OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranium suture OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture OBOL:automatic cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium OBOL:automatic cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture OBOL:automatic suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set OBOL:automatic cranium suture of cartilaginous joint OBOL:automatic cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea OBOL:automatic cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004450 FMA:242815 MA:0000962 UBERON:0004274 UMLS:C1711323 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_Epithelium_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle uberon OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle third ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a third ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:242821 MA:0000880 UBERON:0004275 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of third ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of third ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of third ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of third ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of third ventricle third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium third ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue third ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere third ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus third ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere third ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus uberon OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of third ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle OBOL:automatic third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic third ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of third ventricle A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a third ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic third ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelium of third ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of third ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of third ventricle OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue of third ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelium of choroid plexus of third ventricle OBOL:automatic third ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:242823 MA:0000984 UBERON:0004276 UMLS:C1707392 chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus ncithesaurus:Choroid_Plexus_Epithelium_of_the_Fourth_Ventricle uberon A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic epithelium of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic choroid plexus epithelium of fourth ventricle OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle eye muscle A muscle that is part of the eye region. AAO:0000156 MA:0000271 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngx4rwKSh9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvYA8cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UBERON:0004277 uberon A muscle that is part of the eye region. OBOL:automatic MA skeleton AEO:0000168 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO] EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0001843 EHDAA:5047 FMA:23875 GAID:177 MA:0003006 MAT:0000032 MESH:A02.835 MIAA:0000032 Note that the source FMA definition has been modified here to include cartilage skeletons. We may wish to introduce subclasses for bony/cartilage skeletons. OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361378004 UBERON:0004288 VSAO:0000026 XAO:0004053 all the bones and/or cartilage elements in the body. Together with the articular system, this comprises the skeletal system. galen:Skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000025 set of all bones set of bones of body skeletal uberon 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 VSAO VSAO:0000026 FMA:23875 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Skeleton all the bones and/or cartilage elements in the body. Together with the articular system, this comprises the skeletal system. radula BTO:0001506 The first bona fide radula dates to the Early Cambrian,[3] although trace fossils from the earlier Ediacaran have been suggested to have been made by the radula of the organism Kimberella.[WP] UBERON:0004289 an anatomical structure found in mollusks and used for feeding. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon. It is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. The radula is unique to the molluscs, and is found in all classes of mollusks except for the bivalves. uberon Wikipedia:Radula an anatomical structure found in mollusks and used for feeding. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon. It is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. The radula is unique to the molluscs, and is found in all classes of mollusks except for the bivalves. dermomyotome AAO:0010572 AEO:0000214 EHDAA2:0003259 Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis.[TAO] Portion of somites that gives rise to dermis and muscles.[AAO] TAO:0001513 The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004290 UMLS:C1511786 VHOG:0000676 ZFA:0001513 dermamyotome dermomyotomes ncithesaurus:Dermomyotome uberon EHDAA2 2012-08-14 Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001513 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010572 AAO:EJS Portion of somites that gives rise to dermis and muscles.[AAO] VHOG:0000676 dermomyotomes VHOG:0000676 dermamyotome 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006) Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000676 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768 AEO:0000214 The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. EHDAA2 ZFA heart rudiment TAO:0000115 The migrating myocardial precursors of the heart rudiment form a cone like structure between 19.5hpf and 22hpf, and eventually telescope out into the primitive heart tube at 24hpf. Stainier 2001.[TAO] UBERON:0004291 ZFA:0000115 a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. heart cone rudimentary heart uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000115 The migrating myocardial precursors of the heart rudiment form a cone like structure between 19.5hpf and 22hpf, and eventually telescope out into the primitive heart tube at 24hpf. Stainier 2001.[TAO] ZFIN:curator ZFA ZFA:0000115 rudimentary heart GO:0003313 a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. GO:0003313 heart cone cardiac skeleton FMA:9496 UBERON:0004292 a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart[GO]. structure of dense connective tissue in the heart that separates the atria from the ventricles. It is not a true skeleton, but it does provide structure and support for the heart, as well as isolating the atria from the ventricles. This allows the AV node and AV bundle to delay the wave of depolarisation such that the atria can contract and assist in ventricular filling before the ventricles themselves depolarise and contract (the AV bundle is the only part of the conduction system that passes from the atria to the ventricles in a normal heart). It also allows the valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar) to keep open by giving them structural support. anulus fibrosus dexter cordis anulus fibrosus sinister cordis cardiac fibrous skeleton fibrous skeleton of heart heart fibrous skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gray495.png skeleton of heart trigona fibrosa trigonum fibrosum dextrum cordis trigonum fibrosum sinistrum cordis uberon Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart[GO]. structure of dense connective tissue in the heart that separates the atria from the ventricles. It is not a true skeleton, but it does provide structure and support for the heart, as well as isolating the atria from the ventricles. This allows the AV node and AV bundle to delay the wave of depolarisation such that the atria can contract and assist in ventricular filling before the ventricles themselves depolarise and contract (the AV bundle is the only part of the conduction system that passes from the atria to the ventricles in a normal heart). It also allows the valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar) to keep open by giving them structural support. Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton anulus fibrosus sinister cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigona fibrosa FMA:9496 skeleton of heart Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigonum fibrosum sinistrum cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigonum fibrosum dextrum cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton anulus fibrosus dexter cordis parasympathetic nerve A nerve that is part of a parasympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001401 EMAPA:17271 MA:0000224 SCTID:276146002 UBERON:0004293 VHOG:0000641 nerve of parasympathetic nervous system uberon NBK10065 A nerve that is part of a parasympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NBK10065 OBOL:automatic nerve of parasympathetic nervous system glomerular capillary endothelium An endothelium that is part of a glomerular capillary. MA:0001658 SCTID:243993006 UBERON:0004294 UMLS:C0227647 ncithesaurus:Endothelium_of_the_Glomerular_Capillary renal glomerulus capillary endothelium uberon OBOL:automatic renal glomerulus capillary endothelium An endothelium that is part of a glomerular capillary. OBOL:automatic sympathetic nerve trunk A nerve trunk that is part of a sympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001970 EMAPA:16986 MA:0000227 UBERON:0004295 nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk uberon A nerve trunk that is part of a sympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system respiratory system lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001826 UBERON:0004296 smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system uberon A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001806 UBERON:0004297 smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system uberon OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal phalanx AAO:0010676 MA:0002914 Phalanx distalis SCTID:299711006 Taxon notes: In human anatomy, the distal phalanges of the four fingers and toes articulate proximally with the intermediate phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP); in the thumb and big toe, with only two phalanges, the distal phalanges articulate proximally with the proximal phalanges. The distal phalanges carry and shape nails and claws and are therefore occasionally referred to as the ungual phalanges. The distal phalanges are cone-shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans. AO notes: Terminal phalanx located at the tip of the digits. UBERON:0004300 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg/200px-Scheme_human_hand_bones-en.svg.png phalanx distalis terminal phalanx uberon ungual phalanx Phalanx distalis Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges phalanx distalis Terminal phalanx located at the tip of the digits. Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges AAO:0010676 terminal phalanx http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=67679 ungual phalanx middle phalanx A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges[CJM]. Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin[WP]. AAO:0010677 MA:0002915 SCTID:299710007 Taxon notes: in some groups such as whales, there are multiple intermediate phalanges. Editors note: consider using numbering system, and axioms to the effect that there is a single middle phalanx per finger in humans. This should perhaps be renamed 'intermediate phalanx', leaving the term middle phalanx open for the specific intermediate phalanx of a 3-phalanx digit UBERON:0004301 intermediate phalanx medial phalanx penultimate phalanx uberon A phalanx located between proximal and distal phalanges[CJM]. Intermediate phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin[WP]. Wikipedia:Intermediate_phalanges AAO:0010677 penultimate phalanx proximal phalanx 1 AAO:0010680 MA:0002916 Proximal-most phalanx within a digit[CJM]. Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone)[WP]. SCTID:299708005 UBERON:0004302 phalanx 1 phalanx I proximal-most phalanx uberon Proximal-most phalanx within a digit[CJM]. Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles. In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ('finger' bone)[WP]. Wikipedia:Proximal_phalanges AAO:0010680 proximal-most phalanx distal phalanx of manual digit 2 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx 2nd finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23946 SCTID:361784003 UBERON:0004311 distal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx of 2nd finger distal phalanx of index finger distal phalanx of second digit of hand distal phalanx of second finger hand digit 2 distal phalanx second distal phalanx of hand second finger distal phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd finger 2nd finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic second finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand FMA:23946 distal phalanx of index finger FMA:23946 distal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:23946 second distal phalanx of hand A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of manual digit 3 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx 3rd finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23947 SCTID:361786001 UBERON:0004312 distal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx of 3rd finger distal phalanx of middle finger distal phalanx of third digit of hand distal phalanx of third finger hand digit 3 distal phalanx third distal phalanx of hand third finger distal phalanx uberon A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd finger 3rd digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23947 distal phalanx of middle finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand 3rd finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23947 distal phalanx of third digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 distal phalanx FMA:23947 third distal phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic third finger distal phalanx distal phalanx of manual digit 4 4th digit of hand distal phalanx 4th finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23948 SCTID:361788000 UBERON:0004313 distal phalanx of 4th digit of hand distal phalanx of 4th finger distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand distal phalanx of fourth finger distal phalanx of ring finger fourth distal phalanx of hand fourth finger distal phalanx hand digit 4 distal phalanx uberon FMA:23948 distal phalanx of ring finger OBOL:automatic fourth finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th digit of hand A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23948 fourth distal phalanx of hand FMA:23948 distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand 4th finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic 4th digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th finger distal phalanx of manual digit 5 5th digit of hand distal phalanx 5th finger distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23949 SCTID:361790004 UBERON:0004314 distal phalanx of 5th digit of hand distal phalanx of 5th finger distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand distal phalanx of fifth finger distal phalanx of little finger fifth distal phalanx of hand fifth finger distal phalanx hand digit 5 distal phalanx uberon OBOL:automatic fifth finger distal phalanx FMA:23949 distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th finger FMA:23949 fifth distal phalanx of hand 5th finger distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 distal phalanx FMA:23949 distal phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of fifth finger 5th digit of hand distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of pedal digit 1 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32627 SCTID:361799003 UBERON:0004315 distal phalanx of big toe distal phalanx of first digit of foot distal phalanx of foot digit 1 distal phalanx of great toe distal phalanx of hallux first distal phalanx of foot foot digit 1 distal phalanx hallux distal phalanx uberon FMA:32627 distal phalanx of great toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32627 distal phalanx of first digit of foot FMA:32627 distal phalanx of big toe OBOL:automatic hallux distal phalanx FMA:32627 first distal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 1 distal phalanx of pedal digit 2 2nd toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32628 SCTID:361801000 UBERON:0004316 distal phalanx of 2nd toe distal phalanx of foot digit 2 distal phalanx of second digit of foot distal phalanx of second toe foot digit 2 distal phalanx second distal phalanx of foot uberon A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32628 distal phalanx of second digit of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 distal phalanx FMA:32628 distal phalanx of second toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 2 FMA:32628 second distal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 2nd toe distal phalanx of pedal digit 3 3rd toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32629 SCTID:361803002 UBERON:0004317 distal phalanx of 3rd toe distal phalanx of foot digit 3 distal phalanx of third digit of foot distal phalanx of third toe foot digit 3 distal phalanx third distal phalanx of foot uberon OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 3rd toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 3 A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 distal phalanx FMA:32629 third distal phalanx of foot FMA:32629 distal phalanx of third toe FMA:32629 distal phalanx of third digit of foot distal phalanx of pedal digit 4 4th toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32630 SCTID:361805009 UBERON:0004318 distal phalanx of 4th toe distal phalanx of foot digit 4 distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot distal phalanx of fourth toe foot digit 4 distal phalanx fourth distal phalanx of foot uberon 4th toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32630 fourth distal phalanx of foot FMA:32630 distal phalanx of fourth digit of foot A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32630 distal phalanx of fourth toe OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 4 distal phalanx of pedal digit 5 5th toe distal phalanx A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32631 SCTID:10770001 SCTID:244674003 UBERON:0004319 distal phalanx of 5th toe distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot distal phalanx of fifth toe distal phalanx of foot digit 5 distal phalanx of little toe fifth distal phalanx of foot foot digit 5 distal phalanx uberon A distal phalanx that is part of a foot digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32631 distal phalanx of fifth digit of foot OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of 5th toe FMA:32631 distal phalanx of little toe FMA:32631 distal phalanx of fifth toe FMA:32631 fifth distal phalanx of foot 5th toe distal phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of manual digit 2 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx 2nd finger intermediate phalanx 2nd finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23933 SCTID:263407002 UBERON:0004320 hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx hand digit 2 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 2nd finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx of second finger middle phalanx of 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx of 2nd finger middle phalanx of index finger middle phalanx of second digit of hand middle phalanx of second finger second finger intermediate phalanx second finger middle phalanx second middle phalanx of hand uberon 2nd finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23933 middle phalanx of second digit of hand 2nd digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic second finger middle phalanx FMA:23933 middle phalanx of index finger FMA:23933 second middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 intermediate phalanx 2nd finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 2 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of second finger OBOL:automatic second finger intermediate phalanx 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd digit of hand middle phalanx of manual digit 3 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx 3rd finger intermediate phalanx 3rd finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23934 SCTID:263408007 UBERON:0004321 hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx hand digit 3 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 3rd finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx of third finger middle phalanx of 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx of 3rd finger middle phalanx of middle finger middle phalanx of third digit of hand middle phalanx of third finger third finger intermediate phalanx third finger middle phalanx third middle phalanx of hand uberon FMA:23934 third middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic third finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 middle phalanx 3rd finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 intermediate phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of middle finger OBOL:automatic third finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 3 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of third finger 3rd digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic 3rd digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23934 middle phalanx of third digit of hand 3rd finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of manual digit 4 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx 4th digit of hand middle phalanx 4th finger intermediate phalanx 4th finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23935 SCTID:263409004 UBERON:0004322 fourth finger intermediate phalanx fourth finger middle phalanx fourth middle phalanx of hand hand digit 4 intermediate phalanx hand digit 4 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 4th finger intermediate phalanx of fourth finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 4 middle phalanx of 4th digit of hand middle phalanx of 4th finger middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand middle phalanx of fourth finger middle phalanx of ring finger uberon FMA:23935 fourth middle phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 4 OBOL:automatic fourth finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of fourth finger 4th finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th finger 4th digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23935 middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand 4th finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 intermediate phalanx 4th digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of ring finger OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic fourth finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 middle phalanx middle phalanx of manual digit 5 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx 5th digit of hand middle phalanx 5th finger intermediate phalanx 5th finger middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23936 SCTID:263410009 UBERON:0004323 fifth finger intermediate phalanx fifth finger middle phalanx fifth middle phalanx of hand hand digit 5 intermediate phalanx hand digit 5 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx of 5th finger intermediate phalanx of fifth finger intermediate phalanx of hand digit 5 middle phalanx of 5th digit of hand middle phalanx of 5th finger middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand middle phalanx of fifth finger middle phalanx of little finger uberon FMA:23936 fifth middle phalanx of hand 5th finger middle phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of hand digit 5 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fifth finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of fifth finger 5th digit of hand middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th finger OBOL:automatic fifth finger intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th finger OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 5th digit of hand intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23936 middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand OBOL:automatic fifth finger middle phalanx middle phalanx of pedal digit 2 2nd toe intermediate phalanx 2nd toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32623 SCTID:182152006 UBERON:0004324 foot digit 2 intermediate phalanx foot digit 2 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 2nd toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 2 middle phalanx of 2nd toe middle phalanx of foot digit 2 middle phalanx of second digit of foot middle phalanx of second toe second middle phalanx of foot uberon OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 middle phalanx FMA:32623 middle phalanx of second digit of foot OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 2nd toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 2 2nd toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 2 FMA:32623 middle phalanx of second toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 2nd toe 2nd toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32623 second middle phalanx of foot A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of pedal digit 3 3rd toe intermediate phalanx 3rd toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32624 SCTID:182154007 UBERON:0004325 foot digit 3 intermediate phalanx foot digit 3 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 3rd toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 3 middle phalanx of 3rd toe middle phalanx of foot digit 3 middle phalanx of third digit of foot middle phalanx of third toe third middle phalanx of foot uberon FMA:32624 middle phalanx of third digit of foot OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 3 3rd toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 3rd toe 3rd toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32624 middle phalanx of third toe FMA:32624 third middle phalanx of foot A middle phalanx that is part of a foot digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 3rd toe middle phalanx of pedal digit 4 4th toe intermediate phalanx 4th toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32625 SCTID:182156009 UBERON:0004326 foot digit 4 intermediate phalanx foot digit 4 middle phalanx fourth middle phalanx of foot intermediate phalanx of 4th toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 4 middle phalanx of 4th toe middle phalanx of foot digit 4 middle phalanx of fourth digit of foot middle phalanx of fourth toe uberon OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of fourth toe FMA:32625 fourth middle phalanx of foot FMA:32625 middle phalanx of fourth digit of foot OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 4 A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 4 4th toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 4th toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 intermediate phalanx 4th toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of pedal digit 5 5th toe intermediate phalanx 5th toe middle phalanx A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:230984 SCTID:182158005 SCTID:244673009 UBERON:0004327 foot digit 5 intermediate phalanx foot digit 5 middle phalanx intermediate phalanx of 5th toe intermediate phalanx of foot digit 5 middle phalanx of 5th toe middle phalanx of foot digit 5 middle phalanx of little toe uberon OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of little toe OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic middle phalanx of 5th toe A middle phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of foot digit 5 OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 middle phalanx OBOL:automatic intermediate phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 intermediate phalanx 5th toe intermediate phalanx OBOL:automatic 5th toe middle phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx 2nd finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23919 SCTID:263403003 UBERON:0004328 hand digit 2 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx of 2nd finger proximal phalanx of index finger proximal phalanx of second digit of hand proximal phalanx of second finger second finger proximal phalanx second proximal phalanx of hand uberon A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic second finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 2nd finger 2nd finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of second finger FMA:23919 proximal phalanx of second digit of hand OBOL:automatic hand digit 2 proximal phalanx FMA:23919 proximal phalanx of index finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 2nd digit of hand FMA:23919 second proximal phalanx of hand proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx 3rd finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23920 SCTID:263404009 UBERON:0004329 hand digit 3 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx of 3rd finger proximal phalanx of middle finger proximal phalanx of third digit of hand proximal phalanx of third finger third finger proximal phalanx third proximal phalanx of hand uberon 3rd finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of third finger OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 3rd digit of hand OBOL:automatic third finger proximal phalanx 3rd digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 3rd finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 3 proximal phalanx FMA:23920 proximal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:23920 third proximal phalanx of hand FMA:23920 proximal phalanx of middle finger A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx 4th finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23921 SCTID:263405005 UBERON:0004330 fourth finger proximal phalanx fourth proximal phalanx of hand hand digit 4 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx of 4th finger proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand proximal phalanx of fourth finger proximal phalanx of ring finger uberon A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 4th digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 4th finger OBOL:automatic fourth finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 4th digit of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fourth finger OBOL:automatic hand digit 4 proximal phalanx FMA:23921 proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:23921 fourth proximal phalanx of hand 4th finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:23921 proximal phalanx of ring finger proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx 5th finger proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23922 SCTID:263406006 UBERON:0004331 fifth finger proximal phalanx fifth proximal phalanx of hand hand digit 5 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx of 5th finger proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand proximal phalanx of fifth finger proximal phalanx of little finger uberon 5th digit of hand proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hand digit 5 proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 5th digit of hand FMA:23922 proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 5th finger FMA:23922 fifth proximal phalanx of hand OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:23922 proximal phalanx of little finger OBOL:automatic fifth finger proximal phalanx 5th finger proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of pedal digit 1 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:43252 SCTID:182150003 UBERON:0004332 foot digit 1 proximal phalanx hallux proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of big toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 1 proximal phalanx of great toe proximal phalanx of hallux proximal phalanx of the 1st toe uberon OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 1 OBOL:automatic foot digit 1 proximal phalanx FMA:43252 proximal phalanx of great toe A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:43252 proximal phalanx of big toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of hallux OBOL:automatic hallux proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of pedal digit 2 2nd toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32618 SCTID:182151004 UBERON:0004333 foot digit 2 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 2nd toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 2 proximal phalanx of second digit of foot proximal phalanx of second toe proximal phalanx of the 2nd toe second proximal phalanx of foot uberon OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 2 A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2nd toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32618 proximal phalanx of second digit of foot FMA:32618 second proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32618 proximal phalanx of second toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 2nd toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 2 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of pedal digit 3 3rd toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32619 SCTID:182153001 UBERON:0004334 foot digit 3 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 3rd toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 3 proximal phalanx of the 3rd toe proximal phalanx of third digit of foot proximal phalanx of third toe third proximal phalanx of foot uberon OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 3 OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 3rd toe FMA:32619 proximal phalanx of third digit of foot A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 3rd toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic FMA:32619 third proximal phalanx of foot OBOL:automatic foot digit 3 proximal phalanx FMA:32619 proximal phalanx of third toe proximal phalanx of pedal digit 4 4th toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32620 SCTID:182155008 UBERON:0004335 foot digit 4 proximal phalanx fourth proximal phalanx of foot proximal phalanx of 4th toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 4 proximal phalanx of fourth digit of foot proximal phalanx of fourth toe proximal phalanx of the 4th toe uberon FMA:32620 proximal phalanx of fourth digit of foot FMA:32620 fourth proximal phalanx of foot A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 4th toe 4th toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 4 OBOL:automatic foot digit 4 proximal phalanx FMA:32620 proximal phalanx of fourth toe proximal phalanx of pedal digit 5 5th toe proximal phalanx A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32621 SCTID:182157000 SCTID:244672004 UBERON:0004336 fifth proximal phalanx of foot foot digit 5 proximal phalanx proximal phalanx of 5th toe proximal phalanx of fifth digit of foot proximal phalanx of fifth toe proximal phalanx of foot digit 5 proximal phalanx of little toe proximal phalanx of the 5th toe uberon OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of 5th toe OBOL:automatic foot digit 5 proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of little toe FMA:32621 fifth proximal phalanx of foot FMA:32621 proximal phalanx of fifth digit of foot FMA:32621 proximal phalanx of fifth toe OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of foot digit 5 5th toe proximal phalanx OBOL:automatic A proximal phalanx that is part of a pedal digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of manual digit 1 A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23945 PDP SCTID:182007006 Taxon notes: The human pollical distal phalanx (PDP) has a pronounced insertion for the flexor pollicis longus (asymmetric towards the radial side), an ungual fossa, and a pair of dissymmetric ungual spines (the ulnar being more prominent). This asymmetry is necessary to ensure that the thumb pulp is always facing the pulps of the other digits, an osteological configuration which provides the maximum contact surface with held objects.[WP] UBERON:0004337 distal phalanx of first digit of hand distal phalanx of thumb first distal phalanx of hand pollical distal phalanx thumb distal phalanx uberon FMA:23945 distal phalanx of first digit of hand FMA:23945 first distal phalanx of hand A distal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges#Thumb pollical distal phalanx OBOL:automatic thumb distal phalanx OBOL:automatic distal phalanx of thumb PDP Wikipedia:Distal_phalanges#Thumb proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:23918 SCTID:181992006 UBERON:0004338 first proximal phalanx of hand proximal phalanx of first digit of hand proximal phalanx of thumb thumb proximal uberon OBOL:automatic proximal phalanx of thumb FMA:23918 proximal phalanx of first digit of hand OBOL:automatic thumb proximal A proximal phalanx that is part of a hand digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:23918 first proximal phalanx of hand vault of skull EHDAA2:0002167 EHDAA:9538 EMAPA:18016 Editor notes: We follow PMID:11523816 (Morriss-Kay) in defining the components of the skull vault. Note that there is a conflict with Kardong; e.g. in fig 7.10, Kardong places the squamosal in the temporal series. We cannot place the vault as entirely part of the dermatocranium as it has a small splanchnocranium contribution and a sclerotomal contribution. Terminology notes. we include calvarium as a synonym, but Gray's Anatomy's list includes the Ethmoid and Sphenoid bone in the Calvaria. Some books (and HPO) state that calvaria consists of just the frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, and occipital bone. Note vault may not be precisely equivalent to calvaria FMA:52800 SCTID:140592008 The earliest tetrapods arose from rhipidistian ancestors and retained many of their skull features, including most of the bones of the dermatocranium.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004339 UMLS:C0205950 Upper part of skull, consisting of parietals, frontals, post-parietals, and in some species the squamosal and a portion of the alisphenoid VHOG:0000331 ZFA:0005606 calva calvaria calvarium ncithesaurus:Skullcap skull vault skullcap uberon MP:0000076 PMID:11523816 Upper part of skull, consisting of parietals, frontals, post-parietals, and in some species the squamosal and a portion of the alisphenoid Wikipedia:Calvaria_(skull) ZFA:0005606 skullcap ZFA:0005606 calvaria small pharyngeal arch and sclerotomal contribution 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.256 The earliest tetrapods arose from rhipidistian ancestors and retained many of their skull features, including most of the bones of the dermatocranium.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000331 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:52800 calva allantois A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals. [TFD][VHOG] A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. BTO:0000474 EHDAA2:0000113 EMAPA:16084 EMAPA:16107 EMAPA:28547 MESH:A16.254.403.147 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000114 SCTID:308825007 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004340 UMLS:C0002084 VHOG:0000738 a diverticulum of the hindgut endoderm [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"]. AO notes: part_of embryo in EHDAA2 - note differences in humans allantoic http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray25.png ncithesaurus:Allantois uberon ISBN10:0073040584 EHDAA2 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000738 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000738 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/allantois A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. VHOG:0000738 Wikipedia:Allantois EHDAA2-modified ISBN10:0073040584 hindgut diverticulum endoderm primitive streak (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AO notes: VHOG includes a very broad grouping here based on PMID:9609826 EHDAA2:0001525 EHDAA:185 EMAPA:16072 SCTID:361438007 The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP] UBERON:0004341 UMLS:C0033153 VHOG:0001202 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray13.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gray13.png/200px-Gray13.png ncithesaurus:Primitive_Streak primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring uberon EHDAA2 VHOG:0001202 primitive streak - blastopore - germ ring MP:0002231 The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP] Wikipedia:Primitive_streak (...) the blastopore equivalent of chordates (germ ring in fish, marginal zone/blastopore lip in frog and node/primitive streak in chick and mouse) (...) (reference 1); Indeed, the primitive streak has been considered the homologue of the blastopore since the 1870s (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 PMID:9609826 Wu LH, Lengyel JA, Role of caudal in hindgut specification and gastrulation suggests homology between Drosophila amnioproctodeal invagination and vertebrate blastopore. Development (1998), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.139 VHOG VHOG:0001202 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cardinal vein AAO:0011022 BTO:0004385 EHDAA2:0000213 EHDAA:1310 EMAPA:16354 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] SCTID:362860004 UBERON:0004344 UMLS:C0231085 Usage notes: current we conflate the cardinal vein and cardinal vein system VHOG:0001197 XAO:0000052 any of the four veins in the developing vertebrate embryo which run along each side of the vertebral column cardinal vein system ncithesaurus:Cardinal_Vein uberon MP:0004783 any of the four veins in the developing vertebrate embryo which run along each side of the vertebral column EHDAA2:0000213 cardinal vein system 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.462 In primitive vertebrates, the basic early embryonic pattern is retained, and blood from anterior and posterior systemic tissues is returned in anterior and posterior cardinal veins, both pairs of veins uniting in common cardinal veins near the heart. In derived vertebrates, the cardinals appear but usually persist only in the embryo, being functionally replaced by alternative adult vessels, the precava and postcava (anterior and posterior venae cavae).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001197 http://bgee.unil.ch/ trophectoderm (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001840 EHDAA2:0002091 EHDAA:56 EMAPA:16046 Editor notes: distinction between trophectoderm and trophoblast unclear/inconsistent in many sources. AO notes: BTO has this has part of the trophoblast The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] UBERON:0004345 VHOG:0000979 outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition trophectodermal uberon EHDAA2 MP:0005028 outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition 2012-09-17 The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000979 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 EHDAA2 (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676685 Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106 VHOG VHOG:0000979 http://bgee.unil.ch/ gubernaculum Gabernaculum UBERON:0000452 UBERON:0004346 UMLS:C0228051 WP def is male/female, split term? EMAP is male-specific. vestigial adult in FMA. TODO caudal suspensory ligament embryonic structures which begin as undifferentiated mesenchyme attaching to the caudal end of the gonads. The gubernaculum is present only during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, being replaced by distinct vestiges in males and females[WP]. Enitoinguinal ligaments that, in the male, connect the fetal testis to the developing scrotum, and, in the female, connect the ovaries to the uterus[MP] gubernaculae gubernacular gubernaculum testis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Gray1138.png ncithesaurus:Gubernaculum_Testis uberon EMAPA:19089 caudal suspensory ligament Gabernaculum Wikipedia:Gubernaculum gubernaculae FMA MP:0005149 Wikipedia:Gubernaculum embryonic structures which begin as undifferentiated mesenchyme attaching to the caudal end of the gonads. The gubernaculum is present only during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, being replaced by distinct vestiges in males and females[WP]. Enitoinguinal ligaments that, in the male, connect the fetal testis to the developing scrotum, and, in the female, connect the ovaries to the uterus[MP] Wikipedia BTO limb bud AAO:0010375 An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. BTO:0001640 Early outgrowth of presumptive limb.[AAO] GAID:1307 MESH:A16.254.462 UBERON:0004347 UMLS:C0282505 XAO:0003161 gemmae membrorum induced_by Fgf10, capable of initiating limb forming interactions between endoderm and mesoderm limb buds limbbud ncithesaurus:Limb_Bud uberon GO:0060174 limbbud limb buds ISBN:9780878932504 Wikipedia:Limb_bud gemmae membrorum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010375 AAO:EJS Early outgrowth of presumptive limb.[AAO] An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Limb_bud optic eminence EHDAA:938 EMAPA:16322 EMAPA:17003 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001308 UBERON:0004348 VHOG:0001296 the embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm uberon MP:0006305 the embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm female inguinal canal AO notes: in MP, this is implicitly part of female reproductive system, but not female genitalia An inguinal canal that is part of a female organism. Conveys the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:19171 UBERON:0004353 uberon An inguinal canal that is part of a female organism. Conveys the round ligament + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. MP:0008015 Wikipedia:Inguinal_canal#Contents male inguinal canal AO notes: in MP, this is implicitly part of male reproductive system, but not male genitalia An inguinal canal that is part of a male organism. Conveys the spermatic cord and its coverings + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:26913 UBERON:0004354 uberon An inguinal canal that is part of a male organism. Conveys the spermatic cord and its coverings + the ilioinguinal nerve.[WP,unvetted]. MP:0008016 Wikipedia:Inguinal_canal#Contents podocyte foot process TODO - submit to GO UBERON:0004355 the footlike extension of podocytes that interdigitate with one another to form the walls of the glomerular capillaries uberon MP:0008059 the footlike extension of podocytes that interdigitate with one another to form the walls of the glomerular capillaries apical ectodermal ridge AAO:0010760 AER Distal ectodermal thickening which forms along the anterior-posterior limb axis. Signaling from this region influences proximal-distal patterning of the limb. Structure is missing in some lineages (salamanders, Eleutherodactylus coqui) however morphologically their indistinct distal ectoderm may still be involved in signaling.[AAO] EMAPA:32744 Proliferative region that is part of the developing fin fold or fin.[TAO] TAO:0002146 UBERON:0004356 UMLS:C1516037 Usage notes: note that media, dorsal fins etc have AERs. Taxon/development notes: The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold[PMID:20574421]. Function notes: maintaining mesenchyme in plastic proliferating state; maintaining expression of A-P axis genes; interacting with D-V proteins. Genes: AER induced by Fgf10 in mesenchyme. AER secretes Fgf8, which stimulates mitosis in the mesenchyme causing Fgf10 production - positive feedback loop XAO:0004121 ZFA:0001702 crista ectodermalis apicalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Limbbuddiagram.jpg multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. ncithesaurus:Apical_Ectodermal_Ridge relationship loss: subclass proliferative region (TAO:0000098)[TAO] uberon AER MP:0001676 MP:0001676 Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010760 AAO:EJS Distal ectodermal thickening which forms along the anterior-posterior limb axis. Signaling from this region influences proximal-distal patterning of the limb. Structure is missing in some lineages (salamanders, Eleutherodactylus coqui) however morphologically their indistinct distal ectoderm may still be involved in signaling.[AAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002146 relationship loss: subclass proliferative region (TAO:0000098)[TAO] Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge crista ectodermalis apicalis 2012-08-14 Proliferative region that is part of the developing fin fold or fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002146 ZFIN:curator limb/fin bud An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. Genes: In limb buds of chick and mouse, Shh expression is activated as soon as there is a morphological bud, whereas in S. canicula fin buds, consistent with reported data in other cartilaginous fishes, Shh is transcribed late in fin development[PMID:17187056] The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0004357 VHOG:0001258 limb - fin bud paired appendage bud uberon An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 UBERON:cjm 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001258 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001258 limb - fin bud caput epididymis BTO:0000336 EMAPA:19291 FMA:18259 MA:0002762 SCTID:362282002 Structure notes: The head of the epididymis receives spermatozoa via the efferent ducts of the mediastinum of the testis. It is characterized histologically by a thin myoepithelium. The concentration of the sperm here is dilute[WP] UBERON:0004358 UMLS:C0228023 caput caput epididymidis epididymal head epididymis head epidymis head head of epididymis head of epidymis ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Epididymis the head of the epididymis uberon MP:0002660 the head of the epididymis MP:0002660 caput FMA:18259 epidymis head FMA:18259 head of epididymis FMA:18259 epididymis head FMA:18259 epididymal head BTO:0000336 caput epididymidis corpus epididymis BTO:0000209 EMAPA:19293 FMA:18260 MA:0002764 SCTID:279620001 UBERON:0004359 UMLS:C0228022 body of epididymis body of epididymis body of epidymis corpus epididymidis epididymal body epididymis body epidymis body ncithesaurus:Body_of_the_Epididymis the body of the epididymis uberon FMA:18260 body of epididymis MP:0002661 the body of the epididymis FMA:18260 epididymis body BTO:0000209 corpus epididymidis FMA:18260 body of epididymis FMA:18260 epididymal body cauda epididymis BTO:0000210 EMAPA:19292 FMA:18261 MA:0002763 SCTID:279621002 Structure notes: This has a thicker myoepithelium than the head region, as it is involved in absorbing fluid to make the sperm more concentrated.[WP] UBERON:0004360 UMLS:C0228024 cauda epididymidis corpus epididymal cauda epididymal tail epididymis tail epidymis tail ncithesaurus:Tail_of_the_Epididymis tail of epididymis tail of epididymis tail of epidymis the tail of the epididymis uberon FMA:18261 epididymal tail FMA:18261 tail of epididymis BTO:0000210 cauda epididymidis MP:0002662 the tail of the epididymis FMA:18261 tail of epididymis MP:0002662 corpus BTO:0000210 epididymal cauda FMA:18261 epididymis tail stylohyoid ligament FMA:72308 MA:0002957 SCTID:66275001 UBERON:0004361 ligamentum stylohyoideum ligamentum stylohyoideus stylo-hyoid ligament the fibrous cord that connects the tip of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone uberon MP:0009918 Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_ligament the fibrous cord that connects the tip of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_ligament ligamentum stylohyoideum MP-implied-by-def MA:0002957 stylo-hyoid ligament Wikipedia Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_ligament ligamentum stylohyoideus Wikipedia FMA pharyngeal arch 1 1 1st arch 1st pharyngeal arch 1st visceral arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010364 EHDAA2:0000006 EHDAA:573 EMAPA:16118 First of six branchial arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development.[1] It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove. SCTID:308767008 TAO:0001595 The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] UBERON:0004362 UMLS:C1517197 VHOG:0000296 XAO:0000097 ZFA:0001612 arcus pharyngeus primus branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first pharyngeal arch first visceral arch http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray48.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray48.png/200px-Gray48.png mandibular arch ncithesaurus:First_Pharyngeal_Arch uberon visceral arch 1 first branchial arch 1st visceral arch VHOG:0000296 branchial arch 1 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010364 The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] XAO:EJS 1st arch EHDAA2:0000006 First of six branchial arches that develops in fetal life during the fourth week of development.[1] It is located between the stomodeum and the first pharyngeal groove. Wikipedia:First_pharyngeal_arch first visceral arch 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000296 http://bgee.unil.ch/ visceral arch 1 Wikipedia:First_pharyngeal_arch arcus pharyngeus primus aortic arch AAO:0010414 EFO:0003695 EHDAA2:0000186 EHDAA:398 EHDAA:7327 EMAPA:16684 One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. Paired vessels arching from the ventral to the dorsal aorta through the pharyngeal arches. [TFD][VHOG] TAO:0005004 UBERON:0004342 UBERON:0004363 UMLS:C0003489 Usage notes: Do not confuse with arch of aorta. Editor notes: add specific artery derivatives. Development notes: The third, fourth, and sixth arches, along with the seventh intersegmental arteries and the left dorsal aorta, are the primary contributors to the normal aortic arch and its major thoracic branches. Taxon notes: Number varies - Lampreys have 8, hagfishes 15; only up to 6 appear in embryonic development in most gnathostome fishes and all tetrapods VHOG:0000122 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000341 ZFA:0005004 aa. arcuum pharyngeorum aortic arches branchial aortic arches branchial arch artery embryonic aortic arch artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gray473.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Gray473.png/200px-Gray473.png ncithesaurus:Aortic_Arch pharyngeal arch artery uberon 2012-09-17 Paired vessels arching from the ventral to the dorsal aorta through the pharyngeal arches. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000122 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+arches MP:0002672 One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches VHOG:0000122 pharyngeal arch artery abduced from EHDAA2 EMAPA:16684 MP:0002672 embryonic aortic arch artery ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080512-6 branchial aortic arches EMAPA:16684 branchial arch artery ZFA:0005004 aortic arches Wikipedia:Aortic_arches aa. arcuum pharyngeorum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 VHOG VHOG:0000122 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA ectoplacental cone BTO:0001715 Development notes: derivative of the early postimplantation trophoblast, which probably gives rise to the spongiotrophoblast.[PMID:19829370] EMAPA:16059 UBERON:0004364 epamniotic cone placenta - ectoplacental cone thickened trophoblast of the blastocyst in rodents that becomes the fetal portion of the placenta uberon MP:0001717 PMID:19829370 thickened trophoblast of the blastocyst in rodents that becomes the fetal portion of the placenta vitelline blood vessel UBERON:0004365 blood vesself of the yolk sac. uberon MP:0001719 blood vesself of the yolk sac. extraembryonic ectoderm EMAPA:16065 Editor note: we make the germ layer relationship develops_from, as currently the germ layers are declared to be purely embryonic. TODO - check. WP:Amnion - In the human embryo the earliest stages of the formation of the amnion have not been observed; in the youngest embryo which has been studied the amnion was already present as a closed sac, and appears in the inner cell-mass as a cavity. This cavity is roofed in by a single stratum of flattened, ectodermal cells, the amniotic ectoderm, and its floor consists of the prismatic ectoderm of the embryonic disk—the continuity between the roof and floor being established at the margin of the embryonic disk. Outside the amniotic ectoderm is a thin layer of mesoderm, which is continuous with that of the somatopleure and is connected by the body-stalk with the mesodermal lining of the chorion. UBERON:0004366 layer of the endoderm of the extraembryonic tissue. uberon MP:0002583 layer of the endoderm of the extraembryonic tissue. cjm Descemet's membrane Descemet membrane Descemet's posterior elastic lamina EMAPA:18804 FMA:58309 GAID:894 MA:0001246 MESH:A09.371.060.217.271 Portion of tissue that is the innermost layer of the cornea and consists of a monolayer of ploygonal cells.[TAO] SCTID:281076002 TAO:0002157 UBERON:0004367 UMLS:C0011665 ZFA:0001686 lamina limitans posterior ncithesaurus:Descemet_s_Membrane posterior limiting lamina posterior limiting lamina posterior limiting lamina of cornea posterior limiting lamina of cornea transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). uberon Descemet's posterior elastic lamina FMA:58309 MA:0001246 posterior limiting lamina FMA:58309 lamina limitans posterior MA:0001246 posterior limiting lamina MP:0004285 transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed). 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue that is the innermost layer of the cornea and consists of a monolayer of ploygonal cells.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002157 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 FMA:58309 posterior limiting lamina of cornea FMA:58309 posterior limiting lamina of cornea Reichert's cartilage AO notes: in EHDAA2 this also develops from 3rd arch Mes from NC. Development notes: Classically defined as: a structure... develop the stapes, the styloid processes, the stylohyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone; its proximal end gives rise to the stylohyoid ligament. Relationship to stapes disputed. EHDAA2:0000793 EMAPA:17622 Reichert cartilage UBERON:0004368 a continuous cartilaginous formation in mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch in the embryo. The longer cranial or styloid segment is continuous with the otic capsule; its inferior end is angulated and is situated very close to the oropharynx. The smaller caudal segment is in contact with the body and greater horn of the hyoid cartilaginous structure hyaloid cartilage hyoid cartilage second branchial arch cartilage second pharyngeal arch cartilage uberon MP:0004916 hyaloid cartilage MP:0004916 a continuous cartilaginous formation in mesenchyme of the second pharyngeal arch in the embryo. The longer cranial or styloid segment is continuous with the otic capsule; its inferior end is angulated and is situated very close to the oropharynx. The smaller caudal segment is in contact with the body and greater horn of the hyoid cartilaginous structure doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00524.x EHDAA2:0000793 hyoid cartilage MP:0004916 second pharyngeal arch cartilage EHDAA2 Reichert's membrane An nonvascular extraembryonic basement membrane that forms on the inner surface of the trophectoderm during placenta morphogenesis and is secreted by the distal parietal endoderm; required for the maternofetal exchange of nutrients and is important for the postgastrulation development[MP]. a thick multilayered basement membrane between the parietal endoderm cells and the trophoblast cells EMAPA:16057 UBERON:0004369 uberon An nonvascular extraembryonic basement membrane that forms on the inner surface of the trophectoderm during placenta morphogenesis and is secreted by the distal parietal endoderm; required for the maternofetal exchange of nutrients and is important for the postgastrulation development[MP]. a thick multilayered basement membrane between the parietal endoderm cells and the trophoblast cells DOI:10.1007/BF00184752 MP:0003954 anterior limiting lamina of cornea Acellular anatomical structure that is the zone of collagen fibers adjacent the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium.[TAO] Bowman's anterior elastic lamina Bowman's layer Bowman's membrane FMA:58273 MA:0001240 Reichert's membrane SCTID:281075003 TAO:0002155 UBERON:0004370 UMLS:C0229127 ZFA:0001684 anterior limiting lamina anterior limiting lamina of cornea lamina limitans anterior (cornea) ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Membrane uberon FMA:58273 lamina limitans anterior (cornea) FMA:58273 anterior limiting lamina of cornea MA:0001240 anterior limiting lamina Reichert's membrane http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2956371&group_id=76834&atid=974957 Bowman's membrane FMA:58273 2012-08-14 Acellular anatomical structure that is the zone of collagen fibers adjacent the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002155 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 Bowman's anterior elastic lamina FMA:58273 Bowman's layer FMA:58273 vitelline vasculature UBERON:0004374 omphalomesenteric system uberon vasculature of the yolk sac. vitelline bloos vessel system vitelline system UBERON:cjm omphalomesenteric system UBERON:cjm vitelline bloos vessel system MP:0001719 vasculature of the yolk sac. UBERON:cjm vitelline system bone of free limb or fin A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004375 appendage bone bone of appendage bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton uberon A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fin bone A bone that is part of a fin [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004376 bone of fin uberon A bone that is part of a fin [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal metaphysis A metaphysis that is in_distal_side_of a diaphysis. FMA:32824 UBERON:0004377 distal diaphyseal end of long bone uberon FMA:32824 distal diaphyseal end of long bone A metaphysis that is in_distal_side_of a diaphysis. OBOL:automatic proximal metaphysis A metaphysis that is in_proximal_side_of a diaphysis. FMA:32823 UBERON:0004378 proximal diaphyseal end of long bone uberon A metaphysis that is in_proximal_side_of a diaphysis. OBOL:automatic FMA:32823 proximal diaphyseal end of long bone distal epiphysis An epiphysis that adjacent_to a distal metaphysis. FMA:32822 SCTID:279999006 UBERON:0004379 distal end of long bone uberon An epiphysis that adjacent_to a distal metaphysis. OBOL:automatic FMA:32822 distal end of long bone proximal epiphysis An epiphysis that adjacent_to a proximal metaphysis. FMA:32821 SCTID:279998003 UBERON:0004380 proximal end of long bone uberon FMA:32821 proximal end of long bone An epiphysis that adjacent_to a proximal metaphysis. OBOL:automatic skeleton of limb EHDAA2:0002221 Note that EHDAA2 considers hip and shoulder joints part of limb skeleton. Skeletal subdivision that is part of the limb.[VSAO] The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb. UBERON:0004381 VSAO:0000300 free limb skeleton limb skeleton set of bones of limb uberon EHDAA2:0002221 limb skeleton VSAO:0000300 free limb skeleton 2012-08-14 GO_REF:0000034 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the limb.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000300 The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb. UBERON:cjm epiphysis of humerus An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32825 SCTID:313054009 UBERON:0004382 humeral epiphysis uberon OBOL:automatic humeral epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of tibia An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33112 SCTID:314626006 UBERON:0004383 tibial epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33112 tibial epiphysis epiphysis of femur An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32838 SCTID:314625005 UBERON:0004384 femoral epiphysis uberon FMA:32838 femoral epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of radius An epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33770 SCTID:313055005 UBERON:0004385 radial epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33770 radial epiphysis epiphysis of ulna An epiphysis that is part of an ulna [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33748 SCTID:313056006 UBERON:0004386 uberon ulnar epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of an ulna [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33748 ulnar epiphysis epiphysis of phalanx of manus An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:240707 SCTID:314620000 UBERON:0004387 epiphysis of phalanx of finger uberon An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of fibula An epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33726 UBERON:0004388 fibula epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33726 fibula epiphysis epiphysis of metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33814 SCTID:313057002 UBERON:0004389 epiphysis of metatarsal metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal epiphysis uberon FMA:33814 metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33792 SCTID:314907001 UBERON:0004390 epiphysis of metacarpal metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal epiphysis uberon FMA:33792 metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of first metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33793 UBERON:0004391 first metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal 1 epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33793 first metacarpal bone epiphysis epiphysis of second metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33794 UBERON:0004392 metacarpal 2 epiphysis second metacarpal bone epiphysis uberon FMA:33794 second metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of third metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86328 UBERON:0004393 metacarpal 3 epiphysis third metacarpal bone epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:86328 third metacarpal bone epiphysis epiphysis of fourth metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86329 UBERON:0004394 fourth metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal 4 epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:86329 fourth metacarpal bone epiphysis epiphysis of first metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33815 UBERON:0004395 first metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal 1 epiphysis uberon FMA:33815 first metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of second metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33816 UBERON:0004396 metatarsal 2 epiphysis second metatarsal bone epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33816 second metatarsal bone epiphysis epiphysis of third metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86313 UBERON:0004397 metatarsal 3 epiphysis third metatarsal bone epiphysis uberon FMA:86313 third metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of fourth metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86314 UBERON:0004398 fourth metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal 4 epiphysis uberon An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:86314 fourth metatarsal bone epiphysis epiphysis of fifth metatarsal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86315 UBERON:0004399 fifth metatarsal bone epiphysis metatarsal 5 epiphysis uberon FMA:86315 fifth metatarsal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bone tissue of epiphysis A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:241364 UBERON:0004400 uberon A portion of bone tissue that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bone tissue of distal epiphysis A portion of bone tissue that is part of a distal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:241374 UBERON:0004401 uberon A portion of bone tissue that is part of a distal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bone tissue of proximal epiphysis A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:241372 UBERON:0004402 uberon A portion of bone tissue that is part of a proximal epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic periosteum of epiphysis A periosteum that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32687 UBERON:0004403 epiphysis periosteum uberon A periosteum that is part of a epiphysis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:32687 epiphysis periosteum distal epiphysis of humerus A distal epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32826 SCTID:310655007 UBERON:0004404 distal end of humerus lower end of humerus uberon FMA:32826 lower end of humerus FMA:32826 distal end of humerus A distal epiphysis that is part of a humerus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal epiphysis of tibia A distal epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33116 SCTID:302527001 UBERON:0004405 distal end of tibia lower end of tibia uberon FMA:33116 lower end of tibia FMA:33116 distal end of tibia A distal epiphysis that is part of a tibia [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal epiphysis of femur A distal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000893 FMA:32844 Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula.[AAO] SCTID:280016000 UBERON:0004406 distal femoral epiphysis distal head of femur uberon A distal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic AAO:0000893 distal head of femur OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm distal femoral epiphysis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000893 AAO:LAP Head of the femur that articulates with the tibia and fibula.[AAO] distal epiphysis of radius A distal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33776 SCTID:280013008 UBERON:0004407 distal end of radius lower end of radius uberon A distal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33776 distal end of radius FMA:33776 lower end of radius distal epiphysis of ulna A distal epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33754 SCTID:302521000 UBERON:0004408 distal end of ulna lower end of ulna uberon FMA:33754 lower end of ulna A distal epiphysis that is part of a ulna [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33754 distal end of ulna distal epiphysis of phalanx of manus A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:226577 UBERON:0004409 distal epiphysis of phalanx of finger uberon A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal epiphysis of fibula A distal epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33732 SCTID:129111008 SCTID:280018004 UBERON:0004410 distal end of fibula lower end of fibula uberon FMA:33732 lower end of fibula A distal epiphysis that is part of a fibula [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33732 distal end of fibula proximal epiphysis of humerus FMA:23362 SCTID:280028008 The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. UBERON:0004411 head of the humerus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Gray207.png humeral head proximal end of humerus proximal humeral epiphysis proximal humerus uberon upper end of humerus upper extremity of humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus proximal humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus head of the humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus upper extremity of humerus Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus humeral head The upper extremity of the humerus (proximal humerus) consists of a large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles. Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus FMA:23362 upper end of humerus OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm proximal humeral epiphysis FMA:23362 proximal end of humerus proximal epiphysis of femur A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32841 SCTID:244702009 UBERON:0004412 proximal femoral epiphysis uberon A proximal epiphysis that is part of a femur [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm proximal femoral epiphysis proximal epiphysis of radius A proximal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:39780 SCTID:280029000 UBERON:0004413 proximal end of radius proximal radial epiphysis uberon upper end of radius A proximal epiphysis that is part of a radius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:39780 proximal end of radius OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm proximal radial epiphysis FMA:39780 upper end of radius proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manus A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:226482 SCTID:272704004 UBERON:0004414 basal epiphysis of phalanx of finger base of phalanx of finger basis phalangis manus proximal epiphysis of phalanx of finger uberon A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:226482 basal epiphysis of phalanx of finger FMA:226482 base of phalanx of finger FMA:226482 FMA:TA basis phalangis manus proximal epiphysis of metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33817 SCTID:119545008 UBERON:0004415 base of metatarsal bone basis ossis metatarsi proximal end of metatarsal bone uberon upper end of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 base of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 proximal end of metatarsal bone FMA:33817 FMA:TA basis ossis metatarsi FMA:33817 upper end of metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33795 SCTID:272695001 UBERON:0004416 base of metacarpal bone basis ossis metacarpi metacarpal bone base proximal end of metacarpal bone uberon upper end of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 metacarpal bone base FMA:33795 proximal end of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 base of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 upper end of metacarpal bone FMA:33795 FMA:TA basis ossis metacarpi A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 1 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 1 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37489 SCTID:272700008 UBERON:0004417 basal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb base of phalanx of first digit of hand base of phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 1 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb uberon FMA:37489 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb FMA:37489 base of phalanx of first digit of hand A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 1 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37489 base of phalanx of thumb FMA:37489 basal epiphysis of phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 2 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 2 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37498 SCTID:368307004 UBERON:0004418 basal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger base of phalanx of index finger base of phalanx of second digit of hand base of phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 2 uberon FMA:37498 base of phalanx of index finger FMA:37498 base of phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37498 basal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 2 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37498 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of index finger FMA:37498 base of phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 3 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 3 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37510 SCTID:181997000 UBERON:0004419 basal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger base of phalanx of middle finger base of phalanx of third digit of hand base of phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 3 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger uberon FMA:37510 base of phalanx of third finger FMA:37510 base of phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37510 base of phalanx of middle finger FMA:37510 basal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger FMA:37510 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of middle finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 3 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 4 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 4 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37522 SCTID:368337008 UBERON:0004420 basal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger base of phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of phalanx of fourth finger base of phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 4 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger uberon FMA:37522 base of phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37522 base of phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37522 basal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger FMA:37522 base of phalanx of ring finger FMA:37522 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 4 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 5 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 5 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37534 SCTID:368351008 UBERON:0004421 basal epiphysis of phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger base of phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of phalanx of fifth finger base of phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of phalanx of manual digit 5 uberon FMA:37534 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 basal epiphysis of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 base of phalanx of fifth digit of hand A proximal epiphysis that is part of a manual digit 5 phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37534 base of phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37534 base of phalanx of little finger FMA:37534 basal epiphysis of phalanx of fifth finger proximal epiphysis of first metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42788 SCTID:181978000 UBERON:0004422 base of first metacarpal bone first metacarpal bone base proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 1 uberon FMA:42788 first metacarpal bone base FMA:42788 base of first metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of second metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42791 SCTID:263461004 UBERON:0004423 base of second metacarpal bone proximal end of second metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 2 second metacarpal bone base uberon FMA:42791 second metacarpal bone base A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42791 proximal end of second metacarpal bone FMA:42791 base of second metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of third metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42794 SCTID:263465008 UBERON:0004424 base of third metacarpal bone proximal end of third metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 3 third metacarpal bone base uberon FMA:42794 third metacarpal bone base FMA:42794 base of third metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42794 proximal end of third metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of fourth metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42797 SCTID:263469002 UBERON:0004425 base of fourth metacarpal bone fourth metacarpal bone base proximal end of fourth metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 4 uberon FMA:42797 base of fourth metacarpal bone FMA:42797 fourth metacarpal bone base A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42797 proximal end of fourth metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of fifth metacarpal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42800 SCTID:263473004 UBERON:0004426 base of fifth metacarpal bone fifth metacarpal bone base proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone proximal epiphysis of metacarpal 5 uberon FMA:42800 proximal end of fifth metacarpal bone FMA:42800 base of fifth metacarpal bone FMA:42800 fifth metacarpal bone base A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of first metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42963 SCTID:182124002 UBERON:0004427 base of first metatarsal bone proximal end of first metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 1 uberon FMA:42963 base of first metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42963 proximal end of first metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of second metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42964 SCTID:182130002 UBERON:0004428 base of second metatarsal bone proximal end of second metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 2 uberon FMA:42964 base of second metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42964 proximal end of second metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of third metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42965 SCTID:182135007 UBERON:0004429 base of third metatarsal bone proximal end of third metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 3 uberon FMA:42965 base of third metatarsal bone FMA:42965 proximal end of third metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of fourth metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42966 SCTID:182140004 UBERON:0004430 base of fourth metatarsal bone proximal end of fourth metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 4 uberon A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42966 base of fourth metatarsal bone FMA:42966 proximal end of fourth metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of fifth metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42967 SCTID:182145009 UBERON:0004431 base of fifth metatarsal bone proximal end of fifth metatarsal bone proximal epiphysis of metatarsal 5 uberon FMA:42967 base of fifth metatarsal bone FMA:42967 proximal end of fifth metatarsal bone A proximal epiphysis that is part of a metatarsal bone of digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 2 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37505 SCTID:263445001 UBERON:0004432 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger base of distal phalanx of index finger base of distal phalanx of second digit of hand base of distal phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger uberon A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of second finger FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37505 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger FMA:37505 base of distal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37505 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of index finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 3 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37517 SCTID:263446000 UBERON:0004433 base of distal phalanx of middle finger base of distal phalanx of third digit of hand base of distal phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of middle finger uberon FMA:37517 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37517 base of distal phalanx of third finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 4 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37529 SCTID:263447009 UBERON:0004434 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger base of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of distal phalanx of fourth finger base of distal phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger uberon FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fourth finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37529 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37529 base of distal phalanx of fourth digit of hand proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 5 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37541 SCTID:263448004 UBERON:0004435 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger base of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of distal phalanx of fifth finger base of distal phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger uberon FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of fifth finger FMA:37541 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37541 base of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37541 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of little finger FMA:37541 basal epiphysis of distal phalanx of fifth finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 2 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37502 SCTID:263428006 UBERON:0004436 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger base of middle phalanx of index finger base of middle phalanx of second digit of hand base of middle phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger uberon FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of index finger FMA:37502 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of second finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37502 base of middle phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37502 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of index finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 3 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37514 SCTID:263429003 UBERON:0004437 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger base of middle phalanx of middle finger base of middle phalanx of third digit of hand base of middle phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger uberon FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of third finger FMA:37514 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37514 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of middle finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37514 base of middle phalanx of middle finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 4 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37526 SCTID:263430008 UBERON:0004438 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger base of middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of middle phalanx of fourth finger base of middle phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger uberon FMA:37526 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of fourth digit of hand A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37526 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of ring finger FMA:37526 base of middle phalanx of fourth finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of manual digit 5 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37538 SCTID:263431007 UBERON:0004439 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fifth finger basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger base of middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of middle phalanx of fifth finger base of middle phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger uberon FMA:37538 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37538 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of little finger FMA:37538 basal epiphysis of middle phalanx of fifth finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of little finger FMA:37538 base of middle phalanx of fifth finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37499 SCTID:263412001 UBERON:0004440 base of proximal phalanx of index finger base of proximal phalanx of second digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of second finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of index finger uberon FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of second finger FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of second digit of hand FMA:37499 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of index finger FMA:37499 base of proximal phalanx of index finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37511 SCTID:263413006 UBERON:0004441 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger base of proximal phalanx of middle finger base of proximal phalanx of third digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of third finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger uberon FMA:37511 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37511 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of middle finger FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of third digit of hand FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of third finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37511 base of proximal phalanx of middle finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37523 SCTID:263414000 UBERON:0004442 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of fourth finger basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger base of proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of fourth finger base of proximal phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger uberon FMA:37523 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37523 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of ring finger FMA:37523 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of fourth digit of hand FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of fourth finger FMA:37523 base of proximal phalanx of ring finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37535 SCTID:263415004 UBERON:0004443 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand base of proximal phalanx of fifth finger base of proximal phalanx of little finger proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger uberon FMA:37535 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of little finger FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of little finger A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of fifth digit of hand FMA:37535 base of proximal phalanx of fifth finger proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of manual digit 1 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37493 SCTID:182008001 UBERON:0004444 base of distal phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of thumb uberon FMA:37493 base of distal phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37493 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of distal phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:37490 SCTID:181993001 UBERON:0004445 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb base of proximal phalanx of thumb proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb uberon FMA:37490 NCBITaxon:9606 proximal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb A proximal epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1 [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:37490 base of proximal phalanx of thumb FMA:37490 basal epiphysis of proximal phalanx of thumb epiphysis of phalanx An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:280033007 UBERON:0004446 uberon An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of phalanx A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004447 uberon A proximal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic distal epiphysis of phalanx A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004448 uberon A distal epiphysis that is part of a phalanx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cerebral artery AAO:0010493 EHDAA2:0000233 EHDAA:5294 EMAPA:18613 GAID:484 MA:0002562 MESH:A07.231.114.228 One of three main pairs of arteries and their branches, which irrigate the cerebrum of the brain. Part of the internal carotid containing many branches supplying blood to the chorioid plexuses of the brain.[AAO] SCTID:181308008 UBERON:0004449 UMLS:C0007770 XAO:0000367 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Artery relationship loss: part_of internal carotid (AAO:0010219)[AAO] uberon One of three main pairs of arteries and their branches, which irrigate the cerebrum of the brain. Wikipedia:Cerebral_artery 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010493 AAO:BJB Part of the internal carotid containing many branches supplying blood to the chorioid plexuses of the brain.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010493 relationship loss: part_of internal carotid (AAO:0010219)[AAO] gastric vein AAO:0011046 MA:0002128 SCTID:281060006 UBERON:0004450 UMLS:C0750610 XAO:0000389 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Vein uberon trunk or cervical vertebra A vertebra in the trunk or cervical region. Includes all cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, but excludes caudal vertebra. In humans, there are 24 presacral vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar). AO notes: it's not clear if the XAO class belongs here or below MA:0002869 UBERON:0004451 XAO:0003077 presacral vertebra uberon MA:0002869 presacral vertebra A vertebra in the trunk or cervical region. Includes all cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, but excludes caudal vertebra. UBERONREF:0000006 carpal region A mesopodium that is part of a manus. Includes as parts the carpal skeleton and associated tissues[cjm]. The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted] EHDAA2:0000218 EHDAA:5196 EMAPA:19122 FMA:24922 GAID:59 MA:0000039 MESH:A01.378.800.667.715 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjncpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361289009 UBERON:0001462 UBERON:0004452 articulatio radiocarpea carpal limb segment carpal segment carpus fore basipodium fore mesopodium galen:Wrist hand mesopodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Hand_parts.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Human_wrist.png/200px-Human_wrist.png manus mesopodium regio carpalis uberon wrist wrist region FMA MA:0000039 wrist Wikipedia:Wrist articulatio radiocarpea carpus FMA:24922 FMA:TA regio carpalis MA:th fore basipodium MA:th fore mesopodium A mesopodium that is part of a manus. Includes as parts the carpal skeleton and associated tissues[cjm]. The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also include the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted] UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Wrist metacarpus region A metapodium region that is part of a manus. Editor notes: Note that along with FMA we treat this as a limb segment rather than a purely skeletal element. AO notes: Note that mammalian and non-mammalian AOs differ in whether they consider this a part of the skeleton FMA:24925 MA:0000042 UBERON:0004453 distal segment of hand proper http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg/200px-Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg.png metacarpal metacarpal part of hand metacarpal part of manus metacarpal region metacarpus uberon PHENOSCAPE:ni A metapodium region that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic MA:0000042 metacarpus FMA:24925 metacarpal region FMA:24925 metacarpal part of hand FMA:24925 distal segment of hand proper FMA tarsal region CALOHA:TS-2219 EFO:0001409 EMAPA:19133 FMA:9665 GAID:41 MA:0000043 MESH:A01.378.610.250.149 MESH:A13.473.821 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi-R5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361292008 UBERON:0002388 UBERON:0004454 ankle ankle region articulatio talocruralis galen:Ankle hind basipodium hind mesopodium hock http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/200px-Ankle_en.svg.png mesopodial segment of the pes, including the tarsal skeleton and associated tissues. note that this term refers to the limb segment. See also: tarsal bones and tarsal skeleton. AO notes: MA has both tarsus (part of foot, has tarsal bone) and ankle (part of hindlimb, has joint, nerve, skin). tarsal limb segment uberon MA:th hind mesopodium UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Ankle mesopodial segment of the pes, including the tarsal skeleton and associated tissues. MA:th hind basipodium Wikipedia:Hock_(anatomy) hock Wikipedia:Ankle articulatio talocruralis MA:0000043 ankle neurula embryo An embryo at the neurula stage. BILA:0000061 BTO:0001766 UBERON:0004455 UBERON:0007013 UMLS:C1518306 ncithesaurus:Neurula neurula uberon BTO:0001766 neurula An embryo at the neurula stage. GOC:cjm entire sense organ system FMA:78499 Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. UBERON:0004456 note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs sense organ system uberon FMA:78499 sense organ system cavity lining Editor notes: consider merging with serous membrane. AO notes: in MA this groups pericardium, pleura and periotoneal cavity lining MA:0002448 UBERON:0004457 uberon pre-inferred via union_of body cavity or lining EMAPA:16060 MA:0000005 Note that this class may be merged into 'serous sac'. See notes for 'cavity lining' UBERON:0004458 uberon musculature of head A musculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71287 UBERON:0004461 head musculature muscle group of head muscles of head musculi capitis set of muscles of head uberon A musculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71287 muscle group of head FMA:71287 set of muscles of head FMA:71287 muscles of head FMA:71287 head musculature FMA:71287 FMA:TA musculi capitis musculature of body wall A musculature that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86931 UBERON:0004462 body wall muscles body wall musculature uberon FMA:86931 body wall musculature A musculature that is part of a body wall [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic musculature of hindlimb stylopod A musculature that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:50208 UBERON:0004463 muscle group of thigh musculature of thigh set of muscles of thigh thigh musculature uberon FMA:50208 thigh musculature A musculature that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50208 set of muscles of thigh FMA:50208 muscle group of thigh FMA:50208 musculature of thigh musculature of thorax A musculature that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000508 FMA:71293 UBERON:0004464 muscle group of thorax muscles of thorax musculi thoracis note BTO and FMA do not mean precisely the same thing here set of muscles of thorax thoracic musculature uberon FMA:71293 FMA:TA musculi thoracis FMA:71293 thoracic musculature FMA:71293 muscles of thorax FMA:71293 muscle group of thorax A musculature that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71293 set of muscles of thorax musculature of neck A musculature that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000091 FMA:71290 MESH:A02.633.567.650 UBERON:0004465 cervical muscles muscle group of neck muscles of neck musculi cervicis musculi colli neck musculature set of muscles of neck uberon FMA:71290 FMA:TA musculi colli A musculature that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71290 FMA:TA musculi cervicis FMA:71290 set of muscles of neck FMA:71290 neck musculature FMA:71290 muscles of neck FMA:71290 muscle group of neck AAO:0000091 cervical muscles musculature of leg A musculature that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000973 UBERON:0004466 UBERON:0005632 leg muscle system see notes on UBERON:0000978 for possible confusion over the term 'leg'. This class represents the class-union of upper leg musculature and lower leg musculature (and thus may not mean precisely the same thing as the EHDAA2 class) uberon EHDAA2:0000973 leg muscle system A musculature that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic musculature of pharynx A musculature that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:264609 See comments for 'pharyngeal muscle' TAO:0001307 UBERON:0004467 ZFA:0001307 pharyngeal musculature set of muscles of pharynx uberon TAO:0001307 pharyngeal musculature FMA:264609 set of muscles of pharynx A musculature that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic set of muscles of vertebral column A musculature that is part of a vertebral column [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33061 UBERON:0004468 muscle group of vertebral column uberon FMA:33061 muscle group of vertebral column A musculature that is part of a vertebral column [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic musculature of back A musculature that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71291 UBERON:0004469 muscle group of back muscles of back musculi dorsi set of muscles of back uberon FMA:71291 FMA:TA musculi dorsi A musculature that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71291 muscles of back FMA:71291 set of muscles of back FMA:71291 muscle group of back musculature of pelvic girdle A musculature that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000427 AO notes: we merge two FMA classes here EHDAA2:0001429 FMA:50205 FMA:50248 UBERON:0004470 UBERON:0004485 UBERON:0005633 muscle group of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle muscle system pelvic girdle muscles pelvic girdle musculature set of muscles of pelvic girdle uberon FMA:50205 set of muscles of pelvic girdle EHDAA2:0001429 pelvic girdle muscle system FMA:50205 muscle group of pelvic girdle AAO:0000427 pelvic girdle muscles FMA:50205 pelvic girdle musculature A musculature that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic musculature of pectoral girdle A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles. AAO:0000423 FMA:33519 UBERON:0004471 muscle group of pectoral girdle pectoral girdle muscles pectoral girdle musculature set of muscles of pectoral girdle uberon FMA:33519 set of muscles of pectoral girdle FMA:33519 pectoral girdle musculature FMA:33519 muscle group of pectoral girdle A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles. UBERON:cjm AAO:0000423 pectoral girdle muscles musculature of chest A musculature that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:74779 UBERON:0004472 chest musculature set of muscles of chest uberon FMA:74779 set of muscles of chest A musculature that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:74779 chest musculature musculature of face A musculature that is part of a face. FMA:71288 UBERON:0004473 entire facial musculature facial muscles muscle group of face musculi faciei originally created to reflect the distinction drawn in FMA between a facial muscle and the entire musculature of the face. However, naming both does not serve any particular purpose set of facial muscles set of muscles of face uberon UBERON:cjm entire facial musculature FMA:71288 set of muscles of face A musculature that is part of a face. OBOL:automatic FMA:71288 muscle group of face FMA:71288 FMA:TA musculi faciei FMA:71288 facial muscles FMA:71288 set of facial muscles musculature of arm A musculature that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:50202 UBERON:0004474 arm musculature muscle group of arm set of muscles of arm uberon FMA:50202 muscle group of arm FMA:50202 set of muscles of arm FMA:50202 arm musculature A musculature that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic musculature of hip A musculature that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:50227 UBERON:0004475 hip musculature muscle group of hip set of muscles of hip uberon FMA:50227 hip musculature FMA:50227 set of muscles of hip A musculature that is part of a hip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50227 muscle group of hip musculature of shoulder A musculature that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:50220 UBERON:0004476 muscle group of shoulder set of muscles of shoulder uberon A musculature that is part of a shoulder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50220 muscle group of shoulder FMA:50220 set of muscles of shoulder tongue musculature A musculature that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71289 UBERON:0004477 muscle group of tongue muscles of tongue musculi linguae set of muscles of tongue uberon FMA:71289 FMA:TA musculi linguae FMA:71289 muscle group of tongue FMA:71289 set of muscles of tongue A musculature that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71289 muscles of tongue musculature of larynx A musculature that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:264611 FMA:46616 MESH:A02.633.567.500 UBERON:0004478 laryngeal muscles laryngeal muscles set muscle group of larynx set of laryngeal muscles set of muscles of larynx uberon FMA:264611 set of muscles of larynx A musculature that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:46616 set of laryngeal muscles FMA:46616 laryngeal muscles FMA:46616 laryngeal muscles set FMA:46616 muscle group of larynx musculature of trunk A musculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0011572 EFO:0003531 FMA:50187 UBERON:0004479 muscle group of trunk set of muscles of trunk uberon A musculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50187 set of muscles of trunk FMA:50187 muscle group of trunk musculature of limb A musculature that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000995 FMA:50188 UBERON:0004480 UBERON:0005635 limb muscle system limb musculature muscle group of limb set of muscles of limb uberon A musculature that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50188 limb musculature EHDAA2:0000995 limb muscle system FMA:50188 muscle group of limb FMA:50188 set of muscles of limb musculature of upper limb A musculature that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71296 UBERON:0004481 muscles of upper limb musculi membri superioris set of muscles of upper limb uberon upper limb musculature FMA:71296 set of muscles of upper limb FMA:71296 upper limb musculature FMA:71296 FMA:TA musculi membri superioris FMA:71296 muscles of upper limb A musculature that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic musculature of lower limb A musculature that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71297 UBERON:0004482 muscles of lower limb musculi membri inferioris uberon A musculature that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71297 FMA:TA musculi membri inferioris FMA:71297 muscles of lower limb iliocostalis musculature A musculature that is part of a iliocostalis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33062 UBERON:0004483 iliocostalis muscle group iliocostalis muscles set set of iliocostalis muscles uberon A musculature that is part of a iliocostalis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:33062 set of iliocostalis muscles FMA:33062 iliocostalis muscles set FMA:33062 iliocostalis muscle group splenius musculature A musculature that is part of a splenius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:22596 UBERON:0004484 set of splenius muscles splenius muscle group splenius muscles set uberon A musculature that is part of a splenius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:22596 splenius muscles set FMA:22596 splenius muscle group FMA:22596 set of splenius muscles musculature of perineum A musculature that is part of a perineum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18923 FMA:71295 UBERON:0004486 musculi perinei perineal muscles perineal muscles set set of perineal muscles uberon A musculature that is part of a perineum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71295 perineal muscles set FMA:71295 perineal muscles FMA:71295 FMA:TA musculi perinei FMA:71295 set of perineal muscles musculature of forearm A musculature that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:39089 UBERON:0004487 muscle group of forearm set of muscles of forearm uberon FMA:39089 set of muscles of forearm A musculature that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:39089 muscle group of forearm musculature of pes A musculature that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:50214 UBERON:0004488 foot musculature muscle group of foot musculature of foot set of muscles of foot uberon FMA:50214 set of muscles of foot A musculature that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:50214 foot musculature FMA:50214 musculature of foot FMA:50214 muscle group of foot musculature of manus A musculature that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:42368 UBERON:0004489 hand musculature muscle group of hand musculature of hand set of muscles of hand uberon A musculature that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:42368 hand musculature FMA:42368 set of muscles of hand FMA:42368 musculature of hand FMA:42368 muscle group of hand cardiac muscle tissue of atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7283 UBERON:0004490 uberon A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84083 UBERON:0004491 uberon A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:226279 UBERON:0004492 uberon A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. Editors note: Note placement of MA class based on parthood relationship FMA:261726 MA:0002441 UBERON:0004493 uberon A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA cardiac muscle tissue of papillary muscle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a papillary muscle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84425 UBERON:0004494 uberon A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a papillary muscle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261898 UBERON:0004495 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of iliacus A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a iliacus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261992 UBERON:0004496 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a iliacus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of gluteus maximus A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a gluteus maximus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261980 UBERON:0004497 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a gluteus maximus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of quadriceps femoris A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a quadriceps femoris [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261998 UBERON:0004498 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a quadriceps femoris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of tibialis anterior A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tibialis anterior [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:262004 UBERON:0004499 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a tibialis anterior [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of deltoid A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a deltoid [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261732 UBERON:0004500 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a deltoid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of teres major A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a teres major [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261962 UBERON:0004501 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a teres major [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a biceps brachii [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261974 UBERON:0004502 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a biceps brachii [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of digastric A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a digastric [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261872 UBERON:0004503 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a digastric [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of mylohyoid A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mylohyoid [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261878 UBERON:0004504 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a mylohyoid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of orbicularis oculi A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a orbicularis oculi [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261812 UBERON:0004505 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a orbicularis oculi [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of masseter A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a masseter [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261824 UBERON:0004506 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a masseter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of temporalis A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a temporalis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261740 UBERON:0004507 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a temporalis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of levator palpebrae superioris A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a levator palpebrae superioris [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261782 UBERON:0004508 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a levator palpebrae superioris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of trapezius A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a trapezius [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261938 UBERON:0004509 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a trapezius [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pectoralis major [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261968 UBERON:0004510 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pectoralis major [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a rectus abdominis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261924 UBERON:0004511 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a rectus abdominis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of supraspinatus A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a supraspinatus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261956 UBERON:0004512 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a supraspinatus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of internal intercostal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a internal intercostal muscle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261888 UBERON:0004513 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a internal intercostal muscle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of transversus thoracis A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a transversus thoracis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261892 UBERON:0004514 uberon A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a transversus thoracis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261045 FMA:261081 UBERON:0004515 smooth muscle tissue of lobular bronchiole uberon FMA:261081 smooth muscle tissue of lobular bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261051 UBERON:0004516 uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of respiratory bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261055 UBERON:0004517 uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle of vertebral column A muscle that is attached to a vertebra of the vertebral column. FMA:22594 UBERON:0004518 uberon vertebral column muscle A muscle that is attached to a vertebra of the vertebral column. UBERON:cjm FMA:22594 vertebral column muscle muscle of anal triangle FMA:77304 UBERON:0004519 anal triangle muscle uberon FMA:77304 anal triangle muscle FMA striated muscle tissue of prostate A portion of striated muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:45716 UBERON:0004520 uberon A portion of striated muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic vasculature of muscle organ A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:87123 UBERON:0004521 muscular organ vasculature uberon A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:87123 muscular organ vasculature vasculature of musculoskeletal system A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:239607 UBERON:0004522 uberon A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic papillary muscle of right ventricle A papillary muscle that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004544 FMA:7259 SCTID:244356004 UBERON:0004523 uberon A papillary muscle that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic papillary muscle of left ventricle A papillary muscle that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001398 FMA:9352 SCTID:244347007 UBERON:0004524 uberon A papillary muscle that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of right ventricle A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84429 UBERON:0004525 uberon A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true cardiac muscle tissue of trabecula carnea of left ventricle A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84430 UBERON:0004526 uberon A portion of trabecula carnea cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true alveolar process of maxilla FMA:52897 MA:0001492 SCTID:245795005 UBERON:0001696 UBERON:0004527 alveolar margin of maxilla alveolar part of maxilla alveolar ridge of maxilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Gray157.png lower alveolar ridge maxilla alveolar process posterior alveolar ridge processus alveolaris (maxilla) thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is also found in enamel as the main inorganic substance[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Alveolar_process thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on bones that bear teeth. In humans, the tooth-bearing bones are the maxilla and the mandible. The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly hydroxyapatite, which is also found in enamel as the main inorganic substance[WP]. alveolar ridge of mandible FMA:52832 SCTID:245791001 The alveolar part of mandible is the part of the mandible, adjacent to the teeth, containing the dental alveolus. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004528 alveolar margin of mandible alveolar part of mandible alveolar process of mandible anterior alveolar ridge http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Mandibule.jpg pars alveolaris (mandibula) pars alveolaris mandibulae uberon upper alveolar ridge Wikipedia:Alveolar_part_of_mandible pars alveolaris mandibulae FMA:52832 pars alveolaris (mandibula) FMA:52832 alveolar process of mandible The alveolar part of mandible is the part of the mandible, adjacent to the teeth, containing the dental alveolus. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Alveolar_part_of_mandible anatomical projection AAO:0010278 Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, or tissue.[AAO] Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[TAO] Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[VSAO] FMA:67601 HAO:0000822 TAO:0001834 UBERON:0004529 VSAO:0000180 XAO:0004020 a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. anatomical process flange flanges galen:Ridge lamella lamellae lamina laminae organ process process process of organ processes projection projection projections ridge ridges shelf shelves uberon VSAO:0000180 laminae 2012-08-14 Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001834 TAO:wd VSAO:0000180 processes VSAO:0000180 process VSAO:0000180 projection VSAO:0000180 projections VSAO:0000180 ridge VSAO:0000180 shelves VSAO:0000180 flanges Wikipedia:Process_(anatomy) a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. VSAO:0000180 lamellae VSAO:0000180 ridges VSAO:0000180 lamina 2012-08-14 Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, tissue, fin, scale, etc.[VSAO] TAO:curator VSAO VSAO:0000180 VSAO:0000180 flange 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010278 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, projection, or appendage. A process can be part of a bone, cartilage, or tissue.[AAO] VSAO:0000180 shelf VSAO:0000180 lamella bony projection Anatomical projection that is composed of bone tissue. FMA:75433 UBERON:0004530 ZFA:0001637 bone process projection of bone uberon FMA:75433 bone process Anatomical projection that is composed of bone tissue. VSAO:wd obsolete left side of organism UBERON:0004531 true uberon obsolete right side of organism UBERON:0004532 true uberon left testicle A testis that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7212 MA:0001746 SCTID:367720001 UBERON:0004533 UMLS:C0227998 left testis ncithesaurus:Left_Testis uberon A testis that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001746 left testis right testicle A testis that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7211 MA:0001747 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjM25wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:367719007 UBERON:0004534 UMLS:C0227997 ncithesaurus:Right_Testis right testis uberon A testis that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0001747 right testis cardiovascular system AAO:0011001 Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BILA:0000016 BTO:0000088 CV system EFO:0000791 EHDAA2:0000216 EHDAA:394 EMAPA:16104 EMAPA:16370 EV:0100017 FMA:7161 GAID:467 Herz und Gefaesssystem MA:0000010 MAT:0000016 MESH:A07 MIAA:0000016 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278198007 TAO:0000010 The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004535 UMLS:C0007226 Usage notes: we treat cardiovascular as part of circulatory system, with the latter including other kinds of circulation, including lymph. VHOG:0000302 WikipediaCategory:Cardiovascular_system XAO:0000100 XAO:0001010 ZFA:0000010 ncithesaurus:Cardiovascular_System uberon BTO:0000088 Herz und Gefaesssystem Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BTO:0000088 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451 The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000302 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000088 CV system lymph vasculature A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep.[TAO] A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep. FMA:63815 TAO:0005105 UBERON:0004536 ZFA:0005105 lymphatic trunks and ducts lymphatic vasculature lymphatic vessel network lymphatic vessels set set of lymphatic vessels trunci et ductus lymphatici uberon FMA:63815 FMA:TA trunci et ductus lymphatici A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep. ZFA:0005105 FMA:63815 lymphatic vessels set 2012-08-14 A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005105 ZFIN:curator FMA:63815 lymphatic trunks and ducts blood vasculature TAO:0001079 UBERON:0004537 ZFA:0001079 a vascular network consisting of blood vessels. blood vascular network blood vessels set of blood vessels uberon UBERON:cjm a vascular network consisting of blood vessels. TAO:0001079 blood vessels left kidney A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7205 MA:0001655 SCTID:362209008 UBERON:0004538 UMLS:C0227614 ncithesaurus:Left_Kidney uberon A kidney that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic right kidney A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7204 MA:0001683 SCTID:362208000 UBERON:0004539 UMLS:C0227613 ncithesaurus:Right_Kidney uberon A kidney that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic proper plantar digital artery . FMA:71564 MA:0001968 UBERON:0004540 arteriae digitales plantares propriae arteriae digitales plantares propriae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gray555.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Gray1237.svg/200px-Gray1237.svg.png plantar digital artery proper proper plantar digital arteries set of plantar digital arteries proper the MA term, even though plural, represents the singular, as it is an isa child of artery. We use the FMA set term as it is the closest match, but the semantics of set terms are unclear uberon FMA:71564 FMA:TA arteriae digitales plantares propriae MA:0001968 proper plantar digital arteries FMA:71564 set of plantar digital arteries proper Wikipedia:Proper_plantar_digital_arteries arteriae digitales plantares propriae . Wikipedia:Proper_plantar_digital_arteries epididymis epithelium A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:30445 Epididymis epithelium FMA:19153 MA:0002825 UBERON:0004544 epithelium of epididymis uberon Epididymis epithelium FMA:19153 A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:19153 epithelium of epididymis external capsule External capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The external capsule is a sheet-like fiber bundle located lateral to the to the putamen and globus pallidus which projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex[FMA]. FMA:61959 MA:0002896 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010013 SCTID:279300007 UBERON:0004545 UMLS:C0152345 capsula externa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg/200px-Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg ncithesaurus:External_Capsule uberon External capsule is an organ subdivision of the telencephalon which is made up primarily of myelinated axonal neural tissue (white matter). The external capsule is a sheet-like fiber bundle located lateral to the to the putamen and globus pallidus which projects dorsally to the white matter underlying the cerebral cortex[FMA]. FMA:61959 Wikipedia:External_capsule Wikipedia:External_capsule capsula externa cribriform plate BTO:0004141 EMAPA:19201 FMA:52890 MA:0002898 SCTID:282814006 The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina) is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. Projecting upward from the middle line of this plate is a thick, smooth, triangular process, the crista galli, so called from its resemblance to a cock's comb. The long thin posterior border of the crista galli serves for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Its anterior border, short and thick, articulates with the frontal bone, and presents two small projecting alæ, which are received into corresponding depressions in the frontal bone and complete the foramen cecum. Its sides are smooth, and sometimes bulging from the presence of a small air sinus in the interior. On either side of the crista galli, the cribriform plate is narrow and deeply grooved; it supports the olfactory bulb and is perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves. The foramina in the middle of the groove are small and transmit the nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity; those at the medial and lateral parts of the groove are larger—the former transmit the nerves to the upper part of the nasal septum, the latter those to the superior nasal concha. At the front part of the cribriform plate, on either side of the crista galli, is a small fissure which is occupied by a process of dura mater. Lateral to this fissure is a notch or foramen which transmits the nasociliary nerve; from this notch a groove extends backward to the anterior ethmoidal foramen. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004546 cribiform plate of ethmoid bone ethmoid bone lamina cribrosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray149.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gray149.png/200px-Gray149.png lamina cribrosa of ethmoid bone lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis uberon BTO:0004141 ethmoid bone lamina cribrosa Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate cribiform plate of ethmoid bone Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone (horizontal lamina) is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. Projecting upward from the middle line of this plate is a thick, smooth, triangular process, the crista galli, so called from its resemblance to a cock's comb. The long thin posterior border of the crista galli serves for the attachment of the falx cerebri. Its anterior border, short and thick, articulates with the frontal bone, and presents two small projecting alæ, which are received into corresponding depressions in the frontal bone and complete the foramen cecum. Its sides are smooth, and sometimes bulging from the presence of a small air sinus in the interior. On either side of the crista galli, the cribriform plate is narrow and deeply grooved; it supports the olfactory bulb and is perforated by foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerves. The foramina in the middle of the groove are small and transmit the nerves to the roof of the nasal cavity; those at the medial and lateral parts of the groove are larger—the former transmit the nerves to the upper part of the nasal septum, the latter those to the superior nasal concha. At the front part of the cribriform plate, on either side of the crista galli, is a small fissure which is occupied by a process of dura mater. Lateral to this fissure is a notch or foramen which transmits the nasociliary nerve; from this notch a groove extends backward to the anterior ethmoidal foramen. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cribriform_plate MA BTO:0004141 lamina cribrosa of ethmoid bone decidua capsularis Endometrium that covers the implanted blastocyst. FMA:86478 MA:0002906 SCTID:255498003 UBERON:0004547 UMLS:C0230964 ncithesaurus:Decidua_Capsularis uberon Endometrium that covers the implanted blastocyst. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm left eye An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:12515 MA:0002949 SCTID:362503005 UBERON:0004548 left eyeball left orbital part of face left orbital region uberon FMA:54450 left orbital part of face FMA:12515 left eyeball FMA:54450 left orbital region An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic right eye An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:12514 MA:0002950 SCTID:362502000 UBERON:0004549 right eyeball right orbital part of face right orbital region uberon FMA:54449 right orbital region FMA:54449 right orbital part of face FMA:12514 right eyeball An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gastroesophageal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14915 LES MA:0002951 SCTID:267809009 UBERON:0004550 UMLS:C0227192 cardiac sphincter esophageal sphincter esophageal sphincter%2c lower esophageal-cardiac junction esophagogastric junction galen:LowerEsophagealSphincter gastro-esophageal junction gastro-esophageal sphincter gastro-oesophageal junction gastroesophageal junction gastroesophageal sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter muscle inferior esophageal sphincter lower esophageal sphincter ncithesaurus:Lower_Esophageal_Sphincter todo - split? check FMA:63048 uberon Wikipedia:Cardia gastroesophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal sphincter%2c lower A sphincter muscle that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0002951 cardiac sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal-cardiac junction Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-esophageal junction MA:0002951 lower esophageal sphincter FMA:14915 gastroesophageal sphincter FMA:14915 inferior esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia lower esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia esophagogastric junction Wikipedia:Cardia esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-oesophageal junction Wikipedia:Cardia cardiac sphincter MA LES Wikipedia:Cardia Wikipedia:Cardia gastro-esophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Cardia gastroesophageal sphincter obsolete set of proper plantar digital arteries UBERON:0004551 arteriae digitales plantares propriae plantar digital arteries proper plantar digital arteries proper set this class was made obsolete, as uberon does not include 'Set of X' classes. For now, the FMA class for set of plantar digital arteries proper is under UBERON:0004540, but it is unclear if this is correct true uberon FMA:71564 plantar digital arteries proper set FMA:71564 FMA:TA arteriae digitales plantares propriae FMA:71564 plantar digital arteries proper digital artery An artery that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001941 SCTID:181335004 UBERON:0004552 check part_of - do we need term for digit + metacarpal/tarsal bones? uberon An artery that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic forelimb digital artery A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001953 SCTID:265791006 UBERON:0004553 digital artery of manus forelimb digital arteries uberon wing digital artery MA:0001953 forelimb digital arteries A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing digital artery reference_0000032 true hindlimb digital artery A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:69713 MA:0001964 UBERON:0004554 digital artery of foot hindlimb digital arteries uberon A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:69713 digital artery of foot MA:0001964 hindlimb digital arteries proper palmar digital vein FMA:22926 MA:0002126 Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. UBERON:0004561 common palmar digital venous tributary distal palmar digital vein proper palmal vein proper palmar vein tributary of common palmar digital vein uberon FMA:22926 tributary of common palmar digital vein MA:0002126 proper palmar vein FMA/obol MA:0002126 proper palmal vein FMA:22926 common palmar digital venous tributary Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins distal palmar digital vein digital vein MA:0002101 UBERON:0004562 UMLS:C0447128 check part_of - do we need term for digit + metacarpal/tarsal bones? ncithesaurus:Digital_Vein uberon forelimb digital vein A digital vein that is part of a forelimb. MA:0002120 UBERON:0004563 forelimb digital veins uberon wing digital vein NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing digital vein MA:0002120 forelimb digital veins reference_0000032 true A digital vein that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic hindlimb digital vein A digital vein that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002133 UBERON:0004564 hindlimb digital veins uberon MA:0002133 hindlimb digital veins A digital vein that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true systemic arterial system FMA:45623 UBERON:0004571 systemic arterial circulatory system the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. uberon MA-inferred Wikipedia:Systemic_circulation#Arteries the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. FMA:45623 systemic arterial circulatory system arterial system BTO:0004690 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA:396 EMAPA:16201 EMAPA:16371 MA:0002719 SCTID:362030008 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. UBERON:0004572 VHOG:0000273 uberon MA The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. UBERON:cjm 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000273 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 systemic artery FMA:66464 Systemic arteries are the arteries of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. UBERON:0004573 systemic arterial subtree uberon Systemic arteries are the arteries of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Wikipedia:Artery#Systemic_arteries FMA:66464 systemic arterial subtree systemic venous system FMA:45626 In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP]] Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong] UBERON:0004581 systemic venous circulatory system uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000277 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0073040584 The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong] Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP]] Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system FMA:45626 systemic venous circulatory system FMA FMA:45626 Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] venous system BTO:0004692 EHDAA2:0002171 EHDAA:486 EMAPA:16240 MA:0002720 SCTID:362060003 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. UBERON:0004582 UMLS:C1267406 VHOG:0000277 ncithesaurus:Venous_System uberon vein system 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000277 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. UBERON:cjm MA sphincter muscle AO notes: FMA class is not a subtype of muscle FMA:75004 UBERON:0004590 UMLS:C1409894 a structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. circular muscle ncithesaurus:Sphincter sphincter uberon Wikipedia:Sphincter a structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. rib 1 1 Costa prima (I) FMA:7597 MA:0001401 SCTID:182016005 The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is small, rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. There is no angle, but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the Scalenus anterior; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the Scalenus medius. The under surface is smooth, and destitute of a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the Serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004601 UMLS:C1709945 costa prima elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first rib http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray124.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Gray124.png/200px-Gray124.png ncithesaurus:Rib_1 uberon Wikipedia:First_rib costa prima FMA:7597 first rib Costa prima (I) FMA:7597 The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is small, rounded, and possesses only a single articular facet, for articulation with the body of the first thoracic vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tubercle, thick and prominent, is placed on the outer border. There is no angle, but at the tubercle the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the body is marked by two shallow grooves, separated from each other by a slight ridge prolonged internally into a tubercle, the scalene tubercle, for the attachment of the Scalenus anterior; the anterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus. Behind the posterior groove is a rough area for the attachment of the Scalenus medius. The under surface is smooth, and destitute of a costal groove. The outer border is convex, thick, and rounded, and at its posterior part gives attachment to the first digitation of the Serratus anterior. The inner border is concave, thin, and sharp, and marked about its center by the scalene tubercle. The anterior extremity is larger and thicker than that of any of the other ribs. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:First_rib rib 2 2 Costa secunda (II) FMA:7620 MA:0001402 SCTID:244656007 The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted, so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the Serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the Scalenus posterior. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004602 UMLS:C1709949 costa secunda elements are to be defined spatially/topologically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray125.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gray125.png/200px-Gray125.png ncithesaurus:Rib_2 second rib uberon Costa secunda (II) FMA:7620 Wikipedia:Second_rib costa secunda FMA:7620 second rib The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature. The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked. The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle. The body is not twisted, so that both ends touch any plane surface upon which it may be laid; but there is a bend, with its convexity upward, similar to, though smaller than that found in the first rib. The body is not flattened horizontally like that of the first rib. Its external surface is convex, and looks upward and a little outward; near the middle of it is a rough eminence for the origin of the lower part of the first and the whole of the second digitation of the Serratus anterior; behind and above this is attached the Scalenus posterior. The internal surface, smooth, and concave, is directed downward and a little inward: on its posterior part there is a short costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Second_rib rib 3 3 FMA:7638 MA:0001403 SCTID:244658008 UBERON:0004603 UMLS:C1709950 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_3 third rib uberon FMA:7638 third rib rib 4 4 FMA:7749 MA:0001404 SCTID:244659000 UBERON:0004604 UMLS:C1709951 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth rib ncithesaurus:Rib_4 uberon FMA:7749 fourth rib rib 5 5 FMA:7776 MA:0001405 SCTID:244660005 UBERON:0004605 UMLS:C1711376 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fifth rib ncithesaurus:Rib_5 uberon FMA:7776 fifth rib rib 6 6 FMA:8147 MA:0001406 SCTID:244661009 UBERON:0004606 UMLS:C1709952 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_6 sixth rib uberon FMA:8147 sixth rib rib 7 7 FMA:7830 MA:0001407 SCTID:244662002 UBERON:0004607 UMLS:C1709953 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_7 seventh rib uberon FMA:7830 seventh rib rib 9 9 FMA:8337 MA:0001409 SCTID:244664001 UBERON:0004608 UMLS:C1709955 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_9 ninth rib uberon FMA:8337 ninth rib rib 10 10 FMA:8418 MA:0001410 SCTID:244665000 The tenth rib has only a single articular facet on its head. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004609 UMLS:C1709946 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray126.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gray126.png/200px-Gray126.png ncithesaurus:Rib_10 tenth rib uberon FMA:8418 tenth rib The tenth rib has only a single articular facet on its head. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tenth_rib rib 11 11 FMA:8499 MA:0001411 SCTID:244666004 The eleventh rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004610 UMLS:C1709947 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically eleventh rib http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Gray127.png ncithesaurus:Rib_11 uberon The eleventh rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Eleventh_rib FMA:8499 eleventh rib rib 12 12 FMA:8515 In humans: The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The twelfth has angle nor costal groove; it is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward. Sometimes the twelfth rib is even shorter than the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. MA:0001412 SCTID:244667008 UBERON:0004611 UMLS:C1709948 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Gray128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray128.png/200px-Gray128.png ncithesaurus:Rib_12 twelfth rib uberon FMA:8515 twelfth rib In humans: The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends. The twelfth has angle nor costal groove; it is much shorter than the eleventh rib, and its head is inclined slightly downward. Sometimes the twelfth rib is even shorter than the first rib. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Twelfth_rib mammalian cervical vertebra 3 3 C3 vertebra EMAPA:19433 FMA:12521 MA:0001423 SCTID:181823007 UBERON:0004612 UMLS:C0459939 cervical vertebra 3 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae ncithesaurus:C3_Vertebra third cervical vertebra uberon FMA FMA:12521 third cervical vertebra MA:0001423 cervical vertebra 3 C3 vertebra FMA:12521 mammalian cervical vertebra 4 4 C4 vertebra EMAPA:19434 FMA:12522 MA:0001424 SCTID:181824001 UBERON:0004613 UMLS:C0459941 cervical vertebra 4 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae fourth cervical vertebra ncithesaurus:C4_Vertebra uberon C4 vertebra FMA:12522 MA:0001424 cervical vertebra 4 FMA FMA:12522 fourth cervical vertebra mammalian cervical vertebra 5 5 C5 vertebra EMAPA:19435 FMA:12523 MA:0001425 SCTID:181825000 UBERON:0004614 UMLS:C0459943 cervical vertebra 5 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae fifth cervical vertebra ncithesaurus:C5_Vertebra uberon FMA FMA:12523 fifth cervical vertebra C5 vertebra FMA:12523 MA:0001425 cervical vertebra 5 mammalian cervical vertebra 6 6 C6 vertebra EMAPA:19466 FMA:12524 MA:0001426 SCTID:181826004 UBERON:0004615 UMLS:C0459944 cervical vertebra 6 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae ncithesaurus:C6_Vertebra sixth cervical vertebra uberon MA:0001426 cervical vertebra 6 C6 vertebra FMA:12524 FMA:12524 sixth cervical vertebra FMA mammalian cervical vertebra 7 7 C7 vertebra EMAPA:19467 FMA:12525 MA:0001427 SCTID:181827008 UBERON:0004616 UMLS:C0223176 cervical vertebra 7 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically. all mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae ncithesaurus:C7_Vertebra prominent vertebra seventh cervical vertebra uberon vertebra prominens (CVII) FMA:12525 prominent vertebra FMA:12525 vertebra prominens (CVII) FMA MA:0001427 cervical vertebra 7 C7 vertebra FMA:12525 FMA:12525 seventh cervical vertebra lumbar vertebra 1 EMAPA:19472 FMA:13072 L1 vertebra MA:0001428 SCTID:181841004 UBERON:0004617 UMLS:C0223492 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first lumbar vertebra ncithesaurus:L1_Vertebra uberon FMA:13072 L1 vertebra FMA:13072 first lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra 2 EMAPA:19570 FMA:13073 L2 vertebra MA:0001429 SCTID:181842006 UBERON:0004618 UMLS:C0223507 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:L2_Vertebra second lumbar vertebra uberon FMA:13073 L2 vertebra FMA:13073 second lumbar vertebra FMA lumbar vertebra 3 EMAPA:19571 FMA:13074 L3 vertebra MA:0001430 SCTID:181843001 UBERON:0004619 UMLS:C0223522 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:L3_Vertebra third lumbar vertebra uberon FMA FMA:13074 L3 vertebra FMA:13074 third lumbar vertebra lumbar vertebra 4 EMAPA:19572 FMA:13075 L4 vertebra MA:0001431 SCTID:181844007 UBERON:0004620 UMLS:C0223537 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth lumbar vertebra ncithesaurus:L4_Vertebra uberon FMA:13075 fourth lumbar vertebra FMA FMA:13075 L4 vertebra lumbar vertebra 5 EMAPA:19573 FMA:13076 L5 vertebra MA:0001432 SCTID:181845008 UBERON:0004621 UMLS:C0223552 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fifth lumbar vertebra ncithesaurus:L5_Vertebra uberon FMA:13076 L5 vertebra FMA:13076 fifth lumbar vertebra FMA sacral vertebra 1 EMAPA:19588 FMA:13077 First sacral segment First segment of sacrum MA:0001434 S1 vertebra SCTID:181846009 UBERON:0004622 UMLS:C0223598 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first sacral vertebra ncithesaurus:S1_Vertebra uberon FMA:13077 first sacral vertebra FMA:13077 First sacral segment FMA:13077 First segment of sacrum FMA:13077 S1 vertebra sacral vertebra 2 EMAPA:19589 FMA:13078 MA:0001435 S2 vertebra SCTID:181847000 Second sacral segment Second segment of sacrum UBERON:0004623 UMLS:C0223599 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:S2_Vertebra second sacral vertebra uberon FMA:13078 second sacral vertebra FMA:13078 S2 vertebra FMA:13078 Second segment of sacrum FMA:13078 Second sacral segment sacral vertebra 3 EMAPA:19590 FMA:13079 MA:0001436 S3 vertebra SCTID:181848005 Third sacral segment Third segment of sacrum UBERON:0004624 UMLS:C0223600 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:S3_Vertebra third sacral vertebra uberon FMA:13079 S3 vertebra FMA:13079 Third sacral segment FMA:13079 Third segment of sacrum FMA:13079 third sacral vertebra sacral vertebra 4 EMAPA:19591 FMA:13080 Fourth sacral segment Fourth segment of sacrum MA:0001437 S4 vertebra SCTID:181849002 UBERON:0004625 UMLS:C0223601 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth sacral vertebra ncithesaurus:S4_Vertebra uberon FMA:13080 fourth sacral vertebra FMA:13080 Fourth segment of sacrum FMA:13080 Fourth sacral segment FMA:13080 S4 vertebra thoracic vertebra 1 EMAPA:19542 FMA:9165 First dorsal vertebra MA:0001438 SCTID:181828003 T1 vertebra UBERON:0004626 UMLS:C0459933 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically first thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T1_Vertebra uberon FMA:9165 First dorsal vertebra FMA:9165 T1 vertebra FMA:9165 first thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 2 EMAPA:19543 FMA:9187 MA:0001439 SCTID:181829006 Second dorsal vertebra T2 vertebra UBERON:0004627 UMLS:C0459936 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T2_Vertebra second thoracic vertebra uberon FMA:9187 Second dorsal vertebra FMA FMA:9187 T2 vertebra FMA:9187 second thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 3 EMAPA:19544 FMA:9209 MA:0001440 SCTID:181830001 T3 vertebra Third dorsal vertebra UBERON:0004628 UMLS:C0459952 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T3_Vertebra third thoracic vertebra uberon FMA FMA:9209 T3 vertebra FMA:9209 Third dorsal vertebra FMA:9209 third thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 4 EMAPA:19545 FMA:9248 Fourth dorsal vertebra MA:0001441 SCTID:181831002 T4 vertebra UBERON:0004629 UMLS:C0459951 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fourth thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T4_Vertebra uberon FMA FMA:9248 Fourth dorsal vertebra FMA:9248 fourth thoracic vertebra FMA:9248 T4 vertebra thoracic vertebra 5 EMAPA:19546 FMA:9922 Fifth dorsal vertebra MA:0001442 SCTID:181832009 T5 vertebra UBERON:0004630 UMLS:C0459950 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically fifth thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T5_Vertebra uberon FMA FMA:9922 Fifth dorsal vertebra FMA:9922 T5 vertebra FMA:9922 fifth thoracic vertebra thoracic vertebra 6 EMAPA:19547 FMA:9945 MA:0001443 SCTID:181834005 Sixth dorsal vertebra T6 vertebra UBERON:0004631 UMLS:C0459949 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T6_Vertebra sixth thoracic vertebra uberon FMA:9945 Sixth dorsal vertebra FMA:9945 sixth thoracic vertebra FMA:9945 T6 vertebra FMA thoracic vertebra 7 EMAPA:19548 FMA:9968 MA:0001444 SCTID:181835006 Seventh dorsal vertebra T7 vertebra UBERON:0004632 UMLS:C0459947 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T7_Vertebra seventh thoracic vertebra uberon FMA:9968 seventh thoracic vertebra FMA:9968 Seventh dorsal vertebra FMA:9968 T7 vertebra FMA thoracic vertebra 9 EMAPA:19550 FMA:10014 MA:0001446 Ninth dorsal vertebra SCTID:181837003 T9 vertebra UBERON:0004633 UMLS:C0459954 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T9_Vertebra ninth thoracic vertebra uberon FMA:10014 T9 vertebra FMA FMA:10014 ninth thoracic vertebra FMA:10014 Ninth dorsal vertebra thoracic vertebra 10 EMAPA:19551 FMA:10037 MA:0001447 SCTID:181838008 T10 vertebra Tenth dorsal vertebra UBERON:0004634 UMLS:C0459955 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T10_Vertebra tenth thoracic vertebra uberon FMA:10037 tenth thoracic vertebra FMA:10037 Tenth dorsal vertebra FMA FMA:10037 T10 vertebra thoracic vertebra 11 EMAPA:19552 Eleventh dorsal vertebra FMA:10059 MA:0001448 SCTID:181839000 T11 vertebra UBERON:0004635 UMLS:C0459956 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically eleventh thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T11_Vertebra uberon Eleventh dorsal vertebra FMA:10059 FMA FMA:10059 eleventh thoracic vertebra FMA:10059 T11 vertebra thoracic vertebra 12 EMAPA:19553 FMA:10081 MA:0001449 SCTID:181840003 T12 vertebra Twelfth dorsal vertebra UBERON:0004636 UMLS:C0459957 elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:T12_Vertebra twelfth thoracic vertebra uberon FMA:10081 Twelfth dorsal vertebra FMA FMA:10081 T12 vertebra FMA:10081 twelfth thoracic vertebra otic capsule AAO:0010143 Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (...) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361515007 Skeletal elements surrounding the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Sensory capsules anterolateral to and confluent with occipital arch.[AAO] Taxon notes: developmental relationships need to be checked The capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans)[Biology-Online]. Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear[ZFA]. The cartilage capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony. [Biology_online][VHOG] UBERON:0004637 VHOG:0000854 auditory capsule otic capsule otic region periotic periotic capsule relationship loss: part_of occipito-petrosal (AAO:0010831)[AAO] relationship loss: part_of otic and occipital (AAO:0000993)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010143 relationship loss: part_of occipito-petrosal (AAO:0010831)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010143 AAO:EJS Skeletal elements surrounding the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Sensory capsules anterolateral to and confluent with occipital arch.[AAO] EHDAA2 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.235, DOI:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00168-4 Fay RR, Popper AN, Evolution of hearing in vertebrates: the inner ears and processing. Hearing research (2000) Otic capsules develop around the parts of the ear that lie within the chondrocranium. This part of the ear, known as the inner ear, is composed of the semicircular ducts and associated sacs that contain the receptive cells for equilibrium and hearing (reference 1); (...) considerations have led to our rethinking issues related to the origin of several aspects of vertebrate hearing, and to the view that many basic auditory functions evolved very early in vertebrate history, and that the functions observed in more `advanced' vertebrates, such as birds and mammals, are frequently modifications of themes first encountered in fishes, and perhaps even more ancestral animals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000854 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0001500 otic capsule VHOG:0000854 auditory capsule 2012-09-17 The cartilage capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony. [Biology_online][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000854 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000854 periotic capsule The capsule surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans)[Biology-Online]. Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear[ZFA]. ZFA:0001500 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/otic+capsule http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Otic_capsule 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010143 relationship loss: part_of otic and occipital (AAO:0000993)[AAO] blood vessel endothelium An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart BTO:0000766 MA:0000709 TAO:0005257 UBERON:0004638 UMLS:C1706972 ZFA:0005257 ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel_Endothelium uberon An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart UBERON:cjm afferent arteriole EMAPA:28230 EMAPA:28266 MA:0002579 MP:0011312 SCTID:67498004 TAO:0002139 The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery which supplies blood to the kidneys. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus. When renal blood flow is reduced, the macula densa releases prostaglandins, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004639 ZFA:0005307 afferent glomerular arteriole arteriola glomerularis afferens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png kidney afferent arteriole uberon Wikipedia:Afferent_arterioles arteriola glomerularis afferens ZFA:0005307 afferent glomerular arteriole The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery which supplies blood to the kidneys. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus. When renal blood flow is reduced, the macula densa releases prostaglandins, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Afferent_arterioles MP:0011312 kidney afferent arteriole efferent arteriole EMAPA:28233 EMAPA:28275 MA:0002585 SCTID:29926005 TAO:0002140 The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms. The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure. In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise. In the mammalian kidney about 15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli. The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004640 ZFA:0005308 arteriola glomerularis efferens capsulae renalis efferent glomerular arteriole http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png kidney efferent arteriole uberon ZFA:0005308 efferent glomerular arteriole Wikipedia:Efferent_arteriole arteriola glomerularis efferens capsulae renalis The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms. The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure. In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise. In the mammalian kidney about 15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli. The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Efferent_arteriole MP:0011313 kidney efferent arteriole spleen capsule A capsule that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15849 MA:0000753 Malpighian capsule SCTID:329635002 UBERON:0004641 UMLS:C0229681 capsule of spleen fibroelastic coat of spleen fibrous capsule of spleen ncithesaurus:Splenic_Capsule splenic capsule tunica fibrosa (splen)(lien) uberon FMA:15849 tunica fibrosa (splen)(lien) FMA:15849 splenic capsule FMA:15849 capsule of spleen A capsule that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:15849 Malpighian capsule FMA:15849 fibroelastic coat of spleen FMA:15849 fibrous capsule of spleen third ventricle ependyma 3rd ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a third ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:242833 MA:0000882 SCTID:362316006 UBERON:0004642 ependyma of third ventricle uberon 3rd ventricle ependyma MA:0000882 An ependyma that is part of a third ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0000882 ependyma of third ventricle lateral ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:242825 MA:0000964 SCTID:369275002 UBERON:0004643 UMLS:C0228162 ependyma of lateral ventricle ncithesaurus:Lateral_Ventricle_Ependyma uberon FMA:242825 ependyma of lateral ventricle An ependyma that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle ependyma 4th ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:242835 MA:0000986 SCTID:369277005 UBERON:0004644 UMLS:C0228171 ependyma of fourth ventricle ncithesaurus:Fourth_Ventricle_Ependyma uberon FMA:242835 ependyma of fourth ventricle 4th ventricle ependyma MA:0000986 An ependyma that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic urinary bladder urothelium An urothelium that is part of a urinary bladder. BTO:0001694 FMA:15936 MA:0001693 SCTID:25631003 UBERON:0004645 UMLS:C0225339 bladder transitional cell epithelium ncithesaurus:Transitional_Epithelium transitional epithelium transitional epithelium of urinary bladder uberon urinary bladder transitional epithelium urothelium urothelium of urinary bladder FMA:15936 bladder transitional cell epithelium BTO:0001245 urothelium MA:0001693 transitional epithelium FMA:15936 transitional epithelium of urinary bladder FMA:15936 urothelium of urinary bladder FMA:15936 urinary bladder transitional epithelium An urothelium that is part of a urinary bladder. OBOL:automatic infraorbital artery FMA:49767 MA:0001977 SCTID:148167004 The infraorbital artery is an artery in the head that runs in the maxilla, emerging through the infraorbital foramen, just under the orbit of the eye. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004646 UMLS:C0226153 a. infraorbitalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Gray511.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gray511.png/200px-Gray511.png infra-orbital artery ncithesaurus:Infraorbital_Artery uberon FMA:49767 infra-orbital artery The infraorbital artery is an artery in the head that runs in the maxilla, emerging through the infraorbital foramen, just under the orbit of the eye. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Infraorbital_artery Wikipedia:Infraorbital_artery a. infraorbitalis liver lobule FMA:14471 MA:0002494 SCTID:362194004 UBERON:0004647 UMLS:C0227518 a small division of the liver defined at the histological scale, the functional unit of which is the hepatic acinus. hepatic lobule lobules of liver lobuli hepatici lobuli hepatis lobulus hepaticus ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Lobule should not be confused with the anatomic lobes of the liver (caudate lobe, quadrate lobe, left lobe, and right lobe), or any of the functional lobe classification systems.[WP] uberon FMA:14471 hepatic lobule Wikipedia:Lobules_of_liver lobules of liver Wikipedia:Lobules_of_liver a small division of the liver defined at the histological scale, the functional unit of which is the hepatic acinus. FMA Wikipedia:Lobules_of_liver lobuli hepatis FMA:14471 lobulus hepaticus lobuli hepatici FMA MA esophagus muscularis mucosa A muscularis mucosa that is part of a esophagus. FMA:63059 MA:0002681 SCTID:47720007 UBERON:0004648 UMLS:C0227177 esophagus muscularis mucosae lamina muscularis of esophageal mucous membrane muscularis mucosae of esophagus ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Muscularis_Mucosa uberon A muscularis mucosa that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic FMA:63059 muscularis mucosae of esophagus FMA:63059 lamina muscularis of esophageal mucous membrane sphenoid bone pterygoid process AAO:0010086 FMA:54682 MA:0002774 Process that projects from posterior margin of commissure into subocular space.[AAO] SCTID:140390001 The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial pterygoid plate and a lateral pterygoid plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly; a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion. The plates are separated below by an angular cleft, the pterygoid fissure (or pterygoid notch), the margins of which are rough for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone. The two plates diverge behind and enclose between them a V-shaped fossa, the pterygoid fossa, which contains pterygoideus internus and tensor veli palatini. Above this fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the tensor veli palatini. The anterior surface of the pterygoid process is broad and triangular near its root, where it forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and presents the anterior orifice of the pterygoid canal. UBERON:0004649 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray145.png processus pterygoideus processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis pterygoid plate pterygoid process pterygoid process pterygoid process of sphenoid pterygoid process of sphenoid bone pterygoid process of sphenoid bone pterygoid processes pterygoid processus relationship loss: part_of anterior quadratocranial commissure (AAO:0010061)[AAO] todo - check AAO:0000521-pterygoid and MA:0001471-pterygoid bone. MA also has 'inner plate of pterygoid process' as a syn for MA:0001471, FMA has lateral/medial plates. Seems likely inner = lateral (see MP:0004452). uberon Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid plate FMA:54682 pterygoid process of sphenoid FMA:54682 pterygoid process of sphenoid bone 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010086 AAO:EJS Process that projects from posterior margin of commissure into subocular space.[AAO] FMA:54682 FMA:TA processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid process 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010086 relationship loss: part_of anterior quadratocranial commissure (AAO:0010061)[AAO] Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis MA:0002774 pterygoid process of sphenoid bone FMA:54682 processus pterygoideus FMA:54682 pterygoid process The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial pterygoid plate and a lateral pterygoid plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly; a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion. The plates are separated below by an angular cleft, the pterygoid fissure (or pterygoid notch), the margins of which are rough for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone. The two plates diverge behind and enclose between them a V-shaped fossa, the pterygoid fossa, which contains pterygoideus internus and tensor veli palatini. Above this fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the tensor veli palatini. The anterior surface of the pterygoid process is broad and triangular near its root, where it forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa and presents the anterior orifice of the pterygoid canal. Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid processus Wikipedia:Pterygoid_processes_of_the_sphenoid pterygoid processes FMA-abduced-lr tongue keratinized epithelium FMA:74865 MA:0002787 UBERON:0004650 keratinized epithelium of tongue uberon FMA:74865 keratinized epithelium of tongue scapula spine EMAPA:25123 FMA:13453 MA:0002806 SCTID:181916005 Taxon notes: the cleithrum, the major shoulder bone of extinct land vertebrate ancestors,.. appears to survive as the scapular spine in living mammals[Matsuoka, PMC1352163] UBERON:0004651 a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png/200px-Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png scapular spine spina scapulae spine of scapula uberon Wikipedia:Spine_of_scapula spina scapulae FMA:13453 spine of scapula FMA Wikipedia:Spine_of_scapula a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa. FMA:13453 MA:0002806 scapular spine FMA humerus diaphysis EMAPA:25051 FMA:13305 MA:0002807 SCTID:181927007 The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. UBERON:0004652 body of humerus body of the humerus corpus humeri diaphysis of humerus humeral diaphysis medial humerus shaft of humerus shaft of the humerus uberon The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces. Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus FMA:13305 FMA:TA corpus humeri FMA:13305 diaphysis of humerus Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus medial humerus FMA:13305 humeral diaphysis FMA:13305 body of humerus Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus shaft of the humerus FMA:13305 shaft of humerus Wikipedia:Body_of_humerus body of the humerus temporal process of zygomatic bone FMA:52904 MA:0002812 SCTID:122772003 The temporal process of the zygomatic bone, directed backward and medialward, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla, and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. UBERON:0004654 facies temporalis ossis zygomatici http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray166.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gray166.png/200px-Gray166.png processus temporalis (os zygomaticum) uberon zygomatic bone temporal process MA The temporal process of the zygomatic bone, directed backward and medialward, is concave, presenting medially a rough, triangular area, for articulation with the maxilla, and laterally a smooth, concave surface, the upper part of which forms the anterior boundary of the temporal fossa, the lower a part of the infratemporal fossa. Near the center of this surface is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve. Wikipedia:Temporal_process_of_the_zygomatic_bone MA:0002812 zygomatic bone temporal process MA FMA:52904 processus temporalis (os zygomaticum) Wikipedia:Temporal_process_of_the_zygomatic_bone facies temporalis ossis zygomatici zygomatic process of temporal bone EMAPA:19015 FMA:52886 MA:0002811 SCTID:414110008 The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It articulates with the zygomatic bone. This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward. UBERON:0004653 UBERON:0004655 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray137.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray137.png/200px-Gray137.png processus zygomaticus processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis temporal bone zygomatic process temporal zygomatic process uberon FMA:52886 processus zygomaticus Wikipedia:Zygomatic_process_of_temporal_bone processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis MA MA:0002811 temporal bone zygomatic process FMA:52886 temporal zygomatic process MA The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone. It articulates with the zygomatic bone. This process is at first directed lateralward, its two surfaces looking upward and downward; it then appears as if twisted inward upon itself, and runs forward, its surfaces now looking medialward and lateralward. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_process_of_temporal_bone mandible condylar process BTO:0001750 FMA:52836 GAID:219 MA:0002816 MESH:A02.835.232.781.324.502.632.600 The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck. UBERON:0004657 condylar process of mandible condyle of mandible condyle of the mandible condyloid process http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Processuscondylarismandibulae.PNG/200px-Processuscondylarismandibulae.PNG mandibular condyle mandibular condyloid process processus condylaris uberon Wikipedia:Condyloid_process condyloid process FMA:52836 condylar process of mandible Wikipedia:Condyloid_process condyle of mandible Wikipedia:Condyloid_process condyle of the mandible BTO:0001750 mandibular condyle FMA:52836 processus condylaris BTO:0001750 The posterior process on the ramus of the mandible composed of two parts: a superior part, the articular portion, and an inferior part, the condylar neck. Wikipedia:Condyloid_process MA:0002816 mandibular condyloid process mandible head FMA:59331 MA:0002817 Mandibular head SCTID:51354009 UBERON:0004658 head of mandible uberon FMA:59331 head of mandible FMA:59331 Mandibular head mandible neck FMA:59332 MA:0002818 Mandibular neck SCTID:368875004 UBERON:0004659 neck of mandible uberon FMA:59332 neck of mandible FMA:59332 Mandibular neck mandible coronoid process AO notes: TAO:0001673 coronoid process, a bony projection on dentary FMA:52833 MA:0002819 SCTID:244691004 UBERON:0004660 a dorsal process on the lower jaw associated with muscle attachment. It may be formed by a separate coronoid bone or as a process of the dentary. In most living (and many extinct) mammals, the most dorsal of the three proximal processes of the jaw. coronoid coronoid process of mandible http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Processuscoronoideusmandibulae.PNG mandibular coronoid process processus coronoideus (mandibula) processus coronoideus mandibulae uberon Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_mandible a dorsal process on the lower jaw associated with muscle attachment. It may be formed by a separate coronoid bone or as a process of the dentary. In most living (and many extinct) mammals, the most dorsal of the three proximal processes of the jaw. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryCh.html#Coronoid%20process FMA:52833 processus coronoideus (mandibula) AAO:0000103 coronoid Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_mandible processus coronoideus mandibulae FMA:52833 coronoid process of mandible MA:0002819 mandibular coronoid process mandible temporal crest Crista temporalis (Mandibulae) FMA:59484 MA:0002820 UBERON:0004661 temporal crest of mandible uberon Crista temporalis (Mandibulae) FMA:59484 FMA:59484 temporal crest of mandible vertebra lamina AAO:0000695 FMA:11951 MA:0002876 Paired plates that form the neural arch. The lateral margin of each lamina rests dorsal to the superior end of the pedicel, and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina.[AAO] SCTID:277423002 UBERON:0004662 lamina arcus vertebrae lamina of vertebra lamina of vertebral arch neural arch lamina uberon vertebral lamina vertebral lamina MA:0002876 vertebral lamina FMA:11951 vertebral lamina FMA:11951 lamina of vertebral arch AAO:0000695 neural arch lamina FMA:11951 lamina of vertebra 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000695 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired plates that form the neural arch. The lateral margin of each lamina rests dorsal to the superior end of the pedicel, and the medial end fuses to the medial end of the opposite lamina.[AAO] FMA:11951 FMA:TA lamina arcus vertebrae aorta wall An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta [Automatically generated definition]. Aortic wall FMA:14156 MA:0002901 UBERON:0004663 uberon wall of aorta Aortic wall FMA:14156 An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14156 wall of aorta aorta tunica adventitia A tunica adventitia that is part of a aorta. FMA:14283 MA:0002902 SCTID:24996002 UBERON:0004664 tunica adventitia of aorta uberon A tunica adventitia that is part of a aorta. OBOL:automatic FMA:14283 tunica adventitia of aorta seminal vesicle muscle layer A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29773 FMA:19404 MA:0002913 UBERON:0004665 muscle layer of seminal vesicle muscular coat of seminal gland muscular layer of seminal gland tunica muscularis (Vesicula seminalis) tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae uberon A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:19404 muscular coat of seminal gland FMA:19404 tunica muscularis (Vesicula seminalis) FMA:19404 muscle layer of seminal vesicle FMA:19404 FMA:TA tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19404 muscular layer of seminal gland interventricular septum membranous part EHDAA2:0004596 EMAPA:18246 FMA:7135 MA:0002939 Membranous interventricular septum Membranous portion of interventricular septum Pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) SCTID:278228007 UBERON:0004666 VHOG:0000927 membranous interventricular septum membranous part interventricular septum membranous part of interventricular septum uberon FMA:7135 Membranous portion of interventricular septum MA:0002939 membranous interventricular septum FMA:7135 Membranous interventricular septum FMA:7135 membranous part of interventricular septum FMA:7135 Pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) VHOG:0000927 membranous part interventricular septum interventricular septum muscular part A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:2607 EMAPA:18247 FMA:7134 MA:0002940 Muscular interventricular septum Pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000888 UBERON:0004667 muscular interventricular septum muscular part of interventricular septum uberon FMA:7134 Pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) FMA:7134 muscular part of interventricular septum A portion of muscle tissue that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0002940 muscular interventricular septum FMA:7134 Muscular interventricular septum fourth ventricle aperture FMA:242766 MA:0002945 One of: the 4th ventricle median or lateral apertures. UBERON:0004668 aperture of 4th ventricle aperture of fourth ventricle uberon One of: the 4th ventricle median or lateral apertures. UBERON:cjm FMA:242766 aperture of fourth ventricle ependyma BTO:0000401 FMA breaks ependyma into epednyma proper (a subdivsion of epithelium) and epithelium of choroid plexus FMA:242791 GAID:608 MESH:A08.186.211.276.460 SCTID:12766003 UBERON:0004670 UMLS:C0014472 ependyma of neuraxis ependymal ependymal epithelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gray667.png lamina epithelialis ncithesaurus:Ependyma the thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is simple, columnar or cuboidal. uberon FMA:242791 lamina epithelialis BTO:0000401 ependymal epithelium FMA:242791 ependyma of neuraxis BTO:0000401 Wikipedia:Ependyma the thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is simple, columnar or cuboidal. gyrus rectus FMA:61893 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1103 SCTID:279206004 UBERON:0004671 gyrus rectus medial part of gyri orbitales rectal gyrus rectus gyrus straight gyrus uberon FMA:61893 straight gyrus FMA:61893 medial part of gyri orbitales NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1103 gyrus rectus FMA:61893 rectal gyrus FMA:61893 rectus gyrus posterior horn lateral ventricle FMA:83700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 SCTID:362314009 UBERON:0004672 UMLS:C0152282 cornu posterius ventriculi lateralis ncithesaurus:Occipital_Horn_of_the_Lateral_Ventricle occipital horn occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior horn lateral ventricle posterior horn of lateral ventricle posterior horn of the lateral ventricle uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 posterior horn lateral ventricle FMA:83700 FMA:TA cornu posterius ventriculi lateralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 occipital horn FMA:83700 posterior horn of lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1297 posterior horn of the lateral ventricle FMA:83700 occipital horn of lateral ventricle trigeminal nerve root A nerve root that continuous_with a trigeminal nerve. FMA:52610 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1346 SCTID:280185007 TAO:0000192 TODO - check ZFA UBERON:0004673 ZFA:0000192 descending trigeminal root root of trigeminal V nerve root of trigeminal nerve trigeminal nerve root trigeminal neural root uberon FMA:52610 trigeminal neural root FMA:52610 root of trigeminal nerve A nerve root that continuous_with a trigeminal nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA TAO:0000192 descending trigeminal root NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1346 trigeminal nerve root Obol:cjm root of trigeminal V nerve facial nerve root A nerve root that continuous_with a facial nerve. FMA:53418 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1513 SCTID:280186008 UBERON:0004674 central part of facial nerve facial nerve fibers facial nerve root facial neural root root of facial nerve uberon FMA:53418 root of facial nerve A nerve root that continuous_with a facial nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:53418 facial nerve fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1513 facial nerve root FMA:53418 central part of facial nerve FMA:53418 facial neural root hypoglossal nerve root A nerve root that continuous_with a hypoglossal nerve. FMA:72632 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1588 UBERON:0004675 central part of hypoglossal nerve hypoglossal nerve fibers hypoglossal nerve root hypoglossal nerve tract root of hypoglossal nerve uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1588 hypoglossal nerve root FMA:72632 hypoglossal nerve tract FMA:72632 hypoglossal nerve fibers FMA FMA:72632 root of hypoglossal nerve A nerve root that continuous_with a hypoglossal nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:72632 central part of hypoglossal nerve spinal cord lateral horn FMA:256536 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 UBERON:0004676 UMLS:C0228582 a triangular field that is a lateralward projection of the postero-lateral part of the anterior column[WP, modified by cjm]. cornu laterale medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray675.png intermediate gray column of spinal cord intermediate grey column of spinal cord lateral gray column of spinal cord lateral gray horn lateral gray matter of spinal cord lateral horn of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Lateral_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord spinal cord intermediate horn spinal cord lateral horn todo - check relationship to spinal cord lateral column. in FMA funiculus=white and horn=grep uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_horn_of_spinal_cord a triangular field that is a lateralward projection of the postero-lateral part of the anterior column[WP, modified by cjm]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 spinal cord intermediate horn FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Lateral_horn_of_spinal_cord cornu laterale medullae spinalis FMA:256536 lateral gray matter of spinal cord FMA:256536 intermediate gray column of spinal cord FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 spinal cord lateral horn NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2666 lateral gray horn FMA:256536 intermediate grey column of spinal cord FMA:256536 lateral horn of spinal cord FMA:256536 lateral gray column of spinal cord spinal cord gray commissure FMA:77036 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2669 SCTID:362427009 The gray commissure is a thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification. UBERON:0004677 commissura grisea anaterior medullae spinalis commissura grisea posterior medulla spinalis gray commissure of spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Medulla_spinalis_-_Substantia_grisea_-_English.svg spinal cord gray commissure spinal cord grey commissure uberon The gray commissure is a thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord. It comprises lamina X in the Rexed classification. Wikipedia:Gray_commissure OBOL:automatic spinal cord grey commissure Wikipedia:Gray_commissure commissura grisea anaterior medullae spinalis Wikipedia:Gray_commissure commissura grisea posterior medulla spinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2669 spinal cord gray commissure FMA:77036 gray commissure of spinal cord FMA apex of spinal cord dorsal horn FMA:256700 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2670 UBERON:0004678 apex cornu posterioris medullae spinalis apex of dorsal gray column apex of dorsal gray column of spinal cord apex of dorsal horn of spinal cord apex of posterior horn of spinal cord apex of spinal cord dorsal horn apex of spinal cord posterior horn uberon FMA:256700 apex of dorsal gray column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2670 apex of spinal cord posterior horn FMA:256700 FMA:TA apex cornu posterioris medullae spinalis FMA:256700 apex of dorsal horn of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2670 apex of spinal cord dorsal horn FMA:256700 apex of dorsal gray column of spinal cord FMA:256700 apex of posterior horn of spinal cord dentate gyrus molecular layer FMA:83677 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4127 UBERON:0004679 dentate gyrus molecular layer molecular layer of dentate gyrus uberon FMA:83677 molecular layer of dentate gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4127 dentate gyrus molecular layer body of fornix FMA:61968 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_739 SCTID:369117006 The columns (anterior pillars; fornicolumns) of the fornix arch downward in front of the interventricular foramen and behind the anterior commissure, and each descends through the gray substance in the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the base of the brain, where it ends in the corpus mammillare. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004680 body of fornix body of fornix of forebrain column of fornix columna fornicis columna fornicis columns of fornix fornix body http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Gray747.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Gray747.png/200px-Gray747.png uberon The columns (anterior pillars; fornicolumns) of the fornix arch downward in front of the interventricular foramen and behind the anterior commissure, and each descends through the gray substance in the lateral wall of the third ventricle to the base of the brain, where it ends in the corpus mammillare. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Columns_of_fornix FMA:61968 FMA:TA columna fornicis FMA:61968 body of fornix of forebrain Wikipedia:Columns_of_fornix columns of fornix NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_739 body of fornix FMA:61968 fornix body Wikipedia:Columns_of_fornix columna fornicis FMA:61968 column of fornix vestibular system BTO:0003381 FMA:7193 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090819 SCTID:361533001 The vestibular system, which contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and equilibrioception. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear. As our movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canal system, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscles that keep us upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control our posture are necessary to keep us upright. UBERON:0004681 note that FMA and NIF have no part information for this class. This is a GAT in FMA uberon vestibular organ system vestibular system FMA:7193 vestibular organ system The vestibular system, which contributes to our balance and our sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and equilibrioception. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear. As our movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canal system, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control our eye movements, and to the muscles that keep us upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control our posture are necessary to keep us upright. Wikipedia:Vestibular_system NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090819 vestibular system corona radiata FMA:18661 For the structure in embryology, see Corona radiata (embryology) In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex. The corona radiata is associated with the corticospinal tract, the corticopontine tract, and the corticobulbar tract. [WP,unvetted]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090903 UBERON:0004682 corona radiata http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Gray745.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gray745.png/200px-Gray745.png uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090903 corona radiata For the structure in embryology, see Corona radiata (embryology) In neuroanatomy, the corona radiata is a white matter sheet that continues caudally as the internal capsule and rostrally as the centrum semiovale. This sheet of axons contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex. The corona radiata is associated with the corticospinal tract, the corticopontine tract, and the corticobulbar tract. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Corona_radiata parasubiculum ABA:PAR BM:Tel-Cx-PASB FMA:77604 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_091002 UBERON:0004683 parasubicular area parasubiculum uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_091002 parasubicular area ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_091002 parasubiculum ABA ABA raphe nuclei FMA:84017 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.632 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090205 TAO:0001429 Thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane[NIF]. A moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets. The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and they appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem. UBERON:0004684 UMLS:C0034671 ZFA:0001429 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gray694.png/200px-Gray694.png ncithesaurus:Raphe_Nuclei nuclei raphes nuclei raphes raphe cluster raphe nuclei raphe nuclei set raphe nucleus set of raphe nuclei uberon we treat NR obscurus, NR magnus etc as parts of the raphe nuclei. This is consistent with treatment in FMA, where the class is 'set of raphe nuclei' NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090205 raphe nuclei FMA:84017 raphe nuclei set ZFA:0001429 raphe nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090205 Thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane[NIF]. A moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem. Their main function is to release serotonin to the rest of the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets. The raphe nuclei are traditionally considered to be the medial portion of the reticular formation, and they appear as a ridge of cells in the center and most medial portion of the brain stem. Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3248146&group_id=36855&atid=440764 FMA:84017 set of raphe nuclei FMA:84017 raphe nuclei FMA:84017 FMA:TA nuclei raphes Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei nuclei raphes Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei raphe cluster GO Wikipedia middle temporal area NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090308 UBERON:0004685 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Brodmann_area_21.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Brodmann_area_21.png/200px-Brodmann_area_21.png middle temporal area uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090308 middle temporal area FMA:68618 middle temporal area gastro-splenic ligament EHDAA2:0000702 EHDAA:9160 EMAPA:18285 EMAPA:18905 FMA:16517 MA:0001619 Mesenteric fold extending from the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] SCTID:260636005 UBERON:0004686 VHOG:0000354 gastrolienal ligament gastrosplenc ligament gastrosplenic ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray1039.png in MA, EMAPA and EHDAA2 this is part of the dorsal mesogastrium. In wikipedia, and the above source, it is derived from the DM. This is a generic ligament in MA, we infer this and assert that this is a nonskeletal ligament ligamentum gastrosplenicum peritoneum connecting the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen[umich]. part of the greater omentum; derived from the dorsal mesogastrium in the embryo. uberon MA-propagated MA-modified Wikipedia Wikipedia:Gastrosplenic_ligament ligamentum gastrosplenicum FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Gastrosplenic_ligament http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/gastrointestinal_system/stomach_tables.html peritoneum connecting the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen[umich]. part of the greater omentum; derived from the dorsal mesogastrium in the embryo. FMA:16517 gastrosplenc ligament FMA:16517 gastrolienal ligament 2012-09-17 Mesenteric fold extending from the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000354 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:16517 gastrosplenic ligament lieno-renal ligament EHDAA2:0004572 EMAPA:18286 EMAPA:18906 FMA:16522 MA:0001620 Multiple sources support greater omentum assignment. E.g. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/splenorenal+ligament. We change the MA part_of assignment to develops_from UBERON:0004687 lienorenal ligament ligamentum lienorenale ligamentum splenorenale (lienorenale, phrenicosplenicum) peritoneum that attaches the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall over the left kidney. develops from the dorsal mesogastrium of the embryo[umich] phrenicolienal ligament splenicorenal ligament splenorenal ligament uberon MA-modified FMA:16522 FMA:TA ligamentum lienorenale FMA:16522 splenorenal ligament FMA FMA:16522 lienorenal ligament MA-propagated FMA:16522 splenicorenal ligament FMA:16522 ligamentum splenorenale (lienorenale, phrenicosplenicum) Wikipedia:Splenorenal_ligament http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/gastrointestinal_system/peritoneum_tables.html peritoneum that attaches the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall over the left kidney. develops from the dorsal mesogastrium of the embryo[umich] FMA:16522 phrenicolienal ligament costo-cervical trunk FMA:10636 MA:0001939 SCTID:244225009 The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0004688 costocervical trunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png/200px-Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png truncus costocervicalis trunk of costocervical artery uberon FMA:10636 trunk of costocervical artery The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk truncus costocervicalis FMA:10636 costocervical trunk naso-frontal vein FMA:51729 MA:0002182 SCTID:44840002 UBERON:0004689 nasofrontal vein uberon FMA:51729 nasofrontal vein FMA/obol FMA/obol pancreaticoduodenal vein FMA:15398 MA:0002190 SCTID:76262002 Superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal vein UBERON:0004690 UMLS:C0226751 ncithesaurus:Pancreatico-Duodenal_Vein pancreatico-duodenal vein pancreaticoduodenal vein uberon vena pancreaticoduodenalis vena pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior FMA:15398 pancreaticoduodenal vein MA:0002190 pancreatico-duodenal vein FMA:15398 Superior posterior pancreaticoduodenal vein FMA/obol FMA:15398 FMA:TA vena pancreaticoduodenalis superior posterior bulbourethral gland secretion A clear, viscous secretion that helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra,[2] and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter. It is possible for this fluid to pick up sperm, remaining in the urethral bulb from previous ejaculations, and carry them out prior to the next ejaculation[WP]. FMA:62968 MA:0002524 UBERON:0004691 UMLS:C1707061 bulbo-urethral gland secretion ncithesaurus:Bulbourethral_Gland_Secretion pre-ejaculate secretion of bulbo-urethral gland uberon FMA:62968 secretion of bulbo-urethral gland FMA Wikipedia:Pre-ejaculate pre-ejaculate FMA:62968 bulbo-urethral gland secretion A clear, viscous secretion that helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra,[2] and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter. It is possible for this fluid to pick up sperm, remaining in the urethral bulb from previous ejaculations, and carry them out prior to the next ejaculation[WP]. Wikipedia:Bulbourethral_gland#Function external naris epithelium An epithelium that is part of a naris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18596 MA:0001321 UBERON:0004692 uberon An epithelium that is part of a naris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch epithelium An epithelium that is part of a Peyer' s patch [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000731 UBERON:0004693 peyer's patch epithelium uberon MA:0000731 peyer's patch epithelium An epithelium that is part of a Peyer' s patch [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic harderian gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a Harderian gland [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001248 UBERON:0004694 uberon An epithelium that is part of a Harderian gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arterial system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000704 UBERON:0004695 uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic venous system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000715 UBERON:0004696 uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch germinal center MA:0000734 UBERON:0004697 UMLS:C1711398 area of the Peyer's patch where B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells ncithesaurus:Peyer_s_Patch_Germinal_Center uberon MP:0002391 area of the Peyer's patch where B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells vena cava endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000713 UBERON:0004698 UMLS:C1710623 ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava_Endothelium uberon An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic outflow tract endothelium An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000490 UBERON:0004699 VHOG:0001524 uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001) It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001524 http://bgee.unil.ch/ An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arterial system endothelium An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000703 UBERON:0004700 UMLS:C1706849 ncithesaurus:Arterial_System_Endothelium uberon An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic venous system endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000714 UBERON:0004701 UMLS:C1710626 ncithesaurus:Venous_System_Endothelium uberon An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood vessel endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001805 UBERON:0004702 uberon A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic dorsal thalamus BM:Die-Th EHDAA2:0000692 MA and ZFA think there is a distinct dorsal thalamus, but FMA says its an exact synonym. TODO. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8167659 MA:0000180 TAO:0000653 UBERON:0004703 ZFA:0000653 dorsal thalamus ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Thalamus thalamus, pars dorsalis uberon ZFA:0000653 thalamus, pars dorsalis FMA:62007 dorsal thalamus bone fossa AAO:0010439 AO notes: General Anatomical term in FMA; not restricted to bone in ncit; surface feature in VSAO; note that entities named 'fossa' are cavities in FMA, hence placement here Anatomical space that is a concavity, shallow depression, or groove on a bone.[TAO] FMA:45791 TAO:0001743 UBERON:0004704 UMLS:C0836913 VSAO:0005069 ZFA:0005388 a depression or hollow in a bone[WP]. concavities concavity depression depressions fossa fossae groove ncithesaurus:Fossa uberon TAO:0001743 fossae FMA-implied TAO:0001743 concavities TAO:0001743 concavity TAO:0001743 depressions Wikipedia:Fossa#Anatomy a depression or hollow in a bone[WP]. TAO:0001743 groove 2012-08-14 Anatomical space that is a concavity, shallow depression, or groove on a bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001743 TAO:wd TAO:0001743 depression fenestra TODO check fenestra vs fossa. fenestra = hole, fossa = depression with bottom? UBERON:0004705 an opening in the skull or other bones[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Fenestra an opening in the skull or other bones[WP]. bulbus cordis A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000197 EHDAA:438 EHDAA:768 EMAPA:16216 EMAPA:16333 FMA:70300 SCTID:361525002 TAO:0000173 The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form. Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed heart. The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied to the atrial canal. By the upgrowth of the ventricular septum the bulbus cordis is in great measure separated from the left ventricle, but remains an integral part of the right ventricle, of which it forms the infundibulum[WP]. UBERON:0004706 UMLS:C1284055 ZFA:0000173 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray466.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gray466.png/200px-Gray466.png ncithesaurus:Bulbus_Cordis primitive right ventricle endocardium todo - check ZFA uberon EHDAA2:0000197 JB:def primitive right ventricle endocardium The bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle after the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form. Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed heart. The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied to the atrial canal. By the upgrowth of the ventricular septum the bulbus cordis is in great measure separated from the left ventricle, but remains an integral part of the right ventricle, of which it forms the infundibulum[WP]. Wikipedia:Bulbus_cordis 2012-08-14 A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000173 ZFIN:curator pharyngula stage A stage that follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. At the pharyngula stage, all vertebrate embryos show remarkable similarities. Corresponds to E7-E11 in Mouse (Galis et al, TREE, 2001) DrerDO:0000052 EFO:0001310 OGES:000006 UBERON:0004707 ZFS:0000050 pharyngula phylotypic stage uberon A stage that follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. At the pharyngula stage, all vertebrate embryos show remarkable similarities. Wikipedia:Pharyngula limb/fin An appendage that is part of a appendage girdle complex. UBERON:0004708 UBERON:0009872 VSAO:0000067 girdle-associated appendage jointed paired lateral appendage limb or fin paired appendage pectoral or pelvic appendage pelvic/pectoral appendage this class is the union of the classes limb, pectoral fin and pelvic fin. uberon definitional VSAO An appendage that is part of a appendage girdle complex. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm jointed paired lateral appendage UBERON:cjm girdle-associated appendage UBERON:cjm pectoral or pelvic appendage UBERON:cjm limb or fin UBERON:cjm pelvic/pectoral appendage VSAO VSAO:0000067 paired appendage pelvic appendage Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. UBERON:0004709 UBERON:0009876 VSAO notes - in contrast to VSAO, we include separate subclasses for limbs and fins VSAO:0000126 hindlimb/pelvic fin pelvic appendage pelvic limb/fin posterior paired appendage uberon definitional VSAO:0000126 pelvic appendage UBERON:cjm hindlimb/pelvic fin UBERON:cjm pelvic limb/fin VSAO:0000126 posterior paired appendage Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. VSAO:0000150 pectoral appendage Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. UBERON:0004710 UBERON:0009875 VHOG:0001753 VSAO:0000125 While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] anterior limb/fin anterior paired appendage forelimb - pectoral fin forelimb or pectoral fin forelimb/pectoral fin pectoral limb/fin uberon Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. VSAO:0000150-modified 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004) VHOG VHOG:0001753 While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ UBERON:cjm forelimb or pectoral fin VHOG:0001753 forelimb - pectoral fin UBERON:cjm pectoral limb/fin UBERON:cjm anterior limb/fin UBERON:cjm forelimb/pectoral fin definitional VSAO:0000148 anterior paired appendage jugular vein Any one of the several large veins of the neck that drain blood from the head[BTO]. Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins[GAID]. The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava[WP]. BTO:0001744 EMAPA:18638 GAID:536 MA:0002154 MESH:A07.231.908.498 SCTID:244403000 UBERON:0004711 UMLS:C0022427 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray558.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gray558.png/200px-Gray558.png jugular ncithesaurus:Jugular_Vein uberon vena jugularis BTO:0001744 vena jugularis Any one of the several large veins of the neck that drain blood from the head[BTO]. Veins in the neck which drain the brain, face, and neck into the brachiocephalic or subclavian veins[GAID]. The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava[WP]. BTO:0001744 Wikipedia:Jugular_vein corpus cavernosum penis BTO:0002019 EMAPA:29850 EMAPA:29856 FMA:19618 MA:0001743 One of the columns of erectile tissue forming the dorsum and sides of the penis. SCTID:245468004 UBERON:0004713 UMLS:C0227937 UMLS:C1709494 Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_penis cavernous body of penis corpus cavernosum corpus cavernosum of penis corpus cavernosum penis corpus spongiosum penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray1155.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gray1155.png/200px-Gray1155.png ncithesaurus:Corpora_Cavernosa ncithesaurus:Penis_Erectile_Tissue penile corpus cavernosum penis erectile tissue spongy body of male urethra spongy body of penis uberon BTO:0002019 One of the columns of erectile tissue forming the dorsum and sides of the penis. Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_penis BTO:0002019 penile corpus cavernosum BTO:0002019 cavernous body of penis BTO:0002019 corpus cavernosum BTO:0002019 spongy body of penis Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_penis corpus cavernosum penis BTO:0002019 corpus spongiosum penis MA:0001743 penis erectile tissue FMA:19618 corpus cavernosum of penis BTO:0002019 spongy body of male urethra septum pellucidum BTO:0003448 FMA:61844 MA:0002979 MESH:A08.186.211.276.814 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1315 SCTID:362313003 The septum pellucidum is made up of two thin sheets of mostly glial-like elements that abut each other in the midline and have a potential space between them. Those sheets also separate the left and right lateral ventricles from each other. At the base of the sheets rostrally, however, are the septal nuclei, which are important components of the limbic system.a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the lateral ventricles of the brain. It separates the anterior horn of the left and right lateral ventricles. It runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix. When the hemispheres are cut apart, the septum remains on one hemisphere, usually the left. The septum pellucidum is implicated in pleasure, mood, rage, sexual gratification and more. Lesions of the septum lead to sham rage. Stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (primary efferent of the septum) restores normal behavior. UBERON:0004714 UMLS:C0036700 Wikipedia:Septum_pellucidum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray732.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray732.png/200px-Gray732.png ncithesaurus:Septum_Pellucidum pellucidum septum lucidum supracommissural septum uberon FMA:61844 supracommissural septum BTO:0003448 septum lucidum BTO:0003448 pellucidum BTO:0003448 The septum pellucidum is made up of two thin sheets of mostly glial-like elements that abut each other in the midline and have a potential space between them. Those sheets also separate the left and right lateral ventricles from each other. At the base of the sheets rostrally, however, are the septal nuclei, which are important components of the limbic system.a thin, triangular, vertical membrane separating the lateral ventricles of the brain. It separates the anterior horn of the left and right lateral ventricles. It runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix. When the hemispheres are cut apart, the septum remains on one hemisphere, usually the left. The septum pellucidum is implicated in pleasure, mood, rage, sexual gratification and more. Lesions of the septum lead to sham rage. Stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (primary efferent of the septum) restores normal behavior. Wikipedia:Septum_pellucidum annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis BTO:0003629 FMA:13551 MA:0000111 The ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised. UBERON:0004715 Wikipedia:Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis annulus fibrosus annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc anulus fibrosus (diskus intervertebralis) anulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk fibrous ring of intervertebral disc http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Cervical_vertebra_english.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cervical_vertebra_english.png/200px-Cervical_vertebra_english.png uberon BTO:0003629 annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc FMA:13551 anulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk MA:0000111 annulus fibrosus FMA:13551 anulus fibrosus (diskus intervertebralis) BTO:0003629 The ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised. Wikipedia:Annulus_fibrosus_disci_intervertebralis BTO:0003629 fibrous ring of intervertebral disc conceptus AEO:0000194 BTO:0003834 EHDAA2:0000001 EHDAA2:0003235 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. UBERON:0004716 UMLS:C1516779 Wikipedia:Conceptus embryo plus adnexa ncithesaurus:Conceptus uberon BTO:0003834 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. Wikipedia:Conceptus Brodmann (1909) area 29 A cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30[BTO:0003978]. Area retrolimbica granularis B09-29 BTO:0003978 Brodmann area 29 Brodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29 or granular retrosplenial cortex, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30 (Brodmann-1909). Brodmann area 29, granular retrolimbic FMA:68626 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1763 UBERON:0004717 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_29 area 29 of Brodmann-1909 area 29 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 29 brodmann's area 29 granular retrolimbic area 29 uberon Area retrolimbica granularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1763 FMA:68626 brodmann's area 29 BTO:0003978 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_29 granular retrolimbic area 29 FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1763 area 29 of Brodmann-1909 B09-29 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1763 FMA:68626 area 29 of brodmann Brodmann area 29 FMA:68626 Brodmann area 29, granular retrolimbic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1763 A cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30[BTO:0003978]. BTO:0003978 Brodmann area 29, also known as granular retrolimbic area 29 or granular retrosplenial cortex, is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ectosplenial area 26 and externally by the agranular retrolimbic area 30 (Brodmann-1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_29 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1763 brodmann (1909) area 29 Brodmann (1909) area 26 . Area ectosplenialis B09-26 BTO:0003979 Brodmann area 26 Brodmann area 26, ectosplenial FMA:68623 In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally. It is bounded externally by the granular retrolimbic area 29[BTO:0003979]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1757 UBERON:0004718 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_26 area 26 of Brodmann-1909 area 26 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 26 ectosplenial area ectosplenial area 26 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1757 brodmann (1909) area 26 Area ectosplenialis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1757 Brodmann area 26, ectosplenial NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1757 Brodmann area 26 FMA:68623 BTO:0003979 In the human this area is called ectosplenial area 26. It is a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus adjacent to the fasciolar gyrus internally. It is bounded externally by the granular retrolimbic area 29[BTO:0003979]. BTO:0003979 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_26 ectosplenial area 26 FMA . Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_26 B09-26 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1757 FMA:68623 area 26 of brodmann FMA:68623 ectosplenial area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1757 area 26 of Brodmann-1909 arcuate vein EMAPA:28221 MA:0002593 The arcuate vein is a vessel of the renal circulation. It is located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla. UBERON:0004719 Wikipedia:Arcuate_vein arcuate veins http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png/200px-Kidney_PioM.png uberon venae arcuatae renis Wikipedia:Arcuate_vein venae arcuatae renis The arcuate vein is a vessel of the renal circulation. It is located at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla. Wikipedia:Arcuate_vein Wikipedia:Arcuate_vein arcuate veins cerebellar vermis ABA:VERM EV:0100298 FMA:76928 MA:0000202 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1175 Part of the structure of animal brains, the cerebellar vermis is a narrow, wormlike structure between the hemispheres of the cerebellum. SCTID:279105006 UBERON:0004720 UMLS:C0228482 cerebellum vermis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CerebellumDiv.png/200px-CerebellumDiv.png ncithesaurus:Vermis uberon vermal parts of the cerebellum vermal regions vermis vermis cerebelli vermis cerebelli [i-x] vermis of cerebellum vermis of cerebellum [i-x] Wikipedia:Cerebellar_vermis vermis cerebelli FMA:76928 vermis of cerebellum FMA:76928 cerebellum vermis FMA:76928 vermis of cerebellum [i-x] ABA ABA:VERM vermal regions FMA:76928 FMA:TA vermis cerebelli [i-x] Part of the structure of animal brains, the cerebellar vermis is a narrow, wormlike structure between the hemispheres of the cerebellum. Wikipedia:Cerebellar_vermis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1175 vermal parts of the cerebellum Wikipedia:Cerebellar_vermis vermis crista ampullaris FMA:77714 MA:0002771 SCTID:368953000 The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. UBERON:0004721 UMLS:C0229465 Wikipedia:Crista_ampullaris ampullary crest ampullary crest of semicircular duct cristae ampullares http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Semicircular_canal_-_ampulla.png ncithesaurus:Ampullary_Crest uberon Wikipedia:Crista_ampullaris cristae ampullares The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. Wikipedia:Crista_ampullaris MA:0002771 ampullary crest FMA:77714 ampullary crest of semicircular duct MA deep cervical lymph node MA:0002885 SCTID:279145002 The deep cervical lymph nodes are a group of cervical lymph nodes found near the internal jugular vein. They can be divided into upper and lower groups, or superior and inferior groups. Alternatively, they can be divided into deep anterior cervical lymph nodes and deep lateral cervical lymph nodes. They can also be divided into three groups: superior deep jugular, middle deep jugular, and 'inferior deep jugular'. UBERON:0004722 UMLS:C0458298 Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Illu_lymph_chain02.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Illu_lymph_chain02.jpg/200px-Illu_lymph_chain02.jpg lower jugular nodes middle jugular nodes ncithesaurus:Deep_Cervical_Lymph_Node uberon upper jugular nodes Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes middle jugular nodes The deep cervical lymph nodes are a group of cervical lymph nodes found near the internal jugular vein. They can be divided into upper and lower groups, or superior and inferior groups. Alternatively, they can be divided into deep anterior cervical lymph nodes and deep lateral cervical lymph nodes. They can also be divided into three groups: superior deep jugular, middle deep jugular, and 'inferior deep jugular'. Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes lower jugular nodes Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_lymph_nodes upper jugular nodes interlobular artery EMAPA:28212 FMA:70498 MA:0002584 SCTID:76147008 UBERON:0004723 UMLS:C1512856 Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries arteriae corticales radiatae, arteriae interlobulares renis cortical radial arteries http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png interlobular interlobular renal artery kidney interlobular artery ncithesaurus:Interlobular_Artery the branches of the arcuate arteries of the kidney that radiate outward throught the renal columns and supply the glomeruli[MP]. The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule. uberon MP:0011316 Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries the branches of the arcuate arteries of the kidney that radiate outward throught the renal columns and supply the glomeruli[MP]. The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule. Wikipedia:Renal_circulation Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries arteriae corticales radiatae, arteriae interlobulares renis FMA:70498 interlobular renal artery MP:0011316 kidney interlobular artery Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries cortical radial arteries Wikipedia:Interlobular_arteries interlobular medial palpebral ligament MA:0001258 SCTID:280578002 The medial palpebral ligament (tendo oculi), about 4 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth, is attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove. Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus. As the ligament crosses the lacrimal sac, a strong aponeurotic is given off from its posterior surface; this expands over the sac, and is attached to the posterior lacrimal crest. UBERON:0004724 UMLS:C0229251 Wikipedia:Medial_palpebral_ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Gray894.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gray894.png/200px-Gray894.png l. palpebrale mediale ncithesaurus:Medial_Palpebral_Ligament uberon Wikipedia:Medial_palpebral_ligament l. palpebrale mediale The medial palpebral ligament (tendo oculi), about 4 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth, is attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove. Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus. As the ligament crosses the lacrimal sac, a strong aponeurotic is given off from its posterior surface; this expands over the sac, and is attached to the posterior lacrimal crest. Wikipedia:Medial_palpebral_ligament piriform cortex BTO:0002651 EV:0100178 In anatomy of animals, the piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex is a region in the brain. The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon. The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction, which is the perception of smells. Sometimes called the olfactory cortex, olfactory lobe or paleopallium, piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Farther along the phylogenic timeline, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallial hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex. As mammalian cerebrums developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampal regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallial piriform cortex in humans and Old World monkeys. Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogenically younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of insectivores than in primates. The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion. It is Brodmann area 27. MA:0000978 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1097 SCTID:369098004 UBERON:0004725 Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex cortex piriformis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG/200px-Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG piriform area piriform lobe primary olfactory areas primary olfactory cortex pyriform cortex pyriform lobe uberon BTO:0002651 MA:0000978 piriform area Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex primary olfactory cortex Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex pyriform lobe Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex pyriform cortex BTO:0002651 piriform lobe In anatomy of animals, the piriform cortex, or pyriform cortex is a region in the brain. The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon. The function of the piriform cortex relates to olfaction, which is the perception of smells. Sometimes called the olfactory cortex, olfactory lobe or paleopallium, piriform cortical regions are present in the brains of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. The piriform cortex is among three areas that emerge in the telencephalon of amphibians, situated caudally to a dorsal area, which is caudal to a hippocampal area. Farther along the phylogenic timeline, the telencephalic bulb of reptiles as viewed in a cross section of the transverse plane extends with the archipallial hippocampus folding toward the midline and down as the dorsal area begins to form a recognizable cortex. As mammalian cerebrums developed, volume of the dorsal cortex increased in slightly greater proportion, as compared proportionally with increased overall brain volume, until it enveloped the hippocampal regions. Recognized as neopallium or neocortex, enlarged dorsal areas envelop the paleopallial piriform cortex in humans and Old World monkeys. Among taxonomic groupings of mammals, the piriform cortex and the olfactory bulb become proportionally smaller in the brains of phylogenically younger species. The piriform cortex occupies a greater proportion of the overall brain and of the telencephalic brains of insectivores than in primates. The piriform cortex continues to occupy a consistent albeit small and declining proportion of the increasingly large telencephalon in the most recent primate species while the volume of the olfactory bulb becomes less in proportion. It is Brodmann area 27. Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex Wikipedia:Piriform_cortex cortex piriformis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2706 primary olfactory areas vasa recta EMAPA:30043 FMA:72006 In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis (or straight arteries of kidney, or straight arterioles of kidney) form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla. They lie parallel to the loop of Henle. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. MA:0002595 TODO - is this a vein or set of veins? in MA it is a venous blood vessel UBERON:0004726 arteria recta arteriae rectae arteriolae rectae renis arteriolae rectae renis arteriolae recti galen:ArteriaeRectae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Kidney_nephron.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kidney_nephron.png/200px-Kidney_nephron.png kidney vasa recta renal medullary capillary set of straight arterioles of kidney straight arterioles of kidney uberon vasa recta of kidney vasa recta renis vasa rectae MP:0011324 kidney vasa recta Wikipedia:Vasa_recta arteria recta FMA:72006 straight arterioles of kidney FMA:72006 FMA:TA vasa recta renis FMA:72006 FMA:TA arteriolae rectae renis FMA:72006 vasa recta of kidney FMA:72006 set of straight arterioles of kidney Wikipedia:Vasa_recta arteriae rectae Wikipedia:Vasa_recta arteriolae rectae renis Wikipedia:Vasa_recta arteriolae recti EMAPA:30043 renal medullary capillary Wikipedia:Vasa_recta vasa rectae In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis (or straight arteries of kidney, or straight arterioles of kidney) form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla. They lie parallel to the loop of Henle. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. Wikipedia:Vasa_recta cochlear nerve BM:VIIIN BTO:0003490 EHDAA2:0002195 FMA:53431 GAID:723 MA:0001110 MESH:A08.800.800.120.910.120 OpenCyc:Mx4rwIhQfZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280286001 UBERON:0004727 UMLS:C0009201 VHOG:0001182 a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain. It is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the 8th cranial nerve which is found in higher vertebrates; the other portion of the 8th cranial nerve is the vestibular nerve which carries spatial orientation information from the semicircular canals. The cochlear nerve is a sensory nerve, one which conducts to the brain information about the environment, in this case acoustic energy impinging on the tympanic membrane. The cochlear nerve arises from within the cochlea and extends to the brainstem, where its fibers make contact with the cochlear nucleus, the next stage of neural processing in the auditory system[WP]. auditory nerve cochlear component cochlear root of acoustic nerve cochlear root of eighth cranial nerve ncithesaurus:Cochlear_Nerve nervus vestibulocochlearis uberon vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component MA:0001110 vestibulocochlear VIII nerve cochlear component ISBN:Wikipedia:Cochlear_nerve a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain. It is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the 8th cranial nerve which is found in higher vertebrates; the other portion of the 8th cranial nerve is the vestibular nerve which carries spatial orientation information from the semicircular canals. The cochlear nerve is a sensory nerve, one which conducts to the brain information about the environment, in this case acoustic energy impinging on the tympanic membrane. The cochlear nerve arises from within the cochlea and extends to the brainstem, where its fibers make contact with the cochlear nucleus, the next stage of neural processing in the auditory system[WP]. FMA:53431 cochlear root of acoustic nerve FMA:53431 auditory nerve FMA:53431 cochlear root of eighth cranial nerve BTO:0003490 nervus vestibulocochlearis amphibian larval stage AO notes: the XAO class denotes a stage Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form. UBERON:0004728 XAO:1000008 XtroDO:0000056 larva larva stage polliwog polliwog stage tadpole tadpole stage uberon Wikipedia:Larva polliwog Wikipedia:Larva tadpole stage Wikipedia:Larva tadpole Wikipedia:Larva polliwog stage Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form. GO:0002117 XAO:1000008 larva nematode larval stage Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. UBERON:0004729 WBls:0000023 uberon GO:0002119 Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew. instar larval stage FBdv:00005336 This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. UBERON:0004730 uberon GO:0002168 This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. neuromere 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z A metameric segment of the central nervous system.[TAO] A segment of the developing neural tube[MP]. A metameric segment of the central nervous system[ZFA]. morphologically or molecularly defined transient segments of the early developing brain. Rhombomeres are such segments that make up the rhombencephalon or hindbrain. [WP]. Melissa Haendel TAO:0001328 UBERON:0004731 WP says: "More controversially, some argue that there exist early developmental segments that give rise to structures of the midbrain (mesomeres) and forebrain (prosomeres).". Note that ZFA has spinal neuromere ZFA:0001328 neural segment neural tube segment neuromere neuromeres uberon 2012-08-14 A metameric segment of the central nervous system.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001328 ZFIN:curator TAO:0001328 neuromeres A segment of the developing neural tube[MP]. A metameric segment of the central nervous system[ZFA]. morphologically or molecularly defined transient segments of the early developing brain. Rhombomeres are such segments that make up the rhombencephalon or hindbrain. [WP]. MP:0003208 Wikipedia:Neuromere segmental subdivision of nervous system An organ segment that is part of a nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. Editor note: revisit this after CARO is revised and/or we have defined metameric segment FBbt:00005140 UBERON:0004732 neuromere uberon An organ segment that is part of a nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FBbt:00005140 neuromere segmental subdivision of hindbrain An organ segment that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:61998 UBERON:0004733 hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain uberon An organ segment that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:61998 hindbrain segment FMA:61998 segment of hindbrain gastrula BILA:0000060 BTO:0001403 FBbt:00005317 GAID:1302 MESH:A16.254.412 MIAA:0000179 Organism at the gastrula stage. UBERON:0004734 UBERON:0007012 UMLS:C0017199 UMLS:C1284022 We explicitly merge the NCITA terms here blastocystis trilaminaris gastrula embryo ncithesaurus:Gastrula ncithesaurus:Trilaminar_Embryonic_Disc tri-laminar disc tri-laminar disk trilaminar blastocyst trilaminar blastoderm trilaminar disc trilaminar disk trilaminar germ uberon UBERON:cjm tri-laminar disk Organism at the gastrula stage. Wikipedia:Gastrula Wikipedia:Trilaminar_blastocyst UBERON:cjm trilaminar germ UBERON:cjm trilaminar disk UBERON:cjm blastocystis trilaminaris UBERON:cjm tri-laminar disc BILA:0000060 gastrula embryo UBERON:cjm trilaminar blastoderm UBERON:cjm trilaminar blastocyst UBERON:cjm trilaminar disc archenteron AAO:0010430 BTO:0001696 The cavity of a gastrula forming a primitive gut[BTO]. The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal. As primary mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the blastula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center (the blastocoel), the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate. This buckles inwards towards the blastocoel in a process called invagination. The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula's endoderm. This narrowing and lengthening of the archenteron is driven by convergent extension. The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore. The filopodia--thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells--found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archenteron across the blastocoel. The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. The indentation that is actually formed is called the lip of the blastopore in amphibians and fish, and the primitive streak in birds and mammals. Each is controlled by the dorsal blastopore, and primitive node (also known as Hensen's node), respectively. UBERON:0004735 XAO:0000092 gastrocoel mesenteron uberon XAO:0000092 gastrocoel http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/stages/gast.html The cavity of a gastrula forming a primitive gut[BTO]. The primitive gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing blastula. It develops into the digestive tract of an animal. As primary mesenchyme cells detach from the vegetal pole in the blastula and enter the fluid filled cavity in the center (the blastocoel), the remaining cells at the vegetal pole flatten to form a vegetal plate. This buckles inwards towards the blastocoel in a process called invagination. The cells continue to be rearranged until the shallow dip formed by invagination transforms into a deeper, narrower pouch formed by the gastrula's endoderm. This narrowing and lengthening of the archenteron is driven by convergent extension. The open end of the archenteron is called the blastopore. The filopodia--thin fibers formed by the mesenchyme cells--found in a late gastrula contract to drag the tip of the archenteron across the blastocoel. The endoderm of the archenteron will fuse with the ectoderm of the blastocoel wall. At this point gastrulation is complete, and the gastrula has a functional digestive tube. The indentation that is actually formed is called the lip of the blastopore in amphibians and fish, and the primitive streak in birds and mammals. Each is controlled by the dorsal blastopore, and primitive node (also known as Hensen's node), respectively. Wikipedia:Archenteron UBERON:cjm mesenteron metanephric glomerulus UBERON:0004736 VHOG:0001242 glomerulus of metanephros glomerulus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. uberon GO:0072224 glomerulus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. metanephric collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004737 VHOG:0000983 collecting duct of metanephros metanephric collecting tubule uberon VHOG:0000983 metanephric collecting tubule reference_0000032 true Wikipedia-abduced A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic metanephric juxtaglomerular apparatus UBERON:0004738 juxtaglomerular apparatus of metanephros juxtaglomerular apparatus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. uberon GO:0072206 juxtaglomerular apparatus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. reference_0000032 true pronephric glomerulus AAO:0011049 Paired highly vascularized portion of the pronephros. Left and right glomeruli are fused at the midline. Begins to function between 40 and 48hpf. Drummond, 2000.[TAO] SCTID:360548001 TAO:0001557 The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment. The teleost pronephros shares many essential features with the amphibian pronephros including its derivation from mesoderm associated with the coelom and the derivation of the glomerular blood supply from the medial dorsal aorta. However, unlike the pronephros of amphibians, which have an external glomus and tubules with nephrostomes open to the coelom, the mature teleost pronephros has no connection to the body cavity and instead functions as a closed system (reference 1); This variation in nephron types [with external glomeruli that open into the coelom and with internal glomeruli that do not connect with the coelom] and their pattern of distribution suggest an evolutionary sequence. Ancestral craniates probably had an external glomerulus and nephrostomes, as do the first few to develop in very primitive craniates. (...) The mechanism would become more efficient as the coelomic recess into which each glomerulus discharged became a part of the tubule, that is, grew around the glomerulus as a renal capsule. The glomerulus becomes internal. The nephrostomes were lost during subsequent evolution, leaving the type of renal tubule found in most vertebrates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004191 UBERON:0004739 VHOG:0001237 XAO:0000318 ZFA:0001557 a glomus differs from a glomerulus in that each vascular glomus services several tubules. ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong". AO notes: GO treats glomus and pronephric glomerulus differently corpuscle glomera glomerulus of pronephros glomus pronephric glomera pronephric glomeruli pronephric glomus uberon VHOG:0001237 pronephric glomera VHOG:0001237 pronephric glomeruli XAO VHOG:0001237 pronephric glomus XAO:0000318 corpuscle GO:0072013 GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 PMID:10572058 PMID:15647339 PMID:9268568 The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment. XAO:0000318 2012-09-17 PMID:9806915 Drummond IA, Majumdar A, Hentschel H, Elger M, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SCF, Stemple DL, Zwartkruis F, Rangini Z, Driever W, Fishman MC, Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of mutations affecting pronephric function. Development (1998), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.636 The teleost pronephros shares many essential features with the amphibian pronephros including its derivation from mesoderm associated with the coelom and the derivation of the glomerular blood supply from the medial dorsal aorta. However, unlike the pronephros of amphibians, which have an external glomus and tubules with nephrostomes open to the coelom, the mature teleost pronephros has no connection to the body cavity and instead functions as a closed system (reference 1); This variation in nephron types [with external glomeruli that open into the coelom and with internal glomeruli that do not connect with the coelom] and their pattern of distribution suggest an evolutionary sequence. Ancestral craniates probably had an external glomerulus and nephrostomes, as do the first few to develop in very primitive craniates. (...) The mechanism would become more efficient as the coelomic recess into which each glomerulus discharged became a part of the tubule, that is, grew around the glomerulus as a renal capsule. The glomerulus becomes internal. The nephrostomes were lost during subsequent evolution, leaving the type of renal tubule found in most vertebrates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001237 http://bgee.unil.ch/ XAO:0000318 glomera XAO:0000318 glomus 2012-08-14 Paired highly vascularized portion of the pronephros. Left and right glomeruli are fused at the midline. Begins to function between 40 and 48hpf. Drummond, 2000.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001557 ZFIN:curator basibranchial AAO:0000686 EFO:0003503 Medial element to which other parts of the hyoid apparatus are attached.[AAO] Median ventral cartilage or bony element at the ventral point of a branchial arch, behind the tongue. Replacement bone that is ventral, median, and associated with a single pharyngeal arch in the pharyngeal arch 3-7 skeleton.[TAO] TAO:0000170 UBERON:0004740 ZFA:0000170 basibranchial bone basibranchials copula I relationship loss: develops_from copula (TAO:0001220)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of hyoid apparatus skeleton (AAO:0000682)[AAO] relationship loss: subclass basibranchial element (TAO:0001914)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000170 relationship loss: develops_from copula (TAO:0001220)[TAO] TAO:0000170 basibranchial bone 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000170 relationship loss: subclass basibranchial element (TAO:0001914)[TAO] AAO:0000686 copula I 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000686 relationship loss: part_of hyoid apparatus skeleton (AAO:0000682)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000686 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Medial element to which other parts of the hyoid apparatus are attached.[AAO] Median ventral cartilage or bony element at the ventral point of a branchial arch, behind the tongue. http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=basibranchial&sc=is http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/basibranchial ZFA:0000170 basibranchials ZFA 2012-08-14 Replacement bone that is ventral, median, and associated with a single pharyngeal arch in the pharyngeal arch 3-7 skeleton.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000170 ZFIN:curator cleithrum AAO:0000750 Commonly, the cleithrum is a large, well-ossified bone provided with a dorsal and a ventral arm that form an angle of about 90 or a few more degrees. The dorsal arm may end in a sharp or spine-like process to articulate with the supracleithrum. At the confluence of both arms the bone presents a blade extending postero-ventrally and that may have different development among fishes. The anterior edge of the cleithrum is usually thick and may produce a medial plate of different degrees of development.[TAO] Dermal bone on the margin of the scapula. The cleithrum is attached to the skull in fishes, but free from the latter in amphibians and disappears early in the evolution of reptiles. Dermal bone that articulates dorsally with the supracleithrum and ventro-medially with the scapula and coracoid and mesocoracoid bone when the last bone is present. With the posttemporal and supracleithrum, the cleithrum supports the primary pectoral girdle. The cleithrum is located immediately behind the branchial cavity.[TAO] EFO:0003507 Paired bones of intramembranous origin. Each cleithrum extends medially from a point near the suprascapular-scapular articulation to invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, and occasionoally it may extend to the dorsal (medial) surface. Usually, this bone is bifurcate.[AAO] TAO:0000184 Taxon notes: Found in some early members of Chelonia (e.g. Triassochelys), but missing in all later forms.[VSAO] UBERON:0004741 VSAO:0000187 ZFA:0000184 cleithra cleithrum bone cleithrum@fr clithra@fr clithrum@fr relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] uberon Wikipedia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000750 AAO:LAP Paired bones of intramembranous origin. Each cleithrum extends medially from a point near the suprascapular-scapular articulation to invest the anterior margin of the suprascapula, and occasionoally it may extend to the dorsal (medial) surface. Usually, this bone is bifurcate.[AAO] ZFA 2012-09-06 Commonly, the cleithrum is a large, well-ossified bone provided with a dorsal and a ventral arm that form an angle of about 90 or a few more degrees. The dorsal arm may end in a sharp or spine-like process to articulate with the supracleithrum. At the confluence of both arms the bone presents a blade extending postero-ventrally and that may have different development among fishes. The anterior edge of the cleithrum is usually thick and may produce a medial plate of different degrees of development.[TAO] Curator TAO TAO:0000184 TAO:0000184 clithra@fr Dermal bone on the margin of the scapula. The cleithrum is attached to the skull in fishes, but free from the latter in amphibians and disappears early in the evolution of reptiles. VSAO:0000187 Wikipedia:Cleithrum cleithrum bone ZFA:0000184 cleithra 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000750 relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] TAO:0000184 cleithrum@fr TAO:0000184 clithrum@fr ZFA ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060210-7 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that articulates dorsally with the supracleithrum and ventro-medially with the scapula and coracoid and mesocoracoid bone when the last bone is present. With the posttemporal and supracleithrum, the cleithrum supports the primary pectoral girdle. The cleithrum is located immediately behind the branchial cavity.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000184 TAO:wd dentary AAO:0000124 Dermal bone that is usually the anteriormost bone of the lower jaw, and that articulates with the angular, or anguloarticular bone, posteriorly, and carries part of the mandibular sensory canal and pore openings of the mandibular sensory canal on its lateral surface. The dentary is a paired bone.[TAO] EFO:0003508 Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal.[well established][VHOG] Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of Meckel's cartilage thereby forming the lateral side of the mandible in anurans and salamanders (Duellman & Trueb, 1994:293). In caecilians, the dentary is part of a compound bone termed the pseudodentary.[AAO] TAO:0000191 Taxon notes: In lobe-finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods, the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw. In such animals, it is referred to as the dentary bone, and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw. It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones, while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it. The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone, while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper. Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone. As the name implies, the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary, but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones, and sometimes on the prearticular as well. This complex primitive pattern has, however, been simplified to various degrees in the great majority of vertebrates, as bones have either fused or vanished entirely. In teleosts, only the dentary, articular, and angular bones remain, while in living amphibians, the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular, and, in salamanders, one of the coronoids. The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial, but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular. The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians, extending to the whole lower jaw in mammals[VHOG,modified]. The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians. In mammals the lower jaw consists entirely of the dentary bone. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, ZFA:0000191_and_Liem_KF, p.248][VHOG] UBERON:0004742 VHOG:0001022 ZFA:0000191 dentale dentaries dentary bone http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Dentary1.gif os dentale relationship loss: overlaps dentary-anguloarticular joint (TAO:0001749)[TAO] sur-angulaire uberon ZFA ZFA:0000191 dentary bone VHOG EHDAA2-modified 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that is usually the anteriormost bone of the lower jaw, and that articulates with the angular, or anguloarticular bone, posteriorly, and carries part of the mandibular sensory canal and pore openings of the mandibular sensory canal on its lateral surface. The dentary is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000191 TAO:GA_TG The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians, extending to the whole lower jaw in mammals[VHOG,modified]. VHOG:0001022 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.248 Of all these bones [dentary, splenials, coronoids, angular, surangular and prearticular], only the dentary remains in the lower jaw of a mammal.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001022 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The dentary is a dermal bone that forms the antero-lateral part of the lower jaw in fishes and amphibians. In mammals the lower jaw consists entirely of the dentary bone. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Grande_L, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF, ZFA:0000191_and_Liem_KF, p.248][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001022 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 AAO:0000124 dentale Kardong ZFA mandibular series 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000124 AAO:LAP Ossified element of intramembranous origin that invests the lateral margin of Meckel's cartilage thereby forming the lateral side of the mandible in anurans and salamanders (Duellman & Trueb, 1994:293). In caecilians, the dentary is part of a compound bone termed the pseudodentary.[AAO] AAO:0000124 sur-angulaire AAO:0000124 os dentale 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000191 relationship loss: overlaps dentary-anguloarticular joint (TAO:0001749)[TAO] TAO:0000191 dentaries coracoid bone AAO:0000764 Editor notes: check developmental relationships. Taxon notes: In Theria, coracoid bones non-existent or fused with the shoulder blades to form coracoid processes[WP]. Procoracoid+coracoid are homologuous with coracoid of teleostomi. The coracoid is a triangular shaped-bone that usually has an anteriorly directed long process that may joins its counterpart in some fish groups. It may be perforated by the coracoid foramen or it may be notched dorsally and forms the scapulo-coracoid foramen together with a similar notch of the ventral margin of the scapula[VSAO] Terminology notes: see discussion in Kardong - suggests using procoracoid (anterior coracoid) for the element in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, and reserving coracoid for the new synapsid/therian structure. Endochondral bone that articulates dorsally with the scapula and with the mesocoracoid when the latter is present, posteriorly with the lower two or three proximal radials and antero-ventrally with the cleithrum. The coracoid develops from the scapulo-coracoid cartilage. The coracoid is paired.[TAO] Endochondral bone that is paired and forms part of the socket for the humerus in tetrapods and acts as base of the pectoral fin in fish. Paired cartilaginous structures or endochondral bones located on the posterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] TAO:0000332 The coracoid is a triangular shaped-bone that usually has an anteriorly directed long process that may joins its counterpart in some fish groups. It may be perforated by the coracoid foramen or it may be notched dorsally and forms the scapulo-coracoid foramen together with a similar notch of the ventral margin of the scapula.[TAO] UBERON:0004743 VSAO:0000158 ZFA:0000332 clavicula clavicula posterior clavicula vera coracocïde@fr coracoid coracoideum coracoidien coracoids hypocoracocïde@fr metacoracoid pars sternalis scapulae relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] uberon AAO:0000764 clavicula vera ISBN:0-03-910284-X VSAO Endochondral bone that is paired and forms part of the socket for the humerus in tetrapods and acts as base of the pectoral fin in fish. VSAO:curator Wikipedia:Coracoid ZFA:0000332 coracoid 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that articulates dorsally with the scapula and with the mesocoracoid when the latter is present, posteriorly with the lower two or three proximal radials and antero-ventrally with the cleithrum. The coracoid develops from the scapulo-coracoid cartilage. The coracoid is paired.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000332 TAO:GA_TG TAO:wd 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000764 AAO:LAP Paired cartilaginous structures or endochondral bones located on the posterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] VSAO:0000158 metacoracoid VSAO AAO:0000764 clavicula posterior 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000764 relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] ZFA:0000332 coracoids TAO:0000332 hypocoracocïde@fr TAO:0000332 coracocïde@fr AAO:0000764 pars sternalis scapulae AAO:0000764 coracoideum 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0000332 The coracoid is a triangular shaped-bone that usually has an anteriorly directed long process that may joins its counterpart in some fish groups. It may be perforated by the coracoid foramen or it may be notched dorsally and forms the scapulo-coracoid foramen together with a similar notch of the ventral margin of the scapula.[TAO] AAO:0000764 clavicula AAO:0000764 coracoidien articular/anguloarticular . AAO:0000028 According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] Dermal and endochondral compound bone that results from the fusion of the dermal angular and the endochondral articular and forms the posterior part of the lower jaw. It articulates with the dentary anteriorly and with the retroarticular postero-medially. The anguloarticular is paired.[TAO] EFO:0003530 Editor notes: We create different classes for articular and malleus, in contrast to VHOG. Taxon notes (from VHOG): "According to this theory [Reichert-Gaupp theory], the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular [...]" Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948) 62:339-357. Note that TAO has a distinct class for articular - in fact we need (at least) 3 classes here - articular, anguloarticular and malleus, arranged into a single VHOG group // TODO - resolve part_of relationships Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage.[AAO] TAO:0000467 The presence of an anguloarticular is interpreted as a synapomorphy of the Clupeocephala (Patterson and Rosen, 1977; Arratia, 1999).[TAO] UBERON:0004744 VHOG:0000690 ZFA:0000467 angulaire angulare angulo-articular anguloarticular anguloarticular - malleus articular dermarticulare goniale operculo angulaire relationship loss: develops_from articular bone (TAO:0001805)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps dentary-anguloarticular joint (TAO:0001749)[TAO] uberon ZFA VHOG:0000690 anguloarticular - malleus 2012-09-17 According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948 VHOG VHOG:0000690 http://bgee.unil.ch/ . Wikipedia:Articular AAO:0000028 operculo angulaire ZFA:0000467 articular ZFA-modifed cjm 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000028 AAO:LAP Endochondral ossification of the posterior articular part of Meckel's cartilage.[AAO] AAO:0000028 angulaire TAO:0000467 angulo-articular 2012-08-14 Dermal and endochondral compound bone that results from the fusion of the dermal angular and the endochondral articular and forms the posterior part of the lower jaw. It articulates with the dentary anteriorly and with the retroarticular postero-medially. The anguloarticular is paired.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000467 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000467 relationship loss: overlaps dentary-anguloarticular joint (TAO:0001749)[TAO] ZFA ZFA:0000467 anguloarticular 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0000467 The presence of an anguloarticular is interpreted as a synapomorphy of the Clupeocephala (Patterson and Rosen, 1977; Arratia, 1999).[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000467 relationship loss: develops_from articular bone (TAO:0001805)[TAO] ZFA AAO:0000028 angulare AAO:0000028 dermarticulare AAO VHOG AAO:0000028 goniale parasphenoid AAO:0000385 Azygous, dermal bone of intramembranous origin that underlies the ventral surface of the braincase in anurans and salamanders. In caecilians, the parasphenoid and other bones are fused to form the Os basale.[AAO] Dermal bone that forms part of the base of the skull and the lateral walls of the braincase through its ascending processes. It may articulate with the vomer anteriorly, the prootics and exoccipitals laterally, and the basioccipital posteriorly. The parasphenoid is an elongate median bone.[TAO] TAO:0000561 UBERON:0004745 ZFA:0000561 a tooth- or denticle-covered plate which is attached to the sphenoid stem[Palaeos]. keilbein os parasphenoidale os sphenoideum parabasale relationship loss: overlaps parasphenoid-basioccipital joint (TAO:0001832)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps parasphenoid-pterosphenoid joint (TAO:0002217)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] uberon Kardong palatal series AAO:0000385 keilbein 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000385 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that forms part of the base of the skull and the lateral walls of the braincase through its ascending processes. It may articulate with the vomer anteriorly, the prootics and exoccipitals laterally, and the basioccipital posteriorly. The parasphenoid is an elongate median bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000561 TAO:GA_TG ZFA-modified AAO:0000385 parabasale 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000561 relationship loss: overlaps parasphenoid-pterosphenoid joint (TAO:0002217)[TAO] ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000561 relationship loss: overlaps parasphenoid-basioccipital joint (TAO:0001832)[TAO] AAO:0000385 os sphenoideum ZFA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000385 AAO:LAP Azygous, dermal bone of intramembranous origin that underlies the ventral surface of the braincase in anurans and salamanders. In caecilians, the parasphenoid and other bones are fused to form the Os basale.[AAO] AAO:0000385 os parasphenoidale a tooth- or denticle-covered plate which is attached to the sphenoid stem[Palaeos]. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/sphenethmoid.html ZFA prootic bone AAO:0000514 EFO:0003542 Endochondral bone that sutures with the pterosphenoid anteriorly, the sphenotic and pterotic dorsally, the parasphenoid ventrally, the basioccipital postero-ventrally, the exoccipital posteriorly, and occasionally, with the intercalar posteriorly. The dorsal edge of the prootic contributes to the hyomandibular facet. The prootic bears foramina that accommodate branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves. The prootic is a paired bone.[TAO] Paired, endochondral bones forming the anterior, and lateral walls of the otic capsules. TAO:0000575 UBERON:0004746 ZFA:0000575 prootic prootics relationship loss: develops_from basal plate cartilage (TAO:0001425)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps orbitosphenoid-prootic joint (TAO:0001794)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps prootic-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002034)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps prootic-pterosphenoid joint (TAO:0002033)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: develops_from neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000575 relationship loss: overlaps orbitosphenoid-prootic joint (TAO:0001794)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000575 relationship loss: overlaps prootic-exoccipital joint (TAO:0002034)[TAO] TAO:0000575 prootics 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000575 relationship loss: overlaps prootic-pterosphenoid joint (TAO:0002033)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000575 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000575 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: develops_from neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] AAO:0000514 Paired, endochondral bones forming the anterior, and lateral walls of the otic capsules. 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that sutures with the pterosphenoid anteriorly, the sphenotic and pterotic dorsally, the parasphenoid ventrally, the basioccipital postero-ventrally, the exoccipital posteriorly, and occasionally, with the intercalar posteriorly. The dorsal edge of the prootic contributes to the hyomandibular facet. The prootic bears foramina that accommodate branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves. The prootic is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000575 TAO:GA_TG AAO:0000514 prootic Kardong 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000575 relationship loss: develops_from basal plate cartilage (TAO:0001425)[TAO] supraoccipital bone Endochondral bone that is located at the dorsal part of the occipital region of the cranium or the dorso-posterior part of the skull. It forms the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. Commonly the supraoccipital articulates with the parietals anteriorly, the epiotics laterally, and the exoccipitals posteroventrally. The supraoccipital is an unpaired median bone.[TAO] MA:0001474 SCTID:95947006 TAO:0000595 Taxon notes (via VHOG): See Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution, Fourth Edition (2006) McGraw-Hill, p.237 Table 7.1 The supraoccipital ties the occiput to the dermal skull table.[Palaeos] UBERON:0004747 UBERON:0005237 VHOG:0001150 ZFA:0000595 a bone on the dorsal side of the great foramen of the skull, usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young..[TFD] acrinial@fr acrinioste@fr relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] supraoccipital supraoccipital@fr uberon VHOG:0001150 supraoccipital 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that is located at the dorsal part of the occipital region of the cranium or the dorso-posterior part of the skull. It forms the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. Commonly the supraoccipital articulates with the parietals anteriorly, the epiotics laterally, and the exoccipitals posteroventrally. The supraoccipital is an unpaired median bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000595 TAO:GA_TG 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000595 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] 2012-09-06 The supraoccipital ties the occiput to the dermal skull table.[Palaeos] http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/occiput.html TAO:0000595 acrinial@fr TAO:0000595 acrinioste@fr TAO TAO:0000595 supraoccipital@fr 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000595 relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] 2012-09-06 a bone on the dorsal side of the great foramen of the skull, usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young..[TFD] http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Supraoccipital obsolete autopalatine Sliver of bone that invest part of or all the posterior aspect of each antorbital plane.[AAO] The cartilaginous autopalatine forms from the anterior palatoquadrate arch. The first sign of ossification is visible at the anterior tip where it articulates with the maxilla (7.6 mm). In adults there are three processes at the anterior portion of the palatine: a ventromedial process, which forms the socket of the small ball- and- socket joint with the preethmoid; a dorsomedial process, which is connected by a short ligament to the ethmoid; and a lateral process, which extends toward the first infraorbital. Possession of a dorsomedial process, which abuts the ethmoid, is a unique feature shared by Cypriniformes (Fink and Fink, 1981). The palatine has two components, the autopalatine (derived from pars autopalatine) and the dermal component having teeth, the dermopalatine Arratia & Schultze 1990. The element in cypriniforms is only the cartilage part, so that it is more correct to name it autopalatine and not as palatine in general that it implies a fusion of elements (as in perciforms).[ZFA] UBERON:0004748 true uberon 2012-08-08 The cartilaginous autopalatine forms from the anterior palatoquadrate arch. The first sign of ossification is visible at the anterior tip where it articulates with the maxilla (7.6 mm). In adults there are three processes at the anterior portion of the palatine: a ventromedial process, which forms the socket of the small ball- and- socket joint with the preethmoid; a dorsomedial process, which is connected by a short ligament to the ethmoid; and a lateral process, which extends toward the first infraorbital. Possession of a dorsomedial process, which abuts the ethmoid, is a unique feature shared by Cypriniformes (Fink and Fink, 1981). The palatine has two components, the autopalatine (derived from pars autopalatine) and the dermal component having teeth, the dermopalatine Arratia & Schultze 1990. The element in cypriniforms is only the cartilage part, so that it is more correct to name it autopalatine and not as palatine in general that it implies a fusion of elements (as in perciforms).[ZFA] ZFA ZFA:0000620 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000372 AAO:LAP Sliver of bone that invest part of or all the posterior aspect of each antorbital plane.[AAO] blastodisc AAO:0000043 BTO:0000494 BTO:0001504 TAO:0001175 UBERON:0004749 ZFA:0001175 a small, circular, white spot (approximately 2-3 mm across) on the surface of the yellow yolk of an egg that has been laid. The nucleus of the egg is in the germinal disc. germinal disc uberon Wikipedia:Germinal_disc germinal disc Wikipedia:Germinal_disc a small, circular, white spot (approximately 2-3 mm across) on the surface of the yellow yolk of an egg that has been laid. The nucleus of the egg is in the germinal disc. blastoderm A layer of cells formed at one pole of macrolecithal eggs such as the yolky egg of birds. The yolk prevents the division from taking place through the egg, resulting in meroblastic cleavage during the many cleavage divisions. At the animal pole (containing less yolk than the vegetal pole), the zygote divides and subdivides, forming the blastoderm, which gradually spreads around the yolk and forms the embryo. The blastoderm is composed of two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast, which enclose the fluid-filled blastocoel cavity. AAO:0000042 BTO:0000126 MESH:A16.254.085.067 TAO:0001176 UBERON:0004750 ZFA:0001176 uberon A layer of cells formed at one pole of macrolecithal eggs such as the yolky egg of birds. The yolk prevents the division from taking place through the egg, resulting in meroblastic cleavage during the many cleavage divisions. At the animal pole (containing less yolk than the vegetal pole), the zygote divides and subdivides, forming the blastoderm, which gradually spreads around the yolk and forms the embryo. The blastoderm is composed of two layers, the epiblast and the hypoblast, which enclose the fluid-filled blastocoel cavity. Wikipedia:Blastoderm hypohyal bone AAO:0000958 Paired element that articulates anterioly with the basihyal and posteriorly with the ceratohyal hypohyals.[AAO] Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the anterior ceratohyal posteriorly.[TAO] TAO:0001381 UBERON:0004751 ZFA:0001381 hypohyals relationship loss: part_of hyoid apparatus skeleton (AAO:0000682)[AAO] uberon TAO AAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000958 relationship loss: part_of hyoid apparatus skeleton (AAO:0000682)[AAO] 2012-08-14 Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the anterior ceratohyal posteriorly.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001381 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001381 hypohyals TAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000958 AAO:LAP Paired element that articulates anterioly with the basihyal and posteriorly with the ceratohyal hypohyals.[AAO] TAO TAO palatoquadrate cartilage AAO:0000379 Column of catilage, remnant in the adult of the larval palatoquadrate cartilage, that is located lateral or antero-lateral to the auditory capsule.[AAO] TAO:0001399 UBERON:0004752 ZFA:0001399 dorsal mandibular cartilage palatoquadrate pterygoquadrate quadrate cartilage the dorsal component of the mandibular arch uberon ZFA ZFA:0001399 quadrate cartilage ZFA Wikipedia:Palatoquadrate the dorsal component of the mandibular arch ZFA:0001399 pterygoquadrate AAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000379 AAO:LAP Column of catilage, remnant in the adult of the larval palatoquadrate cartilage, that is located lateral or antero-lateral to the auditory capsule.[AAO] ZFA:0001399 dorsal mandibular cartilage AAO:0000379 palatoquadrate scapulocoracoid AAO:0000781 AO notes: ZFA defines as precursor to scapula and coracoid. Cartilage in TAO. Editor notes: todo - decide whether to create separate classes for cartilage & ossified. Wikipedia considers this absent in Therians, but if considered as a grouping of scapula and coracoid then it would be present Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid.[AAO] Pectoral fin cartilage that consists of a paired cartilaginous plate of the embryonic primary pectoral girdle and from which the scapular and coracaoid bones ossify.[TAO] Skeletal element that consists of the scapula and the coracoid[VSAO, modified]. TAO:0001455 UBERON:0004753 VSAO:0005002 ZFA:0001455 coraco-scapular cartilage either a fusion of the scapula and coracoid (the two main bones of the shoulder girdle), or the scapula & coracoid considered as a single structural unit.[Palaeos] relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] scapulo-coracoid cartilage scapulocoracoid cartilage scapulocoracoideum uberon ZFA:0001455 coraco-scapular cartilage 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000781 AAO:LAP Fused, ossified portions of the scapula, procoracoid, and coracoid.[AAO] VSAO VSAO:0005002 scapulocoracoideum 2012-08-14 Pectoral fin cartilage that consists of a paired cartilaginous plate of the embryonic primary pectoral girdle and from which the scapular and coracaoid bones ossify.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001455 TAO:GA_TG ZFIN:curator Skeletal element that consists of the scapula and the coracoid[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0005002 Wikipedia:Scapulocoracoid TAO:0001455 scapulocoracoid cartilage 2012-09-10 either a fusion of the scapula and coracoid (the two main bones of the shoulder girdle), or the scapula & coracoid considered as a single structural unit.[Palaeos] http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryS.html 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000781 relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] TAO:0001455 scapulo-coracoid cartilage foramen ovale of heart Bottalo's foramen EHDAA2:0004142 EMAPA:18244 FMA:86043 In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (also ostium secundum of Born or falx septi) allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. It is one of two fetal cardiac shunts, the other being the ductus arteriosus (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation). Another similar adaptation in the fetus is the ductus venosus. In most individuals, the foramen ovale (pronounced /fɒˈreɪmən oʊˈvɑːli/) closes at birth. It later forms the fossa ovalis[WP]. MA:0001873 SCTID:362015004 UBERON:0004754 UMLS:C0016521 falx septi foramen ovale foramen ovale cordis galen:ForamenOvaleCordis ncithesaurus:Oval_Foramen ostium secundum of Born uberon Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(heart) falx septi foramen ovale cordis galen:ForamenOvaleCordis Bottalo's foramen FMA:86043 MA:0001873 foramen ovale galen:ForamenOvale Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(heart) ostium secundum of Born In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (also ostium secundum of Born or falx septi) allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium. It is one of two fetal cardiac shunts, the other being the ductus arteriosus (which allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation). Another similar adaptation in the fetus is the ductus venosus. In most individuals, the foramen ovale (pronounced /fɒˈreɪmən oʊˈvɑːli/) closes at birth. It later forms the fossa ovalis[WP]. Wikipedia:Foramen_ovale_(heart) skeletal tissue A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] Four classes of mineralized tissues are found in vertebrates: bone, cartilage, dentine, and enamel. We think of cartilage and bone as skeletal tissues and of enamel and dentine as dental tissues, but enamel and dentine arose evolutionarily together with bone as skeletal tissues in the dermal skeleton (exoskeleton) of early vertebrates. Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. Cartilage, on the other hand, provided the basis for the second vertebrate skeletal system, the endoskeleton (Smith and Hall, 1990; Hall, 1998a,b). some invertebrate skeletal tissues have surprisingly bone-like features. Examples include chondrocytes interconnected by cell processes in cephalopod cartilages (Cole and Hall, 2004a,b), and the calcium phosphate layer in the shells of brachiopods (Rodland et al., 2003). However, neither bone nor mineralized cartilage have been found in invertebrates. Editors notes: TODO - develops_from SCTID:309311006 UBERON:0004755 VSAO:0000015 XAO:0004038 ZFA:0005619 mineralized tissue uberon 2012-08-14 A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000015 taken from version of VSAO used in TAO and used directly in Uberon VSAO A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000015 dermal skeletal element UBERON:0004756 dermal element dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. uberon VSAO:curator dermal element rectal gland An evagination of the terminal portion of the intestine of Elasmobranchii. Function formerly thought to be related to digestion or excretion, but now considered to secrete high concentrations of excess sodium chloride. Found also in the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae[BTO]. BTO:0001157 SCTID:80455007 UBERON:0004757 does not include FMA:15724 Rectal gland // epithelial tissue gland - concentrates & secretes excess Na & Cl in sharks. large shark liver produces copious amounts of urea, making the shark hyperosmotic to seawater, & thus a shark acts like a fresh water fish, constantly gaining water. Excess salts are concentrated by the rectal gland and secreted uberon An evagination of the terminal portion of the intestine of Elasmobranchii. Function formerly thought to be related to digestion or excretion, but now considered to secrete high concentrations of excess sodium chloride. Found also in the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae[BTO]. BTO:0001157 salt gland BTO:0001204 GAID:1235 MESH:A13.811 UBERON:0004758 an organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles. In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue. Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Salt_gland an organ for excreting excess salts. It is found in elasmobranchs, seabirds, and some reptiles. In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in or on the skull, in the area of the eyes, nostrils or mouth. In crocodiles, the salt is excreted through the tongue. Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine vertebrates to drink seawater[WP]. salt gland of cranial region A salt gland located in the cranium or cranial region. UBERON:0004759 uberon A salt gland located in the cranium or cranial region. OBOL:automatic gland of anal canal A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27221 EMAPA:27233 EMAPA:27543 FMA:15720 FMA:15724 SCTID:245448005 UBERON:0004760 UMLS:C0162322 anal gland anal sac gland of anal canal gland of anus ncithesaurus:Anal_Gland rectal gland uberon A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Anal_gland OBOL:automatic gland of anal canal Wikipedia:Anal_gland anal sac cartilaginous neurocranium AAO:0000094 AAO:0010153 EHDAA:6031 FMA:76621 SCTID:155540009 UBERON:0004761 UMLS:C1516496 XAO:0003059 cartilaginous chondocranium cartilaginous skull cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull chondocranium embryonic chondocranium ncithesaurus:Chondrocranium neurocranium note that in contrast to chondrocranium, this structure is entirely cartiliginous. In Chondricthyes this is the same as the neurocranium. FMA:76621 is an undefined fetal structure, so we assume the correct placement is here. Note that this is distinct from MA:0000317 which is the uberon:neurocranium (the part of the cranium that encloses the brain) the primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Chondrocranium chondocranium neurocranium FMA Wikipedia:Chondrocranium the primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. PMC1571569 endochondral bone tissue MA:0002836 Replacement bone tissue that forms within cartilage[VSAO, modified]. The text and logical definition of this term was modified from the definition of 'endochondral bone' in ZFA. AO notes: note the distinction between endochondral bone and endochondral bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type UBERON:0004763 uberon GO:0001958 Replacement bone tissue that forms within cartilage[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0000145 Wikipedia:Endochondral_ossification intramembranous bone tissue Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. MA:0002837 UBERON:0004764 note the distinction between intramembranous bone and intramembranous bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type (it is under bone tissue and connective tissue; there are no child classes) uberon Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification skeletal element AAO:0011129 Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO] Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO] TAO:0001890 TODO - add more general class for other kinds of mineralized tissue UBERON:0004765 VSAO:0000128 XAO:0004012 ZFA:0005494 galen:SkeletalStructure uberon 2012-08-14 Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000128 VSAO 2012-08-14 Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001890 TAO:VSAO_workshop Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. UBERON:cjm cranial bone A bone that is part of a cranium. Note that here cranium = skull - mandible SCTID:181792001 UBERON:0004766 cranium bone uberon UBERON:automatic cranium bone A bone that is part of a cranium. UBERON:automatic vomerine tooth A tooth that is on the vomer. AAO:0000635 TAO:0001631 Tooth that is attached to the vomer.[TAO] UBERON:0004767 relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of vomer (TAO:0000308) CHANGED TO: attaches_to vomer (UBERON:0002396)[TAO] uberon A tooth that is on the vomer. http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/Vomerine%20teeth 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001631 relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of vomer (TAO:0000308) CHANGED TO: attaches_to vomer (UBERON:0002396)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001631 TAO:wd Tooth that is attached to the vomer.[TAO] bone of lower jaw Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular Editor notes: Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified UBERON:0004768 lower jaw bone uberon Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000002 diaphysis FMA:24013 GAID:189 MESH:A02.835.232.169 SCTID:361729006 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses, excluding the metaphyses[FMA,modified]. Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: diaphysis of humerus, diaphysis of femur[FMA]. The main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat)[WP][FMA:24013, Wikipedia:Diaphysis]. UBERON:0004769 body of long bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg/200px-Illu_long_bone.jpg long bone diaphysis shaft of long bone uberon FMA:24013 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses, excluding the metaphyses[FMA,modified]. Wikipedia:Diaphysis FMA:24013, Wikipedia:Diaphysis The main or mid section (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat)[WP][FMA:24013, Wikipedia:Diaphysis]. FMA:24013 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses; together with other the subdivisions of long bone, it constitutes the long bone. Examples: diaphysis of humerus, diaphysis of femur[FMA]. articular system Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. FMA:23878 MA:0003007 SCTID:361827000 UBERON:0004770 VSAO:0000181 joint system set of all joints set of all joints of body set of joints of body uberon FMA:23878 set of all joints of body Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. VSAO:0000181 FMA:23878 set of joints of body VSAO FMA:23878 joint system FMA posterior nasal aperture AAO:0000093 EHDAA2:0000242 EHDAA:7842 FMA:53143 Fish don't have choanae, instead they have two pairs of external nostrils[WP] In addition to tetrapods, the lungfish has internal nostrils too. TODO: check part_of vs adjacent_to nasal cavity. In tetrapods the exhalant nostril (choana) empties into the buccal cavity. MA:0001323 One of the paired openings from the nasal cavities into the pharynx. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-6, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.[AAO] Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. SCTID:244507001 The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004771 VHOG:0000545 XAO:0000277 choana choanae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Gray855.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gray855.png/200px-Gray855.png internal naris nasopharyngeal naris posterior naris uberon AAO:0000093 Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. Wikipedia:Posterior_nasal_apertures VHOG:0000545 posterior naris 2012-09-17 The choana, a unique 'internal nostril' opening from the nasal sac into the roof of the mouth, is a key part of the tetrapod (land vertebrate) respiratory system. It was the first component of the tetrapod body plan to evolve, well before the origin of limbs, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the beginning of the fish-tetrapod transition. (...) Here we present new material of Kenichthys, a 395-million-year-old fossil fish from China, that provides direct evidence for the origin of the choana and establishes its homology: it is indeed a displaced posterior external nostril that, during a brief transitional stage illustrated by Kenichthys, separated the maxilla from the premaxilla.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000545 doi:10.1038/nature02843 Zhu M, Ahlberg PE, The origin of the internal nostril in tetrapodes. Nature (2004) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000093 AAO:LAP Opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx.[AAO] VHOG:0000545 choanae Wikipedia:Choane XAO:0000277 choana MA:0001323 internal naris 2012-09-17 One of the paired openings from the nasal cavities into the pharynx. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-6, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000545 http://bgee.unil.ch/ eyelid tarsus FMA:59086 MA:0000270 SCTID:362529005 Taxon notes: In most taxa (birds, mammals, lizards), the tarsal plate is described as a dense, fibrous connective tissue, possibly including cartilage, present within one or both of the upper and lower eyelids (Gau- thier et al., 1988; Rieppel, 2000). In humans, the tarsal plate of the upper eyelid is composed of collagens types I, III, and V, as well as glycosaminogly- cans (chondroitin sulphate 4 and 6), aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix proteins but lacks collagen type II as well as chondrocytes (Milz et al., 2005). Thus, for humans, the upper tarsal plate represents neither a truly fibrous nor a truly cartilagi- nous element but instead one that is composed of a unique transitional tissue (Milz et al., 2005). In many birds, lizards, and Sphenodon (the tuatara), the upper eyelid has lim- ited mobility and a putative tarsal plate is instead found within the lower eyelid (Underwood, 1970; Gau- thier et al., 1988). [PMID:16496288] The tarsi (tarsal plates) are two comparatively thick, elongated plates of dense connective tissue, about 2.5 cm. in length; one is found in each eyelid, and contributes to its form and support. They directly abut the lid margins. UBERON:0004772 UMLS:C0459586 eyelid tarsi ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Plate tarsal plate tarsal plate of eyelid tarsi tarsus palpebralis uberon The tarsi (tarsal plates) are two comparatively thick, elongated plates of dense connective tissue, about 2.5 cm. in length; one is found in each eyelid, and contributes to its form and support. They directly abut the lid margins. Wikipedia:Tarsus_(eyelids) FMA:59086 tarsal plate FMA FMA cjm tarsi FMA:59086 tarsal plate of eyelid PMID:16496288 tarsus palpebralis eyelid tarsi superior eyelid tarsus An eyelid tarsus that is part of a upper eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59087 MA:0001260 SCTID:368773004 UBERON:0004773 superior tarsal plate superior tarsus superior tarsus of eyelid tarsal plate of upper eyelid tarsus of upper eyelid tarsus superior uberon FMA:59087 tarsal plate of upper eyelid FMA:59087 superior tarsal plate FMA:59087 FMA:TA tarsus superior An eyelid tarsus that is part of a upper eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:59087 superior tarsus inferior eyelid tarsus An eyelid tarsus that is part of a lower eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59088 MA:0001257 SCTID:368774005 UBERON:0004774 inferior tarsal plate inferior tarsus inferior tarsus of eyelid tarsal plate of lower eyelid tarsus inferior tarsus of lower eyelid uberon An eyelid tarsus that is part of a lower eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:59088 FMA:TA tarsus inferior FMA:59088 tarsal plate of lower eyelid FMA:59088 inferior tarsal plate FMA:59088 inferior tarsus outer renal medulla vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002597 UBERON:0004775 kidney outer medulla vasa recta kidney outer renal medulla vasa recta outer medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of renal medulla vasa recta uberon vasa recta of outer medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer renal medulla vasa recta of outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer zone of renal medulla OBOL:automatic outer medulla of kidney vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer renal medulla MP:0011330 kidney outer renal medulla vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic outer zone of renal medulla vasa recta MP:0011330 kidney outer medulla vasa recta OBOL:automatic outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vasa recta of outer zone of renal medulla inner renal medulla vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002596 UBERON:0004776 inner medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta set of inner region of renal pyramids vasa recta uberon vasa recta of inner medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner renal medulla vasa recta of inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta of set of inner region of renal pyramids OBOL:automatic inner medulla of kidney vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner zone of renal medulla A vasa recta that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic set of inner region of renal pyramids vasa recta OBOL:automatic inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner renal medulla OBOL:automatic inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta OBOL:automatic vasa recta of inner zone of medulla of kidney OBOL:automatic vasa recta of set of inner region of renal pyramids respiratory system submucosa A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001822 UBERON:0004777 apparatus respiratorius submucosa submucosa of apparatus respiratorius submucosa of respiratory system uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic submucosa of respiratory system A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius submucosa larynx submucosa A submucosa that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002728 SCTID:361941005 UBERON:0004778 submucosa of larynx uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of larynx A submucosa that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001821 UBERON:0004779 apparatus respiratorius lamina propria apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria of respiratory system respiratory system lamina propria mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina propria mucosa reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic lamina propria of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. MA:0001899 UBERON:0004780 UMLS:C1708197 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Tract_Lamina_Propria uberon A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true gall bladder lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001633 UBERON:0004781 UMLS:C1708175 biliary lamina propria gall bladder lamina propria mucosa gallbladder lamina propria gallbladder lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder lamina propria of gall bladder lamina propria of gallbladder ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Lamina_Propria uberon OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder MA:0001633 biliary lamina propria OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder lamina propria OBOL:automatic gall bladder lamina propria mucosa reference_0000032 true A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder lamina propria mucosa gastrointestinal system serosa A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001522 UBERON:0004782 digestive system serosa digestive system serous membrane gastrointestinal system serous membrane serosa of digestive system serosa of gastrointestinal system serous membrane of digestive system serous membrane of gastrointestinal system uberon OBOL:automatic serosa of digestive system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of digestive system OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic serosa of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic digestive system serosa OBOL:automatic digestive system serous membrane A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gall bladder serosa A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14659 MA:0001634 SCTID:362197006 UBERON:0004783 biliary serosa gall bladder serous membrane gallbladder serosa gallbladder serous membrane serosa of gall bladder serosa of gallbladder serous coat of gallbladder serous membrane of gall bladder serous membrane of gallbladder tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) tunica serosa vesicae biliaris uberon A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gallbladder FMA:14659 tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) OBOL:automatic gallbladder serous membrane MA:0001634 biliary serosa OBOL:automatic gall bladder serous membrane OBOL:automatic gallbladder serosa FMA:14659 FMA:TA tunica serosa vesicae biliaris FMA:14659 serous coat of gallbladder OBOL:automatic serosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic serosa of gallbladder OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gall bladder heart ventricle wall An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13884 MA:0002791 UBERON:0004784 anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle anatomical wall of heart ventricle anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart anatomical wall of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle anatomical wall cardiac ventricle wall heart ventricle anatomical wall lower chamber of heart anatomical wall lower chamber of heart wall uberon ventricle of heart anatomical wall ventricle of heart wall ventricular wall wall of cardiac ventricle wall of heart ventricle wall of lower chamber of heart wall of ventricle wall of ventricle of heart An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle wall OBOL:automatic wall of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic wall of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart wall OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart wall FMA:13884 ventricular wall OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic wall of ventricle of heart MA:0002791 wall of ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle anatomical wall OBOL:automatic heart ventricle anatomical wall respiratory system mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000973 EMAPA:18334 GAID:304 MA:0001827 MESH:A04.760 TODO - split respiratory tract mucosa from respiratory system mucosa UBERON:0004785 apparatus respiratorius mucosa apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane mucosa of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory system mucosa of respiratory system mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory system respiratory mucosa respiratory system mucosa of organ respiratory system mucous membrane uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucous membrane OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of respiratory system OBOL:automatic mucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucosa of respiratory system BTO:0000973 respiratory mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius gastrointestinal system mucosa A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. BTO:0000546 MA:0001521 SCTID:410433007 The gut mucosa of amphioxus has insulin-secreting cells. PMID:16417468 UBERON:0004786 digestive tract mucosa gut mucosa gut mucuous membrane mucosa of gut uberon A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. OBOL:automatic BTO-modified UBERON:cjm mucosa of gut UBERON:cjm digestive tract mucosa UBERON:cjm gut mucuous membrane BTO:0000546 gut mucosa urethra urothelium An urothelium that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001687 UBERON:0004787 UMLS:C1710585 ncithesaurus:Urethra_Transitional_Cell_Epithelium uberon urethra Uroepithelium uroepithelium of urethra urothelium of urethra An urothelium that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urothelium of urethra OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra Uroepithelium kidney pelvis urothelium An urothelium that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:263264 MA:0002632 UBERON:0004788 UMLS:C1709899 kidney pelvis Uroepithelium kidney pelvis transitional epithelium ncithesaurus:Renal_Pelvis_Urothelium pelvis of ureter Uroepithelium pelvis of ureter urothelium renal pelvis Uroepithelium renal pelvis transitional epithelium renal pelvis urothelium transitional epithelium of kidney pelvis transitional epithelium of renal pelvis uberon uroepithelium of kidney pelvis uroepithelium of pelvis of ureter uroepithelium of renal pelvis urothelium of kidney pelvis urothelium of pelvis of ureter urothelium of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of renal pelvis An urothelium that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic renal pelvis Uroepithelium OBOL:automatic urothelium of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic urothelium of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter urothelium OBOL:automatic renal pelvis urothelium FMA:263264 transitional epithelium of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter Uroepithelium OBOL:automatic transitional epithelium of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic urothelium of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis Uroepithelium OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis transitional epithelium OBOL:automatic renal pelvis transitional epithelium OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic uroepithelium of kidney pelvis larynx mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001767 UBERON:0004789 mucous gland of larynx uberon A mucous gland that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous gland of larynx skin mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of a skin of body. Editor notes; See comments for 'skin mucus' MA:0000148 UBERON:0004790 mucous gland of entire skin mucous gland of skin of body skin mucus gland skin of body mucous gland uberon OBOL:automatic skin of body mucous gland OBOL:automatic skin mucus gland OBOL:automatic mucous gland of entire skin A mucous gland that is part of a skin of body. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous gland of skin of body thymus trabecula A trabecula that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002674 UBERON:0004791 UMLS:C1515431 ncithesaurus:Thymic_Trabecula thymic trabecula thymus gland trabecula trabecula of thymus trabecula of thymus gland uberon A trabecula that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trabecula of thymus OBOL:automatic thymus gland trabecula OBOL:automatic thymic trabecula OBOL:automatic trabecula of thymus gland MA secretion of endocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002517 UBERON:0004792 UMLS:C1518866 endocrine pancreas secretion ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Endocrine_Secretion pancreatic endocrine secretion pars endocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis uberon OBOL:automatic secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Endocrine_Secretion pancreatic endocrine secretion OBOL:automatic endocrine pancreas secretion OBOL:automatic pars endocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of exocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002518 UBERON:0004793 UMLS:C1518867 exocrine pancreas secretion ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Exocrine_Secretion pancreatic exocrine secretion pars exocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis uberon ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Exocrine_Secretion pancreatic exocrine secretion OBOL:automatic pars exocrina pancreatis secretion A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic exocrine pancreas secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis esophagus secretion A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:79662 MA:0002514 UBERON:0004794 UMLS:C0227179 esophageal secretion gullet secretion ncithesaurus:Esophagus_Secretion oesophagus secretion secretion of esophagus secretion of gullet secretion of oesophagus uberon OBOL:automatic secretion of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus secretion A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gullet secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of esophagus OBOL:automatic secretion of gullet FMA:79662 esophageal secretion pancreas secretion A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002516 UBERON:0004795 UMLS:C0030296 ncithesaurus:Pancreatic_Secretion pancreatic secretion secretion of pancreas uberon A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic secretion of pancreas OBOL:automatic pancreatic secretion prostate gland secretion A secretion of the prostate this is slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance. Usually constitutes 20–30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid FMA:66884 MA:0002525 Taxon notes: Prostatic secretions vary among species. They are generally composed of simple sugars and are often slightly alkaline. UBERON:0004796 UBERON:0010142 UMLS:C1709733 ncithesaurus:Prostate_Gland_Secretion prostate secretion prostatic fluid secretion of prostate secretion of prostate gland uberon FMA OBOL:automatic prostate secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of prostate FMA:66884 prostatic fluid A secretion of the prostate this is slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance. Usually constitutes 20–30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid Wikipedia:Prostate#Secretions OBOL:automatic secretion of prostate gland blood vessel layer An organ component layer that is part of a blood vessel. MA:0002854 UBERON:0004797 uberon An organ component layer that is part of a blood vessel. OBOL:automatic respiratory system basal lamina A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001816 UBERON:0004798 apparatus respiratorius basal lamina apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue basal lamina of apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory system basal lamina of respiratory system respiratory system basal lamina of connective tissue uberon OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius basal lamina OBOL:automatic basal lamina of respiratory system OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory system A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic basal lamina of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system basal lamina of connective tissue trachea basal lamina A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory airway [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001855 UBERON:0004799 UMLS:C1710454 basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory airway ncithesaurus:Trachea_Basal_Lamina uberon OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of respiratory airway A basal lamina that is part of a respiratory airway [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bronchus basal lamina A basal lamina that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001833 UBERON:0004800 UMLS:C1707050 basal lamina of bronchi basal lamina of bronchial trunk basal lamina of bronchus basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchi basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchial trunk basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchus bronchi basal lamina bronchi basal lamina of connective tissue bronchial trunk basal lamina bronchial trunk basal lamina of connective tissue bronchus basal lamina of connective tissue ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Basal_Lamina uberon OBOL:automatic basal lamina of bronchi OBOL:automatic bronchus basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchi basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk basal lamina of connective tissue OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchi OBOL:automatic basal lamina of connective tissue of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchi basal lamina A basal lamina that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic basal lamina of bronchus OBOL:automatic basal lamina of bronchial trunk OBOL:automatic bronchial trunk basal lamina cervix epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000241 EFO:0001913 Histology notes: The epithelium of the cervix is varied. The ectocervix (more distal, by the vagina) is composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The endocervix (more proximal, within the uterus) is composed of simple columnar epithelium[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervix#Histology] MA:0001724 UBERON:0004801 UMLS:C1711358 cervical canal epithelial tissue cervical canal epithelium cervical epithelium cervix epithelial tissue epithelium of cervix ncithesaurus:Cervix_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic cervical canal epithelium OBOL:automatic cervix epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cervical canal epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of cervix BTO:0000241 cervical epithelium respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000419 MA:0001480 SCTID:321764001 UBERON:0004802 VHOG:0000981 airway epithelium epithelial tissue of respiratory tract epithelium of respiratory tract respiratory epithelium respiratory tract epithelial tissue uberon BTO:0000419 airway epithelium OBOL:automatic respiratory tract epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory tract OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory tract BTO:0000419 respiratory epithelium penis epithelium An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004039 MA:0001742 UBERON:0004803 epithelial tissue of penis epithelium of penis penis epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of penis An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic penis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of penis oviduct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002402 EMAPA:29043 MA:0001718 UBERON:0004804 epithelial tissue of oviduct epithelium of fallopian tube epithelium of oviduct epithelium of uterine tube in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label oviduct epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic oviduct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of fallopian tube FMA:62016 epithelium of uterine tube OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of oviduct An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of oviduct seminal vesicle epithelium An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29771 MA:0001745 UBERON:0004805 UMLS:C1710049 epithelial tissue of seminal gland epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle epithelium of seminal gland epithelium of seminal vesicle ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle_Epithelium seminal gland epithelial tissue seminal gland epithelium seminal vesicle epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminal gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminal gland OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic seminal gland epithelium OBOL:automatic seminal gland epithelial tissue vas deferens epithelium An epithelium that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29274 FMA:225317 MA:0001749 UBERON:0004806 UMLS:C1710617 deferent duct epithelial tissue deferent duct epithelium ductus deferens epithelial tissue ductus deferens epithelium epithelial tissue of deferent duct epithelial tissue of ductus deferens epithelial tissue of sperm duct epithelial tissue of vas deferen epithelial tissue of vas deferens epithelium of deferent duct epithelium of ductus deferens epithelium of sperm duct epithelium of vas deferen epithelium of vas deferens ncithesaurus:Vas_Deferens_Epithelium sperm duct epithelial tissue sperm duct epithelium uberon vas deferen epithelial tissue vas deferen epithelium vas deferens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic vas deferen epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of sperm duct OBOL:automatic sperm duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of vas deferens OBOL:automatic ductus deferens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vas deferen OBOL:automatic deferent duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic vas deferens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of deferent duct OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of vas deferens OBOL:automatic epithelium of vas deferen OBOL:automatic sperm duct epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of deferent duct OBOL:automatic vas deferen epithelium OBOL:automatic ductus deferens epithelium OBOL:automatic deferent duct epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of sperm duct respiratory system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001823 UBERON:0004807 VHOG:0000981 apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue apparatus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory system epithelium of apparatus respiratorius epithelium of respiratory system respiratory system epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelium gastrointestinal system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001520 UBERON:0004808 digestive system epithelial tissue digestive system epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive system epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system epithelium of digestive system epithelium of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive system OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive system OBOL:automatic epithelium of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic salivary gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004421 EMAPA:17753 EMAPA:17756 MA:0001587 UBERON:0004809 epithelial tissue of salivary gland epithelium of salivary gland salivary gland epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of salivary gland OBOL:automatic epithelium of salivary gland Wikipathways:WP2062 OBOL:automatic salivary gland epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic nephron tubule epithelium An epithelium that is part of a nephron tubule [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001681 UBERON:0004810 UMLS:C1709902 epithelial tissue of nephron tubule epithelial tissue of renal tubule epithelial tissue of tubulus renalis epithelium of nephron tubule epithelium of renal tubule epithelium of tubulus renalis kidney tubule epithelium ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule_Epithelium nephron tubule epithelial tissue nephron tubule epithelium renal tubule epithelial tissue tubulus renalis epithelial tissue tubulus renalis epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic tubulus renalis epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of tubulus renalis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of nephron tubule An epithelium that is part of a nephron tubule [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of tubulus renalis OBOL:automatic epithelium of renal tubule OBOL:automatic nephron tubule epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of renal tubule OBOL:automatic nephron tubule epithelium OBOL:automatic renal tubule epithelial tissue MA:0001681 kidney tubule epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of nephron tubule OBOL:automatic tubulus renalis epithelium endometrium epithelium An epithelium that is part of a endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002731 SCTID:253526009 Taxon/histology notes: In rodents and primates, the uterine epithelium (the endometrium) is eroded away so that maternal blood comes into direct contact with the trophoblast surface (called haemochorial) [PMID:19829370] UBERON:0004811 endometrium epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of endometrium epithelium of endometrium epithelium of tunica mucosa (endometrium) uberon uterine epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of tunica mucosa (endometrium) OBOL:automatic endometrium epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic PMID:19829370 uterine epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endometrium OBOL:automatic epithelium of endometrium male prepuce epithelium An epithelium that is part of a prepuce of penis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:30638 EMAPA:30655 Editor notes: NCITA term may be sex-neutral MA:0001753 UBERON:0004812 UMLS:C1709639 epithelial tissue of foreskin epithelial tissue of penile prepuce epithelial tissue of prepuce epithelial tissue of prepuce of penis epithelium of foreskin epithelium of penile prepuce epithelium of prepuce epithelium of prepuce of penis foreskin epithelial tissue foreskin epithelium ncithesaurus:Prepuce_Epithelium penile prepuce epithelial tissue penile prepuce epithelium prepuce epithelial tissue prepuce epithelium prepuce of penis epithelial tissue prepuce of penis epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic penile prepuce epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic penile prepuce epithelium OBOL:automatic prepuce of penis epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of foreskin OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prepuce OBOL:automatic epithelium of foreskin OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic prepuce epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of penile prepuce An epithelium that is part of a prepuce of penis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic prepuce of penis epithelial tissue MA:0001753 prepuce epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of prepuce of penis OBOL:automatic foreskin epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelium of prepuce OBOL:automatic foreskin epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of penile prepuce seminiferous tubule epithelium BTO:0001811 EHDAA:8148 FMA:19885 GAID:401 MA:0001748 MESH:A05.360.444.849.700.700 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002009 The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (spermatogonia) and supporting sertoli cells. As spermatogenesis proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains spermatocytes and the more advanced germ cells[GAID]. UBERON:0004813 UMLS:C0036629 VHOG:0000631 epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis epithelium of seminiferous tubule epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis germinal epithelium (male) male germinal epithelium ncithesaurus:Seminiferous_Epithelium seminiferous epithelium seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue testis germinal epithelium uberon wall of seminiferous tubule Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) germinal epithelium (male) OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) male germinal epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule BTO:0001811 seminiferous epithelium VHOG:0000631 testis germinal epithelium Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) wall of seminiferous tubule OBOL:automatic epithelium of seminiferous tubule OBOL:automatic seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (spermatogonia) and supporting sertoli cells. As spermatogenesis proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains spermatocytes and the more advanced germ cells[GAID]. Wikipedia:Germinal_epithelium_(male) upper respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001912 UBERON:0004814 epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract epithelium of upper respiratory tract uberon upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of upper respiratory tract OBOL:automatic upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001481 UBERON:0004815 epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract epithelium of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower respiratory tract larynx epithelium An epithelium that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004065 MA:0001765 UBERON:0004816 UMLS:C0751258 epithelial tissue of larynx epithelium of larynx laryngeal epithelium larynx epithelial tissue ncithesaurus:Laryngeal_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic larynx epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a larynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of larynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of larynx lacrimal gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lacrimal gland [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001297 UBERON:0004817 epithelial tissue of lacrimal gland epithelium of lacrimal gland lacrimal gland epithelial tissue uberon An epithelium that is part of a lacrimal gland [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of lacrimal gland OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lacrimal gland OBOL:automatic lacrimal gland epithelial tissue terminal bronchus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001851 UBERON:0004818 epithelial tissue of terminal bronchus epithelium of terminal bronchus terminal bronchus epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of terminal bronchus OBOL:automatic terminal bronchus epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a terminal bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelium of terminal bronchus kidney epithelium An epithelium that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000059 MA:0002846 UBERON:0004819 epithelial tissue of kidney epithelium of kidney kidney epithelial tissue uberon OBOL:automatic epithelium of kidney An epithelium that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic kidney epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of kidney bile duct epithelium BTO:0000417 BTO:0001513 Epithelium of the gallbladder and the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. MA:0001629 UBERON:0004820 UMLS:C1711208 bile duct epithelial tissue biliary duct epithelial tissue biliary duct epithelium biliary epithelium epithelial tissue of bile duct epithelial tissue of biliary duct epithelium of bile duct epithelium of biliary duct ncithesaurus:Bile_Duct_Epithelium todo - check if BTO terms need merged uberon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bile duct OBOL:automatic biliary duct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of biliary duct OBOL:automatic biliary duct epithelium BTO:0001513 Epithelium of the gallbladder and the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. OBOL:automatic epithelium of bile duct BTO:0001513 biliary epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of biliary duct OBOL:automatic bile duct epithelial tissue pulmonary alveolus epithelium BTO:0003511 FMA:63915 MA:0001771 UBERON:0004821 alveolus epithelial tissue alveolus epithelium epithelial tissue of alveolus epithelium of alveolus epithelium of pulmonary alveolus pulmonary alveolar epithelium pulmonary alveolus epithelium the epithelial layer of the alveoli[MP]. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles[BTO]. uberon FMA:63915 epithelium of pulmonary alveolus OBOL:automatic alveolus epithelial tissue MP:0010898 pulmonary alveolus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of alveolus MA:0001771 alveolus epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of alveolus FMA BTO:0003511 MP:0010898 the epithelial layer of the alveoli[MP]. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles[BTO]. FMA FMA:63915 pulmonary alveolar epithelium extrahepatic bile duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002661 UBERON:0004822 UMLS:C1711347 epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue ncithesaurus:Extrahepatic_Bile_Duct_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct intrahepatic bile duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002662 UBERON:0004823 UMLS:C1708552 epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue ncithesaurus:Intrahepatic_Bile_Duct_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct OBOL:automatic intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct dental lamina EMAPA:18292 EMAPA:18295 EMAPA:18298 EMAPA:18301 Homology notes: In the epidermis of embryonic birds, there remains a transient thickening that is comparable to the early formation of the dental lamina in the mouse[PMID:10954731]. AO notes: check MA placement, this structure is the developing structure MA:0001597 SCTID:362862007 UBERON:0004825 a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral ectoderm proliferate faster than cells of other areas. Best described as an in-growth of oral ectoderm, the dental lamina is frequently distinguished from the vestibular lamina, which develops concurrently. This dividing tissue is surrounded by and, some would argue, stimulated by ectomysenchymal growth. When it is present, the dental lamina connects the developing tooth bud to the epithelium of the oral cavity. Eventually, the dental lamina disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is resorbed. In situations when the clusters are not resorbed, (this remanent of the dental lamina is sometimes known as the glands of Serres) eruption cysts are formed over the developing tooth and delay its eruption into the oral cavity. This invagination of ectodermal tissues is the progenitor to the later ameloblasts and enamel while the ectomysenchyme is responsible for the odontogenic papilla and later odontoblasts. embryonic dental lamina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Dentallamina11-17-05.jpg lamina dentalis uberon Wikipedia:Dental_lamina a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It is formed when cells of the oral ectoderm proliferate faster than cells of other areas. Best described as an in-growth of oral ectoderm, the dental lamina is frequently distinguished from the vestibular lamina, which develops concurrently. This dividing tissue is surrounded by and, some would argue, stimulated by ectomysenchymal growth. When it is present, the dental lamina connects the developing tooth bud to the epithelium of the oral cavity. Eventually, the dental lamina disintegrates into small clusters of epithelium and is resorbed. In situations when the clusters are not resorbed, (this remanent of the dental lamina is sometimes known as the glands of Serres) eruption cysts are formed over the developing tooth and delay its eruption into the oral cavity. This invagination of ectodermal tissues is the progenitor to the later ameloblasts and enamel while the ectomysenchyme is responsible for the odontogenic papilla and later odontoblasts. MA Wikipedia:Dental_lamina lamina dentalis thyroid gland medulla A medulla that is part of a thyroid [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000132 UBERON:0004827 medulla of thyroid medulla of thyroid follicle medulla of thyroid gland medulla of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle medulla thyroid gland follicle medulla thyroid medulla uberon OBOL:automatic thyroid gland follicle medulla OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid gland follicle OBOL:automatic thyroid medulla OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid follicle OBOL:automatic thyroid follicle medulla A medulla that is part of a thyroid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic medulla of thyroid gland urethra skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001690 UBERON:0004829 skeletal muscle of urethra skeletal muscle tissue of urethra uberon urethra skeletal muscle tissue urethral skeletal muscle MA:0001690 urethral skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of urethra OBOL:automatic urethra skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of urethra respiratory system skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001829 UBERON:0004830 respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle of respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system uberon OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius esophagus skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001572 UBERON:0004831 esophagus skeletal muscle tissue gullet skeletal muscle gullet skeletal muscle tissue oesophagus skeletal muscle oesophagus skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of esophagus skeletal muscle of gullet skeletal muscle of oesophagus skeletal muscle tissue of esophagus skeletal muscle tissue of gullet skeletal muscle tissue of oesophagus uberon OBOL:automatic oesophagus skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic gullet skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic gullet skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic esophagus skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of esophagus anal region skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001530 UBERON:0004832 anal part of perineum skeletal muscle anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue anal region skeletal muscle tissue anal triangle skeletal muscle anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle of anal region skeletal muscle of anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue of anal region skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle uberon OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal region OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic anal region skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum lip skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001578 UBERON:0004833 lip skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of lip skeletal muscle tissue of lip uberon OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of lip OBOL:automatic lip skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of lip A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hepatic duct smooth muscle A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hepatic duct. MA:0001640 UBERON:0004834 uberon A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hepatic duct. OBOL:automatic epididymis smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001736 UBERON:0004835 epididymis involuntary muscle epididymis non-striated muscle epididymis smooth muscle tissue epididymus involuntary muscle epididymus non-striated muscle epididymus smooth muscle epididymus smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of epididymis involuntary muscle of epididymus non-striated muscle of epididymis non-striated muscle of epididymus smooth muscle of epididymis smooth muscle of epididymus smooth muscle tissue of epididymis smooth muscle tissue of epididymus uberon A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic epididymus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic epididymis smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of epididymis OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of epididymus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of epididymis OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of epididymus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of epididymus OBOL:automatic epididymus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic epididymus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic epididymis non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of epididymus OBOL:automatic epididymus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic epididymis involuntary muscle respiratory system arterial endothelium An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001801 UBERON:0004848 apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium of respiratory system artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery of respiratory system respiratory system artery endothelium respiratory system endothelium of artery uberon OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of respiratory system reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius reference_0000032 true OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of respiratory system OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic respiratory system artery endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of respiratory system respiratory system venous endothelium An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001811 UBERON:0004849 apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of vein respiratory system vein endothelium uberon vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium of respiratory system venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of vein OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein endothelium OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of respiratory system An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of respiratory system reference_0000032 lymph node endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lymph node [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000741 UBERON:0004850 endothelium of lymph node uberon OBOL:automatic endothelium of lymph node An endothelium that is part of a lymph node [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic aorta endothelium An endothelium that is part of an aorta [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000394 EFO:0002597 MA:0000701 UBERON:0004851 UMLS:C1706824 adult aorta endothelium endothelium of adult aorta endothelium of aorta endothelium of trunk of aortic tree endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree ncithesaurus:Aorta_Endothelium trunk of aortic tree endothelium trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium uberon OBOL:automatic adult aorta endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of aorta An endothelium that is part of an aorta [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree OBOL:automatic trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of adult aorta cardiovascular system endothelium An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. BTO:0001853 GAID:519 MA:0000717 MESH:A07.231.330 TAO:0002171 UBERON:0004852 VHOG:0001217 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000356 ZFA:0001639 consider merging with 'endothelium' uberon An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. UBERON:cjm 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 VHOG VHOG:0001217 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ gastrointestinal system mesentery A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001900 UBERON:0004854 digestive system mesentery mesentery of digestive system mesentery of gastrointestinal system uberon OBOL:automatic mesentery of digestive system A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digestive system mesentery OBOL:automatic mesentery of gastrointestinal system skeletal muscle connective tissue A connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle tissue. MA:0002868 UBERON:0004857 connective tissue of skeletal muscle connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle interstitial tissue skeletal muscle interstitum skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle textus connectivus skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus textus connectivus of skeletal muscle textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue uberon A connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle tissue. OBOL:automatic MA:0002868 skeletal muscle interstitum OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle textus connectivus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus MA:0002868 skeletal muscle interstitial tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic connective tissue of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle cellular cartilage MA:0000105 SCTID:81997001 UBERON:0004858 uberon eye gland A gland that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. Example: harderian gland MA:0000267 UBERON:0004859 gland of eye uberon A gland that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gland of eye obsolete brain ventricular zone UBERON:0003053 UBERON:0004860 true uberon right lung alveolus An alveolus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19184 EMAPA:19186 EMAPA:19188 EMAPA:19190 MA:0001786 UBERON:0004861 UMLS:C1709959 alveolus of right lung ncithesaurus:Right_Lung_Alveolus uberon OBOL:automatic alveolus of right lung An alveolus that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left lung alveolus An alveolus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19182 MA:0001777 UBERON:0004862 UMLS:C1708673 alveolus of left lung alveolus of lobe of left lung ncithesaurus:Left_Lung_Alveolus uberon OBOL:automatic alveolus of left lung OBOL:automatic alveolus of lobe of left lung An alveolus that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic thoracic sympathetic nerve trunk A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:6262 MA:0001165 UBERON:0004863 UMLS:C1710393 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Sympathetic_Nerve_Trunk nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system of thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system of thorax sympathetic nerve trunk of thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of thorax thoracic part of sympathetic trunk thoracic sympathetic chain thoracic sympathetic trunk thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system thorax sympathetic nerve trunk thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk uberon OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system OBOL:automatic sympathetic nerve trunk of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax sympathetic nerve trunk OBOL:automatic thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk FMA:6262 thoracic sympathetic trunk FMA:6262 thoracic part of sympathetic trunk OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of thorax A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:6262 thoracic sympathetic chain OBOL:automatic nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system vasculature of retina A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:76552 MESH:A07.231.611 UBERON:0004864 XAO:0004153 retina vasculature retina vasculature of camera-type eye retinal blood vessels retinal blood vessels set retinal vasculature set of blood vessels of retina set of retinal blood vessels uberon vasa sanguinea retinae GO:0061298 retina vasculature OBOL:automatic set of blood vessels of retina FMA:76552 retinal blood vessels FMA:76552 FMA:TA vasa sanguinea retinae FMA:76552 set of retinal blood vessels FMA:76552 retinal blood vessels set A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic retinal vasculature GO:0061298 retina vasculature of camera-type eye actinopterygian parietal bone Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO] Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO:0000486 The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] The parietal is a flat, commonly squarish or rectangular bone.[TAO] UBERON:0004865 VHOG:0001327 ZFA:0000486 actinopterygian parietal frontal bone parietal bone parietals post parietal relationship loss: overlaps frontal-parietal joint (TAO:0005255)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps inter-parietal joint (TAO:0005245)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps posttemporal-parietal joint (TAO:0002059)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] uberon ZFA:0000486 post parietal TAO:0000486 parietal bone ZFA PMID:11523816 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000486 relationship loss: overlaps frontal-parietal joint (TAO:0005255)[TAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-3899370805 Arratia G, Schultze HP, Wilson MVH, Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny (2008) p.23-48 The homologization of cranial bones of actinopterygians with those of sarcopterygians based on the bone names established in human anatomy is favored in order to permit the building of phylogenetic relationship schemes beyond the taxonomic boundaries of osteichthyans (including tetrapods). (...) In actinopterygians, the terms parietal and postparietal bones have to replace the commonly used terms 'frontal' and 'parietal' bones for the two paired bones on the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001327 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0000486 The parietal is a flat, commonly squarish or rectangular bone.[TAO] Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO:0000486 TAO:GA_TG ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000486 relationship loss: overlaps supraoccipital-parietal joint (TAO:0005264)[TAO] TAO:0000486 parietals 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that covers the otic region and may articulate with its antimere medially, with the frontal bone anteriorly, the pterotic laterally, the supraoccipital medio-posteriorly, and the epiotic and extrascapula latero-posteriorly. The parietal is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000486 TAO:GA_TG 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000486 relationship loss: overlaps inter-parietal joint (TAO:0005245)[TAO] FMA:52734 frontal bone ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000486 relationship loss: overlaps posttemporal-parietal joint (TAO:0002059)[TAO] actinopterygian frontal bone Dermal bone that bears part of the supraorbital canal and usually covers a large area of the neurocranium occupying part of the ethmoidal, orbitosphenoid, and otic regions. Commonly, the frontal bone articulates with its antimere medially, with lateral ethmoid, orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid ventrolaterally, with supraorbital bone(s), autosphenotic and pterotic laterally, and with parietal posteriorly.[TAO] Dermal bone that bears part of the supraorbital canal and usually covers a large area of the neurocranium occupying part of the ethmoidal, orbitosphenoid, and otic regions. Commonly, the frontal bone articulates with its antimere medially, with lateral ethmoid, orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid ventrolaterally, with supraorbital bone(s), autosphenotic and pterotic laterally, and with parietal posteriorly.[TAO]. TAO:0000514 The frontal bone in teleost fish is the homolog of the parietal bone in tetrapods The frontal bone may be paired or unpaired. The frontal bone of actinopterygians is homologous to the parietal of tetrapods. Actinopterygians do not have a frontal bone. For details, see Schultze (2008) and Wiley (2008).[TAO] UBERON:0004866 VHOG:0001324 ZFA:0000514 actinopterygian frontal actinopterygian frontal bone frontal bone frontals relationship loss: overlaps frontal-parietal joint (TAO:0005255)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps frontal-pterotic joint (TAO:0001711)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps inter-frontal joint (TAO:0001922)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps lateral ethmoid-frontal joint (TAO:0002032)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-frontal joint (TAO:0001678)[TAO] uberon TAO:0000514 actinopterygian frontal ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000514 relationship loss: overlaps inter-frontal joint (TAO:0001922)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000514 relationship loss: overlaps frontal-parietal joint (TAO:0005255)[TAO] 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0000514 The frontal bone may be paired or unpaired. The frontal bone of actinopterygians is homologous to the parietal of tetrapods. Actinopterygians do not have a frontal bone. For details, see Schultze (2008) and Wiley (2008).[TAO] Dermal bone that bears part of the supraorbital canal and usually covers a large area of the neurocranium occupying part of the ethmoidal, orbitosphenoid, and otic regions. Commonly, the frontal bone articulates with its antimere medially, with lateral ethmoid, orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid ventrolaterally, with supraorbital bone(s), autosphenotic and pterotic laterally, and with parietal posteriorly.[TAO]. TAO:0000514 TAO:0000514 frontals ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000514 relationship loss: overlaps frontal-pterotic joint (TAO:0001711)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000514 relationship loss: overlaps mesethmoid-frontal joint (TAO:0001678)[TAO] PMID:11523816 ZFA-modified 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that bears part of the supraorbital canal and usually covers a large area of the neurocranium occupying part of the ethmoidal, orbitosphenoid, and otic regions. Commonly, the frontal bone articulates with its antimere medially, with lateral ethmoid, orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid ventrolaterally, with supraorbital bone(s), autosphenotic and pterotic laterally, and with parietal posteriorly.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000514 ZFIN:curator ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000514 relationship loss: overlaps lateral ethmoid-frontal joint (TAO:0002032)[TAO] TAO:0000514 frontal bone TAO:0000514 actinopterygian frontal bone orbital cavity AAO:0000343 AO notes: note that the AAO class is a cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of a orbital region. FMA:84961 SCTID:280541000 UBERON:0004867 orbit uberon An anatomical cavity that is part of a orbital region. OBOL:automatic AAO:0000343 orbit tapetum lucidum Function notes: It normally functions at low light levels to provide the light-sensitive retinal cells with a second opportunity for photon-photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. Typically absent in diurnal animals. In vertebrates, the tapetum lucidum exhibits diverse structure, organization and composition. The tapetum lucidum represents a remarkable example of neural cell and tissue specialization as an adaptation to a dim light environment and, despite these differences, all tapetal variants act to increase retinal sensitivity by reflecting light back through the photoreceptor layer. These variations regarding both its location and structure, as well as the choice of reflective material, may represent selective visual adaptations associated with their feeding behavior, in response to the use of specific wavelengths and amount of reflectance required.[PMID:14738502]. Two morphologic types of tapetum lucidum can be observed in the eyes of fish: one in the choroid that occurs in elasmobranchs, and the other which occurs in teleosts and lies in the pigment epithelium of the retina UBERON:0004868 a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/TapetumLucidum.JPG tapeta lucida tapetal tapis luisant@fr uberon PMID:14738502 cjm tapeta lucida PMID:14738502 cjm PMID:14738502 cjm PMID:14738502 Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrate animals, that lies immediately behind or sometimes within the retina. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors PMID:14738502 Two morphologic types of tapetum lucidum can be observed in the eyes of fish: one in the choroid that occurs in elasmobranchs, and the other which occurs in teleosts and lies in the pigment epithelium of the retina PMID:14738502 The tapetum lucidum is a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates. Typically absent in diurnal animals. In vertebrates, the tapetum lucidum exhibits diverse structure, organization and composition. The tapetum lucidum represents a remarkable example of neural cell and tissue specialization as an adaptation to a dim light environment and, despite these differences, all tapetal variants act to increase retinal sensitivity by reflecting light back through the photoreceptor layer. These variations regarding both its location and structure, as well as the choice of reflective material, may represent selective visual adaptations associated with their feeding behavior, in response to the use of specific wavelengths and amount of reflectance required.[PMID:14738502]. PMID:14738502 cjm parietal organ A part of the epithalamus present in some animal species. The eye may be photoreceptive and is usually associated with the pineal gland, regulating circadian rhythmicity and hormone production for thermoregulation. The parietal eye is a part of the epithalamus, which can be divided into two major parts; the epiphysis (the pineal organ, or pineal gland if mostly endocrine) and the parietal organ (often called the parietal eye, or third eye if it is photoreceptive). It arises as an anterior evagination of the pineal organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon. In some species, it protrudes through the skull.[4] The parietal eye uses a different biochemical method of detecting light than rod cells or cone cells in a normal vertebrate eye[WP]. UBERON:0004869 parietal eye third eye uberon Wikipedia:Parietal_eye parietal eye Wikipedia:Parietal_eye third eye A part of the epithalamus present in some animal species. The eye may be photoreceptive and is usually associated with the pineal gland, regulating circadian rhythmicity and hormone production for thermoregulation. The parietal eye is a part of the epithalamus, which can be divided into two major parts; the epiphysis (the pineal organ, or pineal gland if mostly endocrine) and the parietal organ (often called the parietal eye, or third eye if it is photoreceptive). It arises as an anterior evagination of the pineal organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon. In some species, it protrudes through the skull.[4] The parietal eye uses a different biochemical method of detecting light than rod cells or cone cells in a normal vertebrate eye[WP]. Wikipedia:Parietal_eye superficial cervical lymph node A group of nodes lying along the external jugular vein; they drain the skin and superficial structures over the region of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and anterior cervical regions. Efferent vessels drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes. Lymph nodes can be further subdivided into anterior and lateral groupings. MA:0002886 SCTID:279144003 UBERON:0004870 UMLS:C0458297 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Illu_quiz_hn_03.jpg ncithesaurus:Superficial_Cervical_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei cervicales prescapular lymph node uberon Wikipedia:Superficial_cervical_lymph_nodes nodi lymphoidei cervicales CL:tm prescapular lymph node CL:tm A group of nodes lying along the external jugular vein; they drain the skin and superficial structures over the region of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and anterior cervical regions. Efferent vessels drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes. Lymph nodes can be further subdivided into anterior and lateral groupings. CL:tm Wikipedia:Superficial_cervical_lymph_nodes ref:Stedmans somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm AAO:0011100 BILA:0000047 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. UBERON:0004871 XAO:0000271 check BILA outer layer of lateral plate mesoderm parietal mesoderm somatic mesoderm uberon ISBN:9780878932504 parietal mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers BILA:0000047 somatic mesoderm splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm AAO:0011102 AO notes: We group the BILA class here. Considering adding more general class for metazoa grouping cardiogenic successors BILA:0000044 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. UBERON:0004872 XAO:0000276 inner layer of lateral plate mesoderm splanchnic mesoderm uberon visceral mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 splanchnic mesoderm BILA:0000044 http://www.drugs.com/dict/visceral-mesoderm.html http://www.stedmans.com/ visceral mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers splanchnopleure EHDAA2:0001903 EHDAA:383 EMAPA:16181 UBERON:0004873 UMLS:C1519472 VHOG:0000558 a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray16.png/200px-Gray16.png ncithesaurus:Splanchnopleure todo - check relationship to LPM uberon ventral splanchnic mesoderm Wikipedia:Splanchnopleure a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom ventral splanchnic mesoderm somatopleure EHDAA2:0001847 EHDAA:381 EMAPA:16180 UBERON:0004874 UMLS:C1519423 VHOG:0000557 a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gray16.png/200px-Gray16.png ncithesaurus:Somatopleure todo - check relationship to LPM uberon Wikipedia:Somatopleure a structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. EHDAA2 nephrogenic cord FMA:72168 SCTID:361405003 UBERON:0004875 UMLS:C1283944 a portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. chorda nephrogenica ncithesaurus:Nephrogenic_Cord part_of or develops_from urogenital ridge? uberon Wikipedia:Nephrogenic_cord a portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. Wikipedia:Nephrogenic_cord chorda nephrogenica urogenital ridge BTO:0001402 EHDAA2:0004022 EMAPA:30888 EMAPA:30899 Less commonly, urogenital fold refers to the fold in the mesonephros which is the precursor of e.g. the suspensory ligament of the ovary. This is the case in older versions of Gray's anatomy[WP] One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP]. SCTID:308801004 UBERON:0004876 UMLS:C0231047 ncithesaurus:Urogenital_Ridge uberon urethral fold urogenital fold Wikipedia EHDAA2 MP:0011835 MP:anna One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP]. Wikipedia:Urogenital_folds EHDAA2:0004022 urogenital fold EHDAA2 visceral endoderm BTO:0003487 EMAPA:16058 Note: Gilbert uses visceral endoderm as a synonym for primitive endoderm/hypoblast UBERON:0004877 Visceral endoderm, a population of extraembyonic endoderm, is an extraembryonic tissue that functions in a regulatory capacity but does not contribute directly to the formation of any adult organs[PMID:15905405]. primitive endoderm-derived tissue which remains in contact with and surrounds the extra-embryonic ectoderm and the epiblast and provides signals for the differentiation and patterning of the epiblast; a small number of visceral endoderm cells also contribute to the endoderm of the embryonic gut[MP]. uberon MP:0011186 PMID:15905405 Visceral endoderm, a population of extraembyonic endoderm, is an extraembryonic tissue that functions in a regulatory capacity but does not contribute directly to the formation of any adult organs[PMID:15905405]. primitive endoderm-derived tissue which remains in contact with and surrounds the extra-embryonic ectoderm and the epiblast and provides signals for the differentiation and patterning of the epiblast; a small number of visceral endoderm cells also contribute to the endoderm of the embryonic gut[MP]. BTO distal visceral endoderm UBERON:0004878 precursors of the anterior visceral endoderm that arises at the distal tip of the embryo[MP] uberon MP:0010126 precursors of the anterior visceral endoderm that arises at the distal tip of the embryo[MP] marginal zone of embryo AAO:0010448 Belt-like region of presumptive mesoderm at the equator of the late blastula. See tracker item for discussion TAO:0000038 UBERON:0004879 XAO:0000068 ZFA:0000038 margin marginal zone margins uberon TAO:0000038 margins XAO:0000068 marginal zone Belt-like region of presumptive mesoderm at the equator of the late blastula. XAO:0000068 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/153 ZFA:0000038 margin chordamesoderm AAO:0000478 EFO:0003426 Notochord rudiment[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. TAO:0000091 The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord UBERON:0004880 ZFA:0000091 axial chorda mesoderm chorda mesoderm dorsal mesoderm note that WP treats this as synonym of axial mesoderm. Induces neural tube. Gilbert: contains an anterior head process and the notochord. presumptive notochord uberon UBERONREF:0000002 dorsal mesoderm The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord UBERON:cjm Notochord rudiment[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 ZFA:0000091 presumptive notochord ZFA:0000091 axial chorda mesoderm eponychium FMA:77859 MA:0002704 SCTID:24631007 Thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. This layer of non-living, almost invisible skin is the cuticle that 'rides out' on the surface of the nail plate. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle on the nail plate is dead cells and is often removed during manicure, but the eponychium is living cells and should not be touched.[6] The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula[WP]. UBERON:0004882 cuticle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg/200px-Fingernail_label.jpg uberon MA:0002704 cuticle Thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium. The eponychium is the end of the proximal fold that folds back upon itself to shed an epidermal layer of skin onto the newly formed nail plate. This layer of non-living, almost invisible skin is the cuticle that 'rides out' on the surface of the nail plate. Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. The cuticle on the nail plate is dead cells and is often removed during manicure, but the eponychium is living cells and should not be touched.[6] The perionyx is the projecting edge of the eponychium covering the proximal strip of the lunula[WP]. Wikipedia:Eponychium lung mesenchyme UBERON:0004883 lung-associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of lung pulmonary mesenchyme the mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. uberon GO:0060484 lung-associated mesenchyme GO:0060484 pulmonary mesenchyme GO:0060484 the mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme UBERON:0004884 mesenchyme of lobar bronchus the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.. uberon OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of lobar bronchus GO:0060483 the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.. hilum AO notes: Galen and NCITA refer to the generic structure An anatomical cavity, depression or pit where structures are attached. FMA:57836 UBERON:0004460 UBERON:0004885 UMLS:C0929176 galen:Hilum hilus ncithesaurus:Hilum uberon Wikipedia:Hilum hilus An anatomical cavity, depression or pit where structures are attached. Wikipedia:Hilum_of_kidney_of_lung_of_lymph_node lung hilus A depression on the surface of the lung where the bronchus, blood vessels and nerves enter. FMA:7330 SCTID:264017007 UBERON:0004886 UMLS:C0225701 hilum of lung hilum pulmonis hilus of lung lung hilum ncithesaurus:Hilar_Area_of_the_Lung pulmonary hilum pulmonary hilus uberon FMA:7330 pulmonary hilum OBOL:automatic lung hilum OBOL:automatic hilus of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary hilus FMA:7330 FMA:TA hilum pulmonis A depression on the surface of the lung where the bronchus, blood vessels and nerves enter. GOC:lung_mtg ISBN:0721662544 left lung hilus A lung hilus that is part of the left lung. EHDAA2:0000962 EHDAA:4965 EMAPA:17980 FMA:9751 MA:0001781 SCTID:361983000 The part of the left lung that is not covered by pleura and through which blood vessels, bronchi, nerves and lymphatics enter and leave the lung. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0004887 VHOG:0000483 hilum of left lung hilus of left lung left lung hilum left pulmonary hilum left pulmonary hilus uberon OBOL:automatic left lung hilum 2012-09-17 The part of the left lung that is not covered by pleura and through which blood vessels, bronchi, nerves and lymphatics enter and leave the lung. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000483 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lung+hilus A lung hilus that is part of the left lung. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hilus of left lung FMA:9751 left pulmonary hilum OBOL:automatic left pulmonary hilus right lung hilus A lung hilus that is part of the right lung. EHDAA2:0001756 EHDAA:4995 EMAPA:17996 FMA:7456 MA:0001790 SCTID:361968005 The part of the right lung that is not covered by pleura and through which blood vessels, bronchi, nerves and lymphatics enter and leave the lung. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0004888 VHOG:0000482 hilum of right lung hilus of right lung right lung hilum right pulmonary hilum right pulmonary hilus uberon OBOL:automatic hilus of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung hilum 2012-09-17 The part of the right lung that is not covered by pleura and through which blood vessels, bronchi, nerves and lymphatics enter and leave the lung. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000482 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lung+hilus FMA:7330 right pulmonary hilum A lung hilus that is part of the right lung. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right pulmonary hilus lobar bronchus vasculature UBERON:0004889 Vasculature that is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs uberon LG:0012616 Vasculature that is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs right lung accessory lobe A specialized lobe of the right lung that extends to the left side of the organism EHDAA2:0001731 EHDAA:4971 EMAPA:17981 In mouse this is sometimes divided into intermediate and diaphragmatic lobes[ISBN10:0123813611] // In humans, the right lung typically has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior). The lobar fissures are often incomplete, making a connection between two apposed lobes. Conversely, more than the expected number of lobes may be produced by new fissures e.g. the azygous lobe of the lung. The additional lobes are termed 'accessory lobes' -- http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=1120927803 MA:0000427 UBERON:0004890 VHOG:0000831 diaphragmatic lobe intermediate lobe of right lung right lung postcaval lobe uberon ISBN10:0123813611 intermediate lobe of right lung A specialized lobe of the right lung that extends to the left side of the organism LG:0012619 MA:0000427 right lung postcaval lobe ISBN10:0123813611 diaphragmatic lobe obsolete lobar bronchus bronchiole This class was obsoleted as it was generated from an incorrect inference from EMAPA UBERON:0004891 true uberon lobar bronchus alveolar system The lobar bronchus alveolar system is where molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous environment and the blood in the lobar bronchus UBERON:0004892 uberon LG:0012622 The lobar bronchus alveolar system is where molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous environment and the blood in the lobar bronchus interalveolar septum A the thin septum that separates adjacent pulmonary alveoli, containing connective tissue constituents of the respiratory tissue and the capillary network of the blood supply of the lung. BTO:0003149 MA:0000421 UBERON:0004893 UMLS:C1706784 alveolar septum ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Septum septal bone septum interalveolare uberon BTO:0003149 septum interalveolare A the thin septum that separates adjacent pulmonary alveoli, containing connective tissue constituents of the respiratory tissue and the capillary network of the blood supply of the lung. LG:0012625 Wikipedia:Alveolar_septum BTO:0003149 septal bone UBERON:cjm alveolar septum alveolar wall A wall that contains the alveoli BTO:0002543 FMA:14117 MA:0002568 SCTID:361965008 UBERON:0004894 UMLS:C0225695 ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Wall pulmonary alveolar wall pulmonary interalveolar septum uberon wall of pulmonary alveolus A wall that contains the alveoli LG:0012626 FMA:14117 pulmonary alveolar wall FMA:14117 pulmonary interalveolar septum FMA:14117 wall of pulmonary alveolus alveolar smooth muscle Alveolar smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of the alveolus MA:0002759 UBERON:0004895 uberon Alveolar smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of the alveolus LG:0012628 right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus EHDAA2:0001736 EMAPA:17982 The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus is the major airway within the right lung accessory lobe that starts at the division of the bronchus on the right side and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi UBERON:0004896 VHOG:0000239 lobar bronchus of accessory lobe lobar bronchus of right lung accessory lobe uberon EMAPA:17982 lobar bronchus of accessory lobe VHOG:0000239 lobar bronchus of right lung accessory lobe LG:0012636 The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus is the major airway within the right lung accessory lobe that starts at the division of the bronchus on the right side and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus UBERON:0004897 uberon LG:0012640 The right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung accessory lobe lobar bronchus obsolete right lung caudal lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme UBERON:0004898 true uberon right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme The right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus UBERON:0004899 uberon LG:0012659 The right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme The right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus UBERON:0004900 uberon LG:0012672 The right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus right lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme The right lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung lobar bronchus UBERON:0004901 uberon LG:0012681 The right lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme is a type of tissue made up of loosely-packed mesenchymal cells in the right lung lobar bronchus urogenital sinus epithelium EHDAA2:0004061 The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra UBERON:0004902 UGE epithelium of urogenital sinus uberon we follow EHDAA2 in dividing the UGS into epithelium and lumen OBOL:automatic epithelium of urogenital sinus PMID:18977204 The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra EHDAA2 PMID:18977204 UGE bronchoalveolar duct junction A branch point connecting the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts[MP]. UBERON:0004903 uberon A branch point connecting the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts[MP]. MP:0004390 nerve connecting eye with brain A nerve that connects the eye to the brain and carries the impulses formed by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain[BTO]. BTO:0000966 EV:0100351 FBbt:00001956 TADS:0000232 UBERON:0004904 for the vertebrate-specific structure, see UBERON:0000941 (cranial nerve II) optic nerve optic nerve (generic) uberon BTO:0000966 optic nerve A nerve that connects the eye to the brain and carries the impulses formed by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain[BTO]. BTO:0000966 articulation FBbt:00005811 UBERON:0004905 anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. joint uberon ectodermal gut A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. UBERON:0004906 uberon A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. GO:0007439 lower digestive tract EHDAA2:0000726 FMA:49179 MA:0000917 SCTID:279973004 UBERON:0004907 UMLS:C0226875 WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L galen:LowerGastrointestinalTract gut lower GI tract lower gastrointestinal tract ncithesaurus:Lower_Gastrointestinal_Tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. uberon GO:0048565 gut Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. upper digestive tract FMA:49177 SCTID:181244000 UBERON:0004908 UMLS:C0226874 WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L. In Galen, entire GI tract excludes esophagus galen:UpperGastrointestinalTract ncithesaurus:Upper_Gastrointestinal_Tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. uberon upper GI tract upper gastrointestinal tract Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract the region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. epithelium of gonad An epithelium surrounding a gonad. EHDAA:4032 EHDAA:5931 FBbt:00004859 Note that after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts UBERON:0004909 UMLS:C1517534 gonad epithelium gonadal epithelium ncithesaurus:Germinal_Epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic gonad epithelium OBOL:automatic gonadal epithelium An epithelium surrounding a gonad. OBOL:automatic epithelium of male gonad An epithelium surrounding a testis. BTO:0001364 EMAPA:17973 FBbt:00004955 Note that after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts UBERON:0004910 testis epithelium testis sheath uberon OBOL:automatic testis epithelium An epithelium surrounding a testis. OBOL:automatic FBbt:00004955 testis sheath epithelium of female gonad An epithelium surrounding an ovary. BTO:0003661 FBbt:00004896 Note that after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts UBERON:0004911 ovarian epithelium ovarian sheath ovary epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic ovarian epithelium FBbt:00004896 ovarian sheath An epithelium surrounding an ovary. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ovary epithelium biliary bud EHDAA2:0000171 EMAPA:16561 EMAPA:16565 UBERON:0004912 VHOG:0001351 hepatic diverticulum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gray1088.png/200px-Gray1088.png uberon EMAPA:16561 hepatic diverticulum EHDAA2-modified EMAPA hepatopancreatic ampulla A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct. Ampulla formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct where they enter the intestine.[TAO] Ampulla hepatopancreatica, ampulla Vaterii FMA:15076 GAID:283 MESH:A03.159.183.079.300.900 SCTID:362200007 TAO:0005167 UBERON:0004913 UMLS:C0042425 Vater's ampulla ZFA:0005167 ampulla biliaropancreatica ampulla of Vater ampulla of bile duct biliaropancreatic ampulla galen:AmpullaOfVater http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Biliary_system_new.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Biliary_system_new.svg/200px-Biliary_system_new.svg.png ncithesaurus:Ampulla_of_Vater papilla Vateri papilla duodeni major uberon A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct. Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_Vater FMA:15076 ampulla of bile duct ZFA:0005167 papilla duodeni major ZFA:0005167 papilla Vateri 2012-08-14 Ampulla formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct where they enter the intestine.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005167 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-070212-11 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080414-12 Ampulla hepatopancreatica, ampulla Vaterii Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_Vater FMA:15076 FMA:TA ampulla biliaropancreatica duodenal papilla EMAPA:18662 EMAPA:18853 FMA:15953 SCTID:245389007 UBERON:0004914 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gray1057.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gray1057.png/200px-Gray1057.png papilla duodenalis papilla duodeni major papilla duodeni minor papilla of duodenum uberon Wikipedia:Major_duodenal_papilla papilla duodeni major Wikipedia:Minor_duodenal_papilla papilla duodeni minor sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla EMAPA:18663 EMAPA:18854 FMA:15077 GAID:285 MESH:A03.159.183.079.300.900.600 Oddi's sphincter SCTID:181271000 UBERON:0004915 UMLS:C0028872 hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gray1057.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Gray1057.png/200px-Gray1057.png muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. Relaxed by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[WP]. musculus sphincter ampullae ncithesaurus:Sphincter_of_Oddi sphincter of Oddi sphincter of ampulla of vater uberon FMA:15077 sphincter of ampulla of vater Wikipedia:Sphincter_of_ampulla muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla of Vater into the second part of the duodenum. Relaxed by the hormone Cholecystokinin (CCK) via vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP).[WP]. FMA:15077 hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter FMA:15077 musculus sphincter ampullae anal sphincter UBERON:0004916 anal region sphincter sphincter analia uberon urethral sphincter A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. MA:0002650 SCTID:277855007 SCTID:277857004 UBERON:0004917 sphincter muscle of urethra sphincter of urethra sphincter urethrae uberon urethral sphincter muscle A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. Wikipedia:Urethral_sphincter internal urethral sphincter FMA:45769 SCTID:277856008 UBERON:0004918 a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder. The muscle is made of smooth muscle, so therefore it is under involuntary control. It is kept tonically contracted by the sympathetic nervous system and during micturition, is relaxed via the parasympathetic nervous system. This is the primary muscle for preventing the release of urine[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gray407.png internal sphincter muscle of urethra internal sphincter of urethra internal urethral sphincter muscle musculus sphincter supracollicularis musculus sphincter urethrae internus musculus sphincter urethrae internus preprostatic sphincter sphincter urethrae internus supracollicular sphincter uberon Sympathetics from L1-L2 through lumbar splanchnic and hypogastric/pelvic plexus dbpedia Wikipedia:Internal_sphincter_muscle_of_urethra musculus sphincter urethrae internus FMA:45769 FMA:TA sphincter urethrae internus FMA:45769 FMA:TA musculus sphincter supracollicularis Wikipedia:Internal_sphincter_muscle_of_urethra a urethral sphincter muscle which constricts the internal urethral orifice. It is the junction of the urethra with the urinary bladder. The muscle is made of smooth muscle, so therefore it is under involuntary control. It is kept tonically contracted by the sympathetic nervous system and during micturition, is relaxed via the parasympathetic nervous system. This is the primary muscle for preventing the release of urine[WP]. FMA:45769 FMA:TA musculus sphincter urethrae internus FMA:45769 preprostatic sphincter Sympathetics from L1-L2 through lumbar splanchnic and hypogastric/pelvic plexus dbpedia FMA:45769 supracollicular sphincter external urethral sphincter . FMA:85274 M. urethralis MA:0002401 SCTID:19101001 TODO male/female subclasses UBERON:0004919 UMLS:C1710586 annulus urethralis external sphincter muscle of urethra external sphincter of urethra external urethral sphincter muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Gray1166.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray1142.png musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae femininae musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae masculinae, musculus sphincter urethrae membranaceae ncithesaurus:Urethralis uberon urethralis urethralis muscle Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae masculinae, musculus sphincter urethrae membranaceae M. urethralis PMID:9879823 Junction of the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium to the extent of 1.25 to 2 cm. dbpedia Junction of the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium to the extent of 1.25 to 2 cm. dbpedia . Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae femininae PMID:9879823 urethralis muscle MA:0002401 PMID:9879823 urethralis obsolete mesoderm of gonad A mesoderm that is part of a gonad [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0004920 gonad mesoderm gonadal mesoderm true uberon OBOL:automatic gonadal mesoderm OBOL:automatic gonad mesoderm A mesoderm that is part of a gonad [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic subdivision of digestive tract FBbt:00100315 FMA:71131 UBERON:0004921 alimentary system subdivision intended to denote both embryonic and adult structures. Note the FMA grouping here is not quite correct. subdivision of alimentary system uberon FMA:71131 alimentary system subdivision FMA:71131 subdivision of alimentary system postnatal subventricular zone A mitotically active layer of cells surrounding the brain ventricles in the adult that consists of migrating neuroblasts, astrocytes and transitory amplifying progenitor cells[MP]. a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. It has been associated with having four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition[WP]. BTO:0003090 MA:0000817 SVZ Structure notes: WP divides this into 4 layers. The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. Along with the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus, subventricular zone serves as a source of neural stem cells in the process of adult neurogenesis. It harbors the largest population of proliferating cells in the adult brain of rodents, monkeys and humans. Neurons generated in SVZ travel to the olfactory bulb via the rostral migratory stream[BTO:0003090]. UBERON:0004922 adult subventricular zone brain subventricular zone postnatal subventricular zone subependymal layer subependymal plate subependymal zone subventricular zone subventricular zone of brain uberon MP:0004275 subependymal plate A mitotically active layer of cells surrounding the brain ventricles in the adult that consists of migrating neuroblasts, astrocytes and transitory amplifying progenitor cells[MP]. a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. It has been associated with having four distinct layers of variable thickness and cell density, as well as cellular composition[WP]. Wikipedia:Subventricular_zone MP:0004275 postnatal subventricular zone GO MP:0004275 subependymal zone MP:0004275 adult subventricular zone SVZ MP:0004275 subependymal layer BTO:0003090 The subventricular zone (SVZ) is a paired brain structure situated throughout the lateral walls of the lateral ventricles. Along with the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus, subventricular zone serves as a source of neural stem cells in the process of adult neurogenesis. It harbors the largest population of proliferating cells in the adult brain of rodents, monkeys and humans. Neurons generated in SVZ travel to the olfactory bulb via the rostral migratory stream[BTO:0003090]. MA:0000817 brain subventricular zone MA:0000817 subventricular zone organ component layer FMA:82485 UBERON:0004923 uberon submucosa of pharynx BTO:0002113 FMA:75144 SCTID:19594009 The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. UBERON:0004924 pharyngeal submucosa pharyngobasilar fascia pharynx submucosa submucous coat of pharynx submucous layer of pharynx tela submucosa pharyngis uberon BTO:0002113 submucous layer of pharynx BTO:0002113 submucous coat of pharynx FMA:75144 pharyngeal submucosa BTO:0002113 The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. BTO:0002113 tela submucosa pharyngis OBOL:automatic pharynx submucosa submucosa of laryngopharynx A submucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:55072 SCTID:47496006 UBERON:0004925 hypopharynx submucosa laryngeal pharynx submucosa laryngopharynx submucosa submucosa of hypopharynx submucosa of laryngeal pharynx tela submucosa (pars laryngea pharyngis) uberon FMA:55072 tela submucosa (pars laryngea pharyngis) OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of hypopharynx A submucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx submucosa OBOL:automatic hypopharynx submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of laryngeal pharynx submucosa of cystic duct A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18013 UBERON:0004926 cystic duct submucosa cystic ductal submucosa uberon OBOL:automatic cystic duct submucosa FMA:18013 cystic ductal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of cecum A submucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14999 UBERON:0004927 caecum submucosa cecum submucosa intestinum crassum caecum submucosa submucosa of caecum submucosa of intestinum crassum caecum uberon OBOL:automatic intestinum crassum caecum submucosa A submucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cecum submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of intestinum crassum caecum OBOL:automatic submucosa of caecum OBOL:automatic caecum submucosa submucosa of appendix A submucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14992 SCTID:86833001 UBERON:0004928 appendiceal submucosa appendix submucosa caecal appendix submucosa submucosa of caecal appendix submucosa of vermiform appendix submucosa of vermix uberon vermiform appendix submucosa vermix submucosa OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix submucosa A submucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic appendix submucosa FMA:14992 appendiceal submucosa OBOL:automatic vermix submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of vermix submucosa of ascending colon A submucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15006 UBERON:0004929 ascending colon submucosa uberon OBOL:automatic ascending colon submucosa A submucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of transverse colon A submucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15013 UBERON:0004930 transverse colon submucosa uberon OBOL:automatic transverse colon submucosa A submucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of descending colon A submucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15020 UBERON:0004931 descending colon submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic descending colon submucosa submucosa of sigmoid colon A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15027 UBERON:0004932 sigmoid colon submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon submucosa submucosa of fundus of stomach A submucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27153 EMAPA:27407 FMA:17058 UBERON:0004933 fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa fundus of stomach submucosa stomach fundus submucosa submucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa of stomach fundus uberon OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach fundus A submucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic stomach fundus submucosa submucosa of body of stomach A submucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17059 UBERON:0004934 body of stomach submucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa gastric body submucosa stomach body submucosa submucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa of gastric body submucosa of stomach body uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach body A submucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic gastric body submucosa OBOL:automatic body of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic stomach body submucosa submucosa of cardia of stomach A submucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17457 UBERON:0004935 cardia of stomach submucosa cardial part of stomach submucosa gastric cardia submucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa stomach cardiac region submucosa submucosa of cardial part of stomach submucosa of gastric cardia submucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa of stomach cardiac region uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region submucosa A submucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic gastric cardia submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa submucosa of pyloric antrum A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17060 UBERON:0004936 antrum of stomach submucosa pyloric antrum submucosa stomach pyloric antrum submucosa submucosa of antrum of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum uberon OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic submucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum submucosa OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach submucosa A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of pylorus A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27201 EMAPA:27503 FMA:17462 UBERON:0004937 pyloric part of stomach submucosa pyloric submucosa pylorus submucosa stomach pyloric region submucosa submucosa of pyloric part of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric region uberon OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic submucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic pylorus submucosa A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:17462 pylorus submucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach submucosa submucosa of biliary tree A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18009 UBERON:0004938 biliary tract submucosa biliary tree submucosa submucosa of biliary tract uberon OBOL:automatic biliary tract submucosa A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic biliary tree submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of biliary tract submucosa of common bile duct A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18011 UBERON:0004939 common bile duct submucosa common bile ductal submucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) uberon OBOL:automatic common bile duct submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:18011 common bile ductal submucosa submucosa of common hepatic duct A submucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18014 UBERON:0004940 common hepatic duct submucosa common hepatic ductal submucosa hepatic duct submucosa submucosa of hepatic duct uberon A submucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hepatic duct submucosa FMA:18014 common hepatic ductal submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct submucosa submucosa of right hepatic duct A submucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18015 UBERON:0004941 right hepatic duct submucosa right hepatic ductal submucosa uberon OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct submucosa FMA:18015 right hepatic ductal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of left hepatic duct A submucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18017 UBERON:0004942 left hepatic duct submucosa left hepatic ductal submucosa uberon OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct submucosa FMA:18017 left hepatic ductal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of urinary bladder BTO:0002117 FMA:15929 SCTID:88384001 The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder. UBERON:0004943 bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder submucous layer of urinary bladder tela submucosa vesicae tela submucosa vesicae urinariae uberon urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic bladder submucosa BTO:0002117 tela submucosa vesicae urinariae FMA:15929 FMA:TA tela submucosa vesicae OBOL:automatic submucosa of bladder reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic urinary bladder submucosa BTO:0002117 The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder. BTO:0002117 submucous layer of urinary bladder submucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17852 Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa UBERON:0004944 deep trigone submucosa submucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa of deep trigone submucosa of trigone of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder trigone submucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder submucosa trigone of urinary bladder submucosa uberon urinary bladder trigone submucosa vesical trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic vesical trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of deep trigone OBOL:automatic deep trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of urinary bladder trigone Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic submucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa of neck of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17851 UBERON:0004945 bladder neck submucosa neck of bladder submucosa neck of urinary bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder neck submucosa of neck of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder neck submucosa of vesical neck uberon urinary bladder neck submucosa vesical neck submucosa OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic submucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic neck of bladder submucosa OBOL:automatic bladder neck submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of urinary bladder neck A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic vesical neck submucosa submucosa of ileum A submucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14957 SCTID:65374006 UBERON:0004946 ileal submucosa ileum submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:14957 ileal submucosa OBOL:automatic ileum submucosa submucosa of right main bronchus A submucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13139 UBERON:0004947 right bronchus submucosa right main bronchial submucosa right main bronchus submucosa right principal bronchus submucosa submucosa of right bronchus submucosa of right principal bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic right bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of right principal bronchus A submucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:13139 right main bronchial submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of right bronchus OBOL:automatic right main bronchus submucosa submucosa of left main bronchus A submucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13140 UBERON:0004948 left bronchus submucosa left main bronchial submucosa left main bronchus submucosa left principal bronchus submucosa submucosa of left bronchus submucosa of left principal bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of left bronchus FMA:13140 left main bronchial submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic left main bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic left bronchus submucosa A submucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic submucosa of main bronchus A submucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13118 UBERON:0004949 bronchus principalis submucosa main bronchial submucosa main bronchus submucosa primary bronchus submucosa principal bronchus submucosa submucosa of bronchus principalis submucosa of primary bronchus submucosa of principal bronchus uberon FMA:13118 main bronchial submucosa OBOL:automatic principal bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic submucosa of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of principal bronchus A submucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis submucosa OBOL:automatic primary bronchus submucosa submucosa of lobar bronchus A submucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62669 UBERON:0004950 lobar bronchial submucosa lobar bronchus submucosa secondary bronchus submucosa submucosa of secondary bronchus uberon OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus submucosa A submucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:62669 lobar bronchial submucosa OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of secondary bronchus submucosa of segmental bronchus A submucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62670 UBERON:0004951 segmental bronchial submucosa segmental bronchus submucosa submucosa of tertiary bronchus tertiary bronchus submucosa uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of tertiary bronchus A submucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus submucosa OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus submucosa FMA:62670 segmental bronchial submucosa submucosa of bronchiole A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62775 UBERON:0004952 bronchiole submucosa lobular bronchiole submucosa submucosa of lobular bronchiole uberon OBOL:automatic submucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole submucosa A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchiole submucosa mucosa of ureter A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15894 SCTID:40476001 UBERON:0004980 galen:MucousMembraneOfUreter mucosa of organ of ureter mucosal layer of ureter mucous membrane of ureter organ mucosa of ureter tunica mucosa (ureter) tunica mucosa ureteris uberon ureter mucosa ureter mucosa of organ ureter mucous membrane ureter organ mucosa ureteral mucosa ureteric mucosa FMA:15894 mucosal layer of ureter FMA:15894 ureteric mucosa OBOL:automatic ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ureter FMA:15894 FMA:TA tunica mucosa ureteris FMA:15894 ureteral mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 OBOL:automatic ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ureter OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ureter FMA:15894 tunica mucosa (ureter) OBOL:automatic ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic ureter mucous membrane mucosa of epiglottis A mucosa that is part of a epiglottis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:64015 SCTID:156751001 UBERON:0004982 epiglottis mucosa epiglottis mucosa of organ epiglottis mucous membrane epiglottis organ mucosa mucosa of organ of epiglottis mucous membrane of epiglottis organ mucosa of epiglottis uberon OBOL:automatic epiglottis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic epiglottis mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of epiglottis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of epiglottis OBOL:automatic epiglottis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic epiglottis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of epiglottis A mucosa that is part of a epiglottis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of vagina A mucosa that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19975 SCTID:362245006 UBERON:0004983 mucosa of organ of vagina mucous membrane of vagina organ mucosa of vagina tunica mucosa vaginae uberon vagina mucosa vagina mucosa of organ vagina mucous membrane vagina organ mucosa vaginal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vagina FMA:19975 vaginal mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vagina FMA:19975 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vaginae OBOL:automatic vagina mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vagina OBOL:automatic vagina mucosa OBOL:automatic vagina organ mucosa OBOL:automatic vagina mucous membrane mucosa of seminal vesicle A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19405 SCTID:252260007 UBERON:0004984 mucosa of organ of seminal gland mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle mucosa of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal vesicle organ mucosa of seminal gland organ mucosa of seminal vesicle seminal gland mucosa seminal gland mucosa of organ seminal gland mucous membrane seminal gland organ mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa of organ seminal vesicle mucous membrane seminal vesicle organ mucosa tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae uberon A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of seminal gland OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucous membrane OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of seminal gland OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of seminal gland OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucosa OBOL:automatic seminal gland organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of seminal gland OBOL:automatic seminal gland mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic seminal vesicle mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of seminal vesicle FMA:19405 FMA:TA tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of seminal vesicle OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle mucosa of ejaculatory duct A mucosa that is part of a ejaculatory duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19373 UBERON:0004985 ejaculatory duct mucosa ejaculatory duct mucosa of organ ejaculatory duct mucous membrane ejaculatory duct organ mucosa ejaculatory ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of ejaculatory duct mucous membrane of ejaculatory duct organ mucosa of ejaculatory duct uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ejaculatory duct OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucosa OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ejaculatory duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucosa of organ FMA:19373 ejaculatory ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ejaculatory duct OBOL:automatic ejaculatory duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ejaculatory duct mucosa of deferent duct A mucosa that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:19240 SCTID:299626000 UBERON:0004986 deferent duct mucosa deferent duct mucosa of organ deferent duct mucous membrane deferent duct organ mucosa deferent ductal mucosa ductus deferens mucosa ductus deferens mucosa of organ ductus deferens mucous membrane ductus deferens organ mucosa mucosa of ductus deferens mucosa of organ of deferent duct mucosa of organ of ductus deferens mucosa of organ of sperm duct mucosa of organ of vas deferen mucosa of organ of vas deferens mucosa of sperm duct mucosa of vas deferen mucosa of vas deferens mucous membrane of deferent duct mucous membrane of ductus deferens mucous membrane of sperm duct mucous membrane of vas deferen mucous membrane of vas deferens organ mucosa of deferent duct organ mucosa of ductus deferens organ mucosa of sperm duct organ mucosa of vas deferen organ mucosa of vas deferens sperm duct mucosa sperm duct mucosa of organ sperm duct mucous membrane sperm duct organ mucosa tunica mucosa (ductus deferens) tunica mucosa ductus deferentis uberon vas deferen mucosa vas deferen mucosa of organ vas deferen mucous membrane vas deferen organ mucosa vas deferens mucosa vas deferens mucosa of organ vas deferens mucous membrane vas deferens organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vas deferens OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vas deferens OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of deferent duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sperm duct OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucosa OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of sperm duct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic vas deferen organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ductus deferens FMA:19240 FMA:TA tunica mucosa ductus deferentis OBOL:automatic sperm duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of vas deferen OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sperm duct OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucosa of organ FMA:19240 deferent ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic deferent duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic deferent duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vas deferens organ mucosa OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucosa OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of vas deferens FMA:19240 tunica mucosa (ductus deferens) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vas deferens OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sperm duct OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vas deferen OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vas deferen OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of deferent duct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of deferent duct OBOL:automatic ductus deferens mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of ductus deferens OBOL:automatic vas deferens mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vas deferen OBOL:automatic ductus deferens organ mucosa OBOL:automatic sperm duct mucosa OBOL:automatic vas deferen mucosa mucosa of laryngopharynx A mucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:55030 SCTID:362126008 UBERON:0004987 hypopharynx mucosa hypopharynx mucosa of organ hypopharynx mucous membrane hypopharynx organ mucosa laryngeal pharynx mucosa laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ laryngeal pharynx mucous membrane laryngeal pharynx organ mucosa laryngopharynx mucosa laryngopharynx mucosa of organ laryngopharynx mucous membrane laryngopharynx organ mucosa mucosa of hypopharynx mucosa of laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ of hypopharynx mucosa of organ of laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ of laryngopharynx mucous membrane of hypopharynx mucous membrane of laryngeal pharynx mucous membrane of laryngopharynx organ mucosa of hypopharynx organ mucosa of laryngeal pharynx organ mucosa of laryngopharynx uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of laryngopharynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of laryngopharynx OBOL:automatic hypopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx mucosa A mucosa that is part of a hypopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic hypopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic hypopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of laryngopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of hypopharynx OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic laryngeal pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of laryngeal pharynx OBOL:automatic hypopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic laryngopharynx mucosa of organ mucosa of cystic duct A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14690 UBERON:0004988 cystic duct mucosa cystic duct mucosa of organ cystic duct mucous membrane cystic duct organ mucosa cystic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of cystic duct mucous membrane of cystic duct organ mucosa of cystic duct uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cystic duct FMA:14690 cystic ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cystic duct A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic cystic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cystic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cystic duct mucosa of appendix A mucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14991 SCTID:362155000 UBERON:0004989 appendiceal mucous membrane appendix mucosa appendix mucosa of organ appendix mucous membrane appendix organ mucosa caecal appendix mucosa caecal appendix mucosa of organ caecal appendix mucous membrane caecal appendix organ mucosa mucosa of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of appendix mucosa of organ of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of vermiform appendix mucosa of organ of vermix mucosa of vermiform appendix mucosa of vermix mucous membrane of appendix mucous membrane of caecal appendix mucous membrane of vermiform appendix mucous membrane of vermix organ mucosa of appendix organ mucosa of caecal appendix organ mucosa of vermiform appendix organ mucosa of vermix uberon vermiform appendix mucosa vermiform appendix mucosa of organ vermiform appendix mucous membrane vermiform appendix organ mucosa vermix mucosa vermix mucosa of organ vermix mucous membrane vermix organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic appendix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic appendix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vermix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of vermix OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vermiform appendix FMA:14991 appendiceal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vermix mucosa OBOL:automatic vermix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic vermix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic vermix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of appendix OBOL:automatic mucosa of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic appendix mucosa OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix mucosa OBOL:automatic appendix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vermix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vermix OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of appendix OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vermiform appendix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic caecal appendix mucosa OBOL:automatic vermiform appendix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of caecal appendix OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of appendix mucosa of ascending colon A mucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15005 UBERON:0004990 ascending colon mucosa ascending colon mucosa of organ ascending colon mucous membrane ascending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of ascending colon mucous membrane of ascending colon organ mucosa of ascending colon uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ascending colon OBOL:automatic ascending colon mucosa A mucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ascending colon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ascending colon OBOL:automatic ascending colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ascending colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ascending colon mucosa of organ mucosa of transverse colon A mucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15012 UBERON:0004991 mucosa of organ of transverse colon mucous membrane of transverse colon organ mucosa of transverse colon transverse colon mucosa transverse colon mucosa of organ transverse colon mucous membrane transverse colon organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic transverse colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic transverse colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic transverse colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of transverse colon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of transverse colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of transverse colon OBOL:automatic transverse colon mucosa A mucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of descending colon A mucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15019 UBERON:0004992 descending colon mucosa descending colon mucosa of organ descending colon mucous membrane descending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of descending colon mucous membrane of descending colon organ mucosa of descending colon uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of descending colon OBOL:automatic descending colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic descending colon mucosa OBOL:automatic descending colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of descending colon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of descending colon A mucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic descending colon mucosa of organ mucosa of sigmoid colon A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15026 UBERON:0004993 mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon mucous membrane of sigmoid colon organ mucosa of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon mucosa sigmoid colon mucosa of organ sigmoid colon mucous membrane sigmoid colon organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sigmoid colon A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa mucosa of fundus of stomach A mucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17053 UBERON:0004994 fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa of organ fundus of stomach mucous membrane fundus of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus of stomach mucosa of organ of stomach fundus mucosa of stomach fundus mucous membrane of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane of fundus of stomach mucous membrane of stomach fundus organ mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa of fundus of stomach organ mucosa of stomach fundus stomach fundus mucosa stomach fundus mucosa of organ stomach fundus mucous membrane stomach fundus organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of fundus of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fundus of stomach OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach fundus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fundus of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) OBOL:automatic fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach fundus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic stomach fundus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach fundus A mucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach fundus OBOL:automatic stomach fundus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic fundus of stomach mucosa of organ mucosa of body of stomach A mucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17054 UBERON:0004995 body of stomach mucosa body of stomach mucosa of organ body of stomach mucous membrane body of stomach organ mucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa gastric body mucosa gastric body mucosa of organ gastric body mucous membrane gastric body organ mucosa mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of gastric body mucosa of organ of body of stomach mucosa of organ of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ of gastric body mucosa of organ of stomach body mucosa of stomach body mucous membrane of body of stomach mucous membrane of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane of gastric body mucous membrane of stomach body organ mucosa of body of stomach organ mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa of gastric body organ mucosa of stomach body stomach body mucosa stomach body mucosa of organ stomach body mucous membrane stomach body organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of body of stomach OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of body of stomach OBOL:automatic gastric body mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic body of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach body mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic body of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic stomach body mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric body mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gastric body OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gastric body OBOL:automatic gastric body organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a body of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of gastric body OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach body OBOL:automatic stomach body mucous membrane OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic gastric body mucosa OBOL:automatic corpus gastricum (ventriculare) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of corpus gastricum (ventriculare) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach body OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach body OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of body of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach body organ mucosa mucosa of cardia of stomach A mucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17456 UBERON:0004996 cardia of stomach mucosa cardia of stomach mucosa of organ cardia of stomach mucous membrane cardia of stomach organ mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ cardial part of stomach mucous membrane cardial part of stomach organ mucosa gastric cardia mucosa gastric cardia mucosa of organ gastric cardia mucous membrane gastric cardia organ mucosa mucosa of cardial part of stomach mucosa of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of cardia of stomach mucosa of organ of cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ of stomach cardiac region mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of stomach cardiac region mucous membrane of cardia of stomach mucous membrane of cardial part of stomach mucous membrane of gastric cardia mucous membrane of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane of stomach cardiac region organ mucosa of cardia of stomach organ mucosa of cardial part of stomach organ mucosa of gastric cardia organ mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa of stomach cardiac region pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa of organ stomach cardiac region mucous membrane stomach cardiac region organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric cardia mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cardia of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic gastric cardia mucosa OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cardia of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region mucosa OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic gastric cardia organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach cardiac region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach cardiac region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cardia of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cardia of stomach OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic mucosa of gastric cardia OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cardial part of stomach OBOL:automatic cardial part of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) OBOL:automatic gastric cardia mucous membrane mucosa of pyloric antrum A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17055 UBERON:0004997 antrum of stomach mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa of organ antrum of stomach mucous membrane antrum of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane of antrum of stomach mucous membrane of pyloric antrum mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa of antrum of stomach organ mucosa of pyloric antrum organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum pyloric antrum mucosa pyloric antrum mucosa of organ pyloric antrum mucous membrane pyloric antrum organ mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucosa OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic antrum of stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of antrum of stomach OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of pylorus A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002984 EMAPA:27199 EMAPA:27499 FMA:17461 UBERON:0004998 antropyloric mucosa mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ of pylorus mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region mucosa of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of stomach pyloric region mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane of pylorus mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa of pylorus organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region pyloric part of stomach mucosa pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa pylorus mucosa pylorus mucosa of organ pylorus mucous membrane pylorus organ mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ stomach pyloric region mucous membrane stomach pyloric region organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pylorus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic pylorus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic pylorus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucosa OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa BTO:0002984 antropyloric mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of stomach pyloric region A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pylorus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pylorus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pylorus mucosa OBOL:automatic pylorus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach pyloric region organ mucosa mucosa of biliary tree A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14695 UBERON:0004999 biliary tract mucosa biliary tract mucosa of organ biliary tract mucous membrane biliary tract organ mucosa biliary tree mucosa biliary tree mucosa of organ biliary tree mucous membrane biliary tree organ mucosa mucosa of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tree mucous membrane of biliary tract mucous membrane of biliary tree organ mucosa of biliary tract organ mucosa of biliary tree uberon OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucous membrane OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucous membrane OBOL:automatic biliary tract mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of biliary tract OBOL:automatic biliary tract organ mucosa OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of biliary tract OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of biliary tree OBOL:automatic biliary tree mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of biliary tree OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of biliary tract OBOL:automatic mucosa of biliary tract OBOL:automatic biliary tree organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of biliary tree mucosa of common bile duct A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14688 UBERON:0005000 common bile duct mucosa common bile duct mucosa of organ common bile duct mucous membrane common bile duct organ mucosa common bile ductal mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ of common bile duct mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane of common bile duct mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa of common bile duct organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of common bile duct OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucosa OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic common bile duct organ mucosa FMA:14688 common bile ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) OBOL:automatic common bile duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of common bile duct OBOL:automatic ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of common bile duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of common hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14691 UBERON:0005001 common hepatic duct mucosa common hepatic duct mucosa of organ common hepatic duct mucous membrane common hepatic duct organ mucosa common hepatic ductal mucosa hepatic duct mucosa hepatic duct mucosa of organ hepatic duct mucous membrane hepatic duct organ mucosa mucosa of hepatic duct mucosa of organ of common hepatic duct mucosa of organ of hepatic duct mucous membrane of common hepatic duct mucous membrane of hepatic duct organ mucosa of common hepatic duct organ mucosa of hepatic duct uberon FMA:14691 common hepatic ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a common hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hepatic duct OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic common hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of common hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of hepatic duct mucosa of right hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14692 UBERON:0005002 mucosa of organ of right hepatic duct mucous membrane of right hepatic duct organ mucosa of right hepatic duct right hepatic duct mucosa right hepatic duct mucosa of organ right hepatic duct mucous membrane right hepatic duct organ mucosa right hepatic ductal mucosa uberon A mucosa that is part of a right hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right hepatic duct OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right hepatic duct FMA:14692 right hepatic ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic right hepatic duct mucosa mucosa of left hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14693 UBERON:0005003 left hepatic duct mucosa left hepatic duct mucosa of organ left hepatic duct mucous membrane left hepatic duct organ mucosa left hepatic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of left hepatic duct mucous membrane of left hepatic duct organ mucosa of left hepatic duct uberon OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucosa FMA:14693 left hepatic ductal mucosa OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left hepatic duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left hepatic duct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left hepatic duct A mucosa that is part of a left hepatic duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left hepatic duct mucosa of right ureter A mucosa that is part of a right ureter [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17806 UBERON:0005004 mucosa of organ of right ureter mucous membrane of right ureter organ mucosa of right ureter right ureter mucosa right ureter mucosa of organ right ureter mucous membrane right ureter organ mucosa right ureteral mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic right ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right ureter OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right ureter FMA:17806 right ureteral mucosa OBOL:automatic right ureter mucosa A mucosa that is part of a right ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right ureter mucosa of left ureter A mucosa that is part of a left ureter [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17807 UBERON:0005005 left ureter mucosa left ureter mucosa of organ left ureter mucous membrane left ureter organ mucosa left ureteral mucosa mucosa of organ of left ureter mucous membrane of left ureter organ mucosa of left ureter uberon OBOL:automatic left ureter mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left ureter OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left ureter A mucosa that is part of a left ureter [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:17807 left ureteral mucosa OBOL:automatic left ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left ureter mucosa of renal pelvis A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17931 SCTID:243482002 UBERON:0005006 kidney pelvis mucosa kidney pelvis mucosa of organ kidney pelvis mucous membrane kidney pelvis organ mucosa mucosa of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ of renal pelvis mucosa of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of kidney pelvis mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of renal pelvis organ mucosa of kidney pelvis organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter organ mucosa of renal pelvis pelvis of ureter mucosa pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ pelvis of ureter mucous membrane pelvis of ureter organ mucosa renal pelvic mucosa renal pelvis mucosa renal pelvis mucosa of organ renal pelvis mucous membrane renal pelvis organ mucosa tunica mucosa pelvis renalis uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucosa OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucous membrane FMA:17931 renal pelvic mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of renal pelvis OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucosa OBOL:automatic renal pelvis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic renal pelvis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pelvis of ureter mucosa OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of kidney pelvis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis FMA:17931 FMA:TA tunica mucosa pelvis renalis OBOL:automatic kidney pelvis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of renal pelvis mucosa of major calyx A mucosa that is part of a major calyx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17934 UBERON:0005007 major calix mucosa major calix mucosa of organ major calix mucous membrane major calix organ mucosa major calyx mucosa major calyx mucosa of organ major calyx mucous membrane major calyx organ mucosa mucosa of major calix mucosa of organ of major calix mucosa of organ of major calyx mucous membrane of major calix mucous membrane of major calyx organ mucosa of major calix organ mucosa of major calyx uberon A mucosa that is part of a major calyx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of major calyx OBOL:automatic major calyx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic major calyx mucosa OBOL:automatic major calyx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of major calyx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of major calyx OBOL:automatic major calix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of major calix OBOL:automatic major calix mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of major calix OBOL:automatic mucosa of major calix OBOL:automatic major calyx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic major calix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of major calix OBOL:automatic major calix mucosa of organ mucosa of minor calyx A mucosa that is part of a minor calyx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17937 UBERON:0005008 minor calix mucosa minor calix mucosa of organ minor calix mucous membrane minor calix organ mucosa minor calyx mucosa minor calyx mucosa of organ minor calyx mucous membrane minor calyx organ mucosa mucosa of minor calix mucosa of organ of minor calix mucosa of organ of minor calyx mucous membrane of minor calix mucous membrane of minor calyx organ mucosa of minor calix organ mucosa of minor calyx uberon OBOL:automatic minor calix organ mucosa OBOL:automatic minor calyx mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of minor calyx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of minor calyx OBOL:automatic minor calyx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic minor calix mucosa OBOL:automatic minor calix mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of minor calix OBOL:automatic minor calyx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of minor calix OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of minor calix OBOL:automatic minor calyx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of minor calyx A mucosa that is part of a minor calyx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic minor calix mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of minor calix mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17847 Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa UBERON:0005009 deep trigone mucosa deep trigone mucosa of organ deep trigone mucous membrane deep trigone organ mucosa mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of deep trigone mucosa of organ of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ of deep trigone mucosa of organ of trigone of bladder mucosa of organ of trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ of vesical trigone mucosa of trigone of bladder mucosa of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of vesical trigone mucous membrane of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane of deep trigone mucous membrane of trigone of bladder mucous membrane of trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane of vesical trigone organ mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa of deep trigone organ mucosa of trigone of bladder organ mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder mucosa trigone of bladder mucosa of organ trigone of bladder mucous membrane trigone of bladder organ mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa uberon urinary bladder trigone mucosa urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa vesical trigone mucosa vesical trigone mucosa of organ vesical trigone mucous membrane vesical trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of deep trigone OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic deep trigone mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic deep trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic deep trigone mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder mucosa A mucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic vesical trigone mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of deep trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic vesical trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vesical trigone Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder organ mucosa Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of urinary bladder trigone OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trigone of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic vesical trigone mucosa of organ Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of vesical trigone OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trigone of bladder OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of deep trigone OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic trigone of bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic vesical trigone mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of deep trigone OBOL:automatic urinary bladder trigone mucosa OBOL:automatic deep trigone mucosa mucosa of neck of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:17846 UBERON:0005010 bladder neck mucosa bladder neck mucosa of organ bladder neck mucous membrane bladder neck organ mucosa mucosa of bladder neck mucosa of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder neck mucosa of organ of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ of vesical neck mucosa of urinary bladder neck mucosa of vesical neck mucous membrane of bladder neck mucous membrane of neck of bladder mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck mucous membrane of vesical neck neck of bladder mucosa neck of bladder mucosa of organ neck of bladder mucous membrane neck of bladder organ mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa organ mucosa of bladder neck organ mucosa of neck of bladder organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck organ mucosa of vesical neck uberon urinary bladder neck mucosa urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ urinary bladder neck mucous membrane vesical neck mucosa vesical neck mucosa of organ vesical neck mucous membrane vesical neck organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vesical neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic neck of bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucosa OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic vesical neck organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vesical neck OBOL:automatic bladder neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic vesical neck mucous membrane OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of neck of bladder OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vesical neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of vesical neck A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bladder neck OBOL:automatic mucosa of bladder neck OBOL:automatic urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic neck of bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bladder neck organ mucosa mucosa of right uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18452 UBERON:0005011 mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube mucosa of organ of right oviduct mucosa of organ of right uterine tube mucosa of right fallopian tube mucosa of right oviduct mucous membrane of right fallopian tube mucous membrane of right oviduct mucous membrane of right uterine tube organ mucosa of right fallopian tube organ mucosa of right oviduct organ mucosa of right uterine tube right fallopian tube mucosa right fallopian tube mucosa of organ right fallopian tube mucous membrane right fallopian tube organ mucosa right oviduct mucosa right oviduct mucosa of organ right oviduct mucous membrane right oviduct organ mucosa right uterine tube mucosa right uterine tube mucosa of organ right uterine tube mucous membrane right uterine tube organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic right uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right oviduct OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right oviduct OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right oviduct organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of left uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18453 UBERON:0005012 left fallopian tube mucosa left fallopian tube mucosa of organ left fallopian tube mucous membrane left fallopian tube organ mucosa left oviduct mucosa left oviduct mucosa of organ left oviduct mucous membrane left oviduct organ mucosa left uterine tube mucosa left uterine tube mucosa of organ left uterine tube mucous membrane left uterine tube organ mucosa mucosa of left fallopian tube mucosa of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube mucosa of organ of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left uterine tube mucous membrane of left fallopian tube mucous membrane of left oviduct mucous membrane of left uterine tube organ mucosa of left fallopian tube organ mucosa of left oviduct organ mucosa of left uterine tube uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left oviduct OBOL:automatic left uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left oviduct OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left oviduct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of left fallopian tube mucosa of male urethra A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:239937 UBERON:0005013 male urethra mucosa male urethra mucosa of organ male urethra mucous membrane male urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of male urethra mucous membrane of male urethra organ mucosa of male urethra uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of male urethra OBOL:automatic male urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of male urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of male urethra A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic male urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic male urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic male urethra mucosa mucosa of female urethra A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:239940 UBERON:0005014 female urethra mucosa female urethra mucosa of organ female urethra mucous membrane female urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of female urethra mucous membrane of female urethra organ mucosa of female urethra uberon A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic female urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of female urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of female urethra OBOL:automatic female urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of female urethra OBOL:automatic female urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic female urethra mucosa mucosa of prostatic urethra A mucosa that is part of a prostatic urethra [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:77079 UBERON:0005015 mucosa of organ of prostatic part of urethra mucosa of organ of prostatic urethra mucosa of prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane of prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane of prostatic urethra organ mucosa of prostatic part of urethra organ mucosa of prostatic urethra prostatic part of urethra mucosa prostatic part of urethra mucosa of organ prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane prostatic part of urethra organ mucosa prostatic urethra mucosa prostatic urethra mucosa of organ prostatic urethra mucous membrane prostatic urethra organ mucosa prostatic urethral mucosa tunica mucosa urethrae prosticae uberon A mucosa that is part of a prostatic urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of prostatic part of urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of prostatic part of urethra FMA:77079 prostatic urethral mucosa OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of prostatic urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of prostatic urethra OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of prostatic urethra OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra mucosa FMA:77079 FMA:TA tunica mucosa urethrae prosticae OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of prostatic part of urethra OBOL:automatic prostatic part of urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of prostatic part of urethra OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic prostatic urethra mucosa mucosa of intermediate urethra A mucosa that is part of a membranous urethra [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:77085 SCTID:362229009 UBERON:0005016 galen:MucousMembraneOfUrethra intermediate part of urethra mucosa intermediate part of urethra mucosa of organ intermediate part of urethra mucous membrane intermediate part of urethra organ mucosa intermediate urethra mucosa intermediate urethra mucosa of organ intermediate urethra mucous membrane intermediate urethra organ mucosa intermediate urethral mucosa membranous part of urethra mucosa membranous part of urethra mucosa of organ membranous part of urethra mucous membrane membranous part of urethra organ mucosa membranous urethra mucosa membranous urethra mucosa of organ membranous urethra mucous membrane membranous urethra organ mucosa mucosa of intermediate part of urethra mucosa of membranous part of urethra mucosa of membranous urethra mucosa of organ of intermediate part of urethra mucosa of organ of intermediate urethra mucosa of organ of membranous part of urethra mucosa of organ of membranous urethra mucosa of organ of pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) mucous membrane of intermediate part of urethra mucous membrane of intermediate urethra mucous membrane of membranous part of urethra mucous membrane of membranous urethra mucous membrane of pars membranacea (urethrae) organ mucosa of intermediate part of urethra organ mucosa of intermediate urethra organ mucosa of membranous part of urethra organ mucosa of membranous urethra organ mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa of organ pars membranacea (urethrae) mucous membrane pars membranacea (urethrae) organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of intermediate part of urethra OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intermediate urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intermediate part of urethra A mucosa that is part of a membranous urethra [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic membranous urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of membranous part of urethra OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa OBOL:automatic membranous urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of membranous urethra OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of membranous urethra OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of membranous part of urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of membranous urethra OBOL:automatic membranous urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of membranous part of urethra OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intermediate urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic membranous urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic pars membranacea (urethrae) organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic mucosa of membranous urethra OBOL:automatic membranous part of urethra mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pars membranacea (urethrae) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intermediate part of urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate part of urethra mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intermediate urethra OBOL:automatic intermediate urethra mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of membranous part of urethra FMA:77085 intermediate urethral mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intermediate part of urethra mucosa of lacrimal sac A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal sac [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:72061 UBERON:0005017 lacrimal sac mucosa lacrimal sac mucosa of organ lacrimal sac mucous membrane lacrimal sac organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal sac mucous membrane of lacrimal sac organ mucosa of lacrimal sac uberon OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac mucosa OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lacrimal sac OBOL:automatic lacrimal sac mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lacrimal sac OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lacrimal sac A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of nasal septum A mucosa that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:60113 UBERON:0005018 mucosa of organ of nasal septum mucous membrane of nasal septum nasal septum mucosa nasal septum mucosa of organ nasal septum mucous membrane nasal septum organ mucosa organ mucosa of nasal septum uberon OBOL:automatic nasal septum mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a nasal septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasal septum OBOL:automatic nasal septum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic nasal septum mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasal septum OBOL:automatic nasal septum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasal septum mucosa of palate A mucosa that is part of a palate [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59765 UBERON:0005019 mucosa of oral roof mucosa of organ of oral roof mucosa of organ of palate mucosa of organ of roof of mouth mucosa of roof of mouth mucous membrane of oral roof mucous membrane of palate mucous membrane of roof of mouth oral roof mucosa oral roof mucosa of organ oral roof mucous membrane oral roof organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral roof organ mucosa of palate organ mucosa of roof of mouth palate mucosa palate mucosa of organ palate mucous membrane palate organ mucosa roof of mouth mucosa roof of mouth mucosa of organ roof of mouth mucous membrane roof of mouth organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral roof OBOL:automatic oral roof mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral roof OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic oral roof mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral roof mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral roof OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral roof OBOL:automatic palate mucosa OBOL:automatic oral roof organ mucosa OBOL:automatic palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of palate OBOL:automatic mucosa of roof of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of palate OBOL:automatic palate mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic roof of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucosa OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic roof of mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of palate OBOL:automatic palate mucous membrane mucosa of tongue A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0002553 FMA:54807 SCTID:362092002 UBERON:0005020 lingual mucosa mucosa of organ of tongue mucous membrane of tongue organ mucosa of tongue tongue mucosa tongue mucosa of organ tongue mucous membrane tongue organ mucosa tunica mucosa linguae uberon OBOL:automatic tongue mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue mucous membrane OBOL:automatic tongue mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of tongue OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of tongue OBOL:automatic tongue organ mucosa FMA:54807 lingual mucosa FMA:54807 FMA:TA tunica mucosa linguae mucosa of sphenoidal sinus A mucosa that is part of a sphenoidal sinus [Automatically generated definition]. Editor note: decide whether cavities can be part of mucosae FMA:59775 SCTID:43774000 UBERON:0005021 mucosa of organ of sphenoid sinus mucosa of organ of sphenoidal sinus mucosa of sphenoid sinus mucous membrane of sphenoid sinus mucous membrane of sphenoidal sinus organ mucosa of sphenoid sinus organ mucosa of sphenoidal sinus sphenoid sinus mucosa sphenoid sinus mucosa of organ sphenoid sinus mucous membrane sphenoid sinus organ mucosa sphenoidal sinus mucosa sphenoidal sinus mucosa of organ sphenoidal sinus mucous membrane sphenoidal sinus organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sphenoid sinus OBOL:automatic mucosa of sphenoid sinus A mucosa that is part of a sphenoidal sinus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sphenoid sinus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sphenoidal sinus OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic sphenoidal sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sphenoidal sinus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sphenoidal sinus OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic sphenoid sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sphenoid sinus mucosa of nasopharynx A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:54971 SCTID:361938001 UBERON:0005022 mucosa of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasopharynx mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx mucosa of rhinopharynx mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane of nasopharynx mucous membrane of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx mucosa nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa nasopharynx mucosa nasopharynx mucosa of organ nasopharynx mucous membrane nasopharynx organ mucosa organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa of nasopharynx organ mucosa of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx mucosa rhinopharynx mucosa of organ rhinopharynx mucous membrane rhinopharynx organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasopharynx A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasopharynx OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of rhinopharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of nasal part of pharynx OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic nasopharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic rhinopharynx organ mucosa mucosa of oropharynx A mucosa that is part of a oropharynx [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:54933 SCTID:144632009 UBERON:0005023 mucosa of oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ of oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ of oropharynx mucous membrane of oral part of pharynx mucous membrane of oropharynx oral part of pharynx mucosa oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ oral part of pharynx mucous membrane oral part of pharynx organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral part of pharynx organ mucosa of oropharynx oropharynx mucosa oropharynx mucosa of organ oropharynx mucous membrane oropharynx organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oropharynx OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oropharynx OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx mucosa A mucosa that is part of a oropharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic oropharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oropharynx OBOL:automatic oropharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oropharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral part of pharynx OBOL:automatic oral part of pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oropharynx mucosa mucosa of soft palate A mucosa that is part of a soft palate [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59784 SCTID:245842003 UBERON:0005024 mucosa of organ of soft palate mucous membrane of soft palate organ mucosa of soft palate soft palate mucosa soft palate mucosa of organ soft palate mucous membrane soft palate organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of soft palate OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of soft palate OBOL:automatic soft palate organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a soft palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic soft palate mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic soft palate mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of soft palate OBOL:automatic soft palate mucosa mucosa of uvula A mucosa that is part of a uvula [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:60030 UBERON:0005025 cerebellum lobule IX mucosa cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ cerebellum lobule IX mucous membrane cerebellum lobule IX organ mucosa mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ of cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ of uvula mucosa of organ of uvula of palate mucosa of uvula of palate mucous membrane of cerebellum lobule IX mucous membrane of uvula mucous membrane of uvula of palate organ mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX organ mucosa of uvula organ mucosa of uvula of palate uberon uvula mucosa uvula mucosa of organ uvula mucous membrane uvula of palate mucosa uvula of palate mucosa of organ uvula of palate mucous membrane uvula of palate organ mucosa uvula organ mucosa OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of cerebellum lobule IX OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uvula OBOL:automatic uvula of palate mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uvula OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX OBOL:automatic uvula mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uvula of palate organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uvula OBOL:automatic uvula mucosa OBOL:automatic uvula mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a uvula [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic uvula of palate mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of cerebellum lobule IX OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX mucous membrane OBOL:automatic cerebellum lobule IX mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic mucosa of cerebellum lobule IX OBOL:automatic uvula of palate mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uvula of palate OBOL:automatic uvula organ mucosa mucosa of middle ear A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59663 UBERON:0005026 middle ear mucosa middle ear mucosa of organ middle ear mucous membrane middle ear organ mucosa mucosa of organ of middle ear mucosa of tympanic cavity mucous membrane of middle ear organ mucosa of middle ear tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae uberon FMA:59663 mucosa of tympanic cavity OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear mucous membrane OBOL:automatic middle ear mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of middle ear OBOL:automatic middle ear mucosa FMA:59663 FMA:TA tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of frontal sinus A mucosa that is part of a frontal sinus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59774 SCTID:368909005 UBERON:0005027 frontal sinus mucosa frontal sinus mucosa of organ frontal sinus mucous membrane frontal sinus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of frontal sinus mucous membrane of frontal sinus organ mucosa of frontal sinus uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of frontal sinus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of frontal sinus OBOL:automatic frontal sinus mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a frontal sinus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic frontal sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic frontal sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of frontal sinus OBOL:automatic frontal sinus mucous membrane mucosa of maxillary sinus A mucosa that is part of a maxillary sinus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59773 SCTID:368908002 UBERON:0005028 antrum of highmore mucosa antrum of highmore mucosa of organ antrum of highmore mucous membrane antrum of highmore organ mucosa maxillary sinus mucosa maxillary sinus mucosa of organ maxillary sinus mucous membrane maxillary sinus organ mucosa mucosa of antrum of highmore mucosa of organ of antrum of highmore mucosa of organ of maxillary sinus mucous membrane of antrum of highmore mucous membrane of maxillary sinus organ mucosa of antrum of highmore organ mucosa of maxillary sinus uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of antrum of highmore A mucosa that is part of a maxillary sinus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of maxillary sinus OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of antrum of highmore OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of maxillary sinus OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore mucous membrane OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore organ mucosa OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic antrum of highmore mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of maxillary sinus OBOL:automatic maxillary sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of antrum of highmore OBOL:automatic mucosa of antrum of highmore mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal canaliculus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:85366 UBERON:0005029 lacrimal canalicular mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of organ lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane of lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus uberon OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus mucosa A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal canaliculus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lacrimal canaliculus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lacrimal canaliculus OBOL:automatic lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of organ FMA:85366 lacrimal canalicular mucosa mucosa of paranasal sinus A mucosa that adjacent_to a paranasal sinus. FMA:59772 UBERON:0005030 paranasal sinus mucosa uberon A mucosa that adjacent_to a paranasal sinus. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic paranasal sinus mucosa mucosa of upper lip A mucosa that is part of a upper lip [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59832 SCTID:362088009 UBERON:0005031 UMLS:C0226933 mucosa of organ of upper lip mucous membrane of upper lip ncithesaurus:Mucosa_of_the_Upper_Lip organ mucosa of upper lip uberon upper lip mucosa upper lip mucosa of organ upper lip mucous membrane upper lip organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of upper lip OBOL:automatic upper lip organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a upper lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic upper lip mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of upper lip OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of upper lip OBOL:automatic upper lip mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic upper lip mucosa mucosa of lower lip A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59833 SCTID:362089001 UBERON:0005032 UMLS:C0226939 lower lip mucosa lower lip mucosa of organ lower lip mucous membrane lower lip organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lower lip mucous membrane of lower lip ncithesaurus:Mucosa_of_the_Lower_Lip organ mucosa of lower lip uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lower lip OBOL:automatic lower lip mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lower lip OBOL:automatic lower lip mucosa OBOL:automatic lower lip organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lower lip A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lower lip mucosa of organ mucosa of gallbladder A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:14662 SCTID:362196002 UBERON:0005033 gall bladder mucosa gall bladder mucosa of organ gall bladder mucous membrane gall bladder organ mucosa gallbladder mucosa gallbladder mucosa of organ gallbladder mucous membrane gallbladder organ mucosa mucosa of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gallbladder mucous membrane of gall bladder mucous membrane of gallbladder organ mucosa of gall bladder organ mucosa of gallbladder tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris uberon FMA:14662 tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gall bladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gallbladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gallbladder organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gall bladder OBOL:automatic gallbladder mucosa of organ FMA:14662 FMA:TA tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of gallbladder OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of gall bladder OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of gall bladder A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic gall bladder mucosa mucosa of right main bronchus A mucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13137 UBERON:0005034 mucosa of organ of right bronchus mucosa of organ of right main bronchus mucosa of organ of right principal bronchus mucosa of right bronchus mucosa of right principal bronchus mucous membrane of right bronchus mucous membrane of right main bronchus mucous membrane of right principal bronchus organ mucosa of right bronchus organ mucosa of right main bronchus organ mucosa of right principal bronchus right bronchus mucosa right bronchus mucosa of organ right bronchus mucous membrane right bronchus organ mucosa right main bronchial mucosa right main bronchus mucosa right main bronchus mucosa of organ right main bronchus mucous membrane right main bronchus organ mucosa right principal bronchus mucosa right principal bronchus mucosa of organ right principal bronchus mucous membrane right principal bronchus organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right main bronchus OBOL:automatic right bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of right bronchus A mucosa that is part of a right main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic right main bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right main bronchus OBOL:automatic right principal bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic right main bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right main bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right main bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right bronchus OBOL:automatic right main bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right bronchus mucosa of organ FMA:13137 right main bronchial mucosa mucosa of left main bronchus A mucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13138 UBERON:0005035 left bronchus mucosa left bronchus mucosa of organ left bronchus mucous membrane left bronchus organ mucosa left main bronchial mucosa left main bronchus mucosa left main bronchus mucosa of organ left main bronchus mucous membrane left main bronchus organ mucosa left principal bronchus mucosa left principal bronchus mucosa of organ left principal bronchus mucous membrane left principal bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of left bronchus mucosa of left principal bronchus mucosa of organ of left bronchus mucosa of organ of left main bronchus mucosa of organ of left principal bronchus mucous membrane of left bronchus mucous membrane of left main bronchus mucous membrane of left principal bronchus organ mucosa of left bronchus organ mucosa of left main bronchus organ mucosa of left principal bronchus uberon FMA:13138 left main bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left main bronchus OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left main bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic left bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of left principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left main bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left bronchus OBOL:automatic left main bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left main bronchus OBOL:automatic left principal bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left main bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic left main bronchus mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a left main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of main bronchus A mucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13115 UBERON:0005036 bronchus principalis mucosa bronchus principalis mucosa of organ bronchus principalis mucous membrane bronchus principalis organ mucosa main bronchial mucosa main bronchus mucosa main bronchus mucosa of organ main bronchus mucous membrane main bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchus principalis mucosa of organ of bronchus principalis mucosa of organ of main bronchus mucosa of organ of primary bronchus mucosa of organ of principal bronchus mucosa of primary bronchus mucosa of principal bronchus mucous membrane of bronchus principalis mucous membrane of main bronchus mucous membrane of primary bronchus mucous membrane of principal bronchus organ mucosa of bronchus principalis organ mucosa of main bronchus organ mucosa of primary bronchus organ mucosa of principal bronchus primary bronchus mucosa primary bronchus mucosa of organ primary bronchus mucous membrane primary bronchus organ mucosa principal bronchus mucosa principal bronchus mucosa of organ principal bronchus mucous membrane principal bronchus organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic main bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic primary bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic primary bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic primary bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic primary bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis mucosa of organ FMA:13115 main bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of main bronchus OBOL:automatic main bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic principal bronchus mucosa of organ A mucosa that is part of a main bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of principal bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic bronchus principalis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic principal bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of primary bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of main bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchus principalis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of main bronchus OBOL:automatic principal bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic principal bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchus principalis mucosa of lobar bronchus A mucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62668 UBERON:0005037 lobar bronchial mucosa lobar bronchus mucosa lobar bronchus mucosa of organ lobar bronchus mucous membrane lobar bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lobar bronchus mucosa of organ of secondary bronchus mucosa of secondary bronchus mucous membrane of lobar bronchus mucous membrane of secondary bronchus organ mucosa of lobar bronchus organ mucosa of secondary bronchus secondary bronchus mucosa secondary bronchus mucosa of organ secondary bronchus mucous membrane secondary bronchus organ mucosa uberon FMA:62668 lobar bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a lobar bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lobar bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of secondary bronchus OBOL:automatic secondary bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of segmental bronchus A mucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:62666 UBERON:0005038 mucosa of organ of segmental bronchus mucosa of organ of tertiary bronchus mucosa of tertiary bronchus mucous membrane of segmental bronchus mucous membrane of tertiary bronchus organ mucosa of segmental bronchus organ mucosa of tertiary bronchus segmental bronchial mucosa segmental bronchus mucosa segmental bronchus mucosa of organ segmental bronchus mucous membrane segmental bronchus organ mucosa tertiary bronchus mucosa tertiary bronchus mucosa of organ tertiary bronchus mucous membrane tertiary bronchus organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus mucosa of organ FMA:62666 segmental bronchial mucosa OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus mucosa OBOL:automatic tertiary bronchus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic segmental bronchus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of tertiary bronchus OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of segmental bronchus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of tertiary bronchus A mucosa that is part of a segmental bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:263230 FMA:62774 SCTID:10887006 UBERON:0005039 bronchiole mucosa bronchiole mucosa of organ bronchiole mucous membrane bronchiole organ mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ lobular bronchiole mucous membrane lobular bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ of bronchiole mucosa of organ of lobular bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiole mucous membrane of lobular bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiole organ mucosa of lobular bronchiole uberon A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lobular bronchiole OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiole OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiole OBOL:automatic lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:263232 UBERON:0005040 bronchiolus terminalis mucosa bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole mucosa terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ terminal bronchiole mucous membrane terminal bronchiole organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucosa OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole mucosa of respiratory bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:263238 UBERON:0005041 bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa of respiratory bronchiole respiratory bronchiole mucosa respiratory bronchiole mucosa of organ respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa uberon OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of respiratory bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole mucosa OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of respiratory bronchiole OBOL:automatic bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane OBOL:automatic respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bronchiolus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of respiratory bronchiole inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane A portion of the tympanic cavity epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane AO notes: in FMA this is classified as a mucosa FMA:56844 SCTID:36411006 UBERON:0005042 mucosa of tympanic membrane mucous layer of tympanic membrane mucous stratum of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external middle ear cavity epithelial component tympanic membrane mucosa uberon FMA:56844 tympanic membrane mucosa FMA:56844 mucosa of tympanic membrane FMA:56844 mucous layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56844 mucous stratum of tympanic membrane A portion of the tympanic cavity epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane PMID:11237469 UBERON:cjm UBERON:cjm tympanic membrane external middle ear cavity epithelial component mucosa of nasolacrimal duct A mucosa that is part of a nasolacrimal duct [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59664 UBERON:0005043 mucosa of organ of nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane of nasolacrimal duct nasolacrimal duct mucosa nasolacrimal duct mucosa of organ nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane nasolacrimal duct organ mucosa nasolacrimal ductal mucosa organ mucosa of nasolacrimal duct uberon OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of nasolacrimal duct OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct mucosa of organ FMA:59664 nasolacrimal ductal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a nasolacrimal duct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of nasolacrimal duct OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic nasolacrimal duct mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of nasolacrimal duct mucosa of pharyngotympanic tube A mucosa that is part of a pharyngotympanic tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:60109 UBERON:0005044 auditory tube mucosa auditory tube mucosa of organ auditory tube mucous membrane auditory tube organ mucosa internal auditory tube mucosa internal auditory tube mucosa of organ internal auditory tube mucous membrane internal auditory tube organ mucosa mucosa of auditory tube mucosa of internal auditory tube mucosa of organ of auditory tube mucosa of organ of internal auditory tube mucosa of organ of pharyngotympanic tube mucous membrane of auditory tube mucous membrane of internal auditory tube mucous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube mucuous membrane of eustachian tube mucuous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube organ mucosa of auditory tube organ mucosa of internal auditory tube organ mucosa of pharyngotympanic tube pharyngotympanic tube mucosa pharyngotympanic tube mucosa of organ pharyngotympanic tube mucous membrane pharyngotympanic tube organ mucosa tunica mucosa (tuba auditiva) tunica mucosa (tuba auditoria) uberon OBOL:automatic auditory tube mucosa OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pharyngotympanic tube OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pharyngotympanic tube OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of auditory tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of auditory tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of internal auditory tube A mucosa that is part of a pharyngotympanic tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic auditory tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of auditory tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of auditory tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of internal auditory tube OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of internal auditory tube OBOL:automatic auditory tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic internal auditory tube mucosa FMA:60109 mucuous membrane of eustachian tube FMA:60109 tunica mucosa (tuba auditiva) FMA:60109 mucuous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube FMA:60109 tunica mucosa (tuba auditoria) OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pharyngotympanic tube OBOL:automatic auditory tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pharyngotympanic tube mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of internal auditory tube mucosa of ethmoidal sinus A mucosa that is part of a ethmoid sinus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59776 SCTID:65501003 UBERON:0005045 ethmoid sinus mucosa ethmoid sinus mucosa of organ ethmoid sinus mucous membrane ethmoid sinus organ mucosa ethmoidal sinus mucosa mucosa of ethmoid sinus mucosa of organ of ethmoid sinus mucous membrane of ethmoid sinus organ mucosa of ethmoid sinus uberon FMA:59776 ethmoidal sinus mucosa OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of ethmoid sinus A mucosa that is part of a ethmoid sinus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ethmoid sinus OBOL:automatic ethmoid sinus mucosa mucosa of hard palate A mucosa that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59783 SCTID:245841005 UBERON:0005046 hard palate mucosa hard palate mucous membrane mucous membrane of hard palate organ mucosa of hard palate uberon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of hard palate OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of hard palate OBOL:accepted hard palate mucosa OBOL:automatic hard palate mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a hard palate [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of vocal fold A mucosa that is part of a vocal cord [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:64017 UBERON:0005047 mucosa of glottis mucosa of organ of true vocal cord mucosa of organ of vocal cord mucosa of true vocal cord mucosa of vocal cord mucous membrane of true vocal cord mucous membrane of vocal cord organ mucosa of true vocal cord organ mucosa of vocal cord true vocal cord mucosa true vocal cord mucosa of organ true vocal cord mucous membrane true vocal cord organ mucosa uberon vocal cord mucosa vocal cord mucosa of organ vocal cord mucous membrane vocal cord organ mucosa vocal fold mucosa OBOL:automatic vocal cord mucous membrane OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of true vocal cord OBOL:automatic true vocal cord organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of vocal cord OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of vocal cord OBOL:automatic vocal cord organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of true vocal cord OBOL:automatic true vocal cord mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of vocal cord OBOL:automatic vocal cord mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of true vocal cord OBOL:automatic true vocal cord mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of vocal cord OBOL:automatic true vocal cord mucous membrane A mucosa that is part of a vocal cord [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of true vocal cord FMA:64017 mucosa of glottis FMA:64017 vocal fold mucosa OBOL:automatic vocal cord mucosa mucosa of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18319 UBERON:0005048 fallopian tube mucosa fallopian tube mucosa of organ fallopian tube mucous membrane fallopian tube organ mucosa mucosa of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of uterine tube mucosa of oviduct mucous membrane of fallopian tube mucous membrane of uterine tube organ mucosa of fallopian tube organ mucosa of uterine tube tunica mucosa tubae uterinae uberon uterine tubal mucosa uterine tube mucosa uterine tube mucosa of organ uterine tube mucous membrane uterine tube organ mucosa FMA:18319 uterine tubal mucosa OBOL:automatic fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uterine tube OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucous membrane FMA:18319 mucosa of oviduct A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:18319 FMA:TA tunica mucosa tubae uterinae OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube mucosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18357 UBERON:0005049 mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum uberon uterine tube infundibulum mucosa uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum liver papillary process FMA:14506 MA:0001643 SCTID:271187002 UBERON:0005050 papillary process of caudate lobe of liver processus papillaris uberon FMA:14506 processus papillaris FMA:14506 papillary process of caudate lobe of liver mediastinum testis EMAPA:18331 FMA:19812 SCTID:362279007 The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP] UBERON:0005051 body of highmore hilum of testicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg/200px-Hodenschema.svg.png mediastinum of testis testis mediastinum uberon The mediastinum testis is a network of fibrous connective tissue that extends from the upper to near the lower extremity of the testis, and is wider above than below. From its front and sides numerous imperfect septa (trabeculæ) are given off, which radiate toward the surface of the organ, and are attached to the tunica albuginea. They divide the interior of the organ into a number of incomplete spaces, called lobules. These are somewhat cone-shaped, being broad at their bases at the surface of the gland, and becoming narrower as they converge to the mediastinum. The mediastinum supports the rete testis and blood vessels of the testis in their passage to and from the substance of the gland[WP] Wikipedia:Mediastinum_testis FMA:19812 mediastinum of testis FMA:19812 body of highmore FMA:19812 testis mediastinum gizzard AO notes: BTO also includes: A thickened part of the alimentary canal in some animals (as an insect or an earthworm) that is similar in function to the crop of a bird. However, we are refering to the Aves structure here BTO:0000520 GAID:1238 MESH:A13.853.363 The muscular enlargement of the alimentary canal that has usually thick muscular walls and a tough horny lining for grinding the food and when the crop is present follows it and the proventriculus. UBERON:0005052 UMLS:C1510668 gastric mill gigerium ncithesaurus:Gizzard uberon ventriculus Wikipedia:Gizzard ventriculus Wikipedia:Gizzard gigerium Wikipedia:Gizzard gastric mill Wikipedia BTO:0000520 The muscular enlargement of the alimentary canal that has usually thick muscular walls and a tough horny lining for grinding the food and when the crop is present follows it and the proventriculus. Wikipedia:Gizzard cjm nerve cord BILA:0000136 BTO:0001656 UBERON:0005053 uberon dorsal nerve cord BTO:0002329 The dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate that comprises or develops into the central nervous system[BTO]. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect[TOL]. The dorsal nerve cord is one of the embryonic features unique to chordates, along with a notochord, a post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes. The dorsal nerve cord is later modified into the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal nerve cord is mainly found in phylum Vertebrata[WP]. UBERON:0005054 uberon BTO:0002329 The dorsal tubular cord of nervous tissue above the notochord of a chordate that comprises or develops into the central nervous system[BTO]. The nerve cord of chordates develops dorsally in the body as a hollow tube above the notochord. In most species it differentiates in embryogeny into the brain anteriorly and spinal cord that runs through the trunk and tail. Together the brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system to which peripheral sensory and motor nerves connect[TOL]. The dorsal nerve cord is one of the embryonic features unique to chordates, along with a notochord, a post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits. The dorsal nerve cord is a hollow cord dorsal to the notochord. It is formed from a part of the ectoderm that rolls, forming the hollow tube, compared to other animal phyla, which have solid, ventral tubes. The dorsal nerve cord is later modified into the brain and spinal cord. Dorsal nerve cord is mainly found in phylum Vertebrata[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_nerve_cord http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 zone of long bone An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:24008 UBERON:0005055 long bone zone uberon An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic external female genitalia An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003100 EMAPA:30984 FMA:45649 SCTID:362234008 UBERON:0005056 external female genital organ external genitalia of female reproductive system female external genitalia galen:FemaleExternalGenitalia organa genitalia feminina externa uberon OBOL:automatic external genitalia of female reproductive system An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0003100 external female genital organ BTO:0003100 organa genitalia feminina externa FMA:45649 female external genitalia immune organ An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005057 uberon An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hemolymphoid system gland A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002962 UBERON:0005058 hemopoietic or lymphoid gland hemopoietic or lymphoid organ uberon A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic GOC:cjm hemopoietic or lymphoid gland GO:0048534 hemopoietic or lymphoid organ obsolete Drosophila lymph gland UBERON:0005059 out of scope true uberon neural groove AAO:0011071 SCTID:361463007 The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. UBERON:0005061 UMLS:C0814992 XAO:0000248 ncithesaurus:Neural_Groove uberon GO:0001842 GOC:cjm The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. Wikipedia:Neural_groove The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. Wikipedia:Neural_groove neural fold EHDAA2:0001249 EMAPA:16093 EMAPA:16142 EMAPA:16146 EMAPA:16151 EMAPA:16155 EMAPA:16159 EMAPA:16162 EMAPA:16288 EMAPA:16292 EMAPA:16295 EMAPA:16299 EMAPA:16303 EMAPA:16307 EMAPA:16528 In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold]. One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. SCTID:361461009 UBERON:0005062 UMLS:C0814993 XAO:0004087 medullary fold ncithesaurus:Neural_Fold uberon GO:0001842 MP:0011256 One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. Wikipedia:Neural_fold In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold]. Wikipedia:Neural_fold MP:0011256 medullary fold left ventricular compact myocardium . UBERON:0005063 uberon . GO:0003224 GO reference_0000032 true left ventricular trabecular myocardium . UBERON:0005064 uberon GO . GO:0003225 right ventricular compact myocardium . UBERON:0005065 uberon . GO:0003226 reference_0000032 true GO right ventricular trabecular myocardium . UBERON:0005066 uberon GO . GO:0003227 amphid sensory organ Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes[GO]. UBERON:0005067 WBbt:0005391 amphid sensillum uberon Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes[GO]. GO:0003386 neural rod An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] EFO:0003498 TAO:0000133 UBERON:0005068 ZFA:0000133 a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. uberon GO:0014024 ZFA:0000133 a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. 2012-08-14 An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000133 ZFIN:curator neural fold hinge point The median hinge point extends for the entire length of the neural tube, and the lateral hinge points do not form in the spinal cord region of the neural tube[GO]. UBERON:0005069 uberon GO:0021504 The median hinge point extends for the entire length of the neural tube, and the lateral hinge points do not form in the spinal cord region of the neural tube[GO]. anterior neuropore Anterior site of neural tube closure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.378, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004203 EMAPA:16523 GO def of anterior neuropore closure is: The joining together of the neural folds of the rostral opening of the neural tube RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001768 SCTID:361478000 The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. UBERON:0005070 VHOG:0000768 cephalic neuropore cranial neuropore rostral neuropore uberon GO:0021506 The anterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. EMAPA:16523 rostral neuropore UBERON:cjm cranial neuropore SCTID:361478000 cephalic neuropore 2012-09-17 Anterior site of neural tube closure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.378, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000768 http://bgee.unil.ch/ posterior neuropore EHDAA2:0000676 EHDAA:900 EMAPA:16526 Posterior site of neural tube closure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.378, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000223 SCTID:361479008 The posterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. UBERON:0005071 VHOG:0000769 caudal neuropore uberon EMAPA:16526 caudal neuropore GO:0021507 The posterior neuropore appears before the process of neural tube closure is complete[GO]. 2012-09-17 Posterior site of neural tube closure. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.378, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000769 http://bgee.unil.ch/ preganglionic parasympathetic nervous system UBERON:0005073 uberon postganglionic parasympathetic nervous system UBERON:0005074 uberon forebrain-midbrain boundary An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a forebrain and adjacent_to a midbrain. TAO:0001367 The boundary between the diencephalon and the mesencephalon.[TAO] UBERON:0005075 ZFA:0001367 forebrain midbrain boundary relationship loss: develops_from forebrain midbrain boundary neural tube (TAO:0007040)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001367 The boundary between the diencephalon and the mesencephalon.[TAO] ZFIN:curator An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a forebrain and adjacent_to a midbrain. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001367 relationship loss: develops_from forebrain midbrain boundary neural tube (TAO:0007040)[TAO] ZFA:0001367 forebrain midbrain boundary definitional hindbrain-spinal cord boundary An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a hindbrain and adjacent_to a spinal cord. UBERON:0005076 uberon An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a hindbrain and adjacent_to a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic neuropore Joined neural folds at either end of the neural tube.[GO]. SCTID:360408007 UBERON:0005077 uberon GO:0021995 Joined neural folds at either end of the neural tube.[GO]. lamina terminalis . AAO:0000881 BM:LT EHDAA2:0000903 EMAPA:16649 EMAPA:16904 FMA:61975 In those cases in which the interilial region is broadly expanded and the pubis is extremely reduced, the anterior margin of the ischium forms an expanded area.[AAO] SCTID:361483008 UBERON:0005078 VHOG:0001547 uberon . GO:0021996 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000881 AAO:LAP In those cases in which the interilial region is broadly expanded and the pubis is extremely reduced, the anterior margin of the ischium forms an expanded area.[AAO] eggshell BTO:0001716 MESH:A13.316 UBERON:0005079 WBbt:0005843 a product of the somatic follicle cell epithelium and a structure that supports the egg in a hostile environment, minimizing water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration[GO]. egg shell uberon GO:0030703 Wikipedia:Eggshell a product of the somatic follicle cell epithelium and a structure that supports the egg in a hostile environment, minimizing water loss whilst allowing gas exchanges essential for embryonic respiration[GO]. BTO:0001716 egg shell metanephric ureteric bud UBERON:0005080 the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. uberon GO:0035502 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=36855&atid=440764 the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. ureter ureteric bud The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. UBERON:0005081 uberon GO:0035503 The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. tube lumen A hole in a tube[GO]. AEO:0000078 EHDAA2:0004618 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003078 UBERON:0005082 uberon A hole in a tube[GO]. GO:0060609 nipple sheath UBERON:0005083 a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout[GO]. uberon GO:0060659 a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout[GO]. ectodermal placode An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO] Homology: With the exception of the adenohypophysis, homologues of the nonneurogenic placodes (e.g. placodes giving rise to the teeth, hair follicles and lens), appear to be lacking in invertebrate chordates. Editor notes: consder adding placodal ectoderm as a distinct class? Also place placodal ectoderm as develops_from ectoderm // AO notes: in GO, covers optic, otic, olfactory, mammary, hair, tooth, sebaceous UBERON:0005085 uberon An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO] GO:0060788 hair follicle placode An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud[GO]. UBERON:0005086 hair gem hair peg uberon vibrissa placode Wikipathways:WP2062 An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud[GO]. GO:0060789 ISBN:9780878932504 hair peg ISBN:9780878932504 hair gem tooth placode An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. BTO:0001511 Location notes: In mammals this may be located in the alveolar ridges, but note that some species such as zebrafish have ceratobranchial teeth. Sharks have dermal denticles that share developmental origins. Currently we don't include location information due to this diversity, but in future we may include specific subclasses and/or taxon GCIs. Placode that develops into a tooth. The placode is a thickening of the pharyngeal epithelium.[TAO] TAO:0001153 UBERON:0005087 ZFA:0001153 dental placode dental primordium odontogenic placode tooth germ uberon An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. GO:0060790 2012-08-14 Placode that develops into a tooth. The placode is a thickening of the pharyngeal epithelium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001153 ZFIN:curator NBK53175 OBOL:automatic odontogenic placode ZFA:0001153 tooth germ Wikipedia:Tooth_development check for other species ZFA:0001153 dental primordium OBOL:automatic dental placode sebaceous gland placode A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud[GO]. UBERON:0005088 todo - add bud uberon A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud[GO]. GO:0060791 Wikipathways:WP2062 NBK53175 sweat gland placode An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud[GO]. UBERON:0005089 todo - add bud uberon NBK53175 An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud[GO]. GO:0060793 Wikipathways:WP2062 muscle structure FBbt:00005073 Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. UBERON:0005090 Usage notes: in some organisms such as drosophila, muscles can be single cells. This class groups together all discrete muscle elements, from multicellular muscle organs in vertebrates, to individual single-cell muscles in drisophila muscle muscle element uberon GO:0061061 Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. left horn of sinus venosus EHDAA2:0001840 EHDAA:482 EMAPA:16238 FMA:70321 Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0005091 VHOG:0000488 sinus venosus left horn uberon VHOG:0000488 sinus venosus left horn FMA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000488 http://bgee.unil.ch/ right horn of sinus venosus EHDAA2:0001841 EHDAA:484 EMAPA:16239 FMA:70318 Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0005092 VHOG:0000489 sinus venosus right horn uberon VHOG:0000489 sinus venosus right horn FMA 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003 Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000489 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cement gland A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm.[AAO] A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm[XAO]. AAO:0010373 BTO:0002738 UBERON:0005093 XAO:0000033 uberon A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm[XAO]. GO:0071570 XAO:0000033 2012-06-20 A simple mucus-secreting structure that is positioned at the front of the embryo, attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed, and marks the anterior-most dorsal ectoderm.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010373 AAO:BJB beak MESH:A13.114 TODO - add superclass The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary ramaphotheca, mandibular ramaphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus[GO]. The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The term beak is also used to refer to a similar mouthpart in some Ornithischian dinosaurs, monotremes, cephalopods, cetaceans, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens[WP]. UBERON:0005094 avian beak bill rostrum uberon GO:0071728 The avian beak is an external anatomical structure, in the head region, that is adapted for feeding self and young, catching prey, probing, etc. It encompasses, but is not restricted to, the maxilla, mandible, maxillary ramaphotheca, mandibular ramaphotheca, nostril, nasal fossa, nasal bones, egg tooth and rictus[GO]. The beak, bill or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds which is used for eating and for grooming, manipulating objects, killing prey, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The term beak is also used to refer to a similar mouthpart in some Ornithischian dinosaurs, monotremes, cephalopods, cetaceans, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens[WP]. Wikipedia:Beak kidney rudiment . Editor notes: class added for consistency with GO - consider merging with kidney mesenchyme. UBERON:0005095 kidney anlage uberon GO GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney anlage . GO:0072003 descending thin limb EMAPA:28325 EMAPA:28355 EMAPA:29681 FMA:17719 MA:0002625 The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle[GO]. UBERON:0005096 UBERON:0005165 descending limb of henle%27s loop descending limb of loop of henle descending thin limb of loop of Henle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png loop of Henle descending thin limb loop of henle thin descending limb pars descendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin descending limb thin descending limb of loop of henle thin descending limb of the loop of henle thin descending loop of henle uberon Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle descending limb of loop of henle Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle descending limb of henle%27s loop MA:0002625 loop of henle thin descending limb Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle thin descending limb of the loop of henle Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle thin descending loop of henle Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle thin descending limb of loop of henle FMA:17719 pars descendens (tubulus attenuatus) GO:0072022 The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle[GO]. Wikipedia:Descending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle renal connecting tubule BTO:0004539 EMAPA:27758 EMAPA:27790 EMAPA:27865 EMAPA:28011 MA:0002610 The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct[GO]. UBERON:0005097 connecting tubule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png kidney connecting tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus uberon MA:0002610 connecting tubule Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus GO:0072027 The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct[GO]. Wikipedia:Connecting_tubule MA:0002610 kidney connecting tubule Wikipedia short descending thin limb TODO - epithelium types The short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. UBERON:0005099 uberon GO:0072063 The short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. long descending thin limb The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. UBERON:0005100 uberon GO:0072064 The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. early distal convoluted tubule EMAPA:28393 The early distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005101 uberon GO:0072067 The early distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. late distal convoluted tubule EMAPA:28393 TODO - CL The late distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005102 uberon GO:0072068 The late distal convoluted tubule contains DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. mesonephric epithelium An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005103 uberon An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anterior mesonephric tubule . EMAPA:30562 EMAPA:30576 UBERON:0005104 cranial mesonephric tubule uberon . GO:0072165 EMAPA:30562 cranial mesonephric tubule posterior mesonephric tubule . EMAPA:30571 EMAPA:30574 UBERON:0005105 caudal mesonephric tubule uberon EMAPA:30574 caudal mesonephric tubule . GO:0072166 metanephric tubule A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005106 VHOG:0001526 uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.543 The ureteric diverticulum grows dorsally into the posterior region of the nephric ridge. Here it enlarges and stimulates the growth of metanephric tubules that come to make up the metanephric kidney. The metanephros becomes the adult kidney of amniotes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001526 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072173 metanephric cap EMAPA:27621 MA:0002997 TODO - check EMAPA The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip[GO]. Mesenchyme closely apposed to the tips of the buds is called cap mesenchyme; it will later go on to form nephrons etc[GUDMAP]. UBERON:0005107 cap mesenchyme uberon EMAPA:27621 cap mesenchyme GO:0072185 The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip[GO]. Mesenchyme closely apposed to the tips of the buds is called cap mesenchyme; it will later go on to form nephrons etc[GUDMAP]. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron metanephric epithelium An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. UBERON:0005108 uberon An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. GO:0072207 metanephric smooth muscle tissue Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros. UBERON:0005109 uberon Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros. GO:0072208 UBERON:cjm metanephric nephron A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005110 UBERON:0005142 VHOG:0000719 uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Nephron A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072273 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1093/icb/34.4.542 Ruppert EE, Evolutionary Origin of the Vertebrate Nephron. Integrative and Comparative Biology (1994) The primitive form of the vertebrate nephron consists of a vascular filtration surface overlain with podocytes, a specialized coelomic cavity to receive the ultrafiltrate, and a tubule for modification to final urine. Although previously thought to be unique to the vertebrates, this design is now known to be widespread among invertebrates, including most of the protochordates, and especially their larvae.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000719 http://bgee.unil.ch/ metanephric pyramid Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. UBERON:0005111 uberon GO:0072211 Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. metanephric cortex mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001140 UBERON:0005113 uberon EHDAA2 metanephric ascending thin limb The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent[GO]. UBERON:0005114 uberon GO:0072218 The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent[GO]. reference_0000032 metanephric cortical collecting duct The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. UBERON:0005115 uberon reference_0000032 true reference_0000032 true GO:0072219 The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. metanephric descending thin limb It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle[GO]. UBERON:0005116 uberon reference_0000032 true GO:0072220 It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle[GO]. metanephric distal convoluted tubule The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is a portion of the metanephric nephron tubule that connects the metanephric loop of Henle to the collecting duct[GO]. UBERON:0005117 VHOG:0001569 uberon GO:0072221 The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is a portion of the metanephric nephron tubule that connects the metanephric loop of Henle to the collecting duct[GO]. reference_0000032 reference_0000032 true metanephric early distal convoluted tubule The metanephric early distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005118 uberon GO:0072222 The metanephric early distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and is vasopressin-insensitive[GO]. reference_0000032 true reference_0000032 metanephric glomerular mesangium The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005119 uberon reference_0000032 true GO:0072223 The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus[GO]. metanephric late distal convoluted tubule The metanephric late distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. UBERON:0005120 uberon reference_0000032 true reference_0000032 GO:0072225 The metanephric late distal convoluted tubule contains metanephric DCT cells and intercalated (IC) alpha and beta cells and is vasopressin-sensitive[GO]. metanephric long descending thin limb bend The metanephric long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005121 uberon GO:0072226 The metanephric long descending thin limb bend is a part of the descending thin limb of a long nephron that lies beyond the prebend segment in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric macula densa The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005122 uberon GO:0072227 The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. reference_0000032 true metanephric prebend segment The metanephric prebend segment is a part of the metanephric descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits permeabilities characteristic of the ascending limb, especially negligible water permeability[GO]. UBERON:0005123 uberon reference_0000032 true GO:0072228 The metanephric prebend segment is a part of the metanephric descending thin limb that lies before the bend and exhibits permeabilities characteristic of the ascending limb, especially negligible water permeability[GO]. metanephric proximal convoluted tubule The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005124 VHOG:0001570 uberon reference_0000032 reference_0000032 true GO:0072229 The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule[GO]. metanephric proximal straight tubule The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005125 todo - place mammalian xrefs here rather than at parent uberon reference_0000032 reference_0000032 GO:0072230 The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule[GO]. reference_0000032 true metanephric S1 The S1 portion is the initial portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. UBERON:0005126 uberon GO:0072231 The S1 portion is the initial portion of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes[GO]. reference_0000032 true metanephric thick ascending limb At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005127 uberon At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule[GO]. GO:0072233 reference_0000032 metanephric distal tubule The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule[GO]. UBERON:0005129 UBERON:0005150 uberon GO:0072235 The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule[GO]. reference_0000032 metanephric loop of Henle The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005130 uberon reference_0000032 GO:0072236 The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric long nephron Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend into the inner medulla in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005132 uberon GO:0072238 Long nephrons are associated with juxtamedullary glomeruli and extend into the inner medulla in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerulus vasculature The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005133 UBERON:0005143 uberon GO:0072239 The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus[GO]. reference_0000032 true metanephric nephron epithelium The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005134 uberon GO:0072243 The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. reference_0000032 true metanephric glomerular epithelium A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005135 uberon A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072244 reference_0000032 true reference_0000032 metanephric glomerular endothelium The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005136 uberon reference_0000032 true reference_0000032 GO:0072264 The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros[GO]. reference_0000032 true metanephric capsule The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage[GO]. UBERON:0005112 UBERON:0005137 uberon GO:0072213 The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage[GO]. metanephric long descending thin limb The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. UBERON:0005139 uberon reference_0000032 true GO:0072269 The long descending limb starts in the inner stripe of the outer medulla and extends into the inner medulla[GO]. metanephric short nephron Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb[GO]. UBERON:0005140 uberon GO:0072270 Short nephrons are associated with mid-cortical and superficial glomeruli, are situated entirely in the outer medulla, and have no thin ascending limb[GO]. metanephric short descending thin limb The metanephric short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron in the metanephros that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. UBERON:0005141 uberon GO:0072271 The metanephric short descending thin limb is the descending thin limb of a short nephron in the metanephros that has a squamous epithelial morphology[GO]. reference_0000032 true metanephric glomerular capillary This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts[GO]. UBERON:0005144 uberon GO:0072277 This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts[GO]. reference_0000032 reference_0000032 true metanephric comma-shaped body The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005145 uberon GO:0072278 The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric nephron tubule A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005128 UBERON:0005146 UBERON:0005152 uberon ISBN:9780878932504 A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. GO:0072282 reference_0000032 true metanephric renal vesicle EHDAA2:0001245 EHDAA:9346 EMAPA:27678 EMAPA:27829 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. UBERON:0005147 metanephric vesicle uberon EHDAA2 reference_0000032 true GO:0072283 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. metanephric S-shaped body The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005148 uberon todo - automate GO:0072284 The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric connecting tubule The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0005149 uberon reference_0000032 GO:0072286 The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric proximal tubule The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. UBERON:0005131 UBERON:0005151 uberon reference_0000032 reference_0000032 true GO:0072288 The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. epithelial bud A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. BTO:0001639 UBERON:0005153 uberon A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. GO:0060572 epithelial cord A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick. AEO:0000216 EHDAA2:0004052 UBERON:0005154 uberon AEO A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick. AEO:0000216 open tracheal system An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. BTO:0003870 FBbt:00005024 SPD:0000427 TADS:0000043 UBERON:0005155 invertebrate tracheal system open tracheal system tracheal system uberon FBbt:00005024 tracheal system An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007424 reproductive structure An anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. UBERON:0005156 reproductive system structure uberon An anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. GOC:cjm epithelial fold An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. UBERON:0005157 uberon An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. GO:0060571 parenchyma of central nervous system A parenchyma that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. CNS parenchyma UBERON:0005158 central nervous system parenchyma parenchyma of CNS parenchyma of central nervous system uberon CNS parenchyma OBOL:automatic A parenchyma that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic parenchyma of CNS OBOL:automatic central nervous system parenchyma pyramid of medulla oblongata BM:Me-Py FMA:75254 SCTID:9535007 The anterior or ventral portion of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus. Its upper end is slightly constricted, and between it and the pons the fibers of the abducent nerve emerge; a little below the pons it becomes enlarged and prominent, and finally tapers into the anterior funiculus of the medulla spinalis, with which, at first sight, it appears to be directly continuous[WP]. UBERON:0005159 lobule VIII of Larsell medullary pyramid pyramid of medulla pyramid of medulla oblongata uberon FMA:75254 medullary pyramid FMA:75254 lobule VIII of Larsell FMA:75254 pyramid of medulla Wikipedia:Pyramid_(brainstem) pyramid of medulla oblongata The anterior or ventral portion of the medulla oblongata is named the pyramid and lies between the anterior median fissure and the antero-lateral sulcus. Its upper end is slightly constricted, and between it and the pons the fibers of the abducent nerve emerge; a little below the pons it becomes enlarged and prominent, and finally tapers into the anterior funiculus of the medulla spinalis, with which, at first sight, it appears to be directly continuous[WP]. Wikipedia:Pyramid_(brainstem) vestigial structure UBERON:0005160 uberon pelvic spur Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply 'float' in the muscle mass. The femur protrudes from the snake's body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a claw. Males' spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females', and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating, as well as combat with other males in some species This class refers to the external portion and its corneal covering rather than the combined pelvis plus femur. UBERON:0005161 anal spur cloacal spur uberon Pelvic spurs are the externally visible portion of the vestigial remnants of legs found on each side of the vent in primitive snakes, such as boas and pythons. The remnants of a pelvis and femur, which have no connection with the spine, simply 'float' in the muscle mass. The femur protrudes from the snake's body and is covered by a corneal spur, which resembles a claw. Males' spurs are generally longer and more pointed than females', and are used for clasping and tickling during courtship and mating, as well as combat with other males in some species Wikipedia:Pelvic_spur Wikipedia:Anal_spur anal spur multi cell component structure A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. AAO:0011000 AO notes: we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: "Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells." CARO:0001000 FBbt:00007060 FMA:83115 UBERON:0005162 cell part cluster multi-cell-component structure uberon FMA FMA:83115 cell part cluster A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. CARO:0001000 CARO:0001000 multi-cell-component structure ascending limb of loop of Henle FMA:17717 MA:0001676 SCTID:245434005 TODO: thick/thin check. Also relationship to distal tubule. We need a home for MA:0002634-renal straight tubule UBERON:0005164 UMLS:C0227658 ascending limb ascending limb of Henle's loop distal straight tubule loop of Henle ascending limb ncithesaurus:Ascending_Limb_of_the_Henle_s_Loop the distal part of the loop of Henle that is impermeable to water and actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate to generate the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange; it consists of an initial very thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium followed by a distal thick segment lined by simple cuboidal epithelium[MP]. uberon MP:0011342 loop of Henle ascending limb MP:0011342 Wikipedia:Ascending_limb_of_loop_of_Henle the distal part of the loop of Henle that is impermeable to water and actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate to generate the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange; it consists of an initial very thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium followed by a distal thick segment lined by simple cuboidal epithelium[MP]. papillary duct BTO:0004540 Bellini's duct MA:0001646 SCTID:110623009 The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx. UBERON:0005167 duct of Bellini papillary duct of kidney uberon Encyclopedia:http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/ The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx. SCTID:110623009 papillary duct of kidney Bellini's duct MP:0011331 interlobular vein EMAPA:28218 FMA:71634 MA:0002594 The venae stellatae join to form the interlobular veins, which pass inward between the rays, receive branches from the plexuses around the convoluted tubules, and, having arrived at the bases of the renal pyramids, join with the venae rectae UBERON:0005168 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray1128.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gray1128.png/200px-Gray1128.png interlobular veins of kidney set of interlobular veins of kidney uberon venae interlobulares renis venae interlobulares renis Wikipedia:Interlobular_veins venae interlobulares renis FMA:71634 set of interlobular veins of kidney The venae stellatae join to form the interlobular veins, which pass inward between the rays, receive branches from the plexuses around the convoluted tubules, and, having arrived at the bases of the renal pyramids, join with the venae rectae Wikipedia:Interlobular_veins FMA:71634 interlobular veins of kidney FMA:71634 FMA:TA venae interlobulares renis interstitial tissue Editors note: specify differentia from stroma FMA:86301 SCTID:85293002 UBERON:0005169 connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. interstital interstitium uberon connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tissue FMA ovary stratum granulosum EFO:0003628 FMA:18660 MA:0001460 SCTID:258971005 TAO:0001112 UBERON:0005170 ZFA:0001112 granulosa cell layer granulosa cell layer of ovarian follicle membrana granulosa of ovarian follicle stratum granulosum of ovarian follicle uberon FMA:18660 membrana granulosa of ovarian follicle FMA:18660 granulosa cell layer of ovarian follicle TAO:0001112 granulosa cell layer FMA:18660 stratum granulosum of ovarian follicle hepatic duct A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000741 EHDAA:3049 EMAPA:16843 EMAPA:18672 MA:0000357 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWo8WJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245399002 TAO:0001100 TODO - MA distinguishes between bile duct, hepatic duct, common bile duct and common hepatic duct. in FMA hepatic duct and common hepatic duct are the same The excretory duct of the liver or one of its branches in the lobes of the liver. [TFD][VHOG] The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the bile duct[GO]. A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine[ZFA]. UBERON:0005171 UMLS:C0917710 VHOG:0000219 ZFA:0001100 galen:HepaticDuct ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Duct uberon 2012-09-17 The excretory duct of the liver or one of its branches in the lobes of the liver. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000219 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hepatic+duct 2012-08-14 A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001100 ZFIN:curator GO:0061011 The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the bile duct[GO]. A duct that carries bile from the liver to the small intestine[ZFA]. abdomen organ An organ that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000522 SCTID:272631008 UBERON:0005172 uberon An organ that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic abdominal segment organ An organ that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. Includes abdomen organ and pelvis organ MA:0000529 UBERON:0005173 uberon An organ that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic back organ An organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001901 UBERON:0005174 uberon An organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic chest organ An organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000552 UBERON:0005175 uberon An organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic tooth enamel organ . A structure that is involved in tooth formation. A bell shape two layer epithelial structure that descends toward the ceratobranchial 5 bone, enclosing the dental mesenchyme. At later times in tooth development the cells at the apex of the bell may be involved in enameloid formation. This structure remains at the base of the erupted tooth and is the source of replacement teeth.[TAO] BTO:0001722 Editor notes: some sources treat the dental organ as epithelium - we treat it as the mereological sum of dentail epithelium plus dental papilla (consistent with treatment in many AOs), but this may be revised.Development notes: NOT develeops_from NC[UBERONREF:0000002]. Alternate definitioon: A cellular aggregation seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. It lies above a condensation of ectomesenchymal cells called the odontogenic papilla. Historically, enamel organ has been the term to describe this structure, but it was attempted unsuccessfully in recent years to change the name to dental organ in order to better represent its multiple functions apart from enamel formation[WP] MA:0001604 MESH:A14.254.900.720.265 SCTID:362863002 TAO:0005138 UBERON:0005176 ZFA:0005138 dental organ enamel organ odontogenic organ organum enameleum uberon ZFA:0005138 dental organ Wikipedia:Enamel_organ organum enameleum MA-abduced 2012-08-14 A structure that is involved in tooth formation. A bell shape two layer epithelial structure that descends toward the ceratobranchial 5 bone, enclosing the dental mesenchyme. At later times in tooth development the cells at the apex of the bell may be involved in enameloid formation. This structure remains at the base of the erupted tooth and is the source of replacement teeth.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005138 ZFIN:curator . Wikipedia:Enamel_organ https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3556489&group_id=76834&atid=994726 ZFA MP:0010747 enamel organ ZFA trunk organ An organ that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000516 UBERON:0005177 uberon An organ that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity organ An organ that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000557 UBERON:0005178 uberon An organ that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pelvis organ An organ that is part of the pelvic region[Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000543 UBERON:0005179 uberon An organ that is part of the pelvic region[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic obsolete lymph organ An organ that is part of a lymph [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005180 true uberon An organ that is part of a lymph [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic thoracic segment organ An organ that is part of a thoracic segment of trunk. MA:0000563 UBERON:0005181 uberon upper body organ An organ that is part of a thoracic segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic MA:0000563 upper body organ hair medulla BTO:0004671 Innermost layer of the hair shaft. MA:0000158 SCTID:318929009 UBERON:0005184 medulla of hair shaft uberon BTO:0004671 medulla of hair shaft Innermost layer of the hair shaft. Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary_(hair) renal medulla collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a renal medulla [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28061 MA:0002935 UBERON:0005185 kidney medulla collecting duct medullary collecting duct uberon A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a renal medulla [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0002935 kidney medulla collecting duct EMAPA:28061 medullary collecting duct outer renal medulla collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002599 UBERON:0005186 kidney outer medulla collecting duct uberon A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0002599 kidney outer medulla collecting duct inner renal medulla collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002598 UBERON:0005187 kidney inner medulla collecting duct papillary collecting duct uberon MA:0002598 papillary collecting duct MA:0002598 kidney inner medulla collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic obsolete caput epididymis UBERON:0004358 UBERON:0005188 true uberon obsolete corpus epididymis UBERON:0004359 UBERON:0005189 true uberon obsolete cauda epididymis UBERON:0004360 UBERON:0005190 true uberon obsolete cervical artery An artery that is part of a uterine cervix [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005191 true uberon An artery that is part of a uterine cervix [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic deferent duct artery FMA:18930 MA:0001940 SCTID:279659005 UBERON:0005192 an artery in males that provides blood to the vas deferens. The artery usually arises from the anterior trunk of the superior vesical artery. It accompanies the vas deferens into the testis, where it anastomoses with the testicular artery. In this way it also supplies blood to the testis and epididymis. A small branch supplies the ureter[WP]. arteria ductus deferentis artery of ductus deferens ductus deferens artery uberon vas deferens artery FMA:18930 artery of ductus deferens Wikipedia:Artery_to_the_ductus_deferens arteria ductus deferentis FMA Wikipedia:Artery_to_the_ductus_deferens an artery in males that provides blood to the vas deferens. The artery usually arises from the anterior trunk of the superior vesical artery. It accompanies the vas deferens into the testis, where it anastomoses with the testicular artery. In this way it also supplies blood to the testis and epididymis. A small branch supplies the ureter[WP]. FMA:18930 ductus deferens artery Wikipedia ethmoidal artery MA:0001949 One of: anterior or posterior ethmoidal arteries. SCTID:244222007 UBERON:0005193 UMLS:C0226184 ethmoid artery ncithesaurus:Ethmoidal_Artery uberon One of: anterior or posterior ethmoidal arteries. Wikipedia:Ethmoidal_arteries FMA-abduced thoracic vein A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002235 SCTID:281472008 UBERON:0005194 UMLS:C0226629 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Vein uberon A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic deferent duct vein A vein that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002100 UBERON:0005195 uberon A vein that is part of a vas deferens [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic spleen germinal center A germinal center that is part of the spleen. The spleen germinal center is located in a secondary B follicle in the white pulp of the spleen. MA:0000764 UBERON:0005196 UMLS:C1710156 germinal center of spleen ncithesaurus:Spleen_Germinal_Center spleen GC spleen follicle center splenic germinal center uberon CL:tm MP:0008474 spleen GC MP:0008474 spleen follicle center A germinal center that is part of the spleen. The spleen germinal center is located in a secondary B follicle in the white pulp of the spleen. CL:tm http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/6 MP:0008474 splenic germinal center segmental spinal nerve EHDAA2:0001822 EHDAA:3778 EMAPA:16990 EMAPA:25149 MA:0000234 UBERON:0005197 VHOG:0000920 cervical segmental spinal nerves C1-7 todo - check uberon MA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001822 cervical segmental spinal nerves C1-7 obsolete coat hair bulb UBERON:0005198 true uberon cervical mammary gland A mammary gland that is part of a cervical region. MA:0000789 UBERON:0005199 uberon A mammary gland that is part of a cervical region. OBOL:automatic thoracic mammary gland A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast. EHDAA2:0001056 EHDAA:6524 FMA:62088 MA:0000797 Most primates have one pair of mammary glands, which are thoracic. SCTID:31448001 UBERON:0005200 anterior mammary gland breast mammary gland lactiferous gland mammary gland uberon BTO A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Mammary_gland#Other_mammals FMA:62088 lactiferous gland FMA:62088 mammary gland Wikipedia:Mammary_gland#Other_mammals anterior mammary gland obsolete cervical trunk UBERON:0005201 http://www.informatics.jax.org/cookbook/figures/figure97.shtml true uberon was obsolete as it was defined incorrectly. See Fig97 of The Anatomy of the Laboratory Mouse. May be included in future versions of this ontology that include more detailed relationships and comparisons of the arterial system distal straight tubule macula densa A macula densa that is part of an ascending limb of loop of Henle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28399 MA:0002604 UBERON:0005202 todo - unify terminology - check DST = TAL? Note EMAPA class appears to refer to this segment uberon MA A macula densa that is part of an ascending limb of loop of Henle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA trachea gland A gland that is part of a submucosa of trachea [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:7473 MA:0002937 SCTID:197423006 UBERON:0005203 glandula trachealis tracheal gland tubular seromucous gland of trachea uberon FMA:7473 tracheal gland FMA:7473 tubular seromucous gland of trachea FMA:7473 glandula trachealis A gland that is part of a submucosa of trachea [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic larynx submucosa gland A gland that is part of a larynx submucosa [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002729 UBERON:0005204 uberon A gland that is part of a larynx submucosa [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic vagina stroma A stroma that is part of a vagina. MA:0002737 UBERON:0005205 uberon A stroma that is part of a vagina. OBOL:automatic choroid plexus stroma A stroma that is part of a choroid plexus [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000825 UBERON:0005206 uberon A stroma that is part of a choroid plexus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic tonsil capsule A capsule that is part of a tonsil [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000776 UBERON:0005207 uberon A capsule that is part of a tonsil [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic right atrium valve A valve that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000302 EMAPA:17327 MA:0001871 UBERON:0005208 right atrium valves uberon valve of right atrium A valve that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000302 right atrium valves EMAPA:17327 valve of right atrium renal medulla interstitium EMAPA:18326 Function notes: It functions in renal water reabsorption by building up a high hypertonicity, which draws water out of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. This hypertonicity, in turn, is created by an efflux of urea from the inner medullary collecting duct. MA:0002619 UBERON:0005211 kidney medulla interstitium renal medullary interstitium tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla.. uberon MA Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_interstitium tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla.. MA:0002619 kidney medulla interstitium EMAPA:18326 renal medullary interstitium testis interstitial tissue EMAPA:18687 MA:0002713 SCTID:362280005 The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.. UBERON:0005212 interstitium of testis interstitium of the testis testis - interstitial testis interstitium uberon UBERON:cjm testis interstitium UBERON:cjm testis - interstitial MESH:A05.360.444.849 The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.. EMAPA:18687 interstitium of the testis UBERON:cjm interstitium of testis outer renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28337 MA:0002621 UBERON:0005213 kidney outer medulla interstitium outer medullary interstitium uberon MA:0002621 kidney outer medulla interstitium MA EMAPA:28337 outer medullary interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA inner renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28364 MA:0002620 UBERON:0005214 inner medullary interstitium kidney inner medulla interstitium uberon EMAPA:28364 inner medullary interstitium MA MA A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA:0002620 kidney inner medulla interstitium kidney interstitium EMAPA:27690 FMA:70983 MA:0002616 The interstitium of the kidney comprises the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances. As we define it here, the interstitium is bounded on all sides by tubular and vascular basement membranes. UBERON:0005215 renal interstitium renal stroma stroma of kidney uberon The interstitium of the kidney comprises the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances. As we define it here, the interstitium is bounded on all sides by tubular and vascular basement membranes. doi:10.1038/ki.1991.49 FMA:70983 stroma of kidney FMA:70983 renal stroma FMA:70983 renal interstitium optic eminence surface ectoderm An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16539 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001311 UBERON:0005216 VHOG:0000520 uberon An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true midbrain subarachnoid space A subarachnoid space that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:19055 Subarachnoid space that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0005217 VHOG:0001304 subarachnoid space mesencephalon subarachnoid space midbrain uberon 2012-09-17 Subarachnoid space that is part of the midbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001304 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001304 subarachnoid space mesencephalon VHOG:0001304 subarachnoid space midbrain A subarachnoid space that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic diencephalon subarachnoid space A subarachnoid space that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:25079 Subarachnoid space that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0005218 VHOG:0001302 subarachnoid space diencephalon uberon VHOG:0001302 subarachnoid space diencephalon A subarachnoid space that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Subarachnoid space that is part of the diencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001302 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindbrain subarachnoid space A subarachnoid space that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18211 Subarachnoid space that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0005219 VHOG:0001303 subarachnoid space hindbrain subarachnoid space rhombencephalon uberon 2012-09-17 Subarachnoid space that is part of the hindbrain. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001303 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001303 subarachnoid space rhombencephalon A subarachnoid space that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0001303 subarachnoid space hindbrain pancreas head parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a head of pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005220 VHOG:0000838 uberon A parenchyma that is part of a head of pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic liver right lobe parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a right lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001010 EMAPA:18317 FMA:71657 UBERON:0005221 VHOG:0000840 parenchyma of right lobe of liver uberon FMA:71657 parenchyma of right lobe of liver A parenchyma that is part of a right lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic liver left lobe parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a left lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001002 EMAPA:18310 FMA:71658 UBERON:0005222 VHOG:0000839 parenchyma of left lobe of liver uberon A parenchyma that is part of a left lobe of liver [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic FMA:71658 parenchyma of left lobe of liver pancreas body parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a body of pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001370 UBERON:0005223 VHOG:0000837 uberon A parenchyma that is part of a body of pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pancreas tail parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a tail of pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001392 UBERON:0005224 VHOG:0000469 uberon A parenchyma that is part of a tail of pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic upper leg epithelium An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002131 EMAPA:17500 UBERON:0005225 VHOG:0001041 uberon EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pedal digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005226 VHOG:0001031 foot digit epithelium hind limb digit epithelium toe epithelium uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 OBOL:accepted hind limb digit epithelium manual digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000406 UBERON:0005227 VHOG:0001032 finger epithelium fore limb digit epithelium hand digit epithelium uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit epithelium EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic upper arm epithelium An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0002113 EMAPA:17425 UBERON:0005228 VHOG:0000990 uberon An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 lower leg epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001031 EMAPA:17497 UBERON:0005229 VHOG:0001050 uberon EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic obsolete fundus epithelium UBERON:0005230 obsoleted due to confusion between ocular fundus and other types of fundus true uberon medial-nasal process ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001078 EMAPA:16809 UBERON:0005233 VHOG:0000803 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic optic eminence ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:940 EMAPA:16323 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001309 UBERON:0005234 VHOG:0001105 uberon An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic osseus labyrinth vestibule A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. A tube leading from the external naris to the nasal cavity.[AAO] AAO:0000984 BTO:0003382 EV:0100366 FMA:60183 GAID:881 MA:0001185 MESH:A09.246.631.909 SCTID:181188003 The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear][VHOG] UBERON:0005236 UMLS:C0458718 VHOG:0001220 XAO:0000199 bony labyrinth vestibule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray919.png inner ear vestibule inner ear vestibulum ncithesaurus:Vestibule osseous labyrinth vestibule uberon vestibular apparatus vestibular part of bony labyrinth vestibule vestibule of bony labyrinth vestibulum labyrinthi, vestibulum auris BTO:0003382 inner ear vestibulum OBOL:automatic osseous labyrinth vestibule Wikipedia:Vestibule_of_the_ear vestibulum labyrinthi, vestibulum auris GAID:881 vestibular apparatus FMA:60183 vestibule of bony labyrinth 2012-06-20 A tube leading from the external naris to the nasal cavity.[AAO] AAO AAO:0000984 AAO:EJS BTO:0003382 inner ear vestibule A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. BTO:0003382 Wikipedia:Vestibule_of_the_ear MP:0000034 XAO:0000199 vestibule 2012-09-17 The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001220 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:60183 vestibular part of bony labyrinth basal plate metencephalon EHDAA2:0001154 EMAPA:17078 The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the metencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] UBERON:0005239 VHOG:0000320 metencephalon basal plate uberon 2012-09-17 The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the metencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000320 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2:0001154 metencephalon basal plate basal plate medulla oblongata EHDAA2:0001093 EMAPA:17557 The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the medulla oblongata. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] UBERON:0005240 VHOG:0000324 medulla oblongata basal plate uberon EHDAA2:0001093 medulla oblongata basal plate 2012-09-17 The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the medulla oblongata. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000324 http://bgee.unil.ch/ obsolete apical ectodermal ridge forelimb A forelimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005241 true uberon A forelimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic obsolete apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb A hindlimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005242 true uberon A hindlimb that is part of an apical ectodermal ridge [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic interventricular septum endocardium An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000886 EHDAA2:0000887 FMA:83584 UBERON:0005243 VHOG:0000615 endocardium of interventricular septum interventricular septum endocardial tissue todo - split? uberon FMA:83584 endocardium of interventricular septum VHOG:0000615 interventricular septum endocardial tissue An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lobar bronchus of right lung cranial lobe . EHDAA2:0001752 EMAPA:17992 FMA:7397 SCTID:181806003 SCTID:361956001 UBERON:0005244 UBERON:0012060 VHOG:0000240 eparterial bronchus lobar bronchus of cranial lobe right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus right superior lobar bronchus right upper lobar bronchus right upper lobe bronchus uberon EHDAA2:0001752 right lung cranial lobe lobar bronchus . Wikipedia:Eparterial_bronchus Wikipedia:Eparterial_bronchus eparterial bronchus FMA:7397 right upper lobar bronchus FMA:7397 right superior lobar bronchus EMAPA:17992 lobar bronchus of cranial lobe FMA:7397 right upper lobe bronchus lobar bronchus of right lung caudal lobe A lobar bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001744 EMAPA:17987 UBERON:0005245 VHOG:0000250 lobar bronchus of caudal lobe uberon A lobar bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:17987 lobar bronchus of caudal lobe bulbus cordis myocardium A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005248 VHOG:0000609 bulbus cordis cardiac muscle uberon VHOG:0000609 bulbus cordis cardiac muscle A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic metanephric renal pelvis A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros. The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005249 VHOG:0000945 metanephros pelvis uberon VHOG:0000945 metanephros pelvis A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.639 The ureteric bud itself forms the collecting tubules and the ureter that drain the adult kidney. This type of kidney, called the metanephros, occurs in all adult amniotes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000945 http://bgee.unil.ch/ stomatodeum gland A gland that is part of a stomodeum. UBERON:0005250 VHOG:0000658 stomatodaeum gland uberon VHOG:0000658 stomatodaeum gland A gland that is part of a stomodeum. OBOL:automatic yolk sac cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16055 FMA:63942 In mammals, the yolk sac cavity contains fluid rather than platelets[Kardong] AO notes: in EHDAA2, there are separate primary and secondary yolk sac cavities UBERON:0005251 VHOG:0000843 cavity of yolk sac uberon yolk sac lumen FMA:63942 cavity of yolk sac An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic omental bursa cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of a lesser sac [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004558 EMAPA:18461 FMA:9702 UBERON:0005252 VHOG:0000827 cavity of lesser sac cavity of omental bursa cavity of omental bursa viewed anatomically lesser peritoneal sac lesser sac cavity note EHDAA2 uberon FMA:9702 cavity of lesser sac FMA:9702 lesser sac cavity FMA:9702 lesser peritoneal sac An anatomical cavity that is part of a lesser sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 FMA:9702 cavity of omental bursa FMA:9702 cavity of omental bursa viewed anatomically head mesenchyme EFO:0003492 EHDAA2:0000732 EHDAA:179 EMAPA:16098 EMAPA:16269 Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. TAO:0000113 UBERON:0005253 VHOG:0000332 ZFA:0000113 cephalic mesenchyme uberon ISBN:0683400088 MP:0011260 Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. ZFA MP:0011260 cephalic mesenchyme 2012-08-14 Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000113 ZFIN:curator upper leg mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002132 EMAPA:17501 Mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005254 VHOG:0000506 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pedal digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005255 VHOG:0000463 foot digit mesenchyme hind limb digit mesenchyme toe mesenchyme uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit mesenchyme EHDAA2 OBOL:accepted hind limb digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic trunk mesenchyme EFO:0003485 EHDAA2:0002092 EHDAA:377 EMAPA:16177 Mesenchyme that is part of a trunk. TAO:0000081 UBERON:0005256 VHOG:0000281 ZFA:0000081 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a trunk. OBOL:automatic manual digit mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000407 Editor notes: In EHDAA2, the metacarpal cartilage condensation is considered part of the digits - it might be better to call the whole structure digital ray mesenchyme/condensation Mesenchyme that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005257 VHOG:0001416 anterior limb digital ray mesenchyme finger mesenchyme fore limb digit mesenchyme hand digit mesenchyme manual digital ray mesenchyme uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit mesenchyme UBERON:cjm manual digital ray mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm anterior limb digital ray mesenchyme OBOL:accepted fore limb digit mesenchyme upper arm mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002114 EMAPA:17426 Mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005258 VHOG:0000505 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower leg mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001032 EMAPA:17498 Mesenchyme that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0005259 VHOG:0000752 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic atrium cardiac jelly A cardiac jelly that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. Cardiac jelly that is part of the atrium. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EMAPA:16690 EMAPA:16814 EMAPA:16821 UBERON:0005261 VHOG:0000941 uberon A cardiac jelly that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Cardiac jelly that is part of the atrium. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000941 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ventricle cardiac jelly A cardiac jelly that is part of a ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. Cardiac jelly that is part of the ventricle. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] UBERON:0005262 VHOG:0000943 uberon A cardiac jelly that is part of a ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Cardiac jelly that is part of the ventricle. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000943 http://bgee.unil.ch/ outflow tract cardiac jelly A cardiac jelly that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. Cardiac jelly that is part of the outflow tract. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001354 EMAPA:16230 EMAPA:16347 UBERON:0005263 VHOG:0000940 uberon A cardiac jelly that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Cardiac jelly that is part of the outflow tract. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000940 http://bgee.unil.ch/ obsolete midbrain neural fold UBERON:0005264 true uberon obsolete hindbrain neural fold UBERON:0005265 true uberon obsolete spinal cord neural fold UBERON:0005266 true uberon renal cortex collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002600 UBERON:0005267 kidney cortex collecting duct uberon MA:0002600 kidney cortex collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic renal cortex artery Artery that supplies renal cortex. EMAPA:28035 MA:0002582 UBERON:0005268 kidney cortex artery renal cortex arterial system renal cortex artery uberon MP:0011314 kidney cortex artery MA MA:0002582 renal cortex arterial system MA:0002582 renal cortex artery Artery that supplies renal cortex. OBOL:automatic renal cortex vein Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified] EMAPA:28152 MA:0002592 UBERON:0005269 kidney cortex vein renal cortex venous system uberon MP:0011322 kidney cortex vein MA:0002592 renal cortex venous system Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified] MGI:csmith MA renal cortex interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a cortex of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:28136 MA:0002608 UBERON:0005270 cortical stroma kidney cortex interstitium uberon MA MA:0002608 kidney cortex interstitium MA EMAPA:28136 cortical stroma A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a cortex of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic juxtamedullary cortex FMA:74288 KUPO:0001008 MA:0001648 UBERON:0005271 inner cortex of kidney inner renal cortex juxtamedullary cortex of kidney the part of the renal cortex nearest to the medulla. uberon http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/juxtamedullary+cortex the part of the renal cortex nearest to the medulla. KUPO:0001008 inner renal cortex FMA:74288 juxtamedullary cortex of kidney FMA KUPO FMA:74288 inner cortex of kidney peritubular capillary In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps[WP]. MA:0002588 UBERON:0005272 uberon In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis. The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body. The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps[WP]. Wikipedia:Peritubular_capillaries nail bed EV:0100158 MA:0002706 Region of skin beneath the nail plate[WP]. SCTID:181578005 UBERON:0005273 VHOG:0001362 nailbed uberon Region of skin beneath the nail plate[WP]. UBERON:gvg MA proximal nail bed MA:0002709 UBERON:0005274 uberon MA dorsal skin of digit UBERON:0005275 dorsal digit skin skin of dorsal part of digit uberon dorsal skin of finger A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a manual digit. FMA:38320 FMA:60346 UBERON:0005276 dorsal finger skin skin of dorsal part of finger subdivision of skin of dorsal part of finger this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes uberon FMA:38320 skin of dorsal part of finger FMA:60346 subdivision of skin of dorsal part of finger A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a manual digit. OBOL:automatic dorsal skin of toe A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a pedal digit. FMA:37868 FMA:60523 UBERON:0005277 dorsal toe skin skin of dorsal part of toe subdivision of skin of dorsal part of toe this class is explicitly the union of the two FMA classes uberon FMA:60523 subdivision of skin of dorsal part of toe FMA:37868 skin of dorsal part of toe A dorsal skin of digit that is part of a pedal digit. OBOL:automatic nail bed of finger A nail bed that is part of a manual digit. FMA:60348 SCTID:244199003 UBERON:0005278 nail bed of finger uberon A nail bed that is part of a manual digit. OBOL:automatic FMA:60348 nail bed of finger nail bed of toe A nail bed that is part of a pedal digit. FMA:60529 SCTID:244200000 UBERON:0005279 nail bed of toe uberon A nail bed that is part of a pedal digit. OBOL:automatic FMA:60529 nail bed of toe obsolete head mesoderm UBERON:0005280 UBERON:0006904 cranial mesoderm true uberon ventricular system of central nervous system CNS ventricular system EFO:0003650 EHDAA2:0004362 EV:0100306 FMA:242675 TAO:0001261 UBERON:0005281 ZFA:0001261 a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray734.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gray734.png/200px-Gray734.png todo - resolve space vs structure conflation. We follow FMA in making this and the various ventricles a structure - it follows from this that strutures such as the tela choroidea and choroid plexuses can be part of the ventricles and ventricular system. Note: see also the class 'neuraxis cavity' uberon ventricle system ventricular system ventricular system of neuraxis ventriculi cerebri Wikipedia:Ventricular_system a set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord[WP]. Wikipedia:Ventricular_system ventriculi cerebri CNS ventricular system EHDAA2:0004362 ZFA Wikipedia:Ventricular_system ventricle system FMA:242675 ventricular system of neuraxis ZFA:0001261 ventricular system ventricular system of brain FMA:242787 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005282 VHOG:0000005 brain ventricular system uberon VHOG:0000005 brain ventricular system 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000005 http://bgee.unil.ch/ tela choroidea A structure found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain, consisting of part of the meninges (pia mater in mammals) plus ependyma[cjm]. FMA:242849 Portion of tissue that is part of the primitive meninx which forms a fold, roofing a ventricle of the brain and supporting the choroid plexus[ZFA:0000447]. TAO:0000447 UBERON:0005283 Vascularized tela choroidea is choroid plexus. AO notes: Note that the structure in ZFA may be different. ZFA:0000447 tela chorioidea uberon FMA:242849 tela chorioidea Portion of tissue that is part of the primitive meninx which forms a fold, roofing a ventricle of the brain and supporting the choroid plexus[ZFA:0000447]. ZFA:0000447 FMA A structure found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain, consisting of part of the meninges (pia mater in mammals) plus ependyma[cjm]. ISBN10:0471888893 Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/embryo_new/choroid/ brain vasculature A vasculature that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0003491 FMA:242007 TAO:0000099 UBERON:0005284 ZFA:0000099 uberon vasculature of brain FMA:242007 vasculature of brain A vasculature that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic tela choroidea of midbrain cerebral aqueduct TAO:0005157 Tela chorioidea that lines the tectal ventricle.[TAO] Tela choroidea that lines the tectal ventricle. UBERON:0005286 ZFA:0005157 tela chorioidea tectal ventricle tela choroidea of cerebral aqueduct tela choroidea tectal ventricle uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005157 Tela chorioidea that lines the tectal ventricle.[TAO] ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005157 tela chorioidea tectal ventricle UBERON:cjm tela choroidea of cerebral aqueduct Tela choroidea that lines the tectal ventricle. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005157 tela choroidea tectal ventricle tela choroidea of fourth ventricle FMA:78493 SCTID:362321009 TAO:0005158 Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle.[TAO] Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle[ZFA]. The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. It consists of two layers, which are continuous with each other in front, and are more or less adherent throughout: The posterior layer covers the antero-inferior surface of the cerebellum. The anterior layer is applied to the structures which form the lower part of the roof of the ventricle, and is continuous inferiorly with the pia mater on the inferior peduncles and closed part of the medulla[WP]. UBERON:0005287 ZFA:0005158 choroid membrane choroid membrane of fourth ventricle tela chorioidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea tela choroidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea of fourth ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi quarti tela choroidea ventriculi quarti uberon FMA:78493 FMA:TA tela choroidea Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle[ZFA]. The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. It consists of two layers, which are continuous with each other in front, and are more or less adherent throughout: The posterior layer covers the antero-inferior surface of the cerebellum. The anterior layer is applied to the structures which form the lower part of the roof of the ventricle, and is continuous inferiorly with the pia mater on the inferior peduncles and closed part of the medulla[WP]. Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea_of_fourth_ventricle ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea_of_fourth_ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi quarti FMA:78493 FMA:TA tela choroidea ventriculi quarti FMA:78493 choroid membrane of fourth ventricle 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005158 Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle.[TAO] ZFIN:curator FMA:78493 choroid membrane tela choroidea of third ventricle FMA:78463 SCTID:362320005 TAO:0005159 Tela chorioidea that lines the third ventricle.[TAO] Tela chorioidea that lines the third ventricle[ZFA]. The part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery[WP]. UBERON:0005288 ZFA:0005159 choroid membrane of third ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray723.png tela chorioidea of third ventricle tela chorioidea third ventricle tela choroidea third ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi tertii tela choroidea ventriculi tertii uberon FMA:78463 FMA:TA tela choroidea ventriculi tertii ZFA:0005159 tela chorioidea third ventricle Tela chorioidea that lines the third ventricle[ZFA]. The part of the choroid plexus in relation to the body of the ventricle forms the vascular fringed margin of a triangular process of pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle, and projects from under cover of the lateral edge of the fornix. Blood is supplied by branches from the superior cerebellar artery[WP]. Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea_of_third_ventricle ZFIN:curator FMA:78463 choroid membrane of third ventricle 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005159 Tela chorioidea that lines the third ventricle.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Tela_chorioidea_of_third_ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi tertii tela choroidea of telencephalic ventricle FMA:83712 SCTID:362319004 TAO:0005160 Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle. UBERON:0005289 ZFA:0005160 tela chorioidea of lateral ventricle tela chorioidea of telencephalic ventricle tela chorioidea telencephalic ventricle tela choroidea of lateral ventricle tela choroidea telencephalic ventricle uberon FMA:83712 tela choroidea of lateral ventricle ZFA:0005160 tela chorioidea telencephalic ventricle Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle. ZFIN:curator myelencephalon BTO:0000758 EHDAA2:0001207 EHDAA:5526 EMAPA:17082 MA:0000205 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. UBERON:0005290 VHOG:0000456 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg/200px-EmbryonicBrain.svg.png the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds - Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. Note that its not clear if this refers to the developing medulla oblongata - MA (adult) has two distinct classes uberon definitional 2012-09-17 The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000456 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myelencephalon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000456 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000758 The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. Wikipedia:Myelencephalon embryonic tissue A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. UBERON:0005291 developing tissue portion of embryonic tissue uberon OBOL:automatic portion of embryonic tissue A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. OBOL:automatic extraembryonic tissue BTO:0003360 EFO:0001406 MAT:0000061 MIAA:0000061 Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. UBERON:0005292 extra-embryonic tissue uberon Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. UBERON:cjm cerebellum lobe FMA:242392 MA:0002963 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1076 SCTID:263971006 UBERON:0005293 cerebellar lobe lobe of cerebellum lobe parts of the cerebellar cortex uberon FMA:242392 cerebellar lobe NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1076 lobe parts of the cerebellar cortex FMA:242392 lobe of cerebellum genital ridge AAO:0011047 EFO:0001414 EHDAA2:0004044 SCTID:361399001 TODO - check developmental relationships. merge with urogenital ridge? The precursor to the gonads. UBERON:0005294 UMLS:C1512243 XAO:0000018 crista gonadalis gonadal ridge http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray1106.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray1106.png/200px-Gray1106.png ncithesaurus:Gonadal_Ridge uberon Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge crista gonadalis Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge gonadal ridge The precursor to the gonads. Wikipedia:Gonadal_ridge sex cord Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. EHDAA2:0004051 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001523 SCTID:343823004 UBERON:0005295 UMLS:C1512242 gonad cord gonadal cord ncithesaurus:Gonadal_Cord primitive sex cord uberon EHDAA2 Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. Wikipedia:Sex_cords http://www.answers.com/topic/sex-cord ovary sex cord EHDAA2:0001363 EHDAA:8130 TODO check secondary vs cortical vs ovary UBERON:0005296 UMLS:C1511527 VHOG:0001339 cortical cord cortical sex cord ncithesaurus:Cortical_Cord ovary primitive sex cord ovigerous cord ovigerous cords secondary cord structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. uberon Wikipedia:Cortical_cords structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. VHOG:0001339 ovigerous cords testis sex cord EHDAA2:0002011 EHDAA:8152 EMAPA:29098 The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. UBERON:0005297 VHOG:0001321 check primary vs testis primary sex cord testis cord testis primary sex cords testis primitive sex cord uberon EHDAA2:0002011 testis primary sex cords MP:0006424 testis cord The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. Wikipedia:Testis_cords skin of clitoris A zone of skin that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:20168 SCTID:361374002 UBERON:0005298 clitoris skin uberon A zone of skin that is part of a clitoris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic prepuce of clitoris EMAPA:30699 FMA:20169 In female human anatomy, the clitoral hood, is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the clitoral glans. It develops as part of the labia minora and is homologous with the foreskin (equally called prepuce) in male genitals. Note FMA has FMA:27886 skin of prepuce of clitoris- how is this different? SCTID:362242009 UBERON:0005299 UMLS:C0227771 clitoral hood clitoral prepuce clitoris prepuce http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Clitoris_outer_anatomy.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Clitoris_outer_anatomy.gif/200px-Clitoris_outer_anatomy.gif ncithesaurus:Female_Prepuce prepuce of female prepuce of the clitoris preputium clitoridis uberon Wikipedia:Clitoral_hood clitoral hood Wikipedia:Clitoral_hood preputium clitoridis EMAPA:30699 prepuce of female In female human anatomy, the clitoral hood, is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the clitoral glans. It develops as part of the labia minora and is homologous with the foreskin (equally called prepuce) in male genitals. Wikipedia:Clitoral_hood obsolete reproductive gland UBERON:0003937 UBERON:0005300 true uberon male preputial gland BTO:0001111 EMAPA:30502 EMAPA:30640 EMAPA:30659 FMA:19653 was previously placed here, but ISBN10:0123813611 states that no true equivalent in humans. See also https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3588536&group_id=76834&atid=1109502 MA:0000403 One of the sebaceous glands of the corona and neck of the glans penis. UBERON:0005301 UMLS:C0227956 gland of Tyson ncithesaurus:Preputial_Gland preputial gland preputial gland of male preputial gland of penis uberon ISBN10:0123813611 BTO:0001111 EMAPA:30640 preputial gland BTO:0001111 gland of Tyson reference_0000032 true FMA:19653 preputial gland of penis MP:0002717 One of the sebaceous glands of the corona and neck of the glans penis. female preputial gland BTO:0003119 EMAPA:30499 EMAPA:30711 MA:0001702 MA:0001703 The paired, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located on the side of the clitoris in female rodents; in contrast to the preputial glands in male rodents, clitoral glands are a minor source of olfactory stimuli contributing to sexual attractivity; unlike other sebaceous glands, they undergo progressive atrophy of the glandular portion with marked ductal ectasia as rodents age; there is no true anatomical equivalent in humans[MP]. UBERON:0005302 UMLS:C2699356 clitoral gland large, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located on the side of the clitoris in female mice; little is known about their function and, unlike other sebaceous glands, they undergo progressive atrophy of the glandular portion with marked ductal ectasia as mice age; there is no equivalent gland in humans. ncithesaurus:Clitoral_Gland preputial gland of female uberon EMAPA:30499 preputial gland of female MGI:J:63036 MP large, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located on the side of the clitoris in female mice; little is known about their function and, unlike other sebaceous glands, they undergo progressive atrophy of the glandular portion with marked ductal ectasia as mice age; there is no equivalent gland in humans. ISBN10:0123813611 MP:0011834 The paired, lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located on the side of the clitoris in female rodents; in contrast to the preputial glands in male rodents, clitoral glands are a minor source of olfactory stimuli contributing to sexual attractivity; unlike other sebaceous glands, they undergo progressive atrophy of the glandular portion with marked ductal ectasia as rodents age; there is no true anatomical equivalent in humans[MP]. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3588536&group_id=76834&atid=1109502 MA:0001702 clitoral gland hypogastric nerve EMAPA:18225 FMA:77596 MA:0001140 MESH:A08.800.050.050.400 SCTID:181061006 UBERON:0005303 UMLS:C1711378 check plexus vs nerve. WP indicates it is a 'transition' http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray847.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gray847.png/200px-Gray847.png hypogastric nerve plexus hypogastric plexus ncithesaurus:Hypogastric_Nerve_Plexus nervus hypogastricus the transition between the superior hypogastric plexus and the inferior hypogastric plexus. uberon Wikipedia:Hypogastric_nerve nervus hypogastricus EMAPA:18225 hypogastric plexus MA:0001140 hypogastric nerve plexus Wikipedia:Hypogastric_nerve the transition between the superior hypogastric plexus and the inferior hypogastric plexus. submucous nerve plexus AO notes: in FMA this is part of the esophagus, duodenum and intestine; this violates part-disjointness axioms in uberon FMA:21542 GAID:801 Henle's plexus MA:0001149 MESH:A08.800.050.050.850 Meissner's plexus SCTID:322349001 The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the mucosal cells. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the[WP]. UBERON:0005304 UMLS:C0038564 meissner's plexus ncithesaurus:Submucous_Nerve_Plexus submucosal nerve plexus uberon The nerves of the small intestines are derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. From this source they run to the myenteric plexus of nerves and ganglia situated between the circular muscular fibers and the mucosal cells. From this a secondary plexus, the plexus of the submucosa (Meissner's plexus, Submucous plexus, submucosal plexus) is derived, and it is formed by branches that have perforated the circular muscular fibers. This plexus lies in the submucous coat of the intestine; it also contains ganglia from which nerve fibers pass to the muscularis mucosae and to the mucous membrane. The nerve bundles of the submucous plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the[WP]. Wikipedia:Meissner's_plexus MA:0001149 meissner's plexus HP:0002251 MA:0001149 Meissner's plexus FMA:21542 Wikipedia:Meissner's_plexus submucosal nerve plexus FMA-modified FMA-modified Henle's plexus MA:0001149 thyroid follicle BTO:0004708 Discrete, cystlike units of the thyroid gland that are lined with cuboidal epithelium and are filled with a colloid substance, about 30 to each lobule[BTO]. EMAPA:19307 EMAPA:19308 FMA:68805 MA:0000726 SCTID:176685006 TAO:0001072 UBERON:0005305 UMLS:C0229577 ZFA:0001072 ncithesaurus:Thyroid_Gland_Follicle thyroid gland follicle uberon BTO:0004708 Discrete, cystlike units of the thyroid gland that are lined with cuboidal epithelium and are filled with a colloid substance, about 30 to each lobule[BTO]. blastema A blastema is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. Historically blastema have been thought to be composed of undifferentiated pluripotent cells, but recent research indicates that in some organisms blastema may retain memory of tissue origin.[1] Blastemata are typically found in the early stages of an organism's development such as in embryos, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and bone[WP]. A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise[ZFA]. BTO:0001638 EFO:0003658 Note the ZFA class called 'blastema' belongs with the subclass, blastema of regenerating fin/limb TAO:0001270 UBERON:0005306 XAO:0004060 blastemata regeneration blastema uberon ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061108-12 regeneration blastema blastemata A blastema is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. Historically blastema have been thought to be composed of undifferentiated pluripotent cells, but recent research indicates that in some organisms blastema may retain memory of tissue origin.[1] Blastemata are typically found in the early stages of an organism's development such as in embryos, and in the regeneration of tissues, organs and bone[WP]. A regenerating tissue composed of a proliferative mass of undifferentiated progenitor cells from which new differentiated structures arise[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Blastema ZFA:0001270 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061108-12 ZFA chorion-containing eggshell An eggshell that contains chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. UBERON:0005307 uberon An eggshell that contains chorion. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007304 nephrostome AAO:0011069 The nephrostome is the opening of the pronephros into the body cavity[GO]. UBERON:0005308 XAO:0000062 uberon GO:0039018 The nephrostome is the opening of the pronephros into the body cavity[GO]. pronephric nephron A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. AAO:0011091 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros.[AAO] UBERON:0005309 XAO:0000285 uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011091 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the pronephros.[AAO] UBERON:0005309 A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. GO:0039019 pronephric nephron tubule Bilaterally paired tubes connecting the pronephric glomeruli to the pronephric ducts. In zebrafish and other teleosts, the pronephric nephron and tubules form after the pronephric duct, connecting to the anterior-most tip of the pronephric ducts. Drummond, 2000.[TAO] TAO:0001558 The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. UBERON:0005310 XAO:0004105 ZFA:0001558 pronephric tubule uberon GO:0039020 The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. GO ISBN10:0073040584 2012-08-14 Bilaterally paired tubes connecting the pronephric glomeruli to the pronephric ducts. In zebrafish and other teleosts, the pronephric nephron and tubules form after the pronephric duct, connecting to the anterior-most tip of the pronephric ducts. Drummond, 2000.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001558 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001558 pronephric tubule mammary placode TODO develops_from The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper[GO]. UBERON:0005311 uberon NBK53175 GO:0060596 The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper[GO]. Stedmans primary ureteric bud . UBERON:0005312 uberon . GO:0060682 mammary duct terminal end bud . UBERON:0005313 uberon . GO:0060763 alveolar primary septum A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms[GO]. TODO - check UBERON:0004893 interalveolar septum UBERON:0005314 uberon A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms[GO]. GO:0061143 alveolar secondary septum A secondary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that subdivides the initial saccule[GO]. TODO - check UBERON:0004893 interalveolar septum UBERON:0005315 uberon A secondary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that subdivides the initial saccule[GO]. GO:0061144 endocardial endothelium FMA:83596 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. UBERON:0005316 endocardium endothelium endothelium of endocardium uberon GO:0061147 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. FMA FMA:83596 endothelium of endocardium FMA:83596 endocardium endothelium pulmonary artery endothelium An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. BTO:0000137 UBERON:0005317 pulmonary artery endothelial tube uberon An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. GO:0061155 GO:0061155 pulmonary artery endothelial tube mesonephric collecting duct AAO:0010390 The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. UBERON:0005319 XAO:0000151 uberon GO:0061211 The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. reference_0000032 true mesonephric juxtaglomerular apparatus The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. UBERON:0005320 uberon GO:0061212 The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. mesonephric smooth muscle tissue . UBERON:0005321 uberon . GO:0061214 mesonephric nephron A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney[GO]. AAO:0010387 TODO The structure that is the basic functional unit of the kidney.[AAO] UBERON:0005322 XAO:0000292 ZFA:0005592 stage IV nephron uberon A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney[GO]. GO:0061215 XAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010387 PMID:9268568 The structure that is the basic functional unit of the kidney.[AAO] ZFA:0005592 stage IV nephron mesonephric mesenchyme AAO:0011062 EHDAA2:0001132 EMAPA:27585 EMAPA:27661 Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005323 XAO:0000291 uberon GO:0061219 Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric macula densa The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005324 uberon reference_0000032 true GO:0061220 The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. mesonephric glomerulus A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated.[AAO] AAO:0010388 AN notes: XAO/AAO class belongs here, as it refers to mesonephric structure EMAPA:30568 EMAPA:30580 In animals in which the mesonephros is the terminal kidney, such as amphibians and fish, the final organ is very complex, containing a large number of nephrons, most of which have an internal glomerulus.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:362217000 The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005325 VHOG:0001238 XAO:0000146 glomerulus uberon 2012-06-20 A tuft of capillaries found in a Bowman's capsule in which waste products are filtered from the blood and urine formation is initiated.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010388 AAO:BJB GO:0061224 The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros[GO]. 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0127224411 Vize PD, Woolf AS, Bard JBL, The kidney: From normal development to congenital disease (2003) p.3 In animals in which the mesonephros is the terminal kidney, such as amphibians and fish, the final organ is very complex, containing a large number of nephrons, most of which have an internal glomerulus.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001238 http://bgee.unil.ch/ AAO:0010388 glomerulus mesonephric glomerulus vasculature The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus[GO]. UBERON:0005326 uberon GO:0061231 The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus[GO]. reference_0000032 true mesonephric glomerular epithelium A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005327 uberon A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros[GO]. GO:0061232 reference_0000032 reference_0000032 true mesonephric comma-shaped body The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005328 uberon GO:0061236 The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric nephron tubule A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005329 mesonephric renal tubule uberon A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros[GO]. GO:0061240 UBERON:cjm mesonephric renal tubule mesonephric nephron epithelium The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005330 uberon GO:0061241 The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. reference_0000032 true mesonephric renal vesicle SCTID:361407006 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. UBERON:0005331 ZFA:0005586 mesonephric vesicle uberon GO:0061243 The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. ZFA reference_0000032 true mesonephric S-shaped body The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. UBERON:0005332 uberon GO:0061244 The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mammary bud Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord[GO]. produced along the length of the embryonic mammary ridge these buds represent the future locations of the mammary glands. Invagination of ectoderm at each bud leads to the development of epithelial diverticula, later maturing as lactiferous ducts[TFD]. UBERON:0004181 UBERON:0005333 mammary gland bud milk bud uberon GO:0060648 Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord[GO]. produced along the length of the embryonic mammary ridge these buds represent the future locations of the mammary glands. Invagination of ectoderm at each bud leads to the development of epithelial diverticula, later maturing as lactiferous ducts[TFD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mammary+bud GO:0060648 mammary gland bud PMID:20484386 oral lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. EMAPA:26947 UBERON:0005334 lamina propria of oral mucosa uberon A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. OBOL:automatic chorioallantoic membrane BTO:0000251 The chorioallantoic membrane is a vascular membrane found in eggs of some amniotes, such as birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two developmental structures: the allantois and the chorion. Three different layers compose the chorioallantoic membrane; these are called the chorionic epithelium, the mesenchyme and the allantoic epithelium. Blood capillaries and sinuses are found between epithelial cells of the chorionic layer, allowing close contact (within 0.2 N<m) with air found in pores of the shell membrane of the egg. As a result, the chorioallantoic membrane allows exchange of gases, such as oxygen, to developing embryos. During embryonic development of birds, the chorioallantoic membrane also plays an essential role in bone formation by transporting calcium into the embryo from the eggshell. Chorioalloantoic membranes from developing chicken eggs are routinely used in biological and biomedical research to investigate development, angiogenesis, tumors, and to propagate and investigate viruses or helminths. UBERON:0005335 UMLS:C0178551 chorioallantois http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Smallpox_CAM.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Smallpox_CAM.png/200px-Smallpox_CAM.png ncithesaurus:Chorioallantoic_Membrane respiratory membrane uberon BTO:0000251 chorioallantois The chorioallantoic membrane is a vascular membrane found in eggs of some amniotes, such as birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two developmental structures: the allantois and the chorion. Three different layers compose the chorioallantoic membrane; these are called the chorionic epithelium, the mesenchyme and the allantoic epithelium. Blood capillaries and sinuses are found between epithelial cells of the chorionic layer, allowing close contact (within 0.2 N<m) with air found in pores of the shell membrane of the egg. As a result, the chorioallantoic membrane allows exchange of gases, such as oxygen, to developing embryos. During embryonic development of birds, the chorioallantoic membrane also plays an essential role in bone formation by transporting calcium into the embryo from the eggshell. Chorioalloantoic membranes from developing chicken eggs are routinely used in biological and biomedical research to investigate development, angiogenesis, tumors, and to propagate and investigate viruses or helminths. Wikipedia:Chorioallantoic_membrane ISBN10:0073040584 respiratory membrane capillary layer of choroid FMA:58437 SCTID:280899009 The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a layer of capillaries that is immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane in the choroid. UBERON:0005336 capillary lamina of choroid capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris capillary layer of choroid choriocapillaris inner layer of choroid proper lamina choriocapillaris lamina choroidocapillaris uberon Wikipedia:Bruch's_membrane overlaps via basement membrane. consider also adjacency The capillary lamina of choroid or choriocapillaris is a layer of capillaries that is immediately adjacent to Bruch's membrane in the choroid. Wikipedia:Capillary_lamina_of_choroid FMA FMA:58437 capillary lamina of choroid Wikipedia:Capillary_lamina_of_choroid choriocapillaris FMA:58437 inner layer of choroid proper Wikipedia:Capillary_lamina_of_choroid lamina choroidocapillaris FMA:58437 capillary layer of choroid outflow tract of ventricle A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. FMA:13225 UBERON:0005337 XAO:0004140 heart ventricle outflow tract outflow part of ventricle uberon ventricular outflow tract Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract ventricular outflow tract MP:0010224 heart ventricle outflow tract A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract outflow tract aortic component An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. EHDAA2:0001353 EMAPA:17329 MA:0000101 UBERON:0005338 VHOG:0001394 uberon An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. OBOL:automatic outflow tract pulmonary component EHDAA2:0001359 EHDAA:4401 EMAPA:17330 MA:0000102 UBERON:0005339 VHOG:0001395 uberon dorsal telencephalic commissure UBERON:0005340 dorsal commissure the fiber tracts that connect the dorsal region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure[MP]. uberon MP:0008219 the fiber tracts that connect the dorsal region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure[MP]. MP:0008219 dorsal commissure ventral commissure UBERON:0005341 the fiber tracts that connect the ventral region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the anterior and the habenular commissures[MP]. uberon MP:0008220 the fiber tracts that connect the ventral region of the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure, including the anterior and the habenular commissures[MP]. malleus head FMA:52761 MA:0002987 SCTID:368926004 UBERON:0005342 head of malleus rounded portion of the malleus that articulates with the body of the incus[MP]. uberon FMA:52761 head of malleus MP:0008379 rounded portion of the malleus that articulates with the body of the incus[MP]. cortical plate ABA:CTXpl UBERON:0005343 the outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP]. uberon MP:0008439 the outer neural tube region in which post-mitotic neuroblasts migrate along radial glia to form the adult cortical layers[MP]. peritoneal vaginal process A peritoneal diverticulum in the embryonic lower anterior abdominal wall that traverses the inguinal canal. In the male it forms the tunica vaginalis testis and normally loses its connection with the peritoneal cavity; a persistent processus vaginalis in the female is known as the canal of Nuck[MP]. SCTID:362726001 UBERON:0005344 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mesorchium.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mesorchium.svg/200px-Mesorchium.svg.png peritoneal diverticulum processus vaginalis peritonei processus vaginalis peritonei masculinus processus vaginalis peritoneus saccus vaginalis uberon vaginal process vaginal process of peritoneum vaginal process of peritoneum vaginal process of testis vaginal process of the peritoneum Wikipedia:Processus_vaginalis saccus vaginalis Wikipedia:Processus_vaginalis processus vaginalis peritonei masculinus MP:0009218 vaginal process of peritoneum MP:0009218 processus vaginalis peritonei Wikipedia:Processus_vaginalis vaginal process Wikipedia:Processus_vaginalis processus vaginalis peritonei A peritoneal diverticulum in the embryonic lower anterior abdominal wall that traverses the inguinal canal. In the male it forms the tunica vaginalis testis and normally loses its connection with the peritoneal cavity; a persistent processus vaginalis in the female is known as the canal of Nuck[MP]. MP:0009218 Wikipedia:Processus_vaginalis MP:0009218 processus vaginalis peritoneus MP:0009218 vaginal process of testis cerebellum vermis lobule VIIa . NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081231 UBERON:0005345 uberon vermic lobule VIIA . MP:0009998 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081231 vermic lobule VIIA NIF cerebellum vermis lobule VIIb . UBERON:0005346 uberon . MP:0009999 NIF copula pyramidis .[MP]. ABA:COPY UBERON:0005347 uberon ABA ABA ABA .[MP]. MP:0010000 ABA ABA ansiform lobule .[MP]. ABA:AN FMA:72257 UBERON:0005348 ansiform lobule of cerebellum ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] lobuli semilunares cerebelli lobulus ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] semilunar lobules of cerebellum uberon FMA:72257 FMA:TA lobulus ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] ABA ABA FMA:72257 ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] FMA:72257 FMA:TA lobuli semilunares cerebelli FMA:72257 ansiform lobule of cerebellum .[MP]. MP:0010001 ABA ABA FMA:72257 semilunar lobules of cerebellum ABA paramedian lobule .[MP]. ABA:PRM FMA:72523 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 UBERON:0005349 gracile lobule hemispheric lobule VIIBii lobulus gracilis lobulus paramedianus lobulus paramedianus [h vii b] paramedian 1 (hvii) paramedian lobule [H VII B] uberon ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 paramedian 1 (hvii) FMA:72523 FMA:TA lobulus paramedianus [h vii b] FMA:72523 paramedian lobule [H VII B] ABA .[MP]. MP:0010004 ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 lobulus paramedianus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 hemispheric lobule VIIBii NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081210 lobulus gracilis ABA FMA:72523 gracile lobule lobule simplex .[MP]. ABA:SIM FMA:72522 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 UBERON:0005350 hemispheric lobule VI lobule h vi of larsell lobulus quadrangularis posterior lobulus simplex lobulus simplex cerebelli [h vi et vi] posterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum semilunar lobule-1 (posterior) simple lobule simple lobule of cerebellum simple lobule of cerebellum [h vi and vi] simplex (hvi) simplex lobule uberon MP:0010005 simple lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 hemispheric lobule VI NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 simplex lobule FMA:72522 lobule h vi of larsell FMA:72522 posterior crescentic lobule of cerebellum ABA ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 simplex (hvi) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 lobulus simplex FMA:72522 simple lobule of cerebellum FMA:72522 semilunar lobule-1 (posterior) ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081206 lobulus quadrangularis posterior .[MP]. MP:0010005 FMA:72522 simple lobule of cerebellum [h vi and vi] ABA FMA:72522 FMA:TA lobulus simplex cerebelli [h vi et vi] paraflocculus .[MP]. ABA:PFL FMA:83885 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 SCTID:314174005 SCTID:51969002 UBERON:0005351 cerebellar tonsil hemispheric lobule IX neuraxis paraflocculus paraflocculus of cerebellum paraflocculus of cerebellum tonsil (HXI) tonsilla uberon ABA ABA FMA:83885 paraflocculus of cerebellum ABA ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 tonsil (HXI) FMA:83885 neuraxis paraflocculus ABA .[MP]. MP:0010007 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 tonsilla NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 hemispheric lobule IX FMA:83885 paraflocculus of cerebellum NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081212 cerebellar tonsil spermatic cord FMA:19937 GAID:395 MESH:A05.360.444.777 SCTID:181433005 The cord-like structure in males comprising the vas deferens and associated tissue that runs from the abdomen down to each testis[MP]. UBERON:0005352 UMLS:C0037855 funiculus spermaticus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Male_anatomy.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Male_anatomy.png/200px-Male_anatomy.png ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Cord spermatic chord uberon Wikipedia:Spermatic_cord funiculus spermaticus MP:0010145 The cord-like structure in males comprising the vas deferens and associated tissue that runs from the abdomen down to each testis[MP]. Wikipedia:Spermatic_cord spleen perifollicular zone UBERON:0005353 the compartment located between the marginal zone and the red pulp harboring scattered B and T lymphocytes[MP]. todo - check spleen marginal sinus uberon MP:0010245 the compartment located between the marginal zone and the red pulp harboring scattered B and T lymphocytes[MP]. malleus processus brevis UBERON:0005354 the projection extending from the base of the manubrium of the malleus which contacts the upper part of the tympanic membrane where the tympanic cavity makes a deep pocket (epitympanic pocket) surrounding the cartilaginous nodule[MP]. uberon MP:0010324 the projection extending from the base of the manubrium of the malleus which contacts the upper part of the tympanic membrane where the tympanic cavity makes a deep pocket (epitympanic pocket) surrounding the cartilaginous nodule[MP]. malleus neck FMA:52762 MA:0002988 SCTID:368927008 UBERON:0005355 collum mallei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gray916.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gray916.png/200px-Gray916.png neck of malleus the narrow contracted section of the malleus located between the head and the manubrium[MP]. uberon MP:0010327 Wikipedia:Neck_of_malleus the narrow contracted section of the malleus located between the head and the manubrium[MP]. FMA:52762 neck of malleus Wikipedia:Neck_of_malleus collum mallei Rathke's pouch A depression that forms in the roof of the mouth of an embryo, anterior to the buccopharyngeal membrane. The walls of the diverticulum develop into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0011094 EHDAA2 distinguishes between the adenohypophyseal pouch and it's precursor Rathke's pouch epithelium. Taxon notes: median funnel­-shaped invagination of ectoderm, the nasohypophyseal pouch. It will contribute to the formation of the pituitary gland of the adult lamprey and is homologous to Rathke’s pouch and perhaps to Hatschek 's pit (amphioxus).[http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html] EHDAA2:0001588 EMAPA:16574 EMAPA:16725 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] Rathke pouch Rathke's cleft Rathke's cyst Rathke's pocket Rathkes pouch epithelium SCTID:362583008 SCTID:61127000 UBERON:0005356 UMLS:C0229548 UMLS:C1709841 VHOG:0000674 XAO:0000430 a pouch of ectoderm that grows out from the upper surface of the embryonic stomodeum and gives rise to the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland[MP]. In embryogenesis, Rathke's pouch is a depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system[WP]. adenohypophysial pouch craniobuccal pouch craniopharyngeal pouch hypophyseal diverticulum hypophyseal pouch nasohypophyseal pouch ncithesaurus:Rathke_Pouch_Epithelium ncithesaurus:Rathke_s_Pouch pituitary diverticulum pouch of Rathke uberon http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html nasohypophyseal pouch EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001473 Rathkes pouch epithelium ISBN10:0073040584 hypophyseal pouch MP:0003817 Rathke's pocket MP:0003817 Wikipedia:Rathke's_pouch a pouch of ectoderm that grows out from the upper surface of the embryonic stomodeum and gives rise to the anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland[MP]. In embryogenesis, Rathke's pouch is a depression in the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), a part of the endocrine system[WP]. NBK53175 EHDAA2:0001588 adenohypophysial pouch UBERON:cjm hypophyseal diverticulum MP:0003817 pituitary diverticulum MP 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000674 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A depression that forms in the roof of the mouth of an embryo, anterior to the buccopharyngeal membrane. The walls of the diverticulum develop into the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000674 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/rathke's+pouch brain ependyma An ependyma that is part of a brain ventricle. FMA:242837 MA:0000809 MESH:A08.186.211.276.460 UBERON:0005357 ependyma of ventricular system of brain in FMA this is treated as part of the ependyma, but here we treat ependyma as a portion uberon An ependyma that is part of a brain ventricle. OBOL:automatic FMA:242837 ependyma of ventricular system of brain ventricle of nervous system FMA:242770 UBERON:0005358 region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis uberon FMA:242770 region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis spinal cord ependyma An ependyma that is part of a spinal cord. EMAPA:17585 FMA:242839 MA:0001125 SCTID:369278000 UBERON:0005359 ependyma of central canal of spinal cord in FMA this is treated as part of the ependyma, but here we treat ependyma as a portion spinal cord ependymal layer spinal cord ventricular layer uberon FMA:242839 ependyma of central canal of spinal cord An ependyma that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic MA:0001125 spinal cord ependymal layer inferior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion EHDAA2:0000711 FMA:53475 MA:0001078 SCTID:66031007 UBERON:0005360 VHOG:0000743 We follow FMA and VHOG in making the relation subclass extracraniale ganglion ganglion inferius (nervus glossopharygeus) ganglion inferius nervi glossopharyngei, ganglion petrosum ganglion inferius nervus glossopharyngei ganglion of andersch glossopharyngeal IX inferior ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve inferior ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve petrous ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve ninth cranial nerve inferior ganglion petrosal ganglion petrous ganglion the lower group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. It is situated in a depression in the lower border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone[WP]. uberon MP:0001084 Wikipedia:Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve the lower group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. It is situated in a depression in the lower border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone[WP]. FMA MP:0001084 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/petrosal%20ganglion petrosal ganglion FMA:53475 ganglion of andersch Wikipedia:Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve ganglion inferius nervi glossopharyngei, ganglion petrosum FMA:53475 ganglion inferius (nervus glossopharygeus) Wikipedia:Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray791.png http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/petrous%20ganglion petrous ganglion FMA:53475 glossopharyngeal nerve petrous ganglion VHOG:0000743 glossopharyngeal IX inferior ganglion FMA:53475 inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve FMA:53475 ninth cranial nerve inferior ganglion FMA:53475 inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion FMA:53475 FMA:TA ganglion inferius nervus glossopharyngei MP:0001084 extracraniale ganglion MP:0001084 petrosal ganglion FMA:53475 glossopharyngeal nerve inferior ganglion MP:0001084 inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve superior glossopharyngeal IX ganglion EHDAA2:0000712 EHDAA:2842 Ehrenritter's ganglion FMA:53474 MA:0001079 SCTID:280362000 Synonym modified from WP original UBERON:0005361 VHOG:0000744 ganglion superius (nervus glossopharyngeus) ganglion superius nervi glossopharyngei ganglion superius nervus glossopharyngei glossopharyngeal IX superior ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve jugular ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve superior ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gray791.png intracranial ganglion jugular ganglion ninth cranial nerve superior ganglion superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve superior glossopharyngeal ganglia superior glossopharyngeal ganglion superior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve superior petrosal ganglion the upper ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. is situated in the upper part of the groove in which the glossopharyngeal nerve is lodged during its passage through the jugular foramen. It is very small, and is usually regarded as a detached portion of the inferior ganglion uberon FMA:53474 ninth cranial nerve superior ganglion Ehrenritter's ganglion FMA:53474 FMA:53474 superior glossopharyngeal ganglion FMA:53474 glossopharyngeal nerve jugular ganglion MP:0001097 superior glossopharyngeal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve FMA:53474 FMA:TA ganglion superius nervus glossopharyngei MP:0001097 intracranial ganglion Wikipedia:Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve ganglion superius nervi glossopharyngei MP:0001097 Wikipedia:Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve the upper ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve[MP]. is situated in the upper part of the groove in which the glossopharyngeal nerve is lodged during its passage through the jugular foramen. It is very small, and is usually regarded as a detached portion of the inferior ganglion Wikipedia:Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve superior petrosal ganglion MP:0001097 jugular ganglion MP:0001097 superior glossopharyngeal ganglia FMA:53474 glossopharyngeal nerve superior ganglion VHOG:0000744 glossopharyngeal IX superior ganglion FMA FMA:53474 superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve FMA:53474 ganglion superius (nervus glossopharyngeus) vagus X ganglion EMAPA:16798 FMA:53472 MA:0001081 SCTID:244452001 TAO:0007067 UBERON:0005362 VHOG:0000684 ZFA:0007067 a small, elongated ganglion located between the esophagus and aorta, marking the terminus of the recurrent nerve[WP] gX ganglion of vagus nerve right glossopharyngeal ganglion uberon vagal ganglion vagus X vagus ganglion vagus neural ganglion FMA:53472 right glossopharyngeal ganglion Wikipedia:Vagus_ganglion a small, elongated ganglion located between the esophagus and aorta, marking the terminus of the recurrent nerve[WP] FMA:53472 vagus neural ganglion ZFA EMAPA:16798 vagus X ZFA:0007067 vagal ganglion FMA:53472 ganglion of vagus nerve ZFA:0007067 gX inferior vagus X ganglion EFO:0002516 EHDAA2:0004622 EMAPA:17155 FMA:6230 MA:0001082 MESH:A08.340.390.550 SCTID:14420006 These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005363 VHOG:0000685 ganglion inferius (nervus vagus) ganglion inferius nervus vagi inferior ganglion of vagus inferior ganglion of vagus nerve inferior vagus X nodose ganglion nodose ganglion tenth cranial nerve nodose ganglion uberon vagus X inferior ganglion vagus nerve inferior ganglion vagus nerve nodose ganglion EHDAA2 FMA:6230 FMA:TA ganglion inferius nervus vagi FMA:6230 vagus nerve inferior ganglion EMAPA:17155 inferior vagus X EMAPA:17155 nodose ganglion FMA:6230 tenth cranial nerve nodose ganglion EHDAA2 FMA:6230 inferior ganglion of vagus nerve FMA:6230 vagus nerve nodose ganglion FMA:6230 nodose ganglion VHOG:0000685 vagus X inferior ganglion FMA:6230 ganglion inferius (nervus vagus) FMA:6230 inferior ganglion of vagus 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000685 http://bgee.unil.ch/ superior vagus X ganglion EMAPA:17156 FMA:6229 MA:0001083 SCTID:280197008 UBERON:0005364 VHOG:0000686 ganglion superius (nervus vagus) ganglion superius nervus vagi gasserian ganglion jugular ganglion superior ganglion of vagus superior ganglion of vagus nerve superior vagus X tenth cranial nerve jugular ganglion uberon vagus X superior ganglion vagus nerve jugular ganglion vagus nerve superior ganglion FMA:6229 superior ganglion of vagus nerve FMA:6229 FMA:TA ganglion superius nervus vagi EMAPA:17156 gasserian ganglion FMA:6229 tenth cranial nerve jugular ganglion EMAPA:17156 superior vagus X FMA:6229 vagus nerve jugular ganglion VHOG:0000686 vagus X superior ganglion FMA:6229 jugular ganglion FMA:6229 superior ganglion of vagus FMA:6229 vagus nerve superior ganglion FMA:6229 ganglion superius (nervus vagus) olfactory lobe (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001362 EFO:0000108 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0001294 EHDAA:5480 EMAPA:17778 MA:0002413 MIAA:0000116 Olfactory apparatus on the lower surface of the frontal lobe of the brain. It consists of the olfactory bulb, tract, and trigone[BTO]. Part of the telencephalon, comprised of paired anterior outgrowths of either of the cerebral hemispheres in which the olfactory nerve exits. In Xenopus,the olfactory bulbs begin to fuse at NF stage 50, fusion is complete around NF stage 58. The cerebral vein loops around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43[XAO:0004180]. UBERON:0005366 UMLS:C0178780 VHOG:0000833 ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Lobe uberon (In mammals) Odorant detection is mediated by millions of olfactory sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium lining the nasal cavity. These neurons transmit sensory signals to the olfactory bulb of the brain, which in turn sends signals to the olfactory cortex.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00097.x Buck LB, Olfactory receptors and odor coding in mammals. Nutrition Reviews (2008) VHOG VHOG:0000833 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0001362 Olfactory apparatus on the lower surface of the frontal lobe of the brain. It consists of the olfactory bulb, tract, and trigone[BTO]. Part of the telencephalon, comprised of paired anterior outgrowths of either of the cerebral hemispheres in which the olfactory nerve exits. In Xenopus,the olfactory bulbs begin to fuse at NF stage 50, fusion is complete around NF stage 58. The cerebral vein loops around the olfactory bulb by NF stage 43[XAO:0004180]. XAO:0004180 hippocampus granule cell layer MA:0000954 UBERON:0005367 todo - check uberon hippocampus molecular layer A cytoarchitectural region of the hippocampus consisting of a composite of the two outermost layers of the hippocampus, the Stratum lacunosum-moleculare and the Stratum radiatum (Carpenter-83). MA:0000955 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1211 UBERON:0005368 hippocampal molecular layer hippocampus stratum moleculare molecular layer of hippocampus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1211 molecular layer of hippocampus A cytoarchitectural region of the hippocampus consisting of a composite of the two outermost layers of the hippocampus, the Stratum lacunosum-moleculare and the Stratum radiatum (Carpenter-83). nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1211 hippocampal molecular layer hippocampus stratum lacunosum Due to its small size, it is often grouped together with stratum moleculare into a single stratum called stratum lacunosum-moleculare[WP] MA:0000957 UBERON:0005370 lacunar layer of hippocampus uberon hippocampus stratum oriens FMA:83893 MA:0000958 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 The term Stratum oriens is a cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the alveus (Stephan-75). UBERON:0005371 oriens layer of hippocampus oriens layer of the hippocampus polymorphic layer of hippocampus polymorphic layer of the hippocampus stratum oriens uberon The term Stratum oriens is a cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the alveus (Stephan-75). nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 stratum oriens NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 polymorphic layer of hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 oriens layer of the hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 oriens layer of hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4113 polymorphic layer of the hippocampus hippocampus stratum radiatum FMA:83894 MA:0000959 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1298 The layer located immediately above the pyramidal cell layer in CA2 and CA1 and superficial to the stratum lucidum in CA3. Suprapyramidal region in which CA3 to CA3 associational connections and CA3 to CA1 Schaffer collateral connections are located. UBERON:0005372 radiate layer of hippocampus stratum radiatum uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1298 The layer located immediately above the pyramidal cell layer in CA2 and CA1 and superficial to the stratum lucidum in CA3. Suprapyramidal region in which CA3 to CA3 associational connections and CA3 to CA1 Schaffer collateral connections are located. FMA:83894 radiate layer of hippocampus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1298 stratum radiatum spinal cord dorsal column EV:0100317 MA:0002749 TODO - relationship with dorsal horn? The dorsolateral ridge of gray matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005373 UMLS:C0458459 VHOG:0001623 area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus. It is part of an ascending pathway that is important for well-localized fine touch and conscious proprioception called the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway[WP]. The dorsal portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse section seen as a horn[TFD]. The dorsal column is a part of the spinal cord which is responsible for transporting sensory input from the body to the cerebral cortex. This part of the spinal cord is key in perceiving fine touch, such as that used to distinguish textures, along with vibration. The dorsal column also contributes to the body's system of proprioception, used to orient the body in space and to coordinate muscle movements, given information about the body's position. dorsal column dorsal column of spinal cord ncithesaurus:Posterior_Column posterior column spinal cord posterior column uberon Wikipedia:Posterior_column area of white matter in the dorsomedial side of the spinal cord. It is made up of the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus and itself is part of the dorsal funiculus. It is part of an ascending pathway that is important for well-localized fine touch and conscious proprioception called the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway[WP]. The dorsal portion of the gray substance of the spinal cord, in transverse section seen as a horn[TFD]. The dorsal column is a part of the spinal cord which is responsible for transporting sensory input from the body to the cerebral cortex. This part of the spinal cord is key in perceiving fine touch, such as that used to distinguish textures, along with vibration. The dorsal column also contributes to the body's system of proprioception, used to orient the body in space and to coordinate muscle movements, given information about the body's position. Wikipedia:Posterior_column posterior column 2012-09-17 The dorsolateral ridge of gray matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001623 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/posterior+column+of+spinal+cord spinal cord lateral column EV:0100322 MA:0002750 TAO:0000531 TODO - check relationship between column and funiculus. Also check white vs grey matter. See ventral column. Note also ZFA term 'lateral column' is part of reticular formation UBERON:0005374 VHOG:0001621 ZFA:0000531 lateral column uberon checkme MA spinal cord ventral column EV:0100326 MA:0002751 The ventral ridge of gray matter in each half of the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005375 VHOG:0001622 anterior column in MA, this is a subclass of white matter, but in WP/Gray's, the anterior column is a synonym of the grey matter section. is this the same as funiculus? See lateral column. spinal cord anterior column uberon ventral column 2012-09-17 The ventral ridge of gray matter in each half of the spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001622 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anterior+column+of+spinal+cord olfactory bulb external plexiform layer BTO:0001319 Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. MA:0000969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090403 UBERON:0005376 external plexiform layer uberon BTO:0001319 external plexiform layer Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090403 olfactory bulb glomerular layer ABA:MOBgl BTO:0001317 MA:0000970 TAO:0000357 The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA]. UBERON:0005377 ZFA:0000357 glomerular layer stratum glomerulosum bulbi olfactorii uberon BTO:0001317 ZFA:0000357 glomerular layer ZFA:0000357 stratum glomerulosum bulbi olfactorii BTO:0001317 The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA]. olfactory bulb granule cell layer BTO:0001327 MA:0000971 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090404 The granule cell layer contains multiple small round neurons that lack axons. Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. Small distal processes make contacts with the exiting mitral cell axons. UBERON:0005378 granule cell layer uberon BTO:0001327 The granule cell layer contains multiple small round neurons that lack axons. Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. Small distal processes make contacts with the exiting mitral cell axons. BTO:0001327 granule cell layer olfactory bulb internal plexiform layer BTO:0001320 MA:0000972 UBERON:0005379 internal plexiform layer uberon BTO:0001320 internal plexiform layer olfactory bulb subependymal zone MA:0000974 UBERON:0005380 uberon dentate gyrus granule cell layer ABA:DG-sg DG granule cell layer FMA:83146 MA:0000946 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4129 UBERON:0005381 granular layer of dentate gyrus uberon DG granule cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4129 FMA:83146 granular layer of dentate gyrus dorsal striatum ABA:STRd According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum According to the 1917 version of Gray's Anatomy, it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus BTO:0004701 FMA:77620 It may also refer to both the basal ganglia and the internal capsule collectively. It may also refer to the putamen and caudate collectively. MA:0002971 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010001 Those portions of the caudate nucleus and especially the putamen located generally superior to a plane representing the anterior commissure; also called the dorsal basal ganglia; may function in motor activities with cognitive origins. UBERON:0005382 caudoputamen corpus striatum dorsal basal ganglia dorsal basal ganglion striated body striatum dorsale uberon BTO:0004701 dorsal basal ganglion BTO:0004701 Those portions of the caudate nucleus and especially the putamen located generally superior to a plane representing the anterior commissure; also called the dorsal basal ganglia; may function in motor activities with cognitive origins. Wikipedia:Dorsal_striatum BTO:0004701 striatum dorsale BTO:0004701 dorsal basal ganglia NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 caudoputamen According to the 1917 version of Gray's Anatomy, it is the combination of the lentiform nucleus and the caudate nucleus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_striatum It may also refer to the putamen and caudate collectively. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_striatum It may also refer to both the basal ganglia and the internal capsule collectively. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_striatum Wikipedia:Dorsal_striatum striated body Wikipedia:Dorsal_striatum corpus striatum According to BrainInfo it is a part of the basal ganglia comprising the globus pallidus and striatum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_striatum caudate-putamen ABA:CP BM:Tel-C-Pu BTO:0000212 CHECK - rodents. The caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by a clear white matter bundle in most species but not in rodents (MM) EFO:0001912 EMAPA:19095 MA:0000893 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure. UBERON:0005383 caudate putamen caudateputamen caudoputamen uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 caudateputamen NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 caudoputamen NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100312 Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure. nasal cavity epithelium An epithelium that is part of a nasal cavity. EHDAA2:0001227 EHDAA:6803 EMAPA:17605 FMA:63140 MA:0001324 UBERON:0005384 UMLS:C1709151 VHOG:0000501 nasal epithelium nasal mucosa ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity_Epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a nasal cavity. OBOL:automatic FMA:63140 nasal epithelium FMA nasal cavity respiratory epithelium EHDAA2:0001230 EHDAA:6807 MA:0001326 UBERON:0005385 UMLS:C1709152 ncithesaurus:Nasal_Cavity_Respiratory_Epithelium uberon olfactory mucosa FMA:77199 GAID:303 MESH:A04.531.520.573 That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell[GAID]. The olfactory mucosa is located in the upper region of the nasal cavity and is made up of the olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria, connective tissue containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, Bowman's glands and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The mucus protects the olfactory epithelium and allows odors to dissolve so that they can be detected by olfactory receptor neurons. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. UBERON:0005386 UMLS:C0028937 ncithesaurus:Olfactory_Mucosa note uberon uses the term 'mucosa' as 'portion of mucosa', thus the relationship is subclass, not part_of olfactory area of nasal mucosa olfactory part of nasal mucosa olfactory zone of nasal mucosa pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi uberon FMA:77199 FMA:TA pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi FMA:77199 olfactory part of nasal mucosa FMA:77199 olfactory area of nasal mucosa FMA:77199 olfactory zone of nasal mucosa GAID:303 That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell[GAID]. The olfactory mucosa is located in the upper region of the nasal cavity and is made up of the olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria, connective tissue containing fibroblasts, blood vessels, Bowman's glands and bundles of fine axons from the olfactory neurons. The mucus protects the olfactory epithelium and allows odors to dissolve so that they can be detected by olfactory receptor neurons. Electron microscopy studies show that Bowman's glands contain cells with large secretory vesicles. The exact composition of the secretions from Bowman's glands is unclear, but there is evidence that Bowman's glands do not produce odorant binding protein[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_mucosa Wikipedia:Olfactory_mucosa pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi olfactory glomerulus BTO:0003653 NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090503 One of the small globular masses of dense neuropil in the olfactory bulb, containing the first synapse in the olfactory pathway[BTO]. a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where the synapses form between the olfactory nerve terminals and dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by periglomerular neurons and glial cells which gives it an oval shape.[1][2] All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 µm in diameter and number between 1800 and 2400 depending on the species.[1][2] Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets.[2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.[2] It is the first site for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. It is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and dendrites from the mitral cell as well as from juxtaglomerular cells that include tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes[WP]. UBERON:0005387 UBERON:0011916 glomerulus of olfactory bulb olfactory bulb glomerulus olfactory glomeruli subcellular component, realm of GO? uberon OBOL:automatic glomerulus of olfactory bulb OBOL:automatic olfactory bulb glomerulus Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckMedicus One of the small globular masses of dense neuropil in the olfactory bulb, containing the first synapse in the olfactory pathway[BTO]. a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulb of the brain where the synapses form between the olfactory nerve terminals and dendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is surrounded by periglomerular neurons and glial cells which gives it an oval shape.[1][2] All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 µm in diameter and number between 1800 and 2400 depending on the species.[1][2] Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets.[2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.[2] It is the first site for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. It is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and dendrites from the mitral cell as well as from juxtaglomerular cells that include tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes[WP]. Wikipedia:Glomerulus_(olfaction) olfactory glomeruli photoreceptor array An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. FBbt:00004200 UBERON:0005388 light-sensitive tissue uberon An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. UBERON:cjm transparent eye structure UBERON:0005389 lens transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array uberon cortical layer I ABA:CTX1 BTO:0004906 FMA:83900 MA:0000897 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 The most superficial layer of the neocortex characterized by a paucity of cell bodies. UBERON:0005390 UMLS:C1709063 cerebral cortex, layer 1 lamina molecularis isocorticis [lamina i] layer 1 of neocortex layer I of neocortex molecular layer molecular layer of cerebral cortex molecular layer of isocortex [layer i] molecular layer of neocortex ncithesaurus:Molecular_Layer neocortex layer 1 neocortex layer I neocortex molecular layer neocortex plexiform layer plexiform layer plexiform layer of neocortex uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex plexiform layer FMA:83900 molecular layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 layer 1 of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 The most superficial layer of the neocortex characterized by a paucity of cell bodies. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex molecular layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 molecular layer of neocortex ABA:CTX1 cerebral cortex, layer 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 layer I of neocortex FMA:83900 molecular layer of isocortex [layer i] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 plexiform layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex layer 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090807 neocortex layer I molecular layer of cerebral cortex ncithesaurus:Molecular_layer FMA:83900 FMA:TA lamina molecularis isocorticis [lamina i] cortical layer II ABA:CTX2 FMA:77804 Layer of neocortex lying just deep to molecular layer characterized by numerous small cell bodies. MA:0000898 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 UBERON:0005391 UMLS:C1517039 cerebral cortex, layer 2 external granular layer external granular layer of cerebral cortex external granular layer of isocortex [layer ii] external granular layer of neocortex external granule cell layer of neocortex lamina granularis externa isocorticis [lamina ii] layer II of neocortex ncithesaurus:External_Granular_Layer neocortex layer 2 neocortex layer II uberon FMA:77804 external granular layer of isocortex [layer ii] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 layer II of neocortex FMA:77804 FMA:TA lamina granularis externa isocorticis [lamina ii] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 external granule cell layer of neocortex ABA:CTX2 cerebral cortex, layer 2 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 neocortex layer 2 Layer of neocortex lying just deep to molecular layer characterized by numerous small cell bodies. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090808 neocortex layer II FMA:77804 external granular layer of neocortex cortical layer III ABA:CTX3 FMA:77810 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external granule cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by numerous small pyramidal neurons. MA:0000899 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 UBERON:0005392 UMLS:C1517046 cerebral cortex, layer 3 external pyramidal cell layer external pyramidal cell layer of neocortex external pyramidal layer of cerebral cortex external pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer iii] external pyramidal layer of neocortex lamina pyramidalis externa isocorticis [lamina iii] layer 3 of neocortex layer III of neocortex ncithesaurus:External_Pyramidal_Cell_Layer neocortex external pyramidal cell layer neocortex layer 3 neocortex layer III pyramidal layer uberon FMA:77810 external pyramidal layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 layer 3 of neocortex external pyramidal layer of cerebral cortex ncithesaurus:External_Pyramidal_Cell_Layer FMA:77810 FMA:TA lamina pyramidalis externa isocorticis [lamina iii] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 neocortex layer 3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 neocortex external pyramidal cell layer FMA:77810 external pyramidal cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 layer III of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 external pyramidal cell layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 neocortex layer III ABA:CTX3 cerebral cortex, layer 3 FMA:77810 external pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer iii] Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external granule cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by numerous small pyramidal neurons. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090809 cortical layer IV ABA:CTX4 FMA:77811 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by the presence of numerous small cells MA:0000900 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 UBERON:0005393 UMLS:C1512872 cerebral cortex, layer 4 internal granular layer internal granular layer of isocortex [layer iv] internal granular layer of neocortex internal granule cell layer of neocortex lamina granularis interna isocorticis [lamina iv] layer 4 of neocortex layer IV of neocortex ncithesaurus:Internal_Granular_Layer neocortex internal granule cell layer neocortex layer 4 neocortex layer IV neocortical internal granule cell layer neocortical layer IV uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortex internal granule cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 layer IV of neocortex FMA:77811 FMA:TA lamina granularis interna isocorticis [lamina iv] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortical layer IV ABA:CTX4 cerebral cortex, layer 4 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the external pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by the presence of numerous small cells NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 FMA:77811 internal granular layer of neocortex FMA:77811 internal granular layer of isocortex [layer iv] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 layer 4 of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortex layer 4 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortical internal granule cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 internal granule cell layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090810 neocortex layer IV cortical layer V ABA:CTX5 FMA:77812 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal granule cell layer (layer 4) defined cytoarchitecturally by the predominance of large pyramidal cell bodies MA:0000901 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 UBERON:0005394 UMLS:C1517447 betz' cells cerebral cortex, layer 5 ganglionic layer ganglionic layer of cerebral cortex internal pyramidal cell layer of neocortex internal pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer v] internal pyramidal layer of neocortex lamina pyramidalis interna isocorticis [lamina v] layer 5 of neocortex layer V of neocortex ncithesaurus:Ganglionic_Layer neocortex internal pyramidal cell layer neocortex layer 5 neocortex layer V neocortical layer 5 neocortical layer V uberon FMA:77812 internal pyramidal layer of isocortex [layer v] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 layer 5 of neocortex ABA:CTX5 cerebral cortex, layer 5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortex internal pyramidal cell layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 internal pyramidal cell layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortex layer V FMA:77812 internal pyramidal layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortical layer V FMA:77812 betz' cells NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 layer V of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortex layer 5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 neocortical layer 5 Layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal granule cell layer (layer 4) defined cytoarchitecturally by the predominance of large pyramidal cell bodies NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090811 FMA:77812 FMA:TA lamina pyramidalis interna isocorticis [lamina v] cortical layer VI ABA:CTX6 FMA:77805 Innermost layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by cells of varying size. MA:0000902 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 UBERON:0005395 cerebral cortex, layer 6 lamina multiformis isocorticis [lamina vi] layer VI of neocortex multiform layer multiform layer of isocortex [layer vi] multiform layer of neocortex neocortex layer 6 neocortex layer VI neocortex multiform layer neocortical layer 6 neocortical layer VI pleiomorphic layer of neocortex uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortical layer VI ABA:CTX6 cerebral cortex, layer 6 FMA:77805 multiform layer of neocortex Innermost layer of neocortex lying deep to the internal pyramidal cell layer defined cytoarchitecturally by cells of varying size. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 pleiomorphic layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 multiform layer of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortical layer 6 FMA:77805 multiform layer of isocortex [layer vi] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortex multiform layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortex layer VI FMA:77805 FMA:TA lamina multiformis isocorticis [lamina vi] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 layer VI of neocortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090812 neocortex layer 6 carotid artery segment Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] BTO:0000168 EFO:0000818 EHDAA:6385 EMAPA:18609 EV:0100379 Editor/usage notes: This is a generic grouping class that is the superclass of the trunks/branches of the common carotid artery. Note that AOs vary widely in how they divide up and generalize arteries FMA:70504 GAID:478 MA:0001925 MAT:0000501 MESH:A07.231.114.186 One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. OpenCyc:Mx4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362040006 SCTID:69105007 TAO:0000097 UBERON:0005396 UMLS:C0007272 VHOG:0000266 ZFA:0000097 carotid artery common carotid arterial subdivision galen:CarotidArtery ncithesaurus:Carotid_Artery subdivision of common carotid artery uberon FMA MA:0001925 carotid artery One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. Wikipedia:Carotid_artery https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486870&group_id=76834&atid=994764 2012-08-14 Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000097 ZFIN:curator FMA:70504 subdivision of common carotid artery FMA:70504 common carotid arterial subdivision brain arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that surrounds a brain. FMA:83981 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000814 The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005397 VHOG:0000230 brain arachnoid matter cranial arachnoid mater uberon MA:0000814 brain arachnoid matter An arachnoid mater that surrounds a brain. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.639 In fishes, the meninges consist of a single membrane, the primitive meninx, wrapped around the brain and spinal cord. With the adoption of terrestrial life, the meninges doubled. In amphibians, reptiles, and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater derived from mesoderm and a thin inner secondary meninx. (...) In mammals, the dura mater persists, but division of the secondary meninx yields both the arachnoid and the pia mater from ectomesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000230 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The middle membrane of the three mammalian meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000230 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/arachnoid+mater FMA:83981 cranial arachnoid mater female reproductive gland A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. BTO:0000254 MA:0000383 UBERON:0005398 uberon A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic male reproductive gland A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system. BTO:0000080 MA:0000399 UBERON:0005399 uberon A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system. OBOL:automatic telencephalon arachnoid mater An arachnoid mater that is part of a telencephalon. EMAPA:17775 MA:0000980 UBERON:0005400 telencephalon arachnoid matter uberon MA:0000980 telencephalon arachnoid matter An arachnoid mater that is part of a telencephalon. OBOL:automatic cerebral grey matter AO notes: BTO may actually be a more generic structure; FMA may represent a more specific structure. Consider merging with gray matter of telencephalon BTO:0000823 FMA:61821 MA:0000944 UBERON:0005401 cerebral gray matter uberon BTO:0000823 cerebral gray matter philtrum EHDAA2:0001462 EHDAA:9280 EMAPA:17926 FMA:59819 MA:0001577 SCTID:362087004 Taxon notes: vestigial in humans. n humans, the philtrum is formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryonic development (colloquially known as Hulse lines). When these processes fail to fuse fully in humans, a cleft lip (sometimes called a 'hare lip') can result. A flattened or smooth philtrum can be a symptom of fetal alcohol syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome UBERON:0005402 VHOG:0000862 infranasal depression lip philtrum medial cleft extending from the nose to the upper lip uberon Wikipedia:Philtrum infranasal depression EMAPA Wikipedia:Philtrum medial cleft extending from the nose to the upper lip MA:0001577 lip philtrum EHDAA2 Wikipedia ventral striatum ABA:STRv BTO:0004702 EFO:0001936 FMA:77614 MA:0002972 The ventral striatum is a portion of the striatum. It consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. Some sources also include the ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is considered a reward center. UBERON:0005403 uberon The ventral striatum is a portion of the striatum. It consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle. Some sources also include the ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is considered a reward center. Wikipedia:Ventral_striatum frontonasal suture A suture between frontal and nasal bones FMA:52948 MA:0002973 SCTID:368982004 UBERON:0005404 articulation of the nasal bone with frontal bone frontonasal suture of skull uberon A suture between frontal and nasal bones GO:0097095 PMID:12416537 FMA:52948 frontonasal suture of skull pararenal fat FMA:20503 FMA:74280 MA:0002974 TODO - split paranephric / pararenal The paranephric body (or paranephric fat or pararenal fat) is collection of adipose tissue located superficial to the renal fascia. The perirenal fat, or adipose capsule of kidney, is deep to the renal fascia but superficial to the renal capsule. UBERON:0005405 corpus adiposum pararenale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Gray1125.png paranephric body paranephric fat pararenal fascia pararenal fascia pararenal fat body uberon The paranephric body (or paranephric fat or pararenal fat) is collection of adipose tissue located superficial to the renal fascia. The perirenal fat, or adipose capsule of kidney, is deep to the renal fascia but superficial to the renal capsule. Wikipedia:Paranephric_body FMA:20503 pararenal fascia MA:0002974 pararenal fascia Wikipedia:Paranephric_body corpus adiposum pararenale MA:0002974 pararenal fat body Wikipedia:Paranephric_body paranephric body MA:0002974 paranephric fat perirenal fat FMA:15876 FMA:20502 MA:0002975 SCTID:246901006 TODO - split perinephric / perirenal The adipose capsule of kidney (or perinephric fat or perirenal fat) is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule, and may be regarded as a part of the latter. A different structure, the pararenal fat, is the adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia. UBERON:0005406 adipose capsule of kidney capsula adiposa renis fatty capsule of kidney http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Illu_kidney.jpg perinephric fat periphrenic fascia perirenal fascia perirenal fascia perirenal fat capsule uberon MA:0002975 periphrenic fascia Wikipedia:Adipose_capsule_of_kidney capsula adiposa renis MA:0002975 perirenal fat capsule FMA:20502 perirenal fascia MA:0002975 perinephric fat MA:0002975 perirenal fascia MA:0002975 fatty capsule of kidney The adipose capsule of kidney (or perinephric fat or perirenal fat) is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule, and may be regarded as a part of the latter. A different structure, the pararenal fat, is the adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia. Wikipedia:Adipose_capsule_of_kidney MA:0002975 adipose capsule of kidney sublingual ganglion EHDAA2:0001938 EHDAA:10101 FMA:77591 MA:0002982 UBERON:0005407 uberon MA circumventricular organ AO notes: MA subdivides into sensory and secretory Brain region located around or in relation to the ventricular system that is highly vascularized and distinguished by the lack of a blood brain barrier. CVO FMA:84081 MA:0002942 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 UBERON:0005408 circumventricular organ circumventricular organ of neuraxis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gray734.png uberon FMA:84081 circumventricular organ of neuraxis Brain region located around or in relation to the ventricular system that is highly vascularized and distinguished by the lack of a blood brain barrier. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 Wikipedia:Circumventricular_organs CVO NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090312 circumventricular organ gastrointestinal system All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000058 EHDAA2:0000110 EHDAA:514 EMAPA:16246 EV:0100056 FMA:71132 GAID:294 GI tract MA:0000323 MESH:A03.492 SCTID:373871007 UBERON:0005409 UMLS:C0012240 VHOG:0000412 alimentary system alimentary tract galen:GastrointestinalTract gastro-intestinal system gastrointestinal (GI) tract gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal tract ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System note that many anatomy ontologies consider this synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class. We have one entity that is part of both gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems: hepatopancreatic ampulla uberon FMA:71132 gastro-intestinal system MA:0000323 alimentary tract 2012-09-17 All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0721676685 Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3 VHOG VHOG:0000412 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:71132 gastrointestinal system GAID:294 GI tract GAID:294 gastrointestinal (GI) tract FMA:71132 gastrointestinal tract MA:0000323 alimentary system cartilaginous otic capsule Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear.[TAO] EMAPA:18803 TAO:0001500 UBERON:0005410 ZFA:0001500 auditory capsule in elasmobranchs, the otic capsule remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans). todo - check EMAPA relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: develops_from neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001500 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: develops_from neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] ZFA:0001500 auditory capsule 2012-08-14 Bilaterally paired cartilage encasing the semicircular canals of the inner ear.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001500 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001500 relationship type change: overlaps neurocranium (TAO:0001580) CHANGED TO: part_of neurocranium (UBERON:0001703)[TAO] bony otic capsule MA:0000252 UBERON:0005411 in elasmobranchs, the otic capsule remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans) uberon optic fissure A break in the continuity of the optic cup where the two sides of the cup meet.[AAO] AAO:0011026 As the eye starts to develop, a gap opens on the underside of each eye bud. This gap provides a way for the developing eye to be nourished. This gap, called the optic fissure, has to close before the eye is fully developed. Coloboma is the incomplete closer of the optic fissure EHDAA2:0001319 EHDAA:4759 EMAPA:17166 Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary]. MA:0001305 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000249 SCTID:361508004 TAO:0001284 The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this 'rope', and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005412 VHOG:0000655 XAO:0000474 ZFA:0001284 choroid fissure choroid fissure - optic fissure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Gray865.png optic fissures optic stalk fissure uberon 2012-06-20 A break in the continuity of the optic cup where the two sides of the cup meet.[AAO] AAO AAO:0011026 ISBN:0815318960 EHDAA2 Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary]. Wikipedia:Choroid_fissure ZFA:0001284 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+fissure https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3083162&group_id=36855 MA:0001305 XAO:0000474 ZFA:0001284 choroid fissure ZFA ZFA:0001284 optic fissures 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The folded arrangement of the vertebrate retina and RPE [retinal pigment epithelial] provides an evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of the choroid fissure, as proposed more than a century ago. Early in evolution, before the optic cup invaginated, the axons from retinal ganglion cells would simply have run over the surface of the structure. Hence, one can view the optic nerve as having acted rather like a rope in linking the retina to higher centres: the developing eye cup has simply wrapped around this 'rope', and the developing axons have thereby not needed to penetrate the retina.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000655 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000655 choroid fissure - optic fissure EHDAA2:0001319 optic stalk fissure ZFA spinocerebellar tract GAID:733 MESH:A08.612.220.725 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005036 The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the ipsilateral cerebellum. This tract conveys information to the cerebellum about limb and joint position. UBERON:0005413 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg uberon The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the ipsilateral cerebellum. This tract conveys information to the cerebellum about limb and joint position. Wikipedia:Spinocerebellar_tract zone of polarizing activity AAO:0010763 Morphologically indistinct signaling region found in the posterior portion of the limb bud. Associated with anterior-posterior patterning of the digits.[AAO] UBERON:0005414 WP definition generalized to cover limb/fin ZPA an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb or fin bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis[WP,cjm]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Limbbuddiagram.jpg uberon zona activitatis polarisantis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010763 AAO:EJS Morphologically indistinct signaling region found in the posterior portion of the limb bud. Associated with anterior-posterior patterning of the digits.[AAO] Wikipedia:Zone_of_polarizing_activity an area of mesenchyme that contains signals which instruct the developing limb or fin bud to form along the anterior/posterior axis[WP,cjm]. Wikipedia:Zone_of_polarizing_activity zona activitatis polarisantis ZFA:0001451 ZPA zone of polarizing activity of pectoral appendage A small group of mesodermal cells located at the posterior margin of the developing fin bud. the ZPA is thought to produce retinoic acid and thereby provides positional information to the developing bud. Gibert et al., 2006.[TAO] A zone of polarizing activity that is part of a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. TAO:0001451 UBERON:0005415 ZFA:0001451 anterior ZPA fore ZPA pectoral ZPA uberon zone of polarizing activity pectoral fin bud A zone of polarizing activity that is part of a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0001451 zone of polarizing activity pectoral fin bud 2012-08-14 A small group of mesodermal cells located at the posterior margin of the developing fin bud. the ZPA is thought to produce retinoic acid and thereby provides positional information to the developing bud. Gibert et al., 2006.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001451 ZFIN:curator zone of polarizing activity of pelvic appendage A small group of mesodermal cells located at the posterior margin of the developing fin bud. The ZPA is thought to produce retinoic acid and thereby provides positional information to the developing bud. Gibert et al., 2006.[TAO] A zone of polarizing activity that is part of a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. TAO:0001452 UBERON:0005416 ZFA:0001452 hind ZPA pelvic ZPA posterior ZPA uberon zone of polarizing activity pelvic fin bud 2012-08-14 A small group of mesodermal cells located at the posterior margin of the developing fin bud. The ZPA is thought to produce retinoic acid and thereby provides positional information to the developing bud. Gibert et al., 2006.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001452 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001452 zone of polarizing activity pelvic fin bud A zone of polarizing activity that is part of a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic forelimb bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. AAO:0010381 BTO:0001645 EHDAA:1699 EMAPA:16406 Genes: Tbx5 specifies forelimbs. Wnt2b restricts Fgf10 in chick // In tetrapods, the position of the forelimb is associated with the anterior expression border of Hoxc6 in the paraxial mesoderm (Burke et al., 1995) MIAA:0000065 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003198 SCTID:346062002 UBERON:0005417 XAO:0003065 anterior limb bud arm bud limb bud - forelimb uberon upper limb bud wing bud SCTID:346062002 anterior limb bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. OBOL:automatic RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003198 upper limb bud NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing bud MIAA:0000065 limb bud - forelimb hindlimb bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. AAO:0010382 EHDAA:2358 EMAPA:16779 Genes: Tbx4 specifies hindlimbs. Wnt8c restricts Fgf10 in chick. MIAA:0000256 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003197 SCTID:346164003 The bilateral thickening of the ectoderm in the region of the first noticeable at NF stage 47, and innervated by NF stage 51. The hind limb buds develop before the forelimb buds.[AAO] UBERON:0005418 XAO:0003066 hind limb bud leg bud limb bud - hindlimb posterior limb bud uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010382 The bilateral thickening of the ectoderm in the region of the first noticeable at NF stage 47, and innervated by NF stage 51. The hind limb buds develop before the forelimb buds.[AAO] XAO:curator SCTID:346164003 posterior limb bud XAO:0003066 hind limb bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. OBOL:automatic pectoral appendage bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. EFO:0003430 Fin bud that develops into the pectoral fin.[TAO] TAO:0000141 UBERON:0005419 VHOG:0001754 VHOG_RETIRED:0001259 While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] ZFA:0000141 at this time we have no need to name a more specific 'pectoral fin bud' class, but we may in future forelimb - pectoral fin bud pectoral fin bud pectoral fin buds uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/jmor.10264 Davis MC, Shubin NH, Force A, Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology (2004) VHOG VHOG:0001754 While the skeletons of teleost pectoral fins and tetrapod forelimbs are homologous at the level of endoskeletal radials, teleosts and tetrapods do not share homologous skeletal elements at the level of 'individuated' pro-, meso-, and metapterygia. Among osteichthyans, only basal actinopterygians retain the full complement of elements present in non-osteichthyan gnathostomes.[uncertain][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ TAO:0000141 pectoral fin buds A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0001754 forelimb - pectoral fin bud TAO:0000141 pectoral fin bud 2012-08-14 Fin bud that develops into the pectoral fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000141 ZFIN:curator pelvic appendage bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. EFO:0003469 Fin bud that develops into the pelvic fin.[TAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001384 UBERON:0005420 VHOG:0001260 ZFA:0001384 at this time we have no need to name a more specific 'pelvic fin bud' class, but we may in future hindlimb/pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud uberon 2012-08-14 Fin bud that develops into the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001384 ZFIN:curator TAO:0001384 pelvic fin bud 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001260 http://bgee.unil.ch/ PMID:15893975 VHOG:0001260 hindlimb/pelvic fin bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. OBOL:automatic pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge AER forelimb An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. An ectodermal thickening at the end of the forelimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] EFO:0003487 EHDAA2:0000138 EMAPA:16778 Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0000085 TAO:0000736 UBERON:0005421 VHOG:0001064 ZFA:0000085 aer pectoral fin apical ectodermal ridge forelimb apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud apical fold pectoral fin uberon upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge wing AER wing apical ectodermal ridge wing apical ectodermal ridge 2012-09-17 An ectodermal thickening at the end of the forelimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001064 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge Giesha:syn wing AER ZFA:0000085 apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000138 upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge VHOG:0001064 apical ectodermal ridge forelimb TAO:0000085 apical fold pectoral fin AER forelimb VHOG:0001064 EHDAA2 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001064 http://bgee.unil.ch/ TAO:0000085 apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin 2012-08-14 Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000085 ZFIN:curator TAO:0000085 aer pectoral fin pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge AER hindlimb An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] EFO:0003681 EHDAA2:0003194 EMAPA:16892 Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001385 UBERON:0005422 VHOG:0001066 ZFA:0001385 apical ectodermal ridge hind limb apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud leg AER lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge uberon 2012-08-14 Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001385 ZIFIN:curator TAO:0001385 apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud EHDAA2:0003194 lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001066 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001066 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge AER hindlimb VHOG:0001066 VHOG:0001066 apical ectodermal ridge hind limb VHOG:0001066 apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb developing anatomical structure AEO:0000125 CALOHA:TS-2122 EHDAA2:0003125 FBbt:00007006 MIAA:0000019 UBERON:0005423 developing structure developmental structure developmental tissue uberon MIAA:0000019 developmental tissue presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001306 EMAPA:16677 Portion of tissue that is the outer layer of the optic cup and will become the retinal pigmented epithelium. TAO:0000064 UBERON:0005424 VHOG:0000492 ZFA:0000064 optic cup outer layer outer layer optic cup presumptive pigmented epithelia presumptive pigmented epithelium uberon TAO:0000064 presumptive pigmented epithelium EHDAA2:0001306 optic cup outer layer Portion of tissue that is the outer layer of the optic cup and will become the retinal pigmented epithelium. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000064 presumptive pigmented epithelia (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000492 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0000064 outer layer optic cup presumptive neural retina (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001304 EMAPA:16675 Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. TAO:0001071 UBERON:0005425 VHOG:0000490 ZFA:0001071 inner layer optic cup optic cup inner layer presumptive retina presumptive retinas uberon (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000490 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0001071 presumptive retinas ZFA:0001071 inner layer optic cup Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. ZFIN:curator TAO:0001071 presumptive retina EHDAA2:0001304 optic cup inner layer lens vesicle (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] Development notes: the lens of zebrafish (and other teleosts) forms from delamination of cells from the lens placode; thus, there is no formation of a hollow lens vesicle, in contrast to the situation in mammals and birds (Glass and Dahm, 2004) [PMID:16496288] The lens of the zebrafish forms by delamination of lens placodal cells and not through invagination. This results in a solid spherical mass as opposed to a hollow lens vesicle. Detachment of the solid lens vesicle of zebrafish at 24b26 hpf is accomplished in part by apoptosis, similar to mammals[ZFA] EHDAA2:0000983 EHDAA:4737 EMAPA:17163 Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. SCTID:361510002 TAO:0002205 UBERON:0005426 VHOG:0001163 ZFA:0001679 hollow lens vesicle solid lens vesicle uberon hollow lens vesicle (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0001163 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001163 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+vesicle ZFA:0001679 solid lens vesicle Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. ZFIN:curator https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=994726&aid=3514998&group_id=76834 corneal primordium Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. TAO:0002188 UBERON:0005427 ZFA:0001688 uberon ZFA Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 ZFA Obol vagal neural crest EHDAA2:0002156 EHDAA:669 TAO:0000818 UBERON:0005428 VHOG:0001208 Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives.[TAO] Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] XAO:0004191 ZFA:0000818 post-otic neural crest uberon Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000818 post-otic neural crest 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000818 Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0001208 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ dorsal pancreatic duct EHDAA2:0001372 EHDAA:3013 EHDAA:9188 EMAPA:17505 EMAPA:17512 EMAPA:18818 EMAPA:18825 FMA:14534 MA:0000125 Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct also called the Duct of Santorini, which connects straight to the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla. Both these ducts connect to the second part (the vertical one) of the duodenum. However, the Duct of Santorini, which bypasses the Ampulla of Vater, is non-functional whereas the Duct of Wirsung is functional and carries the digestive enzymes released by the pancreas. It is named for Giovanni Domenico Santorini. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000417 SCTID:245386000 Santorini's duct These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0005429 UBERON:0005603 VHOG:0000255 accessory pancreatic duct accessory pancreatic duct of santorini duct of Santorini ductus pancreaticus accessorius ductus pancreatis dorsalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray1100.png pancreatic duct of santorini uberon Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct pancreatic duct of santorini Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct accessory pancreatic duct of santorini Most people have just one pancreatic duct. However, some have an additional accessory pancreatic duct also called the Duct of Santorini, which connects straight to the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla. Both these ducts connect to the second part (the vertical one) of the duodenum. However, the Duct of Santorini, which bypasses the Ampulla of Vater, is non-functional whereas the Duct of Wirsung is functional and carries the digestive enzymes released by the pancreas. It is named for Giovanni Domenico Santorini. Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct FMA:14534 Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct duct of Santorini FMA:14534 Santorini's duct MA:0000125 accessory pancreatic duct 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005) These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000255 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Accessory_pancreatic_duct ductus pancreaticus accessorius FMA EHDAA2 ansa cervicalis EHDAA2:0000124 EHDAA:6669 FMA:55142 SCTID:362474000 The ansa cervicalis (or ansa hypoglossi in older literature) is a loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. It lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath. Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate three of the four infrahyoid muscles, including the sternohyoid muscle, the sternothyroid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle. UBERON:0005430 ansa hypoglossi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray795.png uberon Wikipedia:Ansa_cervicalis ansa hypoglossi The ansa cervicalis (or ansa hypoglossi in older literature) is a loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. It lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath. Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate three of the four infrahyoid muscles, including the sternohyoid muscle, the sternothyroid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle. Wikipedia:Ansa_cervicalis anterior spinal artery EHDAA2:0000131 EHDAA:6382 EMAPA:18242 FMA:50531 In human anatomy, the anterior spinal artery is the blood vessel that supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord. It arises from branches of the vertebral arteries and is supplied by the anterior segmental medullary arteries, including the artery of Adamkiewicz, and courses along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. SCTID:181329004 UBERON:0005431 UMLS:C0149603 anterior medial spinal artery anterior spinal arteries arteria spinalis anterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Anterior_spinal_cord_-_very_low_mag.jpg ncithesaurus:Anterior_Spinal_Artery uberon ventral artery of the spinal cord ventral spinal artery In human anatomy, the anterior spinal artery is the blood vessel that supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord. It arises from branches of the vertebral arteries and is supplied by the anterior segmental medullary arteries, including the artery of Adamkiewicz, and courses along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery anterior spinal arteries Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery arteria spinalis anterior FMA:50531 anterior medial spinal artery FMA:50531 ventral spinal artery Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery arteria spinalis anterior EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Anterior_spinal_artery ventral artery of the spinal cord aortic sac EHDAA2:0004145 EHDAA:9826 FMA:71008 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000133 SCTID:361527005 UBERON:0005432 the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD]. uberon EHDAA2 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD]. EHDAA2 autonomic peripheral nervous system EHDAA2:0000158 EHDAA:3767 EMAPA:16984 FMA:65553 MESH:A08.800.050 SCTID:429921001 TODO - check ANS, PNS UBERON:0005433 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system autonomic part of peripheral nervous system divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici peripheral autonomic nervous system peripheral part of autonomic nervous system uberon FMA:65553 peripheral part of autonomic nervous system FMA:65553 autonomic part of peripheral nervous system cjm FMA:65553 FMA:TA divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici FMA:65553 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system FMA:65553 peripheral autonomic nervous system FMA:65553 FMA:TA pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici cervical region FMA:24219 SCTID:123958008 UBERON:0005434 cervical region neck subdivision region of neck subdivision of neck uberon FMA:24219 cervical region FMA:24219 subdivision of neck FMA:24219 neck subdivision FMA:24219 region of neck cisterna chyli Atypical confluence of lymph trunks Chyle cistern Cistern of Pecquet EHDAA2:0000253 EHDAA:8679 FMA:5835 SCTID:279088007 The cisterna chyli (or cysterna chyli, and etymologically more correct, receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. UBERON:0005435 UMLS:C0008840 chyle cistern cysterna chyli http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray599.png ncithesaurus:Chyle_Cistern uberon Atypical confluence of lymph trunks FMA:5835 Cistern of Pecquet FMA:5835 Wikipedia:Cisterna_chyli cysterna chyli Chyle cistern FMA:5835 The cisterna chyli (or cysterna chyli, and etymologically more correct, receptaculum chyli) is a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which lymph from the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow. Wikipedia:Cisterna_chyli Wikipedia:Cisterna_chyli chyle cistern common hepatic artery EHDAA2:0000308 EHDAA:8570 FMA:14771 In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas. It arises from the celiac artery and has the following branches: SCTID:244263001 UBERON:0005436 arteria hepatica communis common hepatic galen:CommonHepaticArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray532.png uberon Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery common hepatic In anatomy, the common hepatic artery is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus (a part of the stomach), duodenum (a part of the small intestine) and pancreas. It arises from the celiac artery and has the following branches: Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery Wikipedia:Common_hepatic_artery arteria hepatica communis conus medullaris EHDAA2:0000315 EHDAA:6684 EMAPA:18219 FMA:74897 SCTID:315472009 The conical end of the spinal cord, which continues with the filum terminale. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The conus medullaris is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2). After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue as dangling nerve roots called cauda equina. This terminal nerve root tail is referred to as the filum terminale. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined. UBERON:0005437 UMLS:C0149601 VHOG:0000546 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray662.png medullary cone ncithesaurus:Conus_Medullaris termination of the spinal cord uberon 2012-09-17 The conical end of the spinal cord, which continues with the filum terminale. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000546 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The conus medullaris is the terminal end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2). After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue as dangling nerve roots called cauda equina. This terminal nerve root tail is referred to as the filum terminale. The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined. Wikipedia:Conus_medullaris coronary sinus EHDAA2:0000320 EHDAA:9884 FMA:4706 SCTID:244386006 The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in humans and other animals. The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium, between the inferior vena cava and the auriculo-ventricular opening. It returns the blood from the substance of the heart, and is protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the coronary valve. (valve of Thebesius). The sinus, before entering the auricle, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Its wall is partly muscular, and at its junction with the great coronary vein is somewhat constricted and furnished with a valve consisting of two unequal segments. - Gray 462 UBERON:0005438 UMLS:C0456944 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray491.png ncithesaurus:Coronary_Sinus sinus coronarius sinus coronarius uberon Wikipedia:Coronary_sinus sinus coronarius The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It is present in humans and other animals. The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium, between the inferior vena cava and the auriculo-ventricular opening. It returns the blood from the substance of the heart, and is protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the coronary valve. (valve of Thebesius). The sinus, before entering the auricle, is considerably dilated - nearly to the size of the end of the little finger. Its wall is partly muscular, and at its junction with the great coronary vein is somewhat constricted and furnished with a valve consisting of two unequal segments. - Gray 462 Wikipedia:Coronary_sinus definitive endoderm EFO:0002574 EHDAA2:0000337 EHDAA:218 EMAPA:16070 Embryonic endoderm FMA:85519 UBERON:0005439 VHOG:0000751 uberon Embryonic endoderm FMA:85519 ductus arteriosus A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta[MESH]. In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the left ventricle to strengthen. There are two other fetal shunts, the ductus venosus and the foramen ovale[MP]. the fetal vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta; the ductus arteriosus normally regresses into a fibrous cord, the ligamentum arteriousum after birth[MP] Botallo's duct EFO:0002515 EHDAA2:0000420 EHDAA:6462 EMAPA:17858 FMA:79871 MA:0001947 MESH:A07.541.278.395 On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:253684002 The temporary channel or blood vessel between the aorta and pulmonary artery in the fetus. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005440 UMLS:C0013273 VHOG:0000923 arterial canal arterial duct ductus Botallo ductus arteriosis ductus arteriosum ductus botalli ductus layton fetal ductus arteriosus galen:DuctusArteriosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray502.png ncithesaurus:Ductus_Arteriosus uberon 2012-09-17 The temporary channel or blood vessel between the aorta and pulmonary artery in the fetus. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000923 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ductus+arteriosus Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus arteriosum Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus botalli Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus arteriosis 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000923 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MP:0010564 arterial canal Botallo's duct Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus MP:0010564 arterial duct Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus ductus layton MP:0010564 fetal ductus arteriosus EHDAA2 Wikipedia A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta[MESH]. In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the left ventricle to strengthen. There are two other fetal shunts, the ductus venosus and the foramen ovale[MP]. the fetal vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta; the ductus arteriosus normally regresses into a fibrous cord, the ligamentum arteriousum after birth[MP] MESH:A07.541.278.395 MP:0010564 Wikipedia:Ductus_arteriosus MP:0010564 ductus Botallo external intercostal muscle Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000465 EHDAA:8260 FMA:9756 MA:0002325 SCTID:244878003 The Intercostales externi (External intercostals) are eleven in number on either side. They extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, to the cartilages of the ribs in front, where they end in thin membranes, the anterior intercostal membranes, which are continued forward to the sternum. Each arises from the lower border of a rib, and is inserted into the upper border of the rib below. In the two lower spaces they extend to the ends of the cartilages, and in the upper two or three spaces they do not quite reach the ends of the ribs. They are thicker than the Intercostales interni, and their fibers are directed obliquely downward and laterally on the back of the thorax, and downward, forward, and medially on the front (the example is often used of sticking one's hands in their pocket and noting the direction of the fingers pointing downward and medially). UBERON:0005441 UMLS:C1744535 VHOG:0000904 external intercostal muscle external intercostals http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray411.png intercostal muscle external layer intercostales externi intercostales externi muscle intercostales externi muscles intercostales externus intercostalis externus intercostals external intercostals external muscle musculi intercostales externi ncithesaurus:External_Intercostal_Muscle uberon 2012-09-17 Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193 VHOG VHOG:0000904 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles musculi intercostales externi Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostals external muscle FMA PMID:15755883 The Intercostales externi (External intercostals) are eleven in number on either side. They extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, to the cartilages of the ribs in front, where they end in thin membranes, the anterior intercostal membranes, which are continued forward to the sternum. Each arises from the lower border of a rib, and is inserted into the upper border of the rib below. In the two lower spaces they extend to the ends of the cartilages, and in the upper two or three spaces they do not quite reach the ends of the ribs. They are thicker than the Intercostales interni, and their fibers are directed obliquely downward and laterally on the back of the thorax, and downward, forward, and medially on the front (the example is often used of sticking one's hands in their pocket and noting the direction of the fingers pointing downward and medially). Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostals external dbpedia Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostales externi muscle Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles external intercostal muscle Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostalis externus EHDAA2 MA:0002325 intercostal muscle external layer Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles musculi intercostales externi Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostales externi muscles Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles intercostales externi MA:0002325 intercostales externus Wikipedia:External_intercostal_muscles external intercostals external oblique Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000469 EHDAA:8248 EMAPA:18162 FMA:13335 MA:0002345 SCTID:244946005 The external oblique muscle (of the abdomen) (also external abdominal oblique muscle) is the largest and the most superficial (outermost) of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. UBERON:0005442 UMLS:C0224375 VHOG:0000788 abdominal external oblique muscle external abdominal oblique external abdominal oblique muscle external abdominal oblique muscle external oblique external oblique abdominal muscles external oblique abdominis external oblique abdominis muscle external oblique muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg m. obliquus externus abdominis ncithesaurus:External_Oblique_Muscle oblique strength obliquus abdominis externus obliquus externus obliquus externus abdominis obliquus externus abdominis obliquus externus abdominis muscle uberon 2012-09-17 Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193 VHOG VHOG:0000788 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique abdominal muscles The external oblique muscle (of the abdomen) (also external abdominal oblique muscle) is the largest and the most superficial (outermost) of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external abdominal oblique Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle m. obliquus externus abdominis VHOG:0000788 abdominal external oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external abdominal oblique muscle dbpedia lower 6 intercostal nerve + subcostal nerve Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle external oblique abdominis muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus externus abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus abdominis externus Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus externus abdominis muscle FMA Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle obliquus externus Wikipedia:Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle oblique strength MA:0002345 obliquus externus abdominis FMA:13335 external abdominal oblique muscle filum terminale EHDAA2:0000510 EHDAA:6686 EMAPA:18220 FMA:83977 SCTID:361344005 The filum terminale ("terminal thread"), is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm. long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. It is continuous above with the pia mater and contained within a tubular sheath of the dura mater. In addition, it is surrounded by the nerves forming the cauda equina, from which it can be easily recognized by its bluish-white color. The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater. It extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the coccyx in a structure sometimes referred to as the coccygeal ligament. The most inferior of the spinal nerves, the coccygeal nerve leaves the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris, superior to the filum terminale. However, adhering to the outer surface of the filum terminale are a few strands of nerve fibers which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves. Furthermore, the central canal of the spinal cord extends 5 to 6 cm. beyond the conus medullaris, downward into the filum terminale. The slender, thread-like continuation of the spinal cord below the origin of the lumbar nerves. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0005443 VHOG:0000547 coccygeal ligament filum terminale segment of pia mater http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Gray662.png pars pialis fili terminalis terminal filum uberon The filum terminale ("terminal thread"), is a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord and consists of two parts: The upper part, or filum terminale internum, is about 15 cm. long and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. It is continuous above with the pia mater and contained within a tubular sheath of the dura mater. In addition, it is surrounded by the nerves forming the cauda equina, from which it can be easily recognized by its bluish-white color. The lower part, or filum terminale externum, closely adheres to the dura mater. It extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the coccyx in a structure sometimes referred to as the coccygeal ligament. The most inferior of the spinal nerves, the coccygeal nerve leaves the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris, superior to the filum terminale. However, adhering to the outer surface of the filum terminale are a few strands of nerve fibers which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves. Furthermore, the central canal of the spinal cord extends 5 to 6 cm. beyond the conus medullaris, downward into the filum terminale. Wikipedia:Filum_terminale FMA:83977 terminal filum 2012-09-17 The slender, thread-like continuation of the spinal cord below the origin of the lumbar nerves. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000547 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:83977 FMA:TA pars pialis fili terminalis FMA:83977 filum terminale segment of pia mater obsolete first polar body UBERON:0005444 belongs in CL polocytus primarius true uberon FMA:18650 polocytus primarius segment of pes A segment of autopod that is part of a pes. FMA:24993 SCTID:362887000 UBERON:0005445 foot region foot subdivision regio pedis segment of foot subdivision of foot uberon FMA:24993 foot subdivision A segment of autopod that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic FMA:24993 segment of foot FMA:24993 FMA:TA regio pedis FMA:24993 foot region FMA:24993 subdivision of foot foramen rotundum A circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.vity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_rotundum][VHOG] AAO to be checked AAO:0000194 EHDAA2:0000552 EHDAA:10629 EMAPA:18712 FMA:53154 It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:369439002 The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. UBERON:0005446 VHOG:0001543 foramen rotundum of the skull foramen rotundum ossis sphenoidalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray145.png round foramen uberon 2012-09-17 A circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.vity. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_rotundum][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001543 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum foramen rotundum of the skull VHOG:0001543 round foramen Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum foramen rotundum ossis sphenoidalis The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. Wikipedia:Foramen_rotundum 2012-09-17 It is suggested that the mammalian lamina ascendens arose from an upgrowth of the root of the quadrate ramus of the epipterygoid in cynodonts, separating foramen rotundum from foramen ovale.[well established][VHOG] PMID:1018003 Presley R, Steel FLD, On the homology of the alisphenoid. Journal of Anatomy (1976) VHOG VHOG:0001543 http://bgee.unil.ch/ obsolete bladder fundus UBERON:0005447 UBERON:0006081 UBERON:0006082 true uberon greater omentum A filmy, transparent double fold of the peritoneum, draping the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine. It is attached along the greater curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000720 EHDAA:6071 EMAPA:18660 EMAPA:18904 EV:0100085 FMA:9580 SCTID:362711003 The greater omentum (also the great omentum, omentum majus, gastrocolic omentum, epiploön, or, especially in animals, caul) is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach, and extends from the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall after associating with the transverse colon. UBERON:0005448 UMLS:C0230259 VHOG:0000356 caul epiploic epiplooen epiploon epiploön gastrocolic omentum great omentum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray1035.png ncithesaurus:Greater_Omentum omentectomy omentum majus uberon Wikipedia:Greater_omentum epiploic Wikipedia:Greater_omentum gastrocolic omentum Wikipedia:Greater_omentum omentectomy Wikipedia:Greater_omentum caul OG Wikipedia Wikipedia:Greater_omentum omentum majus FMA Wikipedia:Greater_omentum epiploon Wikipedia:Greater_omentum omentum majus Wikipedia:Greater_omentum great omentum Wikipedia:Greater_omentum epiplooen Wikipedia:Greater_omentum epiploön Wikipedia The greater omentum (also the great omentum, omentum majus, gastrocolic omentum, epiploön, or, especially in animals, caul) is a large fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach, and extends from the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall after associating with the transverse colon. Wikipedia:Greater_omentum 2012-09-17 A filmy, transparent double fold of the peritoneum, draping the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine. It is attached along the greater curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000356 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/greater+omentum greater sac EHDAA2:0004738 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0000722 EHDAA:2327 EMAPA:16885 EMAPA:18453 FMA:19799 MA:0000448 UBERON:0005449 VHOG:0000858 general cavity of the abdomen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Gray1035.png peritoneal cavity greater sac peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity proper uberon MA:0000448 peritoneal cavity greater sac Wikipedia:Greater_sac peritoneum of the peritoneal cavity proper EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Greater_sac general cavity of the abdomen greater sac cavity EHDAA2:0000724 EMAPA:16886 EMAPA:18454 FMA:9691 UBERON:0005450 VHOG:0000528 cavity of greater sac cavum peritonei greater peritoneal cavity greater sac lumen the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac. [WP,unvetted]. uberon FMA:9691 greater peritoneal cavity Wikipedia:Greater_sac the cavity in the abdomen that is inside the peritoneum but outside of the lesser sac. [WP,unvetted]. FMA:9691 cavity of greater sac EHDAA2:0000724 greater sac lumen FMA:9691 cavum peritonei EHDAA2 segment of manus A segment of autopod that is part of a manus. FMA:24945 SCTID:127950000 UBERON:0005451 hand region hand subdivision regio manus segment of hand subdivision of hand uberon FMA:24945 segment of hand A segment of autopod that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic FMA:24945 hand region FMA:24945 hand subdivision FMA:24945 subdivision of hand regio manus hepatic lamina Composed of hepatocytes, usually only one cell thick. The spaces between hepatic plates are occupied by sinusoids. FMA:14655 UBERON:0005452 hepatic cord hepatic lamina hepatic plate lamina hepatica liver cell plate uberon FMA:14655 liver cell plate FMA:14655 hepatic lamina FMA:14655 lamina hepatica FMA:14655 hepatic plate FMA:14655 hepatic cord Composed of hepatocytes, usually only one cell thick. The spaces between hepatic plates are occupied by sinusoids. ISBN:0387949542 inferior mesenteric ganglion EHDAA2:0000818 EHDAA:8948 FMA:77590 SCTID:279277007 UBERON:0005453 a ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery branches from the abdominal aorta[WP]. ganglion mesentericum inferius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray848.png uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_ganglion ganglion mesentericum inferius Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_ganglion a ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery branches from the abdominal aorta[WP]. internal oblique Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000879 EHDAA:8250 EMAPA:18163 FMA:13891 MA:0002346 Obliquus internus abdominis SCTID:244947001 The internal oblique muscle (of the abdomen) is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. UBERON:0005454 UMLS:C1512878 VHOG:0000789 abdominal internal oblique abdominal internal oblique muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_trunk_muscles.jpg internal abdominal oblique internal abdominal oblique muscle internal oblique abdominal internal oblique abdominis internal oblique abdominis muscle internal oblique muscle musculus obliquus internus abdominis ncithesaurus:Internal_Oblique_Muscle obliqui internus obliquus internus obliquus internus abdominis obliquus internus abdominis obliquus internus abdominis muscle obliquus internus abdominis muscle uberon The internal oblique muscle (of the abdomen) is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle. Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliqui internus MA:0002346 obliquus internus abdominis FMA:13891 obliquus internus abdominis muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliquus internus abdominis muscle Linea alba Xiphoid process and the inferior ribs. dbpedia Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique abdominal Obliquus internus abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique abdominis 2012-09-17 Behind the thorax, the lateral group (of muscles in reptiles and mammals) remains essentially as for amphibians. (It breaks into three sheet-like layers: external oblique muscle, the internal oblique, and the transversus). More anteriorly, however, the ribs, now enlarged, penetrate and alter this group of muscles. The transversus is excluded from the thorax and the external and internal obliques become, respectively, the external and internal intercostal muscles, which contribute to the new function of ventilation of the lungs.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.193 VHOG VHOG:0000789 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal abdominal oblique Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal abdominal oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle abdominal internal oblique VHOG:0000789 abdominal internal oblique muscle Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle musculus obliquus internus abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliquus internus abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique muscle Inguinal ligament Iliac crest and the Lumbodorsal fascia. dbpedia Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle obliquus internus Wikipedia:Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle internal oblique abdominis muscle Linea alba Xiphoid process and the inferior ribs. dbpedia interventricular groove EHDAA:1918 EMAPA:17336 FMA:7223 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000884 SCTID:277708006 UBERON:0005455 VHOG:0000790 interventricular sulcus uberon FMA:7223 interventricular sulcus EHDAA2 jugular foramen AAO:0000249 EHDAA2:0000893 EHDAA:10631 EMAPA:18713 FMA:56432 Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa.[AAO] One of a pair of openings between the lateral part of the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal bones in the skull. The foramen contains the inferior petrosal sinus; the transverse sinus; some meningeal branches of the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries; and the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. [Free_Online_Medical_Dictionary] Posterior lacerate foramen SCTID:361735006 The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side UBERON:0005456 UMLS:C0222712 VHOG:0001113 foramen jugulare http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Foramenjugulare.PNG ncithesaurus:Jugular_Foramen relationship loss: subclass braincase and otic capsule opening (AAO:0000051)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000249 relationship loss: subclass braincase and otic capsule opening (AAO:0000051)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000249 AAO:LAP Large foramen that houses the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and is located inside the condyloid fossa.[AAO] FMA:56432 Posterior lacerate foramen Wikipedia:Jugular_foramen foramen jugulare 2012-09-17 One of a pair of openings between the lateral part of the occipital bone and the petrous part of the temporal bones in the skull. The foramen contains the inferior petrosal sinus; the transverse sinus; some meningeal branches of the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries; and the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. [Free_Online_Medical_Dictionary] VHOG VHOG:0001113 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/jugular+foramen The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side Wikipedia:Jugular_foramen left thymus lobe A thymus lobe that is in the left side of a thymus. FMA:71195 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000964 SCTID:188079002 UBERON:0005457 left lobe of thymus left thymic lobe uberon A thymus lobe that is in the left side of a thymus. OBOL:automatic FMA:71195 left lobe of thymus FMA:71195 left thymic lobe left umbilical artery EHDAA2:0000966 EMAPA:16544 FMA:18822 UBERON:0005458 VHOG:0000522 embryonic left umbilical artery uberon EHDAA2 check this EHDAA2 check this VHOG:0000522 embryonic left umbilical artery left umbilical vein An umbilical vein that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. EHDAA2:0000967 EMAPA:16358 EMAPA:16377 FMA:70320 SCTID:308833008 UBERON:0005459 uberon An umbilical vein that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic left vitelline vein A vitelline vein that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. EHDAA2:0000971 EMAPA:16380 EMAPA:16698 FMA:70307 SCTID:361446008 UBERON:0005460 uberon A vitelline vein that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic levator scapulae muscle AAO:0010689 Axial muscle group[Kardong] EHDAA2:0000992 EHDAA:8309 FMA:32519 SCTID:279236008 The levator scapulae is situated at the back and side of the neck. UBERON:0005461 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Levator_scapulae.png levator scapul%c3%a6 levator scapula levator scapulae levator scapulae muscle musculus levator scapulae uberon The levator scapulae is situated at the back and side of the neck. Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapul%c3%a6 cervical nerve and dorsal scapular nerve dbpedia Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae dbpedia Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapulae muscle FMA:32519 levator scapulae Superior part of medial border of scapula dbpedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle musculus levator scapulae Wikipedia:Levator_scapulae_muscle levator scapula lower back BTO:0001505 FMA:61681 MA:0000027 SCTID:182343007 Subdivision of abdominal segment of trunk which in humans is demarcated from the front of the abdomen by the posterior surface of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral column; together with the front of the abdomen, it constitutes the abdomen[Modified from FMA]. UBERON:0005462 UMLS:C0024090 abdominal back back of abdomen dorsum of abdomen loin lower back lumbar part of back lumbar region lumbar region of back ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Region overlaps with region sometimes called 'loin' posterior part of abdomen regio lumbalis uberon FMA:61681 Subdivision of abdominal segment of trunk which in humans is demarcated from the front of the abdomen by the posterior surface of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and the anterior surface of the lumbar vertebral column; together with the front of the abdomen, it constitutes the abdomen[Modified from FMA]. FMA:61681 lumbar region UBERON:cjm lumbar region of back FMA:61681 FMA:TA regio lumbalis FMA:61681 dorsum of abdomen FMA:61681 lumbar part of back BTO:0001505 Wikipedia:Loin loin FMA:61681 posterior part of abdomen MA MA:0000027 lower back FMA:61681 abdominal back FMA:61681 back of abdomen marginal sinus of lymph node EHDAA2:0001064 EHDAA:8693 FMA:50766 SCTID:361511003 The subcapsular sinus (lymph path, lymph sinus, marginal sinus) is a region within the lymph node immediately deep to the capsule that contains relatively sparse lymphocytes. It thus allows lymph to flow freely through it. The lymph node contains lymphoid tissue, i.e. , a meshwork or fibers called reticulum with white blood cells enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwork are known lymph sinus. It is lined by reticular cells, fibroblasts and fixed macrophages. Thus, subcapsular (sub=below) sinus lies immediately deep to the capsule of the lymph node and immediately above the cortex. It is continuous with the similar lymph sinuses that flank the trabeculae (the extensions of capsule within the substance of the lymph node). The subcapsular sinus is of clinical importance as it is the most likely location where the earliest manifestations of a metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node would be found. UBERON:0005463 UMLS:C1518051 UMLS:C1518052 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Gray597.png lymph path lymph sinus marginal sinus ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Sinus ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Subcapsular_Sinus subcapsular sinus todo - add syns to disambiguate from rodent speen marginal sinus uberon The subcapsular sinus (lymph path, lymph sinus, marginal sinus) is a region within the lymph node immediately deep to the capsule that contains relatively sparse lymphocytes. It thus allows lymph to flow freely through it. The lymph node contains lymphoid tissue, i.e. , a meshwork or fibers called reticulum with white blood cells enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwork are known lymph sinus. It is lined by reticular cells, fibroblasts and fixed macrophages. Thus, subcapsular (sub=below) sinus lies immediately deep to the capsule of the lymph node and immediately above the cortex. It is continuous with the similar lymph sinuses that flank the trabeculae (the extensions of capsule within the substance of the lymph node). The subcapsular sinus is of clinical importance as it is the most likely location where the earliest manifestations of a metastatic carcinoma in a lymph node would be found. Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus lymph path Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus lymph sinus Wikipedia:Subcapsular_sinus subcapsular sinus FMA:50766 marginal sinus median sacral artery EHDAA2:0001087 EHDAA:2556 EMAPA:19214 FMA:14757 Middle sacral artery SCTID:244282005 The median sacral artery (or middle sacral artery) is a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation. It descends in the middle line in front of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebræ, the sacrum and coccyx, and ends in the glomus coccygeum (coccygeal gland). From it, minute branches are said to pass to the posterior surface of the rectum. On the last lumbar vertebra it anastomoses with the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery; in front of the sacrum it anastomoses with the lateral sacral arteries, and sends offsets into the anterior sacral foramina. It is crossed by the left common iliac vein, and is accompanied by a pair of venæ comitantes; these unite to form a single vessel, which opens into the left common iliac vein. UBERON:0005464 VHOG:0000756 arteria sacralis mediana coccygeal branches http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png middle sacral middle sacral artery uberon Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery arteria sacralis mediana Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery middle sacral artery FMA:14757 Middle sacral artery Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery coccygeal branches Wikipedia Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery middle sacral The median sacral artery (or middle sacral artery) is a small vessel, which arises from the back of the aorta, a little above its bifurcation. It descends in the middle line in front of the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebræ, the sacrum and coccyx, and ends in the glomus coccygeum (coccygeal gland). From it, minute branches are said to pass to the posterior surface of the rectum. On the last lumbar vertebra it anastomoses with the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery; in front of the sacrum it anastomoses with the lateral sacral arteries, and sends offsets into the anterior sacral foramina. It is crossed by the left common iliac vein, and is accompanied by a pair of venæ comitantes; these unite to form a single vessel, which opens into the left common iliac vein. Wikipedia:Median_sacral_artery obturator nerve EHDAA2:0001282 EHDAA:5657 FMA:16487 MESH:A08.800.800.720.450.600 SCTID:181052006 The obturator nerve arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small. UBERON:0005465 UMLS:C0028783 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray344.png ncithesaurus:Obturator_Nerve nervus obturatorius uberon The obturator nerve arises from the ventral divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves; the branch from the third is the largest, while that from the second is often very small. Wikipedia:Obturator_nerve Wikipedia:Obturator_nerve nervus obturatorius paravertebral ganglia Along the length of the sympathetic trunk are ganglia known as ganglia of sympathetic trunk or paravertebral ganglia. The ganglia are distinguished as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral and, except in the neck, they closely correspond in number to the vertebrae. EHDAA2:0001403 EHDAA:5635 FMA:80128 SCTID:324478000 UBERON:0005466 ganglia of sympathetic trunk ganglia trunci sympathici http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray847.png paravertebral ganglia paravertebral ganglia set paravertebral ganglion set of paravertebral ganglia sympathetic chain ganglia uberon Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia ganglia of sympathetic trunk Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia sympathetic chain ganglia FMA:80128 paravertebral ganglia set FMA:80128 set of paravertebral ganglia FMA:80128 paravertebral ganglia Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia paravertebral ganglion Along the length of the sympathetic trunk are ganglia known as ganglia of sympathetic trunk or paravertebral ganglia. The ganglia are distinguished as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral and, except in the neck, they closely correspond in number to the vertebrae. Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia Wikipedia:Paravertebral_ganglia ganglia trunci sympathici platysma BTO:0005124 EHDAA2:0001474 EHDAA:8270 EMAPA:18190 FMA:45738 Human variation notes: Variations occur in the extension over the face and over the clavicle and shoulder; it may be absent or interdigitate with the muscle of the opposite side in front of the neck; attachment to clavicle, mastoid process or occipital bone occurs. A more or less independent fasciculus, the occipitalis minor, may extend from the fascia over the trapezius to fascia over the insertion of the sternocleidomastoideus. One of these (facial muscles in mammals), the platysma, is an unspecialized muscle derived from the hyoid arch.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:244754004 The platysma is a pharyngeal arch 2 muscle and a superficial facial muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve, and attaches to the skin.[FEED] The platysma is a superficial muscle that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. It is a broad sheet arising from the fascia covering the upper parts of the pectoralis major and deltoid; its fibers cross the clavicle, and proceed obliquely upward and medially along the side of the neck. The anterior fibers interlace, below and behind the symphysis menti, with the fibers of the muscle of the opposite side; the posterior fibers cross the mandible, some being inserted into the bone below the oblique line, others into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower part of the face. Many of these fibers blend with the muscles about the angle and lower part of the mouth. Sometimes fibers can be traced to the zygomaticus, or to the margin of the orbicularis oculi. Beneath the platysma, the external jugular vein descends from the angle of the mandible to the clavicle. UBERON:0005467 UMLS:C1514163 VHOG:0000931 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Platysma.png ncithesaurus:Platysma_Myoides neck platysma muscle platysma cervicale platysma muscle platysma myoides uberon base of mandible; skin of cheek and lower lip; angle of mouth; orbicularis oris dbpedia cervical branch of the facial nerve dbpedia EHDAA2 The platysma is a superficial muscle that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. It is a broad sheet arising from the fascia covering the upper parts of the pectoralis major and deltoid; its fibers cross the clavicle, and proceed obliquely upward and medially along the side of the neck. The anterior fibers interlace, below and behind the symphysis menti, with the fibers of the muscle of the opposite side; the posterior fibers cross the mandible, some being inserted into the bone below the oblique line, others into the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower part of the face. Many of these fibers blend with the muscles about the angle and lower part of the mouth. Sometimes fibers can be traced to the zygomaticus, or to the margin of the orbicularis oculi. Beneath the platysma, the external jugular vein descends from the angle of the mandible to the clavicle. Wikipedia:Platysma_muscle FEED PMID:19531159 platysma myoides EMAPA 2012-07-02 FEED The platysma is a pharyngeal arch 2 muscle and a superficial facial muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve, and attaches to the skin.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 One of these (facial muscles in mammals), the platysma, is an unspecialized muscle derived from the hyoid arch.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000931 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0005124 platysma muscle PMID:19531159 platysma cervicale BTO:0005124 neck platysma muscle base of mandible; skin of cheek and lower lip; angle of mouth; orbicularis oris dbpedia right thymus lobe A thymus lobe that is in the right side of a thymus. FMA:71194 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001758 SCTID:187981000 UBERON:0005469 right lobe of thymus right thymic lobe uberon A thymus lobe that is in the right side of a thymus. OBOL:automatic FMA:71194 right thymic lobe FMA:71194 right lobe of thymus right umbilical artery EHDAA2:0001760 EMAPA:16545 FMA:18821 UBERON:0005470 VHOG:0000523 embryonic right umbilical artery uberon EHDAA2 check this VHOG:0000523 embryonic right umbilical artery EHDAA2 check this right umbilical vein An umbilical vein that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. EHDAA2:0001761 EMAPA:16359 EMAPA:16378 FMA:70319 SCTID:361447004 UBERON:0005471 uberon An umbilical vein that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic right vitelline vein A vitelline vein that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. EHDAA2:0001766 EMAPA:16381 EMAPA:16699 FMA:70306 SCTID:361445007 UBERON:0005472 uberon A vitelline vein that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic sacral region FMA:24228 SCTID:182344001 Taxn notes: Amphibians - 1 sacral vertebra; Living reptiles & most birds - 2 sacral vertebrae; Most mammals - 3 to 5 sacral vertebrae. TODO - split sacral from sacrococcygeal UBERON:0005473 back of pelvis croup pelvic back posterior part of pelvis regio sacralis rump sacral part of pelvis uberon FMA:24228 back of pelvis Wikipedia:Rump_(animal) croup FMA:24228 FMA:TA regio sacralis FMA:24228 sacral part of pelvis FMA:24228 posterior part of pelvis Wikipedia:Rump_(animal) rump FMA:24228 pelvic back obsolete second polar body Polocytus secundarius UBERON:0005474 belongs in CL true uberon FMA:18651 Polocytus secundarius sigmoid sinus EHDAA2:0001838 EHDAA:9880 EMAPA:19060 FMA:50782 SCTID:279264003 The sigmoid sinuses, within a human head, are 2 areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head downward. They drain from the transverse sinuses (under the back of the brain) to the internal jugular vein. Each sigmoid sinus begins beneath the temporal bone and follows a tortuous course to the jugular foramen, at which point the sinus becomes continuous with the internal jugular vein[Wikipedia:Sigmoid_sinus]. UBERON:0005475 VHOG:0001337 a portion of the lateral venous sinus, bulging prominently into the mastoid cavity, that serves as a principal conduit by which blood leaves the cranium[EPIC]. The sigmoid is drained by the internal jugular vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Sinus sulcus sigmoideus uberon Wikipedia:Sigmoid_sinus sulcus sigmoideus The sigmoid sinuses, within a human head, are 2 areas beneath the brain, which allow blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head downward. They drain from the transverse sinuses (under the back of the brain) to the internal jugular vein. Each sigmoid sinus begins beneath the temporal bone and follows a tortuous course to the jugular foramen, at which point the sinus becomes continuous with the internal jugular vein[Wikipedia:Sigmoid_sinus]. Wikipedia:Sigmoid_sinus Palaeos Wikipedia:Sigmoid_sinus a portion of the lateral venous sinus, bulging prominently into the mastoid cavity, that serves as a principal conduit by which blood leaves the cranium[EPIC]. The sigmoid is drained by the internal jugular vein http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryS.html spinal nerve trunk A nerve trunk that is part of a spinal nerve. EHDAA2:0001900 FMA:5929 UBERON:0005476 spinal nerve (trunk) spinal neural trunk trunk of spinal nerve uberon FMA:5929 spinal neural trunk A nerve trunk that is part of a spinal nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:5929 trunk of spinal nerve FMA:5929 spinal nerve (trunk) stomach fundus epithelium A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a fundus of stomach. EHDAA2:0001921 FMA:17277 UBERON:0005477 VHOG:0000878 epithelium of fundus of stomach gastric epithelium of fundus gastric fundus epithelium uberon FMA:17277 epithelium of fundus of stomach A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a fundus of stomach. OBOL:automatic FMA:17277 gastric epithelium of fundus FMA:17277 gastric fundus epithelium sulcus limitans of neural tube A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall of the embryo; stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. UBERON:0005478 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans sulcus limitans uberon EHDAA2 A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall of the embryo; stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sulcus+limitans EHDAA2:0001265 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans superior mesenteric ganglion EHDAA2:0001950 EHDAA:8950 FMA:77589 In the upper part of the superior mesenteric plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is a ganglion, the superior mesenteric ganglion. The superior mesenteric ganglion is the synapsing point for one of the pre- and post-synaptic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system. This nerve goes on to innervate part of the large intestine. SCTID:279276003 UBERON:0005479 ganglion mesentericum superius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png superior mesenteric ganglia uberon Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_ganglion ganglion mesentericum superius In the upper part of the superior mesenteric plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is a ganglion, the superior mesenteric ganglion. The superior mesenteric ganglion is the synapsing point for one of the pre- and post-synaptic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomous nervous system. This nerve goes on to innervate part of the large intestine. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_ganglion Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_ganglion ganglion mesentericum superius Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_ganglion superior mesenteric ganglia superior orbital fissure EHDAA2:0001952 EHDAA:10650 EMAPA:18718 FMA:54799 SCTID:280559002 TODO add generic foramen class The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. UBERON:0005480 VHOG:0000553 fissura orbitalis superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Orbita_mensch.jpg sphenoidal fissure uberon Wikipedia:Superior_orbital_fissure fissura orbitalis superior The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. Wikipedia:Superior_orbital_fissure Wikipedia:Superior_orbital_fissure sphenoidal fissure Wikipedia:Superior_orbital_fissure fissura orbitalis superior tentorial sinus EHDAA2:0002003 EHDAA:9882 FMA:50769 SCTID:279261006 The straight sinus (also known by the alternate anatomical term tentorial sinus), within the human head, is an area beneath the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head towards the back. It drains from the inferior sagittal sinus (from the center of the brain) to the transverse sinuses (at the back of the head), then to the sigmoid sinuses below the brain. See diagram (at right): labeled in the brain as "" . The straight sinus (tentorial sinus) is situated along the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli. It forms from the confluence of the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein (great vein of Galen). In cross-section it is triangular, contains a few transverse bands across its interior, and increases in size as it proceeds backward. It receives the superior cerebellar veins. The terminal part of the straight sinus drains into the confluence of the sinuses. UBERON:0005481 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif ncithesaurus:Straight_Sinus rectus sinus retired in ncit sinus rectus straight sinus straight sinus vein uberon Wikipedia:Straight_sinus straight sinus Wikipedia:Straight_sinus sinus rectus Wikipedia:Straight_sinus straight sinus vein The straight sinus (also known by the alternate anatomical term tentorial sinus), within the human head, is an area beneath the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the center of the head towards the back. It drains from the inferior sagittal sinus (from the center of the brain) to the transverse sinuses (at the back of the head), then to the sigmoid sinuses below the brain. See diagram (at right): labeled in the brain as "" . The straight sinus (tentorial sinus) is situated along the junction of the falx cerebri and the tentorium cerebelli. It forms from the confluence of the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein (great vein of Galen). In cross-section it is triangular, contains a few transverse bands across its interior, and increases in size as it proceeds backward. It receives the superior cerebellar veins. The terminal part of the straight sinus drains into the confluence of the sinuses. Wikipedia:Straight_sinus Wikipedia:Straight_sinus rectus sinus obsolete region of thorax UBERON:0005482 subdivision of thorax thoracic region thoracic subdivision true uberon FMA:20358 thoracic region FMA:20358 subdivision of thorax FMA:20358 thoracic subdivision thymus lobe FMA:71193 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002021 UBERON:0005483 lobe of thymus uberon FMA-abduced-lr FMA:71193 lobe of thymus tricuspid valve leaflet A cardiac valve leaflet that is part of a tricuspid valve. EMAPA:18630 FMA:7237 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002082 SCTID:276830008 The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0005484 VHOG:0000821 leaflet of tricuspid valve tricuspid valve leaflet tricuspid valve leaflets tricuspid valvular leaflet uberon FMA:7237 leaflet of tricuspid valve FMA:7237 tricuspid valve leaflet 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000821 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000821 tricuspid valve leaflets FMA:7237 tricuspid valvular leaflet A cardiac valve leaflet that is part of a tricuspid valve. OBOL:automatic valve of inferior vena cava EHDAA2:0002166 EHDAA:8631 FMA:9240 SCTID:277722006 The valve of the inferior vena cava (eustachian valve) lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale (preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle). Before birth, oxygen rich blood returning from the placenta mixes with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the Eustachian valve persists in adult life, it is essentially vestigial. Eustachian Valve (EV), also called valvulae venae cavae inferioris, was described for the first time by the Italian anatomist: Bartolomeo Eustachi (born between 1500 and 1513, died 1574). UBERON:0005485 UMLS:C0225848 editor note: this class should be subdivided into the embryonic structure and the vestigial adult remnant, a small endocardialfold eustachean valve eustachian valve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png inferior vena cava valve ncithesaurus:Eustachian_Valve uberon valve of the inferior vena cava valvula venae cavae inferioris Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava valve of the inferior vena cava Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava valvula venae cavae inferioris The valve of the inferior vena cava (eustachian valve) lies at the junction of the inferior vena cava and right atrium. In fetal life, the Eustachian valve helps direct the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the right atrium into the left atrium via the foramen ovale (preventing blood flowing into the right ventricle). Before birth, oxygen rich blood returning from the placenta mixes with blood from the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava. Streaming this blood across the atrial septum via the foramen ovale increases the oxygen content of blood in the left atrium. This in turn increases the oxygen concentration of blood in the left ventricle, the aorta, the coronary circulation and the circulation of the developing brain. Following birth and separation from the placenta, the oxygen content in the inferior vena cava falls. With the onset of breathing, the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. As blood flow to the lungs increases, the amount of blood flow entering the left atrium increases. When the pressure in the left atrium exceeds the pressure in the right atrium, the foramen ovale begins to close and limits the blood flow between the left and right atrium. While the Eustachian valve persists in adult life, it is essentially vestigial. Eustachian Valve (EV), also called valvulae venae cavae inferioris, was described for the first time by the Italian anatomist: Bartolomeo Eustachi (born between 1500 and 1513, died 1574). Wikipedia:Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava FMA:9240 eustachian valve FMA:9240 eustachean valve FMA:9240 inferior vena cava valve venous dural sinus EHDAA2:0002169 EHDAA:6491 EMAPA:18634 FMA:50762 MA:0002113 SCTID:54944003 The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain.[1] They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space, and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein. UBERON:0005486 VHOG:0001004 cranial dural venous sinus dural sinus dural vein dural venous sinus editor note: the MA placement should be checked http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray488_blue.gif s. durae matris uberon venous dural venous dural sinus MA:0002113 dural vein The dural venous sinuses (also called dural sinuses, cerebral sinuses, or cranial sinuses) are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain.[1] They receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain, receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space, and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein. Wikipedia:Dural_venous_sinuses EHDAA2:0002169 venous dural sinus FMA:50762 dural sinus Wikipedia:Dural_venous_sinuses s. durae matris FMA:50762 dural venous sinus EHDAA:6491 venous dural FMA:50762 cranial dural venous sinus vitelline vein AO notes: check zfa (no text def). Check vitelline/omphalomesenteric distinction in XAO EMAPA:16244 EMAPA:16379 EMAPA:26151 FMA:70305 One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids.[XAO] One of two veins which drain blood from the yolk sac. They run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002209 SCTID:2730004 SCTID:308832003 TAO:0005035 UBERON:0005487 UMLS:C0231091 VHOG:0000401 Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000376 XAO:0004147 ZFA:0005035 embryonic vitelline vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray475.png ncithesaurus:Vitelline_Vein omphalomesenteric vein uberon vein of omphalomesenteric system vena vitellina EMAPA:16244 omphalomesenteric vein Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins vena vitellina One of two veins which drain blood from the yolk sac. They run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids. Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids.[XAO] XAO XAO:0004147 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 VHOG VHOG:0000401 Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000401 embryonic vitelline vein superior mesenteric plexus FMA:6639 SCTID:362493003 The superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus. It surrounds the superior mesenteric artery, accompanies it into the mesentery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz. , pancreatic branches to the pancreas; intestinal branches to the small intestine; and ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic branches, which supply the corresponding parts of the great intestine. The nerves composing this plexus are white in color and firm in texture; in the upper part of the plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the superior mesenteric ganglion. UBERON:0005488 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray848.png plexus mesentericus superior plexus mesentericus superior superior mesenteric nerve plexus uberon The superior mesenteric plexus is a continuation of the lower part of the celiac plexus, receiving a branch from the junction of the right vagus nerve with the plexus. It surrounds the superior mesenteric artery, accompanies it into the mesentery, and divides into a number of secondary plexuses, which are distributed to all the parts supplied by the artery, viz. , pancreatic branches to the pancreas; intestinal branches to the small intestine; and ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic branches, which supply the corresponding parts of the great intestine. The nerves composing this plexus are white in color and firm in texture; in the upper part of the plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is the superior mesenteric ganglion. Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_plexus FMA:6639 superior mesenteric nerve plexus FMA:6639 FMA:TA plexus mesentericus superior Wikipedia:Superior_mesenteric_plexus plexus mesentericus superior anterior interventricular sulcus FMA:7177 SCTID:277710008 The ventricles of the heart are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus (or anterior interventricular sulcus), is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. The other groove separating the ventricles is the posterior interventricular sulcus. UBERON:0005489 anterior interventricular groove anterior interventricular groove anterior longitudinal sulcus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray492.png sulcus interventricularis anterior uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_interventricular_sulcus anterior interventricular groove The ventricles of the heart are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus (or anterior interventricular sulcus), is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. The other groove separating the ventricles is the posterior interventricular sulcus. Wikipedia:Anterior_interventricular_sulcus FMA Wikipedia:Anterior_interventricular_sulcus sulcus interventricularis anterior Wikipedia:Anterior_interventricular_sulcus anterior longitudinal sulcus FMA:7177 anterior interventricular groove posterior interventricular sulcus FMA:7178 SCTID:277711007 The ventricles are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus, is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin, the other posterior longitudinal sulcus (posterior interventricular sulcus, inferior interventricular groove), on the diaphragmatic surface near the right margin. In it run the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein. UBERON:0005490 diaphragmatic interventricular groove http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray491.png inferior interventricular groove posterior interventricular groove posterior interventricular groove posterior longitudinal sulci posterior longitudinal sulcus sulcus interventricularis anterior uberon FMA:7178 diaphragmatic interventricular groove Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus posterior longitudinal sulcus The ventricles are separated by two grooves, one of which, the anterior longitudinal sulcus, is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin, the other posterior longitudinal sulcus (posterior interventricular sulcus, inferior interventricular groove), on the diaphragmatic surface near the right margin. In it run the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein. Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus posterior interventricular groove FMA:7178 posterior interventricular groove FMA:7178 inferior interventricular groove FMA Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus sulcus interventricularis anterior Wikipedia:Posterior_interventricular_sulcus posterior longitudinal sulci glossopharyngeal neural crest Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the glossopharyngeal ganglion. EHDAA2:0000714 EHDAA:660 TAO:0007066 UBERON:0005491 ZFA:0007066 uberon Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the glossopharyngeal ganglion. ZFA:0007066 hyaloid vessel EHDAA:4735 TAO:0005046 UBERON:0005492 VHOG:0000232 XAO:0004154 ZFA:0005046 blood vessel of transient vascular system of the eye during development, that normally nourishes the retina, immature lens and primary vitreous of the developing eye. hyaloid capillary system hyaloid vascular system hyaloid vasculature hyaloid vessels note we are currently conflating vessel and vasculature - we may wish to split this class - see also vascular plexus term uberon MP:0001289 hyaloid capillary system MP:0001289 hyaloid vascular system ZFA:0005046 hyaloid vasculature ZFA-modified MP:0001289 blood vessel of transient vascular system of the eye during development, that normally nourishes the retina, immature lens and primary vitreous of the developing eye. TAO:0005046 hyaloid vessels hyoid muscle Although the zebrafish occupies a rather derived phylogenetic position within actinopterygians and even within teleosts, with respect to the mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles it seems justified to consider it an appropriate representative of these two groups. Among these muscles, the three with clear homologues in tetrapods and the further three identified in sarcopterygian fish are particularly appropriate for comparisons of results between the actinopterygian zebrafish and the sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003536 EHDAA2:0000794 Editor notes: PMID:19531159 states that facial muscles are hyoid muscles One of a group of muscles used in mastication and swallowing. These muscles are attached to the hyoid bone, which is suspended in the neck and forms the base of the tongue and larynx. In humans, the muscles are divided into suprahyoid (superior) or infrahyoid (inferior) groups relative to the bone[WP, generalized]. SCTID:244823009 TAO:0000521 UBERON:0005493 UMLS:C0448345 VHOG:0001494 ZFA:0000521 hyoid muscles ncithesaurus:Hyoid_Muscle uberon EHDAA2 2012-09-17 Although the zebrafish occupies a rather derived phylogenetic position within actinopterygians and even within teleosts, with respect to the mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles it seems justified to consider it an appropriate representative of these two groups. Among these muscles, the three with clear homologues in tetrapods and the further three identified in sarcopterygian fish are particularly appropriate for comparisons of results between the actinopterygian zebrafish and the sarcopterygians.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1186/1471-213X-8-24 Diogo R, Hinits Y, Hughes SM, Development of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles in the zebrafish: homologies and evolution of these muscles within bony fishes and tetrapods. BMC Developmental Biology (2008) VHOG VHOG:0001494 http://bgee.unil.ch/ One of a group of muscles used in mastication and swallowing. These muscles are attached to the hyoid bone, which is suspended in the neck and forms the base of the tongue and larynx. In humans, the muscles are divided into suprahyoid (superior) or infrahyoid (inferior) groups relative to the bone[WP, generalized]. http://www.answers.com/topic/hyoid-muscles ncit ZFA:0000521 hyoid muscles ZFA EHDAA2 intermediate mesenchyme . EHDAA2:0000871 EHDAA:689 TAO:0000990 UBERON:0005494 VHOG:0000261 ZFA:0000990 uberon ZFA . https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3515562&group_id=76834&atid=994726 EHDAA2 midbrain lateral wall EHDAA2:0001171 EHDAA:3700 EMAPA:16976 TAO:0000906 UBERON:0005495 VHOG:0000455 ZFA:0000906 lateral wall mesencephalon lateral wall midbrain uberon ZFA:0000906 lateral wall midbrain VHOG:0000455 lateral wall mesencephalon neural tube lateral wall EHDAA2:0001257 EHDAA:2873 EHDAA:912 Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. TAO:0001435 UBERON:0005496 VHOG:0000513 ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube uberon ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. ZFA:0001435 non-neural ectoderm Development notes: After gastrulation, neural crest cells are specified at the border of the neural plate and the non-neural ectoderm. Editor note: todo - epidermis? todo - track down EHDAA2 class in new release // Gene notes: One of the first genes to be expressed in nonneural ectoderm in amphioxus is BMP2/4 (Panopoulou et al. 1998). BMP2/4 homologues appear to have a very ancient role in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm; in Drosophila as well as in amphioxus and vertebrates, BMP2/4 homologues are expressed in nonneural ectoderm and function in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm (Francois & Bier, 1995 ; Sasai et al. 1995 ; Wilson & Hemmati-Brivanlou, 1995; Panopoulou et al. 1998). A change in level of BMP2/4 from very high in nonneural ectoderm to low in neural ectoderm appears to be a key factor in development of neural crest (Baker & Bronner-Fraser,1997a,1997b;Erickson&Reedy,1998;Marchantet al.1998 ;Selleck et al. 1998) EFO:0003643 EHDAA:257 EMAPA:16074 In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001273 TAO:0001178 UBERON:0005497 VHOG:0001372 XAO:0004091 ZFA:0001178 epidermal ectoderm epithelial ectoderm non neural ectoderm surface ectoderm uberon ventral ectoderm ZFA:0001178 non neural ectoderm ZFA:0001178 ventral ectoderm UBERONREF:0000002 surface ectoderm UBERONREF:0000002 epithelial ectoderm UBERONREF:0000002 epidermal ectoderm 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001372 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA UBERONREF:0000002 primitive heart tube EHDAA2:0001512 EHDAA:436 EMAPA:16215 Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. SCTID:361522004 TAO:0000149 UBERON:0005498 ZFA:0000149 uberon Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. ZFA:0000149 ZFA rhombomere 1 1 EFO:0003608 EHDAA2:0001637 EMAPA:16290 EMAPA:16480 EMAPA:16918 EMAPA:17092 Hindbrain segment or neuromere 1. Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0001031 UBERON:0005499 ZFA:0001031 r1 uberon 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001031 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001031 r1 Hindbrain segment or neuromere 1. ZFA:0001031 definitional rhombomere floor plate EHDAA2:0004324 In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001258 UBERON:0005500 VHOG:0001019 ZFA:0001258 floor plate hindbrain floor plate rhombencephalon floor plate rhombomere region floorplate hindbrain rhombencephalon floor plate uberon VHOG:0001019 floorplate hindbrain ZFA:0001258 floor plate rhombomere region 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001019 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001019 floor plate hindbrain EHDAA2:0004324 rhombencephalon floor plate VHOG:0001019 floor plate rhombencephalon rhombomere lateral wall A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. UBERON:0005501 uberon A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. OBOL:automatic rhombomere roof plate TAO:0001311 UBERON:0005502 VHOG:0001018 ZFA:0001311 roof plate rhombomere roof plate rhombomere region roof plate rhombomeres uberon TAO:0001311 roof plate rhombomere ZFA:0001311 roof plate rhombomere region VHOG:0001018 roof plate rhombomeres rhombomere 3 3 EFO:0003596 EHDAA2:0001657 EMAPA:16297 EMAPA:16488 EMAPA:16932 EMAPA:17106 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000948 UBERON:0005507 XAO:0004081 ZFA:0000948 r3 uberon ZFA:0000948 r3 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000948 ZFIN:curator definitional rhombomere 4 4 EFO:0003609 EHDAA2:0001667 EMAPA:16301 EMAPA:16492 EMAPA:16939 EMAPA:17113 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0001032 UBERON:0005511 XAO:0004082 ZFA:0001032 r4 uberon ZFA:0001032 r4 definitional 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001032 ZFIN:curator rhombomere 5 5 EFO:0003580 EHDAA2:0001677 EMAPA:16305 EMAPA:16496 EMAPA:16946 EMAPA:17120 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000823 UBERON:0005515 XAO:0004083 ZFA:0000823 r5 uberon definitional 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000823 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000823 r5 rhombomere 6 6 EFO:0003480 EHDAA2:0001687 EMAPA:16500 EMAPA:16953 EMAPA:17127 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000069 UBERON:0005519 XAO:0004084 ZFA:0000069 r6 uberon 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000069 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000069 r6 definitional rhombomere 7 7 EFO:0003597 EHDAA2:0001697 EMAPA:16504 EMAPA:16960 EMAPA:17134 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000949 UBERON:0005523 ZFA:0000949 r7 uberon 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000949 ZFIN:curator definitional ZFA:0000949 r7 rhombomere 8 8 EFO:0003500 EHDAA2:0001707 EMAPA:16508 EMAPA:16967 EMAPA:17141 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000153 UBERON:0005527 ZFA:0000153 r8 uberon 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000153 ZFIN:curator definitional ZFA:0000153 r8 telencephalon lateral wall EHDAA2:0001985 EHDAA:3504 EMAPA:16656 Lateral wall that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] TAO:0000785 UBERON:0005561 VHOG:0000023 ZFA:0000785 lateral wall telencephalon uberon ZFA:0000785 lateral wall telencephalon 2012-09-17 Lateral wall that is part of the telencephalon. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000023 http://bgee.unil.ch/ thymus primordium A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production. Willett et al, 1999.[TAO] A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production[ZFA]. [PMID]. EFO:0003622 EHDAA2:0002023 EHDAA:2969 EMAPA:17523 EMAPA:18536 Editor notes: we follow Kardong table 13.1 in having some developmental contribution of pouch 4 in mammals, but this isn't reflected in EHDAA2. Development notes: Consider adding distinct term for mesenchyme (see EHDAA2), to indicate NC constribution. Taxon notes: variability of developmental origin: In fish, thymic primordia are generated by all the pouches except the first. However, in avians the thymus arises from pouches 3 and 4, whereas in humans it is only generated by the third pouch[PMID:16313389] The thymus arises from the second pouch in frogs, 2-6 in cartilaginous fish, 2-3 in reptiles, 3 or 4 in bony fish, birds and mammals. The final number is variable - 5 paired organs in sharks, 4 in caecilians, 3 in urodeles, 1 in many teleost, anurans and many mammals[ISBN-10:0781714125] TAO:0001077 UBERON:0005562 ZFA:0001077 thymic primordium thymic rudiment uberon UBERONREF:0000002 ZFA mesenchymal EHDAA2 OBOL:automatic thymic primordium ZFA:0001077 thymic rudiment 2012-08-14 A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production. Willett et al, 1999.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001077 ZFIN:curator ZFA EHDAA2 ZFA A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production[ZFA]. [PMID]. ZFA:0001077 trigeminal neural crest Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. EFO:0003484 EHDAA2:0002083 EHDAA:667 EMAPA:16170 Editor note: todo - compare ZFA and EHDAA2 representation TAO:0000080 UBERON:0005563 VHOG:0000269 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] ZFA:0000080 uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000269 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. ZFA:0000080 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ZFA gonad primordium EFO:0003651 EHDAA:5927 EMAPA:17204 Immature reproductive tissue that has not undergone final maturation into either testis or ovary.[TAO] Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002148 TAO:0001262 Taxon notes: this is a very broad grouping class UBERON:0005564 WBbt:0008366 ZFA:0001262 gonadal primordium uberon undifferentiated gonad Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. ZFA:0001262 ZFA Obol ZFA:0001262 gonadal primordium ZFA 2012-08-14 Immature reproductive tissue that has not undergone final maturation into either testis or ovary.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001262 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001262 undifferentiated gonad facio-acoustic neural crest Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. EHDAA2:0000492 EHDAA:658 EMAPA:16312 TAO:0000762 UBERON:0005565 VHOG:0000268 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] ZFA:0000762 facio acoustic neural crest uberon EHDAA2 ZFA:0000762 facio acoustic neural crest Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. ZFA:0000762 EHDAA2 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0000268 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ rhombomere 1 floor plate EFO:0003584 EHDAA2:0001640 EMAPA:16291 EMAPA:16481 EMAPA:16919 EMAPA:17093 TAO:0000882 UBERON:0005566 ZFA:0000882 floor plate r1 floor plate rhombomere 1 uberon ZFA:0000882 floor plate r1 ZFA:0000882 floor plate rhombomere 1 rhombomere 1 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 1. EHDAA2:0001641 EMAPA:16482 EMAPA:16920 EMAPA:17094 TAO:0000781 UBERON:0005567 ZFA:0000781 lateral wall rhombomere 1 uberon A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 1. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000781 lateral wall rhombomere 1 rhombomere 1 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 1. EHDAA2:0001645 EMAPA:16483 EMAPA:16924 EMAPA:17098 TAO:0001033 UBERON:0005568 ZFA:0001033 roof plate rhombomere 1 uberon ZFA:0001033 roof plate rhombomere 1 A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 1. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 2 3 EFO:0003579 EHDAA2:0001647 EMAPA:16293 EMAPA:16484 EMAPA:16925 EMAPA:17099 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000822 UBERON:0005569 XAO:0004080 ZFA:0000822 r2 uberon ZFA:0000822 r2 definitional 2012-08-14 Hindbrain segment or neuromere. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000822 ZFIN:curator rhombomere 2 floor plate A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 2. EFO:0003568 EHDAA2:0001650 EMAPA:16294 EMAPA:16485 EMAPA:16926 EMAPA:17100 TAO:0000763 UBERON:0005570 ZFA:0000763 floor plate r2 floor plate rhombomere 2 floorplate r2 uberon ZFA:0000763 floorplate r2 A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 2. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000763 floor plate rhombomere 2 ZFA:0000763 floor plate r2 rhombomere 2 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 2. EHDAA2:0001651 EMAPA:16486 EMAPA:16927 EMAPA:17101 TAO:0000907 UBERON:0005571 ZFA:0000907 lateral wall rhombomere 2 uberon ZFA:0000907 lateral wall rhombomere 2 A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 2. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 2 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 2. EHDAA2:0001655 EMAPA:16487 EMAPA:16931 EMAPA:17105 TAO:0000824 UBERON:0005572 ZFA:0000824 roof plate rhombomere 2 uberon ZFA:0000824 roof plate rhombomere 2 A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 2. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 3 floor plate A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 3. EFO:0003586 EHDAA2:0001660 EMAPA:16298 EMAPA:16489 EMAPA:16933 EMAPA:17107 TAO:0000888 UBERON:0005573 ZFA:0000888 floor plate r3 floor plate rhombomere 3 floorplate r3 uberon ZFA:0000888 floor plate rhombomere 3 ZFA:0000888 floorplate r3 A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 3. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000888 floor plate r3 rhombomere 3 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 3. EHDAA2:0001661 EMAPA:16490 EMAPA:16934 EMAPA:17108 TAO:0000994 UBERON:0005574 ZFA:0000994 lateral wall rhombomere 3 uberon A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 3. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000994 lateral wall rhombomere 3 rhombomere 3 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 3. EHDAA2:0001665 EMAPA:16491 EMAPA:16938 EMAPA:17112 TAO:0000950 UBERON:0005575 ZFA:0000950 roof plate rhombomere 3 uberon ZFA:0000950 roof plate rhombomere 3 A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 3. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 4 floor plate A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 4. EFO:0003588 EHDAA2:0001670 EMAPA:16302 EMAPA:16493 EMAPA:16940 EMAPA:17114 TAO:0000893 UBERON:0005576 ZFA:0000893 floor plate r4 floor plate rhombomere 4 floorplate r4 uberon A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 4. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000893 floor plate rhombomere 4 ZFA:0000893 floor plate r4 ZFA:0000893 floorplate r4 rhombomere 4 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 4. EHDAA2:0001671 EMAPA:16494 EMAPA:16941 EMAPA:17115 TAO:0000782 UBERON:0005577 ZFA:0000782 lateral wall rhombomere 4 uberon A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 4. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000782 lateral wall rhombomere 4 rhombomere 4 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 4. EHDAA2:0001675 EMAPA:16495 EMAPA:16945 EMAPA:17119 TAO:0001034 UBERON:0005578 ZFA:0001034 roof plate rhombomere 4 uberon A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 4. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0001034 roof plate rhombomere 4 rhombomere 5 floor plate A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 5. EFO:0003569 EHDAA2:0001680 EMAPA:16306 EMAPA:16497 EMAPA:16947 EMAPA:17121 TAO:0000764 UBERON:0005579 ZFA:0000764 floor plate r5 floor plate rhombomere 5 floorplate r5 uberon ZFA:0000764 floor plate rhombomere 5 A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 5. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000764 floorplate r5 ZFA:0000764 floor plate r5 rhombomere 5 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 5. EHDAA2:0001681 EMAPA:16498 EMAPA:16948 EMAPA:17122 TAO:0000908 UBERON:0005580 ZFA:0000908 lateral wall rhombomere 5 uberon ZFA:0000908 lateral wall rhombomere 5 A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 5. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 5 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 5. EHDAA2:0001685 EMAPA:16499 EMAPA:16952 EMAPA:17126 TAO:0000828 UBERON:0005581 ZFA:0000828 roof plate rhombomere 5 uberon A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 5. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000828 roof plate rhombomere 5 rhombomere 6 floor plate A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 6. EFO:0003587 EHDAA2:0001690 EMAPA:16501 EMAPA:16954 EMAPA:17128 TAO:0000889 UBERON:0005582 ZFA:0000889 floor plate r6 floor plate rhombomere 6 floorplate r6 uberon ZFA:0000889 floorplate r6 ZFA:0000889 floor plate r6 ZFA:0000889 floor plate rhombomere 6 A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 6. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 6 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 6. EHDAA2:0001691 EMAPA:16502 EMAPA:16955 EMAPA:17129 TAO:0000995 UBERON:0005583 ZFA:0000995 lateral wall rhombomere 6 uberon ZFA:0000995 lateral wall rhombomere 6 A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 6. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 6 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 6. EHDAA2:0001695 EMAPA:16503 EMAPA:16959 EMAPA:17133 TAO:0000825 UBERON:0005584 ZFA:0000825 roof plate rhombomere 6 uberon A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 6. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000825 roof plate rhombomere 6 rhombomere 7 floor plate A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 7. EFO:0003589 EHDAA2:0001700 EMAPA:16505 EMAPA:16961 EMAPA:17135 TAO:0000904 UBERON:0005585 ZFA:0000904 floor plate r7 floor plate rhombomere 7 floorplate r7 uberon ZFA:0000904 floor plate rhombomere 7 ZFA:0000904 floorplate r7 ZFA:0000904 floor plate r7 A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 7. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 7 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 7. EHDAA2:0001701 EMAPA:16506 EMAPA:16962 EMAPA:17136 TAO:0000783 UBERON:0005586 ZFA:0000783 lateral wall rhombomere 7 uberon A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 7. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000783 lateral wall rhombomere 7 rhombomere 7 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 7. EHDAA2:0001705 EMAPA:16507 EMAPA:16966 EMAPA:17140 TAO:0000951 UBERON:0005587 ZFA:0000951 roof plate rhombomere 7 uberon ZFA:0000951 roof plate rhombomere 7 A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 7. OBOL:automatic rhombomere 8 floor plate A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 8. EFO:0003570 EHDAA2:0001709 EMAPA:16509 EMAPA:16968 EMAPA:17142 TAO:0000765 UBERON:0005588 ZFA:0000765 floor plate r8 floor plate rhombomere 8 floorplate r8 uberon ZFA:0000765 floor plate r8 ZFA:0000765 floorplate r8 A rhombomere floor plate that is part of a rhombomere 8. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000765 floor plate rhombomere 8 rhombomere 8 lateral wall A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 8. EHDAA2:0001710 EMAPA:16510 EMAPA:16969 EMAPA:17143 TAO:0000909 UBERON:0005589 ZFA:0000909 lateral wall rhombomere 8 uberon A rhombomere lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere 8. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000909 lateral wall rhombomere 8 rhombomere 8 roof plate A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 8. EHDAA2:0001714 EMAPA:16511 EMAPA:16973 EMAPA:17147 TAO:0001035 UBERON:0005590 ZFA:0001035 roof plate rhombomere 8 uberon A rhombomere roof plate that is part of a rhombomere 8. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0001035 roof plate rhombomere 8 diencephalon lateral wall EHDAA2:0000396 EHDAA:1977 EMAPA:16650 EMAPA:16905 TAO:0000780 UBERON:0005591 VHOG:0000596 ZFA:0000780 lateral wall diencephalon uberon ZFA:0000780 lateral wall diencephalon head somite Development notes: They provide the epaxial and hypaxial muscles of the neck, the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles that develop in the caudal branchial arches and the musculature of the tongue. Despite their localisation in the head, myogenic precursors from occipital somites essentially follow the trunk programmes (E. H. Walters and S. D., unpublished). during evolution, have been secondarily incorporated into the head (Gans and Northcutt, 1983)[PMID:11830559]. AO notes: EHDAA2 has both 'head somite' and 'head somite group', with part_of and develops_from for latter. Taxon notes: in humans this includes somites 1-4 EHDAA2:0003437 EMAPA:16172 Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle UBERON:0005594 XAO:0000313 cranial somite occipital somite uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 XAO:0000313 cranial somite PMID:11830559 XAO:0000313 occipital somite PMID:11830559 Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle lung primordium A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. AAO:0011059 EFO:0002578 UBERON:0005597 XAO:0001002 lateral diverticula lung endoderm uberon XAO XAO XAO:0001002 lateral diverticula A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. XAO:0001002 EFO:0002578 lung endoderm trunk somite A somite that is part of a trunk. AAO:0010385 EHDAA2:0003438 EMAPA:16184 UBERON:0005598 XAO:0000314 uberon A somite that is part of a trunk. OBOL:automatic common dorsal aorta EHDAA2:0000307 EHDAA:1251 EMAPA:16327 MA:0000477 UBERON:0005599 uberon crus commune EHDAA2:0000330 EHDAA:7783 EMAPA:17818 MA:0001210 SCTID:279758009 UBERON:0005600 VHOG:0001344 crus commune uberon MA:0001210 crus commune dorsal mesocardium EHDAA2:0000413 EHDAA:434 EMAPA:16213 MA:0000482 SCTID:361454005 The mesentery of the embryonic heart. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0005601 VHOG:0000432 the part of the mesocardium dorsal to the embryonic heart; it breaks down to form the transverse sinus of the pericardium. uberon 2012-09-17 The mesentery of the embryonic heart. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000432 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA MA EHDAA2 MA:th the part of the mesocardium dorsal to the embryonic heart; it breaks down to form the transverse sinus of the pericardium. dorsal mesogastrium EHDAA2:0000416 EHDAA:3001 EMAPA:17025 EMAPA:18903 MA:0001618 The dorsal sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. UBERON:0005602 UMLS:C1512038 VHOG:0000352 dorsal mesentery ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Mesogastrium uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery dorsal mesentery MA EHDAA2 The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. Wikipedia:Dorsal_mesentery 2012-09-17 The dorsal sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The greater omentum develops from the dorsal mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000352 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium hepatic duct extrahepatic part EHDAA2:0000742 EHDAA:3051 EMAPA:16844 MA:0001636 UBERON:0005604 VHOG:0000215 extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct uberon VHOG:0000215 extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct EHDAA2 hepatic duct intrahepatic part EHDAA2:0000743 EHDAA:3053 EMAPA:16845 MA:0001637 UBERON:0005605 VHOG:0000216 intrahepatic part of the hepatic duct uberon VHOG:0000216 intrahepatic part of the hepatic duct EHDAA2 hyaloid cavity A depression in the front of the vitreous body, lodging the lens. [adapted_from_the_definition_of_the_hyaloid_fossa] EHDAA2:0000789 EHDAA:4733 EMAPA:17302 MA:0000272 UBERON:0005606 VHOG:0001477 uberon 2012-09-17 A depression in the front of the vitreous body, lodging the lens. [adapted_from_the_definition_of_the_hyaloid_fossa] VHOG VHOG:0001477 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/hyaloid+fossa hyaloid vascular plexus EHDAA2:0000790 EHDAA:5703 EMAPA:17303 MA:0001283 UBERON:0005607 VHOG:0000442 XAO:0004157 hyaloid vascular system uberon EHDAA2 hyoid artery EHDAA:3342 EMAPA:17308 MA:0001969 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000792 The second arch becomes the hyoid artery, which is prominent in early development and normally persists as the caroticotympanic branch of the ICA[Padget] UBERON:0005608 VHOG:0001409 uberon http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 The second arch becomes the hyoid artery, which is prominent in early development and normally persists as the caroticotympanic branch of the ICA[Padget] http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 iliac artery Any of the arteries that arise from a bifurcation of the aorta supplying the pelvic or abdomen. Examples: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery BTO:0004665 EHDAA:2551 EMAPA:17309 MA:0001971 MESH:A07.231.114.444 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000807 SCTID:244330006 UBERON:0005609 UMLS:C0020887 Usage notes: this is an extremely loose and flexible grouping class that is the superclass of the mammalian common iliac and its main brahces, together with analagous structures in other tetrapods. AO notes: we place the XAO structure here for now. In terms of analagy, it is more closely related to common iliac, but the relationships currently attached to this class are mammal specific XAO:0000361 galen:IliacArtery ncithesaurus:Iliac_Artery uberon Any of the arteries that arise from a bifurcation of the aorta supplying the pelvic or abdomen. Examples: Common iliac artery, External iliac artery, Internal iliac artery UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Iliac_artery iliac vein EHDAA2:0000811 MA:0002142 MESH:A07.231.908.427 UBERON:0005610 UMLS:C0020888 ncithesaurus:Iliac_Vein uberon inner canthus EHDAA2:0000829 EMAPA:17830 FMA:59316 MA:0001262 SCTID:362526003 The angle at the end of the palpebral fissure, the slit between the eyelids, close to the nose. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, adapted_from_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, p.263][VHOG] UBERON:0005611 UMLS:C1708516 VHOG:0000829 medial canthus medial canthus of eye medial palpebral commissure nasal canthus ncithesaurus:Inner_Canthus uberon 2012-09-17 The angle at the end of the palpebral fissure, the slit between the eyelids, close to the nose. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, adapted_from_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, p.263][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000829 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:59316 medial palpebral commissure MA:0001262 medial canthus intercostal artery EHDAA2:0000840 EHDAA:5307 EMAPA:18753 MA:0001981 One of a group of arteries that supply the area between the ribs ('costae'), called the intercostal space. SCTID:281134007 TODO - add children UBERON:0005612 UMLS:C0459917 ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Artery uberon One of a group of arteries that supply the area between the ribs ('costae'), called the intercostal space. Wikiepdia:Intercostal_arteries left dorsal aorta A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] Contributes to the arch of aorta in humans[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview] EHDAA2:0000936 EHDAA:404 EMAPA:16205 MA:0000478 SCTID:361403005 UBERON:0005613 VHOG:0000484 uberon 2012-09-17 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 VHOG VHOG:0000484 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lens anterior epithelium Cells of the subcapsular epithelium (or anterior lens cells) are mitotically active. In adult individuals they only cover the anterior "hemisphere" of the lens. As they divide, cells gradually move towards the equator of the lens where they tranform into lens fibres. The apical part of the gradually elongating cell extends between the subcapsular epithelium and adjacent lens fibres towards the anterior pole of the lens. The basal part extends towards the posterior pole. The nucleus remains close to the equatorial plane of the lens - http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm EHDAA2:0000984 EHDAA:9059 EMAPA:17304 EMAPA:17839 FMA:70612 MA:0001302 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000976 SCTID:362521008 UBERON:0005614 UMLS:C1182652 VHOG:0001425 anterior epithelium of lens vesicle anterior surface of lens lens epithelium lens subcapsular epithelium ncithesaurus:Subcapsular_Epithelium_of_the_Lens subcapsular lens epithelium uberon FMA:58889 anterior surface of lens FMA-inferred EMAPA:17304 anterior epithelium of lens vesicle http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm lens subcapsular epithelium FMA:70612 subcapsular lens epithelium lens equatorial epithelium EHDAA:9063 EMAPA:17840 MA:0001303 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000978 UBERON:0005615 VHOG:0001459 uberon mesenteric artery Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. BTO:0000779 EHDAA2:0001123 EHDAA:4343 EMAPA:17312 Editors note: includes posterior and anterior mesenteric arteries, which branch from the dorsal aorta (see Kardong), and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries MA:0002003 MESH:A07.231.114.565 SCTID:281084003 UBERON:0005616 UMLS:C0025465 VHOG:0001117 XAO:0000370 ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Artery uberon Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. MESH:A07.231.114.565 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_artery Wikipedia mesenteric vein BTO:0002781 EHDAA:4442 EMAPA:17348 MA:0002177 MESH:A07.231.908.670.385 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001125 SCTID:304045008 UBERON:0005617 UMLS:C0025473 Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein. ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Vein uberon MESH:A07.231.908.670.385 Veins which return blood from the intestines; the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein. Wikipedia:Mesenteric_vein secondary palatal shelf Consider splitting into embryonic/fully formed EHDAA2:0001364 EHDAA:9283 EMAPA:17362 EMAPA:17930 MA:0001581 The outgrowths of the embryonic maxillae that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005619 VHOG:0000378 lateral palatine process palatal shelf palatal shelves palatine shelf secondary palatal shelf the outgrowths of the embryonic maxillary prominences that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate uberon cjm MA:0001581 palatal shelf palatal shelves http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal+shelf lateral palatine process EHDAA2 2012-09-17 The outgrowths of the embryonic maxillae that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000378 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/palatal+shelves http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html the outgrowths of the embryonic maxillary prominences that come together during prenatal development to form the secondary palate VHOG:0000378 palatine shelf primary palate EHDAA2:0001496 EHDAA2:0001499 EMAPA:17642 EMAPA:17934 Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone[VHOG] MA:0001583 SCTID:359541001 The part of the palate formed from the intermaxillary segment. The shelf separating the oral and nasal cavities that is formed during early embryonic development from protrusions of tissue between the olfactory pits. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005620 UMLS:C1268540 VHOG:0000362 ncithesaurus:Primary_Palate palatum primarium primary palate primary palate process primitive palate processus palatinus medianus uberon Wikipedia http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html VHOG:0000362 primitive palate EHDAA2-abduced Wikipedia:Primitive_palate primary palate 2012-09-17 The shelf separating the oral and nasal cavities that is formed during early embryonic development from protrusions of tissue between the olfactory pits. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000362 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/primary+palate The part of the palate formed from the intermaxillary segment. Wikipedia:Primary_palate http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html Wikipedia:Primitive_palate palatum primarium EHDAA2:0001499 primary palate process Wikipedia:Primitive_palate processus palatinus medianus 2012-11-28 Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone[VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong VHOG VHOG:0000362 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG consider reversing rhomboid A rhombus-shaped muscle associated with the scapula and chiefly responsible for its retraction. There are two rhomboid muscles. EHDAA2:0001635 EHDAA:8315 MA:0002367 SCTID:277441005 TODO - add child terms UBERON:0005621 VHOG:0001391 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Rhomboidei.PNG musculus rhomboideus rhomboid muscle rhomboideus uberon EHDAA2 VHOG:0001391 rhomboideus dbpedia Wikipedia:Rhomboid_muscles musculus rhomboideus A rhombus-shaped muscle associated with the scapula and chiefly responsible for its retraction. There are two rhomboid muscles. Wikipedia:Rhomboid_muscles EHDAA2 dbpedia nuchal ligaments spinous processes of the C7 to T5 vertebrae dbpedia nuchal ligaments spinous processes of the C7 to T5 vertebrae right dorsal aorta A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001720 EHDAA:406 EMAPA:16206 MA:0000479 Normally regresses in humans[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview] SCTID:361404004 UBERON:0005622 VHOG:0000485 uberon 2012-09-17 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 VHOG VHOG:0000485 http://bgee.unil.ch/ semi-lunar valve EHDAA2:0001823 EHDAA:4408 Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[well established][VHOG] MA:0002790 UBERON:0005623 VHOG:0001393 semilunar valve semilunar valves uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001393 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0002790 semilunar valves MA:0002790 semilunar valve suprarenal artery Artery that supplies blood to the adrenal glands. EHDAA2:0001965 EHDAA:8596 MA:0001914 SCTID:181342004 UBERON:0005624 adrenal artery ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Artery ncithesaurus:Suprarenal_Artery uberon MA:0001914 Wikipedia:Adrenal_artery adrenal artery Artery that supplies blood to the adrenal glands. Wikipedia:Adrenal_artery tubotympanic recess A diverticulum formed by the dorsal portion of the 1st pharyngeal pouch and that forms the middle ear cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.73-74, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] EHDAA2:0002095 EHDAA:6772 EMAPA:17002 Editor note: we follow EHDAA2 in distinguishing between the cavity and the material entity - the former develops into the middle ear cavity MA:0001218 SCTID:361516008 The cavity formed by the tubotympanic recess epithelium. The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005625 UMLS:C1284046 VHOG:0001297 ncithesaurus:Tubotympanic_Recess tubotympanic recess cavity tubotympanic recess lumen uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.417 The tympanic cavity and auditory tube of an amniote develop from the first embryonic pharyngeal pouch, so they are homologous to the first gill pouch, or spiracle, of a fish. We are uncertain whether this homology strictly applies to the middle ear cavity and auditory tube of lissamphibians, which show certain peculiarities in their development.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001297 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0002095 tubotympanic recess lumen ISBN10:0073040584 2012-09-17 A diverticulum formed by the dorsal portion of the 1st pharyngeal pouch and that forms the middle ear cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.73-74, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001297 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA The cavity formed by the tubotympanic recess epithelium. UBERON:cjm ventral mesogastrium "The primitive gut is enveloped by a mesentery that has a dorsal and a ventral aspect. The ventral mesentery degenerates during development with the exception of the foregut ventral mesentery, which develops into specialized structures (see foregut embryology)" [http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/embryology/gi/pgm.htm]. todo - check EHDAA2:0002176 EHDAA:3005 EMAPA:17026 EMAPA:18907 MA:0001621 TAO:0005133 The mesentery that originates from the ventral side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] The ventral sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The lesser omentum develops from the ventral mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005626 UMLS:C1519967 VHOG:0000351 Ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel. ZFA:0005133 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Gray984.png ncithesaurus:Ventral_Mesogastrium uberon ventral mesentery 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005133 The mesentery that originates from the ventral side of the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] ZFIN:curator EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery ventral mesentery EHDAA2 Ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel. Wikipedia:Ventral_mesentery 2012-09-17 The ventral sheet of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach. The lesser omentum develops from the ventral mesogastrium. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000351 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesogastrium ileal artery FMA:14809 SCTID:265479003 The ileal arteries feed oxygenated blood into the ileum, a portion of the small intestine in mammals, reptiles, and birds. They are branches of the superior mesenteric artery. UBERON:0005628 arteriae ileales galen:IlealArteries http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Gray535.png ileal branch of superior mesenteric artery uberon Wikipedia:Ileal_arteries arteriae ileales The ileal arteries feed oxygenated blood into the ileum, a portion of the small intestine in mammals, reptiles, and birds. They are branches of the superior mesenteric artery. Wikipedia:Ileal_arteries FMA:14809 ileal branch of superior mesenteric artery vascular plexus AEO:0000219 EHDAA2:0004112 FMA:5900 In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches[Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system]. UBERON:0005629 XAO:0004143 a vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. plexus vasculosus uberon a vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=70052 In a vascular plexus, the contents of the vessels mix. A plexus allows blood to flow via multiple routes. If one branch of the plexus is obstructed, the blood may flow via the open branches[Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system]. Wikipedia:Plexus#Circulatory_system plexus vasculosus fetal membrane BTO:0000473 MESH:A16.254.403 SCTID:325510007 UBERON:0005630 adnexa fetalia the amnion and chorion which surround and protect a developing fetus. todo - merge with extraembryonic membrane? uberon Wikipedia:Fetal_membrane the amnion and chorion which surround and protect a developing fetus. adnexa fetalia extraembryonic membrane AO notes: EHDAA2 is a mereological sum. Taxon notes: stuctures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes appear in mammals [ISBN10:0073040584 "Vertebrates, Kardong"] EHDAA2:0004714 Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. SCTID:362840007 UBERON:0005631 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000010 uberon ISBN10:0073040584 Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. caecum epithelium An epithelium that is part of a caecum. EHDAA2:0000209 UBERON:0005636 uberon An epithelium that is part of a caecum. OBOL:automatic pyloric region epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pylorus. EHDAA2:0001582 EMAPA:17633 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001927 UBERON:0005637 uberon An epithelium that is part of a pylorus. OBOL:automatic anterior chamber epithelium An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. EHDAA2:0000130 UBERON:0005638 uberon An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. OBOL:automatic right lung cranial lobe epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. EHDAA2:0001751 UBERON:0005639 uberon An epithelium that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung caudal lobe epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. EHDAA2:0001743 UBERON:0005640 uberon An epithelium that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic otocyst epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ear vesicle. EHDAA2:0001344 EMAPA:16671 EMAPA:16996 EMAPA:16999 UBERON:0005641 VHOG:0000986 uberon An epithelium that is part of a ear vesicle. OBOL:automatic ultimobranchial body epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ultimobranchial body. EHDAA2:0002105 UBERON:0005642 in EHDAA2, develops_from ventral 4th arch branchial pouch endoderm. Kardong: develops from 5th pouch. PMID:16313389: the most posterior pouch generates the ultimobranchial bodies in most vertebrate classes, mammals do not form this structure. uberon An epithelium that is part of a ultimobranchial body. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 foregut duodenum epithelium An epithelium that is part of a duodenum of foregut. EHDAA2:0000563 UBERON:0005643 uberon An epithelium that is part of a duodenum of foregut. OBOL:automatic midgut duodenum epithelium An epithelium that is part of a duodenum of midgut. EHDAA2:0001192 UBERON:0005644 uberon An epithelium that is part of a duodenum of midgut. OBOL:automatic manual digit 2 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 2. EHDAA2:0000518 EMAPA:17433 UBERON:0005645 fore limb digit 2 epithelium hand digit 2 epithelium uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 epithelium OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic manual digit 3 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 3. EHDAA2:0000524 EMAPA:17436 UBERON:0005646 fore limb digit 3 epithelium hand digit 3 epithelium uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 epithelium manual digit 4 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 4. EHDAA2:0000530 EMAPA:17439 UBERON:0005647 fore limb digit 4 epithelium hand digit 4 epithelium uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 epithelium OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic manual digit 5 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 5. EHDAA2:0000536 EMAPA:17442 UBERON:0005648 fore limb digit 5 epithelium hand digit 5 epithelium uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 2 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 2. EHDAA2:0002043 EMAPA:17464 UBERON:0005649 foot digit 2 epithelium hind limb digit 2 epithelium uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 3 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 3. EHDAA2:0002048 EMAPA:17467 UBERON:0005650 foot digit 3 epithelium hind limb digit 3 epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 epithelium pedal digit 4 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 4. EHDAA2:0002053 EMAPA:17470 UBERON:0005651 foot digit 4 epithelium hind limb digit 4 epithelium uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 epithelium pedal digit 5 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 5. EHDAA2:0002058 EMAPA:17473 UBERON:0005652 foot digit 5 epithelium hind limb digit 5 epithelium uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 epithelium upper jaw molar epithelium A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw molar. EHDAA2:0002126 EMAPA:17943 UBERON:0005653 uberon A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw molar. OBOL:automatic lower jaw molar epithelium A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw molar. EHDAA2:0001026 EMAPA:17922 UBERON:0005654 uberon A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw molar. OBOL:automatic right lung accessory lobe epithelium An epithelium that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. EHDAA2:0001735 UBERON:0005655 uberon An epithelium that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. OBOL:automatic lens vesicle epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. EHDAA2:0000987 EMAPA:17165 UBERON:0005656 VHOG:0000532 uberon An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. OBOL:automatic crus commune epithelium An epithelium that is part of a crus commune. EMAPA:17820 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000332 UBERON:0005657 VHOG:0000478 uberon An epithelium that is part of a crus commune. OBOL:automatic secondary palatal shelf epithelium An epithelium that is part of a secondary palatal shelf. EHDAA2:0001365 EMAPA:17363 EMAPA:17931 UBERON:0005658 VHOG:0001040 palatal shelf epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a secondary palatal shelf. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0001040 palatal shelf epithelium primary palate epithelium An epithelium that is part of a primary palate. EHDAA2:0001500 EMAPA:17643 EMAPA:17935 UBERON:0005659 VHOG:0001025 uberon An epithelium that is part of a primary palate. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 2nd arch ectoderm 2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. EHDAA2:0000055 EMAPA:16277 EMAPA:16397 EMAPA:16398 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000064 UBERON:0005660 VHOG:0001062 uberon An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001062 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm VHOG:0001062 3rd arch ectoderm 3rd pharyngeal arch ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. EHDAA2:0000072 EMAPA:16400 EMAPA:16582 EMAPA:16584 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000079 UBERON:0005661 VHOG:0000946 uberon 3rd pharyngeal arch ectoderm VHOG:0000946 An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000946 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th arch ectoderm 4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. EHDAA2:0004032 EMAPA:16762 EMAPA:16764 EMAPA:16768 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000094 UBERON:0005662 VHOG:0001095 uberon 4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm VHOG:0001095 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001095 http://bgee.unil.ch/ An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic 2nd arch endoderm 2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. EHDAA2:0000061 EMAPA:16274 EMAPA:16276 EMAPA:16278 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000065 UBERON:0005664 VHOG:0001108 uberon 2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm VHOG:0001108 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001108 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd arch endoderm 3rd pharyngeal arch endoderm An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. EHDAA2:0000075 EMAPA:16401 EMAPA:16585 EMAPA:16587 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000080 UBERON:0005665 VHOG:0001081 uberon 3rd pharyngeal arch endoderm VHOG:0001081 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001081 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th arch endoderm 4th pharyngeal arch endoderm An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. EHDAA2:0004033 EMAPA:16765 EMAPA:16767 EMAPA:16769 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000095 UBERON:0005666 VHOG:0001092 uberon An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic 4th pharyngeal arch endoderm VHOG:0001092 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001092 http://bgee.unil.ch/ connecting stalk mesoderm EHDAA2:0000314 UBERON:0005667 uberon EHDAA2 peritoneal cavity mesothelium A mesothelium that is part of a peritoneal cavity. BTO:0003156 EHDAA2:0001447 EMAPA:16139 FMA:18147 SCTID:34073007 UBERON:0005669 mesothelium of peritoneal component mesothelium of peritoneum peritoneal mesothelium peritoneum mesothelium uberon EMAPA:16139 mesothelium of peritoneal component BTO:0003156 peritoneal mesothelium FMA:18147 peritoneum mesothelium A mesothelium that is part of a peritoneal cavity. OBOL:automatic FMA:18147 mesothelium of peritoneum greater omentum mesothelium A mesothelium that is part of a greater omentum. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000721 UBERON:0005670 uberon A mesothelium that is part of a greater omentum. OBOL:automatic greater sac mesothelium A mesothelium that is part of a greater sac. EMAPA:16887 EMAPA:18455 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000725 UBERON:0005671 VHOG:0000440 greater sac mehomhelium uberon A mesothelium that is part of a greater sac. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000440 greater sac mehomhelium right lung endothelium An endothelium that is part of a right lung. EHDAA2:0001755 UBERON:0005672 uberon An endothelium that is part of a right lung. OBOL:automatic left lung endothelium An endothelium that is part of a left lung. EHDAA2:0000961 UBERON:0005673 uberon An endothelium that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic right lung cranial lobe endothelium An endothelium that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. EHDAA:4991 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001750 UBERON:0005674 uberon An endothelium that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung caudal lobe endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. EHDAA:4983 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001742 UBERON:0005675 uberon An endothelium that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung accessory lobe endothelium An endothelium that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. EHDAA:4975 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001734 UBERON:0005676 uberon An endothelium that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. OBOL:automatic caecum mesentery A mesentery that is part of a caecum. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000210 UBERON:0005677 uberon A mesentery that is part of a caecum. OBOL:automatic right lung cranial lobe segmental bronchus A segmental bronchus that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. EHDAA2:0001754 UBERON:0005678 uberon A segmental bronchus that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung caudal lobe segmental bronchus A segmental bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. EHDAA2:0001746 UBERON:0005679 uberon A segmental bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung accessory lobe segmental bronchus A segmental bronchus that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. EHDAA2:0001738 UBERON:0005680 uberon A segmental bronchus that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. OBOL:automatic right lung upper lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. EHDAA2:0001749 EMAPA:19006 SCTID:84841004 UBERON:0005681 bronchiole of right upper lobe bronchiole of right upper lobe of lung right lung cranial lobe bronchiole uberon EHDAA2:0001749 right lung cranial lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a upper lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung accessory lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. EHDAA2:0001733 EMAPA:19002 UBERON:0005682 uberon A bronchiole that is part of a right lung accessory lobe. OBOL:automatic obsolete telencephalon lateral ventricle UBERON:0005683 true uberon midgut dorsal mesentery A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut. EMAPA:16722 EMAPA:17040 EMAPA:17046 EMAPA:18671 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001187 SCTID:361434009 UBERON:0005685 uberon A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic caecum dorsal mesentery A dorsal mesentery that is part of a caecum. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000208 UBERON:0005686 uberon A dorsal mesentery that is part of a caecum. OBOL:automatic orbitosphenoid cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001329 EHDAA:9554 UBERON:0005687 sphenoid lesser wing cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001329 sphenoid lesser wing cartilage condensation EHDAA2 lens vesicle cavity (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle. EHDAA2:0000986 EMAPA:17164 UBERON:0005688 VHOG:0000531 cavity of lens cavity of lens vesicle lens cavity uberon EMAPA:17164 cavity of lens vesicle An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle. OBOL:automatic (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000531 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2:0000986 lens cavity 2nd arch mesenchyme 2nd branchial arch mesenchyme 2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000066 EHDAA:625 EMAPA:16279 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. UBERON:0005689 VHOG:0001102 pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001102 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001102 3rd arch mesenchyme 3rd branchial arch mesenchyme 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000081 EHDAA:1094 EMAPA:16402 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. UBERON:0005690 VHOG:0001083 pharyngeal arch 3 mesenchyme uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001083 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 3. OBOL:automatic 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001083 4th arch mesenchyme 4th branchial arch mesenchyme 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000096 EHDAA:1677 EMAPA:16770 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. UBERON:0005691 VHOG:0001052 pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001052 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001052 manual digit 2 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000519 EMAPA:17434 Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 2. UBERON:0005692 fore limb digit 2 mesenchyme hand digit 2 mesenchyme uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic manual digit 3 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000525 EMAPA:17437 Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 3. UBERON:0005693 fore limb digit 3 mesenchyme hand digit 3 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 mesenchyme manual digit 4 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000531 EMAPA:17440 Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 4. UBERON:0005694 fore limb digit 4 mesenchyme hand digit 4 mesenchyme uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic manual digit 5 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000537 EMAPA:17443 Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 5. UBERON:0005695 fore limb digit 5 mesenchyme hand digit 5 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 mesenchyme pedal digit 2 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002044 EMAPA:17465 Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 2. UBERON:0005696 foot digit 2 mesenchyme hind limb digit 2 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 mesenchyme pedal digit 3 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002049 EMAPA:17468 Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 3. UBERON:0005697 foot digit 3 mesenchyme hind limb digit 3 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 mesenchyme pedal digit 4 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002054 EMAPA:17471 Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 4. UBERON:0005698 foot digit 4 mesenchyme hind limb digit 4 mesenchyme uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 mesenchyme pedal digit 5 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002059 EMAPA:17474 Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 5. UBERON:0005699 foot digit 5 mesenchyme hind limb digit 5 mesenchyme uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 mesenchyme OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic upper jaw molar odontogenic papilla An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw molar. EHDAA2:0002127 EHDAA:8051 EMAPA:17944 UBERON:0005700 uberon upper jaw molar dental papilla upper molar mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002127 upper jaw molar dental papilla EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw molar. OBOL:automatic lower jaw molar odontogenic papilla An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw molar. EHDAA2:0001027 EHDAA:8015 EMAPA:17923 UBERON:0005701 lower jaw molar dental papilla lower molar mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001027 lower jaw molar dental papilla An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw molar. OBOL:automatic optic eminence mesenchyme EHDAA:942 EMAPA:16324 Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001310 UBERON:0005702 VHOG:0001073 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. OBOL:automatic secondary palatal shelf mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001366 EHDAA:9287 EMAPA:17364 EMAPA:17932 Mesenchyme that is part of a secondary palatal shelf. UBERON:0005704 VHOG:0001063 palatal shelf mesenchyme uberon VHOG:0001063 palatal shelf mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a secondary palatal shelf. OBOL:automatic primary palate mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001501 EHDAA:6968 EMAPA:17644 EMAPA:17936 Mesenchyme that is part of a primary palate. UBERON:0005705 VHOG:0001024 uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a primary palate. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 obsolete central nervous system cranial ganglion UBERON:0001714 UBERON:0005706 true uberon upper jaw incisor odontogenic papilla An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0002123 EMAPA:17941 UBERON:0005707 uberon upper incisor mesenchyme upper jaw incisor dental papilla EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a upper jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0002123 upper jaw incisor dental papilla lower jaw incisor odontogenic papilla An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0001023 EMAPA:17920 UBERON:0005708 lower incisor mesenchyme lower jaw incisor dental papilla uberon EHDAA2 An odontogenic papilla that is part of a lower jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001023 lower jaw incisor dental papilla upper jaw incisor epithelium A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0002122 EMAPA:17940 UBERON:0005709 uberon A dental epithelium that is part of a upper jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic lower jaw incisor epithelium A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw incisor. EHDAA2:0001022 EMAPA:17919 UBERON:0005710 uberon A dental epithelium that is part of a lower jaw incisor. OBOL:automatic foregut duodenum mesentery A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut. EHDAA2:0000564 UBERON:0005711 uberon A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut. OBOL:automatic midgut duodenum mesentery A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut. EHDAA2:0001193 UBERON:0005712 uberon A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic obsolete lens vesicle capsule UBERON:0001804 UBERON:0005714 true uberon footplate apical ectodermal ridge An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate. EHDAA2:0000547 EMAPA:17251 UBERON:0005719 uberon An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true hindbrain venous system A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. EHDAA2:0000776 EMAPA:18632 UBERON:0005720 VHOG:0001322 rhombencephalon venous system uberon VHOG:0001322 rhombencephalon venous system A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. OBOL:automatic pronephric mesoderm A mesoderm that develops_into a pronephros. AAO:0011090 EFO:0003479 Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30.[AAO] TAO:0000067 UBERON:0005721 VHOG:0001239 XAO:0000264 ZFA:0000067 pronephric anlage pronephric bulge pronephric mesenchyme pronephric primordium the intermediate mesoderm of the chick embryo acquires its ability to form kidneys through its interactions with the paraxial mesoderm [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology", PMID:10720431 "Signals from trunk paraxial mesoderm induce pronephros formation in chick intermediate mesoderm"]. These interactions induce the expression of TFs including Lim1, Pax2 and Pax6 that cause the intermediate mesoderm to form the kidney uberon XAO:0000264 pronephric anlage 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011090 Portion of tissue that consists of the mesenchymal precursor to the pronephric kidney and that begins to separate from the intermediate mesoderm at NF stage 21 and epithelializes by NF stage 30.[AAO] XAO:curator XAO:0000264 pronephric primordium definitional A mesoderm that develops_into a pronephros. OBOL:automatic XAO:0000264 pronephric bulge ZFA XAO:0000264 pronephric mesenchyme obsolete nephrotome BTO:0003673 The nephrotome is a section of the mesoderm. It gives rise to the pronephros and eventually to the rest of the kidney. A nephrotome is an obsolete term used to describe rounded mesodermal portions of the forming pronephros. In old texts the pronephros is described as forming through the fusion of multiple nephrotomes. Modern visualization methods such as scanning electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, combined with the simple approach of peeling off the epidermis to see the forming kidney, have shown that this is not the case. Nephric mesenchyme separates from the intermediate mesoderm as a single elongated primordia. As this primordia begins to undergo epithelialization the anterior portions of the pronephros form rounded protrusions, which then later become the dorsal branches of the pronephros that link to nephrostomes (distinct from nephrotomes). These rounded bumps are probably the structures observed in histological sections that are referred to as nephrotomes. Nephrostomes are thin ciliated funnels that link pronephric nephrons to the ceolom, and are not related to nephrotomes. UBERON:0005722 intermediate cell mass nephromere true uberon BTO:0003673 intermediate cell mass The nephrotome is a section of the mesoderm. It gives rise to the pronephros and eventually to the rest of the kidney. A nephrotome is an obsolete term used to describe rounded mesodermal portions of the forming pronephros. In old texts the pronephros is described as forming through the fusion of multiple nephrotomes. Modern visualization methods such as scanning electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy, combined with the simple approach of peeling off the epidermis to see the forming kidney, have shown that this is not the case. Nephric mesenchyme separates from the intermediate mesoderm as a single elongated primordia. As this primordia begins to undergo epithelialization the anterior portions of the pronephros form rounded protrusions, which then later become the dorsal branches of the pronephros that link to nephrostomes (distinct from nephrotomes). These rounded bumps are probably the structures observed in histological sections that are referred to as nephrotomes. Nephrostomes are thin ciliated funnels that link pronephric nephrons to the ceolom, and are not related to nephrotomes. Wikipedia:Nephrotome Wikipedia:Nephrotome nephromere floor plate spinal cord region A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord and is part of a floor plate. EMAPA:17578 In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0000890 UBERON:0005247 UBERON:0005723 VHOG:0000787 XAO:0000306 ZFA:0000890 floor plate spinal cord floorplate spinal cord spinal cord floor uberon ZFA:0000890 floorplate spinal cord A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord and is part of a floor plate. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000787 floor plate spinal cord VHOG:0000787 spinal cord floor 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) In summary, the available data for tunicates, amphioxus, and vertebrates indicate that a floorplate-like structure was already present in the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates and that the genetic mechanisms for DV patterning of the nerve cord were also largely in place.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000787 http://bgee.unil.ch/ roof plate spinal cord region A tissue that is part of a spinal cord and is part of a roof plate. Roof plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] TAO:0001177 UBERON:0005246 UBERON:0005724 VHOG:0000777 XAO:0000022 ZFA:0001177 roof plate spinal cord roofplate spinal cord spinal cord roof uberon A tissue that is part of a spinal cord and is part of a roof plate. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000777 roofplate spinal cord VHOG:0000777 spinal cord roof VHOG:0000777 roof plate spinal cord 2012-09-17 Roof plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000777 http://bgee.unil.ch/ olfactory system AAO:0000334 AAO:0000978 BILA:0000144 EFO:0001973 FMA:7190 In mammals, the main olfactory system detects odorants that are inhaled through the nose, where they contact the main olfactory epithelium, which contains various olfactory receptors. These olfactory receptors are membrane proteins of bipolar olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Rather than binding specific ligands like most receptors, olfactory receptors display affinity for a range of odor molecules. Olfactory neurons transduce receptor activation into electrical signals in neurons. The signals travel along the olfactory nerve, which belongs to the peripheral nervous system. This nerve terminates in the olfactory bulb, which belongs to the central nervous system. The complex set of olfactory receptors on different olfactory neurons can distinguish a new odor from the background environmental odors and determine the concentration of the odor // Editor note: consider splitting into main and accessory. See also: vomeronasal organ // note we make the relationship to nervous system 'overlaps', as the olfactory system includes e.g. apertures in the cranium that are not part of the nervous system MA:0002445 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_090806 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViw75wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362290002 TAO:0001149 The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP]. The sensory system used for olfaction (the sense of smell).[AAO] UBERON:0005725 UMLS:C0228065 XAO:0003196 ZFA:0001149 ncithesaurus:Olfactory_System uberon The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. Most mammals and reptiles have two distinct parts to their olfactory system: a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects volatile, airborne substances, while the accessory olfactory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones. The olfactory system is often spoken of along with the gustatory system as the chemosensory senses because both transduce chemical signals into perception[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_system 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000978 AAO:EJS The sensory system used for olfaction (the sense of smell).[AAO] chemosensory system BILA:0000139 UBERON:0005726 uberon obsolete somitomere Around the same time that experimental embryology in avian systems was most productive in the context of vertebrate head development, researchers examining embryonic head morphology with the scanning electron microscope introduced the idea of cephalic “somitomeres”. By removing the surface ectoderm from the head, they reported that the paraxial mesoderm was organized into pseudosegmental units resembling incompletely differentiated somites, which they called somitomeres (Meier 1979; Jacobson 1988, 1993; Jacobson and Meier 1984). Since then, however, there has been no clear evidence for somitomeres. It remains unclear how they relate to the epithelial cysts in the head mesoderm - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895339/] FMA:85523 Obsoleted definition: In the developing vertebrate embryo, the somitomeres are loose masses of paraxial mesoderm derived cells that form along each side of the neural tube towards the end of the third gestational week. The approximately 50 pairs of somitomeres begin developing in the cranial (head) region, continuing in a caudal (tail) direction until the end of week four[WP]. UBERON:0005727 somatomere true uberon Obsoleted definition: In the developing vertebrate embryo, the somitomeres are loose masses of paraxial mesoderm derived cells that form along each side of the neural tube towards the end of the third gestational week. The approximately 50 pairs of somitomeres begin developing in the cranial (head) region, continuing in a caudal (tail) direction until the end of week four[WP]. Wikipedia:Somitomere Wikipedia:Somitomere somatomere extraembryonic mesoderm . EHDAA2:0000474 UBERON:0005728 VHOG:0000616 extra-embryonic mesoderm extraembryonic mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2 . http://www.ana.ed.ac.uk/database/humat/notes/extraemb/mesoder.htm EHDAA2 pectoral appendage field A limb/fin field that develops_into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. Embryonic region that develops into the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] TAO:0001453 UBERON:0005729 ZFA:0001453 pectoral appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pectoral fin field uberon ZFA:0001453 pectoral fin field A limb/fin field that develops_into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 Embryonic region that develops into the pectoral fin bud.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001453 ZFIN:curator pelvic appendage field A limb/fin field that develops_into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. Embryonic region that develops into the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] TAO:0001454 UBERON:0005730 ZFA:0001454 pelvic appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pelvic fin field uberon A limb/fin field that develops_into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0001454 pelvic fin field 2012-08-14 Embryonic region that develops into the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001454 ZFIN:curator fin field A limb/fin field that developmentally_contributes_to a paired fin bud. UBERON:0005731 fin field of lateral plate mesoderm uberon A limb/fin field that developmentally_contributes_to a paired fin bud. OBOL:automatic limb/fin field A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. Editor notes: we represent the field as being a part of the LPM (consistent with ZFA, Gilbert). As a consequence, the relationship between limb bud (with is ectoderm+mesenchyme) stands in a weaker has_developmental_contribution_from relation to the field - TODO implement this. UBERON:0005732 limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm uberon A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. ISBN:9780878932504 ISBN:9780878932504 ZFA-inferred limb field A ring of cells capable of forming a limb. UBERON:0005733 limb field of lateral plate mesoderm the central portion of the limb field gives rise to the limb proper. mesenchyme cells proliferate from from the somatic layer of limb field lateral plate mesoderm (limb skeletal precursors) and from the somites (limb muscle precursors) . these mesenchymal cells accumulate under the ectedermal tissue to make a limb bud. // The lateral plate mesoderm in the limb field is also special in that it will induce myoblasts to migrate out from the somites and enter the limb bud. No other region of the lateral plate mesoderm will do that (Hayashi and Ozawa 1995) uberon A ring of cells capable of forming a limb. ISBN:9780878932504 tunica adventitia of blood vessel SCTID:61066005 TODO - note terminological problems. WP says tunica external layer of blood vessel. FMA says tunica externa = adventitia, and is FMA adventitia covers other kinds of vessels. Here we opt for a lengthier name that attempts to disambiguate. There is no precise FMA equivalent, as FMA has tunica externa of arteries, veins, genital ducts etc as siblings The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. The outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability[Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29]. UBERON:0005734 UMLS:C0225342 adventitia externa external coat http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg ncithesaurus:Tunica_Adventitia tunica adventitia tunica adventitia of vessel tunica adventitia vasorum tunica externa vasorum uberon Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 external coat Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 adventitia externa Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 tunica adventitia vasorum ISBN10:0073040584 The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 tunica externa vasorum The outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability[Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29]. Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 tunica adventitia Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_%28vessels%29 tunica adventitia of vessel cjm swim bladder tunica externa Multi-tissue structure that is the external layer of the swim bladder that is covered by the peritoneum, and made of elastic fibres and ichthyocol (short needles of collagen). TAO:0002245 UBERON:0005737 ZFA:0001700 the primary reason this term is manifest in uberon to disambiguate from a structure with the same/similar name tunica externa uberon ZFA:0001700 tunica externa Multi-tissue structure that is the external layer of the swim bladder that is covered by the peritoneum, and made of elastic fibres and ichthyocol (short needles of collagen). ZFA:0001700 http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/T.htm swim bladder tunica interna Multi-tissue structure that is the internal layer of the swim bladder and is comprised of thin endoderm and a smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa with longitudinal and circular fibres with some collagen. TAO:0002246 UBERON:0005738 ZFA:0001701 the primary reason this term is manifest in uberon to disambiguate from a structure with the same/similar name tunica interna uberon ZFA:0001701 tunica interna Multi-tissue structure that is the internal layer of the swim bladder and is comprised of thin endoderm and a smooth muscle layer called the muscularis mucosa with longitudinal and circular fibres with some collagen. http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/T.htm tunica intima of artery A tunica intima that is part of a artery. EV:0100028 FMA:14272 SCTID:40022005 UBERON:0005740 arterial intima galen:IntimaOfArtery tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) uberon A tunica intima that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic EV:0100028 arterial intima FMA:14272 tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) adventitia of uterus EMAPA:29925 EMAPA:29933 UBERON:0001297 UBERON:0005741 true uberon adventitia An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. FMA:45635 SCTID:30180000 UBERON:0005742 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Illu_esophageal_layers.jpg tunica advetitia tunica externa uberon Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica advetitia An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. Wikipedia:Adventitia FMA:45635 tunica externa obsolete central nervous system plus retina UBERON:0005743 this class was originally added to account for some definitions of the CNS that includes retina. Most existing AOs use CNS to exclude the retina (ZFA retina NOT part_of CNS. XAO excludes retina in text def, retina (previously) part_of CNS. MA retina NOT part_of CNS. NIF_GA retina NOT part_of CNS. Fly also excludes it. EFO also excludes it. GO also excludes it). Whilst logically valid, the use case is better served by following the developmental relationships for retina. See: http://groups.google.com/group/pons-representation-and-deployment/browse_thread/thread/957da161a4dd4f85/a340e30cc8e9b2ce?lnk=gst&q=retina#a340e30cc8e9b2ce true uberon cranial conduit AAO:0010438 AO notes: in FMA and ZFA this is a conduit space, not a conduit. Note there may be some additional disambiguation required: foramen is used loosely in the sense of any opening (e.g. foramen primum). FMA appears to use cranial conduit (undefined) in the sense of any foramen of the skull (includes mental foramen, which is not in the cranium proper). Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. FMA:53165 SCTID:276742007 TAO:0001736 UBERON:0005744 VHOG:0001760 ZFA:0005386 foramen foramen of skull foramens@fr foramina@fr http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png uberon Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull foramen of skull TAO:0001736 foramina@fr TAO:0001736 foramens@fr ZFA:0005386 foramen Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. TAO:curator Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull optic canal AAO:0000342 An aperture in the root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone transmitting the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA:10646 FMA:54774 Foramen in the orbital region of the neurocranium for the passage of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II).[TAO] SCTID:361732009 TAO:0002025 The short canal through the orbitosphenoid bone at the apex of the orbit that gives passage to the optic nerve and the opthalmic artery[MP]. The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal. The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove (optic groove), above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery (with accompanying sympathetic nerve fibres) into the orbital cavity. The left and right optic canals are 25mm apart posteriorly and 30mm apart anteriorly. They are funnel-shaped (narrowest anteriorly). UBERON:0005745 VHOG:0001408 ZFA:0005428 canalis opticus canalis opticus, foramen opticum ossis sphenoidalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Orbita_mensch.jpg optic foramen optic nerve foramen uberon FMA-abduced-lr ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010704 The short canal through the orbitosphenoid bone at the apex of the orbit that gives passage to the optic nerve and the opthalmic artery[MP]. The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal. The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove (optic groove), above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery (with accompanying sympathetic nerve fibres) into the orbital cavity. The left and right optic canals are 25mm apart posteriorly and 30mm apart anteriorly. They are funnel-shaped (narrowest anteriorly). Wikipedia:Optic_canal 2012-08-14 Foramen in the orbital region of the neurocranium for the passage of the optic nerve (cranial nerve II).[TAO] TAO TAO:0002025 TAO:wd Wikipedia:Optic_canal optic foramen Wikipedia:Optic_canal canalis opticus Wikipedia:Optic_canal canalis opticus, foramen opticum ossis sphenoidalis 2012-09-17 An aperture in the root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone transmitting the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001408 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+foramen TAO:0002025 optic nerve foramen primary vitreous humour Acellular in EHDAA2, MP defs says tissue EHDAA2:0001502 EHDAA:5707 SCTID:343518007 UBERON:0005746 embryonic fibrovascular mesodermal tissue located between the optic cup and lens vesicle that normally regresses during the development of the vitreous body[MP] primary vitreous uberon EHDAA2 MP-def cjm MP:0010711 primary vitreous EHDAA2 EHDAA2 MP:0010711 embryonic fibrovascular mesodermal tissue located between the optic cup and lens vesicle that normally regresses during the development of the vitreous body[MP] glomerular tuft EMAPA:28239 SCTID:362217000 UBERON:0005749 glomerular capillary tuft glomerulus the capillary loops of the kidney that normally function as a filtration unit[MP]. ...Soon afterwards, endothelial cells invade to make a capillary knot-like outgrowth, the glomerular tuft, which goes on to form the glomerulus[GudMap]. uberon Wikipedia EMAPA:28239 glomerulus MP:0005325 Wikipedia:Glomerulus http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron the capillary loops of the kidney that normally function as a filtration unit[MP]. ...Soon afterwards, endothelial cells invade to make a capillary knot-like outgrowth, the glomerular tuft, which goes on to form the glomerulus[GudMap]. glomerular parietal epithelium A single layer of simple squamous epithelium in the glomerular capsule. Does not function in filtration[UBERON]. outer layer of the glomerular capsule composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium[MP] BTO:0002296 Bowman's parietal epithelium EMAPA:27979 EMAPA:28260 FMA:74272 MA:0002605 SCTID:362218005 Simple squamous epithelium that lines the capsule of the renal glomerulus.[TAO] TAO:0005253 TODO - check this. BTO has podocytes under here UBERON:0005750 UMLS:C0227645 ZFA:0005253 capsular epithelium glomerular capsule parietal layer ncithesaurus:Parietal_Layer_of_Bowman_s_Capsule outer layer of glomerular capsule parietal capsular epithelium parietal epithelial layer parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule parietal layer of Bowman capsule parietal layer of Bowman's capsule parietal layer of glomerular capsule renal glomerular capsule epithelium uberon FMA:74272 parietal layer of glomerular capsule MP:0011498 parietal layer of Bowman's capsule MP:0011498 parietal capsular epithelium A single layer of simple squamous epithelium in the glomerular capsule. Does not function in filtration[UBERON]. outer layer of the glomerular capsule composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium[MP] MP:0011498 UBERON:cjm FMA:74272 outer layer of glomerular capsule BTO:0002296 capsular epithelium MP:0011498 parietal layer of glomerular capsule MP:0011498 parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule Bowman's parietal epithelium MP:0011498 ZFA:0005253 parietal epithelial layer ZFA:0005253 renal glomerular capsule epithelium FMA:74272 glomerular capsule parietal layer 2012-08-14 Simple squamous epithelium that lines the capsule of the renal glomerulus.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005253 ZFIN:curator visceral layer of glomerular capsule Bowman's visceral epithelium FMA:74273 SCTID:244093000 TODO - check - the BTO class 'glomerular epithelium' is the visceral layer. But GO uses 'glomerular epithelium' as the mereological sum of P+V layers The inner, or visceral, layer of the renal glomerular capsule, overlying the capillaries, composed of podocytes, and separated from the outer, or parietal, layer by the capsular (Bowman's) space[BTO]. Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries[WP]. inner layer of the glomerular capsule surrounding the capillary endothelial cells and composed of highly specialized epithelial cells (podocytes) that are separated by filtration slits; the visceral layer is separated from the outer parietal layer by the urinary space (also known as the Bowman's or capsular space)[MP] UBERON:0005751 UMLS:C0227644 glomerular capsule visceral layer inner epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule ncithesaurus:Visceral_Layer_of_Bowman_s_Capsule podocyte layer of Bowman's capsule uberon visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule visceral layer of Bowman's capsule visceral layer of glomerular capsule BTO:0001515 MP:0011497 The inner, or visceral, layer of the renal glomerular capsule, overlying the capillaries, composed of podocytes, and separated from the outer, or parietal, layer by the capsular (Bowman's) space[BTO]. Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries[WP]. inner layer of the glomerular capsule surrounding the capillary endothelial cells and composed of highly specialized epithelial cells (podocytes) that are separated by filtration slits; the visceral layer is separated from the outer parietal layer by the urinary space (also known as the Bowman's or capsular space)[MP] MP:0011497 visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule MP:0011497 visceral layer of Bowman's capsule MP:0011497 visceral layer of glomerular capsule Bowman's visceral epithelium MP:0011497 http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron podocyte layer of Bowman's capsule http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule MP:0011497 glomerular capsule visceral layer http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron inner epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule caudal part of nephrogenic cord UBERON:0005753 caudal portion of nephrogenic cord caudal region of nephrogenic cord rear part of nephrogenic cord rear portion of nephrogenic cord the metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. uberon OBOL:automatic caudal portion of nephrogenic cord OBOL:automatic caudal region of nephrogenic cord OBOL:automatic rear part of nephrogenic cord Wikipedia:Metanephros#Metanephros rear portion of nephrogenic cord http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron the metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. rostral part of nephrogenic cord The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. UBERON:0005754 uberon The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. http://www.gudmap.org/About/Tutorial/DevMUS.html#DMK_Nephron urorectal septum A ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo divides the endodermal cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the rectum. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0002152 EHDAA:5921 EMAPA:17212 EMAPA:17380 Editor notes: todo - use to define cloacal septation in GO In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP]. UBERON:0005760 UMLS:C1519838 VHOG:0000018 Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum cloacal septum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray992.png ncithesaurus:Urorectal_Septum septum urorectale uberon urorectal fold urorectal membrane EHDAA2 VHOG:0000018 cloacal septum MP:anna urorectal fold 2012-09-17 A ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo divides the endodermal cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the rectum. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000018 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urorectal+septum MP:anna The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP]. Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.388-89 and Figure 300 In mammals the lowly monotremes still have a cloaca. Higher types have done away with this structure and have a separate anal outlet for the rectum. The monotreme cloaca shows the initiation of this subdivision. The cloaca has such includes only the distal part, roughly comparable to the proctodeum. The more proximal part is divided into (1) a large dorsal passage into which the intestine opens, the coprodeum, and (2) a ventral portion, the urodeum with which the bladder connects. (...) the development of the placental mammals recapitulates in many respects the phylogenetic story. In the sexually indifferent stage of placental mammal there is a cloaca. While the indifferent stage still persists, a septum develops, and extends out to the closing membrane. This divides the cloaca into two chambers: a coprodeum continuous with the gut above, and a urodeum or urogenital sinus below.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000018 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Urorectal_septum septum urorectale MP:anna urorectal membrane acellular membrane FMA:63871 UBERON:0005764 uberon basement membrane AAO:0010596 Basement membrane of connective tissue FMA:63872 GAID:915 GO:0005604 SCTID:68989006 UBERON:0005769 UMLS:C0004799 basal lamina basement lamina ncithesaurus:Basement_Membrane uberon we include this even though it is redundant with GO because we have subclasses that are appropriate for an ontology of gross anatomy GAID:915 basal lamina GAID:915 basement lamina Basement membrane of connective tissue FMA:63872 glomerular basement membrane EMAPA:28251 EMAPA:30965 FMA:74274 GBM MA:0001659 Membrane between the mesonephric podocytes and the renal glomerular capillaries. It is a trilaminar structure composed of the fused basement membranes of the glomerular capillaries and basement membrane of the podocytes. The capillary membranes touch the GBM at contact points that are separated by pores. The membrane is semi-permeable allowing water and small molecules to pass into the renal capsular space.[TAO] SCTID:243897006 TAO:0005285 The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration through the filtration slits between the podocytes, separating the blood on the inside from the filtrate on the outside. It is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas. UBERON:0005777 UMLS:C0599297 ZFA:0005285 glomerular capillary basement membrane glomerular filtration membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/PhysiologieGlom%C3%A9rulaire.png ncithesaurus:Glomerular_Basement_Membrane uberon GBM ZFA:0005285 glomerular filtration membrane MA:0001659 glomerular capillary basement membrane 2012-08-14 Membrane between the mesonephric podocytes and the renal glomerular capillaries. It is a trilaminar structure composed of the fused basement membranes of the glomerular capillaries and basement membrane of the podocytes. The capillary membranes touch the GBM at contact points that are separated by pores. The membrane is semi-permeable allowing water and small molecules to pass into the renal capsular space.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005285 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-000824-1 The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration through the filtration slits between the podocytes, separating the blood on the inside from the filtrate on the outside. It is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas. Wikipedia:Glomerular_basement_membrane reference_0000032 true lamina densa FMA:74276 Middle layer of the glomerular basement membrane. TAO:0005286 UBERON:0005787 UMLS:C1235665 ZFA:0005286 lamina densa of glomerular basement membrane middle layer of glomerular basement membrane ncithesaurus:Lamina_Densa uberon Middle layer of the glomerular basement membrane. ZFIN:curator FMA:74276 middle layer of glomerular basement membrane FMA:74276 lamina densa of glomerular basement membrane lamina rara interna FMA:74277 Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the glomerular capillary. TAO:0005287 UBERON:0005788 UMLS:C1517719 ZFA:0005287 internal layer of glomerular basement membrane lamina interna of glomerular basement membrane ncithesaurus:Lamina_Rara_Interna uberon FMA:74277 internal layer of glomerular basement membrane Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the glomerular capillary. ZFIN:curator FMA:74277 lamina interna of glomerular basement membrane lamina rara externa FMA:74275 Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the podocytes and capsular space. TAO:0005288 UBERON:0005789 UMLS:C1517718 ZFA:0005288 external layer of glomerular basement membrane lamina externa of glomerular basement membrane ncithesaurus:Lamina_Rara_Externa uberon FMA:74275 external layer of glomerular basement membrane Layer of the glomerular basement membrane adjacent to the podocytes and capsular space. ZFIN:curator FMA:74275 lamina externa of glomerular basement membrane nephric ridge EHDAA2:0001242 EHDAA:1015 EMAPA:16368 Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. TODO - check ridge vs cord vs nephrogenic cord vs blastema UBERON:0005792 VHOG:0001240 nephric cord uberon Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter27/custom2/deluxe-content.html VHOG:0001240 nephric cord embryonic uterus FMA:72173 SCTID:255782009 UBERON:0005795 fetal uterus uberon FMA:72173 fetal uterus duplex uterus UBERON:0005796 the duplex uterus is doubled, and is found in monotremes, marsupials, elephants and rodents uberon http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the duplex uterus is doubled, and is found in monotremes, marsupials, elephants and rodents bipartite uterus UBERON:0005797 the bipartite uterus is y-shaped externally and divided internally (ungulates, carnivores) uberon http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the bipartite uterus is y-shaped externally and divided internally (ungulates, carnivores) bicornuate uterus UBERON:0005798 bicornate uterus the bicornate uterus is y-shaped but has no internal partition (some ungulates, whales) uberon uterus with two horns Wikipedia:Bicornuate_uterus Wikipedia:Uterus#Forms_in_mammals http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the bicornate uterus is y-shaped but has no internal partition (some ungulates, whales) simplex uterus UBERON:0005799 the simplex uterus has only one uterine chamber (primates) uberon http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chap14.html the simplex uterus has only one uterine chamber (primates) segment of aorta FMA:13087 SCTID:119203005 UBERON:0005800 UMLS:C0506947 aortic segment ncithesaurus:Aortic_Segment uberon FMA:13087 aortic segment dorsal aorta AAO:0011029 BTO:0004673 DA EHDAA:402 EMAPA:18606 Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, leading from the paired roots (radices) of the dorsal aorta to the caudal artery. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] SCTID:338637006 TAO:0000014 The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the aortic arches to the trunk and limbs. In adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organ. In adult tetrapods it arises from the systemic arch[BTO]. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. UBERON:0005805 VHOG:0000264 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] XAO:0000051 ZFA:0000014 aortae dorsales dorsal aort%c3%a6 dorsal aorta root dorsal aortic root http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray459.png relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta dorsal aort%c3%a6 BTO:0004673 GO:0035907 The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the aortic arches to the trunk and limbs. In adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organ. In adult tetrapods it arises from the systemic arch[BTO]. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once[GO]. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3316981&group_id=36855&atid=440764 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000014 relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] VHOG:0000264 dorsal aortic root 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 VHOG VHOG:0000264 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta aortae dorsales DA ZFA:0000014 VHOG:0000264 dorsal aorta root 2012-08-14 Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, leading from the paired roots (radices) of the dorsal aorta to the caudal artery. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000014 ZFIN:curator portal system FMA:45628 In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. MESH:A07.231.908.670 SCTID:362063001 UBERON:0005806 UMLS:C0226727 ncithesaurus:Portal_Venous_System portal venous system uberon FMA:45628 portal venous system In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. Wikipedia:Portal_venous_system rostral ventrolateral medulla BTO:0002778 Control of blood pressure is crucially dependent on the integrity of a small region of the brainstem called the ventrolateral medulla. Within this part of the brain are the cells that control the heart, blood vessels, swallowing, breathing and many other functions of the body that are not noticed at a conscious level; such unconscious activities are known as 'Autonomic'. One of these regions is the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) is also known as the pressor area of the medulla (medulla pressor). It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers (catecholaminergic) to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, via reticulospinal tract[WP]. RVLM UBERON:0005807 medulla pressor uberon Wikipedia:Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla medulla pressor Control of blood pressure is crucially dependent on the integrity of a small region of the brainstem called the ventrolateral medulla. Within this part of the brain are the cells that control the heart, blood vessels, swallowing, breathing and many other functions of the body that are not noticed at a conscious level; such unconscious activities are known as 'Autonomic'. One of these regions is the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM) is also known as the pressor area of the medulla (medulla pressor). It receives inhibitory GABAergic input from the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). The RVLM is the primary regulator of the sympathetic nervous system, sending excitatory fibers (catecholaminergic) to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, via reticulospinal tract[WP]. Wikipedia:Rostral_ventrolateral_medulla bone tissue of long bone A bone tissue that is part of a long bone. FMA:83117 SCTID:425475006 UBERON:0005808 uberon A bone tissue that is part of a long bone. OBOL:automatic cortex of manus bone . UBERON:0005809 uberon . HP:0005926 cervical vertebra 1 anterior tubercle FMA:23991 MA:0002871 SCTID:281224005 TODO - check: anterior vs ventral; arch vs transverse process UBERON:0005810 anterior tubercle of atlas atlas ventral tubercle cervical vertebra 1 ventral tubercle tubercle of anterior arch of atlas tuberculum anterius (atlas) uberon ventral tubercle of atlas MA:0002871 cervical vertebra 1 ventral tubercle FMA:23991 tuberculum anterius (atlas) FMA:23991 anterior tubercle of atlas FMA:23991 tubercle of anterior arch of atlas MA:0002871 atlas ventral tubercle MP:0010731 ventral tubercle of atlas tubercle AAO:0010605 BTO:0002173 FMA:75429 UBERON:0005813 a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on bones, skin, or within the lungs in tuberculosis. They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale's flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper's surface[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Tubercle_(anatomy) a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on bones, skin, or within the lungs in tuberculosis. They are also found on the leading edge of Humpback Whale's flippers, improving fluid flow over the flipper's surface[WP]. arch of atlas . FMA:23975 SCTID:272708001 UBERON:0005814 atlas arch uberon FMA:23975 atlas arch . Wikipedia:Arch_of_the_atlas anterior tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24126 UBERON:0005815 anterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra tuberculum cervicales anterius vertebrae uberon FMA:24126 anterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24126 FMA:TA tuberculum cervicales anterius vertebrae FMA:24126 anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra posterior tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24128 UBERON:0005816 posterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra tuberculum cervicales posterius vertebrae uberon FMA:24128 FMA:TA tuberculum cervicales posterius vertebrae FMA:24128 posterior costal tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebra FMA:24128 posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra neuraxis flexure An anatomical structure that is regional part of the central nervous system where there is a significant bend of the axis. UBERON:0005817 ZFA:0005593 uberon An anatomical structure that is regional part of the central nervous system where there is a significant bend of the axis. ZFIN:Curator cephalic flexure TAO:0002181 TODO - check UBERON:0005818 Ventral bend in the brain occurring caudal to the adenohypophyseal placode.[TAO] ZFA:0001640 flexura mesencephalica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gray651.png mesencephalic flexure midbrain flexure the first flexure, or bend, of the embryonic brain; it appears in the region of the mid-brain. In human embryos it generally occurs at the end of the 3rd week/beginning of 4th. By means of it the fore-brain is bent in a ventral direction around the anterior end of the notochord and fore-gut, with the result that the floor of the fore-brain comes to lie almost parallel with that of the hind-brain. This flexure causes the mid-brain to become, for a time, the most prominent part of the brain, since its dorsal surface corresponds with the convexity of the curve. As a consequence, the cardiac plate, which was previously anterior to the forebrain, approximates its adult location in what will become the thoracic region[WP]. Ventral bend in the brain occurring caudal to the adenohypophyseal placode[ZFA]. uberon ventral flexure http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_4.html mesencephalic flexure Wikipedia:Cephalic_flexure flexura mesencephalica ZFA:0001640 ventral flexure 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002181 Ventral bend in the brain occurring caudal to the adenohypophyseal placode.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Cephalic_flexure ZFIN:curator the first flexure, or bend, of the embryonic brain; it appears in the region of the mid-brain. In human embryos it generally occurs at the end of the 3rd week/beginning of 4th. By means of it the fore-brain is bent in a ventral direction around the anterior end of the notochord and fore-gut, with the result that the floor of the fore-brain comes to lie almost parallel with that of the hind-brain. This flexure causes the mid-brain to become, for a time, the most prominent part of the brain, since its dorsal surface corresponds with the convexity of the curve. As a consequence, the cardiac plate, which was previously anterior to the forebrain, approximates its adult location in what will become the thoracic region[WP]. Ventral bend in the brain occurring caudal to the adenohypophyseal placode[ZFA]. cervical flexure UBERON:0005819 uberon ventrally concave flexure of the embryonic brain occurring at the junction of hindbrain and spinal cord[MP]. In humans develops by the 5th week of gestation[WP]. MP:0000913 ventrally concave flexure of the embryonic brain occurring at the junction of hindbrain and spinal cord[MP]. In humans develops by the 5th week of gestation[WP]. pontine flexure UBERON:0005820 a bend in the axis of the embryological central nervous system (the neuraxis). This flexure marks the junction between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The division of the rhombencephalon (the early hindbrain) into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon occurs at the 7th week of development. In the mature brain, the metencephalon forms the pons and cerebellum, whilst the myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Pontine_flexure a bend in the axis of the embryological central nervous system (the neuraxis). This flexure marks the junction between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The division of the rhombencephalon (the early hindbrain) into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon occurs at the 7th week of development. In the mature brain, the metencephalon forms the pons and cerebellum, whilst the myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata[WP]. gracile fasciculus BM:Me-GF FMA:258416 SCTID:369079001 UBERON:0004168 UBERON:0005821 UMLS:C0228522 a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the lower trunk and lower limb[GO]. The fasciculus gracilis (tract of Goll) is a bundle of axon fibres in the dorsomedial spinal cord that carries information about fine touch, vibrations, and conscious proprioception from the lower part of the body to the brain stem. It is part of the posterior column of the spinal cord, which also contains the fasciculus cuneatus, which carries the same information from the upper part of the body. This tract and its continuation in the brain stem is often referred to as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The fasciculus gracilis is wedge-shaped on transverse section and lies next the posterior median septum, its base being at the surface of the medulla spinalis, and its apex directed toward the posterior gray commissure. It increases in size from below upward, and consists of long thin fibers that are derived from the posterior nerve roots, and ascend as far as the medulla oblongata, where they end in the nucleus gracilis. The tract of Goll was named after Swiss neuroanatomist Friedrich Goll[WP]. distinction between axon tract and fasicule is unclear, we create is_a parentage to both f. gracilis medullae spinalis fasciculus gracilis gracile column gracile fascicle gracile tract gracilis tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg ncithesaurus:Tract_of_Goll tract of Goll uberon Wikipedia:Gracile_fasciculus gracile tract FMA:258416 gracile fascicle GO:0021958 Wikipedia:Gracile_fasciculus a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the lower trunk and lower limb[GO]. The fasciculus gracilis (tract of Goll) is a bundle of axon fibres in the dorsomedial spinal cord that carries information about fine touch, vibrations, and conscious proprioception from the lower part of the body to the brain stem. It is part of the posterior column of the spinal cord, which also contains the fasciculus cuneatus, which carries the same information from the upper part of the body. This tract and its continuation in the brain stem is often referred to as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The fasciculus gracilis is wedge-shaped on transverse section and lies next the posterior median septum, its base being at the surface of the medulla spinalis, and its apex directed toward the posterior gray commissure. It increases in size from below upward, and consists of long thin fibers that are derived from the posterior nerve roots, and ascend as far as the medulla oblongata, where they end in the nucleus gracilis. The tract of Goll was named after Swiss neuroanatomist Friedrich Goll[WP]. FMA:258416 fasciculus gracilis GO:0021958 tract of Goll GO:0021958 gracilis tract Wikipedia:Gracile_fasciculus f. gracilis medullae spinalis Wikipedia:Gracile_fasciculus gracile column gracile fasciculus of spinal cord A gracile fasciculus that is part of a spinal cord. FMA:73938 UBERON:0005826 editor note: check ontology structure, isa parentage to fasciculus of spinal cord should be inferred gracile fascicle of spinal cord spinal cord segment of fasciculus gracilis spinal cord segment of gracile fasciculus uberon FMA:73938 spinal cord segment of gracile fasciculus A gracile fasciculus that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true FMA:73938 gracile fascicle of spinal cord FMA:73938 spinal cord segment of fasciculus gracilis cuneate fasciculus BM:Me-CF UBERON:0004169 UBERON:0005832 Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus cuneate column cuneate tract cuneatus tract fasciculus cuneatus fasciculus cuneus uberon we assign the synonym 'Burdachs tract' to the subclass Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus fasciculus cuneatus Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus cuneate column GO:0021959 cuneatus tract Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus cuneate tract Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus fasciculus cuneus cuneate fasciculus of spinal cord FMA:73941 SCTID:314792006 The fasciculus cuneatus (tract of Burdach, named for Karl Friedrich Burdach) is a bundle of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms. It is part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. UBERON:0005835 UMLS:C0228578 burdach's tract cuneate fascicle of spinal cord cuneate fasciculus editor note: check ontology structure, isa parentage to fasciculus of spinal cord should be inferred. TODO - change definition to be the *whole* of the CF in the SC fasciculus cuneatus fasciculus cuneatus medullae spinalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg ncithesaurus:Tract_of_Burdach tract of Burdach uberon Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus fasciculus cuneatus medullae spinalis FMA:73941 burdach's tract FMA:73941 cuneate fascicle of spinal cord FMA:73941 FMA:TA fasciculus cuneatus GO:0021959 The fasciculus cuneatus (tract of Burdach, named for Karl Friedrich Burdach) is a bundle of nerves in the spinal cord which primarily transmits information from the arms. It is part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. Wikipedia:Cuneate_fasciculus GO:0021959 tract of Burdach FMA:73941 cuneate fasciculus fasciculus of spinal cord A fascicle that is part of a spinal cord. FMA:75799 UBERON:0005837 spinal cord fasciculus uberon A fascicle that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic FMA:75799 spinal cord fasciculus fasciculus of brain A fascicle that is part of a brain. FMA:83844 UBERON:0005838 brain fasciculus uberon A fascicle that is part of a brain. OBOL:automatic FMA:83844 brain fasciculus thoracic spinal cord dorsal column A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. FMA:258178 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1442 UBERON:0005839 dorsal funiculus of thoracic segment of spinal cord dorsal white column of thoracic segment of spinal cord thoracic segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord thoracic spinal cord posterior column uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1442 thoracic spinal cord posterior column A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic FMA:258178 dorsal funiculus of thoracic segment of spinal cord FMA:258178 thoracic segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord FMA:258178 dorsal white column of thoracic segment of spinal cord sacral spinal cord dorsal column A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a sacral spinal cord. FMA:258198 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1514 UBERON:0005840 sacral spinal cord posterior column sacral subsegment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:258198 sacral subsegment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a sacral spinal cord. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1514 sacral spinal cord posterior column cervical spinal cord dorsal column A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a cervical spinal cord. FMA:258176 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_736 UBERON:0005841 cervical segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord cervical spinal cord posterior column dorsal funiculus of cervical segment of spinal cord dorsal white column of cervical segment of spinal cord uberon A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic FMA:258176 dorsal funiculus of cervical segment of spinal cord FMA:258176 dorsal white column of cervical segment of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:258176 cervical segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_736 cervical spinal cord posterior column lumbar spinal cord dorsal column A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a lumbar spinal cord. FMA:258180 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_834 UBERON:0005842 dorsal funiculus of lumbar segment of spinal cord dorsal white column of lumbar segment of spinal cord lumbar segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord lumbar segment of gracile fasciculus of spinal cord lumbar spinal cord posterior column uberon FMA:258180 lumbar segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_834 lumbar spinal cord posterior column FMA:258180 dorsal funiculus of lumbar segment of spinal cord FMA:258180 lumbar segment of gracile fasciculus of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy A subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column that is part of a lumbar spinal cord. OBOL:automatic FMA:258180 dorsal white column of lumbar segment of spinal cord sacral spinal cord A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a sacral region. FMA:256623 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1275 SCTID:244438003 UBERON:0005843 UMLS:C0581669 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Spinal_Cord sacral segment of spinal cord sacral segments of spinal cord [1-5] segmenta sacralia medullae spinalis [1-5] uberon FMA:256623 sacral segments of spinal cord [1-5] FMA:256623 sacral segment of spinal cord A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a sacral region. OBOL:automatic FMA:256623 FMA:TA segmenta sacralia medullae spinalis [1-5] spinal cord segment Editor notes: This is currently used loosely to refer to cervical, lumbar, etc as well as the metamerically repeated segments, which may correspond more closely with the ZFA neuromere term FMA:62420 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2665 SCTID:278748001 TAO:0001332 UBERON:0005844 ZFA:0001332 axial part of spinal cord axial regional part of spinal cord segment of spinal cord spinal neuromere spinal neuromeres uberon FMA:62420 segment of spinal cord TAO:0001332 spinal neuromeres NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2665 axial part of spinal cord NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2665 axial regional part of spinal cord TAO:0001332 spinal neuromere caudal segment of spinal cord A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a caudal region. FMA:256635 SCTID:278753006 UBERON:0005845 coccygeal segment of spinal cord coccygeal segments of spinal cord [1-3] for spinal cord segments, we treat coccygeal/caudal as synonyms - we only differentiate where bone is concerned segmenta coccygea medullae spinalis [1-3] uberon FMA:256635 coccygeal segment of spinal cord FMA:256635 coccygeal segments of spinal cord [1-3] FMA:256635 FMA:TA segmenta coccygea medullae spinalis [1-3] A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a caudal region. OBOL:automatic thoracic spinal cord lateral column A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1439 UBERON:0005847 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic sacral spinal cord lateral column A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a sacral spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1587 UBERON:0005848 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a sacral spinal cord. OBOL:automatic cervical spinal cord lateral column A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a cervical spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_729 UBERON:0005849 uberon A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy lumbar spinal cord lateral column A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a lumbar spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_828 UBERON:0005850 uberon A subdivision of spinal cord lateral column that is part of a lumbar spinal cord. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy thoracic spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1448 UBERON:0005852 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy sacral spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1520 UBERON:0005853 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy cervical spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1660 UBERON:0005854 cervical spinal cord anterior column uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1660 cervical spinal cord anterior column NIF_GrossAnatomy lumbar spinal cord ventral column NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_840 UBERON:0005855 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy developing mesenchymal condensation A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. AEO:0000148 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003148 EHDAA:8979 EMAPA:25351 UBERON:0005856 mesenchyme condensation uberon A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. AEO:0000148 AEO cjm EMAPA:25351 mesenchyme condensation cartilaginous condensation AEO:0000147 AO notes: isa cell condensation in VSAO; has_part chondroblast in AEO Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. EHDAA2:0003147 EMAPA:25353 UBERON:0005863 VSAO:0000092 XAO:0004022 cartilage condensation cartilagenous condensation chondrogenic condensation uberon Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. GO:curator AEO AEO EMAPA:25353 cartilage condensation VSAO:0000092 chondrogenic condensation EHDAA2:0003147 cartilagenous condensation pre-muscle condensation AEO:0000149 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003149 UBERON:0005865 UBERON:0008714 pre muscle mass premuscle mass uberon pre-cartilage condensation A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. AEO:0000150 EHDAA2:0003150 UBERON:0005866 pre-chondrogenic condensation precartilage condensation precartilagenous condensation prechondrogenic condensation uberon AEO A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/precartilage AEO mandibular prominence EHDAA2:0001061 EHDAA:5871 EMAPA:17355 Editor note: check develops_from The mandibular prominence is an embryological structure which gives rise to the lower portion of the face. The mandible and lower lip derive from it. It is innervated by the mandibular nerve. UBERON:0005867 UMLS:C1512982 mandibular process mandibular swelling ncithesaurus:Mandibular_Prominence prominentia mandibularis uberon The mandibular prominence is an embryological structure which gives rise to the lower portion of the face. The mandible and lower lip derive from it. It is innervated by the mandibular nerve. Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence mandibular process Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence prominentia mandibularis UBERON:cjm mandibular swelling maxillary prominence Continuous with the dorsal end of the mandibular arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary process (or maxillary prominence), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a '>' shaped notch. The maxillary process forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in it are ossified the zygomatic bone and the greater part of the maxilla; it meets with the lateral nasal process, from which, however, it is separated for a time by a groove, the naso-optic furrow, that extends from the furrow encircling the eyeball to the olfactory pit. The maxillary processes ultimately fuse with the lateral nasal and globular processes, and form the lateral parts of the upper lip and the posterior boundaries of the nares. It is innervated by the maxillary nerve. EHDAA2:0001070 EHDAA:5877 EMAPA:17359 SCTID:346355001 UBERON:0005868 UMLS:C1513037 embryonic maxillary process http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray48.png maxillary process maxillary process of embryo ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Prominence prominentia maxilaris uberon Continuous with the dorsal end of the mandibular arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary process (or maxillary prominence), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a '>' shaped notch. The maxillary process forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in it are ossified the zygomatic bone and the greater part of the maxilla; it meets with the lateral nasal process, from which, however, it is separated for a time by a groove, the naso-optic furrow, that extends from the furrow encircling the eyeball to the olfactory pit. The maxillary processes ultimately fuse with the lateral nasal and globular processes, and form the lateral parts of the upper lip and the posterior boundaries of the nares. It is innervated by the maxillary nerve. Wikipedia:Maxillary_prominence EHDAA2:0001070 maxillary process Wikipedia:Maxillary_prominence prominentia maxilaris maxillary process of inferior nasal concha FMA:54741 From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. UBERON:0005869 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gray172.png maxillary process of inferior concha maxillary process of inferior nasal turbinate maxillary process of inferior turbinate maxilloturbinal p. maxillaris conchae nasalis inferioris processus maxillaris (concha nasalis inferior) processus maxillaris conchae nasalis inferioris uberon FMA:54741 processus maxillaris (concha nasalis inferior) FMA:54741 maxillary process of inferior nasal turbinate FMA:54741 FMA:TA processus maxillaris conchae nasalis inferioris From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. Wikipedia:Maxillary_process_of_inferior_nasal_concha FMA:54741 maxillary process of inferior concha Wikipedia:Maxillary_process_of_inferior_nasal_concha p. maxillaris conchae nasalis inferioris FMA:54741 maxillary process of inferior turbinate maxilloturbinal palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/ethmoid.html olfactory pit AAO:0011068 An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts the olfactory areas are converted into pits, the nasal pits or olfactory pits, which indent the fronto-nasal process and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[Wikipedia:Nasal_pit]. EFO:0003496 EHDAA2:0001295 EHDAA:4772 EMAPA:16800 SCTID:361485001 UBERON:0005870 XAO:0000275 XAO:0004073 nasal pit uberon we represent the relationship as develops from, though in fact the pit is formed as an indentation in the placode By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts the olfactory areas are converted into pits, the nasal pits or olfactory pits, which indent the fronto-nasal process and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal processes[Wikipedia:Nasal_pit]. Wikipedia:Nasal_pit EMAPA XAO:0000275 nasal pit An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. GO:0060166 Wikipedia:Nasal_pit XAO:0000275 nasal pit palatine process of maxilla FMA:52896 SCTID:368870009 The palatine process of the maxilla (palatal process), thick and strong, is horizontal and projects medialward from the nasal surface of the bone. It forms a considerable part of the floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth and is much thicker in front than behind. Its inferior surface is concave, rough and uneven, and forms, with the palatine process of the opposite bone, the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate. It is perforated by numerous foramina for the passage of the nutrient vessels; is channelled at the back part of its lateral border by a groove, sometimes a canal, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and the anterior palatine nerve from the spheno-palatine ganglion; and presents little depressions for the lodgement of the palatine glands. When the two maxillae are articulated, a funnel-shaped opening, the incisive foramen, is seen in the middle line, immediately behind the incisor teeth. In this opening the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stenson; through each of them passes the terminal branch of the descending palatine artery and the nasopalatine nerve. Occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. On the under surface of the palatine process, a delicate linear suture, well seen in young skulls, may sometimes be noticed extending lateralward and forward on either side from the incisive foramen to the interval between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth. The small part in front of this suture constitutes the premaxilla (os incisivum), which in most vertebrates forms an independent bone; it includes the whole thickness of the alveolus, the corresponding part of the floor of the nose and the anterior nasal spine, and contains the sockets of the incisor teeth. The upper surface of the palatine process is concave from side to side, smooth, and forms the greater part of the floor of the nasal cavity. It presents, close to its medial margin, the upper orifice of the incisive canal. The lateral border of the process is incorporated with the rest of the bone. The medial border is thicker in front than behind, and is raised above into a ridge, the nasal crest, which, with the corresponding ridge of the opposite bone, forms a groove for the reception of the vomer. The front part of this ridge rises to a considerable height, and is named the incisor crest; it is prolonged forward into a sharp process, which forms, together with a similar process of the opposite bone, the anterior nasal spine. The posterior border is serrated for articulation with the horizontal part of the palatine bone. UBERON:0005871 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray160.png palatal process palatine process processus palatinus (maxilla) processus palatinus maxillae processus palatinus ossis maxillae uberon Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla palatal process Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla palatine process Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla processus palatinus ossis maxillae Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla processus palatinus maxillae FMA-abduced FMA:52896 processus palatinus (maxilla) The palatine process of the maxilla (palatal process), thick and strong, is horizontal and projects medialward from the nasal surface of the bone. It forms a considerable part of the floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth and is much thicker in front than behind. Its inferior surface is concave, rough and uneven, and forms, with the palatine process of the opposite bone, the anterior three-fourths of the hard palate. It is perforated by numerous foramina for the passage of the nutrient vessels; is channelled at the back part of its lateral border by a groove, sometimes a canal, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and the anterior palatine nerve from the spheno-palatine ganglion; and presents little depressions for the lodgement of the palatine glands. When the two maxillae are articulated, a funnel-shaped opening, the incisive foramen, is seen in the middle line, immediately behind the incisor teeth. In this opening the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stenson; through each of them passes the terminal branch of the descending palatine artery and the nasopalatine nerve. Occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. On the under surface of the palatine process, a delicate linear suture, well seen in young skulls, may sometimes be noticed extending lateralward and forward on either side from the incisive foramen to the interval between the lateral incisor and the canine tooth. The small part in front of this suture constitutes the premaxilla (os incisivum), which in most vertebrates forms an independent bone; it includes the whole thickness of the alveolus, the corresponding part of the floor of the nose and the anterior nasal spine, and contains the sockets of the incisor teeth. The upper surface of the palatine process is concave from side to side, smooth, and forms the greater part of the floor of the nasal cavity. It presents, close to its medial margin, the upper orifice of the incisive canal. The lateral border of the process is incorporated with the rest of the bone. The medial border is thicker in front than behind, and is raised above into a ridge, the nasal crest, which, with the corresponding ridge of the opposite bone, forms a groove for the reception of the vomer. The front part of this ridge rises to a considerable height, and is named the incisor crest; it is prolonged forward into a sharp process, which forms, together with a similar process of the opposite bone, the anterior nasal spine. The posterior border is serrated for articulation with the horizontal part of the palatine bone. Wikipedia:Palatine_process_of_maxilla 1st arch pharyngeal cleft 1st arch branchial groove 1st arch groove ectoderm 1st pharyngeal cleft 1st pharyngeal groove 1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000009 EHDAA:575 EMAPA:16119 In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005872 VHOG:0000554 VHOG:0000969 branchial groove of 1st arch uberon 1st pharyngeal groove VHOG:0000969 2012-09-17 A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000969 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 1st arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000008 1st arch groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000009 EMAPA:16119 branchial groove of 1st arch A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. VHOG:OG 1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm VHOG:0000554 1st pharyngeal cleft VHOG:0000969 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010) In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000969 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd arch pharyngeal cleft 2nd arch branchial groove 2nd arch groove ectoderm 2nd pharyngeal cleft 2nd pharyngeal groove 2nd pharyngeal groove ectoderm A groove that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. A groove that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000057 EHDAA:613 EMAPA:16396 UBERON:0005873 VHOG:0000568 VHOG:0000972 branchial groove of 2nd arch uberon 2nd arch groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000057 2nd pharyngeal cleft VHOG:0000972 2nd arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000054 2nd pharyngeal groove VHOG:0000972 A groove that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. VHOG:OG 2012-09-17 A groove that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000972 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd pharyngeal groove ectoderm VHOG:0000568 EMAPA:16396 branchial groove of 2nd arch 3rd arch pharyngeal cleft 3rd arch branchial groove 3rd arch groove ectoderm 3rd pharyngeal cleft 3rd pharyngeal groove 3rd pharyngeal groove ectoderm A groove that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. A groove that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000074 EHDAA:1082 EMAPA:16581 UBERON:0005874 VHOG:0000572 VHOG:0000973 branchial groove of 3rd arch uberon 3rd pharyngeal cleft VHOG:0000973 3rd arch branchial groove EHDAA2:0000071 A groove that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. VHOG:OG 3rd arch groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000074 3rd pharyngeal groove VHOG:0000973 3rd pharyngeal groove ectoderm VHOG:0000572 2012-09-17 A groove that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000973 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA:16581 branchial groove of 3rd arch 4th arch pharyngeal cleft 4th arch branchial groove 4th arch pharyngeal groove ectoderm 4th pharyngeal cleft 4th pharyngeal groove 4th pharyngeal groove ectoderm A groove that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch. A groove that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000089 EHDAA:1665 EMAPA:16761 EMAPA:16762 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000088 UBERON:0005875 VHOG:0000577 VHOG:0000968 branchial groove of 4th arch uberon 4th arch branchial groove RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000088 4th pharyngeal groove VHOG:0000968 A groove that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch. VHOG:OG 4th pharyngeal cleft VHOG:0000968 4th pharyngeal groove ectoderm VHOG:0000577 2012-09-17 A groove that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.70, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000968 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA:16761 branchial groove of 4th arch 4th arch pharyngeal groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000089 undifferentiated genital tubercle A genital tubercle is a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus. In the human fetus the genital tubercle develops around week 4 of gestation, and by week 9 becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis. This should not be confused with the sinus tubercle which is a proliferation of endoderm induced by paramesonephic ducts. Even after the phallus is developed, the term genital tubercle remains, but only as the terminal end of it[2], which develops into either the glans penis or the glans clitoridis. The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.[WP]. EHDAA2:0000705 EHDAA:5925 EMAPA:17382 In mammalian embryos, male and female external genitalia develop from the genital tubercle.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:308798005 Taxon notes: todo - add taxon constraints. AO notes: we assume the EMAPA class is the undifferentiated form based on TS timings The eminence in the embryo which develops into the clitoris or penis. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0005876 VHOG:0000583 embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin; GT development is indistinguishable in male and female mouse embryos until ~E16, when the urethral plate begins to be masculinized to form the penile urethra, marking the beginning of an androgen-dependent phase of sexual differentiation[MP] genital tubercle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Gray1119.png phallic tubercle tuberculum genitale tuberculum phallicum uberon undifferentiated genital tubercle VHOG:0000583 undifferentiated genital tubercle Wikipedia:Genital_tubercle tuberculum phallicum EMAPA:17382 genital tubercle 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1242/dev.036830 Seifert AW, Yamaguchi T, Cohn MJ, Functional and phylogenetic analysis shows that Fgf8 is a marker of genital induction in mammals but is not required for external genital development. Development (2009) In mammalian embryos, male and female external genitalia develop from the genital tubercle.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000583 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The eminence in the embryo which develops into the clitoris or penis. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000583 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/genital+tubercle MP embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin; GT development is indistinguishable in male and female mouse embryos until ~E16, when the urethral plate begins to be masculinized to form the penile urethra, marking the beginning of an androgen-dependent phase of sexual differentiation[MP] Wikipedia:Genital_tubercle tuberculum genitale EHDAA2 A genital tubercle is a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus. In the human fetus the genital tubercle develops around week 4 of gestation, and by week 9 becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis. This should not be confused with the sinus tubercle which is a proliferation of endoderm induced by paramesonephic ducts. Even after the phallus is developed, the term genital tubercle remains, but only as the terminal end of it[2], which develops into either the glans penis or the glans clitoridis. The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.[WP]. Wikipedia:Genital_tubercle pharyngeal cleft AAO:0010623 AO notes: some ontologies distringuish between cleft and cleft ectoderm, we merge these here. Editor notes: consider adding location (precursor) - i.e. external (ectodermal). Note we use overlaps as the relationship to the arches Kiemenspalten UBERON:0005879 UMLS:C1280559 branchial cleft branchial groove gill cleft http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Kiemenbogen.jpg ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Groove pharyngeal groove pharyngeal groove ectoderm sulcus pharyngei the counterpart of a branchial pouch on the ectodermal side. The first pharyngeal groove produces the external auditory meatus.[2] The rest (2, 3, and 4) are overlapped by the growing 2nd pharyngeal arch, and form the floor of the depression termed the cervical sinus, which opens ventrally, and finally obliterated[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove branchial cleft EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove sulcus pharyngei Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove the counterpart of a branchial pouch on the ectodermal side. The first pharyngeal groove produces the external auditory meatus.[2] The rest (2, 3, and 4) are overlapped by the growing 2nd pharyngeal arch, and form the floor of the depression termed the cervical sinus, which opens ventrally, and finally obliterated[WP]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove pharyngeal groove UBERON:cjm pharyngeal groove ectoderm EHDAA2 AAO:0010623 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_groove branchial groove prepollex A rudimentary additional digit-like structure on the preaxial side of the thumb of certain amphibians and mammals[dictionary.com]. Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements.[AAO] UBERON:0005880 not homologous to digit 1 of tetrapods. Note we treat the prepollex as distinct from the digits, which are not part of the carpus pseudothumb uberon A rudimentary additional digit-like structure on the preaxial side of the thumb of certain amphibians and mammals[dictionary.com]. http://dictionary.com doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1038 pseudothumb 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000852 AAO:LAP Two or more elements located ventral and medial to the metacarpal of digit II(I). The proximal prepollex is small and round whereas distal prepollex 1 is usually large and wedge-shaped. When more elements are present, they are smaller than previous elements.[AAO] limb outgrowth UBERON:0005881 encompasses digits and prepollex. requires review uberon alar plate UBERON:0005882 alar lamina alar plate of neural tube dorsal part of neural tube http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Gray646.png lamina alaris lamina dorsolateralis the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses. uberon Wikipedia:Alar_lamina alar lamina Wikipedia:Alar_plate lamina dorsolateralis MP:0009692 Wikipedia:Alar_plate the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies dorsal to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily sensory neurons and interneurons involved in communication of sensory impulses. Wikipedia:Alar_plate lamina alaris neural tube lateral wall mantle layer EHDAA2:0001261 TODO - expand subtypes post EHDAA2-revision, check lateral wall UBERON:0005883 uberon hyoid arch skeleton A subdivision of skeleton that subdivision_of a pharyngeal arch 2. AAO:0000665 AAO:0010370 AO notes: it's not clear where AAO:'hyobranchial skeleton' belongs TAO:0001276 UBERON:0005884 XAO:0003177 ZFA:0001276 hyal@fr hyocïde@fr hyoid arch hyoid arch skeleton hyoid bars pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton uberon visceral arch 2 TAO:0001276 hyoid arch TAO:0001276 hyoid bars TAO:0001276 hyocïde@fr ZFA ZFA:0001276 pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton ZFA:0001276 hyoid arch skeleton TAO:0001276 visceral arch 2 A subdivision of skeleton that subdivision_of a pharyngeal arch 2. OBOL:automatic TAO:0001276 hyal@fr cjm ZFA post-hyoid pharyngeal arch skeleton A subdivision of skeleton that subdivision_of a post-hyoid pharyngeal arch. AO notes: XAO class belongs here, as it clearly refers to arches 3-7 SCTID:346439007 Skeletal and cartilage elements of the gill arches; the last five of the set of seven pharyngeal arches; the numbering system can be confusing; generally branchial arch #1 is the first gill arch, or the third pharyngeal arch, but some authors do not follow this convention. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000095 UBERON:0005886 XAO:0003180 ZFA:0000095 branchial arch skeleton gill arch 1-5 skeleton gill arch skeleton pharyngeal arch 3-7 skeleton relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: part_of anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] uberon visceral arch skeleton A subdivision of skeleton that subdivision_of a post-hyoid pharyngeal arch. OBOL:automatic XAO:0003180 branchial arch skeleton XAO:0003180 gill arch skeleton XAO:0003180 visceral arch skeleton ZFA 2012-08-14 Skeletal and cartilage elements of the gill arches; the last five of the set of seven pharyngeal arches; the numbering system can be confusing; generally branchial arch #1 is the first gill arch, or the third pharyngeal arch, but some authors do not follow this convention. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000095 ZFIN:curator TAO:0000095 gill arch 1-5 skeleton 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000095 relationship type change: subclass anatomical cluster (CARO:0000041) CHANGED TO: part_of anatomical cluster (UBERON:0000477)[TAO] ZFA ZFA:0000095 pharyngeal arch 3-7 skeleton zygote cortex AAO:0010327 UBERON:0005889 Usage notes: candidate for obsoletion XAO:0000216 cortex uberon AAO:0010327 XAO:0000216 cortex gonad germinal epithelium BTO:0004524 EMAPA:17384 EV:0200046 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000706 UBERON:0005890 VHOG:0000629 coelomic epithelium germinal epithelium uberon RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000706 germinal epithelium EMAPA:17384 coelomic epithelium coelomic epithelium AO notes: EHDAA2:0004049 used to be called "coelomic epithelium" but is now "gonadal ridge mesothelium" The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom. UBERON:0005891 XAO:0000329 celomic epithelium germinal epithelium of Waldeyer uberon Wikipedia:Coelomic_epithelium germinal epithelium of Waldeyer XAO XAO The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom. Wikipedia:Coelomic_epithelium XAO:0000329 mesonephric early distal tubule AAO:0010391 The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. UBERON:0005892 XAO:0000333 mesonephric ascending limb mesonephric straight distal segment uberon XAO:0000333 mesonephric ascending limb XAO:0000333 mesonephric straight distal segment The mesonephric equivalent of the ascending limb, or straight distal segment, of metanephric nephrons. XB:curator leg bone A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx MA:0000670 MESH:A02.835.232.500 UBERON:0005893 uberon A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx UBERON:cjm locomotive weight-bearing appendage A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands (GO:0035110). Functional grouping, currently encompasses vertebrate and insect legs. This class was originally introduced to support GO:0035110, but this has been obsoleted. UBERON:0005894 leg uberon A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands (GO:0035110). GO:0035110 Wikipedia:Leg insect leg FBbt:00004640 MAT:0000095 MIAA:0000095 TGMA:0000164 The walking appendages of each segment of the ventral adult external thorax[FBbt]. A leg derived from an imaginal disc[GO]. UBERON:0005895 imaginal disc-derived leg uberon FBbt:00004640 GO:0007480 The walking appendages of each segment of the ventral adult external thorax[FBbt]. A leg derived from an imaginal disc[GO]. GO:0007480 imaginal disc-derived leg jointed/prehensile appendage A jointed or prehensible appendage used for locomotion or manipulation. Examples: human arm, human leg, octopus tentacle, insect limb[Wikipedia]. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. For example a leg, arm or some types of fin[GO]. UBERON:0005896 Usage notes: this class was originally introduced to account for the previously vague use of the term 'limb' in GO. extremitaet extremities extremity limb true uberon A jointed or prehensible appendage used for locomotion or manipulation. Examples: human arm, human leg, octopus tentacle, insect limb[Wikipedia]. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. For example a leg, arm or some types of fin[GO]. GO:0035108 Wikipedia:Limb_(anatomy) extremities AEO:0000172 BTO:0001492 GO:0035108 limb BTO:0001492 extremitaet manus bone A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones. MA:0000619 SCTID:426741001 UBERON:0005897 bone of hand bone of hand proper or wrist bone of hand skeleton bone of manus bone of pectoral limb autopod bone of pectoral limb autopodium forelimb autopod bone forelimb autopodium bone hand bone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000015 uberon A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones. UBERON:cjm MA:0000619 hand bone pes bone A bone that is part of the pes skeleton GAID:192 MA:0000643 MESH:A02.835.232.300 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5ridZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361371005 UBERON:0005899 UMLS:C0016505 bone of foor proper or tarsal skeleton bone of foot bone of pedal skeleton bone of pes foot bone http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000015 ncithesaurus:Foot_Bone uberon A bone that is part of the pes skeleton UBERON:cjm MA:0000643 foot bone occipital region AAO:0010199 An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occiptal condyle.[TAO] FMA:49187 SCTID:362618001 TAO:0001414 TODO - check UBERON:0005902 XAO:0003173 ZFA:0001414 back of head basicranial region occipital part of head occipital region of head uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010199 AAO:EJS An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles.[AAO] 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occiptal condyle.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001414 TAO:MAH FMA:49187 occipital part of head FMA:49187 occipital region of head Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. TAO:0001414 UBERONREF:0000007 ZFA:0001414 basicranial region FMA:49187 back of head duct of seminal vesicle EMAPA:29282 Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP]. FMA:19473 SCTID:279675008 UBERON:0005903 ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae excretory duct of seminal gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray1160.png seminal vesicle duct uberon FMA:19473 excretory duct of seminal gland FMA:19473 ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) FMA:19473 seminal vesicle duct FMA:19473 FMA:TA ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae Wikipedia:Excretory_duct_of_seminal_gland ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP]. Wikipedia:Excretory_duct_of_seminal_gland duct of male reproductive system A duct that is part of a male reproductive system. UBERON:0005904 groups the individual ducts in a variety of species uberon A duct that is part of a male reproductive system. OBOL:automatic insect labrum A mouthpart of insects. BTO:0004104 Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00004522 HAO:0000456 TADS:0000039 UBERON:0005905 insect labium labium labrum uberon BTO:0004104 insect labium BTO:0004104 labrum A mouthpart of insects. Wikipedia:Insect_mouthparts#Labrum BTO:0004104 labium serous sac FMA:9689 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA] SCTID:362890006 See notes for serous membrane UBERON:0005906 uberon FMA:9689 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA] conjunctival sac EMAPA:18233 FMA:20291 SCTID:362531001 Serous sac, which has as parts the conjunctiva and the cavity of conjunctiva. Examples: There are only two conjunctival sacs, the right and the left.[FMA] UBERON:0005908 uberon FMA:20291 Serous sac, which has as parts the conjunctiva and the cavity of conjunctiva. Examples: There are only two conjunctival sacs, the right and the left.[FMA] FMA MA FMA transitional epithelium BTO:0003906 FMA:63914 MESH:A10.272.850 Multilaminar epithelium, which of consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, in contact with a basement membrane, that can undergo distention and contraction without losing its integrity and consistency. Examples: urothelium.[FMA] SCTID:30117005 UBERON:0005910 UMLS:C0225339 epithelium transitionale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Harnblase_Urothel.png ncithesaurus:Transitional_Epithelium see comments for urothelium uberon urothelium FMA:63914 epithelium transitionale EMAPA:28089 Wikipedia:Transitional_epithelium urothelium FMA:63914 FMA:FMA Multilaminar epithelium, which of consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells, in contact with a basement membrane, that can undergo distention and contraction without losing its integrity and consistency. Examples: urothelium.[FMA] Wikipedia:Transitional_epithelium endo-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA] FMA:69065 UBERON:0005911 uberon Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA] FMA:69065 transitional epithelium of major calyx An urothelium of ureter that is part of a mucosa of major calyx. FMA:263266 UBERON:0005912 uberon urothelium of major calyx An urothelium of ureter that is part of a mucosa of major calyx. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic urothelium of major calyx zone of bone organ FMA:10483 UBERON:0005913 bone organ zone uberon FMA:10483 bone organ zone supreme nasal concha FMA:57457 SCTID:361935003 UBERON:0005919 a thin bony plate occasionally found projecting from the inner wall of the ethmoid labyrinth, above the bony superior nasal concha, and the mucous membrane covering the plate. concha nasi suprema highest nasal concha supreme nasal turbinate supreme turbinate uberon FMA:57457 supreme nasal turbinate a thin bony plate occasionally found projecting from the inner wall of the ethmoid labyrinth, above the bony superior nasal concha, and the mucous membrane covering the plate. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/supreme+nasal+concha FMA:57457 supreme turbinate FMA:57457 highest nasal concha FMA:57457 FMA:TA concha nasi suprema superior nasal concha FMA:57458 SCTID:361934004 The back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate, the superior nasal concha. The bone found in superior nasal concha is part of the ethmoid bone. UBERON:0005920 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray151.png superior concha superior nasal turbinate superior turbinate uberon FMA:57458 superior nasal turbinate Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_concha superior concha The back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate, the superior nasal concha. The bone found in superior nasal concha is part of the ethmoid bone. Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_concha FMA:57458 superior turbinate middle nasal concha FMA:57459 SCTID:361933005 The medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin, the middle nasal concha. It is rough, and marked above by numerous grooves, directed nearly vertically downward from the cribriform plate; they lodge branches of the olfactory nerves, which are distributed to the mucous membrane covering the superior nasal concha. UBERON:0005921 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray151.png middle concha middle nasal turbinate middle turbinate uberon FMA:57459 middle nasal turbinate FMA:57459 middle turbinate The medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin, the middle nasal concha. It is rough, and marked above by numerous grooves, directed nearly vertically downward from the cribriform plate; they lodge branches of the olfactory nerves, which are distributed to the mucous membrane covering the superior nasal concha. Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_concha Wikipedia:Middle_nasal_concha middle concha inferior nasal concha FMA:54736 SCTID:361932000 SCTID:362882006 The inferior nasal concha (Inferior Turbinated Bone) is one of the turbinates in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity [Fig. 1] and consists of a of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll. Each inferior nasal concha is considered a facial pair of bones since they arise from the maxillae bones and projects horizontally into the nasal cavity. They are also termed 'inferior nasal turbinates' because they function similar to that of a turbine. As the air passes through the turbinates, the air is churned against these mucosa-lined bones in order to receive warmth, moisture and cleansing. Superior to inferior nasal concha are the middle nasal concha and superior nasal concha which arise from the cranial portion of the skull. Hence, these two are considered as a part of the cranial bones. It has two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities. UBERON:0005922 UMLS:C0225434 concha nasi inferior, concha nasalis inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Gray192.png inferior concha inferior nasal turbinate inferior nasal turbinate bone inferior turbinate inferior turbinated ncithesaurus:Inferior_Turbinate note that in FMA this is not classified with the other turbinates. In Uberon we subdivide the turbinates into the ethmoturbinates and the inferior turbinate. TODO: check ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_nasal_concha concha nasi inferior, concha nasalis inferior The inferior nasal concha (Inferior Turbinated Bone) is one of the turbinates in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity [Fig. 1] and consists of a of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll. Each inferior nasal concha is considered a facial pair of bones since they arise from the maxillae bones and projects horizontally into the nasal cavity. They are also termed 'inferior nasal turbinates' because they function similar to that of a turbine. As the air passes through the turbinates, the air is churned against these mucosa-lined bones in order to receive warmth, moisture and cleansing. Superior to inferior nasal concha are the middle nasal concha and superior nasal concha which arise from the cranial portion of the skull. Hence, these two are considered as a part of the cranial bones. It has two surfaces, two borders, and two extremities. Wikipedia:Inferior_nasal_concha dbpedia FMA FMA:54736 inferior nasal turbinate FMA-abduced-lr dbpedia FMA:54736 inferior turbinate ISBN10:1588903958 Wikipedia:Inferior_nasal_concha inferior turbinated Wikipedia:Inferior_nasal_concha inferior concha ethmoidal process of inferior nasal concha Behind the lacrimal process of the inferior nasal conchae lies a broad, thin plate, the ethmoidal process, which ascends to join the uncinate process of the ethmoid; from its lower border a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. FMA:54742 UBERON:0005925 ethmoidal process of inferior concha ethmoidal process of inferior nasal turbinate ethmoidal process of inferior turbinate processus ethmoidalis (concha nasalis inferior) processus ethmoidalis conchae nasalis inferioris processus ethmoidalis conchae nasalis inferioris uberon FMA:54742 ethmoidal process of inferior turbinate Behind the lacrimal process of the inferior nasal conchae lies a broad, thin plate, the ethmoidal process, which ascends to join the uncinate process of the ethmoid; from its lower border a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. Wikipedia:Ethmoid_boneal_process_of_inferior_nasal_concha FMA:54742 processus ethmoidalis (concha nasalis inferior) Wikipedia:Ethmoidal_process_of_inferior_nasal_concha processus ethmoidalis conchae nasalis inferioris FMA:54742 ethmoidal process of inferior concha FMA:54742 FMA:TA processus ethmoidalis conchae nasalis inferioris FMA:54742 ethmoidal process of inferior nasal turbinate external naris AAO:0000024 AAO:0000983 AAO:0010358 EHDAA2:0001275 EHDAA:9085 EMAPA:17848 FMA:59645 Fish have two pairs of external nostrils. Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior.[AAO] In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...).[well established][VHOG] MA:0001320 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCLpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:276165005 Surface structure that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. TAO:0000550 UBERON:0005928 UMLS:C0595944 VHOG:0000544 XAO:0003033 ZFA:0000550 anterior nares anterior naris blowhole external nares naris ncithesaurus:Nostril nostril relationship loss: subclass nasal opening (AAO:0000316)[AAO] uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.257 and Figure 7.27 In a tetrapod, the nasal sac has an external naris (homologous with the anterior naris of the fish) (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000544 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Blowhole_(anatomy) blowhole ZFA VHOG:0000544 anterior nares external nares ZFA:0000550 naris MA FMA:59645 XAO:0003033 nostril 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000024 relationship loss: subclass nasal opening (AAO:0000316)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000024 AAO:LAP Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal cavity with the exterior.[AAO] OMD:nostril Surface structure that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. Wikipedia:Nostril ZFA:0001427 anterior naris primary choana EHDAA:9087 EMAPA:17851 MA:0001322 TODO - check. MA says part_of external naris. UBERON:0005931 initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate. uberon http://www.drugs.com/dict/primary-choana.html initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate. bulb of hair follicle EMAPA:18770 FMA:70666 MA:0000161 SCTID:361360009 UBERON:0005932 UMLS:C0221962 coat hair bulb hair bulb hair follicle bulb ncithesaurus:Hair_Bulb see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 uberon FMA:70666 hair bulb MA:0000161 coat hair bulb FMA:70666 hair follicle bulb hair root sheath AO notes: see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 EMAPA:18772 MA:0000162 UBERON:0005933 uberon hair inner root sheath A multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. BTO:0003971 FMA:70935 MA:0000779 UBERON:0005941 hair follicle inner root sheath inner root sheath inner root sheath of hair follicle inner sheath of hair follicle internal root sheath of hair follicle uberon A multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. MP:0010685 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 FMA:70935 inner sheath of hair follicle FMA:70935 internal root sheath of hair follicle FMA:70935 inner root sheath of hair follicle MP:0010685 hair follicle inner root sheath BTO:0003971 inner root sheath hair outer root sheath BTO:0003969 FMA:70943 It surrounds the hair follicle like a sleeve all the way to the bulb. The outer root sheath is essentially a stratified epithelium that is contiguous with the epidermis. MA:0000780 ORS SCTID:319224003 UBERON:0005942 external root sheath of hair follicle hair follicle outer root sheath outer root sheath outer root sheath of hair follicle uberon BTO:0003969 outer root sheath It surrounds the hair follicle like a sleeve all the way to the bulb. The outer root sheath is essentially a stratified epithelium that is contiguous with the epidermis. Keratin.com:http://www.keratin.com/ https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 BTO:0003969 ORS FMA:70943 external root sheath of hair follicle FMA:70943 outer root sheath of hair follicle BTO:0003969 hair follicle outer root sheath hair root sheath matrix MA:0000781 UBERON:0005943 uberon axial skeleton plus cranial skeleton AAO:0000963 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:18043 MA:0000308 SCTID:361725000 See [UBERONREF:0000008] Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. UBERON:0005944 UMLS:C0222645 VSAO:0000056 XAO:0004011 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg ncithesaurus:Axial_Skeleton skeleton axiale uberon FMA:71221 Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. UBERONREF:0000008 VSAO:0000056 Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton 2012-08-14 PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000056 Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton skeleton axiale neurocranial trabecula EFO:0003677 TAO:0001321 UBERON:0005945 ZFA:0001321 neurocranial trabeculae trabecula trabecular cartilage uberon ZFA ZFA ZFA:0001321 trabecula ZFA ZFA:0001321 neurocranial trabeculae ZFA:0001321 trabecular cartilage outflow tract of atrium An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. FMA:14141 UBERON:0005946 outflow part of atrium uberon FMA:14141 outflow part of atrium An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. OBOL:automatic outflow part of right ventricle FMA:7216 Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the pulmonary trunk[FNA]. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery[WP]. RVOT SCTID:244379003 UBERON:0005953 UMLS:C1881209 conus arteriosus (infundibulum) infundibulum infundibulum of right ventricle ncithesaurus:Infundibulum outflow tract of right ventricle pulmonary conus right ventricular outflow tract uberon FMA:7216 pulmonary conus FMA:7216 Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the pulmonary trunk[FNA]. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery[WP]. FMA:7216 outflow tract of right ventricle Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus infundibulum FMA:7216 infundibulum of right ventricle FMA:7216 conus arteriosus (infundibulum) PMID:17276708 outflow part of left ventricle FMA:9473 LVOT Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the aorta[FMA]. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. SCTID:264070001 UBERON:0005956 aortic vestibule left ventricular outflow left ventricular outflow tract outflow tract of left ventricle uberon vestibulum aortae FMA:9473 left ventricular outflow FMA:9473 aortic vestibule FMA:9473 FMA:TA vestibulum aortae FMA:9473 outflow tract of left ventricle HP:0011103 left ventricular outflow tract FMA:9473 Outflow part of ventricle which is continuous with the aorta[FMA]. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. outflow part of right atrium FMA:9550 Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA] UBERON:0005965 main part of right atrium outflow tract of right atrium uberon FMA:9550 main part of right atrium FMA:9550 outflow tract of right atrium FMA:9550 FMA:FMA Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA] outflow part of left atrium An outflow tract of atrium that is part of a left atrium. FMA:9551 UBERON:0005966 main part of left atrium outflow tract of left atrium uberon FMA:9551 main part of left atrium An outflow tract of atrium that is part of a left atrium. OBOL:automatic FMA:9551 outflow tract of left atrium conotruncal ridge EHDAA:1914 EMAPA:17332 EMAPA:17867 One of the pair of spiral mesenchymal swellings in the primordial ventricular outflow tract, that eventually fuse to form the conotruncal septum, dividing the subvalvular outflow tract and contributing to the membranous interventricular septum[MP] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000194 UBERON:0005967 VHOG:0001385 aortico-pulmonary spiral ridges bulbar ridge conotruncal cushion endocardial ridge outflow tract cushion outflow tract endocardial cushion spiral ridge uberon MP:0010585 One of the pair of spiral mesenchymal swellings in the primordial ventricular outflow tract, that eventually fuse to form the conotruncal septum, dividing the subvalvular outflow tract and contributing to the membranous interventricular septum[MP] PMID:8823298 MP:0010585 outflow tract cushion MP:0010585 aortico-pulmonary spiral ridges MP:0010585 bulbar ridge MP:0010585 endocardial ridge MP:0010585 conotruncal cushion VHOG:0001385 spiral ridge MP:0010585 outflow tract endocardial cushion infundibulum of hair follicle FMA:70722 MA:0003016 SCTID:319522000 UBERON:0005968 UMLS:C0221973 dermal piliary canal hair follicle infundibulum ncithesaurus:Hair_Follicle_Infundibulum the portion of the hair follicle from the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct to the surface opening. uberon FMA:70722 dermal piliary canal FMA:70722 hair follicle infundibulum UBERON:ps https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3565357&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 the portion of the hair follicle from the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct to the surface opening. reticulum trabeculare BTO:0001605 EFO:0003077 EV:0100352 GAID:897 Hueck's ligament MESH:A09.371.060.932 SCTID:280694002 TODO check syns - ligaments UBERON:0004028 UBERON:0005969 UMLS:C0040573 a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris[GO]. The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal flowing into the blood system[WP]. A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.[GAID] the pore-like structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates[MP]. cribiform ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray870.png iridis ligamentum peactin-tum iridis ligamentum pectinatum ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis ligamentum pectinatum iridis ncithesaurus:Trabecular_Meshwork pectinate ligament pectinate ligament of iris reticulum trabeculare sclerae scleral trabeculae scleral trabecular scleral trabecule scribiform ligament trabecular mesh trabecular meshwork trabecular meshwork of the eye uberon Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scleral trabecule Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork ligamentum pectinatum iridis BTO:0001605 Hueck's ligament Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scleral trabeculae Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork iridis Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork cribiform ligament BTO:0001605 pectinate ligament Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scleral trabecular Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork reticulum trabeculare sclerae Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork trabecular meshwork of the eye BTO:0001605 GO:0002930 trabecular meshwork BTO:0001605 pectinate ligament of iris Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork ligamentum peactin-tum iridis Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork ligamentum pectinatum BTO:0001605 ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork scribiform ligament Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork trabecular mesh GO:0002930 MP:0005203 Wikipedia:Trabecular_meshwork a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris[GO]. The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal flowing into the blood system[WP]. A porelike structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates to the canal of Schlemm.[GAID] the pore-like structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber through which aqueous humor circulates[MP]. brain commissure A commissure that is part of a brain. UBERON:0005970 any of the nerve fiber tracts that span the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral and/or cerebellar hemispheres of the brain[MP] uberon A commissure that is part of a brain. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-08 MP MP:0002199 any of the nerve fiber tracts that span the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral and/or cerebellar hemispheres of the brain[MP] amniotic fold A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. EMAPA:16076 UBERON:0005971 uberon A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. ISBN10:0073040584 Kardong tunnel of Corti A triangular, fluid-filled space normally found between the inner and outer rows of supporting pillar cells in the organ of Corti. UBERON:0005972 uberon A triangular, fluid-filled space normally found between the inner and outer rows of supporting pillar cells in the organ of Corti. MP:0003151 blood-inner ear barrier UBERON:0005973 the function of the group of barriers and transport systems which regulate the transport of various substances from blood to inner ear tissue and maintain the microhomeostasis and functional integrity of the inner ear; the endothelial cells of the inner ear blood capillaries, linked to each other by tight junctions, represent the main component of the blood-inner ear barrier uberon MP:0004999 the function of the group of barriers and transport systems which regulate the transport of various substances from blood to inner ear tissue and maintain the microhomeostasis and functional integrity of the inner ear; the endothelial cells of the inner ear blood capillaries, linked to each other by tight junctions, represent the main component of the blood-inner ear barrier posterior cerebellomedullary cistern A space between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla[MP]. The cisterna magna (or cerebellomedullary cistern) is one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The openings are collectively referred to as cisterns. The cisterna magna is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata. Cerebrospinal fluid produced in the fourth ventricle drains into the cisterna magna via the lateral apertures and median aperture. The two other principal cisterns are the pontine cistern located between the pons and the medulla, and the interpeduncular cistern located between the cerebral peduncles. Cerebral spinal fluid can also be obtained by puncture of the cisterna magna (cistern puncture). FMA:83721 GAID:690 MESH:A08.186.566.166.686.351 SCTID:280391002 UBERON:0005974 UMLS:C0008841 cisterna cerebellomedullaris cisterna cerebellomedullaris posterior cisterna magna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray768.png ncithesaurus:Cisterna_Magna uberon Wikipedia:Cisterna_magna cisterna cerebellomedullaris MP:0009033 cisterna cerebellomedullaris posterior A space between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla[MP]. The cisterna magna (or cerebellomedullary cistern) is one of three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges surrounding the brain. The openings are collectively referred to as cisterns. The cisterna magna is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata. Cerebrospinal fluid produced in the fourth ventricle drains into the cisterna magna via the lateral apertures and median aperture. The two other principal cisterns are the pontine cistern located between the pons and the medulla, and the interpeduncular cistern located between the cerebral peduncles. Cerebral spinal fluid can also be obtained by puncture of the cisterna magna (cistern puncture). MP:0009036 Wikipedia:Cisterna_magna MP:0009033 cisterna magna hair follicle bulge BTO:0004904 FMA:70735 UBERON:0005975 bulge of hair follicle the area located in the bottom of the permanent portion of a resting (telogen) hair follicle where the cells of the external root sheath of the hair follicle are contiguous with the basal layer of the epidermis; this portion of the follicle is involved in the generation of a new hair at the onset of the hair growth cycle (anagen) and contains the hair follicle stem cells uberon FMA:70735 bulge of hair follicle MP:0009759 the area located in the bottom of the permanent portion of a resting (telogen) hair follicle where the cells of the external root sheath of the hair follicle are contiguous with the basal layer of the epidermis; this portion of the follicle is involved in the generation of a new hair at the onset of the hair growth cycle (anagen) and contains the hair follicle stem cells ansiform lobule crus I . ABA:ANcr1 FMA:72524 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 TODO - check UBERON:0005976 crus II of the ansiform lobule (HVII) crus primum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] first crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] hemispheric lobule viibi lobulus ansiform crus II lobulus semilunaris inferior lobulus semilunaris superior cerebelli posterior superior lobule semilunar lobule-2 (superior) superior semilunar lobule superior semilunar lobule superior semilunar lobule of cerebellum uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 crus II of the ansiform lobule (HVII) FMA:72524 first crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] FMA:72524 superior semilunar lobule of cerebellum FMA:72524 semilunar lobule-2 (superior) FMA:72524 superior semilunar lobule FMA:72524 FMA:TA lobulus semilunaris superior cerebelli FMA:72524 FMA:TA crus primum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a] . MP:0010002 FMA:72524 posterior superior lobule FMA:72524 superior semilunar lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 hemispheric lobule viibi NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 lobulus ansiform crus II NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081209 lobulus semilunaris inferior ansiform lobule crus II . ABA:ANcr2 FMA:72525 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 TODO - check UBERON:0005977 crus I of the ansiform lobule (HVII) crus secundum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a hemispheric lobule viia inferior semilunar lobule inferior semilunar lobule of cerebellum lobulus ansiform crus I lobulus semilunaris inferior cerebelli lobulus semilunaris superior posterior inferior lobule second crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] semilunar lobule-2 (inferior) uberon FMA:72525 FMA:TA crus secundum lobuli ansiformis cerebelli [h vii a FMA:72525 inferior semilunar lobule of cerebellum NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 lobulus semilunaris superior FMA:72525 second crus of ansiform lobule of cerebellum [h vii a] NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 hemispheric lobule viia NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 lobulus ansiform crus I FMA:72525 FMA:TA lobulus semilunaris inferior cerebelli FMA:72525 semilunar lobule-2 (inferior) FMA:72525 posterior inferior lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081208 crus I of the ansiform lobule (HVII) . MP:0010003 FMA:72525 inferior semilunar lobule olfactory bulb outer nerve layer UBERON:0005978 the outermost layer of the olfactory bulb; consists primarily of olfactory afferent axons and ensheathing glia uberon MP:0010057 the outermost layer of the olfactory bulb; consists primarily of olfactory afferent axons and ensheathing glia crista terminalis FMA:9236 SCTID:277693004 UBERON:0005979 crista terminalis atrii dextri crista terminalis cordis crista terminalis of right atrium the vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium uberon FMA:9236 crista terminalis of right atrium FMA:9236 crista terminalis cordis FMA:9236 FMA:TA crista terminalis atrii dextri MP:0010495 the vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium pectinate muscle FMA:12226 SCTID:277718001 UBERON:0005980 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray498.png musculi pectinati musculi pectinati atrii dextri, musculi pectinati atrii sinistri musculus pectinatus the prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located on the inner surface of most of the right atrium and both the right and left auricular regions[MP]. uberon Wikipedia:Musculi_pectinati musculi pectinati Wikipedia:Musculi_pectinati musculi pectinati atrii dextri, musculi pectinati atrii sinistri FMA:12226 musculus pectinatus MP:0010496 Wikipedia:Musculi_pectinati the prominent ridges of atrial myocardium located on the inner surface of most of the right atrium and both the right and left auricular regions[MP]. vena cava sinus FMA:13246 UBERON:0005981 cavity of inflow part of right atrium posterior right atrial cavity sinus venarum cavarum the portion of the cavity of the right atrium of the heart that receives the blood from the vena cavae and is separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis uberon FMA:13246 cavity of inflow part of right atrium FMA:13246 posterior right atrial cavity FMA:13246 sinus venarum cavarum MP:0010497 the portion of the cavity of the right atrium of the heart that receives the blood from the vena cavae and is separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis Bachmann's bundle UBERON:0005982 anterior interatrial band http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png/350px-ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png the impulse conduction tract that originates in the sinoatrial node and transmits signal to the left atrium uberon MP:0010517 Wikipedia:Bachmann's_bundle the impulse conduction tract that originates in the sinoatrial node and transmits signal to the left atrium UBERON:gg anterior interatrial band MP heart layer UBERON:0005983 the laminar structure of the heart uberon MP:0010545 the laminar structure of the heart subendocardium layer UBERON:0005984 the layer of loose fibrous tissue located between the endocardium and myocardium which contains the nerves and the impulse-conducting system (Purkinje fibers) of the heart uberon MP:0010546 the layer of loose fibrous tissue located between the endocardium and myocardium which contains the nerves and the impulse-conducting system (Purkinje fibers) of the heart coronary vessel MESH:A07.231.114.269 TODO - change relation from part_of UBERON:0005985 any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation uberon MP:0010551 any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation left branch of atrioventricular bundle FMA:9487 SCTID:277690001 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of left ventricle and is continuous with the anterior, septal and posterior divisions of the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle[FMA]. the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates at the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the left ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fiber[MP]. UBERON:0005986 crus sinistrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) galen:LeftBundleBranch left bundle branch left bundle branch of bundle of His left bundle of atrioventricular bundle left crus of atrioventricular bundle left posterior branch left posterior bundle uberon FMA:9487 MP:0010566 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of left ventricle and is continuous with the anterior, septal and posterior divisions of the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle[FMA]. the left branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates at the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the left ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fiber[MP]. MP:0010566 left crus of atrioventricular bundle MP:0010566 left bundle of atrioventricular bundle FMA FMA:9487 crus sinistrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) HP:0005172 left bundle branch of bundle of His MP:0010566 left bundle branch MP:0010566 left posterior bundle MP:0010566 left posterior branch right branch of atrioventricular bundle FMA:9486 SCTID:277689005 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of right ventricle to reach the anterior papillary muscle and then subendocardially to the apex of the heart[FMA]. the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates just below the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the right ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fibers[MP]. UBERON:0005987 crus dextrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) galen:RightBundleBranch right bundle right bundle branch right bundle branch of bundle of His right right crus of atrioventricular bundle right ventricular bundle uberon FMA:9486 right bundle branch FMA:9486 crus dextrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) FMA FMA:9486 MP:0010567 right bundle MP:0010567 right right crus of atrioventricular bundle FMA:9486 MP:0010567 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which enters the septal myocardium of right ventricle to reach the anterior papillary muscle and then subendocardially to the apex of the heart[FMA]. the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates just below the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the right ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fibers[MP]. MP:0010567 right ventricular bundle atrium myocardial trabecula UBERON:0005988 atrial trabecula atrium myocardial trabeculae the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria trabecula of atrium uberon MP:0010581 the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria MP:0010581 atrium myocardial trabeculae atrioventricular septum FMA:7136 SCTID:280151006 UBERON:0005989 membranous atrioventricular septum the wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve uberon PMID:15797462 Wikipedia MP:0010592 the wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve FMA:7136 membranous atrioventricular septum aortic valve cusp FMA:7251 SCTID:362026005 UBERON:0005990 aortic semilunar valvule aortic valvular cusp cusp of aortic valve semilunar valvule of aortic valve the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the aortic valve uberon FMA:7251 semilunar valvule of aortic valve FMA:7251 aortic valvular cusp FMA:7251 cusp of aortic valve FMA:7251 aortic semilunar valvule MP:0010595 the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the aortic valve aortic valve anulus FMA:9502 UBERON:0005991 anulus of aortic valve aortic anulus aortic valvar anulus fibrous ring of aortic valve the fibrous ring of the aortic valve that attaches the cusps of aortic valve to the wall of left ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the posterior, right anterior and left anterior cusps uberon MP:0010598 the fibrous ring of the aortic valve that attaches the cusps of aortic valve to the wall of left ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the posterior, right anterior and left anterior cusps FMA:9502 aortic valvar anulus FMA:9502 aortic anulus FMA:9502 fibrous ring of aortic valve FMA:9502 anulus of aortic valve pulmonary valve cusp FMA:7248 UBERON:0005992 cusp of pulmonary valve pulmonary semilunar valvule pulmonary valvular cusp semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve semilunar valvule of pulmonary valve the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the pulmonary valve uberon FMA:7248 cusp of pulmonary valve FMA:7248 pulmonary semilunar valvule FMA:7248 semilunar valvule of pulmonary valve FMA:7248 pulmonary valvular cusp FMA:7248 semilunar cusp of pulmonary valve MP:0010602 the three fibrous triangular components and associated flap of the pulmonary valve pulmonary valve anulus FMA:9503 UBERON:0005993 anulus of pulmonary valve fibrous ring of pulmonary valve pulmonary anulus pulmonary valvar anulus the fibrous ring of the pulmonary valve that attaches the cusps of pulmonary valve to the wall of right ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps uberon FMA:9503 pulmonary valvar anulus FMA:9503 fibrous ring of pulmonary valve MP:0010606 the fibrous ring of the pulmonary valve that attaches the cusps of pulmonary valve to the wall of right ventricle, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior, right posterior and left posterior cusps FMA:9503 anulus of pulmonary valve FMA:9503 pulmonary anulus chordae tendineae FMA:12225 GAID:564 MESH:A07.541.510.240 SCTID:279330004 UBERON:0005994 UMLS:C0008484 chorda tendinea chordae tendineae cordis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png ncithesaurus:Chordae_Tendineae the tendinous strands that connect the papillary muscles on the wall of the ventricles to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves; the chordae tendineae serve to prevent the AV valves from prolapsing back into the atria uberon Wikipedia:Chordae_tendineae chordae tendineae cordis FMA:12225 chorda tendinea MP:0010608 Wikipedia:Chordae_tendineae the tendinous strands that connect the papillary muscles on the wall of the ventricles to the leaflets of the atrioventricular valves; the chordae tendineae serve to prevent the AV valves from prolapsing back into the atria mitral valve anulus FMA:9498 UBERON:0005995 anulus of mitral valve fibrous ring of mitral valve mitral anulus mitral valvar anulus the fibrous ring of the mitral valve that attaches the cusps of mitral valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior and posterior cusps uberon MP:0010613 the fibrous ring of the mitral valve that attaches the cusps of mitral valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior and posterior cusps FMA:9498 fibrous ring of mitral valve FMA:9498 mitral valvar anulus FMA:9498 mitral anulus FMA:9498 anulus of mitral valve mitral valve cusp TODO - add generic parent UBERON:0005996 the two fibrous components and associated flaps of the mitral valve uberon MP:0010614 the two fibrous components and associated flaps of the mitral valve tricuspid valve anulus FMA:9500 UBERON:0005997 anulus of tricuspid valve fibrous ring of tricuspid valve the fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve that attaches the cusps of tricuspid valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior cusp (infundibular cusp), the posterior cusp (marginal cusp), and the septal cusp (medial cusp) tricuspid anulus tricuspid valvar anulus uberon FMA:9500 anulus of tricuspid valve MP:0010621 the fibrous ring of the tricuspid valve that attaches the cusps of tricuspid valve to the heart, and which consists of portions of the fibrous scallops of the anterior cusp (infundibular cusp), the posterior cusp (marginal cusp), and the septal cusp (medial cusp) FMA:9500 fibrous ring of tricuspid valve FMA:9500 tricuspid anulus FMA:9500 tricuspid valvar anulus tricuspid valve cusp FMA:7240 SCTID:261417002 TODO - check UBERON:0005998 cuspis septalis valvae atrioventricularis dextrae septal cusp of right atrioventricular valve septal cusp of tricuspid valve septal leaflet of tricuspid valve septal tricuspid leaflet the three fibrous triangular components and associated flaps of the tricuspid valve uberon FMA:7240 septal tricuspid leaflet FMA:7240 septal cusp of tricuspid valve FMA:7240 septal cusp of right atrioventricular valve FMA:7240 septal leaflet of tricuspid valve MP:0010622 the three fibrous triangular components and associated flaps of the tricuspid valve FMA:7240 FMA:TA cuspis septalis valvae atrioventricularis dextrae intersomitic artery UBERON:0006001 XAO:0004165 the small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries uberon MP:0010662 the small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries vitelline artery EHDAA2:0002208 EMAPA:16207 UBERON:0006002 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray31.png the paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac / gut tube from the dorsal aorta; the vitelline arteries give rise to the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery in the adult uberon MP:0010664 Wikipedia:Vitelline_arteries the paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac / gut tube from the dorsal aorta; the vitelline arteries give rise to the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery in the adult ventral branch skin adnexa UBERON:0006003 adnexae cutis editor note - add subclasses based on resolution of CARO tracker item. Also check: adnexal gland the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails uberon Wikipedia:Skin_appendage adnexae cutis MP:0010678 Wikipedia:Skin_appendage http://code.google.com/p/caro2/issues/detail?id=5 the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails hair follicle matrix region FMA:70772 UBERON:0006004 germinal matrix of hair bulb lower part of bulb of hair follicle lower zone of bulb of hair follicle the bulb region adjacent to the dermal papilla that contains rapidly proliferating matrix cells that give rise to the various cell lineages of the hair shaft and inner root sheath uberon FMA:70772 lower zone of bulb of hair follicle MP:0010686 the bulb region adjacent to the dermal papilla that contains rapidly proliferating matrix cells that give rise to the various cell lineages of the hair shaft and inner root sheath FMA:70772 lower part of bulb of hair follicle FMA:70772 germinal matrix of hair bulb hair follicle isthmus FMA:70723 UBERON:0006005 UMLS:C1182701 isthmus of hair follicle ncithesaurus:Hair_Follicle_Isthmus the middle part of the hair follicle that extends from the sebaceous duct to the bulge uberon FMA:70723 isthmus of hair follicle MP:0010694 the middle part of the hair follicle that extends from the sebaceous duct to the bulge metoptic pilar UBERON:0006006 posterior border of the optic nerve foramen. uberon MP:0010705 posterior border of the optic nerve foramen. pre-Botzinger complex MA:0002577 Pre-Bötzinger Complex UBERON:0006007 pre-botzinger respiratory control center preBötC the MP class implies this is part of both the medulla oblongata and the PSNS, which violates the spatial disjointness constraint. We weaken this to continuous_with here. the group of interneurons within the medulla oblongata's ventral respiratory group that are important for the generation of ventilatory (inspiratory) rhythmogenesis[MP]. The Pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem, which is essential to the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals[WP]. uberon MA:0002577 pre-botzinger respiratory control center MP:0010745 Wikipedia:Pre-botzinger_complex the group of interneurons within the medulla oblongata's ventral respiratory group that are important for the generation of ventilatory (inspiratory) rhythmogenesis[MP]. The Pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC) is a cluster of interneurons in the ventrolateral medulla of the brainstem, which is essential to the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals[WP]. Wikipedia:Pre-botzinger_complex preBötC Pre-Bötzinger Complex Wikipedia:Pre-botzinger_complex fibrous ring of heart BTO:0003628 FMA:9497 Lower's ring The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis) surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus sinister cordis. The atrioventricular rings serve for the attachment of the muscular fibers of the atria and ventricles, and for the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The left atrioventricular ring is closely connected, by its right margin, with the aortic arterial ring; between these and the right atrioventricular ring is a triangular mass of fibrous tissue, the trigonum fibrosum, which represents the os cordis seen in the heart of some of the larger animals, as the ox and elephant. Lastly, there is the tendinous band, already referred to, the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus. The fibrous rings surrounding the arterial orifices serve for the attachment of the great vessels and semilunar valves, they are known as The aortic annulus. Each ring receives, by its ventricular margin, the attachment of some of the muscular fibers of the ventricles; its opposite margin presents three deep semicircular notches, to which the middle coat of the artery is firmly fixed. The attachment of the artery to its fibrous ring is strengthened by the external coat and serous membrane externally, and by the endocardium internally. From the margins of the semicircular notches the fibrous structure of the ring is continued into the segments of the valves. The middle coat of the artery in this situation is thin, and the vessel is dilated to form the sinuses of the aorta and pulmonary artery. UBERON:0006008 annulus fibrosus cordis anulus fibrosus cordis anulus fibrosus of heart aortic annulus atrioventricular ring coronary tendon fibrous ring of heart todo - compare with ZFA atrioventricular ring, part of the conduction system uberon Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart anulus fibrosus cordis BTO:0003628 Lower's ring Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart fibrous ring of heart Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart aortic annulus FMA:9497 anulus fibrosus of heart BTO:0003628 coronary tendon The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anulus fibrosus cordis) surround the atrioventricular and arterial orifices, and are stronger upon the left than on the right side of the heart. The right fibrous ring is known as the anulus fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as the anulus fibrosus sinister cordis. The atrioventricular rings serve for the attachment of the muscular fibers of the atria and ventricles, and for the attachment of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The left atrioventricular ring is closely connected, by its right margin, with the aortic arterial ring; between these and the right atrioventricular ring is a triangular mass of fibrous tissue, the trigonum fibrosum, which represents the os cordis seen in the heart of some of the larger animals, as the ox and elephant. Lastly, there is the tendinous band, already referred to, the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus. The fibrous rings surrounding the arterial orifices serve for the attachment of the great vessels and semilunar valves, they are known as The aortic annulus. Each ring receives, by its ventricular margin, the attachment of some of the muscular fibers of the ventricles; its opposite margin presents three deep semicircular notches, to which the middle coat of the artery is firmly fixed. The attachment of the artery to its fibrous ring is strengthened by the external coat and serous membrane externally, and by the endocardium internally. From the margins of the semicircular notches the fibrous structure of the ring is continued into the segments of the valves. The middle coat of the artery in this situation is thin, and the vessel is dilated to form the sinuses of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart Wikipedia:Fibrous_rings_of_heart annulus fibrosus cordis BTO:0003628 atrioventricular ring cusp of cardiac valve FMA:7232 Organ component which has as its parts the cusp proper, lunule and nodule of semilunar valvule[FMA]. The cusps of the heart valves serve to seal the heart valves when closed. There are three cusps for each valve except for the mitral valve, which has only two (hence its alternate name, "bicuspid valve"). "Nodules" are located at the tip of the valve, to form a tighter seal[WP]. SCTID:30822008 UBERON:0006009 UMLS:C0225923 cardiac valve cusp cardiac valvular cusp cardiac valvule cardial valve cusp http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gray495.png ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Valve_Cusp semilunar valvule uberon FMA:7232 cardiac valvular cusp FMA:7232 semilunar valvule FMA:7232 Organ component which has as its parts the cusp proper, lunule and nodule of semilunar valvule[FMA]. The cusps of the heart valves serve to seal the heart valves when closed. There are three cusps for each valve except for the mitral valve, which has only two (hence its alternate name, "bicuspid valve"). "Nodules" are located at the tip of the valve, to form a tighter seal[WP]. Wikipedia:Cusps_of_heart_valves FMA:7232 cardiac valvule FMA:7232 cardiac valve cusp hyaloid canal Cloquet's canal FMA:58837 Hyaloid canal is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optical nerve disc to the lens; in foetus it contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery. Other names: Cloquet's canal, Stilling's canal. The function of the canal is to provide an adjustable reservoir of mobile liquid which may be easily and rapidly displaced backwards in positive accommodation, forwards in negative accommodation[WP]. a passage running from in front of the optic disk to the lens of the eye; in the fetus, it transmits the hyaloid artery[TFD]. SCTID:362506002 Stilling's canal UBERON:0006010 canal of Cloquet http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Gray869.png in FMA, this is_a FMA:67388 portion of vitreous humor uberon FMA:58837 Stilling's canal FMA:58837 canal of Cloquet Hyaloid canal is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optical nerve disc to the lens; in foetus it contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery. Other names: Cloquet's canal, Stilling's canal. The function of the canal is to provide an adjustable reservoir of mobile liquid which may be easily and rapidly displaced backwards in positive accommodation, forwards in negative accommodation[WP]. a passage running from in front of the optic disk to the lens of the eye; in the fetus, it transmits the hyaloid artery[TFD]. Wikipedia:Hyaloid_canal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hyaloid+canal Wikipedia Cloquet's canal FMA:58837 hyaloid vein EHDAA2:0000791 TAO:0005047 UBERON:0006011 Vein internal to the eye. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] XAO:0004156 ZFA:0005047 hyaloid veins uberon ZFA:0005047 hyaloid veins EHDAA2 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005047 Vein internal to the eye. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] ZFIN:curator interdigital region 2 AO notes: MA and EMAPA mapping from TH BTO:0004670 EMAPA:32618 MA:0003012 UBERON:0006012 interdigit interdigit region uberon BTO:0004670 interdigit interdigital region between manual digits 2 An interdigital region that is part of a manus. MA:0000627 UBERON:0006013 VHOG:0000991 hand interdigit region hand interdigital region interdigital region of manus manual interdigital region uberon VHOG:0000991 hand interdigital region MA:0000627 hand interdigit region An interdigital region that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between pedal digits 2 An interdigital region that is part of a pes. MA:0000651 UBERON:0006014 VHOG:0000992 foot interdigit region foot interdigital region interdigit region of pes pedal interdigit region uberon VHOG:0000992 foot interdigital region MA:0000651 foot interdigit region An interdigital region that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic webbed interdigital region Interdigital webbing is the presence of membranes of skin between the digits. Normally in mammals, webbing is present in the embryo but resorbed later in development, but in various mammal species it occasionally persists in adulthood.[1] In humans, it can be found in those suffering from LEOPARD syndrome and from Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Webbing between the digits of the hindfoot is also present in several mammals that spend part of their time in the water.[3] Webbing accommodates movement in the water[WP]. UBERON:0006015 interdigital webbing syndactylous interdigital region uberon web Interdigital webbing is the presence of membranes of skin between the digits. Normally in mammals, webbing is present in the embryo but resorbed later in development, but in various mammal species it occasionally persists in adulthood.[1] In humans, it can be found in those suffering from LEOPARD syndrome and from Aarskog-Scott syndrome. Webbing between the digits of the hindfoot is also present in several mammals that spend part of their time in the water.[3] Webbing accommodates movement in the water[WP]. Wikipedia:Interdigital_webbing interdigital region between digits 1 and 2 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 1 and adjacent_to a digit 2. UBERON:0006016 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 1 and adjacent_to a digit 2. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between digits 2 and 3 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 2 and adjacent_to a digit 3. UBERON:0006019 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 2 and adjacent_to a digit 3. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between digits 3 and 4 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 3 and adjacent_to a digit 4. UBERON:0006022 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 3 and adjacent_to a digit 4. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between digits 4 and 5 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 4 and adjacent_to a digit 5. UBERON:0006025 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a digit 4 and adjacent_to a digit 5. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between manual digits 1 and 2 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 1 and adjacent_to a manual digit 2. EHDAA2:0000844 EHDAA:6298 EMAPA:17445 UBERON:0006026 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 1 and adjacent_to a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between manual digits 2 and 3 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 2 and adjacent_to a manual digit 3. EHDAA2:0000847 EHDAA:6304 EMAPA:17448 UBERON:0006029 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 2 and adjacent_to a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between manual digits 3 and 4 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 3 and adjacent_to a manual digit 4. EHDAA2:0000850 EHDAA:6310 EMAPA:17451 UBERON:0006032 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 3 and adjacent_to a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between manual digits 4 and 5 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 4 and adjacent_to a manual digit 5. EHDAA2:0000853 EHDAA:6316 EMAPA:17454 UBERON:0006035 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a manual digit 4 and adjacent_to a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between pedal digits 1 and 2 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 1 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 2. EHDAA2:0000856 EHDAA:6148 EMAPA:17476 UBERON:0006038 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 1 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between pedal digits 2 and 3 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 2 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 3. EHDAA2:0000859 EHDAA:6154 EMAPA:17479 UBERON:0006041 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 2 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between pedal digits 3 and 4 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 3 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 4. EHDAA2:0000862 EHDAA:6160 EMAPA:17482 UBERON:0006044 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 3 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5 An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 4 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 5. EHDAA2:0000865 EHDAA:6166 EMAPA:17485 UBERON:0006047 uberon An interdigital region that adjacent_to a pedal digit 4 and adjacent_to a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic digit 1 1 MA:00003023 UBERON:0006048 autopod digit 1 dewclaw limb digit 1 uberon Wikipedia:Dewclaw dewclaw MA:00003023 limb digit 1 digit 2 2 UBERON:0006049 uberon digit 3 3 UBERON:0006050 uberon digit 4 4 UBERON:0006051 uberon digit 5 5 UBERON:0006052 uberon surface of occiput FMA:46479 The occiput is the anatomical term for the posterior (back) portion of the head. UBERON:0006054 galen:Occiput http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Double_cowlick.jpg occiput occiput cranii occiput surface regio occipitalis (capitis) uberon FMA:46479 occiput FMA:46479 regio occipitalis (capitis) Wikipedia:Occiput occiput cranii The occiput is the anatomical term for the posterior (back) portion of the head. Wikipedia:Occiput FMA:46479 occiput surface posterior surface of head UBERON:0006056 uberon obsolete multi-segment region UBERON:0006057 true uberon multi-limb segment region A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions). UBERON:0006058 uberon A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions). UBERON:cjm falx cerebri EMAPA:18551 FMA:83967 SCTID:279275004 The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli. Its upper margin is convex, and attached to the inner surface of the skull in the middle line, as far back as the internal occipital protuberance; it contains the superior sagittal sinus. Its lower margin is free and concave, and contains the inferior sagittal sinus. The falx cerebri is known to calcify with age. UBERON:0006059 UMLS:C0228120 cerebral falx http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Falxcerebri.jpg ncithesaurus:Falx_Cerebri uberon The falx cerebri, also known as the cerebral falx, so named from its sickle-like form, is a strong, arched fold of dura mater which descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres. It is narrow in front, where it is attached to the crista galli of the ethmoid; and broad behind, where it is connected with the upper surface of the tentorium cerebelli. Its upper margin is convex, and attached to the inner surface of the skull in the middle line, as far back as the internal occipital protuberance; it contains the superior sagittal sinus. Its lower margin is free and concave, and contains the inferior sagittal sinus. The falx cerebri is known to calcify with age. Wikipedia:Falx_cerebri FMA:83967 cerebral falx definitional conotruncus EMAPA:16221 EMAPA:16338 The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis.[well established][VHOG] The distal portion of Bulbus cordis that forms an outflow channel and gives rise to the proximal conus cordis. UBERON:0006060 VHOG:0000437 bulbus cordis rostral half rostral half of bulbus cordis uberon EMAPA:16221 rostral half of bulbus cordis 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM and Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiol Rev (2003) The conus arteriosus is considered a component part of the heart because it has a myocardial wall and lies within the pericardial cavity. It is a feature of the evolutionary primitive state. In amphibians it is called the bulbus cordis, a term that is also used for its equivalent in mammalian embryos. The more derived extant bony fish, like the zebrafish, do not have this cardiac compartment. They have a so-called bulbus arteriosus, which is not enclosed by cardiac muscle, but by elastic tissue and smooth muscle, and therefore is considered to be a specialization of the proximal part of the ventral aorta (256). However, similar to the mammalian condition (306, 326, 339), the bulbus arteriosus in zebrafish embryonic hearts is surrounded by myocardium that disappears with development (134, 135). The bony fish bulbus arteriosus might thus be homologous to the shark conus arteriosus and amphibian/mammalian bulbus cordis.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000437 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000437 bulbus cordis rostral half The distal portion of Bulbus cordis that forms an outflow channel and gives rise to the proximal conus cordis. UBERON:gg process of vertebra A process projection from a part of the vertebra such as centrum or arches. Examples: transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). FMA:24530 UBERON:0006061 uberon vertebra process vertebral process FMA:24530 vertebral process A process projection from a part of the vertebra such as centrum or arches. Examples: transverse process, diapophyses, parapophyses, and zygapophyses (both the cranial zygapophyses and the caudal zygapophyses). Wikipedia:Vertebral_column#Structure_of_individual_vertebrae articular process of vertebra AAO:0000710 FMA:11952 Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region.[AAO] Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region[AAO]. The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, in human anatomy contain two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable. The superior processes project upward from a lower vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward. The inferior processes project downward from a higher vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less forward and outward. The articular surfaces are coated with hyaline cartilage. SCTID:317570004 TAO:0001549 UBERON:0006062 ZFA:0001603 articular process http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Processusarticularissuperiorvertebrae.png intercalarium articulating process p. articularis inferior vertebrae, p. articularis superior vertebrae, processus articularis (zygapophysis) todo - class as endochondral bone, check species uberon zygapophysis Wikipedia:Articular_processes p. articularis inferior vertebrae, p. articularis superior vertebrae, TAO:0001549 intercalarium articulating process Wikipedia:Articular_processes articular process AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region[AAO]. The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, in human anatomy contain two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae. These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysis on the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable. The superior processes project upward from a lower vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less backward. The inferior processes project downward from a higher vertebra, and their articular surfaces are directed more or less forward and outward. The articular surfaces are coated with hyaline cartilage. Wikipedia:Articular_processes Wikipedia:Articular_processes zygapophysis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000710 AAO:Pugener_and_Maglia_2008 Paired processes at the cephalic and caudal ends of the neural arch. They function as interlocking structures between adjacent vertebrae, and limit dorsoventral flexion and lateral movement of the column in the trunk region.[AAO] FMA:11952 processus articularis (zygapophysis) cartilaginous neural arch BTO:0001763 One of the cartilaginous structures surrounding the embryonic spinal cord, formed by the dorsal growth of the dorsolateral arcualia; it is the primordium of the vertebral arch. UBERON:0006063 uberon BTO:0001763 One of the cartilaginous structures surrounding the embryonic spinal cord, formed by the dorsal growth of the dorsolateral arcualia; it is the primordium of the vertebral arch. hemal arch AAO:0000726 Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra.[AAO] Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra[AAO]. Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone[ZFA]. Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone.[TAO] TAO:0000519 Taxon notes: fish, most reptiles, some birds, and some mammals with long tails.[WP] UBERON:0006065 ZFA:0000519 chevron haemal arch relationship loss: develops_from basiventral (TAO:0001361)[TAO] uberon ventral arch ventral arcocentrum AAO:0000726 ventral arch AAO:0000726 Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra[AAO]. Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Haemal_arch ZFIN:curator AAO:0000726 ZFA:0000519 haemal arch ZFA:0000519 ventral arcocentrum PHENOSCAPE:ad chevron 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000519 relationship loss: develops_from basiventral (TAO:0001361)[TAO] 2012-08-14 Hemal arches extend ventrally from the centra of caudal and transitional vertebrae to enclose the caudal artery and vein. In cyprinids, the hemal arch forms directly in membrane bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000519 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000726 AAO:Pugener_2002 Bony canal attached to the ventral surface or the vertebral centrum that encloses and protects the caudal artery and vein ventrally. The arch consists of right and left halves, which are fused ventrally to give a V- or Y-shape to the ventral aspect of the vertebra.[AAO] musculature of hindlimb zeugopod A musculature that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. FMA:50211 UBERON:0006067 leg musculature muscle group of leg set of muscles of leg uberon A musculature that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. OBOL:automatic FMA:50211 set of muscles of leg FMA:50211 leg musculature FMA:50211 muscle group of leg bone of tail A bone that is part of a post-anal tail. MA:0000696 UBERON:0006068 tail bone uberon A bone that is part of a post-anal tail. OBOL:automatic MA:0000696 tail bone coccygeal vertebra A caudal vertebra that is part of a coccyx. AO notes: we assume the MA class represents a subtype of caudal vertebra in what corresponds to the coccyx in humans FMA:12527 MA:0001420 OpenCyc:Mx4rv9IEzZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361774004 UBERON:0006070 UMLS:C0223616 caudal vertebra coccygea coccygeal segment fused tail vertebra galen:CoccygealVertebra ncithesaurus:Coccygeal_Vertebra uberon MA FMA:12527 caudal vertebra A caudal vertebra that is part of a coccyx. UBERON:cjm UBERON:cjm fused tail vertebra MA:0001420 coccygea caudal region UBERON:0006071 We follow XAO is distinguishing the tail region from the tail; the tail bud is part of the tail region; the tail starts after the tail bud XAO:0000087 postsacral region tail region uberon AAO:0000082 postsacral region AAO:0000082 tail region cervical region of vertebral column AAO:0000092 Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae.[AAO] BTO:0004148 EHDAA2:0000238 EHDAA:5051 EMAPA:17215 FMA:24138 SCTID:260488005 That portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. The neck area of the spine. UBERON:0006072 UMLS:C0728985 cervical skeleton cervical spinal column cervical spine cervical vertebral column ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spine uberon FMA:24138 cervical spinal column EHDAA2:0000238 cervical skeleton Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ That portion of the spine comprising the cervical vertebrae. The neck area of the spine. FMA:24138 cervical vertebral column FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000092 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Anterior region of the vertebral column consisting of one to 19 or 20 vertebrae.[AAO] FMA:24138 cervical spine thoracic region of vertebral column AAO:0000612 BTO:0004150 EHDAA2:0002013 EHDAA:5063 EMAPA:17396 FMA:9140 Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] SCTID:243931006 That part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae. UBERON:0006073 UMLS:C0581269 columna vertebralis thoracicus ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Spine thoracic skeleton thoracic spine thoracic vertebral column uberon FMA:9140 thoracic spine Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ That part of the spine comprising the thoracic vertebrae. EHDAA2:0002013 thoracic skeleton FMA:9140 columna vertebralis thoracicus FMA:9140 thoracic vertebral column FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000612 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] lumbar region of vertebral column BTO:0004147 EHDAA2:0001037 EHDAA:5055 EMAPA:17393 FMA:16203 GAID:31 SCTID:243932004 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the lumbar subdivision of the body, containing the lumbar vertebrae. UBERON:0006074 lumbar skeleton lumbar spine lumbar vertebral column ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Spine uberon BTO:0004147 lumbar spine Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the lumbar subdivision of the body, containing the lumbar vertebrae. UBERONREF:0000006 EHDAA2:0001037 lumbar skeleton FMA:16203 lumbar vertebral column sacral region of vertebral column AAO:0000724 EHDAA2:0001772 EHDAA:5059 EMAPA:17676 GAID:32 In adult humans, the sacral skeleton is fused and called the sacrum Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae.[AAO] Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the sacral subdivision of the body, containing the sacral vertebrae or sacrum. UBERON:0006075 sacral skeleton sacrum uberon EHDAA2:0001772 sacral skeleton Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the sacral subdivision of the body, containing the sacral vertebrae or sacrum. UBERONREF:0000006 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000724 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Region of the vertebral column represented by one or two vertebrae.[AAO] caudal region of vertebral column AAO:0000082 Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches.[AAO] Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the sacral subdivision of the body, containing the caudal vertebrae. UBERON:0006076 caudal region caudal skeleton in AAO, this is posterior to the caudal-sacral region postsacral region tail region uberon AAO:0000082 caudal region AAO:0000082 postsacral region Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the sacral subdivision of the body, containing the caudal vertebrae. UBERONREF:0000006 UBERONREF:0000006 caudal skeleton 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000082 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Region of the vertebral column posterior to the caudal-sacral region, that may consists of two or three to more than 100 vertebrae. These vertebrae exhibit a gradual reduction in the sizes of their transverse processes and zygapophyses, but these structures are never entirely absent. All caudal vertebrae bear haemal arches.[AAO] AAO:0000082 tail region subdivision of vertebral column A collection of all skeletal elements in some subdivision of the vertebral column. FMA:16201 UBERON:0006077 subdivision of vertebral skeleton uberon vertebral column subdivision vertebral region vertebral subdivision FMA:16201 vertebral column subdivision UBERON:cjm subdivision of vertebral skeleton A collection of all skeletal elements in some subdivision of the vertebral column. UBERON:cjm FMA subdivision of spinal cord lateral column UBERON:0006078 uberon subdivision of spinal cord dorsal column FMA:258190 UBERON:0006079 segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord uberon FMA:258190 segment of dorsal funiculus of spinal cord segment of white matter of spinal cord FMA:258174 UBERON:0006080 uberon fundus of gallbladder FMA:14536 SCTID:245391004 The fundus of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which lies the farthest from the cystic duct. It is covered with peritoneum. A traditional cholecystectomy is most commonly performed from the infundibulum to the fundus. It's at the same level as the transpyloric plane. UBERON:0006081 UMLS:C0227544 fundus of the gallbladder fundus vesicae biliaris gallbladder fundus gallbladder fundus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Gray1095_parts.png ncithesaurus:Gallbladder_Fundus uberon Wikipedia:Fundus_of_gallbladder fundus vesicae biliaris Wikipedia:Fundus_of_gallbladder fundus of the gallbladder FMA:14536 gallbladder fundus Wikipedia:Fundus_of_gallbladder gallbladder fundus The fundus of gallbladder is the portion of the gallbladder which lies the farthest from the cystic duct. It is covered with peritoneum. A traditional cholecystectomy is most commonly performed from the infundibulum to the fundus. It's at the same level as the transpyloric plane. Wikipedia:Fundus_of_gallbladder fundus of urinary bladder EHDAA2:0000582 EHDAA:9330 EMAPA:18322 FMA:15908 MA:0001694 SCTID:362226002 The base or posterior surface of the urinary bladder contains the trigone of the bladder and the outlet where urine empties through the internal urethral orifice. UBERON:0006082 UMLS:C0447584 VHOG:0001184 base of urinary bladder fundus of bladder fundus vesicae ncithesaurus:Bladder_Fundus uberon urinary bladder base urinary bladder fundus urinary bladder fundus region EHDAA2 EHDAA2-modified FMA:15908 urinary bladder fundus FMA:15908 base of urinary bladder FMA:15908 fundus of bladder MA:0001694 urinary bladder fundus region MP:0011785 The base or posterior surface of the urinary bladder contains the trigone of the bladder and the outlet where urine empties through the internal urethral orifice. Wikipedia:Fundus_of_the_urinary_bladder#Fundus MP:0011785 urinary bladder base FMA:15908 FMA:TA fundus vesicae Perirhinal cortex ABA:PERI BM:Tel-Cx-PRh BTO:0004355 EFO:0001978 MA:0000912 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005006 UBERON:0006083 perirhinal area perirhinal cortex uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005006 perirhinal cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005006 perirhinal area stria medullaris BM:Die-SM FMA:62080 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 SCTID:362368004 Stria medullaris of thalamus is a slender fiber bundle on the dorsal surface of the diencephalon which terminates posteriorly in the habenular nuclei[FMA:62080]. The major afferent track to the habenula from the telencephalon (particularly in the septal side) in all vertebrates[Butler and Hodos]. UBERON:0006086 stria habenularis stria medullaris (wenzel - wenzel) stria medullaris of thalamus stria medullaris thalami stria medullaris thalamica uberon FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria habenularis FMA:62080 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris of thalamus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris thalami ISBN10:0471888893 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris (wenzel - wenzel) NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1066 stria medullaris thalamica FMA:62080 Stria medullaris of thalamus is a slender fiber bundle on the dorsal surface of the diencephalon which terminates posteriorly in the habenular nuclei[FMA:62080]. ISBN10:0471888893 The major afferent track to the habenula from the telencephalon (particularly in the septal side) in all vertebrates[Butler and Hodos]. internal arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72629 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1091 UBERON:0006087 arcuate fibers medial lemniscus fibrae arcuatae internae internal arcuate fibers internal arcuate fibres internal arcuate tract uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1091 internal arcuate fibers FMA:72629 internal arcuate fibers FMA:72629 FMA:TA fibrae arcuatae internae FMA:72629 internal arcuate fibres FMA:72629 internal arcuate tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1091 arcuate fibers medial lemniscus inferior parietal cortex Component of the parietal lobe. The inferior parietal cortex label includes the inferior parietal gyrus and the angular gyrus and lies inferior to the superior parietal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the supramarginal gyrus and the parieto-occipital incisure respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the superior parietal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). EFO:0001951 FMA:77536 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 SCTID:362336007 UBERON:0006088 inferior parietal cortex inferior parietal lobule uberon FMA:77536 inferior parietal lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 inferior parietal lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 inferior parietal cortex Component of the parietal lobe. The inferior parietal cortex label includes the inferior parietal gyrus and the angular gyrus and lies inferior to the superior parietal gyrus. The rostral and caudal boundaries were the supramarginal gyrus and the parieto-occipital incisure respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the superior parietal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1194 dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72630 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 UBERON:0006089 dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle dorsal external arcuate fibers dorsal external arcuate tract dorsal superficial arcuate fibers external arcuate fibers uberon FMA:72630 dorsal external arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 dorsal superficial arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 external arcuate fibers FMA:72630 dorsal external arcuate tract FMA:72630 dorsal superficial arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 dorsal external arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1250 dorsal external arcuate fiber bundle glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle FMA:72627 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 UBERON:0006090 central part of glossopharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle glossopharyngeal nerve fibers glossopharyngeal nerve tract ninth cranial nerve fibers uberon FMA:72627 glossopharyngeal nerve fibers FMA:72627 glossopharyngeal nerve tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 glossopharyngeal nerve fiber bundle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 glossopharyngeal nerve fibers FMA:72627 central part of glossopharyngeal nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 central part of glossopharyngeal nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1274 ninth cranial nerve fibers FMA:72627 ninth cranial nerve fibers inferior horn of the lateral ventricle FMA:83701 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 SCTID:362315005 The part of the lateral ventricle extending downward and anteriorly in the temporal lobe. UBERON:0006091 cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis inferior horn of lateral ventricle inferior horn of the lateral ventricle temporal horn of lateral ventricle uberon FMA:83701 inferior horn of lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 The part of the lateral ventricle extending downward and anteriorly in the temporal lobe. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 inferior horn of the lateral ventricle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1292 temporal horn of lateral ventricle FMA:83701 FMA:TA cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis cuneus cortex Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral boundary was the first coronal slice above the calcarine sulcus where the cuneus cortex becomes visible whereas the caudal boundary was the last slice where the calcarine sulcus was visualized. The medial boundary was the most medial portion of the occipital and parietal cortices. The superio-lateral boundary was the parieto-occipital fissure whereas the inferolateral boundary was the pericalcarine cortex (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61903 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 SCTID:279199007 UBERON:0006092 cuneate lobule cuneus cuneus cortex cuneus gyrus cuneus of hemisphere uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus cortex FMA:61903 cuneate lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus FMA:61903 cuneus gyrus FMA:61903 cuneus of hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus gyrus Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral boundary was the first coronal slice above the calcarine sulcus where the cuneus cortex becomes visible whereas the caudal boundary was the last slice where the calcarine sulcus was visualized. The medial boundary was the most medial portion of the occipital and parietal cortices. The superio-lateral boundary was the parieto-occipital fissure whereas the inferolateral boundary was the pericalcarine cortex (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneus of hemisphere NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1396 cuneate lobule precuneus cortex Component of the pareital lobe. The rostral boundary was the posterior extent of the paracentral lobule whereas the caudal boundary was the lingual gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were the parieto-occipital fissure and the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61900 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 SCTID:279200005 UBERON:0006093 precuneate lobule precuneus precuneus cortex quadrate lobule uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 precuneus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 quadrate lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 precuneate lobule FMA:61900 precuneate lobule FMA:61900 quadrate lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 precuneus cortex Component of the pareital lobe. The rostral boundary was the posterior extent of the paracentral lobule whereas the caudal boundary was the lingual gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were the parieto-occipital fissure and the superior parietal gyrus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1446 superior parietal cortex Copmonent of the parietal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the superior parietal cortex were the precentral gyrus and lateral occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the precuneus and/or cuneus cortex and the infererior parietal cortex respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61899 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 SCTID:279168006 UBERON:0006094 superior parietal cortex superior parietal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior portion of parietal gyrus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior parietal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior portion of parietal gyrus FMA:61899 superior portion of parietal gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior parietal cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 superior parietal lobule FMA:61899 superior parietal gyrus Copmonent of the parietal lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the superior parietal cortex were the precentral gyrus and lateral occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the precuneus and/or cuneus cortex and the infererior parietal cortex respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1450 anterior transverse termporal area 41 Area temporalis transversa anterior B09-41 BA41 Brodmann area 41 Brodmann area 41, anterior transverse temporal Brodmann's area 41 FMA:68638 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1774 UBERON:0006095 UBERON:0013574 anterior transverse temporal area 41 anterior transverse termporal area 41 area 41 of Brodmann area 41 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 41 principle auditory receptive areas uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 area 41 of Brodmann BA41 FMA:68638 area 41 of Brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 principle auditory receptive areas NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:68638 anterior transverse temporal area 41 Brodmann area 41 FMA:68638 Brodmann area 41, anterior transverse temporal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1774 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 anterior transverse termporal area 41 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1774 brodmann (1909) area 41 B09-41 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1774 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1774 area 41 of Brodmann-1909 Area temporalis transversa anterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1774 Brodmann's area 41 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1582 posterior transverse termporal area 42 Area temporalis transversa posterior B09-42 BA42 Brodmann area 42 Brodmann area 42, posterior transverse temporal Brodmann's area 42 FMA:68639 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1775 UBERON:0006096 UBERON:0013575 area 42 of Brodmann area 42 of Brodmann-1909 auditory association area brodmann (1909) area 42 posterior transverse temporal area 42 posterior transverse termporal area 42 uberon Brodmann's area 42 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 Brodmann area 42 FMA:68639 FMA:68639 posterior transverse temporal area 42 BA42 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1775 brodmann (1909) area 42 Area temporalis transversa posterior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1775 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 area 42 of Brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1775 area 42 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68639 area 42 of Brodmann Brodmann area 42, posterior transverse temporal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1775 B09-42 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1775 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 posterior transverse termporal area 42 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1589 auditory association area ventral external arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72631 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1628 UBERON:0006097 uberon ventral external arcuate fiber bundle ventral external arcuate fibers ventral external arcuate tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1628 ventral external arcuate fiber bundle FMA:72631 ventral external arcuate tract FMA:72631 ventral external arcuate fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1628 ventral external arcuate fibers basal nuclear complex EV:0100182 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 The deep nuclei found in the basal forebrain. UBERON:0006098 basal ganglia basal nuclei basal nuclei of the forebrain uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 basal nuclei NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 basal nuclei of the forebrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 basal ganglia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1629 The deep nuclei found in the basal forebrain. Brodmann (1909) area 1 . Area postcentralis intermedia B09-1 BA1 Brodmann (1909) area 1 Brodmann area 1 Brodmann's area 1 FMA:68597 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 UBERON:0006099 area 1 of Brodmann area 1 of Brodmann-1909 intermediate postcentral intermediate postcentral area uberon B09-1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 area 1 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 intermediate postcentral Area postcentralis intermedia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 Brodmann area 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 Brodmann's area 1 FMA:68597 FMA FMA:68597 area 1 of Brodmann BA1 Brodmann (1909) area 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 FMA:68597 intermediate postcentral area . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1732 Brodmann (1909) area 3 . Area postcentralis oralis B09-3 BA3 Brodmann (1909) area 3 Brodmann area 3 Brodmann's area 3 FMA:68599 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 UBERON:0006100 area 3 of Brodmann area 3 of Brodmann-1909 rostral postcentral rostral postcentral area uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 rostral postcentral NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 area 3 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 Brodmann (1909) area 3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 FMA:68599 rostral postcentral area BA3 FMA:68599 area 3 of Brodmann B09-3 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 Brodmann's area 3 FMA:68599 Area postcentralis oralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1734 FMA Brodmann (1909) area 24 . B09-24 BA24 Brodmann (1909) area 24 Brodmann area 24 FMA:68621 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 UBERON:0006101 area 24 of Brodmann area 24 of Brodmann-1909 area cingularis anterior ventralis uberon ventral anterior cingulate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 area 24 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 ventral anterior cingulate Brodmann (1909) area 24 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 Brodmann area 24 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 B09-24 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 area cingularis anterior ventralis FMA:68621 area 24 of Brodmann BA24 FMA . NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1755 Brodmann (1909) area 35 Area perirhinalis B09-35 BA35 BTO:0004356 Brodmann (1909) area 35 Brodmann area 35 Brodmann area 35, perirhinal Brodmann's area 35 Brodmann.35 FMA:68632 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 SCTID:384790006 UBERON:0006102 area 35 of Brodmann area 35 of Brodmann-1909 perirhinal area 35 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 area 35 of Brodmann-1909 FMA FMA:68632 perirhinal area 35 Area perirhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Brodmann.35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Brodmann area 35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Brodmann's area 35 FMA:68632 Brodmann area 35, perirhinal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 FMA:68632 area 35 of Brodmann BA35 Brodmann (1909) area 35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 B09-35 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1768 Brodmann (1909) area 36 Area ectorhinalis B09-36 BA36 BTO:0004357 Brodmann (1909) area 36 Brodmann area 36 Brodmann.36 FMA:68633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 UBERON:0006104 area 36 of Brodmann area 36 of Brodmann-1909 ectorhinal ectorhinal area 36 uberon B09-36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 area 36 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 FMA:68633 area 36 of Brodmann Brodmann (1909) area 36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 Brodmann.36 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 FMA BA36 Area ectorhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1769 ectorhinal FMA:68633 ectorhinal area 36 obsolete basis modioli UBERON:0006105 basis modioli cochleae true uberon FMA:75640 FMA:TA basis modioli cochleae cochlear canal FMA:75371 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2553 SCTID:279779009 UBERON:0006106 cochlear canal spiral canal of cochlea uberon wall of cochlea FMA:75371 wall of cochlea NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2553 cochlear canal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2553 spiral canal of cochlea basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex BL Basolateral nuclear complex FMA:84016 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 UBERON:0006107 amygdalar basolateral nucleus amygdaloid basolateral complex basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex basolateral nuclear group basolateral nuclei of amygdala pars basolateralis (Corpus amygdaloideum) set of basolateral nuclei of amygdala uberon vicarious cortex FMA:84016 amygdaloid basolateral complex BL NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 Basolateral nuclear complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 ABA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 vicarious cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 basolateral amygdaloid nuclear complex FMA:84016 set of basolateral nuclei of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 amygdaloid basolateral complex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 amygdalar basolateral nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 basolateral nuclear group FMA:84016 vicarious cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2679 pars basolateralis (Corpus amygdaloideum) FMA:84016 basolateral nuclei of amygdala FMA:84016 basolateral nuclear group corticomedial nuclear complex CMA FMA:84015 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 UBERON:0006108 amygdalar corticomedial nucleus corticomedial nuclear complex corticomedial nuclear group corticomedial nuclei of amygdala pars corticomedialis (Corpus amygdaloideum) set of corticomedial nuclei of amygdala uberon FMA:84015 corticomedial nuclei of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 amygdalar corticomedial nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 pars corticomedialis (Corpus amygdaloideum) CMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 FMA:84015 corticomedial nuclear group FMA:84015 set of corticomedial nuclei of amygdala NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 corticomedial nuclear group NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2680 corticomedial nuclear complex lateral occipital cortex Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the lateral occipital cortex were the superior parietal gyrus and as the last visible portion of occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the cuneus/pericalcarine cortex and the inferior temporal/inferior parietal gyri respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:61902 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 SCTID:369218006 UBERON:0006114 gyrus occipitalis medius (mai) gyrus occipitalis secundus lateral occipital cortex lateral occipital gyrus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 lateral occipital gyrus Component of the occipital lobe. The rostral and caudal boundaries of the lateral occipital cortex were the superior parietal gyrus and as the last visible portion of occipital cortex respectively. The medial and lateral boundaries were the cuneus/pericalcarine cortex and the inferior temporal/inferior parietal gyri respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_735 lateral occipital cortex FMA:61902 gyrus occipitalis secundus FMA:61902 gyrus occipitalis medius (mai) posterior column of fornix FMA:61969 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 SCTID:369116002 UBERON:0006115 crus fornicis crus of fornix posterior column of fornix posterior column of fornix of forebrain posterior crus of fornix posterior pillar of fornix uberon FMA:61969 posterior column of fornix of forebrain FMA:61969 posterior pillar of fornix FMA:61969 FMA:TA crus fornicis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 posterior crus of fornix FMA:61969 crus of fornix FMA:61969 posterior crus of fornix NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 posterior pillar of fornix NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 posterior column of fornix NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_754 crus of fornix vagal nerve fiber bundle FMA:72628 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 UBERON:0006116 central part of vagus nerve tenth cranial nerve fibers uberon vagal nerve fiber bundle vagal nerve fibers vagal nerve tract FMA:72628 vagal nerve tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 vagal nerve fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 central part of vagus nerve NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 vagal nerve fiber bundle FMA:72628 tenth cranial nerve fibers FMA:72628 vagal nerve fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_765 tenth cranial nerve fibers FMA:72628 central part of vagus nerve accessory nerve fiber bundle FMA:72626 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_916 UBERON:0006117 accessory nerve fiber bundle accessory nerve fibers accessory nerve tract eleventh cranial nerve fibers uberon FMA:72626 accessory nerve fibers FMA:72626 accessory nerve tract FMA:72626 eleventh cranial nerve fibers NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_916 accessory nerve fiber bundle NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_916 accessory nerve fibers lamina I of gray matter of spinal cord FMA:68862 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 UBERON:0006118 lamina i of gray matter of spinal cord lamina marginalis lamina spinalis i layer of Waldeyer layer of waldeyer rexed lamina I rexed lamina i rexed layer 1 spinal lamina I spinal lamina i uberon FMA:68862 rexed lamina i FMA:68862 lamina marginalis FMA:68862 spinal lamina i NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 spinal lamina I NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 rexed layer 1 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 lamina marginalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 rexed lamina I FMA:68862 FMA:TA lamina spinalis i NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 lamina i of gray matter of spinal cord FMA:68862 layer of waldeyer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_100203 layer of Waldeyer subbrachial nucleus Candidate definition (refers specifically to mouse): "A group of cells ventral to the nucleus of brachium of inferior colliculus in the mouse (Paxinos-2001)." [NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005003] FMA:77494 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005003 UBERON:0006119 subbrachial nucleus tegmental area of tsai uberon FMA:77494 tegmental area of tsai FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005003 subbrachial nucleus superior colliculus superficial gray layer ABA:SCsg FMA:72407 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005034 UBERON:0006120 lamina II of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris ii layer II of superior colliculus outer gray layer of superior colliculus stratum griseum superficiale colliculi superioris stratum griseum superficiale of superior colliculus superficial gray layer of superior colliculus superficial grey layer of superior colliculus superior colliculus superficial gray layer uberon FMA:72407 FMA:TA stratum griseum superficiale colliculi superioris FMA:72407 superficial gray layer of superior colliculus FMA:72407 layer II of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum griseum superficiale of superior colliculus ABA Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina II of superior colliculus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005034 superior colliculus superficial gray layer FMA:72407 superficial grey layer of superior colliculus FMA:72407 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris ii FMA:72407 outer gray layer of superior colliculus ABA hemispheric lobule VIII Biventer 1 (HVIII) Biventral Lobule FMA:72526 Lobulus Biventer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 Paraflocculus Dorsalis UBERON:0006121 biventer lobule biventral lobule biventral lobule [h viii] cuneiform lobe dorsal parafloccularis [h viii b] dorsal paraflocculus hemispheric lobule viii lobulus biventer [h viii] lobulus parafloccularis dorsalis [h viii b] uberon Biventer 1 (HVIII) NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 Biventral Lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 FMA:72526 FMA:TA lobulus biventer [h viii] FMA:72526 dorsal paraflocculus FMA:72526 biventral lobule [h viii] FMA:72526 FMA:TA lobulus parafloccularis dorsalis [h viii b] FMA:72526 biventer lobule FMA:72526 cuneiform lobe Lobulus Biventer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 FMA:72526 dorsal parafloccularis [h viii b] FMA:72526 biventral lobule NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 Paraflocculus Dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20081211 hemispheric lobule viii obsolete retrorubral area A8 Made obsolete as it grouped two unrelated classes UBERON:0006122 true uberon A8 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090301 horizontal limb of the diagonal band Diagonal band horizontal limb FMA:77611 Horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 UBERON:0006123 hDBB horizontal limb of diagonal band horizontal limb of the diagonal band uberon Horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 Diagonal band horizontal limb NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 FMA:77611 horizontal limb of diagonal band NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 horizontal limb of the diagonal band NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090303 hDBB vertical limb of the diagonal band FMA:77612 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090304 UBERON:0006124 Vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca uberon vertical limb of diagonal band vertical limb of the diagonal band NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090304 Vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca FMA:77612 vertical limb of diagonal band NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090304 vertical limb of the diagonal band subdivision of diagonal band FMA:77610 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090302 UBERON:0006125 diagonal band subdivision regional part of diagonal band uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090302 regional part of diagonal band FMA:77610 diagonal band subdivision funiculus of spinal cord FMA:77460 UBERON:0006127 spinal cord funiculus uberon white column of spinal cord FMA:77460 white column of spinal cord FMA:77460 spinal cord funiculus funiculus of neuraxis FMA:76738 The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans UBERON:0006133 uberon The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans Wikipedia:Funiculus_%28neurology%29 nerve fiber A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if existence) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system FMA:5914 MESH:A08.663.542 SCTID:88545005 UBERON:0006134 nerve fibre neurofibra neurofibra neurofibrum uberon Wikipedia:Nerve_fiber neurofibra FMA:5914 FMA:TA neurofibra FMA:5914 neurofibrum A threadlike extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if existence) in the nervous system. There are nerve fibers in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. A nerve fiber may be myelinated and/or unmyelinated. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin by oligodendroglia cells is formed. Schwann cells form myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also make a thin covering in an axon without myelin (in the PNS). A peripheral nerve fiber contains an axon, myelin sheath, schwann cells and its endoneurium. There are no endoneurium and schwann cells in the central nervous system Wikipedia:Nervous_system_fiber FMA:5914 nerve fibre myelinated nerve fiber FMA:5915 GAID:745 MESH:A08.663.542.512 SCTID:362296008 UBERON:0006135 UMLS:C0027750 consider adding link to UBERON:0002316 ncithesaurus:Myelinated_Nerve_Fiber uberon unmyelinated nerve fiber FMA:5916 GAID:767 MESH:A08.663.542.756 SCTID:46920005 UBERON:0006136 UMLS:C0501409 ncithesaurus:Unmyelinated_Nerve_Fiber non-myelinated nerve fiber uberon FMA:5916 non-myelinated nerve fiber proper palmar digital artery FMA:70804 MA:0001959 SCTID:91778006 The proper palmar digital arteries travel along the sides of the phalanges (along the contiguous sides of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers), each artery lying just below its corresponding digital nerve. Alternative names for these arteries are: proper volar digital arteries, collateral digital arteries, arteriae digitales palmares propriae, or aa. digitales volares propriae. They anastomose freely in the subcutaneous tissue of the finger tips and by smaller branches near the interphalangeal joints. Each also gives off a couple of dorsal branches which anastomose with the dorsal digital arteries, and supply the soft parts on the back of the second and third phalanges, including the matrix of the fingernail. The proper palmar digital artery for the medial side of the little finger arises directly from the ulnar artery deep to the palmaris brevis muscle, but the rest arise from the common palmar digital arteries. UBERON:0006137 arteriae digitales palmares propriae arteriae digitales palmares propriae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray1237.svg proper palmal digital arteries proper palmar digital arteries proper palmar digital arteries set proper volar digital arteries proper volar digital artery set of proper palmar digital arteries the MA term, even though plural, represents the singular, as it is an isa child of artery uberon Wikipedia:Proper_palmar_digital_arteries arteriae digitales palmares propriae FMA:70804 proper palmar digital arteries set FMA:70804 FMA:TA arteriae digitales palmares propriae FMA:70804 set of proper palmar digital arteries MA:0001959 proper palmar digital arteries The proper palmar digital arteries travel along the sides of the phalanges (along the contiguous sides of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers), each artery lying just below its corresponding digital nerve. Alternative names for these arteries are: proper volar digital arteries, collateral digital arteries, arteriae digitales palmares propriae, or aa. digitales volares propriae. They anastomose freely in the subcutaneous tissue of the finger tips and by smaller branches near the interphalangeal joints. Each also gives off a couple of dorsal branches which anastomose with the dorsal digital arteries, and supply the soft parts on the back of the second and third phalanges, including the matrix of the fingernail. The proper palmar digital artery for the medial side of the little finger arises directly from the ulnar artery deep to the palmaris brevis muscle, but the rest arise from the common palmar digital arteries. Wikipedia:Proper_palmar_digital_arteries Wikipedia:Proper_palmar_digital_arteries proper volar digital artery MA:0001959 proper palmal digital arteries Wikipedia:Proper_palmar_digital_arteries proper volar digital arteries plantar digital artery FMA:43971 SCTID:230727008 UBERON:0006138 uberon FMA plantar digital vein FMA:44517 The plantar digital veins arise from plexuses on the plantar surfaces of the digits, and, after sending intercapitular veins to join the dorsal digital veins, unite to form four metatarsal veins. UBERON:0006139 uberon venae digitales plantares The plantar digital veins arise from plexuses on the plantar surfaces of the digits, and, after sending intercapitular veins to join the dorsal digital veins, unite to form four metatarsal veins. Wikipedia:Plantar_digital_veins Wikipedia:Plantar_digital_veins venae digitales plantares palmar digital vein FMA:70895 SCTID:83229009 The palmar digital veins (or volar digital veins) on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins. Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. UBERON:0006140 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Gray574.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gray574.png/200px-Gray574.png palmar digital veins palmar digital veins set set of palmar digital veins uberon venae digitales palmares venae digitales palmares volar digital veins Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins venae digitales palmares The palmar digital veins (or volar digital veins) on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins. Some sources distinguish between the "proper palmar digital veins", which are more distal, and the "common palmar digital veins", which are more proximal. Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins FMA:70895 palmar digital veins FMA:70895 FMA:TA venae digitales palmares Wikipedia:Palmar_digital_veins volar digital veins FMA:70895 set of palmar digital veins FMA:70895 palmar digital veins set palmar digital artery UBERON:0006141 uberon common plantar digital vein MA:0002134 UBERON:0006142 common plantar vein uberon MA:0002134 common plantar vein proper plantar digital vein MA:0002138 UBERON:0006143 proper plantar vein uberon MA:0002138 proper plantar vein medial plantar digital vein MA:0002172 UBERON:0006144 medial plantar vein uberon MA:0002172 medial plantar vein dorsal digital artery of pes FMA:44660 SCTID:230173000 The dorsal digital arteries of foot are small arteries which supply the toes. UBERON:0006145 arteriae digitales dorsales pedis dorsal digital artery of foot http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Gray553.png uberon The dorsal digital arteries of foot are small arteries which supply the toes. Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries_of_foot FMA:44660 dorsal digital artery of foot Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries_of_foot arteriae digitales dorsales pedis dorsal digital artery of manus Dorsal digital arteries arise from the bifurcation of dorsal metacarpal arteries. They travel along the sides and dorsal aspects of the phalanges of the middle finger, ring finger, and little finger. They communicate with the proper palmar digital arteries. They run with the dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve and dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve. SCTID:91793005 UBERON:0006146 arteriae digitales dorsales manus dorsal digital artery dorsal digital artery of hand uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries arteriae digitales dorsales manus Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries dorsal digital artery reference_0000032 Dorsal digital arteries arise from the bifurcation of dorsal metacarpal arteries. They travel along the sides and dorsal aspects of the phalanges of the middle finger, ring finger, and little finger. They communicate with the proper palmar digital arteries. They run with the dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve and dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve. Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries dorsal digital artery . FMA:70801 Note Wikipedia article refers to manual dorsal digital artery UBERON:0006163 arteriae digitales dorsales dorsal digital arteries dorsal digital arteries set set of dorsal digital arteries uberon FMA:70801 FMA:TA arteriae digitales dorsales FMA:70801 dorsal digital arteries set . Wikipedia:Dorsal_digital_arteries# FMA:70801 dorsal digital arteries FMA:70801 set of dorsal digital arteries forelimb common dorsal digital arteries MA:0001954 UBERON:0006164 uberon wing common dorsal digital arteries NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing common dorsal digital arteries median dorsal digital artery for digit 1 MA:0001955 UBERON:0006165 median dorsal digital artery for digit 01 uberon MA:0001955 median dorsal digital artery for digit 01 lateral dorsal digital artery for digit 5 MA:0001956 UBERON:0006166 lateral dorsal digital artery for digit 05 uberon MA:0001956 lateral dorsal digital artery for digit 05 forelimb proper dorsal digital arteries MA:0001958 UBERON:0006167 uberon wing proper dorsal digital arteries NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing proper dorsal digital arteries hindlimb common dorsal digital arteries MA:0001965 UBERON:0006168 uberon hindlimb proper dorsal digital arteries MA:0001967 UBERON:0006169 uberon mesonephric capsule The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. UBERON:0006170 uberon GO:0061285 GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. renal sinus FMA:15611 SCTID:362222000 UBERON:0006171 uberon rectal diverticulum The rectal diverticulum is an outgrowth of the cloaca and links the pronephric kidney to the exterior UBERON:0006172 XAO:0001015 uberon GO:0039009 The rectal diverticulum is an outgrowth of the cloaca and links the pronephric kidney to the exterior pronephric proximal tubule A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros UBERON:0006173 pronephros proximal tubule uberon A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros GO:0039011 reference_0000032 GO:0039011 pronephros proximal tubule pronephric sinus AAO:0011092 The pronephric sinus is an ill-defined capillary network that lies between the pronephric tubules UBERON:0006174 XAO:0000385 todo - check relationship to renal sinus, improve definition uberon GO:0039012 The pronephric sinus is an ill-defined capillary network that lies between the pronephric tubules pronephric distal tubule A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros UBERON:0006175 uberon reference_0000032 A pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephros GO:0039013 mesonephric glomerular mesangium The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus UBERON:0006182 uberon reference_0000032 true GO:0061247 The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus mesonephric glomerular capillary . UBERON:0006183 uberon . GO:0061249 reference_0000032 true reference_0000032 mesonephric connecting tubule The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros UBERON:0006189 uberon reference_0000032 GO:0061272 The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros mesonephric distal tubule The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule UBERON:0006190 note that ZFA has terms for developing tubule uberon GO:0061273 The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule reference_0000032 mesonephric proximal tubule The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule UBERON:0006192 note that ZFA has terms for developing tubule uberon reference_0000032 GO:0061275 The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule renal sinus of right kidney A renal sinus that is part of a right kidney. FMA:17621 UBERON:0006194 right renal sinus uberon FMA:17621 right renal sinus A renal sinus that is part of a right kidney. OBOL:automatic renal sinus of left kidney A renal sinus that is part of a left kidney. FMA:17622 UBERON:0006195 left renal sinus uberon FMA:17622 left renal sinus A renal sinus that is part of a left kidney. OBOL:automatic mesonephric sinus A renal sinus that is part of a mesonephros. AAO:0011063 UBERON:0006196 XAO:0000381 todo - check relationship to renal sinus, add definition uberon A renal sinus that is part of a mesonephros. OBOL:automatic auricular vein Any vein serving the ear region Taxon notes: In humans this refers to either the anterior or posterior auricular vein, passing in front of or behind the ear. This class also groups other auricular veins, including the greater, ventral, central auricular nerves. These may exhibit different branching structures. In the pig, the external jugular branches to the maxillary to the caudal auricular to the middle auricular, then onto various unique patterns UBERON:0006197 UMLS:C2698201 ncithesaurus:Auricular_Vein uberon vena auriculares venae auriculares Any vein serving the ear region http://www.thefreedictionary.com/auricular+vein venae auriculares cjm vena auriculares dorsal intercostal artery FMA:76998 MA:0001943 SCTID:198427009 The highest intercostal artery (supreme intercostal artery, superior intercostal artery) is an artery in the human body that usually gives rise to the first and second posterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to their corresponding intercostal space. It usually arises from the costocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery. UBERON:0006198 arteria intercostalis suprema classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms dorsal branch of superior intercostal artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray530.png superior intercostal artery supreme intercostal artery uberon The highest intercostal artery (supreme intercostal artery, superior intercostal artery) is an artery in the human body that usually gives rise to the first and second posterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to their corresponding intercostal space. It usually arises from the costocervical trunk, which is a branch of the subclavian artery. Wikipedia:Highest_intercostal_artery dorsal branch of superior intercostal artery http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?dorsal+branch+of+the+superior+intercostal+artery FMA:76998 Wikipedia:Highest_intercostal_artery superior intercostal artery FMA:76998 Wikipedia:Highest_intercostal_artery supreme intercostal artery Wikipedia:Highest_intercostal_artery arteria intercostalis suprema posterior auricular vein AO notes: check placement of AO class FMA:50851 MA:0002090 SCTID:150188002 The posterior auricular vein begins upon the side of the head, in a plexus which communicates with the tributaries of the occipital vein and superficial temporal veins. It descends behind the auricula, and joins the posterior division of the posterior facial vein to form the external jugular. It receive the stylomastoid vein, and some tributaries from the cranial surface of the auricula. UBERON:0006199 UMLS:C0226544 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Auricular_Vein posterior auricular vein uberon venae auricularis posterior Wikipedia:Posterior_auricular_vein venae auricularis posterior The posterior auricular vein begins upon the side of the head, in a plexus which communicates with the tributaries of the occipital vein and superficial temporal veins. It descends behind the auricula, and joins the posterior division of the posterior facial vein to form the external jugular. It receive the stylomastoid vein, and some tributaries from the cranial surface of the auricula. Wikipedia:Posterior_auricular_vein FMA:50851 posterior auricular vein FMA caudal humeral circumflex vein FMA:71216 MA:0002091 UBERON:0006200 classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms posterior circumflex humeral vein posterior humeral circumflex vein uberon vena circumflexa humeri posterior FMA:71216 posterior circumflex humeral vein FMA/obol FMA/obol FMA:71216 posterior humeral circumflex vein FMA:71216 FMA:TA vena circumflexa humeri posterior dorsal cerebral vein FMA:50978 MA:0002103 SCTID:244393005 UBERON:0006201 classes unified on basis of spatial anatomy ontology synonyms superior cerebral vein uberon FMA:50978 superior cerebral vein ventral labial vein UBERON:0006202 Was obsoleted as it grouped a lip structure with an unknown MA vein, which be a genital vein true uberon conchal part of pinna FMA:61006 UBERON:0006203 UMLS:C0229316 concha concha auriculae concha of auricle concha of pinna ncithesaurus:Concha uberon FMA:61006 concha of auricle FMA:61006 FMA:TA concha auriculae FMA:61006 concha FMA:61006 concha of pinna inguinal ligament FMA:19855 Poupart's ligament SCTID:361900000 UBERON:0006204 Vesalius' ligament a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may develop. The inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone. It is formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh. fallopian ligament uberon FMA:19855 Wikipedia:Inguinal_ligament fallopian ligament FMA:19855 Vesalius' ligament Wikipedia:Inguinal_ligament a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may develop. The inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone. It is formed by the external abdominal oblique aponeurosis and is continuous with the fascia lata of the thigh. FMA:19855 Poupart's ligament Wikipedia:Inguinal_ligament pectineal ligament FMA:20188 SCTID:256661003 UBERON:0006205 cooper's ligament (groin) ligamentum pectineale uberon we include a disjointness axiom to avoid confusion that may arise from the synonyms 'ligamentum pectineale' and 'ligamentum pectinum' FMA:20188 ligamentum pectineale FMA:20188 cooper's ligament (groin) iridocorneal angle FMA:58577 SCTID:244498000 UBERON:0006206 acute angle occurring between the iris and the cornea at the periphery of the anterior chamber of the eye[MP]. anterior chamber angle uberon FMA:58577 anterior chamber angle MP:0004221 acute angle occurring between the iris and the cornea at the periphery of the anterior chamber of the eye[MP]. aortico-pulmonary spiral septum EHDAA2:0000136 EHDAA:2592 EMAPA:16827 UBERON:0005999 UBERON:0006207 VHOG:0000502 aortic septum aortico-pulmonary septum aorticopulmonary septum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray470.png septum aorticopulmonale spiral septum the spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. uberon Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum spiral septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortic septum EMAPA Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortico-pulmonary septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum septum aorticopulmonale PMID:6844926 Wikipedia Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aorticopulmonary septum MP:0010650 Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum the spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. auditory hillocks EHDAA2:0000155 EHDAA:4685 EMAPA:17280 Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[inferred][VHOG] UBERON:0006208 VHOG:0001364 auditory tubercles auricular hillock uberon VHOG:0001364 auditory tubercles 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.420 Mammals have a third type of tympanic ear. An external flap, the auricle or pinna, helps funnel sound waves down the external acoustic meatus to the tympanic membrane.[inferred][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001364 http://bgee.unil.ch/ basioccipital cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000164 EHDAA:7141 EMAPA:18337 UBERON:0006209 VHOG:0001124 uberon EHDAA2 body-wall mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000179 EHDAA:3217 EMAPA:16893 UBERON:0006210 uberon buccopharyngeal membrane EHDAA2:0000189 EHDAA:536 EMAPA:16259 SCTID:361412007 The region where the crescentic masses of the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other constitutes a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane (or oropharyngeal membrane), which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx. In front of the buccopharyngeal area, where the lateral crescents of mesoderm fuse in the middle line, the pericardium is afterward developed, and this region is therefore designated the pericardial area. UBERON:0006211 VHOG:0000380 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray977.png oropharyngeal membrane uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane oropharyngeal membrane The region where the crescentic masses of the ectoderm and endoderm come into direct contact with each other constitutes a thin membrane, the buccopharyngeal membrane (or oropharyngeal membrane), which forms a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx. In front of the buccopharyngeal area, where the lateral crescents of mesoderm fuse in the middle line, the pericardium is afterward developed, and this region is therefore designated the pericardial area. Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane bulbo-ventricular groove EHDAA2:0000195 EHDAA:766 EMAPA:16693 UBERON:0006212 VHOG:0001405 bulbo-ventricular sulcus bulboventricular groove ependymal groove ependymal sulcus uberon EMAPA:16693 ependymal sulcus EMAPA:16693 bulbo-ventricular sulcus VHOG:0001405 bulboventricular groove EMAPA:16693 ependymal groove carpus cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a carpal bone. EHDAA2:0000221 EHDAA:8544 EMAPA:18102 UBERON:0006213 VHOG:0001123 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a carpal bone. OBOL:automatic carpus pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a carpal bone. EHDAA2:0000222 EHDAA:6324 EMAPA:17724 UBERON:0006214 VHOG:0000955 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a carpal bone. OBOL:automatic rhombic lip Rhombic lips are a posterior section of the developing metencephalon within an embryo. They extend posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cells and contain cerebellar precursor cells, among others TAO:0001440 The interface between the dorsal neuroepithelium and the roofplate of the fourth ventricle. The source of a number of migratory neuron populations of the hindbrain.[TAO] UBERON:0006215 XAO:0004135 ZFA:0001440 cerebellum primordium dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon uberon Wikipedia 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001440 The interface between the dorsal neuroepithelium and the roofplate of the fourth ventricle. The source of a number of migratory neuron populations of the hindbrain.[TAO] ZFIN:curator Rhombic lips are a posterior section of the developing metencephalon within an embryo. They extend posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cells and contain cerebellar precursor cells, among others Wikipedia:Rhombic_lips EMAPA:17074 dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon EMAPA:17074 cerebellum primordium ZFA cervical sinus EHDAA2:0000078 EHDAA:5105 EHDAA:6534 EMAPA:17526 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000239 This sinus is bounded in front by the hyoid arch, and behind by the thoracic wall; it is ultimately obliterated by the fusion of its walls. UBERON:0006216 a temporary depression caudal to the second pharyngeal arch, containing the succeeding pharyngeal arches; it is overgrown by the second pharyngeal arch and closes off as the cervical vesicle[TFD]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Kiemenbogen.jpg sinus cervicalis sinus cervicalis uberon Wikipedia:Cervical_sinus a temporary depression caudal to the second pharyngeal arch, containing the succeeding pharyngeal arches; it is overgrown by the second pharyngeal arch and closes off as the cervical vesicle[TFD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cervical+sinus Wikipedia:Cervical_sinus sinus cervicalis Wikipedia:Cervical_sinus sinus cervicalis cloacal membrane A membrane that separates the proctodeum and the hindgut in the early embryo. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.497, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000257 EHDAA:214 EHDAA:2933 EMAPA:16832 In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:308826008 UBERON:0006217 UMLS:C0231056 VHOG:0001198 embryonic cloacal membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray991.png membrana cloacalis ncithesaurus:Cloacal_Membrane the membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca, formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm; the urorectal septum joins the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal membrane and a urogenital membrane; the point where the urorectal septum intersects the cloacal membrane is the future site of the perineal body; proliferation of mesoderm and ectoderm around the cloacal membrane produces primordial tissues of the external genitalia in both sexes: the genital tubercle, genital folds, and genital swellings. uberon Wikipedia MP:0011837 MP:anna Wikipedia:Cloacal_membrane the membrane that covers the embryonic cloaca, formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm; the urorectal septum joins the cloacal membrane and divides it into an anal membrane and a urogenital membrane; the point where the urorectal septum intersects the cloacal membrane is the future site of the perineal body; proliferation of mesoderm and ectoderm around the cloacal membrane produces primordial tissues of the external genitalia in both sexes: the genital tubercle, genital folds, and genital swellings. Wikipedia:Cloacal_membrane membrana cloacalis 2012-09-17 A membrane that separates the proctodeum and the hindgut in the early embryo. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.497, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001198 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 In mammals, the cloaca exists as an embryonic structure that undergoes septation to become distinct urethral, anal, and genital orifices.[well established][VHOG] PMID:11830557 De Santa Barbara P, Roberts DJ, Tail gut endoderm and gut/genitourinary/tail development: a new tissue-specific role for Hoxa13. Development (2002) VHOG VHOG:0001198 http://bgee.unil.ch/ common atrial chamber EHDAA:1267 EMAPA:16225 EMAPA:16342 EMAPA:16689 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000268 UBERON:0006218 uberon deltoid pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000340 EHDAA:6002 EMAPA:17749 UBERON:0006219 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 diencephalic part of interventricular foramen EHDAA2:0000384 EHDAA:3476 EMAPA:16643 EMAPA:16901 UBERON:0006220 VHOG:0000808 uberon EHDAA2 future diencephalon A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a diencephalon. EFO:0003442 EHDAA2:0000600 EHDAA:844 EMAPA:16514 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000386 TAO:0000574 UBERON:0006222 ZFA:0000574 presumptive diencephalon uberon A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a diencephalon. OBOL:automatic TAO:0000574 presumptive diencephalon dorsal meso-oesophagus EHDAA:2945 EMAPA:16704 EMAPA:16837 EMAPA:18865 MA:0001570 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000412 UBERON:0006223 dorsal meso-esophagus uberon MA:0001570 dorsal meso-esophagus elbow joint primordium EHDAA2:0000431 EHDAA:8483 EMAPA:17710 UBERON:0006224 uberon endolymphatic appendage An outgrowth of the otic vesicle that forms the endolymphatic duct and sac during embryonic development. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000437 EMAPA:16994 EMAPA:17283 UBERON:0006226 VHOG:0000373 uberon 2012-09-17 An outgrowth of the otic vesicle that forms the endolymphatic duct and sac during embryonic development. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000373 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/endolymphatic+appendage ethmoid bone primordium Consider obsoleting, the ethmoid is endochondral? EHDAA2:0000456 EHDAA:8363 EMAPA:18023 UBERON:0006227 uberon EHDAA2 AAO FMA exoccipital pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000457 EHDAA:8355 EMAPA:18014 UBERON:0006228 VHOG:0000963 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 extrinsic ocular pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000483 EHDAA:2925 EMAPA:17845 UBERON:0006230 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 facial bone primordium EHDAA2:0000488 EHDAA:9552 EMAPA:18024 Editor notes: check this for developmental relationships UBERON:0006231 facial bones primordia facial skeleton primordium uberon viscerocranium primordium EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000488 facial bones primordia facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex EHDAA:1477 EMAPA:16660 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000496 UBERON:0006232 VHOG:0000715 uberon EHDAA2 female genital tubercle A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system. EHDAA:8118 EMAPA:18680 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000500 UBERON:0006233 VHOG:0000666 genital tubercle of female uberon EMAPA:18680 genital tubercle of female reference_0000032 true A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic femur pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000508 EMAPA:17502 UBERON:0006234 VHOG:0000951 uberon foregut-midgut junction Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a foregut and adjacent_to a midgut. EHDAA2:0000569 EHDAA:526 EMAPA:16363 UBERON:0006235 VHOG:0000291 uberon An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a foregut and adjacent_to a midgut. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000291 http://bgee.unil.ch/ frontal bone primordium EHDAA2:0000577 EHDAA:9540 EMAPA:18017 UBERON:0006236 uberon future brain EFO:0003431 EHDAA:300 EHDAA:830 EMAPA:16089 EMAPA:16471 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000591 TAO:0000146 UBERON:0006238 Usage notes: this class is restricted to neural-tube derived brains ZFA:0000146 brain rudiment presumptive brain uberon ZFA:0000146 presumptive brain TAO:0000146 brain rudiment future central tendon A tendon that develops_into a central tendon. EHDAA2:0000593 EHDAA:4118 EMAPA:25035 UBERON:0006239 uberon A tendon that develops_into a central tendon. OBOL:automatic future forebrain EFO:0003423 EHDAA2:0000661 EHDAA:2643 EMAPA:16640 TAO:0000062 TODO. Add relationships to neural plate (both ZFA and EMAPA time this with the neural plate) UBERON:0006240 ZFA:0000062 presumptive forebrain presumptive prosencephalon prosencephalon uberon TAO:0000062 presumptive prosencephalon ZFA:0000062 presumptive forebrain EHDAA2:0000661 prosencephalon future spinal cord EFO:0003438 EHDAA2:0000674 EHDAA:898 EMAPA:16092 EMAPA:16525 EMAPA:16755 TAO:0000417 UBERON:0006241 ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord presumptive spinal cord neural keel presumptive spinal cord neural plate presumptive spinal cord neural rod uberon TAO:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural rod TAO:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural keel EHDAA2 ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord TAO:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural plate gall bladder primordium EHDAA2:0000700 EHDAA:3047 EMAPA:16713 EMAPA:16842 UBERON:0006242 XAO:0004205 uberon glossopharyngeal IX preganglion EHDAA:1479 EMAPA:16661 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000713 UBERON:0006243 uberon hip joint primordium EHDAA2:0000785 EHDAA:8462 EMAPA:17739 UBERON:0006244 uberon humerus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000787 EHDAA:6240 EMAPA:17713 UBERON:0006245 VHOG:0001120 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 humerus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000788 EHDAA:4192 EMAPA:17427 UBERON:0006246 VHOG:0000950 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 iliac pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000809 EHDAA:9568 EMAPA:18029 UBERON:0006247 VHOG:0000964 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 incus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000813 EHDAA:9024 EMAPA:17825 UBERON:0006248 VHOG:0000957 uberon EHDAA2-generalized infundibular recess of 3rd ventricle EHDAA2:0000827 EHDAA:4479 EMAPA:16648 EMAPA:16899 Editor note: in FMA this is a cavity, whereas in EHDAA2 it is an epithelial sac FMA:78456 SCTID:369280006 The floor of the third ventricle is prolonged downward as a funnel-shaped recess, the infundibular recess, into the infundibulum, and to the apex of the latter the hypophysis or pititary is attached UBERON:0006250 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray654.png infundibular recess infundibular recess of third ventricle recessus infundibularis recessus infundibuli recessus infundibuli uberon FMA:TA recessus infundibuli EHDAA2 FMA:78456 infundibular recess of third ventricle EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA:78456 infundibular recess The floor of the third ventricle is prolonged downward as a funnel-shaped recess, the infundibular recess, into the infundibulum, and to the apex of the latter the hypophysis or pititary is attached Wikipedia:Infundibular_recess FMA:TA recessus infundibularis Wikipedia:Infundibular_recess recessus infundibuli interparietal bone primordium EHDAA2:0000881 EMAPA:18018 UBERON:0006251 uberon intersubcardinal venous anastomosis EHDAA2:0000883 EHDAA:3452 EMAPA:16828 UBERON:0006252 uberon embryonic intraretinal space (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000889 EHDAA:4761 EMAPA:16676 EMAPA:17170 The space separating the outer pigment epithelium and the inner neural retina of the optic cup and of the retina. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0006253 VHOG:0000534 intraretinal space intraretinal space of retina retina intraretinal space uberon EMAPA:17170 intraretinal space of retina EHDAA2:0000889 intraretinal space (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 VHOG VHOG:0000534 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000534 retina intraretinal space 2012-09-17 The space separating the outer pigment epithelium and the inner neural retina of the optic cup and of the retina. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000534 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/intraretinal+space EHDAA2 ischial cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000890 EHDAA:9570 EMAPA:26930 UBERON:0006254 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ischial pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000891 EHDAA:7153 EMAPA:18348 UBERON:0006255 VHOG:0000962 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 knee joint primordium EHDAA2:0000897 EHDAA:8467 EMAPA:17740 UBERON:0006256 uberon laryngotracheal groove EHDAA2:0004073 EHDAA:1005 EMAPA:16739 Editor notes: Note we currently have pharynx as part of the upper respiratory tract - separate by development? Lung development begins with the appearance of the laryngotracheal groove, which is a small diverticulum that arises from the floor of the primitive pharynx at E9 in mouse and 4 wk in human.[well established][VHOG] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000909 SCTID:361426003 UBERON:0006257 UMLS:C1283960 VHOG:0001404 a groove in the floor of the pharynx formed from the ventral diverticulum of endoderm that arises from the floor of the foregut caudal to the pharynx. This structure is the precursor for the larynx and trachea[WP,edited]. laryngo-tracheal groove laryngo-tracheal tube laryngotracheal endoderm ncithesaurus:Laryngotracheal_Tube sulcus laryngotrachealis uberon EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Laryngotracheal_groove sulcus laryngotrachealis EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004073 laryngo-tracheal groove Wikipedia:Laryngotracheal_groove a groove in the floor of the pharynx formed from the ventral diverticulum of endoderm that arises from the floor of the foregut caudal to the pharynx. This structure is the precursor for the larynx and trachea[WP,edited]. http://isc.temple.edu/marino/embryology/resp98/respdev.htm Wikipedia:Laryngotracheal_groove laryngo-tracheal tube 2012-09-17 Lung development begins with the appearance of the laryngotracheal groove, which is a small diverticulum that arises from the floor of the primitive pharynx at E9 in mouse and 4 wk in human.[well established][VHOG] PMID:15817505 Warburton D, Bellusci S, De Langhe S, Del Moral PM, Fleury V, Mailleux A, Tefft D, Unbekandt M, Wang K, Shi W, Molecular mechanisms of early lung specification and branching morphogenesis. Pediatric Research (2005) VHOG VHOG:0001404 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 lens pit A pitlike depression in the ectoderm of the lens placode where the primordial lens is developing. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000981 EHDAA:3809 EMAPA:16799 UBERON:0006259 UMLS:C1517769 VHOG:0000806 a pitlike depression in the ectoderm of the lens placode where the primordial lens is developing[TFD]. ncithesaurus:Lens_Pit uberon 2012-09-17 A pitlike depression in the ectoderm of the lens placode where the primordial lens is developing. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000806 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+pit a pitlike depression in the ectoderm of the lens placode where the primordial lens is developing[TFD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+pit lingual swellings EHDAA2:0000996 EMAPA:17186 Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] Primordium of the tongue; the median swelling and the distal and proximal swellings arise from the ventral aspect of the stomodeum. [TFD][VHOG] UBERON:0006260 VHOG:0000449 lingual swelling the collection consisting of the two lateral swellings and the medial swelling uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000449 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000996 lingual swelling 2012-09-17 Primordium of the tongue; the median swelling and the distal and proximal swellings arise from the ventral aspect of the stomodeum. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000449 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lingual+swellings EHDAA2 male genital tubercle A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a male reproductive system. EHDAA:8138 EMAPA:17969 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001048 UBERON:0006261 VHOG:0000667 genital tubercle of male uberon A differentiated genital tubercle that is part of a male reproductive system. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true EMAPA:17969 genital tubercle of male malleus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001055 EHDAA:9026 EMAPA:17826 UBERON:0006262 VHOG:0000958 uberon EHDAA2 Meckel's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation Development notes: NC contributes in EHDAA2. Todo: use EHDAA2 structure EHDAA2:0001074 EMAPA:17358 UBERON:0006263 VHOG:0001121 uberon UBERONREF:0000002 EHDAA2 mouth-foregut junction An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a mouth and adjacent_to a foregut. EHDAA:534 EMAPA:16258 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001205 UBERON:0006264 VHOG:0000592 uberon An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a mouth and adjacent_to a foregut. OBOL:automatic mural trophectoderm (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001206 EHDAA:58 EMAPA:16047 The part of the trophectoderm which surrounds the blastocoelic cavity. [See_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.10][VHOG] Trophectoderm that surrounds blastocyst cavity. UBERON:0006265 VHOG:0000597 mural trophoblast uberon 2012-09-17 The part of the trophectoderm which surrounds the blastocoelic cavity. [See_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.10][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000597 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA VHOG:0000597 mural trophoblast (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676685 Romer AS, Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106 VHOG VHOG:0000597 http://bgee.unil.ch/ PMID:16341078 Trophectoderm that surrounds blastocyst cavity. nasolacrimal groove EHDAA2:0001238 EHDAA:4770 EMAPA:16679 Groove between maxillary prominence and lateral nasal process. On the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla, in front of the opening of the sinus is a deep groove, the lacrimal groove (or lacrimal sulcus), which is converted into the nasolacrimal canal, by the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha; this canal opens into the inferior meatus of the nose and transmits the nasolacrimal duct[WP] See also: oblique facial cleft UBERON:0006266 UMLS:C1513875 VHOG:0001307 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Gray163.png naso-lacrimal groove ncithesaurus:Nasolacrimal_Groove s. lacrimalis maxillae uberon EHDAA2 EMAPA:16679 naso-lacrimal groove EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Groove between maxillary prominence and lateral nasal process. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_groove http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html Wikipedia:Lacrimal_groove s. lacrimalis maxillae EHDAA2 notochordal plate EHDAA2:0001278 EHDAA:264 EMAPA:16101 TODO - check ordering; awaiting confirmation from JB The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] UBERON:0006267 UMLS:C1518429 VHOG:0001212 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Plate uberon 2012-09-17 The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001212 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. VHOG:0001212 notochordal process EHDAA2:0001279 EHDAA:224 EMAPA:16102 The notochordal process grows cranially until it reaches the prechordal plate, the future site of the mouth. In this area the ectoderm is attached directly to the endoderm without intervening mesoderm. This area is known as the oropharyngeal membrane, and it will break down to become the mouth. At the other end of the primitive streak the ectoderm is also fused directly to the endoderm; this is known as the cloacal membrane (proctodeum), or primordial anus. UBERON:0006268 UMLS:C1518430 VHOG:0001213 a midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot chordamesoderm ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Process presumptive notochord uberon EHDAA2 a midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/05embryonicperiod.htm optic foramen An aperture in the root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone transmitting the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001312 EHDAA:10646 EMAPA:18716 UBERON:0006269 VHOG:0001408 uberon 2012-09-17 An aperture in the root of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone transmitting the optic nerve. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001408 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/optic+foramen optic pit (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles (reference 1); The first morphological sign of eye development in vertebrates is the bilateral evagination of diencephalon in the early neurula. In mammals, this is marked by the appearance of the optic pit, whereas in fish and amphibians a bulging of the optic primordia is observed. Continued evagination of the optic primordia leads to the formation of the optic vesicles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] A small indentation in the central part of the optic placode. A small indentation in the central part of the optic placode. [157-169, Mueller_F_and_ObRahilly_R, The_first_appearance_of_the_neural_tube_and_optic_primordium_in_the_human_embryo_at_stage_10._Anatomy_and_Embryology_(1985)_172][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004433 EHDAA:944 EMAPA:16199 EMAPA:16325 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001316 UBERON:0006270 VHOG:0001162 optic evagination optic sulcus uberon EMAPA:16199 optic evagination 2012-09-17 A small indentation in the central part of the optic placode. [157-169, Mueller_F_and_ObRahilly_R, The_first_appearance_of_the_neural_tube_and_optic_primordium_in_the_human_embryo_at_stage_10._Anatomy_and_Embryology_(1985)_172][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001162 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A small indentation in the central part of the optic placode. VHOG:0001162 EHDAA2:0004433 optic sulcus (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles (reference 1); The first morphological sign of eye development in vertebrates is the bilateral evagination of diencephalon in the early neurula. In mammals, this is marked by the appearance of the optic pit, whereas in fish and amphibians a bulging of the optic primordia is observed. Continued evagination of the optic primordia leads to the formation of the optic vesicles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.255 Chow RL and Lang RA, Early eye development in vertebrates. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2001) VHOG VHOG:0001162 http://bgee.unil.ch/ orbital fissure EHDAA2:0001328 EHDAA:10648 EMAPA:18717 SCTID:280546005 UBERON:0006271 uberon oronasal cavity EHDAA2:0001331 EHDAA:5882 EMAPA:17200 In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity UBERON:0006272 VHOG:0001352 uberon In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html otic pit A depression appearing in each otic placode, marking the beginnning of embryonic development of the internal ear. [TFD][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001336 EHDAA:929 EMAPA:16536 The auditory pit, also known as the otic pit, is the first rudiment of the internal ear. It appears shortly after that of the eye, in the form of a patch of thickened ectoderm, the auditory plate, over the region of the hind-brain. The auditory plate becomes depressed and converted into the auditory pit (or otic pit). UBERON:0006273 UMLS:C1518676 VHOG:0001147 ncithesaurus:Otic_Pit uberon 2012-09-17 A depression appearing in each otic placode, marking the beginnning of embryonic development of the internal ear. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001147 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Otic+pit The auditory pit, also known as the otic pit, is the first rudiment of the internal ear. It appears shortly after that of the eye, in the form of a patch of thickened ectoderm, the auditory plate, over the region of the hind-brain. The auditory plate becomes depressed and converted into the auditory pit (or otic pit). Wikipedia:Otic_pit parietal bone primordium EHDAA2:0001404 EHDAA:9544 EMAPA:18019 UBERON:0006274 uberon pericardio-peritoneal canal EHDAA2:0001440 EHDAA:636 EMAPA:16282 Each of the canal that connects the pericardial cavity with the peritoneal cavity and becomes a pleural cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.42, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] SCTID:361428002 UBERON:0006275 UMLS:C1283967 VHOG:0001498 ncithesaurus:Pericardioperitoneal_Canal pericardio-peritoneal channel uberon EMAPA 2012-09-17 Each of the canal that connects the pericardial cavity with the peritoneal cavity and becomes a pleural cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.42, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001498 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001498 pericardio-peritoneal channel perioptic mesenchyme EHDAA:4751 EMAPA:17167 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001444 UBERON:0006276 uberon pleuropericardial canals EHDAA2:0001479 EHDAA:4122 EMAPA:17704 UBERON:0006277 VHOG:0001497 pleuropericardial canal pleuropericardial channel uberon VHOG:0001497 pleuropericardial channel VHOG:0001497 pleuropericardial canal pleuropericardial folds EHDAA2:0001480 EHDAA:4126 EMAPA:17706 Each of the folds that grow out from the lateral part of the body wall. They fuse and meet with the dorsal and ventral mesentery of the foregut, separating the pleural cavities from the pericardial cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.43-46, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0006278 VHOG:0001499 pleuropericardial membranes uberon 2012-09-17 Each of the folds that grow out from the lateral part of the body wall. They fuse and meet with the dorsal and ventral mesentery of the foregut, separating the pleural cavities from the pericardial cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.43-46, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001499 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001499 pleuropericardial membranes 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001499 http://bgee.unil.ch/ pleuroperitoneal canal EHDAA2:0001481 EHDAA:4128 EMAPA:17707 EMAPA:25031 Each of the canal that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.46, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] SCTID:361413002 UBERON:0006279 VHOG:0001505 pleuroperitoneal channel uberon VHOG:0001505 pleuroperitoneal channel 2012-09-17 Each of the canal that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.46, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001505 http://bgee.unil.ch/ polar trophectoderm (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001484 EHDAA:60 EMAPA:16048 The part of the trophectoderm overlying the inner cell mass. [See_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.10][VHOG] Trophectoderm that surrounds the inner cell mass (ICM). UBERON:0006280 VHOG:0000980 polar trophoblast uberon EHDAA2 VHOG:0000980 polar trophoblast (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676685 Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106 VHOG VHOG:0000980 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 The part of the trophectoderm overlying the inner cell mass. [See_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.10][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000980 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA PMID:16341078 Trophectoderm that surrounds the inner cell mass (ICM). pre-hepatic part RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001492 UBERON:0006281 true uberon was obsoleted as it had no definition and the name was unclear. May refer to part of inferior vena cava or pre-hepatic portal vein FMA:71904 primary head vein EHDAA2:0001498 EHDAA:818 EMAPA:16242 UBERON:0006282 early vein that gives rise to various sinuses uberon EHDAA2 primitive ventricle of heart EHDAA2:0001531 EMAPA:16233 EMAPA:16350 SCTID:361524003 The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles. In contrast, the smooth parts of the left and right ventricles originate from the embryological bulbus cordis. The primitive ventricle becomes divided by a septum, the septum inferius or ventricular septum, which grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, its position being indicated on the surface of the heart by a furrow. Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum. UBERON:0006283 early heart ventricle embryonic heart ventricle embryonic ventricle future heart ventricle primitive ventricle uberon EHDAA2:0001531 primitive ventricle EMAPA The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles. In contrast, the smooth parts of the left and right ventricles originate from the embryological bulbus cordis. The primitive ventricle becomes divided by a septum, the septum inferius or ventricular septum, which grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, its position being indicated on the surface of the heart by a furrow. Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum. Wikipedia:Embryonic_ventricle early prosencephalic vesicle EHDAA2:0001571 EHDAA:1356 EMAPA:16521 SCTID:361480006 TAO:0001259 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0006284 VHOG:0000644 ZFA:0001259 forebrain ventricle forebrain vesicle future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle prosencephalic ventricle prosencephalic vesicle uberon UBERON:cjm future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000644 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000644 prosencephalic ventricle VHOG:0000644 forebrain ventricle VHOG:0000644 forebrain vesicle EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001571 prosencephalic vesicle pubic pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001574 EHDAA:9572 EMAPA:18349 EMAPA:26928 UBERON:0006285 VHOG:0000965 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 radius cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a radius bone. EHDAA2:0001585 EHDAA:7267 EMAPA:18054 UBERON:0006286 VHOG:0001318 uberon EHDAA2 A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a radius bone. OBOL:automatic radius-ulna pre-cartilage condensation AO notes: EMAPA has a separate radius-ulna cartilage condensation. EHDAA2:0001587 EHDAA:4178 EMAPA:17420 UBERON:0006287 VHOG:0000949 uberon rib cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001716 EHDAA:8347 EMAPA:17678 UBERON:0006288 VHOG:0001122 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 rib pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001717 EHDAA:6026 EMAPA:17397 UBERON:0006289 VHOG:0000681 uberon EHDAA2-abduced ZFA EHDAA2 scapula cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001777 EHDAA:8368 EMAPA:18343 UBERON:0006290 VHOG:0001125 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 scapula pre-cartilage condensation Development notes: the scapula has been shown to develop from multiple tissues, such as the dermomyotome of the somites, the mesodermal portion of the soma- topleure (a domain of the lateral plate mesoderm or LPM) and neural crest cell-derived mesenchyme (Huang et al., 2000; Matsuoka et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005).[PMID:21455939] EHDAA2:0001778 EHDAA:6041 EMAPA:18027 UBERON:0006291 VHOG:0000960 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 shoulder joint primordium EHDAA2:0001836 EHDAA:8493 EMAPA:17712 Note that this is part of the forelimb skeleton in EHDAA2, but this violates part-disjointness UBERON:0006292 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 spleen primordium A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP]. AO notes: check difference between splenic and spleen in EMAPA; note that in EHDAA2 the class 'spleen' refers to the mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001904 EHDAA:3003 EMAPA:18535 EMAPA:18659 UBERON:0006293 UBERON:0009750 XAO:0000326 left spleen primordium spleen mesenchyme splenic mesenchyme splenic primordium uberon A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP]. ISBN:0123747295 MP:0011263 MP:0011263 spleen mesenchyme UBERON:cjm splenic mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001904 splenic primordium EHDAA2-modified XAO XAO XAO:0000326 left spleen primordium stapes pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001910 EHDAA:5699 EMAPA:17827 UBERON:0006294 VHOG:0000956 independent of the mesenchymal condensation that will form the otic capsule stapedial anlage uberon EHDAA2 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x stapedial anlage EHDAA2 cranial end doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x sternebral bone pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001912 EHDAA:9565 EMAPA:18345 UBERON:0006295 VHOG:0000961 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 subcardinal vein EHDAA:2631 EMAPA:16829 SCTID:308830006 TBD: part of cardinal system? UBERON:0006296 UMLS:C0231088 VHOG:0001336 a vein in the mammalian embryo or the adult of some lower vertebrates that is located on each side of the abdominal region ventromedial to the mesonephros and that in mammals participates in the formation of the inferior vena cava and the renal vein ncithesaurus:Subcardinal_Vein uberon ISBN10:0073040584 a vein in the mammalian embryo or the adult of some lower vertebrates that is located on each side of the abdominal region ventromedial to the mesonephros and that in mammals participates in the formation of the inferior vena cava and the renal vein http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/subcardinal%20vein sublingual gland primordium EHDAA2:0001935 EHDAA:7989 EMAPA:17752 UBERON:0006297 uberon submandibular gland primordium EHDAA2:0001939 EHDAA:9255 EMAPA:17755 UBERON:0006298 uberon supracardinal vein EHDAA2:0001964 EHDAA:7492 EMAPA:16830 Either of two veins in the mammalian embryo and various adult lower vertebrate forms located in the thoracic and abdominal regions dorsolateral to and on either side of the descending aorta and giving rise to the azygos and hemiazygos veins and a part of the inferior vena cava[MW]. These veins drain the body wall via the segmental intercostal veins, thus taking over the function of the posterior cardinals[ISBN] SCTID:308829001 UBERON:0006300 UMLS:C0231090 ncithesaurus:Supracardinal_Vein uberon Either of two veins in the mammalian embryo and various adult lower vertebrate forms located in the thoracic and abdominal regions dorsolateral to and on either side of the descending aorta and giving rise to the azygos and hemiazygos veins and a part of the inferior vena cava[MW]. These veins drain the body wall via the segmental intercostal veins, thus taking over the function of the posterior cardinals[ISBN] ISBN-10:0443065837 http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/supracardinal%20vein telencephalic part of interventricular foramen EHDAA2:0001980 EHDAA:5474 EMAPA:16654 EMAPA:16915 UBERON:0006301 VHOG:0000809 uberon EHDAA2 tracheal diverticulum EMAPA:16740 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002072 UBERON:0006303 uberon trigeminal V preganglion EHDAA:924 EMAPA:16663 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002089 UBERON:0006304 uberon tunica vasculosa lentis EHDAA2:0002097 EHDAA:5705 EMAPA:18235 Soon after it forms, the mammalian lens becomes invested with a network of capillaries. (...) The capillary network on the posterior of the lens is the tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0006305 VHOG:0000978 an extensive capillary network, spreading over the posterior and lateral surfaces of the lens of the eye. It disappears shortly after birth. uberon Wikipedia:Tunica_vasculosa_lentis an extensive capillary network, spreading over the posterior and lateral surfaces of the lens of the eye. It disappears shortly after birth. 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.08.014 Beebe DC, Maintening transparency: A review of the developmental physiology and pathophysiology of two avascular tissues. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2008) Fig.1 Soon after it forms, the mammalian lens becomes invested with a network of capillaries. (...) The capillary network on the posterior of the lens is the tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000978 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ulna cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a ulna. EHDAA2:0002098 EHDAA:7269 EMAPA:18055 UBERON:0006306 VHOG:0001155 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a ulna. OBOL:automatic urogenital membrane During the 7th week the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into a urogenital membrane (ventrally) and an anal membrane (dorsally) [http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/ugenital/genitexterne01.html] EHDAA2:0004025 EHDAA:7011 EMAPA:17210 EMAPA:17378 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002141 SCTID:172994001 UBERON:0006307 VHOG:0001187 Ventral part of the cloacal membrane separating the gut from the fetus external environment. [TFD][VHOG] uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 2012-09-17 VHOG VHOG:0001187 Ventral part of the cloacal membrane separating the gut from the fetus external environment. [TFD][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/urogenital+membrane vagal X nerve trunk EHDAA2:0002160 EHDAA:4659 EMAPA:17272 UBERON:0006308 VHOG:0000736 uberon venous vitelline plexus EHDAA:1945 EMAPA:17020 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002172 UBERON:0006309 uberon vitelline venous plexus EHDAA2:0002210 EHDAA:1945 EMAPA:17020 UBERON:0006310 uberon chamber of eyeball BTO:0002085 Chamber of eyeball[FMA] FMA:58071 MA:0002459 SCTID:280540004 UBERON:0006311 UMLS:C0459556 eye chamber eyeball chamber ncithesaurus:Chamber_of_the_Eye uberon FMA:58071 eyeball chamber Chamber of eyeball[FMA] FMA:58071 MA:0002459 eye chamber ocular refractive media MA:0001911 UBERON:0006312 uberon bodily fluid GAID:266 Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. MESH:A12.207 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_20 UBERON:0006314 body fluid consider merging with parent class galen:BodyFluid uberon GAID:266 body fluid Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. MESH:A12.207 Wikipedia:Body_fluid orbitalis muscle An orbitalis muscle is a rudimentary nonstriated muscle (smooth muscle) that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit. It is often called Muller's muscle. One characteristic of Horner's Syndrome is enophthalmos (retraction of the eyeball into the orbit due to paralysis of the orbitalis muscle that spans the inferior orbital fissure). Its function is eyeball protrusion. FMA:49034 MA:0001274 SCTID:368790005 UBERON:0006318 UMLS:C0229105 musculus orbitalis musculus orbitalis ncithesaurus:Orbitalis_Muscle orbital muscle orbital muscle of muller orbitalis orbitalis subclass of 'muscle layer' in FMA uberon MA FMA:49034 FMA:TA musculus orbitalis Wikipedia:Orbitalis_muscle orbitalis An orbitalis muscle is a rudimentary nonstriated muscle (smooth muscle) that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit. It is often called Muller's muscle. One characteristic of Horner's Syndrome is enophthalmos (retraction of the eyeball into the orbit due to paralysis of the orbitalis muscle that spans the inferior orbital fissure). Its function is eyeball protrusion. Wikipedia:Orbitalis_muscle FMA FMA FMA:49034 orbital muscle Wikipedia:Orbitalis_muscle musculus orbitalis FMA:49034 orbitalis FMA:49034 orbital muscle of muller spinal cord reticular nucleus FMA:73909 MA:0001123 UBERON:0006319 spinal reticular nucleus uberon FMA:73909 spinal reticular nucleus inferior oblique extraocular muscle FMA:49040 MA:0001276 SCTID:181156006 TAO:0000861 Taxon notes (via VHOG): "The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution." Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, Third Edition (2001) Orlando Fla.: Harcourt College Publishers, p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0006320 UMLS:C0582817 VHOG:0001132 ZFA:0000861 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png inferior oblique inferior oblique muscle musculus obliquus inferior bulbi musculus obliquus inferior bulbi ncithesaurus:Inferior_Oblique_Muscle obliquus inferior obliquus oculi inferior thin, narrow muscle placed near the anterior margin of the floor of the orbit. uberon ventral oblique extraocular muscle ventral oblique extraocular muscles FMA:49040 inferior oblique 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001132 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Inferior_oblique_muscle obliquus oculi inferior dbpedia VHOG:0001132 ventral oblique extraocular muscles VHOG:0001132 ventral oblique extraocular muscle FMA:49040 obliquus inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_oblique_muscle thin, narrow muscle placed near the anterior margin of the floor of the orbit. MA Wikipedia:Inferior_oblique_muscle musculus obliquus inferior bulbi dbpedia laterally onto the eyeball deep to the lateral rectus by a short flat tendon dbpedia orbital surface of the maxilla lateral to the lacrimal groove Wikipedia:Inferior_oblique_muscle musculus obliquus inferior bulbi superior oblique extraocular muscle AAO:0010119 Cranial nerve IV innervated; dorsal in the obliquus group.[AAO] FMA:49039 M. obliquus superior MA:0001277 SCTID:181155005 TAO:0000738 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] The superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle in the upper, medial side of the orbit whose primary action is downward, lateral rotation of the eye. One of the extraocular muscles, the superior oblique is the only muscle innervated by the trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve). UBERON:0006321 UMLS:C0582816 VHOG:0001131 ZFA:0000738 dorsal oblique extraocular muscle dorsal oblique extraocular muscles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png musculus obliquus superior musculus obliquus superior bulbi ncithesaurus:Superior_Oblique_Muscle obliquus oculi superior obliquus superior superior oblique superior oblique muscle uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010119 AAO:EJS Cranial nerve IV innervated; dorsal in the obliquus group.[AAO] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001131 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:49039 superior oblique Wikipedia:Superior_oblique_muscle musculus obliquus superior bulbi FMA:49039 obliquus superior VHOG:0001131 dorsal oblique extraocular muscles Outer posterior quadrant of the eyeball dbpedia Wikipedia:Superior_oblique_muscle obliquus oculi superior MA The superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle in the upper, medial side of the orbit whose primary action is downward, lateral rotation of the eye. One of the extraocular muscles, the superior oblique is the only muscle innervated by the trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve). Wikipedia:Superior_oblique_muscle VHOG:0001131 dorsal oblique extraocular muscle M. obliquus superior Wikipedia:Superior_oblique_muscle AAO:0010119 musculus obliquus superior dbpedia inferior rectus extraocular muscle FMA:49036 MA:0001279 SCTID:181154009 TAO:0000457 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0006322 UMLS:C0582819 VHOG:0001130 ZFA:0000457 a muscle in the orbit that depresses, adducts, and helps extort (rotate laterally) the eye. The inferior rectus muscle is the only muscle that is capable of depressing the pupil when it is in a fully abducted position. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png inferior rectus inferior rectus muscle musculus rectus inferior bulbi ncithesaurus:Inferior_Rectus_Muscle uberon ventral recti ventral rectus ventral rectus extraocular muscle Wikipedia:Inferior_rectus_muscle musculus rectus inferior bulbi TAO:0000457 ventral recti FMA:49036 inferior rectus MA VHOG:0001130 ventral rectus extraocular muscle TAO:0000457 ventral rectus 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001130 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Inferior_rectus_muscle a muscle in the orbit that depresses, adducts, and helps extort (rotate laterally) the eye. The inferior rectus muscle is the only muscle that is capable of depressing the pupil when it is in a fully abducted position. superior rectus extraocular muscle FMA:49035 MA:0001282 SCTID:181153003 TAO:0000345 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] The superior rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of the extraocular muscles. It is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). In the primary position (looking straight ahead), the superior rectus muscle's primary function is elevation, although it also contributes to intorsion and adduction. UBERON:0006323 UMLS:C0582818 VHOG:0001128 ZFA:0000345 dorsal rectus dorsal rectus extraocular muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Eyemuscles.png musculus rectus superior bulbi ncithesaurus:Superior_Rectus_Muscle superior rectus superior rectus muscle uberon MA FMA:49035 superior rectus The superior rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit. It is one of the extraocular muscles. It is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III). In the primary position (looking straight ahead), the superior rectus muscle's primary function is elevation, although it also contributes to intorsion and adduction. Wikipedia:Superior_rectus_muscle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.331 The ability to rotate the eyeball is common to all vertebrates with well-developed eyes, regardless of the habitat in which they live, so these [extrinsic ocular] muscles tend to be conservative. They change little during the course of evolution.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001128 http://bgee.unil.ch/ TAO:0000345 dorsal rectus VHOG:0001128 dorsal rectus extraocular muscle Wikipedia:Superior_rectus_muscle musculus rectus superior bulbi dbpedia laryngeal intrinsic ligament FMA:72058 MA:0001757 SCTID:279557001 UBERON:0006325 intrinsic ligament of larynx uberon FMA:72058 intrinsic ligament of larynx base of arytenoid FMA:55349 MA:0001761 SCTID:279532006 UBERON:0006326 arytenoid cartilage base base of arytenoid base of arytenoid cartilage uberon FMA:55349 base of arytenoid FMA:55349 arytenoid cartilage base FMA:55349 base of arytenoid cartilage laryngeal extrinsic muscle FMA:55225 MA:0001769 SCTID:244808004 UBERON:0006327 extrinsic muscle of larynx uberon FMA:55225 extrinsic muscle of larynx laryngeal intrinsic muscle FMA:55226 MA:0001770 SCTID:244810002 UBERON:0006328 each muscle listed separately.[FEED] intrinsic laryneal muscles intrinsic laryngeal muscle intrinsic muscle of larynx uberon 2012-07-02 FEED each muscle listed separately.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED:FEED intrinsic laryngeal muscle FEED:FEED intrinsic laryneal muscles FMA:55226 intrinsic muscle of larynx superior pharyngeal constrictor EMAPA:18966 FMA:46621 MA:0002280 SCTID:244800006 The superior constrictor is a muscle that is an integral part of the pharyngeal tube that is attached to the mandible, pterygomandibular raphe, basioccipital bone, pterygoid process and midline raphe and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0006329 UMLS:C1515063 constrictor muscle of pharynx superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png musculus constrictor pharyngis superior musculus constrictor pharyngis superior ncithesaurus:Superior_Constrictor_Muscle superior constrictor superior constrictor muscle superior constrictor of pharynx superior constrictor pharyngeus uberon Wikipedia pharyngeal plexus FMA:46621 constrictor muscle of pharynx superior FMA:46621 superior constrictor pharyngeus Wikipedia:Superior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle musculus constrictor pharyngis superior FMA:46621 superior constrictor of pharynx ncithesaurus:Superior_Constrictor_Muscle superior constrictor muscle FMA:46621 FMA:TA musculus constrictor pharyngis superior FMA:46621 superior constrictor dbpedia 2012-07-02 FEED The superior constrictor is a muscle that is an integral part of the pharyngeal tube that is attached to the mandible, pterygomandibular raphe, basioccipital bone, pterygoid process and midline raphe and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Superior_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle anterior lingual gland Anterior lingual glands (also called apical glands) are deeply placed seromucous glands that are located near the tip of the tongue on each side of the frenulum linguae. They are found on the under surface of the apex of the tongue, and are covered by a bundle of muscular fibers derived from the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. Bauhin's glands: Blandin's glands: FMA:59796 MA:0002701 Nuhn's glands: SCTID:362179003 UBERON:0006330 UMLS:C0930558 anterior lingual salivary gland lingual salivary gland ncithesaurus:Lingual_Salivary_Gland uberon Anterior lingual glands (also called apical glands) are deeply placed seromucous glands that are located near the tip of the tongue on each side of the frenulum linguae. They are found on the under surface of the apex of the tongue, and are covered by a bundle of muscular fibers derived from the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior. Wikipedia:Anterior_lingual_glands FMA:59796 anterior lingual salivary gland Blandin's glands: Wikipedia:Anterior_lingual_glands FMA:59796 lingual salivary gland Nuhn's glands: Wikipedia:Anterior_lingual_glands Bauhin's glands: Wikipedia:Anterior_lingual_glands brainstem nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. MA:0000821 UBERON:0006331 uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. OBOL:automatic nasal capsule AAO:0000313 Development information from Brian Hall, Bones and Cartilage: Developmental Skeletal Biology.[TAO] EMAPA:17852 MA:0000283 Multi-tissue structure that is the connective tissue sheath that surrounds, except for external opening(s) in adult, the olfactory epithelium.[TAO] Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium.[AAO] TAO:0002035 Taxon notes: In most mammals, the nasal capsule remains unossified, except in mammals where the ethmoid portion ossifies to form the turbinates[Kardong]. In avians, the mesethmoid supports upper beak formation, whereas the ectethmoid comprises elements of the olfactory system, including the lamina cribosa, the crista galli apophysis and the conchae. Editor's note - consider splitting this class. Developing cartilage in mammals? Connective tissue sheath in TAO. Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium[AAO]. Cartilaginous envelope containing the nasal organ[FishBase] Multi-tissue structure composed of connective tissue that surrounds, the internal portions of the olfactory epithelium[ZFA]. Avian def: The nasal capsule is dorsoventrally divided into two parts: the upper part, the ectethmoid, serves olfaction and is composed of the lamina cribosa, the crista galli apophysis and the conchae. The lower part, the mesethmoid, is a thick cartilage bar extending from the corpus sphenoidalis to the rostral extremity of the nose (Fig. 1A-B􏰐). In the avian embryo, the mesethmoid constitutes the cartilage primordium of the upper beak UBERON:0006332 ZFA:0005507 an embryonic cartilaginous frame, the nasal capsule, an evolutionary-conserved structure composed of ventral and dorsal components: the mesethmoid and ectethmoid cartilages, respectively.[PMID]. cartilaginous nasal capsule uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000313 AAO:LAP Structure that has both respiratory and olfactory functions and lies anterior to the braincase, in the foremost section of the cranium.[AAO] 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue structure that is the connective tissue sheath that surrounds, except for external opening(s) in adult, the olfactory epithelium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002035 TAO:wd PMID:21270050 an embryonic cartilaginous frame, the nasal capsule, an evolutionary-conserved structure composed of ventral and dorsal components: the mesethmoid and ectethmoid cartilages, respectively.[PMID]. 2012-09-06 Curator Development information from Brian Hall, Bones and Cartilage: Developmental Skeletal Biology.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002035 MA snout . MA:0001910 SCTID:41127006 Surface structure that is the region of the head in front of and between the orbits, and above the lower jaw. Nares are located on the snout[ZFA]. TAO:0001712 UBERON:0006333 ZFA:0005496 muzzle uberon MA:0001910 muzzle . Wikipedia:Snout 2012-10-05 Surface structure that is the region of the head in front of and between the orbits, and above the lower jaw. Nares are located on the snout[ZFA]. ZFA ZFA:0005496 posterior lateral line AAO:0011024 EFO:0003595 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000944 UBERON:0006334 XAO:0000465 ZFA:0000944 check XAO/AAO pll relationship loss: develops_from posterior lateral line primordium (TAO:0001157)[TAO] relationship loss: part_of posterior lateral line system (TAO:0001471)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000944 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000944 relationship loss: part_of posterior lateral line system (TAO:0001471)[TAO] ZFA:0000944 pll 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000944 relationship loss: develops_from posterior lateral line primordium (TAO:0001157)[TAO] One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFA:0000944 obsolete unspecified UBERON:0006336 true uberon distal early tubule AAO:0011034 EMAPA:27788 EMAPA:28007 EMAPA:28390 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the late proximal tubule.[AAO] Portion of the renal tubule which is just posterior to the proximal straight tubule. TAO:0005293 UBERON:0006337 XAO:0000287 ZFA:0005293 in XAO this is pronephric; in ZFA it is an adult structure. we treat it here as generic. consider placing XAO under proneprhic subclass. check relationship with EDCT. uberon Portion of the renal tubule which is just posterior to the proximal straight tubule. ZFA:0005293 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011034 Portion of the pronephric tubule that is immediately posterior to the late proximal tubule.[AAO] XAO:curator lateral ventricle choroid plexus stroma A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a lateral ventricle. MA:0000963 UBERON:0006338 editors note: definitions should be fixed to use generic stroma class uberon A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a lateral ventricle. OBOL:automatic third ventricle choroid plexus stroma A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a third ventricle. MA:0000881 UBERON:0006339 uberon A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a third ventricle. OBOL:automatic fourth ventricle choroid plexus stroma A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a fourth ventricle. MA:0000985 UBERON:0006340 uberon A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a fourth ventricle. OBOL:automatic outer renal medulla peritubular capillary A peritubular capillary that is part of a outer medulla of kidney. MA:0002589 UBERON:0006341 kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary uberon A peritubular capillary that is part of a outer medulla of kidney. OBOL:automatic MA:0002589 kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary left subhepatic recess Compare with lesser sac / omental bursa and its cavities / recesses EMAPA:18047 FMA:20677 MA:0000444 UBERON:0006342 left hepatic recess uberon unverified MA:0000444 left hepatic recess right subhepatic recess EMAPA:18050 FMA:14715 MA:0000450 Morison pouch Morison's pouch Morison's pouch The hepatorenal recess or subhepatic recess is the space that separates the liver from the right kidney. As a potential space, the recess is not filled with fluid under normal conditions. However, fluid can collect in this space in circumstances where the abdomen fills with fluid, such as hemoperitoneum. This fluid may be seen on ultrasound or computed tomography (CT scan). UBERON:0006343 hepatorenal fossa hepatorenal recess hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space pouch of Morison pouch of Morrison recessus hepatorenalis recessus hepatorenalis recessi subhepatici right hepatic recess right posterior subphrenic space right subhepatic space uberon MA:0000450 right hepatic recess FMA:14715 hepatorenal fossa FMA:TA recessus hepatorenalis recessi subhepatici Morison pouch Wikipedia:Hepatorenal_recess_of_subhepatic_space FMA:14715 Morison's pouch The hepatorenal recess or subhepatic recess is the space that separates the liver from the right kidney. As a potential space, the recess is not filled with fluid under normal conditions. However, fluid can collect in this space in circumstances where the abdomen fills with fluid, such as hemoperitoneum. This fluid may be seen on ultrasound or computed tomography (CT scan). Wikipedia:Hepatorenal_recess_of_subhepatic_space FMA:14715 right posterior subphrenic space Morison's pouch Wikipedia:Hepatorenal_recess_of_subhepatic_space Wikipedia:Hepatorenal_recess_of_subhepatic_space pouch of Morison FMA:14715 hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space Wikipedia:Hepatorenal_recess_of_subhepatic_space hepatorenal recess Wikipedia:Hepatorenal_recess_of_subhepatic_space pouch of Morrison FMA:14715 right subhepatic space FMA:14715 recessus hepatorenalis stapedial artery A small artery that passes through the ring of the stapes; while the stapedial artery is a temporary artery thought to disappear at late embryonic stage in humans, the mouse stapedial artery is complete by E13 and persists into adulthood[MP]. EHDAA2:0001908 EMAPA:17313 MA:0002044 SCTID:361518009 UBERON:0006345 UMLS:C1284048 ncithesaurus:Stapedial_Artery stapedial stapedial artery temporary uberon A small artery that passes through the ring of the stapes; while the stapedial artery is a temporary artery thought to disappear at late embryonic stage in humans, the mouse stapedial artery is complete by E13 and persists into adulthood[MP]. MP:0004665 EHDAA2:0001908 stapedial EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001908 stapedial artery temporary EHDAA2 communicating artery EMAPA:18598 Grouping for anterior and posterior MA:0001938 UBERON:0006347 UMLS:C1707451 ncithesaurus:Communicating_Artery uberon epigastric artery EMAPA:18750 MA:0001948 MESH:A07.231.114.330 SCTID:261400009 UBERON:0006349 UMLS:C0282640 ncithesaurus:Epigastric_Artery uberon principal vein of forelimb A prinicipal vein of limb that is part of a forelimb. EMAPA:17018 MA:0002199 UBERON:0006351 uberon A prinicipal vein of limb that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic principal vein of hindlimb A prinicipal vein of limb that is part of a hindlimb. EMAPA:17019 MA:0002200 UBERON:0006353 uberon A prinicipal vein of limb that is part of a hindlimb. OBOL:automatic superior vesical vein EMAPA:18646 MA:0002227 UBERON:0006355 uberon epigastric vein EMAPA:18759 MA:0002114 UBERON:0006356 UMLS:C1707930 ncithesaurus:Epigastric_Vein uberon vasa hyaloidea propria EMAPA:18236 MA:0001285 The vasa hyaloidea propria and tunica vasculosa lentis are small branches of the hyaloid artery which fill the primary vitreous UBERON:0006358 uberon EMAPA mesoduodenum EMAPA:17183 EMAPA:17198 EMAPA:19082 MA:0001556 UBERON:0006359 uberon intermolar eminence EMAPA:18273 EMAPA:18876 MA:0001590 UBERON:0006360 uberon ureteric bud tip EMAPA:27605 EMAPA:27625 EMAPA:27694 EMAPA:27749 Editor note: MA placement to be checked MA:0002601 The terminal end of the ureteric tree; the ureteric tip cells are proliferating immature cells located at the branching points that induce the adjacent cap mesenchyme to undergo nephrogenesis. UBERON:0006364 http://www.gudmap.org/Images/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Slide10.png uberon ureteric ampulla ureteric bud ampulla MP:0011760 The terminal end of the ureteric tree; the ureteric tip cells are proliferating immature cells located at the branching points that induce the adjacent cap mesenchyme to undergo nephrogenesis. http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Ureteric_tip.html MP:0011760 ureteric ampulla MP:0011760 ureteric bud ampulla perihilar interstitium EMAPA:28083 MA:0002618 UBERON:0006373 uberon MA MA part of afferent arteriole forming the juxtaglomerular complex EMAPA:28269 MA:0002580 UBERON:0006374 part of afferent arteriole forming juxtaglomerular complex renin-producing cells uberon MA:0002580 part of afferent arteriole forming juxtaglomerular complex MA:0002580 renin-producing cells premacula segment of distal straight tubule . EMAPA:28331 EMAPA:29683 EMAPA:31379 MA:0002628 UBERON:0006376 distal straight tubule premacula segment kidney medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop renal medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal medulla thick ascending limb uberon . PMID:14595018 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3123600&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 MA MA MA:th medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop MA:th renal medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment MA:th renal medulla thick ascending limb MA:0002628 distal straight tubule premacula segment MA MA:th kidney medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment remnant of Rathke's pouch EMAPA:17518 MA:0000857 UBERON:0006377 hypophyseal cleft uberon MA:0000857 hypophyseal cleft vibrissa hair A specialized hair usually employed for tactile sensation. Vibrissae hair grow around the nostrils, above the lips, and on other parts of the face of most mammals, and all primates except humans. vibrissae are different from other hairs because they are implanted in a special hair follicle incorporating a capsule of blood called a blood sinus and heavily innervated by sensory nerves[WP]. BTO:0003488 EMAPA:17529 EMAPA:26747 In harbor seals, the structure of the vibrissal shaft is undulated (wavy) and flattened. This specialization is also found in most true seals. In contrast, the whiskers of the California sea lion are circular or elliptical in cross-section and are smooth. MA:0000782 MESH:A13.950 UBERON:0006378 contour hair http://eulep.pdn.cam.ac.uk/~skinbase/Annotated_anatomy_of_the_mouse_vibrissa/vibrissa_labelled.jpg macrovibrissa microvibrissa motile vibrissa sinus hair touch hair true whisker uberon vibrissa hair vibrissae whisker MP:0009003 contour hair Skinbase EMAPA:26747 MP:0009003 sinus hair MP:0009003 touch hair A specialized hair usually employed for tactile sensation. Vibrissae hair grow around the nostrils, above the lips, and on other parts of the face of most mammals, and all primates except humans. vibrissae are different from other hairs because they are implanted in a special hair follicle incorporating a capsule of blood called a blood sinus and heavily innervated by sensory nerves[WP]. Wikipedia:Whiskers https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 MA:0000163 whisker MA In harbor seals, the structure of the vibrissal shaft is undulated (wavy) and flattened. This specialization is also found in most true seals. In contrast, the whiskers of the California sea lion are circular or elliptical in cross-section and are smooth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception#Species_differences_in_vibrissae vibrissae basisphenoid bone "Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase." [AAO:0000040] // "An endochondral bone that is located ventral to the pterosphenoid and dorsal to the parasphenoid. Basisphenoid is a median bone that is usually Y-shaped." [TAO:0000169] AAO:0000040 An endochondral bone that is located ventral to the pterosphenoid and dorsal to the parasphenoid. Basisphenoid is a median bone that is usually Y-shaped.[TAO] EMAPA:18706 Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase.[AAO] MA:0001463 SCTID:95945003 TAO:0000169 UBERON:0006428 basisphcénocïde@fr basisphenoid propituital@fr relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] uberon MA TAO:0000169 propituital@fr 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000040 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] TAO:0000169 basisphcénocïde@fr AAO:0000040 basisphenoid 2012-08-14 An endochondral bone that is located ventral to the pterosphenoid and dorsal to the parasphenoid. Basisphenoid is a median bone that is usually Y-shaped.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000169 TAO:wd 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000040 AAO:LAP Endochondral ossification of the ventromedial portion of the braincase.[AAO] cjm xiphoid cartilage A costal cartilage that is part of a xiphoid process. AAO:0000940 Distal, cartilaginous portion of the sternum.[AAO] EMAPA:18725 FMA:32574 MA:0001884 UBERON:0006430 cartilage of xiphoid process ensiform cartilage uberon xiphoid cartilage xiphoid process cartilage FMA:32574 cartilage of xiphoid process A costal cartilage that is part of a xiphoid process. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process ensiform cartilage 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000940 AAO:LAP Distal, cartilaginous portion of the sternum.[AAO] FMA:32574 xiphoid process cartilage xiphoid process bone A bone tissue that is part of a xiphoid process. FMA:32577 GAID:248 UBERON:0006431 bone tissue of xiphoid process uberon xiphoid bone Wikipedia:Xiphoid_process xiphoid bone A bone tissue that is part of a xiphoid process. OBOL:automatic FMA:32577 bone tissue of xiphoid process os penis EMAPA:29769 MA:0000406 SCTID:27962002 Taxon notes: found in most mammals, with the exception of humans UBERON:0006435 a bone found in the penis of most mammals. It is absent in humans, but present in other primates, such as the closely-related chimpanzee. The bone aids in sexual intercourse[WP]. baculum penile bone penis bone uberon Wikipedia:Baculum baculum Wikipedia:Baculum a bone found in the penis of most mammals. It is absent in humans, but present in other primates, such as the closely-related chimpanzee. The bone aids in sexual intercourse[WP]. Wikipedia:Baculum penis bone Wikipedia:Baculum penile bone principal artery to forelimb 7th cervical intersegmental artery EMAPA:16811 MA:0002024 UBERON:0006436 axial artery of forelimb uberon 7th cervical intersegmental artery EMAPA:16811 EMAPA:16811 axial artery of forelimb principal artery to hindlimb EMAPA:16812 MA:0002025 UBERON:0006438 uberon os clitoris A bone that is part of a clitoris. EMAPA:30823 MA:0000387 UBERON:0006440 baubellum os clitoridis uberon Wikipedia:Baculum baubellum Wikipedia:Baculum os clitoridis A bone that is part of a clitoris. OBOL:automatic subhepatic recess FMA:20676 SCTID:36051002 UBERON:0006442 hepatic recess subhepatic space uberon FMA:20676 subhepatic space MA-abduced prinicipal vein of limb UBERON:0006443 uberon annulus fibrosus A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk or surrounding an orifice of the heart). BTO:0003627 FMA:76704 UBERON:0006444 anulus fibrosus fibrous ring uberon BTO:0003627 fibrous ring FMA:76704 anulus fibrosus A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk or surrounding an orifice of the heart). BTO:0003627 caudal middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus. The rostral boundary of the middle frontal gyrus was the rostral extent of the middle frontal gyrus whereas the caudal boundary was the precentral gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were designated as the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:70688 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1083 UBERON:0006445 caudal middle frontal gyrus posterior part of middle frontal gyrus uberon FMA:70688 posterior part of middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus. The rostral boundary of the middle frontal gyrus was the rostral extent of the middle frontal gyrus whereas the caudal boundary was the precentral gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries were designated as the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1083 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1083 caudal middle frontal gyrus rostral middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the superior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the middle frontal gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). FMA:70687 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1090 UBERON:0006446 anterior part of middle frontal gyrus rostral middle frontal gyrus uberon FMA:70687 anterior part of middle frontal gyrus Component of the middle frontal gyrus The rostral boundary is the first appearance of the superior frontal sulcus whereas the caudal boundary is the middle frontal gyrus. The medial and lateral boundaries are the superior frontal sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus respectively (Christine Fennema-Notestine). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1090 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1090 rostral middle frontal gyrus fifth lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71191 L5 segment L5 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1251 SCTID:278775008 UBERON:0006447 fifth lumbar spinal cord segment uberon FMA:71191 L5 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1251 fifth lumbar spinal cord segment L5 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1251 first lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71187 L1 segment L1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1336 SCTID:278776009 UBERON:0006448 first lumbar spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1336 first lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71187 L1 segment L1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1336 third lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71189 L3 segment L3 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1340 SCTID:278778005 UBERON:0006449 third lumbar spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1340 third lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71189 L3 segment L3 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1340 second lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71188 L2 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1345 SCTID:278777000 UBERON:0006450 l2 segment second lumbar spinal cord segment uberon L2 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1345 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1345 second lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71188 l2 segment fourth lumbar spinal cord segment FMA:71190 L4 segment L4 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1352 SCTID:278779002 UBERON:0006451 uberon L4 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1352 FMA:71190 L4 segment fourth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71170 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1378 SCTID:278766006 T4 segment T4 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006452 uberon FMA:71170 T4 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1378 T4 spinal cord segment fifth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71171 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1383 SCTID:278767002 T5 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006453 fifth thoracic spinal cord segment t5 segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1383 T5 spinal cord segment FMA:71171 t5 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1383 fifth thoracic spinal cord segment sixth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71172 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1387 SCTID:278768007 T6 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006454 sixth thoracic spinal cord segment t6 segment uberon FMA:71172 t6 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1387 T6 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1387 sixth thoracic spinal cord segment seventh thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71173 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1392 SCTID:278769004 T7 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006455 seventh thoracic spinal cord segment t7 segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1392 seventh thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1392 T7 spinal cord segment FMA:71173 t7 segment eighth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71174 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1398 SCTID:278770003 T8 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006456 eighth thoracic spinal cord segment t8 segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1398 T8 spinal cord segment FMA:71174 t8 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1398 eighth thoracic spinal cord segment first thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:62421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1452 SCTID:278762008 T1 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006457 first thoracic spinal cord segment t1 segment uberon FMA:62421 t1 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1452 T1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1452 first thoracic spinal cord segment second thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:62422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1454 SCTID:278763003 T2 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006458 second thoracic spinal cord segment t2 segment uberon FMA:62422 t2 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1454 second thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1454 T2 spinal cord segment third thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71169 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1458 SCTID:278764009 T3 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006459 t3 segment third thoracic spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1458 third thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1458 T3 spinal cord segment FMA:71169 t3 segment first sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1532 S1 segment S1 spinal cord segment SCTID:278780004 UBERON:0006460 first sacral spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1532 S1 spinal cord segment FMA:256625 S1 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1532 first sacral spinal cord segment second sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256627 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1539 S2 segment S2 spinal cord segment SCTID:278781000 UBERON:0006461 second sacral spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1539 S2 spinal cord segment FMA:256627 S2 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1539 second sacral spinal cord segment third sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256629 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1544 S3 segment S3 spinal cord segment SCTID:278782007 UBERON:0006462 third sacral spinal cord segment uberon FMA:256629 S3 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1544 S3 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1544 third sacral spinal cord segment fourth sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256631 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1548 S4 segment S4 spinal cord segment SCTID:278783002 UBERON:0006463 uberon FMA:256631 S4 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1548 S4 spinal cord segment fifth sacral spinal cord segment FMA:256633 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1553 S5 segment S5 spinal cord segment SCTID:278784008 UBERON:0006464 fifth sacral spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1553 fifth sacral spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1553 S5 spinal cord segment FMA:256633 S5 segment ninth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71175 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1584 SCTID:278771004 T9 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006465 ninth thoracic spinal cord segment t9 segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1584 ninth thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1584 T9 spinal cord segment FMA:71175 t9 segment tenth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71176 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1591 SCTID:278772006 T10 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006466 t10 segment tenth thoracic spinal cord segment uberon FMA:71176 t10 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1591 tenth thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1591 T10 spinal cord segment eleventh thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71177 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1596 SCTID:278773001 T11 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006467 eleventh thoracic spinal cord segment t11 segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1596 eleventh thoracic spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1596 T11 spinal cord segment FMA:71177 t11 segment twelfth thoracic spinal cord segment FMA:71178 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1598 SCTID:278774007 T12 spinal cord segment UBERON:0006468 t12 segment twelfth thoracic spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1598 T12 spinal cord segment FMA:71178 t12 segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1598 twelfth thoracic spinal cord segment first cervical spinal cord segment C1 segment C1 spinal cord segment FMA:71179 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1694 SCTID:278754000 UBERON:0006469 first cervical spinal cord segment uberon C1 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1694 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1694 first cervical spinal cord segment C1 segment FMA:71179 eighth cervical spinal cord segment C8 segment C8 spinal cord segment FMA:71186 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1696 SCTID:278761001 UBERON:0006470 eighth cervical spinal cord segment uberon C8 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1696 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1696 eighth cervical spinal cord segment C8 segment FMA:71186 brodmann (1909) area 5 Area praeparietalis B09-5 BA5 Brodmann area 5 Brodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association. Brodmann area 5, preparietal FMA:68601 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 SCTID:384764008 UBERON:0006471 area 5 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 5 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Brodmann_areas_5.png preparietal area 5 preparietal area 5 secondary somatosensory cortex uberon Brodmann area 5, preparietal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 BA5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 area 5 of Brodmann-1909 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_5 secondary somatosensory cortex NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 brodmann (1909) area 5 Brodmann area 5 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in somatosensory processing and association. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_5 Area praeparietalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 B09-5 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1736 FMA:68601 preparietal area 5 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_5 preparietal area 5 Brodmann area 5 FMA:68601 brodmann (1909) area 6 Area frontalis agranularis B09-6 BA6 Brodmann area 6 Brodmann area 6, agranular frontal Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex, it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks an internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909). FMA:68602 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 SCTID:384765009 UBERON:0006472 agranular frontal area 6 agranular frontal area 6 area 6 of Brodmann-1909 area 6 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 6 frontal belt http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Brodmann_areas_6.png uberon Area frontalis agranularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 FMA:68602 frontal belt Brodmann area 6, agranular frontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 BA6 Brodmann area 6 FMA:68602 FMA:68602 area 6 of brodmann Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_6 agranular frontal area 6 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 brodmann (1909) area 6 B09-6 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 Brodmann area 6, or BA6, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated just anterior to the primary motor cortex, it is composed of the premotor cortex and, medially, the supplementary motor area, or SMA. This large area of the frontal cortex is believed to play a role in the planning of complex, coordinated movements. Brodmann area 6 is also called agranular frontal area 6 in humans because it lacks an internal granular cortical layer (layer IV). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by the gigantopyramidal area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_6 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1737 area 6 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68602 agranular frontal area 6 brodmann (1909) area 18 Area parastriata B09-18 BA18 Brodmann area 18 Brodmann area 18, parastriate FMA:68615 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 SCTID:384773000 UBERON:0006473 area 18 of Brodmann-1909 area 18 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 18 brodmann's area 18 parastriate area 18 secondary visual area uberon visual area ii B09-18 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 FMA:68615 area 18 of brodmann Area parastriata Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_18 FMA:68615 parastriate area 18 Area parastriata NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 FMA:68615 brodmann's area 18 FMA:68615 visual area ii Brodmann area 18, parastriate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 FMA:68615 secondary visual area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 area 18 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 18 FMA:68615 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_18 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1749 brodmann (1909) area 18 BA18 brodmann (1909) area 30 Area retrolimbica agranularis Area retrosplenialis agranularis B09-30 BA30 Brodmann area 30 Brodmann area 30, agranular retrolimbic Brodmann area 30, also known as agranular retrolimbic area 30, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the granular retrolimbic area 29, dorsally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and ventrolaterally by the ectorhinal area 36 (Brodmann-1909). FMA:68627 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 SCTID:384784007 UBERON:0006474 agranular retrolimbic area 30 area 30 of Brodmann-1909 area 30 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 30 brodmann's area 30 uberon BA30 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 area 30 of Brodmann-1909 Area retrosplenialis agranularis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_30 Brodmann area 30 FMA:68627 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 brodmann (1909) area 30 FMA:68627 agranular retrolimbic area 30 Brodmann area 30, also known as agranular retrolimbic area 30, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located in the isthmus of cingulate gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the granular retrolimbic area 29, dorsally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and ventrolaterally by the ectorhinal area 36 (Brodmann-1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_30 FMA:68627 area 30 of brodmann FMA:68627 brodmann's area 30 B09-30 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 Area retrolimbica agranularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 Brodmann area 30, agranular retrolimbic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1764 brodmann (1909) area 31 Area cingularis posterior dorsalis B09-31 BA31 Brodmann area 31 Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies portions of the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the cingulate sulcus dorsally and the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally. It partially surrounds the subparietal sulcus, the ventral continuation of the cingulate sulcus in the parietal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, ventrally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23, dorsally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and preparietal area 5 and caudally by the superior parietal area 7 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Brodmann area 31, dorsal posterior cingulate FMA:68628 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 SCTID:384785008 UBERON:0006475 area 31 of Brodmann-1909 area 31 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 31 brodmann's area 31 cinguloparietal transition area dorsal posterior cingulate area 31 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_31.png uberon Brodmann area 31, dorsal posterior cingulate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 Area cingularis posterior dorsalis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_31 FMA:68628 brodmann's area 31 B09-31 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 brodmann (1909) area 31 Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies portions of the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the cingulate sulcus dorsally and the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally. It partially surrounds the subparietal sulcus, the ventral continuation of the cingulate sulcus in the parietal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded rostrally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, ventrally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23, dorsally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 and preparietal area 5 and caudally by the superior parietal area 7 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_31 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 area 31 of Brodmann-1909 BA31 FMA:68628 area 31 of brodmann Brodmann area 31 FMA:68628 FMA:68628 cinguloparietal transition area FMA:68628 dorsal posterior cingulate area 31 Area cingularis posterior dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1765 brodmann (1909) area 33 Area praegenualis B09-33 BA33 Brodmann area 33 Brodmann area 33, also known as pregenual area 33, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the anterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the supracallosal gyrus in the depth of the callosal sulcus, near the genu of the corpus callosum. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24 and the supracallosal gyrus (Brodmann-1909). Brodmann area 33, pregenual FMA:68630 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 SCTID:384788005 UBERON:0006476 area 33 of Brodmann-1909 area 33 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 33 brodmann's area 33 pregenual area 33 uberon Area praegenualis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 brodmann (1909) area 33 Brodmann area 33, also known as pregenual area 33, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the anterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the supracallosal gyrus in the depth of the callosal sulcus, near the genu of the corpus callosum. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24 and the supracallosal gyrus (Brodmann-1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_33 FMA:68630 pregenual area 33 FMA:68630 area 33 of brodmann Area praegenualis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_33 Brodmann area 33 FMA:68630 B09-33 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 BA33 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 area 33 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 33, pregenual NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1766 FMA:68630 brodmann's area 33 brodmann (1909) area 34 Area entorhinalis dorsalis B09-34 BA34 Brodmann area 34 Brodmann area 34 is a part of the brain. It has been described as part of the entorhinal area. It has been described as part of the superior temporal gyrus. Brodmann area 34, dorsal entorhinal FMA:68631 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 SCTID:384789002 UBERON:0006477 area 34 of Brodmann-1909 area 34 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 34 dorsal entorhinal area 34 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 brodmann (1909) area 34 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 area 34 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 34, dorsal entorhinal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 FMA:68631 dorsal entorhinal area 34 Brodmann area 34 FMA:68631 Area entorhinalis dorsalis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_34 B09-34 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 FMA:68631 area 34 of brodmann Brodmann area 34 is a part of the brain. It has been described as part of the entorhinal area. It has been described as part of the superior temporal gyrus. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_34 Area entorhinalis dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1767 BA34 brodmann (1909) area 37 Area occipitotemporalis B09-37 BA37 Brodmann area 37 Brodmann area 37, occipitotemporal Brodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. This area is known as occipitotemporal area 37 (H). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located primarily in the caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus on the mediobasal and lateral surfaces at the caudal extreme of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the peristriate Brodmann area 19, rostrally by the inferior temporal area 20 and middle temporal area 21 and dorsally on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere by the angular area 39 (H) (Brodmann-1909). FMA:68634 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 SCTID:384792003 UBERON:0006478 area 37 0f brodmann area 37 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 37 occipitotemporal area 37 uberon Brodmann area 37 FMA:68634 B09-37 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 BA37 Brodmann area 37, occipitotemporal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 brodmann (1909) area 37 Brodmann area 37, or BA37, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. This area is known as occipitotemporal area 37 (H). It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. It is located primarily in the caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus on the mediobasal and lateral surfaces at the caudal extreme of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the peristriate Brodmann area 19, rostrally by the inferior temporal area 20 and middle temporal area 21 and dorsally on the lateral aspect of the hemisphere by the angular area 39 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_37 Area occipitotemporalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1770 area 37 of Brodmann-1909 Area occipitotemporalis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_37 FMA:68634 occipitotemporal area 37 FMA:68634 area 37 0f brodmann brodmann (1909) area 38 Area temporopolaris B09-38 BA38 Brodmann area 38 Brodmann area 38, temporopolar FMA:68635 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 SCTID:384793008 UBERON:0006479 area 38 of Brodmann-1909 area 38 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 38 temporopolar area 38 uberon Area temporopolaris NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 FMA:68635 area 38 of brodmann B09-38 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 FMA:68635 temporopolar area 38 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 area 38 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 38, temporopolar NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 BA38 Brodmann area 38 FMA:68635 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1771 brodmann (1909) area 38 brodmann (1909) area 39 . Area angularis B09-39 BA39 Brodmann area 39 Brodmann area 39, angular FMA:68636 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 SCTID:384794002 UBERON:0006480 angular area 39 area 39 of Brodmann-1909 area 39 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 39 uberon . Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_39 Area angularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 Brodmann area 39 FMA:68636 B09-39 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 Brodmann area 39, angular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 FMA:68636 area 39 of brodmann FMA:68636 angular area 39 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 brodmann (1909) area 39 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1772 area 39 of Brodmann-1909 BA39 brodmann (1909) area 44 Area opercularis B09-44 BA44 Brodmann area 44 Brodmann area 44, opercular FMA:68641 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 SCTID:384803008 UBERON:0006481 area 44 of Brodmann-1909 area 44 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 44 opercular area 44 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 brodmann (1909) area 44 BA44 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 area 44 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 44 FMA:68641 FMA:68641 opercular area 44 FMA:68641 area 44 of brodmann Brodmann area 44, opercular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 Area opercularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 B09-44 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1776 brodmann (1909) area 45 Area triangularis B09-45 BA45 Brodmann area 45 Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46. This area is also known as pars triangular (of the inferior frontal gyrus). In the human, it occupies the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (H) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus (H), a portion of the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus (H), it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus. In terms of cytoarchitecture, it is bounded caudally by the opercular area 44 (BA44), rostrodorsally by the middle frontal area 46 (BA46), and ventrally by the orbital area 47 (BA47) (Brodmann-1909). Brodmann area 45, triangular FMA:68642 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 SCTID:384805001 UBERON:0006482 area 45 of Brodmann-1909 area 45 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 45 triangular area 45 uberon Brodmann area 45, triangular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 FMA:68642 area 45 of brodmann Area triangularis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_45 FMA:68642 triangular area 45 B09-45 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 Brodmann area 45 FMA:68642 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 area 45 of Brodmann-1909 Area triangularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 BA45 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1777 brodmann (1909) area 45 Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46. This area is also known as pars triangular (of the inferior frontal gyrus). In the human, it occupies the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (H) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of lateral sulcus (H), a portion of the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus (H), it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus. In terms of cytoarchitecture, it is bounded caudally by the opercular area 44 (BA44), rostrodorsally by the middle frontal area 46 (BA46), and ventrally by the orbital area 47 (BA47) (Brodmann-1909). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_45 brodmann (1909) area 46 Area frontalis media B09-46 BA46 Brodmann area 46 Brodmann area 46, middle frontal Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45. BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex. Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of BA8 (Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940) FMA:68643 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 SCTID:384806000 UBERON:0006483 area 46 of Brodmann-1909 area 46 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 46 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Brodmann_area_46.png middle frontal area 46 middle frontal area 46 uberon BA46 Brodmann area 46 FMA:68643 Area frontalis media NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 FMA:68643 area 46 of brodmann B09-46 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 Brodmann area 46, middle frontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 Brodmann area 46, or BA46, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is between BA10 and BA45. BA46 is known as middle frontal area 46. In the human it occupies approximately the middle third of the middle frontal gyrus and the most rostral portion of the inferior frontal gyrus. Brodmann area 46 roughly corresponds with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), although the borders of area 46 are based on cytoarchitecture rather than function. The DLPFC also encompasses part of granular frontal area 9, directly adjacent on the dorsal surface of the cortex. Cytoarchitecturally, BA46 is bounded dorsally by the granular frontal area 9, rostroventrally by the frontopolar area 10 and caudally by the triangular area 45 (Brodmann-1909). There is some discrepancy between the extent of BA8 (Brodmann-1905) and the same area as described by Walker (1940) Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_46 FMA:68643 middle frontal area 46 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_46 middle frontal area 46 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 area 46 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1778 brodmann (1909) area 46 brodmann (1909) area 47 Area orbitalis B09-47 BA47 Brodmann area 47 Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11. This area is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909). It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as "Area 12" in the monkey, and therefore, following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as "BA47/12. " BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in spoken and signed languages, and more recently in musical syntax. Brodmann area 47, orbital FMA:68644 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 SCTID:384807009 UBERON:0006484 area 47 of Brodmann-1909 area 47 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 47 orbital area 47 uberon Area orbitalis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_47 Brodmann area 47, orbital NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 Brodmann area 47, or BA47, is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. Curving from the lateral surface of the frontal lobe into the ventral (orbital) frontal cortex. It is below areas BA10 and BA45, and beside BA11. This area is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H). Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally by the triangular area 45, medially by the prefrontal area 11 of Brodmann-1909, and rostrally by the frontopolar area 10 (Brodmann-1909). It incorporates the region that Brodmann identified as "Area 12" in the monkey, and therefore, following the suggestion of Michael Petrides, some contemporary neuroscientists refer to the region as "BA47/12. " BA47 has been implicated in the processing of syntax in spoken and signed languages, and more recently in musical syntax. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_47 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 area 47 of Brodmann-1909 FMA:68644 area 47 of brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 brodmann (1909) area 47 FMA:68644 orbital area 47 Brodmann area 47 FMA:68644 Area orbitalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 B09-47 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1779 BA47 brodmann (1909) area 48 Area retrosubicularis B09-48 BA48 Brodmann area 48 Brodmann area 48, retrosubicular FMA:81151 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 Retrosubicular area 48 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located on the medial surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitectually it is bounded rostrally by the perirhinal area 35 and medially by the presubiculum. While described by Brodmann (Brodmann-1909), it was not included in his areal maps of human cortex (Brodmann-1909; Brodmann-1910). SCTID:384808004 UBERON:0006485 area 48 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 48 brodmann's area 48 retrosubicular area 48 uberon B09-48 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 Brodmann area 48, retrosubicular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 brodmann (1909) area 48 Brodmann area 48 FMA:81151 FMA:81151 area 48 of brodmann FMA:81151 brodmann's area 48 Retrosubicular area 48 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located on the medial surface of the temporal lobe. Cytoarchitectually it is bounded rostrally by the perirhinal area 35 and medially by the presubiculum. While described by Brodmann (Brodmann-1909), it was not included in his areal maps of human cortex (Brodmann-1909; Brodmann-1910). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_48 BA48 FMA:81151 retrosubicular area 48 Area retrosubicularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1791 brodmann (1909) area 52 Area parainsularis B09-52 BA52 Brodmann area 52 Brodmann area 52, parainsular FMA:81153 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 SCTID:384809007 UBERON:0006486 area 52 of brodmann brodmann (1909) area 52 parainsular area 52 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 brodmann (1909) area 52 FMA:81153 area 52 of brodmann FMA:81153 parainsular area 52 Brodmann area 52 FMA:81153 B09-52 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 Area parainsularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 Brodmann area 52, parainsular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1792 BA52 hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic area v2d NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4055 UBERON:0006487 hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic area v2d uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4055 hadjikhani et al. (1998) visuotopic area v2d third cervical spinal cord segment C3 segment C3 spinal cord segment FMA:71181 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_744 SCTID:278756003 UBERON:0006488 third cervical spinal cord segment uberon C3 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_744 C3 segment FMA:71181 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_744 third cervical spinal cord segment second cervical spinal cord segment C2 segment C2 spinal cord segment FMA:71180 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_752 SCTID:278755004 UBERON:0006489 second cervical spinal cord segment uberon C2 segment FMA:71180 C2 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_752 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_752 second cervical spinal cord segment fourth cervical spinal cord segment C4 segment C4 spinal cord segment FMA:71182 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_753 SCTID:278757007 UBERON:0006490 forth cervical spinal cord segment uberon C4 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_753 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_753 forth cervical spinal cord segment C4 segment FMA:71182 fifth cervical spinal cord segment C5 segment C5 spinal cord segment FMA:71183 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_760 SCTID:278758002 UBERON:0006491 fifth cervical spinal cord segment uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_760 fifth cervical spinal cord segment C5 segment FMA:71183 C5 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_760 sixth cervical spinal cord segment C6 segment C6 spinal cord segment FMA:71184 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_766 SCTID:278759005 UBERON:0006492 sixth cervical spinal cord segment uberon C6 segment FMA:71184 C6 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_766 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_766 sixth cervical spinal cord segment seventh cervical spinal cord segment C7 segment C7 spinal cord segment FMA:71185 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_773 SCTID:278760000 UBERON:0006493 seventh cervical spinal cord segment uberon C7 segment FMA:71185 C7 spinal cord segment NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_773 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_773 seventh cervical spinal cord segment apex of arytenoid FMA:55348 MA:0001760 SCTID:279534007 UBERON:0006494 apex of arytenoid cartilage arytenoid cartilage apex uberon FMA:55348 arytenoid cartilage apex FMA:55348 apex of arytenoid cartilage osseus cochlear canal FMA:75666 MA:0001183 UBERON:0006495 osseous cochlear canal uberon FMA:75666 osseous cochlear canal external acoustic meatus osseus part FMA:61290 MA:0001235 UBERON:0006496 osseous external acoustic meatus osseous external acoustic tube osseous part of external acoustic meatus uberon FMA:61290 osseous external acoustic tube FMA:61290 osseous part of external acoustic meatus pes interosseus muscle An interosseus muscle that is part of a pes. FMA:37456 MA:0002302 SCTID:181714004 UBERON:0006497 UMLS:C0448494 foot interosseous foot interosseus muscle interosseous of foot ncithesaurus:Foot_Interosseous_Muscle uberon An interosseus muscle that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic MA:0002302 foot interosseus muscle FMA:37456 interosseous of foot FMA:37456 foot interosseous dorsal pes interosseus muscle FMA:37457 In human anatomy, the dorsal interossei of the foot are four muscles situated between the metatarsal bones. MA:0002303 UBERON:0006499 UMLS:C1744541 dorsal foot interosseus muscle dorsal interosseous of foot http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Gray446.png musculi interossei dorsalis pedis musculi interossei dorsalis pedis ncithesaurus:Dorsal_Foot_Interosseous_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_interossei_of_the_foot musculi interossei dorsalis pedis In human anatomy, the dorsal interossei of the foot are four muscles situated between the metatarsal bones. Wikipedia:Dorsal_interossei_of_the_foot dbpedia dbpedia FMA:37457 dorsal interosseous of foot MA:0002303 dorsal foot interosseus muscle dbpedia plantar foot interosseus muscle FMA:37458 MA:0002304 The plantar interossei, three in number, lie beneath rather than between the metatarsal bones, and each is connected with but one metatarsal bone. They arise from the bases and medial sides of the bodies of the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones, and are inserted into the medial sides of the bases of the first phalanges of the same toes, and into the aponeuroses of the tendons of the Extensor digitorum longus. UBERON:0006502 UMLS:C1744540 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Gray447.png musculi interossei plantares musculi interosseus plantaris ncithesaurus:Plantar_Foot_Interosseus_Muscle plantar interosseous of foot uberon dbpedia dbpedia Wikipedia:Plantar_interossei_muscles musculi interosseus plantaris FMA:37458 plantar interosseous of foot The plantar interossei, three in number, lie beneath rather than between the metatarsal bones, and each is connected with but one metatarsal bone. They arise from the bases and medial sides of the bodies of the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones, and are inserted into the medial sides of the bases of the first phalanges of the same toes, and into the aponeuroses of the tendons of the Extensor digitorum longus. Wikipedia:Plantar_interossei_muscles dbpedia palmar hand interosseus muscle FMA:37419 MA:0002315 The palmar interossei (interossei volares) are small muscles in the hand that lie on the anterior aspect of the metacarpals. They are smaller than the dorsal interossei of the hand, which lie between the metacarpals UBERON:0006505 UMLS:C1709453 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Gray429.png musculi interossei palmares musculi interossei palmares ncithesaurus:Palmar_Hand_Interosseus_Muscle palmar interosseous of hand uberon dbpedia Wikipedia:Palmar_interossei_muscles musculi interossei palmares The palmar interossei (interossei volares) are small muscles in the hand that lie on the anterior aspect of the metacarpals. They are smaller than the dorsal interossei of the hand, which lie between the metacarpals Wikipedia:Palmar_interossei_muscles FMA:37419 palmar interosseous of hand dbpedia interosseus muscle UBERON:0006508 uberon pallidum ABA:PAL FMA:83684 MA:0000889 Part of what are called the basal ganglia of the brain which consist of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum. UBERON:0006514 neuraxis pallidum pallidum of neuraxis uberon FMA:83684 pallidum of neuraxis Part of what are called the basal ganglia of the brain which consist of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11614 MA FMA:83684 neuraxis pallidum ABA dorsal pallidum ABA:PALd BTO:0004376 FMA:77619 UBERON:0006516 dorsal globus pallidus uberon FMA BTO BTO:0004376 dorsal globus pallidus kidney calyx EMAPA:18676 GAID:427 MA:0000369 MESH:A05.810.453.537.503 Recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. Urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (From Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 3d ed, p211) SCTID:276832000 UBERON:0006517 UMLS:C0022651 calyx ncithesaurus:Renal_Calyx renal calyx uberon EMAPA:18676 calyx MA:0000369 renal calyx MESH:A05.810.453.537.503 Recesses of the kidney pelvis which divides into two wide, cup-shaped major renal calices, with each major calix subdivided into 7 to 14 minor calices. Urine empties into a minor calix from collecting tubules, then passes through the major calix, renal pelvis, and ureter to enter the urinary bladder. (From Moore, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 3d ed, p211) right lung lobe A lobe of lung that is part of a right lung. MA:0001791 SCTID:272654004 Taxon notes: 4 in mice, divided into 3 in human by two interlobal fissures [ISBN-10:0123813611] UBERON:0006518 UMLS:C1285106 lobe of right lung lobe of the right lung ncithesaurus:Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung uberon lobe of the right lung ncithesaurus:Lobe_of_the_Right_Lung A lobe of lung that is part of a right lung. OBOL:automatic alveolar system BTO:0000136 EMAPA:19003 EMAPA:19005 EMAPA:19007 EMAPA:19009 MA:0000416 System pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli. UBERON:0006524 bronchoalveolar system pulmonary alveolar system uberon BTO:0000136 bronchoalveolar system MP:0010899 pulmonary alveolar system BTO:0000136 System pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli. left lung alveolar system EMAPA:19001 MA:0001775 UBERON:0006525 uberon right lung alveolar system MA:0001784 UBERON:0006526 uberon seminal fluid BTO:0001232 FMA:62967 MA:0002523 MAT:0000057 MIAA:0000057 The fluid portion of the semen, in which the spermatozoa are suspended[BTO]. UBERON:0006530 Usage notes: we follow FMA and make this class a generic superclass of the secretions of different glands (prostate, bulbo-urethreal, seminal vesicle). MA (and ncit) follows a mixture model, where these secretions are part of the seminal fluid // Taxon notes: This term covers a variety of species. Example: In D. melanogaster, seminal fluid proteins affect female receptivity, ovulation, oogenesis, sperm storage, sperm competition and mating plug formation [doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00961.x]. Note that ths intology contains a number of subtypes of seminal fluid, defined according to glands (which are more taxonomically restricted) male genital fluid male genital secretion seminal fluid seminal plasma uberon BTO:0001232 The fluid portion of the semen, in which the spermatozoa are suspended[BTO]. BTO:0001232 seminal plasma BTO:0001232 seminal fluid oculomotor muscle MA:0002432 MESH:A02.633.567.700 The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris. UBERON:0006531 UMLS:C0028863 ncithesaurus:Oculomotor_Muscle uberon we follow MA in making this a subckass of extra-ocular muscle but the distinction is not clear MA MESH:A02.633.567.700 The muscles that move the eye. Included in this group are the medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique, superior oblique, musculus orbitalis, and levator palpebrae superioris. oblique extraocular muscle MA:0001275 UBERON:0006532 uberon rectus extraocular muscle MA:0001278 UBERON:0006533 uberon renal convoluted tubule MA:0001665 SCTID:361333002 UBERON:0006534 UMLS:C1707510 convoluted tubule kidney convoluted tubule ncithesaurus:Convoluted_Tubule uberon MA:0001665 kidney convoluted tubule skin fluid/secretion A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin. MA:0002537 UBERON:0006535 skin fluid skin secretion uberon A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin. OBOL:automatic male reproductive system fluid/secretion A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a male reproductive system. MA:0002521 UBERON:0006536 male reproductive system fluid male reproductive system secretion uberon A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a male reproductive system. OBOL:automatic female reproductive system fluid/secretion A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a female reproductive system. MA:0002510 UBERON:0006537 female reproductive system fluid female reproductive system secretion uberon A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic respiratory system fluid/secretion A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system. MA:0002533 UBERON:0006538 UMLS:C1514899 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System_Fluid_or_Secretion respiratory system fluid respiratory system secretion uberon A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system. OBOL:automatic mammary gland fluid/secretion A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a mammary gland. MA:0002505 UBERON:0006539 lactiferous gland fluid lactiferous gland secretion mammary gland fluid mammary gland secretion secretion of mammary gland uberon A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a mammary gland. OBOL:automatic outer medulla inner stripe loop of henle A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla inner stripe. EMAPA:29679 MA:0002627 UBERON:0006541 uberon A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla inner stripe. OBOL:automatic outer medulla outer stripe loop of henle A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla outer stripe. EMAPA:29665 MA:0002630 UBERON:0006542 uberon A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla outer stripe. OBOL:automatic kidney vasculature A vasculature that is part of a kidney. EMAPA:28457 TAO:0005305 UBERON:0006544 ZFA:0005305 uberon A vasculature that is part of a kidney. OBOL:automatic renal duct A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. TAO:0005289 UBERON:0006553 ZFA:0005289 in ZFA this is defined as part of mesonephros uberon A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071029-9 urinary system structure An anatomical structure that is part of a excretory system. SCTID:122489005 UBERON:0006554 editor note: note that we do not explicitly exclude entities such as WBbt:0005777 (excretory duct) here, but they will be automatically classified under this class after reasoning uberon An anatomical structure that is part of a excretory system. OBOL:automatic excretory tube A tube that is part of a excretory system. UBERON:0006555 uberon A tube that is part of a excretory system. OBOL:automatic lymphatic part of lymphoid system . AAO:0010522 AO notes: in FMA this is part of the cardiovascular system, but here we treat the CV system as a separate component of the circulatory system from the lymphatic system EFO:0000870 EMAPA:18248 FMA:7162 MA:0002961 MESH:A15.382.520 Part of the circulatory system which consists of a series of vessels which collect blood (exclusive of erythrocytes) which seep through capillary walls and return it to the veins.[AAO] SCTID:362597000 UBERON:0006558 VHOG:0001761 lymphatic system lymphatic tree system lymporeticular lymporeticular system uberon MA FMA:7162 MA:0002435 lymphatic system . Wikipedia:Lymphatic_system VHOG:0001761 lymporeticular system FMA:7162 lymphatic tree system 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010522 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system which consists of a series of vessels which collect blood (exclusive of erythrocytes) which seep through capillary walls and return it to the veins.[AAO] non-lymphatic part of lymphoid system FMA:74623 UBERON:0006561 non-lymphatic lymphoid system uberon FMA:74623 non-lymphatic lymphoid system pharynx A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED] FBbt:00005380 MAT:0000049 MIAA:0000049 Taxon notes: This is a dubious grouping class that collects structures as diverse as the chordate pharynx (which is a subclass - UBERON:0001042) and the nematode pharynx. This portion of the ontology should be revised, but this should be done in sync with GO, from which this grouping arises The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. UBERON:0006562 WBbt:0003681 branchial pharyngeal pharyngeal tube uberon GO:0060465 The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. 2012-07-02 A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED] FEED http://www.feedexp.org tunica media of pulmonary trunk FMA:85030 Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA] UBERON:0006563 uberon FMA:85030 FMA:FMA Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA] superficial palmar arch FMA:22834 MA:0002127 SCTID:362051006 Superficial palmar arch UBERON:0006564 UMLS:C0226433 arcus palmaris superficialis ncithesaurus:Superficial_Palmar_Arch superficial palmar arterial arch uberon FMA:22834 FMA:TA arcus palmaris superficialis FMA:22834 superficial palmar arterial arch FMA:22834 Superficial palmar arch female urethral meatus A urethral meatus that is part of a female urethra[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:85266 MA:0002639 SCTID:279479008 UBERON:0006565 external orifice of female urethra external urethral orifice (female) female urethral meatus he external urethral orifice (urinary meatus) is the external opening of the urethra, from which urine is ejected during urination. It is placed about 2.5 cm behind the glans clitoridis and immediately in front of that of the vagina; it usually assumes the form of a short, sagittal cleft with slightly raised margins. To its left and right are the openings of the Skene's ducts.. ostium urethrae externum (urethra feminina) uberon FMA:85266 external orifice of female urethra FMA:85266 female urethral meatus FMA:85266 external urethral orifice (female) A urethral meatus that is part of a female urethra[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_%28female%29 FMA:85266 FMA:TA ostium urethrae externum (urethra feminina) he external urethral orifice (urinary meatus) is the external opening of the urethra, from which urine is ejected during urination. It is placed about 2.5 cm behind the glans clitoridis and immediately in front of that of the vagina; it usually assumes the form of a short, sagittal cleft with slightly raised margins. To its left and right are the openings of the Skene's ducts.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29 left ventricle myocardium FMA:9558 Left ventricular myocardium MA:0002983 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta.[FMA] SCTID:362021000 UBERON:0006566 myocardium of left ventricle uberon FMA:9558 FMA:FMA Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta.[FMA] FMA:9558 Left ventricular myocardium FMA:9558 myocardium of left ventricle right ventricle myocardium FMA:9535 MA:0002984 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk.[FMA] Right ventricular myocardium SCTID:362020004 UBERON:0006567 myocardium of right ventricle uberon FMA:9535 Right ventricular myocardium FMA:9535 myocardium of right ventricle FMA:9535 FMA:FMA Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk.[FMA] hypothalamic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a hypothalamus. BTO:0002449 FMA:258762 MA:0002426 SCTID:279304003 UBERON:0006568 nucleus of hypothalamus uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a hypothalamus. OBOL:automatic FMA:258762 nucleus of hypothalamus diencephalic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a diencephalon. TAO:0002191 UBERON:0006569 ZFA:0001659 uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a diencephalon. OBOL:automatic trabecula carnea of right ventricle A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart right ventricle. FMA:7270 SCTID:192373001 UBERON:0006570 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus dexter) uberon A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart right ventricle. OBOL:automatic FMA:7270 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus dexter) trabecula carnea of left ventricle A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart left ventricle. FMA:7271 SCTID:190344008 UBERON:0006571 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus sinister) uberon FMA:7271 trabeculae carneae (ventriculus sinister) A trabecula carnea that is part of a heart left ventricle. OBOL:automatic pectinate line EMAPA:19159 FMA also has FMA:29321 but it's not clear how this differs FMA:75383 Hilton's 'white line' SCTID:245445008 The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line: UBERON:0006574 UMLS:C0821671 Wikipedia:Pectinate_line dentate line http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Hemorrhoid.png linea anocutanea ncithesaurus:Pectinate_Line pectinate line of anal canal recto-anal junction site of anal membrane uberon EMAPA:19159 site of anal membrane Wikipedia:Pectinate_line dentate line FMA:75383 pectinate line of anal canal Wikipedia:Pectinate_line recto-anal junction The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line: Wikipedia:Pectinate_line EMAPA:19159 Hilton's 'white line' Wikipedia:Pectinate_line linea anocutanea mantle A fold or lobe or pair of lobes of the body wall of a mollusk or brachiopod that in shell-bearing forms lines the shell and bears shell-secreting glands. BTO:0000825 UBERON:0006575 mantle tissue pallium uberon Wipikedia:Mantle_(mollusc) pallium BTO:0000825 mantle tissue A fold or lobe or pair of lobes of the body wall of a mollusk or brachiopod that in shell-bearing forms lines the shell and bears shell-secreting glands. BTO:0000825 Wipikedia:Mantle_(mollusc) mantle cavity BTO:0000826 UBERON:0006580 Within the shell is a fleshy layer of tissue called the mantle; there is a cavity (the mantle cavity) between the mantle and the body wall proper. uberon BTO:0000826 Within the shell is a fleshy layer of tissue called the mantle; there is a cavity (the mantle cavity) between the mantle and the body wall proper. mantle muscle A muscle organ that is part of a mantle. BTO:0000827 UBERON:0006581 uberon A muscle organ that is part of a mantle. OBOL:automatic statolith Acellular mineralized structure located in the statocyst (balance organ) of some aquatic invertebrates[WP,CJM]. UBERON:0006582 calcareousstatoliths uberon Acellular mineralized structure located in the statocyst (balance organ) of some aquatic invertebrates[WP,CJM]. UBERON:cjm statocyst UBERON:0006583 a balance sensory receptor present in some aquatic invertebrates[WP]. balance organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Statocyst.jpg/180px-Statocyst.jpg statocyst organ uberon Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha Wikipedia:Statocyst a balance sensory receptor present in some aquatic invertebrates[WP]. Wikipedia vestibular organ An organ that is part of a vestibular system. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2519 UBERON:0006585 balance organ uberon An organ that is part of a vestibular system. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm balance organ otolymph MA:0002527 UBERON:0006586 UMLS:C1518679 ncithesaurus:Otolymph uberon FMA-abduced ligamentum venosum FMA:14080 SCTID:80391004 The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. Usually, it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the porta hepatis (gateway to the liver). It may be continuous with the round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres hepatis). It is invested by the peritoneal folds of the lesser omentum within a fissure on the inferior surface of the liver between the caudate and main parts of the left lobe. UBERON:0006587 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Gray1087-liver.png ligament of arantius ligamentum venosum (ductus venosus) ligamentum venosum of liver ligamentum venosus uberon FMA:14080 ligament of arantius The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. Usually, it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the porta hepatis (gateway to the liver). It may be continuous with the round ligament of liver (ligamentum teres hepatis). It is invested by the peritoneal folds of the lesser omentum within a fissure on the inferior surface of the liver between the caudate and main parts of the left lobe. Wikipedia:Ligamentum_venosum Wikipedia:Ligamentum_venosum ligamentum venosus FMA:14080 ligamentum venosum of liver FMA:14080 ligamentum venosum (ductus venosus) FMA round ligament of liver FMA:14079 SCTID:262209009 UBERON:0006588 UMLS:C0230247 a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver. Anatomically, the round ligament divides the left part of the liver into medial and lateral sections. The round ligament represents the remnant of the fetal left umbilical vein. The round ligament therefore only exists in mammals. Prenatally and for a month or two after birth, the left umbilical vein is patent, subsequently degenerating to fibrous tissue, the round ligament. The umbilical vein/round ligament inserts around the umbilicus and is an important landmark of the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall[WP]. ligamentum teres ligamentum teres hepatis ligamentum teres hepatitis ligamentum teres of liver ncithesaurus:Round_Ligament_of_the_Liver uberon Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_liver ligamentum teres Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_liver ligamentum teres hepatitis Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_liver a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver. Anatomically, the round ligament divides the left part of the liver into medial and lateral sections. The round ligament represents the remnant of the fetal left umbilical vein. The round ligament therefore only exists in mammals. Prenatally and for a month or two after birth, the left umbilical vein is patent, subsequently degenerating to fibrous tissue, the round ligament. The umbilical vein/round ligament inserts around the umbilicus and is an important landmark of the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall[WP]. FMA:14079 FMA:TA ligamentum teres hepatis FMA:14079 ligamentum teres of liver round ligament of uterus FMA:20420 GAID:130 Hunter's ligament SCTID:245495009 The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. It leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibers spread and mix with the tissue of the mons pubis[WP]. A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus[MESH]. UBERON:0006589 UMLS:C0035877 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Gray1138.png ligamentum teres of uterus ligamentum teres uteri ligamentum teres uteri ncithesaurus:Round_Ligament_of_the_Uterus round ligament round ligament of the uterus uberon Wikipedia FMA:20420 Hunter's ligament Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_uterus round ligament of the uterus MESH:A02.513.803 The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. It leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibers spread and mix with the tissue of the mons pubis[WP]. A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus[MESH]. Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_uterus FMA GAID:130 round ligament Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_uterus ligamentum teres uteri Wikipedia:Round_ligament_of_uterus ligamentum teres uteri vestigial embryonic structure Anatomical structure which is a remnant of an embryonic structure in the postnatal period. Examples: median umbilical ligament, paroohoron, prostatic utricle, ligamentum arteriosum.[FMA] FMA:16558 UBERON:0006590 uberon Anatomical structure which is a remnant of an embryonic structure in the postnatal period. Examples: median umbilical ligament, paroohoron, prostatic utricle, ligamentum arteriosum.[FMA] FMA:16558 FMA:FMA transformed artery A vestigial embryonic structure that develops_from a artery. FMA:14076 UBERON:0006591 uberon A vestigial embryonic structure that develops_from a artery. OBOL:automatic transformed vein A vestigial embryonic structure that develops_from a vein. FMA:14078 UBERON:0006592 uberon A vestigial embryonic structure that develops_from a vein. OBOL:automatic chorda gubernaculum A portion of the gubernaculum testis and round ligament that develops in the body wall of the embryo. BTO:0002814 UBERON:0006594 gubernacular cord plica gubernaculi uberon PMID:11997885 plica gubernaculi A portion of the gubernaculum testis and round ligament that develops in the body wall of the embryo. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource presumptive endoderm AAO:0000471 EFO:0003437 TAO:0000416 UBERON:0006595 ZFA:0000416 uberon presumptive blood AAO:0000468 EFO:0003439 TAO:0000568 UBERON:0006596 ZFA:0000568 uberon quadrate bone AAO:0000525 According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003547 Endochondral bone that commonly articulates with the ectopterygoid anteriorly, the metapterygoid dorsally, and the symplectic postero-medially. The quadrate is formed from the posterior part of the palatoquadrate cartilage, or pars quadrata. The quadrate is a paired bone.[TAO] Ossified pars articularis of the palatoquadrate cartilage. TAO:0000621 Taxon notes: In snakes, the quadrate bone has become elongated and very mobile, and contributes greatly to their ability to swallow very large prey items. In mammals the articular and quadrate bones have migrated to the middle ear and are known as the malleus and incus. AO notes: Endochondral bone that commonly articulates with the ectopterygoid anteriorly, the metapterygoid dorsally, and the symplectic postero-medially. The quadrate is formed from the posterior part of the palatoquadrate cartilage, or pars quadrata. The quadrate is a paired bone.[TAO:0000621] The quadrate commonly has a triangular shape, with its lower vertex, or condyle, for articulation with the lower jaw, and an elongate postero-ventral or postero-dorsal elongate process. The presence of an elongate postero-ventral or postero-dorsal process is a synapomorphy of teleosts (Arratia and Schultze, 1990; Arratia, 1999).[TAO] UBERON:0006597 VHOG:0000689 ZFA:0000621 quadrate quadrate - incus quadrate bone relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0001801)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-metapterygoid joint (TAO:0001803)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000621 relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-metapterygoid joint (TAO:0001803)[TAO] 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone that commonly articulates with the ectopterygoid anteriorly, the metapterygoid dorsally, and the symplectic postero-medially. The quadrate is formed from the posterior part of the palatoquadrate cartilage, or pars quadrata. The quadrate is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000621 TAO:GA_TG Wikipedia:Incus AAO AAO:0000525 quadrate bone AAO:0000525 Ossified pars articularis of the palatoquadrate cartilage. Wikipedia:Quadrate_bone ZFA TAO:0000621 quadrate 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000621 relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0001801)[TAO] VHOG:0000689 quadrate - incus 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0000621 The quadrate commonly has a triangular shape, with its lower vertex, or condyle, for articulation with the lower jaw, and an elongate postero-ventral or postero-dorsal elongate process. The presence of an elongate postero-ventral or postero-dorsal process is a synapomorphy of teleosts (Arratia and Schultze, 1990; Arratia, 1999).[TAO] 2012-09-17 According to this theory (Reichert-Gaupp theory), the mammalian stapes is derived from the reptilian columella, the incus from the quadrate and the malleus from the articular (...).[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948 VHOG VHOG:0000689 http://bgee.unil.ch/ presumptive structure AAO:0000479 TAO:0001116 UBERON:0006598 ZFA:0001116 presumptive structures uberon ZFA:0001116 presumptive structures presumptive hypochord AAO:0000474 EFO:0003453 TAO:0001217 UBERON:0006599 ZFA:0001217 uberon presumptive enteric nervous system AAO:0000472 EFO:0003462 TAO:0001334 UBERON:0006600 ZFA:0001334 uberon NBK10065 presumptive ectoderm AAO:0000470 EFO:0003466 Editors note: requires review. ZFA def: Presumptive structure at the animal poll of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm via the epiblast. Determined by fate mapping TAO:0001376 UBERON:0006601 XAO:0004132 ZFA:0001376 presumptive epidermis uberon ZFA:0001376 presumptive epidermis presumptive mesoderm AAO:0000476 EFO:0003467 Editors note: requires review TAO:0001377 UBERON:0006603 ZFA:0001377 uberon lamina orbitonasalis AAO:0000262 Cranial cartilage which is bilaterally paired and develops as a dorsal plate-like projection of the anterolateral ethmoid plate, which are oriented perpendicular to the ethmoid plate. It fuses dorsally to the taenia marginalis anterior, and it joins the ethmoid cartilage medially. In the larva, structure that is fused to the wall of the braincase, lateral to the olfactory foramen, and separates the nasal capsule and orbit. In the adult frog it constitutes the ventral part of postnasal wall.[AAO] TAO:0001503 UBERON:0006604 ZFA:0001503 laminas orbitonasalis uberon Cranial cartilage which is bilaterally paired and develops as a dorsal plate-like projection of the anterolateral ethmoid plate, which are oriented perpendicular to the ethmoid plate. It fuses dorsally to the taenia marginalis anterior, and it joins the ethmoid cartilage medially. ZFA:0001503 ZFA:0001503 laminas orbitonasalis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000262 AAO:LAP In the larva, structure that is fused to the wall of the braincase, lateral to the olfactory foramen, and separates the nasal capsule and orbit. In the adult frog it constitutes the ventral part of postnasal wall.[AAO] tectum synoticum AAO def - "Roof between frontoparietal foramen and otic capsules, confluent with taenia tecti marginales." [AAO:0010129]. In TAO/ZFA this gives rise to supraoccipital and sphenotic // posterior tectum synoticum in humans - a skull roof element of the chondrocranium - temporarily exists in the territory of the interparietal during fetal life, and may be resposible for the sutura mendosa [PMC1259625] AAO:0010129 Roof between frontoparietal foramen and otic capsules, confluent with taenia tecti marginales.[AAO] TAO:0001506 UBERON:0006605 Unpaired thin dorsal sheet of cartilage that partially covers the posterior chondrocranium. ZFA:0001506 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] relationship loss: part_of otic and occipital (AAO:0000993)[AAO] uberon ZFA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010129 AAO:EJS Roof between frontoparietal foramen and otic capsules, confluent with taenia tecti marginales.[AAO] Unpaired thin dorsal sheet of cartilage that partially covers the posterior chondrocranium. ZFA:0001506 ZFA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010129 relationship loss: part_of otic and occipital (AAO:0000993)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010129 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] mandibular symphysis 2 2 A cartilaginous joint that connects left and right mandibles/dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired[TAO,modified]. AAO:0000277 FMA:75779 Joint that articulates the left and right dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired.[TAO] MA:0001490 TAO:0001851 Taxon notes: in snakes, the mandibular symphysis is composed of soft tissues, allowing independent movement of each mandible[Kardong] Editor notes: this is placed as part of lower jaw region, as in this ontology the skeleton does not include joints UBERON:0006606 ZFA:0005488 dentary symphysis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray176.png inter-dentary joint inter-mandibular joint mental symphysis symphysis mandibulae symphysis menti uberon FMA Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti symphysis mandibulae TAO:0001851 dentary symphysis Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti mental symphysis connects adjacent mandibles A cartilaginous joint that connects left and right mandibles/dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired[TAO,modified]. TAO:wd Wikipedia:Symphysis_menti ZFA:0005488 TAO:0001851 inter-dentary joint TAO:0001851 inter-mandibular joint 2012-08-14 Joint that articulates the left and right dentary bones. Mandibular symphysis is unpaired.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001851 TAO:wd MA:0001490 symphysis menti medial umbilical ligament FMA:14077 SCTID:279427007 The medial umbilical ligament is a paired structure found in human anatomy. It is on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall, and is covered by the medial umbilical folds. UBERON:0006607 chorda arteria umbilicalis; ligamentum umbilicale mediale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gray1037.png ligamentum umbilicale mediale medial umbilical fold medial umbilical ligaments uberon Wikipedia:Medial_umbilical_ligament medial umbilical ligaments Wikipedia:Medial_umbilical_ligament chorda arteria umbilicalis; ligamentum umbilicale mediale The medial umbilical ligament is a paired structure found in human anatomy. It is on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall, and is covered by the medial umbilical folds. Wikipedia:Medial_umbilical_ligament FMA:14077 ligamentum umbilicale mediale Wikipedia:Medial_umbilical_ligament medial umbilical fold corpus cavernosum clitoridis BTO:0002018 FMA:20172 SCTID:16657007 The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. This is homologous to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally "cave-like bodies"), with a recognisably similar structure. UBERON:0006608 cavernous body of clitoris clitoral corpus cavernosum corpus cavernosum corpus cavernosum clitoridis corpus cavernosum of clitoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Clitoris_inner_anatomy.gif uberon The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. This is homologous to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally "cave-like bodies"), with a recognisably similar structure. Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_of_clitoris Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum_of_clitoris corpus cavernosum clitoridis BTO:0002018 cavernous body of clitoris FMA:20172 corpus cavernosum of clitoris BTO:0002018 corpus cavernosum BTO:0002018 clitoral corpus cavernosum corpus cavernosum . UBERON:0006609 uberon . Wikipedia:Corpus_cavernosum tunica albuginea UBERON:0006610 White covering over one of: penis, testicles or ovaries. uberon White covering over one of: penis, testicles or ovaries. Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea exoskeleton BTO:0004659 Exoskeleton or shell, including those of mollusks, turtles, insects and crustaceans. UBERON:0006611 Usage notes: not to be confused with dermal skeleton exoskeletal lorica shell test uberon Exoskeleton or shell, including those of mollusks, turtles, insects and crustaceans. Wikipedia:Exoskeleton Wikipedia:Lorica_(biology) lorica BTO:0004659 shell shell A rigid covering that envelops an object. Editor notes: may be obsoleted after integumental system overhaul UBERON:0006612 ncithesaurus:Shell uberon A rigid covering that envelops an object. Wikipedia:Seashell ncithesaurus:Shell aponeurosis A sheet of extracellular matrix. AEO:0000092 AO notes: in ZFA, aponeuroses are subtypes of tendons, but this is inconsistent with tendons being muscle-bone connections Aponeuroses are layers of flat broad tendons. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, and are histologically similar to tendons, but are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. When dissected, aponeuroses are papery, and peel off by sections. The primary regions with thick aponeurosis is in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, and in the palmar region. Their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon[Wikipedia:Aponeurosis]. EHDAA2:0003092 FMA:9722 SCTID:331712004 UBERON:0006614 UMLS:C0225205 ZFA:0005652 aponeuroses aponeurotic http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Aponeurosis.png ncithesaurus:Aponeurosis uberon FMA Wikipedia:Aponeurosis aponeurotic A sheet of extracellular matrix. AEO:0000092 Wikipedia:Aponeurosis FMA Wikipedia:Aponeurosis aponeuroses Aponeuroses are layers of flat broad tendons. They have a shiny, whitish-silvery color, and are histologically similar to tendons, but are very sparingly supplied with blood vessels and nerves. When dissected, aponeuroses are papery, and peel off by sections. The primary regions with thick aponeurosis is in the ventral abdominal region, the dorsal lumbar region, and in the palmar region. Their primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon[Wikipedia:Aponeurosis]. Wikipedia:Aponeurosis venous sinus MA:0000070 SCTID:341586007 UBERON:0006615 UMLS:C0226504 a large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood ncithesaurus:Venous_Sinus todo - add subclasses uberon a large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/venous+sinus right external ear An external ear that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. FMA:53643 SCTID:368567003 UBERON:0006616 right auricular region uberon An external ear that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic FMA:53643 right auricular region left external ear An external ear that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. FMA:53644 SCTID:368589004 UBERON:0006617 left auricular region uberon An external ear that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic FMA:53644 left auricular region atrium auricular region A small conical pouch projections located on the upper anterior portion of each atrium of the heart. FMA:77110 MA:0002955 SCTID:305223006 UBERON:0006618 atrial auricle auricle of atrium auricle of heart auricula (cor) auricula atrii auricular appendage cardiac auricle heart atrium auriclular region uberon MP:0010489 atrial auricle MP:0010489 heart atrium auriclular region FMA:77110 auricle of heart EHDAA2 A small conical pouch projections located on the upper anterior portion of each atrium of the heart. MP:0010489 Wikipedia:Auricular_appendage FMA:77110 auricle of atrium FMA:77110 cardiac auricle FMA:77110 auricula (cor) FMA:77110 FMA:TA auricula atrii left atrium auricular region EHDAA2:0000276 EHDAA:5343 EMAPA:16816 FMA:7219 MA:0001869 SCTID:277930000 UBERON:0006630 VHOG:0001229 a muscular pouch connected to the left atrium of the heart auricula sinistra auricula sinistra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray494.png left atrial appendage left auricle left auricula left auricular appendage left auricular appendix left auricular region uberon Wikipedia:Left_atrial_appendage auricula sinistra MA:0001869 left atrial appendage FMA:7219 left auricle Wikipedia:Right_atrial_appendage left auricula Wikipedia:Right_atrial_appendage left auricular appendix FMA:7219 left auricular appendage EMAPA:16816 left auricular region Wikipedia:Right_atrial_appendage auricula sinistra Wikipedia:Left_atrial_appendage a muscular pouch connected to the left atrium of the heart right atrium auricular region EHDAA2:0000291 EHDAA:5352 EMAPA:16824 FMA:7218 MA:0001870 SCTID:277713005 UBERON:0006631 VHOG:0001232 a small conical muscular pouch attached to the right atrium of the heart. auricula dextra right atrial appendage right auricle right auricula right auricular appendage right auricular region right auriculur appendix uberon Wikipedia:Right_atrial_appendage right auricula FMA:7218 right auricular appendage Wikipedia:Right_atrial_appendage a small conical muscular pouch attached to the right atrium of the heart. MA:0001870 right atrial appendage Wikipedia:Right_atrial_appendage right auriculur appendix FMA:7218 right auricle Wikipedia:Right_atrial_appendage auricula dextra EMAPA:16824 right auricular region musculo-phrenic artery EMAPA:19215 FMA:10645 SCTID:244242003 UBERON:0006632 musculophrenic artery uberon FMA:10645 musculophrenic artery coracoid process of scapula EMAPA:25121 FMA:13455 SCTID:181912007 The coracoid process is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula. Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. It is the site of attachment for several structures: * The pectoralis minor muscle - to 3rd to 5th ribs. * The short head of biceps brachii muscle - to Radial tuberosity. * The coracobrachialis muscle - to medial humerus. * The coracoclavicular ligament - to the clavicle. (The ligament is formed by the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament.) * The coracoacromial ligament - to the acromion[WP]. UBERON:0006633 coracoid process coracoid process of the scapula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png processus coracoideus uberon Wikipedia:Coracoid_process coracoid process Wikipedia:Coracoid_process coracoid process of the scapula EMAPA FMA Wikipedia:Coracoid_process processus coracoideus FMA The coracoid process is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula. Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles. It is the site of attachment for several structures: * The pectoralis minor muscle - to 3rd to 5th ribs. * The short head of biceps brachii muscle - to Radial tuberosity. * The coracobrachialis muscle - to medial humerus. * The coracoclavicular ligament - to the clavicle. (The ligament is formed by the conoid ligament and trapezoid ligament.) * The coracoacromial ligament - to the acromion[WP]. Wikipedia:Coracoid_process lingual vein AAO:0010514 EMAPA:19312 FMA:14326 SCTID:181375007 The lingual veins begin on the dorsum, sides, and under surface of the tongue, and, passing backward along the course of the lingual artery, end in the internal jugular vein. The vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve (ranine vein), a branch of considerable size, begins below the tip of the tongue, and may join the lingual; generally, however, it passes backward on the Hyoglossus, and joins the common facial. UBERON:0006634 Vein which collects blood from the tongue and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] deep lingual veins http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Gray559.png lingual vein ranine ranine vein uberon vena lingualis Wikipedia:Lingual_veins ranine Wikipedia:Lingual_veins lingual vein Wikipedia:Lingual_veins vena lingualis Wikipedia:Lingual_veins deep lingual veins Wikipedia:Lingual_veins ranine vein 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010514 AAO:BJB Vein which collects blood from the tongue and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] The lingual veins begin on the dorsum, sides, and under surface of the tongue, and, passing backward along the course of the lingual artery, end in the internal jugular vein. The vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve (ranine vein), a branch of considerable size, begins below the tip of the tongue, and may join the lingual; generally, however, it passes backward on the Hyoglossus, and joins the common facial. Wikipedia:Lingual_veins anterior abdominal wall EHDAA:5976 EMAPA:17744 FMA:14627 SCTID:362696003 UBERON:0006635 VHOG:0000764 uberon ventral abdominal wall lumbar artery EMAPA:19096 FMA:14735 Lumbar arterial tree SCTID:244285007 The lumbar arteries are in series with the intercostals. They are usually four in number on either side, and arise from the back of the aorta, opposite the bodies of the upper four lumbar vertebrC&. A fifth pair, small in size, is occasionally present: they arise from the middle sacral artery. They run lateralward and backward on the bodies of the lumbar vertebrC&, behind the sympathetic trunk, to the intervals between the adjacent transverse processes, and are then continued into the abdominal wall. The arteries of the right side pass behind the inferior vena cava, and the upper two on each side run behind the corresponding crus of the diaphragm. The arteries of both sides pass beneath the tendinous arches which give origin to the Psoas major, and are then continued behind this muscle and the lumbar plexus. They now cross the Quadratus lumborum, the upper three arteries running behind, the last usually in front of the muscle. At the lateral border of the Quadratus lumborum they pierce the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis and are carried forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus. They anastomose with the lower intercostal, the subcostal, the iliolumbar, the deep iliac circumflex, and the inferior epigastric arteries. UBERON:0006636 UMLS:C0226408 arteria lumbalis arteriae lumbales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png lumbar artery ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Artery uberon FMA:14735 Lumbar arterial tree Wikipedia Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries lumbar artery Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries arteriae lumbales Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries arteria lumbalis The lumbar arteries are in series with the intercostals. They are usually four in number on either side, and arise from the back of the aorta, opposite the bodies of the upper four lumbar vertebrC&. A fifth pair, small in size, is occasionally present: they arise from the middle sacral artery. They run lateralward and backward on the bodies of the lumbar vertebrC&, behind the sympathetic trunk, to the intervals between the adjacent transverse processes, and are then continued into the abdominal wall. The arteries of the right side pass behind the inferior vena cava, and the upper two on each side run behind the corresponding crus of the diaphragm. The arteries of both sides pass beneath the tendinous arches which give origin to the Psoas major, and are then continued behind this muscle and the lumbar plexus. They now cross the Quadratus lumborum, the upper three arteries running behind, the last usually in front of the muscle. At the lateral border of the Quadratus lumborum they pierce the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis and are carried forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus. They anastomose with the lower intercostal, the subcostal, the iliolumbar, the deep iliac circumflex, and the inferior epigastric arteries. Wikipedia:Lumbar_arteries coeliac trunk EHDAA2:0004519 EMAPA:19212 FMA:14812 Haller's tripus The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. UBERON:0006637 arteria celiaca celiac axis celiac trunk coeliac axis coeliac trunck coeliac trunk coeliac trunk coeliaco-mesenteric trunk galen:CeliacTrunk truncus coeliacus uberon Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunck Wikipedia:Celiac_artery truncus coeliacus FMA:14812 coeliaco-mesenteric trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery celiac trunk FMA:14812 Haller's tripus Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery arteria celiaca Wikipedia:Celiac_artery celiac axis FMA:14812 coeliac trunk Wikipedia:Celiac_artery coeliac axis The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk, is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. Branching from the aorta 'anterior to the upper part of T12' vertebra in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Celiac_artery median umbilical ligament EMAPA:29637 FMA:16568 SCTID:89583000 The median umbilical ligament is a structure in human anatomy. It is a shrivelled piece of tissue that represents the remnant of the embryonic urachus. It extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus, on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall. It is unpaired. It is covered by the median umbilical fold Lateral to this structure are the medial umbilical ligament (which is a different structure, not to be confused) and the lateral umbilical ligament. UBERON:0006638 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Gray1036.png ligamentum umbilicale medianum median umbilical fold middle umbilical ligament uberon Wikipedia:Median_umbilical_ligament middle umbilical ligament The median umbilical ligament is a structure in human anatomy. It is a shrivelled piece of tissue that represents the remnant of the embryonic urachus. It extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus, on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall. It is unpaired. It is covered by the median umbilical fold Lateral to this structure are the medial umbilical ligament (which is a different structure, not to be confused) and the lateral umbilical ligament. Wikipedia:Median_umbilical_ligament Wikipedia:Median_umbilical_ligament ligamentum umbilicale medianum Wikipedia:Median_umbilical_ligament median umbilical fold crus penis EMAPA:19294 FMA:18248 For their anterior three-fourths the corpora cavernosa penis lie in intimate apposition with one another, but behind they diverge in the form of two tapering processes, known as the crura, which are firmly connected to the ischial rami. Traced from behind forward, each crus begins by a blunt-pointed process in front of the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus. Just before it meets its fellow it presents a slight enlargement, named by Georg Ludwig Kobelt (1804-1857) the bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis. Beyond this point the crus undergoes a constriction and merges into the corpus cavernosum proper, which retains a uniform diameter to its anterior end. SCTID:362270006 UBERON:0006639 crura of penis crus of penis crus penis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Gray1154.png uberon Wikipedia:Crus_of_penis crura of penis Wikipedia:Crus_of_penis crus penis FMA:18248 crus of penis For their anterior three-fourths the corpora cavernosa penis lie in intimate apposition with one another, but behind they diverge in the form of two tapering processes, known as the crura, which are firmly connected to the ischial rami. Traced from behind forward, each crus begins by a blunt-pointed process in front of the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus. Just before it meets its fellow it presents a slight enlargement, named by Georg Ludwig Kobelt (1804-1857) the bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis. Beyond this point the crus undergoes a constriction and merges into the corpus cavernosum proper, which retains a uniform diameter to its anterior end. Wikipedia:Crus_of_penis crus of clitoris Clitoris crus EMAPA:19169 EMAPA:30821 FMA:20175 SCTID:279860002 The clitoral crura are an internal portion of the clitoris. A single one is called a clitoral crus. They are shaped like an inverted "V" with the vertex of the "V" connecting to the clitoral body. They are near the vestibular bulbs, also known as the clitoral bulbs. They are to the left and right of the urethra, urethral sponge, and vagina and extend back toward the pubic bone. The clitoral crura contain muscles called the ischiocavernosi. "Crus" basically translates as "leg", thus "crura" as "legs". Each clitoral crus connects to the rami of the pubis and the ischium. The crura, like the rest of the clitoris, are composed of two corpus cavernosa muscles, which are made up of erectile tissue. UBERON:0006640 crura of clitoris crus clitoridis crus of clitoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Clitoris_inner_anatomy.gif uberon Clitoris crus FMA:20175 The clitoral crura are an internal portion of the clitoris. A single one is called a clitoral crus. They are shaped like an inverted "V" with the vertex of the "V" connecting to the clitoral body. They are near the vestibular bulbs, also known as the clitoral bulbs. They are to the left and right of the urethra, urethral sponge, and vagina and extend back toward the pubic bone. The clitoral crura contain muscles called the ischiocavernosi. "Crus" basically translates as "leg", thus "crura" as "legs". Each clitoral crus connects to the rami of the pubis and the ischium. The crura, like the rest of the clitoris, are composed of two corpus cavernosa muscles, which are made up of erectile tissue. Wikipedia:Crus_of_clitoris Wikipedia:Clitoral_crura crura of clitoris Wikipedia:Clitoral_crura crus of clitoris Wikipedia:Clitoral_crura crus clitoridis appendix epididymis EMAPA:19086 FMA:18268 On the head of the epididymis is a small stalked appendage (sometimes duplicated). It is named the appendix of the epididymis (or pedunculated hydatid), and is usually regarded as a detached efferent duct. This structure is derived from the Wolffian duct as opposed to the appendix testis which is derived from the mullerian duct remnant. UBERON:0006641 appendix epididymidis appendix epididymis appendix of epididymis appendix of the epididymis epididymal appendix epididymis appendix http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray1148.png uberon FMA:18268 appendix of epididymis FMA:18268 epididymis appendix Wikipedia:Appendix_of_epididymidis appendix epididymis Wikipedia:Appendix_of_epididymidis appendix epididymidis On the head of the epididymis is a small stalked appendage (sometimes duplicated). It is named the appendix of the epididymis (or pedunculated hydatid), and is usually regarded as a detached efferent duct. This structure is derived from the Wolffian duct as opposed to the appendix testis which is derived from the mullerian duct remnant. Wikipedia:Appendix_of_epididymidis FMA:18268 epididymal appendix Wikipedia:Appendix_of_epididymidis appendix of the epididymis muscle layer of oviduct A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. EMAPA:29046 FMA:18318 SCTID:259488000 UBERON:0006642 muscle layer of fallopian tube muscle layer of oviduct muscle layer of uterine tube muscular coat of uterine tube muscular layer of uterine tube muscularis of uterine tube tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) tunica muscularis tubae uterinae uberon uterine tubal muscularis FMA:18318 muscular layer of uterine tube FMA:18318 muscle layer of oviduct FMA:18318 muscle layer of fallopian tube A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. OBOL:automatic FMA:18318 muscle layer of uterine tube FMA:18318 uterine tubal muscularis FMA:18318 FMA:TA tunica muscularis tubae uterinae FMA:18318 muscular coat of uterine tube FMA:18318 tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) FMA:18318 muscularis of uterine tube tunica albuginea of testis EHDAA2:0002096 EHDAA:9388 EMAPA:19289 FMA:19843 SCTID:279604006 The Tunica Albuginea is the fibrous covering of the testis. It is a dense blue-white membrane, composed of bundles of white fibrous tissue which interlace in every direction. It is covered by the tunica vaginalis, except at the points of attachment of the epididymis to the testis, and along its posterior border, where the spermatic vessels enter the gland. It is applied to the tunica vasculosa over the glandular substance of the testis, and, at its posterior border, is reflected into the interior of the gland, forming an incomplete vertical septum, called the mediastinum testis (corpus Highmori). The layer of connective tissue covering the testicles. [Wikipedia_(15/09/09)][VHOG] The tunica albuginea testis is the major component of the capsule of mammalian testes. (...) Our results from studying the mole provide evidence that the spatio-temporal pattern of testis development is not perfectly conserved in mammals, since we found differences with respect to the mouse testis organogenesis. This fact is even more significant when we consider that, apart from the mouse, the mole is probably the one of the best-known mammalian species in terms of the genetic control of testis development, implying that more peculiarities would be found if more species were investigated.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0006643 UMLS:C0227999 VHOG:0000801 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Albuginea tunica albuginea tunica albuginea %28testicles%29 tunica albuginea (testis) tunica albuginea testis uberon FMA:19843 tunica albuginea (testis) 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1387/ijdb.072470fc The spatio-temporal pattern of testis organogenesis in mammals - insights from the mole. The International Journal of Developmental Biology (2009) The tunica albuginea testis is the major component of the capsule of mammalian testes. (...) Our results from studying the mole provide evidence that the spatio-temporal pattern of testis development is not perfectly conserved in mammals, since we found differences with respect to the mouse testis organogenesis. This fact is even more significant when we consider that, apart from the mouse, the mole is probably the one of the best-known mammalian species in terms of the genetic control of testis development, implying that more peculiarities would be found if more species were investigated.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000801 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The Tunica Albuginea is the fibrous covering of the testis. It is a dense blue-white membrane, composed of bundles of white fibrous tissue which interlace in every direction. It is covered by the tunica vaginalis, except at the points of attachment of the epididymis to the testis, and along its posterior border, where the spermatic vessels enter the gland. It is applied to the tunica vasculosa over the glandular substance of the testis, and, at its posterior border, is reflected into the interior of the gland, forming an incomplete vertical septum, called the mediastinum testis (corpus Highmori). Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis_%28ovaries%29_%28penis%29_of_testis EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis tunica albuginea %28testicles%29 2012-09-17 The layer of connective tissue covering the testicles. [Wikipedia_(15/09/09)][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000801 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0002096 VHOG:0000801 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Albuginea tunica albuginea Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis tunica albuginea testis tunica albuginea of ovary EMAPA:30522 FMA:18630 SCTID:258409003 The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is comprised of approximately 5% elastin, an extensible tissue that is primarily made up of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The majority of the remaining tissue is comprised of collagen, which is made up of lysine, proline, glycine, alanine, and other amino acids . The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck's fascia constricting the deep dorsal vein of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state. The trabeculC& of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus spongiosum is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra. UBERON:0006644 tunica albuginea corporum cavernosorum, tunica albuginea corporis spongiosi uberon The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is comprised of approximately 5% elastin, an extensible tissue that is primarily made up of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. The majority of the remaining tissue is comprised of collagen, which is made up of lysine, proline, glycine, alanine, and other amino acids . The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck's fascia constricting the deep dorsal vein of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state. The trabeculC& of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis. The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus spongiosum is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra. Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_of_testis_%28ovaries%29_%28penis%29_%28penis%29 Wikipedia:Tunica_albuginea_%28penis%29 tunica albuginea corporum cavernosorum, tunica albuginea corporis spongiosi adventitia of epididymis An adventitia that is part of a epididymis. EMAPA:30443 FMA:19136 UBERON:0006645 epididymis adventitia uberon An adventitia that is part of a epididymis. OBOL:automatic FMA:19136 epididymis adventitia muscle layer of epididymis A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis. EMAPA:30447 FMA:19149 UBERON:0006646 uberon A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis. OBOL:automatic adventitia of ductus deferens An adventitia that is part of a vas deferens. EMAPA:29767 FMA:19238 SCTID:299803005 UBERON:0006647 adventitia of deferent duct adventitia of ductus deferens adventitia of vas deferens deferent ductal adventitia tunica adventitia (ductus deferens) tunica adventitia ductus deferentis uberon FMA:19238 deferent ductal adventitia FMA:19238 adventitia of ductus deferens FMA:19238 adventitia of deferent duct FMA:19238 tunica adventitia (ductus deferens) FMA:19238 adventitia of vas deferens FMA:19238 FMA:TA tunica adventitia ductus deferentis An adventitia that is part of a vas deferens. OBOL:automatic adventitia of seminal vesicle An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle. EMAPA:29775 FMA:19403 SCTID:252406002 UBERON:0006648 adventitia of seminal gland seminal vesicle adventitia tunica adventitia (vesicula seminalis) tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae uberon An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle. OBOL:automatic FMA:19403 FMA:TA tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae FMA:19403 seminal vesicle adventitia FMA:19403 tunica adventitia (vesicula seminalis) FMA:19403 adventitia of seminal gland suspensory ligament of ovary A fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis. EMAPA:19085 FMA:19822 SCTID:279917007 Some sources consider it a part of the broad ligament of uterus[2] while other sources just consider it a "termination" of the ligament.[3] UBERON:0006649 infundibulopelvic fold infundibulopelvic ligament uberon FMA:19822 infundibulopelvic ligament Obol FMA:19822 infundibulopelvic fold Wikipedia FMA Wikipedia A fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis. Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments_of_penis_of_ovary tunica vaginalis testis EMAPA:19179 FMA:15863 FMA:19844 SCTID:362281009 The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis. It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the saccus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum. After its descent, that portion of the pouch which extends from the abdominal inguinal ring to near the upper part of the gland becomes obliterated; the lower portion remains as a shut sac, which invests the surface of the testis, and is reflected on to the internal surface of the scrotum; hence it may be described as consisting of a visceral and a parietal lamina. UBERON:0006650 We follow FMA is classifying as membranous layer - but this does not account for relationship to mesolthelium (subclass or has part?). The FMA also has 'sac of tunica vaginalis', which is a serous sac http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray1148.png lamina parietalis lamina visceralis tunica vaginalis tunica vaginalis of testis tunica vaginalis testis uberon Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis tunica vaginalis testis The tunica vaginalis is the serous covering of the testis. It is a pouch of serous membrane, derived from the saccus vaginalis of the peritoneum, which in the fetus preceded the descent of the testis from the abdomen into the scrotum. After its descent, that portion of the pouch which extends from the abdominal inguinal ring to near the upper part of the gland becomes obliterated; the lower portion remains as a shut sac, which invests the surface of the testis, and is reflected on to the internal surface of the scrotum; hence it may be described as consisting of a visceral and a parietal lamina. Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis Wikipedia EMAPA Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis tunica vaginalis testis Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis lamina parietalis Wikipedia:Tunica_vaginalis lamina visceralis FMA:19844 tunica vaginalis of testis FMA appendix testis EMAPA:19087 Editor notes: the label hydatid of morgagni is ambiguous w.r.t male vs female. The ncita structure 'hydatic of morgani[sic]' is male and thus belongs here. See also 'vesicular appendage of epoophoron' FMA:19846 SCTID:279601003 The appendix testis is a vestigial remnant of the Mullerian duct, present on the upper pole of the testis and attached to the tunica vaginalis. It is present about 90% of the time. UBERON:0006651 UMLS:C1512521 a cystlike remnant of the müllerian duct on the upper end of the testis; corresponding female structure: one of the small pedunculated structures attached to the uterine tubes near their fimbriated end; remnants of the mesonephric ducts[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/]. appendices testis appendix of testis appendix of the testis appendix testis appendix vesiculosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray1148.png hydatid of Morgagni hydatid of Morgani hydatid of morgagni ncithesaurus:Hydatid_of_Morgani testis appendix uberon Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis appendix of the testis a cystlike remnant of the müllerian duct on the upper end of the testis; corresponding female structure: one of the small pedunculated structures attached to the uterine tubes near their fimbriated end; remnants of the mesonephric ducts[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hydatid+of+Morgagni http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hydatid+of+Morgagni hydatid of Morgagni Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis appendix testis Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis appendix testis The appendix testis is a vestigial remnant of the Mullerian duct, present on the upper pole of the testis and attached to the tunica vaginalis. It is present about 90% of the time. Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis Wikipedia:Appendix_of_testis appendices testis cjm Wikipedia FMA:19846 appendix of testis FMA:18696 appendix vesiculosus FMA:19846 testis appendix FMA:18696 hydatid of morgagni EMAPA muscular layer of vagina A muscle tissue that is part of a vagina. EMAPA:30997 FMA:19976 SCTID:253069005 UBERON:0006652 muscular coat of vagina tunica muscularis vaginae uberon vaginal muscularis FMA:19976 FMA:TA tunica muscularis vaginae FMA:19976 muscular coat of vagina A muscle tissue that is part of a vagina. OBOL:automatic glans clitoris BTO:0003117 EMAPA:19170 EMAPA:30829 Erectile tissue at the end of the clitoris, which is continuous with the intermediate part of the vestibulovaginal bulbs[BTO]. The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is an external portion of the clitoris[WP]. FMA:19999 SCTID:362241002 UBERON:0006653 UMLS:C0227769 clitoris glans glans clitoridis glans clitoris glans of clitoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Clitoris_inner_anatomy.gif ncithesaurus:Glans_Clitoris uberon cjm Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans glans clitoridis FMA:19999 glans of clitoris BTO:0003117 Erectile tissue at the end of the clitoris, which is continuous with the intermediate part of the vestibulovaginal bulbs[BTO]. The clitoral glans (glans clitoridis) is an external portion of the clitoris[WP]. Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans FMA:19999 clitoris glans Wikipedia:Clitoral_glans glans clitoris perineal body EMAPA:17892 EMAPA:18921 FMA:20274 SCTID:367754000 The perineal body (or central tendon of perineum) is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle . It is found in both males and females. In males, it is found between the bulb of penis and the anus; in females, is found between the vagina and anus, and about 1.25 cm in front of the latter. The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during delivery leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder. UBERON:0006654 central tendinous point central tendinous point of the perineum central tendon of perineum central tendon of perineum corpus perineale, centrum tendineum perinei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray408.png uberon Wikipedia:Perineal_body central tendinous point of the perineum The perineal body (or central tendon of perineum) is a pyramidal fibromuscular mass in the middle line of the perineum at the junction between the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle . It is found in both males and females. In males, it is found between the bulb of penis and the anus; in females, is found between the vagina and anus, and about 1.25 cm in front of the latter. The perineal body is essential for the integrity of the pelvic floor, particularly in females. Its rupture during delivery leads to widening of the gap between the anterior free borders of levator ani muscle of both sides, thus predisposing the woman to prolapse of the uterus, rectum, or even the urinary bladder. Wikipedia:Perineal_body Wikipedia:Perineal_body central tendinous point Wikipedia:Perineal_body central tendon of perineum FMA:20274 central tendon of perineum Wikipedia:Perineal_body corpus perineale, centrum tendineum perinei septum of scrotum EMAPA:29745 FMA:20729 SCTID:279591002 Scrotal septum UBERON:0006655 uberon FMA:20729 Scrotal septum deep dorsal vein of penis EMAPA:19219 FMA:21354 SCTID:55433007 UBERON:0006656 uberon FMA/obol glenoid fossa AAO:0000749 Anatomical cavity for the proximal articular surface of the proximal limb or fin element with the scapulocoracoid or equivalent structure. Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle.[AAO] EMAPA:25122 FMA:23275 SCTID:181914008 Taxon notes: The glenoid fossa can be associated with the metapterygium in sarcopterygians, or either the meso- or propterygium in basal gnathostomes such as Chondrichthyans[ad]. AO notes: FMA also has classes for the bony parts around the cavity - these may be more useful than the cavity term itself UBERON:0006657 UMLS:C1261046 cavitas glenoidalis cavitas glenoidalis scapulae cavitus glenoidalis glenoid cavity glenoid cavity glenoid cavity of scapula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Gray328.png ncithesaurus:Glenoid_Fossa relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] uberon to be revised after scapulocoracoid fixes 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000749 AAO:LAP Cavity for the articulation of the forelimb formed by the scapula, coracoid, and clavicle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000749 relationship loss: part_of scapular area (AAO:0000935)[AAO] AAO:0000749 glenoid cavity FMA:23275 cavitus glenoidalis FMA:23275 glenoid cavity FMA:23275 FMA:TA cavitas glenoidalis scapulae FMA:23275 glenoid cavity of scapula Anatomical cavity for the proximal articular surface of the proximal limb or fin element with the scapulocoracoid or equivalent structure. PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Glenoid_cavity Wikipedia:Glenoid_cavity cavitas glenoidalis inter-phalangeal joint 2 2 FMA:42765 UBERON:0006658 galen:InterphalangealJoint inter-phalanx joint interphalangeal joint uberon two phalanges in series FMA:42765 interphalangeal joint cjm cruciate ligament of knee FMA:44611 One of a pair of ligaments arranged like a letter X.[1] They occur in several joints of the body, such as the knee. In a fashion similar to the cords in a toy Jacob's ladder, the crossed ligaments stabilize the joint while allowing a very large range of motion[WP]. UBERON:0006659 cruciate ligament cruciform ligament galen:CruciateLigament uberon FMA:44611 cruciate ligament Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament cruciform ligament One of a pair of ligaments arranged like a letter X.[1] They occur in several joints of the body, such as the knee. In a fashion similar to the cords in a toy Jacob's ladder, the crossed ligaments stabilize the joint while allowing a very large range of motion[WP]. Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament FMA muscle layer A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. AO notes: NCITA class appears to be defined more generally An outer layer of smooth muscle surrounding a hollow or tubular organ as the bladder, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, ureter, uterus, and vagina that often consists of an inner layer of circular fibers serving to narrow the lumen of the organ and an outer layer of longitudinal fibers serving to shorten its length[BTO]. BTO:0004838 FMA:45634 SCTID:86915006 UBERON:0006660 UMLS:C0225358 muscular coat muscular layer muscularis muscularis externa muscularis layer muscularis propria ncithesaurus:Muscle_Layer transverse muscular fibers tunica externa tunica muscularis tunica muscularis uberon FMA BTO:0004838 tunica muscularis Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa muscular coat BTO:0004838 tunica externa FMA:45634 muscularis layer Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa transverse muscular fibers An outer layer of smooth muscle surrounding a hollow or tubular organ as the bladder, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, ureter, uterus, and vagina that often consists of an inner layer of circular fibers serving to narrow the lumen of the organ and an outer layer of longitudinal fibers serving to shorten its length[BTO]. BTO:0004838 BTO:0004838 muscularis externa Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa muscularis propria OBOL:automatic muscular layer A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. Wikipedia:Muscular_layer Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa tunica muscularis epicranial aponeurosis EMAPA:19210 Epicranial aponeurosis Epicranius aponeurosis FMA:46768 Galea aponeurotica SCTID:368677009 The galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis, aponeurosis epicranialis) is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium; behind, it is attached, in the interval between its union with the Occipitales, to the external occipital protuberance and highest nuchal lines of the occipital bone; in front, it forms a short and narrow prolongation between its union with the Frontales. On either side it gives origin to the Auriculares anterior and superior; in this situation it loses its aponeurotic character, and is continued over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch as a layer of laminated areolar tissue. It is closely connected to the integument by the firm, dense, fibro-fatty layer which forms the superficial fascia of the scalp: it is attached to the pericranium by loose cellular tissue, which allows the aponeurosis, carrying with it the integument to move through a considerable distance. UBERON:0006661 aponeurosis epicranialis aponeurosis of epicranius cranial aponeurosis epicranial aponeurosis galea aponeurosis galea aponeurotica; aponeurosis epicranialis galeal aponeurosis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray378.png uberon FMA:46768 FMA:TA aponeurosis epicranialis FMA:46768 aponeurosis of epicranius Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica galea aponeurotica; aponeurosis epicranialis Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica epicranial aponeurosis Epicranial aponeurosis FMA:46768 Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica cranial aponeurosis FMA:46768 Galea aponeurotica Epicranius aponeurosis FMA:46768 FMA The galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis, aponeurosis epicranialis) is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue which covers the upper part of the cranium; behind, it is attached, in the interval between its union with the Occipitales, to the external occipital protuberance and highest nuchal lines of the occipital bone; in front, it forms a short and narrow prolongation between its union with the Frontales. On either side it gives origin to the Auriculares anterior and superior; in this situation it loses its aponeurotic character, and is continued over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch as a layer of laminated areolar tissue. It is closely connected to the integument by the firm, dense, fibro-fatty layer which forms the superficial fascia of the scalp: it is attached to the pericranium by loose cellular tissue, which allows the aponeurosis, carrying with it the integument to move through a considerable distance. Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica galea aponeurosis Wikipedia:Galea_aponeurotica galeal aponeurosis musculo-phrenic vein EMAPA:19222 FMA:4732 SCTID:1895000 UBERON:0006662 musculophrenic vein uberon FMA/obol FMA:4732 musculophrenic vein hemiazygos vein EHDAA2:0004534 EMAPA:18251 FMA:4944 SCTID:244408009 Taxon notes: The major anatomic variation between the pig and other mammalian species is the presence of the large left azygos vein, which enters the coronary sinus (Fig. 1). In other mammals, hemiazygos vein enters the pre- cava. The hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor inferior) is a vein running superiorly in the lower thoracic region, just to the left side of the vertebral column. UBERON:0006663 hemi-azygos vein hemiazygos hemiazygos veins hemiazygous vein hemiazygous vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gray480.png inferior hemi-azygos vein uberon vena hemiazygos vena hemiazygos FMA/obol Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein hemiazygos FMA:4944 hemiazygous vein FMA:4944 inferior hemi-azygos vein The hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor inferior) is a vein running superiorly in the lower thoracic region, just to the left side of the vertebral column. Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein FMA:4944 hemi-azygos vein Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein vena hemiazygos Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein hemiazygous vein ISBN-10:0443065837 Wikipedia:Hemiazygos_vein hemiazygos veins FMA:4944 FMA:TA vena hemiazygos greater palatine artery EMAPA:18754 FMA:49795 MA:0001993 SCTID:312163002 The greater palatine artery is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery. It branches off of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa and descends through the greater palatine foramen along with the greater palatine nerve and supplies the hard palate. It also anastomosis through the incisive canal with the sphenopalatine artery to supply the nasal cavity. UBERON:0006664 arteria palatina major major palatine artery todo - check for synonymy between greater and major; branch_of relation is made in FMA at level of descending GPA uberon Wikipedia:Greater_palatine_artery arteria palatina major The greater palatine artery is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery. It branches off of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa and descends through the greater palatine foramen along with the greater palatine nerve and supplies the hard palate. It also anastomosis through the incisive canal with the sphenopalatine artery to supply the nasal cavity. Wikipedia:Greater_palatine_artery MA:0001993 major palatine artery accessory hemiazygos vein Accessory hemi-azygos vein EMAPA:19217 FMA:5011 Superior hemi-azygos vein The accessory hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor superior) is a vein on the left side of the vertebral column that generally drains the fifth through eighth intercostal spaces on the left side of the body[WP]. UBERON:0006665 Vena azygos accessoria http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Gray480.png todo - add superclass uberon vena hemiazygos accessoria vena hemiazygos accessoria Accessory hemi-azygos vein FMA:5011 The accessory hemiazygos vein (vena azygos minor superior) is a vein on the left side of the vertebral column that generally drains the fifth through eighth intercostal spaces on the left side of the body[WP]. Wikipedia:Accessory_hemiazygos_vein FMA/obol FMA:5011 Superior hemi-azygos vein FMA:5011 FMA:TA vena hemiazygos accessoria FMA:5011 Vena azygos accessoria Wikipedia:Accessory_hemiazygos_vein vena hemiazygos accessoria great cerebral vein EMAPA:19311 FMA:50993 SCTID:244396002 The great cerebral vein is one of the large blood vessels in the skull draining the cerebrum (brain)[WP,unvetted] UBERON:0006666 UMLS:C0042448 great cerebral vein great cerebral vein of Galen ncithesaurus:Great_Cerebral_Vein_of_Galen uberon vein of Galen FMA:50993 great cerebral vein of Galen FMA:50993 great cerebral vein FMA:50993 vein of Galen The great cerebral vein is one of the large blood vessels in the skull draining the cerebrum (brain)[WP,unvetted] Wikipedia:Great_cerebral_vein pituitary fossa EMAPA:19195 FMA:54721 SCTID:264194004 UBERON:0006667 hypophyseal fossa hypophysial fossa pituitary fossa uberon FMA:54721 hypophyseal fossa FMA:54721 hypophysial fossa FMA FMA:54721 pituitary fossa carotid canal EMAPA:18707 FMA:55805 On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward. It transmits into the cranium, the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves. Sympathetics to the head also pass through the carotid canal. They have several motor functions: raise the eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), dilate pupil, innervate sweat glands of face and scalp and constricts blood vessels in head[WP]. UBERON:0006668 canalis caroticus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Gray141.png uberon Wikipedia:Carotid_canal canalis caroticus On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward. It transmits into the cranium, the internal carotid artery, and the carotid plexus of nerves. Sympathetics to the head also pass through the carotid canal. They have several motor functions: raise the eyelid (superior tarsal muscle), dilate pupil, innervate sweat glands of face and scalp and constricts blood vessels in head[WP]. Wikipedia:Carotid_canal alveolar canal EMAPA:25099 FMA:57743 The infratemporal surface of the maxilla is pierced about its center by the apertures of the alveolar canals, which transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves[WP]. UBERON:0006669 canales alveolares maxillae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Gray157.png uberon Wikipedia:Alveolar_canals canales alveolares maxillae The infratemporal surface of the maxilla is pierced about its center by the apertures of the alveolar canals, which transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves[WP]. Wikipedia:Alveolar_canals EMAPA central tendon EMAPA:17702 FMA:58279 In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:244943002 UBERON:0006670 UMLS:C0230162 VHOG:0001399 central tendon of diaphragm centrum tendineum centrum tendineum diaphragmatis ncithesaurus:Central_Tendon_of_the_Diaphragm uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001399 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:58279 central tendon of diaphragm FMA:58279 FMA:TA centrum tendineum diaphragmatis FMA:58279 centrum tendineum definitional orbital fat pad A fat pad that is part of a orbital region. EMAPA:19152 FMA:59005 SCTID:363656009 UBERON:0006671 intraorbital fat pad orbital fat orbital fat body retrobulbar fat uberon FMA:59005 retrobulbar fat FMA:59005 intraorbital fat pad FMA FMA:59005 orbital fat A fat pad that is part of a orbital region. OBOL:automatic FMA:59005 orbital fat body incisive canal EMAPA:19034 FMA:59107 UBERON:0006672 uberon mandibular canal AO notes: TAO has mandibular sensory canal, which is part of the lateral line system EMAPA:19161 FMA:59473 In humans, the mandibular canal is a canal within the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar artery, and inferior alveolar vein. It runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings SCTID:368876003 UBERON:0006673 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray1003.png uberon In humans, the mandibular canal is a canal within the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar artery, and inferior alveolar vein. It runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings Wikipedia:Mandibular_canal inguinal ring EMAPA:19172 EMAPA:29307 FMA:65075 SCTID:278830004 UBERON:0006674 uberon venous valve A valve that is part of a vein. FMA:68095 UBERON:0006675 uberon valve of vein FMA:68095 valve of vein A valve that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic muscularis mucosa A the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa[WP]. BTO:0004839 FMA:68413 SCTID:370140002 UBERON:0006676 UMLS:C0225357 galen:MuscularisMucosae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Gray1058.png lamina muscularis mucosa laminar muscularis mucosa muscularis mucosae ncithesaurus:Muscularis_Mucosa uberon BTO:0004839 lamina muscularis mucosa FMA:68413 muscularis mucosae A the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa[WP]. Wikipedia:Muscularis_mucosae Wikipedia:Muscularis_mucosae laminar muscularis mucosa BTO FMA Wikipedia surface of epithelium An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a epithelium. FMA:70997 UBERON:0006677 epithelium surface uberon An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a epithelium. OBOL:automatic FMA:70997 epithelium surface foramen secundum EHDAA2:0001828 EMAPA:17863 FMA:71105 SCTID:308854001 Second of the two openings to perforate the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart. [TFD][VHOG] The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether. [ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620]; [about heart development] In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0006678 UMLS:C1517293 VHOG:0001471 a foramen in the septum primum. foramen secundum ncithesaurus:Foramen_Secundum ostium secundum uberon 2012-09-17 Second of the two openings to perforate the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001471 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/foramen 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 p.433 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether. [ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620]; [about heart development] In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001471 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Foramen_secundum a foramen in the septum primum. SCTID:308854001 ostium secundum Wikipedia:Foramen_secundum foramen secundum EHDAA2 carina of trachea EMAPA:18407 FMA:7465 In anatomy, the carina is a cartilaginous ridge within the trachea that runs anteroposteriorly between the two primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bifurcation at the lower end of the trachea (usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebrae). The mucous membrane of the carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex. Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides. Tracheobronchial injury, an injury to the airways, occurs within 2.5 cm of the carina 40b80% of the time. SCTID:181214003 UBERON:0006679 UMLS:C0225594 bifurcation of the trachea carina carina %28anatomy%29 carina of trachea carina tracheae carina tracheae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Diagrama_de_los_pulmones-c.svg ncithesaurus:Carina tracheal carina uberon Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea carina tracheae EMAPA:18407 carina tracheae Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea carina %28anatomy%29 Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea carina of trachea In anatomy, the carina is a cartilaginous ridge within the trachea that runs anteroposteriorly between the two primary bronchi at the site of the tracheal bifurcation at the lower end of the trachea (usually at the level of the 4th to 5th thoracic vertebrae). The mucous membrane of the carina is the most sensitive area of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex. Widening and distortion of the carina is a serious sign because it usually indicates carcinoma of the lymph nodes around the region where the trachea divides. Tracheobronchial injury, an injury to the airways, occurs within 2.5 cm of the carina 40b80% of the time. Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea FMA:7465 tracheal carina FMA:7465 carina Wikipedia:Carina_of_trachea bifurcation of the trachea trachealis A smooth muscle tissue that bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus. A primary function of the trachealis is to constrict the windpipe, allowing for higher velocity of air in the windpipe during coughing[WP, modified]. EMAPA:19193 FMA:7466 SCTID:197333002 UBERON:0006680 tracheal muscle trachealis muscle uberon FMA:7466 trachealis muscle FMA:7466 tracheal muscle A smooth muscle tissue that bridges the gap between free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior border of the trachea, adjacent to the esophagus. A primary function of the trachealis is to constrict the windpipe, allowing for higher velocity of air in the windpipe during coughing[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Trachealis_muscle interthalamic adhesion EMAPA:18546 FMA:74869 Interthalamic connection Middle commissure UBERON:0006681 uberon FMA:74869 Interthalamic connection FMA:74869 Middle commissure hypoglossal canal EMAPA:19012 FMA:75370 SCTID:139380001 UBERON:0006682 uberon posterior fontanelle EMAPA:19200 FMA:75440 In humans, the posterior fontanelle (or occipital fontanelle) is a gap between bones in the skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. It generally closes in 6–8 weeks from birth. A delay in closure is associated with congential hypothyroidism. SCTID:244681005 UBERON:0006683 fonticulus posterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Gray197.png occipital posterior posterior fontanelle of skull uberon fonticulus posterior occipital posterior posterior fontanelle of skull In humans, the posterior fontanelle (or occipital fontanelle) is a gap between bones in the skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. It generally closes in 6–8 weeks from birth. A delay in closure is associated with congential hypothyroidism. Wikipedia:Posterior_fontanelle sphenoidal fontanelle . EMAPA:19229 FMA:75441 SCTID:136955008 See also FMA:264720 UBERON:0006684 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Pterion.PNG sphenoidal fontanelle uberon . Wikipedia:Pterion Wikipedia:Pterion sphenoidal fontanelle pharyngeal tubercle EMAPA:19250 FMA:75746 UBERON:0006685 uberon EMAPA FMA spinal vein A vein that is part of a vertebral column. EMAPA:18255 FMA:76735 SCTID:181376008 Spinal vein UBERON:0006686 spinal branch uberon vena spinalis A vein that is part of a vertebral column. OBOL:automatic FMA:76735 FMA:TA vena spinalis FMA:76735 spinal branch FMA:76735 Spinal vein median sacral vein EMAPA:26064 FMA:77168 UBERON:0006687 uberon FMA/obol sublingual caruncle EMAPA:18961 FMA:77273 SCTID:85139009 The sublingual caruncle is a site on either side of the frenulum linguae on the sublingual surface of the tongue. There it denotes the site at which the submandibular gland empties into the oral cavity. UBERON:0006688 caruncula sublingualis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Gray1202.png uberon The sublingual caruncle is a site on either side of the frenulum linguae on the sublingual surface of the tongue. There it denotes the site at which the submandibular gland empties into the oral cavity. Wikipedia:Sublingual_caruncle Wikipedia:Sublingual_caruncle caruncula sublingualis frenulum of tongue EMAPA:18656 EMAPA:18874 FMA:54659 SCTID:264113009 The frenulum of tongue (or lingual frenulum) is the frenulum of the tongue, a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue. UBERON:0006689 UMLS:C2339893 frenulum frenulum lingu%c3%a6 frenulum linguae frenulum linguae frenulum of the tongue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Gray1202.png lingual frenulum lingual frenum ncithesaurus:Frenulum oral frenula oral frenulum tongue frenulum uberon Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue frenulum linguae The frenulum of tongue (or lingual frenulum) is the frenulum of the tongue, a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue. Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue lingual frenulum FMA:54659 tongue frenulum HP:0000190 oral frenulum Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue lingual frenum Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue frenulum lingu%c3%a6 HP:0000190 oral frenula Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue frenulum of the tongue Wikipedia:Frenulum_of_tongue frenulum linguae deep dorsal vein of clitoris EMAPA:19218 FMA:77504 SCTID:25834009 UBERON:0006690 uberon FMA/obol tentorium cerebelli Cerebellar tentorium EMAPA:18210 FMA:83966 SCTID:244428008 The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium (Latin: [][VHOG] The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. UBERON:0006691 UMLS:C0228121 VHOG:0001298 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Illu_tentorium.jpg infratentorial neoplasms ncithesaurus:Tentorium_Cerebelli supratentorial neoplasms uberon The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes. Wikipedia:Tentorium_cerebelli Wikipedia:Tentorium_cerebelli supratentorial neoplasms Wikipedia:Tentorium_cerebelli infratentorial neoplasms Cerebellar tentorium FMA:83966 2012-09-17 The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium (Latin: [][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001298 http://bgee.unil.ch/ vertebral canal AAO:0000693 Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord.[AAO] EMAPA:25440 EMAPA:25448 EMAPA:25456 EMAPA:25464 EMAPA:25472 EMAPA:25480 EMAPA:25488 EMAPA:25496 EMAPA:25504 EMAPA:25512 EMAPA:25520 EMAPA:25528 EMAPA:25536 EMAPA:25544 EMAPA:25552 EMAPA:25560 EMAPA:25568 EMAPA:25576 EMAPA:25584 EMAPA:25592 EMAPA:25600 EMAPA:25608 EMAPA:25616 EMAPA:25624 EMAPA:25632 EMAPA:25640 EMAPA:25648 EMAPA:25656 EMAPA:25664 EMAPA:25672 EMAPA:25680 EMAPA:25688 EMAPA:25731 EMAPA:25738 EMAPA:25745 EMAPA:25752 EMAPA:25759 EMAPA:26521 EMAPA:26537 FMA:9680 GAID:242 SCTID:361746009 The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly. The outermost layer of the meninges, the dura mater, is closely associated with the arachnoid which in turn is loosely connected to the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater. The meninges divide the spinal canal into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space. The pia mater is closely attached to the spinal cord. A subdural space is generally only present due to trauma and/or pathological situations. The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the vessels that supply the spinal cord, namely the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries, accompanied by a corresponding spinal veins. The spinal arteries form anastomoses known as the vasocorona of the spinal cord. The epidural space contains loose fatty tissue, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the anterior vertebral venous plexus and the posterior vertebral venous plexus The spinal canal was first described by Jean Fernel. UBERON:0006692 UMLS:C0037922 UMLS:C1522467 c. vertebralis foramen vertebrale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray82.png ncithesaurus:Neural_Canal ncithesaurus:Vertebral_Canal neural canal spinal canal spinal cavity todo - check neural vs vertebral canal; embryonic vs adult? uberon vertebral canal Wikipedia:Spinal_canal spinal cavity The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the space in vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal human body cavity. This canal is enclosed within the vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. In the intervertebral spaces, the canal is protected by the ligamentum flavum posteriorly and the posterior longitudinal ligament anteriorly. The outermost layer of the meninges, the dura mater, is closely associated with the arachnoid which in turn is loosely connected to the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater. The meninges divide the spinal canal into the epidural space and the subarachnoid space. The pia mater is closely attached to the spinal cord. A subdural space is generally only present due to trauma and/or pathological situations. The subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the vessels that supply the spinal cord, namely the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries, accompanied by a corresponding spinal veins. The spinal arteries form anastomoses known as the vasocorona of the spinal cord. The epidural space contains loose fatty tissue, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the anterior vertebral venous plexus and the posterior vertebral venous plexus The spinal canal was first described by Jean Fernel. Wikipedia:Spinal_canal AAO:0000693 neural canal 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000693 AAO:LAP Canal formed by the vertebral centra ventrally, the pedicels laterally, and the neural arches dorsally that encloses and protects the spinal cord.[AAO] AAO:0000693 foramen vertebrale AAO:0000693 spinal canal Wikipedia:Spinal_canal vertebral canal Wikipedia:Spinal_canal c. vertebralis protein-based cuticle An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans UBERON:0006693 uberon An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans GO:0007592 cerebellum vasculature UBERON:0006694 uberon mammillary axonal complex The mammillary axonal complex is formed by the axons from the lateral, medial mammillary and the dorsal premammillary nuclei which share a branching pattern. Every neuron gives off one axonal stem that bifurcates into 2 branches. One of the branches is directed dorsally to the thalamus and another caudally to the midbrain[GO]. UBERON:0006695 uberon GO:0061373 The mammillary axonal complex is formed by the axons from the lateral, medial mammillary and the dorsal premammillary nuclei which share a branching pattern. Every neuron gives off one axonal stem that bifurcates into 2 branches. One of the branches is directed dorsally to the thalamus and another caudally to the midbrain[GO]. mammillothalamic axonal tract FMA:83849 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010016 The mammillothalamic fasciculus arises from cells in both the medial and lateral nuclei of the mammillary body and by fibers that are directly continued from the fornix. The Mammillothalamic fasciculus then connects the mammillary body to the dorsal tegmental nuclei, the ventral tegmental nuclei, and the anterior thalamic nucleus [WP] The mammillothalamic tract is the collection of axons that connects the two major subdivisions of the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and closes the diencephalic circuit[GO]. UBERON:0006696 UBERON:0009642 bundle of vicq d%27azyr bundle of vicq d%e2%80%99azyr fasciculus mammillothalamicus fasciculus mammillothalamicus mamillo-thalamic tract mammillo-thalamic fasciculus mammillothalamic fasciculus mammillothalamic tract mammillothalamic tract thalamomammillary fasciculus uberon vicq d'azyr's bundle GO:0061374 The mammillothalamic tract is the collection of axons that connects the two major subdivisions of the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and closes the diencephalic circuit[GO]. Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus mammillothalamic tract Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus thalamomammillary fasciculus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus fasciculus mammillothalamicus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus bundle of vicq d%e2%80%99azyr FMA:83849 mammillothalamic tract Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus mammillo-thalamic fasciculus Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus mamillo-thalamic tract FMA:TA fasciculus mammillothalamicus FMA:83849 vicq d'azyr's bundle Wikipedia:Mammillothalamic_fasciculus bundle of vicq d%27azyr FMA:83849 mammillothalamic fasciculus mammillotectal axonal tract The mammillotectal tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the superior colliculus. UBERON:0006697 uberon GO:0061375 The mammillotectal tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the superior colliculus. mammillotegmental axonal tract FMA:62058 Gudden tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1497 SCTID:369140005 The mammillotegmental tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the tegmentum and pons UBERON:0002725 UBERON:0006698 mammillotegmental fasciculus mammillotegmental tract mammillotegmental tract of hypothalamus uberon von Gudden's tract GO:0061376 The mammillotegmental tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the tegmentum and pons FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1497 mammillotegmental tract of hypothalamus FMA:62058 Gudden tract FMA:62058 von Gudden's tract FMA:62058 mammillotegmental tract FMA:62058 mammillotegmental fasciculus foramen caecum of tongue FMA:54828 SCTID:368738001 The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2.5 cm from the root of the organ, in a depression, the foramen cecum, from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateral and anterior on either side to the margin of the tongue. The foramen cecum is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the embryological descent of the thyroid gland. UBERON:0006699 consider merging with FC of thyroid f. caecum linguae foramen cecum of tongue foramen of morgagni http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Foramen_caecum.png morand's foramen uberon FMA:54828 foramen cecum of tongue Wikipedia:Foramen_cecum_%28tongue%29 f. caecum linguae The dorsum of the tongue is convex and marked by a median sulcus, which divides it into symmetrical halves; this sulcus ends behind, about 2.5 cm from the root of the organ, in a depression, the foramen cecum, from which a shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis, runs lateral and anterior on either side to the margin of the tongue. The foramen cecum is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the embryological descent of the thyroid gland. Wikipedia:Foramen_cecum_%28tongue%29 FMA:54828 morand's foramen FMA:54828 foramen of morgagni foramen cecum of frontal bone FMA:57443 The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum, by articulation with the ethmoid. This foramen varies in size in different subjects, and is frequently impervious; when open, it transmits a vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus. This has clinical importance in that infections of the nose and nearby areas can be transmitted to the meninges and brain from what is known as the danger triangle of the face. UBERON:0006713 f. caecum ossis frontalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gray135.png todo - check if this is what the FMA ID really denotes uberon Wikipedia:Foramen_cecum_%28frontal_bone%29 f. caecum ossis frontalis The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum, by articulation with the ethmoid. This foramen varies in size in different subjects, and is frequently impervious; when open, it transmits a vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus. This has clinical importance in that infections of the nose and nearby areas can be transmitted to the meninges and brain from what is known as the danger triangle of the face. Wikipedia:Foramen_cecum_%28frontal_bone%29 tibiofibula AAO:0000902 Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles. UBERON:0006714 XAO:0003213 os cruris tibia-fibula tibiofibula uberon XAO:0003213 tibia-fibula AAO AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 Paired, endochondral bones formed by the fusion of the tibia and fibula. They form the shanks, extending from the knees to the ankles. AAO:0000902 os cruris radio-ulna AAO:0000901 Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. UBERON:0006715 XAO:0003209 radioulna radius-ulna uberon AAO:Maglia_et_al_2007 Paired, long bones of endochondral origin formed by the fusion of the radius and ulna. XAO:0003209 radioulna XAO:0003209 radius-ulna VSAO mesopodium region Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group The third segment of the limb, including either the wrist segment (carpus) or the ankle segment (tarsus) UBERON:0006716 carpus/tarsus mesopod mesopodial limb segment mesopodial segment uberon MA:th The third segment of the limb, including either the wrist segment (carpus) or the ankle segment (tarsus) UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Carpus_and_tarsus_of_land_vertebrates MA:th mesopodial limb segment MA:th autopodial skeleton Distal section of the limb skeleton, consisting of the anterior autopodium or posterior autopodium.[VSAO] Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region. UBERON:0006717 VSAO:0005019 autopod skeleton autopodial skeleton autopodium skeletal parts of autopod skeleton of autopod uberon 2012-08-14 Distal section of the limb skeleton, consisting of the anterior autopodium or posterior autopodium.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0005019 VSAO:NI The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region. UBERON:cjm VSAO:0005019 autopodial skeleton UBERON:cjm skeleton of autopod VSAO:0005019 VSAO:NI autopodium UBERON:cjm skeletal parts of autopod UBERON:cjm autopod skeleton medial pterygoid muscle BTO:0005226 EMAPA:25141 FMA:49011 MA:0002361 SCTID:244771003 The medial pterygoid (or internal pterygoid muscle), is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication. The mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, innervates the medial pterygoid muscle. The medial pterygoid is a pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to the medial pterygoid and attaches to the cranial base and the medial side of the mandibular angle.[FEED] UBERON:0006718 UMLS:C1512882 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Musculuspterygoideusmedialis.png internal pterygoid internal pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid musculus pterygoideus internus musculus pterygoideus medialis ncithesaurus:Internal_Pterygoid_Muscle pterygoid medialis pterygoidei internus pterygoideus internus pterygoideus medial pterygoideus medialis uberon Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle pterygoidei internus Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle musculus pterygoideus medialis Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle musculus pterygoideus internus Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus internus The medial pterygoid (or internal pterygoid muscle), is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication. The mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, innervates the medial pterygoid muscle. Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle 2012-07-02 FEED The medial pterygoid is a pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to the medial pterygoid and attaches to the cranial base and the medial side of the mandibular angle.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle medial pterygoid dbpedia medial angle of the mandible Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus medialis dbpedia mandibular nerve via nerve to medial pterygoid Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle internal pterygoid Wikipedia:Medial_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus medial MA:0002361 pterygoid medialis lateral pterygoid muscle EMAPA:25140 FMA:49015 MA:0002360 Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by the lateral pterygoid nerve branches, and attaches to the condylar process of the mandible and TMJ capsule, and the cranial base.[FEED] SCTID:244772005 The lateral pterygoid (or external pterygoid) is a muscle of mastication with two heads. UBERON:0006719 UMLS:C1517045 external pterygoid muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Musculuspterygoideuslateralis.png lateral pteregoid lateral pteregoid muscle lateral pterygoid lateral pterygoid m. pterygoideus externus m. pterygoideus lateralis musculus pterygoides lateralis musculus pterygoideus externus musculus pterygoideus lateralis ncithesaurus:External_Pterygoid_Muscle pterygoid lateralis pterygoideus externus pterygoideus externus muscle pterygoideus lateral pterygoideus lateral muscle uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle lateral pteregoid muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus lateral muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus externus muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle lateral pterygoid Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle musculus pterygoideus externus MA:0002360 pterygoid lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle lateral pteregoid Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle musculus pterygoideus lateralis dbpedia lateral pterygoid nerve from the mandibular nerve true The lateral pterygoid (or external pterygoid) is a muscle of mastication with two heads. Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle FMA:49015 musculus pterygoides lateralis Great wing of sphenoid and pterygoid plate dbpedia Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle external pterygoid muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus lateral Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle m. pterygoideus externus Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle m. pterygoideus lateralis FMA:49015 lateral pterygoid 2012-07-02 FEED Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, is innervated by the lateral pterygoid nerve branches, and attaches to the condylar process of the mandible and TMJ capsule, and the cranial base.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_muscle pterygoideus externus pterygoid muscle AAO:0010730 EMAPA:25139 GAID:147 MESH:A02.633.567.600.700 SCTID:244770002 UBERON:0006720 UBERON:3010730 pterygoid pterygoideus pterygoideus muscle uberon dbpedia generalized EMAPA:25139 pterygoid dbpedia generalized alisphenoid bone FMA:52868 MA:0002772 SCTID:361298007 Taxon notes: The alisphenoid in mammals is part cartilage bone, part membrane bone[PMC1231738] In many mammals, e.g. the dog, the greater wing of the sphenoid bone stays through life a separate bone called the alisphenoid[WP]. Development notes: The mammalian alisphenoid forms the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, which contributes a small part of the skull vault just caudal to the orbit, and also underlies the basal part of the frontal and parietal bones in the fetus (Iseki et al. 1997)[PMID:11523816]. The greater wing of the sphenoid bone, or alisphenoid, is a bony process of the sphenoid bone; there is one on each side, extending from the side of the body of the sphenoid and curving upward, laterally, and backwards[WP]. UBERON:0006721 ala major (os sphenoidale) ala major ossis sphenoidalis alisphenoid bone epipterygoid epipterygoid bone greater wing of sphenoid greater wing of sphenoid bone greater wing of sphenoidal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Gray145.png uberon MA Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone epipterygoid bone PMID:11523816 FMA:52868 greater wing of sphenoidal bone Wikipedia:Sphenoid_bone epipterygoid FMA:52868 ala major (os sphenoidale) The greater wing of the sphenoid bone, or alisphenoid, is a bony process of the sphenoid bone; there is one on each side, extending from the side of the body of the sphenoid and curving upward, laterally, and backwards[WP]. Wikipedia:Greater_wing_of_sphenoid_bone Wikipedia:Greater_wing_of_sphenoid_bone ala major ossis sphenoidalis MA:0002772 greater wing of sphenoid bone ISBN10:1588903958 MA FMA-abduced-lr FMA:52868 greater wing of sphenoid MA:0002772 alisphenoid bone manubrium of malleus FMA:52760 MA:0002985 SCTID:264091009 The handle of the malleus; the portion that extends downward, inward, and backward from the neck of the malleus; it is embedded throughout its length in the tympanic membrane. UBERON:0006722 handle of malleus malleal manubrium malleus handle malleus handle malleus manubrium manubrium mallei manubrium of malleus manubrium of malleus uberon cjm MA:0002985 malleus handle FMA:52760 manubrium of malleus MA:0002985 malleal manubrium MA:0002985 malleus manubrium FMA:52760 malleus handle MA:0002985 handle of malleus The handle of the malleus; the portion that extends downward, inward, and backward from the neck of the malleus; it is embedded throughout its length in the tympanic membrane. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?manubrium+of+malleus MA:0002985 manubrium of malleus MA:0002985 manubrium mallei cochlear modiolus BTO:0001693 FMA:61278 MA:0001182 SCTID:361314007 The modiolus is a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. The Modiolus consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.75 times around the modiolus The spiral ganglion is situated inside the bony modiolus. UBERON:0006723 UMLS:C0229503 cochlea modiolus columella cochleae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Gray921.png modiolus modiolus of cochlea ncithesaurus:Modiolus uberon FMA:61278 modiolus of cochlea The modiolus is a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. The Modiolus consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.75 times around the modiolus The spiral ganglion is situated inside the bony modiolus. Wikipedia:Modiolus_%28cochlea%29 FMA:61278 cochlea modiolus MA:0001182 modiolus BTO:0001693 columella cochleae MA osseus spiral lamina FMA:77710 MA:0001184 The osseous spiral lamina is a bony shelf or ledge which projects from the modiolus into the interior of the canal, and, like the canal, takes two-and-three-quarter turns around the modiolus. It reaches about half-way toward the outer wall of the tube, and partially divides its cavity into two passages or scalae, of which the upper is named the scala vestibuli, while the lower is termed the scala tympani. UBERON:0006724 lamina modioli cochleae lamina of modiolus cochleae lamina of modiolus of cochlea osseous spiral lamina osseous spiral lamina of cochlea uberon MA The osseous spiral lamina is a bony shelf or ledge which projects from the modiolus into the interior of the canal, and, like the canal, takes two-and-three-quarter turns around the modiolus. It reaches about half-way toward the outer wall of the tube, and partially divides its cavity into two passages or scalae, of which the upper is named the scala vestibuli, while the lower is termed the scala tympani. Wikipedia:Osseous_spiral_lamina FMA:77710 FMA:TA lamina modioli cochleae FMA:77710 osseous spiral lamina of cochlea FMA FMA:77710 lamina of modiolus of cochlea FMA:77710 lamina of modiolus cochleae spiral ligament A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous cochlear duct to the bony spiral canal of the cochlea. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the stria vascularis to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis. A09.246.631.246.965 FMA:77834 MA:0001192 Note that this is not classified as a ligament in FMA SCTID:279840005 UBERON:0006725 ligamentum spirale ductus cochlearis spiral cochlear ligament spiral ligament of cochlear duct uberon Wikipedia:Spiral_ligament ligamentum spirale ductus cochlearis spiral cochlear ligament A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous cochlear duct to the bony spiral canal of the cochlea. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the stria vascularis to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis. MESH:MESH Wikipedia:Spiral_ligament https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=3557974&group_id=76834 FMA:77834 spiral ligament of cochlear duct MESH-def outer canthus EHDAA2:0000910 EHDAA:9039 FMA:59315 MA:0001264 SCTID:362525004 The angle at the end of the palpebral fissure, the slit between the eyelids, close to the temporal region of the skull. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, adapted_from_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, p.263][VHOG] UBERON:0006726 UMLS:C1711189 VHOG:0001571 lateral angle of eye lateral canthus lateral canthus of eye lateral palpebral commissure ncithesaurus:Outer_Canthus see also FMA:59321 temporal canthus uberon FMA:59321 lateral canthus of eye FMA:59321 lateral angle of eye MA:0001264 lateral canthus FMA:59315 lateral palpebral commissure 2012-09-17 The angle at the end of the palpebral fissure, the slit between the eyelids, close to the temporal region of the skull. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, adapted_from_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, p.263][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001571 http://bgee.unil.ch/ liver left lateral lobe FMA:14501 MA:0001641 SCTID:271288003 UBERON:0006727 lateral segment of left lobe of liver lateral segment of liver segmentum laterale (lobus hepatis sinister) uberon FMA:14501 segmentum laterale (lobus hepatis sinister) FMA:14501 lateral segment of left lobe of liver FMA:14501 lateral segment of liver liver left medial lobe FMA:14500 MA:0001642 SCTID:271085007 UBERON:0006728 medial segment of left lobe of liver medial segment of liver segmentum mediale (lobus hepatis sinister) uberon FMA:14500 segmentum mediale (lobus hepatis sinister) FMA:14500 medial segment of left lobe of liver FMA:14500 medial segment of liver liver perisinusoidal space Disse's space FMA:63162 MA:0002497 SCTID:17779003 The space of Disse (or perisinusoidal space) is a location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid. It contains the blood plasma. Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be taken up by the hepatocytes. This space may be obliterated in liver disease, leading to decreased uptake by hepatocytes of nutrients and wastes (like bilirubin, for example). The Space of Disse also contains Ito cells, also called hepatic stellate cells, which store fat or fat soluble vitamins. Excessive intake of fat soluble vitamins can lead to pathologically enlarged Ito cells, which can form collagen and lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The Space of Disse was named after German anatomist, Joseph Disse (1852b1912). UBERON:0006729 UMLS:C0227530 hepatic perisinusoidal space ncithesaurus:Perisinusoidal_Space perisinusoidal space perisinusoidal space of Disse space of Disse uberon Disse's space FMA:63162 The space of Disse (or perisinusoidal space) is a location in the liver between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid. It contains the blood plasma. Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be taken up by the hepatocytes. This space may be obliterated in liver disease, leading to decreased uptake by hepatocytes of nutrients and wastes (like bilirubin, for example). The Space of Disse also contains Ito cells, also called hepatic stellate cells, which store fat or fat soluble vitamins. Excessive intake of fat soluble vitamins can lead to pathologically enlarged Ito cells, which can form collagen and lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The Space of Disse was named after German anatomist, Joseph Disse (1852b1912). Wikipedia:Space_of_Disse FMA:63162 hepatic perisinusoidal space FMA:63162 perisinusoidal space of Disse Wikipedia:Space_of_Disse perisinusoidal space FMA:63162 space of Disse canthus Canthus (pl. canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface. FMA:59222 SCTID:181145006 UBERON:0006742 bicanthal bicanthal plane canthi canthoplasty canthorum canthus %28anatomy%29 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray892.png palpebral commissure uberon Wikipedia:Canthus canthi FMA:59222 palpebral commissure Wikipedia:Canthus bicanthal plane Wikipedia:Canthus canthus %28anatomy%29 Wikipedia:Canthus canthoplasty Wikipedia:Canthus bicanthal Wikipedia:Canthus canthorum Canthus (pl. canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface. Wikipedia:Canthus paleodentate of dentate nucleus FMA:72540 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1490 PDT UBERON:0006743 paleodentate of dentate nucleus paleodentate part of dentate nucleus paleodentate portion of dentate nucleus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1490 paleodentate of dentate nucleus FMA:72540 paleodentate part of dentate nucleus FMA:72540 paleodentate portion of dentate nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1490 PDT superior parathyroid gland EHDAA2:0001954 EHDAA:3870 EHDAA:9135 FMA:55558 SCTID:245540001 Taxon notes: Mammals typically have four parathyroids, while other groups typically have six UBERON:0006749 UMLS:C0447651 ncithesaurus:Superior_Parathyroid_Gland uberon FMA-abduced-lr inferior parathyroid gland EHDAA2:0000821 EHDAA:3864 EHDAA:9127 FMA:55559 SCTID:245542009 Taxon notes: Mammals typically have four parathyroids, while other groups typically have six UBERON:0006755 UMLS:C0447650 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Parathyroid_Gland uberon EHDAA2 epithelium FMA-abduced-lr http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview median lingual swelling During the third week of embryological development there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. The site of their meeting remains post-embryonically as the median sulcus of the tongue. The tuberculum impar is said to form the central part of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum, but Hammar insists that it is purely a transitory structure and forms no part of the adult tongue[WP, Gray's]. EHDAA2:0001081 EMAPA:17187 Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:308821003 The thyroid initially develops caudal to the tuberculum impar . This embryonic swelling arises from the first pharyngeal arch and occurs midline on the floor of the developing pharynx, eventually helping form the tongue as the 2 lateral lingual swellings overgrow it. [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview] UBERON:0006756 VHOG:0000730 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray979.png median lingual swelling median tongue bud tuberculum impar tuberculum linguale mediale uberon During the third week of embryological development there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. The site of their meeting remains post-embryonically as the median sulcus of the tongue. The tuberculum impar is said to form the central part of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum, but Hammar insists that it is purely a transitory structure and forms no part of the adult tongue[WP, Gray's]. Wikipedia:Tuberculum_impar 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000730 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/845125-overview median tongue bud EHDAA2:0001081 median lingual swelling Wikipedia:Tuberculum_impar tuberculum linguale mediale lateral lingual swelling During the third week there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings (or distal tongue bud) which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. EHDAA2:0000911 EMAPA:17189 Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] Structure notes: paired UBERON:0006757 VHOG:0000731 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Gray979.png lateral lingual prominence lateral swellings tuberculum laterale tuberculum linguale laterale uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00073.x Iwasaki S, Evolution of the structure and function of the vertebrate tongue. J Anat (2002) Most adult amphibians have a tongue, as do all known reptiles, birds and mammals. Thus it is likely that the tongue appeared with the establishment of tetrapods and this structure seems to be related, to some extant, to the terrestrial lifestyle.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000731 http://bgee.unil.ch/ During the third week there appears, immediately behind the ventral ends of the two halves of the mandibular arch, a rounded swelling named the tuberculum impar, which was described by His as undergoing enlargement to form the buccal part of the tongue. More recent researches, however, show that this part of the tongue is mainly, if not entirely, developed from a pair of lateral swellings (or distal tongue bud) which rise from the inner surface of the mandibular arch and meet in the middle line. Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling lateral swellings Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling tuberculum linguale laterale Wikipedia:Lateral_lingual_swelling tuberculum laterale corneo-scleral junction EFO:0001403 FMA:58342 GAID:896 MESH:A09.371.060.217.659 SCTID:63716004 The corneal limbus is the border of the cornea and the sclera (the white of the eye). The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridges known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population[WP]. An annular transitional zone, approximately 1 mm wide, between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. It is highly vascular and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea. It is ophthalmologically significant in that it appears on the outer surface of the eyeball as a slight furrow, marking the line between the clear cornea and the sclera. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)[MeSH] This location has parts such as blood vessels etc. See PMC2868485, PMID:2695343 UBERON:0006761 ZFA:0005570 corneal limbus corneal limbus corneal-scleral limbus corneoscleral junction http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Limbus.png limbus corneae sclerocorneal junction sclerocorneal limbus uberon FMA:58342 corneal limbus GAID:896 corneoscleral junction FMA:58342 sclerocorneal junction Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus limbus corneae The corneal limbus is the border of the cornea and the sclera (the white of the eye). The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridges known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population[WP]. An annular transitional zone, approximately 1 mm wide, between the cornea and the bulbar conjunctiva and sclera. It is highly vascular and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea. It is ophthalmologically significant in that it appears on the outer surface of the eyeball as a slight furrow, marking the line between the clear cornea and the sclera. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)[MeSH] Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus limbus corneae GAID:896 corneal limbus GAID:896 sclerocorneal limbus PMID:17051547 corneal-scleral limbus suspensory ligament of lens FMA:58838 SCTID:362524000 The zonule of Zinn (Zinn's membrane, ciliary zonule) is a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. The zonule of Zinn is split into two layers: a thin layer, which lines the hyaloid fossa, and a thicker layer, which is a collection of zonular fibers. Together, the fibers are known as the suspensory ligament of the lens[WP]. Modified or toughened vitreous that suspend the lens at the equator to the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary zone. In zebrafish, dorsal zonules are thickened as compared to ventral zonules. In both dorsal and ventral regions, these fibers delimit the vitreous body aqueous humor boundary[ZFA]. UBERON:0006762 ZFA:0005573 Zinn's membrane ciliary zonule ciliary zonule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg suspensory ligament of the lens uberon zonula zonula ciliaris zonular fiber zonule zonule of Zinn zonules FMA:58838 Zinn's membrane Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonule Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonula ciliaris Obol The zonule of Zinn (Zinn's membrane, ciliary zonule) is a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. The zonule of Zinn is split into two layers: a thin layer, which lines the hyaloid fossa, and a thicker layer, which is a collection of zonular fibers. Together, the fibers are known as the suspensory ligament of the lens[WP]. Modified or toughened vitreous that suspend the lens at the equator to the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary zone. In zebrafish, dorsal zonules are thickened as compared to ventral zonules. In both dorsal and ventral regions, these fibers delimit the vitreous body aqueous humor boundary[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn ciliary zonule FMA:58838 ciliary zonule Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonula ciliaris FMA Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn suspensory ligament of the lens FMA:58838 zonule of Zinn ZFA Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonula ZFA:0005573 zonules Wikipedia:Zonule_of_Zinn zonular fiber epithelium of conjunctiva BTO:0005131 EFO:0001916 FMA:62131 Layer of nonkeratinized squamous epithelium lining the conjunctiva, overlying scleral tissue UBERON:0006763 UMLS:C1179037 conjunctiva epithelium conjunctival epithelium ncithesaurus:Conjunctival_Epithelium uberon FMA:62131 conjunctiva epithelium BTO FMA BTO:0005131 conjunctival epithelium anterior communicating artery EHDAA2:0000586 EMAPA:18599 FMA:50169 In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries. The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries across the commencement of the longitudinal fissure. Sometimes this vessel is wanting, the two arteries joining together to form a single trunk, which afterward divides; or it may be wholly, or partially, divided into two. Its length averages about 4 mm, but varies greatly. It gives off some of the anteromedial ganglionic vessels, but these are principally derived from the anterior cerebral artery. It is part of the cerebral arterial circle, also known as the circle of Willis. SCTID:181311009 UBERON:0006764 UMLS:C0149562 arteria communicans anterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Circle_of_Willis_en.svg ncithesaurus:Anterior_Communicating_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_communicating_artery arteria communicans anterior In human anatomy, the anterior communicating artery is a blood vessel of the brain that connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries. The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries across the commencement of the longitudinal fissure. Sometimes this vessel is wanting, the two arteries joining together to form a single trunk, which afterward divides; or it may be wholly, or partially, divided into two. Its length averages about 4 mm, but varies greatly. It gives off some of the anteromedial ganglionic vessels, but these are principally derived from the anterior cerebral artery. It is part of the cerebral arterial circle, also known as the circle of Willis. Wikipedia:Anterior_communicating_artery left anterior vena cava EMAPA:18418 UBERON:0006765 uberon right anterior vena cava EMAPA:18419 FMA:4720 The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). Note that FMA:4720 is equivalent to both anterior vena cava and right anterior vena cava UBERON:0006766 uberon head of femur AAO:0000892 FMA:32851 MESH:A02.835.232.500.247.343 Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum.[AAO] SCTID:361791000 The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone[Stedman, 26th ed]. The femur head is the highest part of the thigh bone. It is supported by the neck of the femur. The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front. Its surface is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea capitis femoris, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligament of head of femur. If there is a fracture of the neck of the femur, the blood supply through the ligament becomes crucial. In orthopedic surgery, the head of the femur is important because it can undergo avascular necrosis and consequent osteochondritis dissecans. The head is removed in total hip replacement surgery [WP]. UBERON:0006767 UMLS:C0015813 acetabular head capital femoral epiphysis caput femoris femoral head femur head galen:FemoralHead http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray243.png ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Femur uberon Wikipedia:Femur_head caput femoris AAO:0000892 acetabular head MESH:A02.835.232.500.247.343 femur head AAO:0000892 Wikipedia:Femur_head caput femoris FMA:32851 femoral head capital femoral epiphysis http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capital+femoral+epiphysis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000892 AAO:LAP Proximal head of the femur, which articulates with the acetabulum.[AAO] MESH:A02.835.232.500.247.343 The hemispheric articular surface at the upper extremity of the thigh bone[Stedman, 26th ed]. The femur head is the highest part of the thigh bone. It is supported by the neck of the femur. The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front. Its surface is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea capitis femoris, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligament of head of femur. If there is a fracture of the neck of the femur, the blood supply through the ligament becomes crucial. In orthopedic surgery, the head of the femur is important because it can undergo avascular necrosis and consequent osteochondritis dissecans. The head is removed in total hip replacement surgery [WP]. Wikipedia:Femur_head epiphyseal line FMA:9918 SCTID:333108008 UBERON:0006768 epiphysial junction line of bony union uberon FMA:9918 epiphysial junction FMA FMA:9918 line of bony union apophysis FMA:75428 SCTID:65000005 UBERON:0006770 uberon long bone epiphyseal plate proliferative zone In this zone, chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis, forming distinctive looking stacks[WP] MA:0002976 UBERON:0006771 epiphyseal plate proliferative zone germinal layer of the epiphyseal plate where cells are actively dividing as well as producing extracellular matrix[MP]. uberon zone of proliferation MP:0003662 germinal layer of the epiphyseal plate where cells are actively dividing as well as producing extracellular matrix[MP]. MA:0002976 zone of proliferation long bone epiphyseal plate hypertrophic zone MA:0002977 UBERON:0006772 epiphyseal plate hypertrophic zone hypertrophic chondrocyte zone long bone hypertrophic chondrocyte zone maturation zone note that there is also MA:0002849 the layer of the epiphyseal plate of a long bone where chondrocytes mature and enlarge[MP]. uberon zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes MA:0002977 zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes MP:0000165 hypertrophic chondrocyte zone MP:0000165 long bone hypertrophic chondrocyte zone MA:0002977 maturation zone MP:0000165 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3442184&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 the layer of the epiphyseal plate of a long bone where chondrocytes mature and enlarge[MP]. long bone epiphyseal plate ossification zone UBERON:0006773 epiphyseal plate ossification zone layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited[MP]. uberon MP:0006399 layer of the epiphyseal plate where new bone matrix is deposited[MP]. zone of epiphyseal plate UBERON:0006775 uberon annular epiphysis FMA:75792 UBERON:0006776 anular epiphysis note that here epiphysis means deriving from a separate ossification center secondary growth centers occurring as rings at the periphery of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body. uberon FMA:75792 anular epiphysis http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epiphysis secondary growth centers occurring as rings at the periphery of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body. tectal plate FMA:77488 The term "tectal plate" (or "quadrigeminal plate") is used to describe the junction of the gray and white matter in the embryo. (NeuroNames ancil-453) UBERON:0006777 embryologic structure that is formed by two longitudinal eminences, one on each alar plate of the midbrain. These eminences become the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus ( Carpenter-1983 )] lamina quadrigemina quadrigeminal plate uberon FMA:77488 FMA:TA lamina quadrigemina embryologic structure that is formed by two longitudinal eminences, one on each alar plate of the midbrain. These eminences become the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus ( Carpenter-1983 )] http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=a&ID=453 FMA:77488 quadrigeminal plate superficial white layer of superior colliculus ABA:SCop FMA:71112 UBERON:0006779 lamina III of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris iii layer III of superior colliculus optic layer optic layer of superior colliculus stratum opticum colliculi superioris superficial white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists mainly of axions from the optic nerve. uberon FMA:71112 FMA:TA stratum opticum colliculi superioris Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina III of superior colliculus FMA:71112 optic layer of superior colliculus ABA FMA:71112 layer III of superior colliculus FMA:71112 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris iii ABA FMA:71112 optic layer Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit superficial white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists mainly of axions from the optic nerve. zonal layer of superior colliculus ABA:SCzo FMA:72406 UBERON:0006780 a thin layer consisting of small myelinated axons together with marginal and horizontal cells. lamina I of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris i layer I of superior colliculus stratum zonale of superior colliculus uberon Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit a thin layer consisting of small myelinated axons together with marginal and horizontal cells. ABA Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina I of superior colliculus FMA:72406 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris i FMA:72406 stratum zonale of superior colliculus ABA FMA:72406 layer I of superior colliculus stratum lemnisci of superior colliculus FMA:72408 UBERON:0006782 uberon layer of superior colliculus NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005033 The microstructure of the optic tectum / superior colliculus varies across species. As a general rule, there is always a clear distinction between superficial layers, which receive input primarily from the visual system and show primarily visual responses, and deeper layers, which receive many types of input and project to numerous motor-related brain areas. The distinction between these two zones is so clear and consistent that some anatomists have suggested that they should be considered separate brain structures. In mammals, neuroanatomists conventionally identify seven layers[WP]. UBERON:0006783 uberon The microstructure of the optic tectum / superior colliculus varies across species. As a general rule, there is always a clear distinction between superficial layers, which receive input primarily from the visual system and show primarily visual responses, and deeper layers, which receive many types of input and project to numerous motor-related brain areas. The distinction between these two zones is so clear and consistent that some anatomists have suggested that they should be considered separate brain structures. In mammals, neuroanatomists conventionally identify seven layers[WP]. Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit gray matter of superior colliculus FMA:77870 UBERON:0006785 gray matter layer of superior colliculus uberon FMA:77870 gray matter layer of superior colliculus white matter of superior colliculus FMA:83899 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1023 UBERON:0006786 uberon white matter layer of superior colliculus FMA:83899 white matter layer of superior colliculus middle white layer of superior colliculus FMA:71113 TAO:0001351 UBERON:0006787 ZFA:0001351 intermediate white layer intermediate white layer of superior colliculus lamina V of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris v layer V of superior colliculus stratum album centrale stratum album intermediale of superior colliculus stratum medullare intermedium colliculi superioris uberon TAO:0001351 stratum album centrale Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum album intermediale of superior colliculus FMA:71113 intermediate white layer FMA:71113 layer V of superior colliculus FMA:71113 FMA:TA stratum medullare intermedium colliculi superioris Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina V of superior colliculus FMA:71113 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris v FMA:71113 intermediate white layer of superior colliculus middle gray layer of superior colliculus FMA:72409 TAO:0001350 UBERON:0006788 ZFA:0001350 intermediate gray layer intermediate grey layer of superior colliculus lamina IV of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris iv layer IV of superior colliculus stratum griseum centrale stratum griseum intermediale of superior colliculus stratum griseum intermedium colliculi superioris uberon FMA:72409 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris iv FMA:72409 intermediate grey layer of superior colliculus FMA:72409 FMA:TA stratum griseum intermedium colliculi superioris Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum griseum intermediale of superior colliculus TAO:0001350 stratum griseum centrale FMA:72409 layer IV of superior colliculus FMA:72409 intermediate gray layer Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina IV of superior colliculus deep gray layer of superior colliculus FMA:72410 UBERON:0006789 deep grey layer of superior colliculus lamina VI of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris vi layer VI of superior colliculus stratum griseum profundum colliculi superioris stratum griseum profundum of superior colliculus uberon Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum griseum profundum of superior colliculus FMA:72410 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris vi FMA:72410 layer VI of superior colliculus FMA:72410 FMA:TA stratum griseum profundum colliculi superioris FMA:72410 deep grey layer of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina VI of superior colliculus deep white layer of superior colliculus FMA:72416 TAO:0000494 UBERON:0006790 ZFA:0000494 deep white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists entirely of fibers. deep white zone lamina VII of superior colliculus lamina colliculi superioris vii layer VII of superior colliculus stratum album profundum of superior colliculus uberon TAO:0000494 deep white zone Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit deep white matter layer of superior collilculus that consists entirely of fibers. FMA:72416 layer VII of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit lamina VII of superior colliculus Wikipedia:Superior_colliculus#Neural_circuit stratum album profundum of superior colliculus FMA:72416 FMA:TA lamina colliculi superioris vii superficial layer of superior colliculus BM:MB-Tec-SCS TAO:0000686 UBERON:0006791 ZFA:0000686 superficial grey and white zone superficial grey and white zones uberon TAO:0000686 superficial grey and white zones TAO:0000686 superficial grey and white zone intermediate layer of superior colliculus A layer of superior colliculus that adjacent_to a superficial layer of superior colliculus and adjacent_to a deep layer of superior colliculus. BM:MB-Tec-SCI TAO:0000327 UBERON:0006792 ZFA:0000327 central zone uberon A layer of superior colliculus that adjacent_to a superficial layer of superior colliculus and adjacent_to a deep layer of superior colliculus. OBOL:automatic TAO:0000327 central zone deep layer of superior colliculus BM:MB-Tec-SCD UBERON:0006793 uberon visual processing part of nervous system GAID:1233 This grouping class is primarily to accommodate GO UBERON:0006794 optic lobe uberon GAID:1233 optic lobe cjm arthropod optic lobe A region of the adult brain that processes the visual information from the compound eyes. Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00003701 UBERON:0006795 optic lobe uberon A region of the adult brain that processes the visual information from the compound eyes. FBC:gg ISBN:978-3-11-014898-5 FBbt:00003701 optic lobe cephalopod optic lobe Large lobes of the brain associated with the eyes. In octopods and some squids the optic lobes may be separated from the rest of the brain by an optic stalk of varying length. In Octopus the optic lobes contain 92 million cells compared with only 42 million in the main central mass of the brain (J. Young, 1963) . UBERON:0006796 optic lobe uberon optic lobe Large lobes of the brain associated with the eyes. In octopods and some squids the optic lobes may be separated from the rest of the brain by an optic stalk of varying length. In Octopus the optic lobes contain 92 million cells compared with only 42 million in the main central mass of the brain (J. Young, 1963) . http://tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopoda_Glossary?acc_id=587 efferent nerve A group of neurons that provides a nervous signal to a tissue. AEO:0000202 EHDAA2:0003231 UBERON:0006798 uberon A group of neurons that provides a nervous signal to a tissue. AEO:JB glandular epithelium BTO:0002991 Editor notes: consider splitting epithelium from epithelial tissue Epithelium composed of secretory cells. UBERON:0006799 UMLS:C0682578 UMLS:C1708242 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Epithelial_Tissue ncithesaurus:Glandular_Epithelium uberon Epithelium composed of secretory cells. Online_Medical_Dictionary:http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/ anatomical line AAO:0010267 AEO:0000008 BILA:0000008 CARO:0000008 EHDAA2:0003008 FMA:9657 HAO:0000008 Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, whiVSAO forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface.[CARO] Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface. TAO:0001837 TGMA:0001828 UBERON:0006800 XAO:0004003 ZFA:0001689 uberon 2012-08-14 CARO CARO:0000008 CARO:MAH FMA:9657 Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, whiVSAO forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface.[CARO] CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of one dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical surface or is a modulation of an anatomical surface. proximal head of humerus AAO:0000835 EMAPA:25050 FMA:13304 Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint[AAO]. Hemispherical structure on proximal epiphysis of humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity[WP,modified]. SCTID:181924000 UBERON:0006801 UBERON:3000835 UMLS:C0223683 caput humeri galen:HeadOfHumerus head of humerus humeral head ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Humerus uberon Hemispherical structure on proximal epiphysis of humerus that articulates with glenoid cavity[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus#Humeral_head AAO AAO:0000835 AAO:LAP Hemispherical ball on the proximal end of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle to form the shoulder joint[AAO]. FMA:13304 PHENOSCAPE:curators humeral head FMA:13304 head of humerus AAO:0000835 Wikipedia:Upper_extremity_of_humerus#Humeral_head caput humeri acetabular rim A prominent unever rim that bounds the acetabulum, serving as the attachment for the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. FMA:16941 UBERON:0006802 acetabular margin uberon A prominent unever rim that bounds the acetabulum, serving as the attachment for the acetabular labrum, which reduces its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetabulum#Structure obturator foramen AAO:0000863 FMA:16999 SCTID:361777006 Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis.[AAO] The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass. UBERON:0006803 UMLS:C0223670 foramen obturatorium foramen obturatum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Skeletpelvis-pubis.jpg ncithesaurus:Obturator_Foramen relationship loss: subclass pelvic girdle opening (AAO:0000767)[AAO] uberon Wikipedia:Obturator_foramen foramen obturatum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000863 relationship loss: subclass pelvic girdle opening (AAO:0000767)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000863 AAO:LAP Small opening for the passage of the obturatorius nerve that perforates the pubis.[AAO] FMA:16999 foramen obturatorium AAO The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass. Wikipedia:Obturator_foramen reticular tissue AAO:0000542 AO notes: in FMA this is asserted as part of smooth muscle tissue FMA:20116 Loose connective tissue which consists of an irregular network of cells and reticular fibers and is spatially associated with myeloid and lymphoid cells. Examples: stroma of bone marrow, stroma of spleen, stroma of lymph node.[FMA] Network of reticular fibres (fine collagen) that form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).[AAO] SCTID:57987007 UBERON:0006804 relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] reticular connective tissue textus connectivus reticularis uberon FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000542 relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] FMA:20116 textus connectivus reticularis FMA:20116 reticular connective tissue 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000542 AAO:LAP Network of reticular fibres (fine collagen) that form a soft skeleton to support the lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).[AAO] FMA:20116 FMA:FMA Loose connective tissue which consists of an irregular network of cells and reticular fibers and is spatially associated with myeloid and lymphoid cells. Examples: stroma of bone marrow, stroma of spleen, stroma of lymph node.[FMA] Wikipedia:Reticular_connective_tissue sternal end of clavicle AAO:0000812 FMA:23297 Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. SCTID:181920009 UBERON:0006805 extremitas medialis extremitas sternalis (Clavicula) medial end medial end of clavicle uberon AAO:0000812 medial end AAO:0000812 Medial end of the clavicle, which usually lies on the ventral side of the epicoracoid cartilage, just posterior to the epicoracoid bridge. FMA:23297 extremitas sternalis (Clavicula) AAO:0000812 extremitas medialis FMA:23297 medial end of clavicle entepicondyle of humerus A bony projection on the distal epiphysis of the humerus that is the attachment site for the flexor muscles of the manus. This condyle faces posteriorly (for sprawling tetrapods) or medially (for erect tetrapods). AAO:0000782 FMA:23441 Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle.[AAO] SCTID:181929005 UBERON:0006806 e. medialis humeri elbow pit entepicondylar entepicondyle epicondylus medialis (humerus) epicondylus medialis humeri galen:MedialHumeralEpicondyle http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/images/172x202xentepicondyleA1.gif.pagespeed.ic.EoVgrHaVyX.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray329-Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus.png medial epicondyle medial epicondyle of humerus uberon ulnar condyle of humerus ventral epicondyle of humerus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000782 AAO:LAP Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus and medial to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the flexor muscles antogonistic to those that attach to the lateral epicondyle.[AAO] FMA:23441 medial epicondyle of humerus PHENOSCAPE:pm entepicondyle A bony projection on the distal epiphysis of the humerus that is the attachment site for the flexor muscles of the manus. This condyle faces posteriorly (for sprawling tetrapods) or medially (for erect tetrapods). PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryE.html AAO:0000782 medial epicondyle FMA FMA Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus ventral epicondyle of humerus http://www.termiumplus.gc.ca ulnar condyle of humerus Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus e. medialis humeri Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus elbow pit FMA:23441 epicondylus medialis (humerus) AAO:0000782 epicondylus medialis humeri ectepicondyle of humerus A bony projection on the distal epiphysis of the humerus that is the attachment site for the extensor muscles of the distal parts of the forelimb. In humans, this is known as the lateral epicondyle, but the position varies across tetrapods. AAO:0000758 FMA:23442 Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris.[AAO] SCTID:181933003 UBERON:0006807 dorsal epicondyle of humerus dorsal epicondyle of the humerus e. lateralis humeri ectepicondyle epicondylus lateralis (humerus) epicondylus lateralis humeri galen:LateralHumeralEpicondyle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Gray420.png lateral epicondyle lateral epicondyle of humerus uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus dorsal epicondyle of the humerus FMA:23442 lateral epicondyle of humerus FMA:23442 epicondylus lateralis (humerus) FMA AAO:0000758 lateral epicondyle PMID:15064415 ectepicondyle A bony projection on the distal epiphysis of the humerus that is the attachment site for the extensor muscles of the distal parts of the forelimb. In humans, this is known as the lateral epicondyle, but the position varies across tetrapods. PHENOSCAPE:ad PMID:15064415 Wikipedia:Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryE.html AAO:0000758 epicondylus lateralis humeri FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000758 AAO:LAP Rounded projection at the distal head of the humerus (larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle) and lateral to the humeral head, which serves as a place of attachment for the mm extensor antebrachii et carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, and in part to the m extensor antebrachii et carpi ulnaris.[AAO] Wikipedia:Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus e. lateralis humeri NCBITaxon:8782 Wikipedia:Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus dorsal epicondyle of humerus obsolete supporting connective tissue Specialized connective tissue is a connective tissue, which consists of osteocytes and chondrocytes, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified or calcified.[FMA] UBERON:0006809 made obsolete because FMA:37374 is a General anatomical term rather than a true class in the FMA specialized connective tissue true uberon FMA:37374 FMA:FMA Specialized connective tissue is a connective tissue, which consists of osteocytes and chondrocytes, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified or calcified.[FMA] FMA:37374 specialized connective tissue olecranon AAO:0000843 Check AAO FMA:39795 Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head.[AAO] SCTID:181949001 The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. UBERON:0006810 UMLS:C0223710 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png ncithesaurus:Olecranon olecranon process olecranon process of ulna uberon ulnar process Wikipedia:Olecranon olecranon process of ulna 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000843 AAO:LAP Large and thick process situated at the proximal (upper) end of the ulna. Its inner face forms the medial articular surface that articulates with the humeral head.[AAO] Wikipedia:Olecranon olecranon process AAO:0000843 ulnar process The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It is situated at the upper (proximal) end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm. When the hand faces forward the olecranon faces towards the back (posteriorly). It is bent forward at the summit so as to present a prominent lip which is received into the olecranon fossa of the humerus in extension of the forearm. Its base is contracted where it joins the body and the narrowest part of the upper end of the ulna. Its posterior surface, directed backward, is triangular, smooth, subcutaneous, and covered by a bursa. Its superior surface is of quadrilateral form, marked behind by a rough impression for the insertion of the Triceps brachii; and in front, near the margin, by a slight transverse groove for the attachment of part of the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint. Its anterior surface is smooth, concave, and forms the upper part of the semilunar notch. Its borders present continuations of the groove on the margin of the superior surface; they serve for the attachment of ligaments, viz. , the back part of the ulnar collateral ligament medially, and the posterior ligament laterally. From the medial border a part of the Flexor carpi ulnaris arises; while to the lateral border the anconeus muscle is attached. Wikipedia:Olecranon occipital condyle AAO:0000330 FMA:52861 The occipital condyles are undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform (kidney-shaped) in shape, and their anterior extremities, directed forward and medialward, are closer together than their posterior, and encroach on the basilar portion of the bone; the posterior extremities extend back to the level of the middle of the foramen magnum. The articular surfaces of the condyles are convex from before backward and from side to side, and look downward and lateralward. To their margins are attached the capsules of the atlantoC6ccipital articulations, and on the medial side of each is a rough impression or tubercle for the alar ligament. At the base of either condyle the bone is tunnelled by a short canal, the hypoglossal canal. UBERON:0006811 birds have a single occipital condyle, mammals have two[WP] condylus occipitalis exoccipital condyle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Gray129.png uberon Wikipedia:Occipital_condyle condylus occipitalis The occipital condyles are undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform (kidney-shaped) in shape, and their anterior extremities, directed forward and medialward, are closer together than their posterior, and encroach on the basilar portion of the bone; the posterior extremities extend back to the level of the middle of the foramen magnum. The articular surfaces of the condyles are convex from before backward and from side to side, and look downward and lateralward. To their margins are attached the capsules of the atlantoC6ccipital articulations, and on the medial side of each is a rough impression or tubercle for the alar ligament. At the base of either condyle the bone is tunnelled by a short canal, the hypoglossal canal. Wikipedia:Exoccipital_condyle Wikipedia:Occipital_condyle Wikipedia:Exoccipital_condyle exoccipital condyle mental foramen AAO:0000298 FMA:53171 SCTID:244686000 The mental foramen is one of two holes ("foramina") located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals. UBERON:0006812 foramen mentale foramen mentalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray176.png mental foramina uberon Wikipedia:Mental_foramen foramen mentalis Wikipedia:Mental_foramen foramen mentale The mental foramen is one of two holes ("foramina") located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals. Wikipedia:Mental_foramen OBOL:automatic mental foramina FMA nasal skeleton AAO:0000320 FMA:60116 SCTID:281486007 Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. UBERON:0006813 skeleton of nose uberon FMA:60116 skeleton of nose AAO:0000320 Structural framework that provides support to the nasal sacs and ducts. FMA FMA Kardong-abduced facial series areolar connective tissue AAO:0000027 Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs.[AAO] FMA:63897 Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand.[FMA] SCTID:68477002 UBERON:0006815 loose areolar connective tissue loose connective tissue relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000027 relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] AAO:0000027 loose connective tissue 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000027 AAO:LAP Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs.[AAO] FMA:63897 FMA:FMA Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand.[FMA] FMA FMA:63897 loose areolar connective tissue body of sternum AAO - Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified. [AAO:0000939] AAO:0000939 FMA:7487 Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified.[AAO] SCTID:361743001 The body of the sternum (gladiolus), considerably lengthier, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end. UBERON:0006820 body of the sternum corpus sterni gladiolus of sternum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray116.png mesosternum sternal body uberon FMA:7487 mesosternum FMA:7487 sternal body The body of the sternum (gladiolus), considerably lengthier, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end. Wikipedia:Body_of_sternum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000939 AAO:LAP Proximal portion of the sternum, usually elaborated into a stylum that may be ossified.[AAO] Wikipedia:Body_of_sternum corpus sterni FMA:7487 gladiolus of sternum Wikipedia:Body_of_sternum body of the sternum cutaneous muscle AAO:0000119 FMA:74996 UBERON:0006821 UMLS:C1184459 ncithesaurus:Cutaneous_Muscle uberon proximal epiphysis of ulna FMA:33751 SCTID:304590006 The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius. UBERON:0006822 caput ulnae caput ulnae galen:HeadOfUlna head of ulna proximal end of ulna uberon upper end of ulna Wikipedia:Head_of_ulna caput ulnae The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and received into the ulnar notch of the radius. Wikipedia:Head_of_ulna FMA:33751 upper end of ulna FMA:33751 head of ulna FMA:33751 proximal end of ulna FMA:33751 FMA:TA caput ulnae trabecula carnea of atrium Dubious: Not present in any AO. Note that WP states that trabecular carnea are ventricular and 'They should not be confused with the pectinate muscles, which are present in the right[1] and left atria only' UBERON:0006828 the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria[MP]. uberon MP:0010581 the supporting bundles of muscular fibers lining the walls of the atria[MP]. remnant of left anterior vena cava . The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). UBERON:0006829 uberon . Wikipedia:Persistent_left_superior_vena_cava pre-tracheal muscle EMAPA:25142 MA:0001798 UBERON:0006831 pretracheal muscle uberon MA:0001798 pretracheal muscle lumen of open tracheal system trachea An anatomical space that surrounded_by a open tracheal system trachea. FBbt:00007410 UBERON:0006832 tracheal lumen uberon FBbt:00007410 tracheal lumen An anatomical space that surrounded_by a open tracheal system trachea. OBOL:automatic lumen of trachea An anatomical space that surrounded_by a trachea. FMA:7469 SCTID:197486000 UBERON:0006833 lumen of cartilaginous trachea tracheal lumen uberon An anatomical space that surrounded_by a trachea. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic lumen of cartilaginous trachea FMA:7469 tracheal lumen uterus or analog A subdivision of a the reproductive tract in a female organism that is the site of embryo development. FBbt:00004924 TADS:0000421 UBERON:0006834 WBbt:0006760 uberon uterus FBbt:00004924 uterus arthropod oviduct A tube that connects ovary to the uterus. Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology. Note that this is not even analagous to the class 'oviduct' in uberon (as the oviduct is the entire tube, from gonad to outside) FBbt:00004911 TADS:0000415 UBERON:0006835 uberon FBbt A tube that connects ovary to the uterus. TADS:0000415 medial tibial tarsal bone AAO:0000912 Endochondral tarsal bone that is medially located and between the intermedium and centralia. MA:0001350 One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The tibiale constitutes the postaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the fibulare.[AAO] UBERON:0006836 VSAO:0005048 tibiale uberon Endochondral tarsal bone that is medially located and between the intermedium and centralia. VSAO:0005048 AAO:0000912 MA:0001350 tibiale 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000912 AAO:LAP One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The tibiale constitutes the postaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the fibulare.[AAO] tegmen tympani AAO:0000116 FMA:56002 The Tegmental Wall or Roof (paries tegmentalis) is formed by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates the cranial and tympanic cavities. It is situated on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone close to its angle of junction with the squama temporalis; it is prolonged backward so as to roof in the tympanic antrum, and forward to cover in the semicanal for the Tensor tympani muscle. Its lateral edge corresponds with the remains of the petrosquamous suture[Grays] . UBERON:0006837 crista parotica crista prootica paries tegmentalis cavi tympani processus muscularis capsulae auditivae processus squamosus tegmental roof of tympanic cavity tegmental wall of tympanic cavity todo - check AAO; grouping is made on basis of related synonym. Crista parotica: seems to be the same as the crista prootica. However, since this lateral ridge of the otic capsule is frequently formed by the opisthotic, rather than the prootic, this may be a better name.; Crista prootica: a ledge or ridge which elaborates the dorsal surface of the prootic or, more generally, the roof of the otic capsule, laterally. The crista may extend posteriorly & laterally, continuous with the paroccipital process, and/or anteriorly or anteroventrally to protect cranial nerve foramina and form part of the fenestra ovalis/vestibuli. In basal tetrapodomorphs and tetrapods, the crista prootica forms the floor of the posttemporal fenestra. See The Prootic. In many tetrapods, the crista prootica is not ossified, or incompletely ossified. However, in frogs, the crista is the main strut joining the skull roofing bones (frontoparietals) with the squamosals. The crista prootica has a similarly expanded role in mammals where it forms an important part of the epitympanic recess and anchors the tympanohyal.[http://www.palaeos.com] uberon FMA:56002 FMA:TA paries tegmentalis cavi tympani AAO:0000116 processus squamosus FMA:56002 tegmental wall of tympanic cavity AAO:0000116 crista parotica The Tegmental Wall or Roof (paries tegmentalis) is formed by a thin plate of bone, the tegmen tympani, which separates the cranial and tympanic cavities. It is situated on the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone close to its angle of junction with the squama temporalis; it is prolonged backward so as to roof in the tympanic antrum, and forward to cover in the semicanal for the Tensor tympani muscle. Its lateral edge corresponds with the remains of the petrosquamous suture[Grays] . http://education.yahoo.com/reference/gray/subjects/subject/230 AAO:0000116 crista prootica http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryCr.html AAO:0000116 processus muscularis capsulae auditivae FMA:56002 tegmental roof of tympanic cavity anterior ramus of spinal nerve FMA:5982 The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. In the thoracic region they remain distinct from each other and each innervates a narrow strip of muscle and skin along the sides, chest, ribs, and abdominal wall. These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves. One advantage to having plexuses is that damage to a single spinal nerve will not completely paralyze a limb. There are four main plexuses formed by the ventral rami: The cervical plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C1-C5. Branches of the cervical plexus, which include the phrenic nerve, innervate muscles of the neck, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. The brachial plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1. This plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. The lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The Ventral rami, including the sinuvertebral nerve branches, supply structures anterior to the facet joint, including the vertebral bodies, the discs and their ligaments and joints other spinal nerves to form the lumbo-sacral plexus. UBERON:0006838 anterior primary ramus of spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg ramus anterior ramus anterior nervi spinalis uberon ventral ramus of spinal nerve Wikipedia:Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve ramus anterior nervi spinalis FMA:5982 ventral ramus of spinal nerve FMA:5982 anterior primary ramus of spinal nerve The ventral ramus (anterior ramus, anterior branch, anterior divisions of the spinal nerves) supply the antero-lateral parts of the trunk, and the limbs; they are for the most part larger than the posterior divisions. In the thoracic region they remain distinct from each other and each innervates a narrow strip of muscle and skin along the sides, chest, ribs, and abdominal wall. These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves. One advantage to having plexuses is that damage to a single spinal nerve will not completely paralyze a limb. There are four main plexuses formed by the ventral rami: The cervical plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C1-C5. Branches of the cervical plexus, which include the phrenic nerve, innervate muscles of the neck, the diaphragm, and the skin of the neck and upper chest. The brachial plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves C5-T1. This plexus innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limb. The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4-S4. The lumbar and sacral plexuses innervate the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. The Ventral rami, including the sinuvertebral nerve branches, supply structures anterior to the facet joint, including the vertebral bodies, the discs and their ligaments and joints other spinal nerves to form the lumbo-sacral plexus. Wikipedia:Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve FMA:5982 ramus anterior posterior ramus of spinal nerve A thin ramus which branches from the common trunk of the PLLN when it separates from the postotic ganglionic complex. It turns dorsally and extends over the trunk and dorsal fin innervating the dorsal line of neuromasts.[AAO] AAO:0010800 FMA:5983 The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. They are also referred to as the dorsal rami. They are directed backward, and, with the exceptions of those of the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal, divide into medial and lateral branches for the supply of the muscles and skin of the posterior part of the trunk. Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as bmixed nerves. b Dorsal rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. Dorsal rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve. The smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis) of the dorsal primary ramus also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as "rami dorsales" for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei). Synonyms: ramus dorsalis nervorum spinalium, ramus dorsalis, rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch, posterior primary division. UBERON:0006839 dorsal ramus dorsal ramus of spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png posterior primary ramus ramus posterior ramus posterior nervi spinalis relationship loss: subclass posterior lateral line nerve (PLLN) (AAO:0010115)[AAO] uberon The posterior (or dorsal) branches (or divisions) of the spinal nerves are as a rule smaller than the anterior divisions. They are also referred to as the dorsal rami. They are directed backward, and, with the exceptions of those of the first cervical, the fourth and fifth sacral, and the coccygeal, divide into medial and lateral branches for the supply of the muscles and skin of the posterior part of the trunk. Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, and rami communicantes. Each of these latter three structures carries both sensory and motor information. Because each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, spinal nerves are referred to as bmixed nerves. b Dorsal rami carry visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back. Dorsal rami remain distinct from each other, and each innervates a narrow strip of skin and muscle along the back, more or less at the level from which the ramus leaves the spinal nerve. The smaller, posteriorly-directed major terminal branch (with the ventral primary ramus) of all 31 pairs of mixed spinal nerves, formed at the intervertebral foramen and turning abruptly posteriorly to divide into lateral and medial branches, both of which will supply the deep (true) muscles of the back. The medial branch (rami medialis) of the dorsal primary ramus also supplies articular branches to the zygopophyseal joints and the periosteum of the vertebral arch. In the neck and upper back, the medial branch continues through the deep and superficial back muscles to supply overlying skin; in the lower back, the lateral branch does this. Nomina Anatomica lists dorsal primary rami as "rami dorsales" for each group of spinal nerves: 1) cervical (nervorum cervicalium), 2) thoracic (nervorum thoracicorum), 3) lumbar (nervorum lumbalium), 4) sacral (nervorum sacralium), and 5) coccygeal (nervi coccygei). Synonyms: ramus dorsalis nervorum spinalium, ramus dorsalis, rami posteriores nervorum spinalium, dorsal branch, posterior primary division. Wikipedia:Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve FMA:5983 posterior primary ramus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010800 relationship loss: subclass posterior lateral line nerve (PLLN) (AAO:0010115)[AAO] Wikipedia:Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve ramus posterior nervi spinalis FMA:5983 dorsal ramus FMA:5983 ramus posterior FMA:5983 dorsal ramus of spinal nerve 2012-06-20 A thin ramus which branches from the common trunk of the PLLN when it separates from the postotic ganglionic complex. It turns dorsally and extends over the trunk and dorsal fin innervating the dorsal line of neuromasts.[AAO] AAO AAO:0010800 AAO:SIQ nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLL EV:0100265 FMA:84025 SCTID:369023003 TAO:0000380 UBERON:0006840 ZFA:0000380 lateral lemniscus nuclei lateral lemniscus nucleus not clear if the ZFA class denotes the same entity; check relationship to midbrain tegmentum - this leads to inconsistency with ABA. The FMA class should represnet the grouping, but there is no FMA class for the singular at the moment nuclei lemnisci lateralis nuclei of lateral lemniscus set of nuclei of lateral lemniscus uberon ABA ABA FMA:84025 FMA:TA nuclei lemnisci lateralis TAO:0000380 lateral lemniscus nucleus ABA ZFA:0000380 lateral lemniscus nuclei FMA:84025 nuclei of lateral lemniscus FMA:84025 set of nuclei of lateral lemniscus central vein of liver FMA:17544 SCTID:272023004 TAO:0005168 UBERON:0006841 Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver. ZFA:0005168 terminal branch of hepatic vein terminal hepatic venule uberon vena centralis (Hepar) FMA:17544 terminal hepatic venule Vein that is central to a lobule in the liver. ZFA:0005168 FMA:17544 terminal branch of hepatic vein FMA:17544 vena centralis (Hepar) lymphatic capillary FMA:5028 Microvessel of the lymphatic system lined with a single layer of overlapping endothelial cells. Joins to form the lymphatic vessels. Microvessel of the lymphatic system lined with a single layer of overlapping endothelial cells.[TAO] TAO:0005252 UBERON:0006842 UMLS:C0162405 ZFA:0005252 lymph capillary ncithesaurus:Lymphatic_Capillary todo - check superclass uberon Microvessel of the lymphatic system lined with a single layer of overlapping endothelial cells. Joins to form the lymphatic vessels. ZFA:0005252 FMA:5028 lymph capillary FMA 2012-08-14 Microvessel of the lymphatic system lined with a single layer of overlapping endothelial cells.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005252 ZFIN:curator ZFA root of cranial nerve A nerve root that continuous_with a cranial nerve. Editor note: recommend asserting under this class rather than relying on inference, as relations may change FMA:52609 SCTID:280161004 TAO:0002190 UBERON:0006843 ZFA:0001663 cranial nerve root cranial neural root uberon A nerve root that continuous_with a cranial nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:52609 cranial neural root FMA:52609 cranial nerve root cusp of tooth Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, prominence, or point that is part of the surface of a tooth.[TAO] FMA:56481 SCTID:362107000 TAO:0001973 This class may be obsoleted and split - the TAO class is generic, the mammalian class refers specifically to a molariform tooth UBERON:0006844 UMLS:C0226994 ZFA:0005434 cusp ncithesaurus:Tooth_Cusp the elevated, somewhat pointed portions of the chewing surfaces on premolar and molar teeth tooth cone tooth cusp uberon ISBN10:0073040584 tooth cone 2012-09-28 http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/glossary.htm the elevated, somewhat pointed portions of the chewing surfaces on premolar and molar teeth FMA 2012-08-14 Anatomical structure that is a natural outgrowth, prominence, or point that is part of the surface of a tooth.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001973 TAO:wd FMA:56481 tooth cusp ZFA abductor muscle A muscle that moves a body part away from the sagittal plane of the body.[TAO] A muscle that moves a body part away from the sagittal plane/midline of the body[ZFA]. For example, the abductor muscles of the legs spread the legs away from the midline and away from one another. An abductor muscle opposes an adductor muscle[BTO]. BTO:0004642 FMA:74997 TAO:0002135 UBERON:0006845 ZFA:0005269 note that in FMA the Adbuctor muscle is a subclass of Relation. It's unclear what this actually means, we leave it here as a grouping for now relationship loss: subclass cranial muscle (TAO:0001953)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002135 relationship loss: subclass cranial muscle (TAO:0001953)[TAO] A muscle that moves a body part away from the sagittal plane/midline of the body[ZFA]. For example, the abductor muscles of the legs spread the legs away from the midline and away from one another. An abductor muscle opposes an adductor muscle[BTO]. ZFA:0005269 2012-08-14 A muscle that moves a body part away from the sagittal plane of the body.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002135 ZFA:curator groove AAO:0010276 AEO:0000161 Anatomical line that delineates a furrow or depression in an organ or tissue. EHDAA2:0003161 FMA:75037 TAO:0001838 UBERON:0006846 ZFA:0001690 uberon Anatomical line that delineates a furrow or depression in an organ or tissue. ZFA:0001690 cerebellar commissure FMA:77522 TAO:0000490 UBERON:0006847 ZFA:0000490 commissura cerebelli uberon ZFA:0000490 commissura cerebelli posterior pretectal nucleus ABA:PPT Diencephalic nucleus that is part of the superficial pretectum and is rostrally contiguous with the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. Cells of the caudal pretectal nucleus are slightly smaller and less orderly around a central neuropil than those of the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. FMA:84355 TAO:0000631 UBERON:0006848 ZFA:0000631 caudal pretectal nuclei posterior pretectal nucleus uberon ZFA:0000631 posterior pretectal nucleus ABA Diencephalic nucleus that is part of the superficial pretectum and is rostrally contiguous with the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. Cells of the caudal pretectal nucleus are slightly smaller and less orderly around a central neuropil than those of the magnocellular superficial pretectal nucleus. From Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. ZFA:0000631 ABA ABA ZFA:0000631 caudal pretectal nuclei scapula Endochondral bone that is dorsoventrally compressed and provides attachment site for muscles of the pectoral appendage. MESH:A02.835.232.087.783 UBERON:0006849 Usage notes: this class subsumes the scapula of teleosts and tetrapods - note we create a specific subclasses for pectoral limb scapula and pectoral fin scapula VHOG:0001398 VSAO:0000157 scapula bone scapulae scapular uberon ZFA-abduced Endochondral bone that is dorsoventrally compressed and provides attachment site for muscles of the pectoral appendage. VSAO:0000157 TAO ZFA:0000583 scapulae BTO:0001218 scapula bone obsolete tetrapod pectoral girdle UBERON:0006850 true uberon renal cortex peritubular capillary A peritubular capillary that is part of a cortex of kidney. MA:0002590 UBERON:0006851 kidney cortex peritubular capillary uberon A peritubular capillary that is part of a cortex of kidney. OBOL:automatic MA:0002590 kidney cortex peritubular capillary glomerular visceral epithelium EMAPA:28254 MA:0002607 UBERON:0006852 podocyte layer uberon MA:0002607 podocyte layer renal cortex tubule A region of nephron tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney. EMAPA:18976 MA:0002609 UBERON:0006853 cortical tubule kidney cortex tubule uberon MA MA:0002609 kidney cortex tubule A region of nephron tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney. OBOL:automatic MA:0002609 cortical tubule distal straight tubule postmacula segment . EMAPA:28402 MA:0002615 UBERON:0006854 cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop kidney cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex thick ascending limb uberon MA:th kidney cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment MA MA:th renal cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment MA MA:th renal cortex thick ascending limb MA:th cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop . https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3123598&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 ureter muscle layer A muscle layer that is part of a ureter. EMAPA:28567 FMA:15893 MA:0002654 SCTID:3563003 UBERON:0006855 muscular coat of ureter muscular layer of ureter muscularis of ureter tunica muscularis (ureter) tunica muscularis ureteris uberon ureteral smooth muscle layer A muscle layer that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic FMA:TA tunica muscularis (ureter) FMA:15893 muscular layer of ureter FMA:15893 muscularis of ureter EMAPA:28567 ureteral smooth muscle layer FMA:15893 muscular coat of ureter FMA FMA:TA tunica muscularis ureteris interrenal gland All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] An epithelial structure consisting of steroid producing cells interposed with chromaffin cells embedded within the head kidney. The interrenal gland is thought to be the equivalent of the mammalian adrenal cortex in zebrafish. Hsu et al. 2003.[TAO] BTO:0000808 Editor notes: check isa - not a true gland? There are two types of interrenal cells identified (1) The noradrenaline type, which contain heterogeneous vesicles with electron-dense granules located asymmetrically within the vesicular membrane. (2) The adrenaline type, in which the vesicles are smaller and contain homogenous electron-lucent granules that are separated from the vesicular membrane by a visible -- halo http://dev.biologists.org/content/130/10/2107.full GAID:1227 MESH:A13.530 Structures in fishes homologous to the cortical tissue of the mammalian adrenal gland; they are in close proximity to or imbedded in the head kidney. TAO:0001345 UBERON:0006856 VHOG:0001141 ZFA:0001345 interrenal interrenal bodies interrenal body interrenal gland interrenal tissue uberon ZFA ZFA BTO:0000808 Structures in fishes homologous to the cortical tissue of the mammalian adrenal gland; they are in close proximity to or imbedded in the head kidney. doi:10.1242/dev.00427 2012-08-14 An epithelial structure consisting of steroid producing cells interposed with chromaffin cells embedded within the head kidney. The interrenal gland is thought to be the equivalent of the mammalian adrenal cortex in zebrafish. Hsu et al. 2003.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001345 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001345 UBERONREF:0000002 check body vs gland http://dev.biologists.org/content/130/10/2107.full interrenal 2012-09-17 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 VHOG VHOG:0001141 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO:0000808 interrenal body interrenal primordium Development notes: splanchnic mesoderm adjacent to urogenital ridge. Editor notes: consider ceding to TAO/ZFA - however, structure also present in cyclostomes TAO:0001346 UBERON:0006857 ZFA:0001346 uberon ZFA Obol adrenal/interrenal gland All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] Editor notes: keep this grouping class so long as it is required for GO This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO] UBERON:0006858 VHOG:0001141 adrenal - interrenal gland adrenal gland - interrenal gland adrenal gland/interrenal tissue suprarenal gland - interrenal gland uberon VHOG:0001141 adrenal gland - interrenal gland VHOG:0001141 suprarenal gland - interrenal gland VHOG:0001141 adrenal - interrenal gland 2012-09-17 All craniates have groups of cells homologous to the mammalian adrenocortical and chromaffin tissues, but they are scattered in and near the kidneys in fishes. (...) The cortical and chromaffin tissues come together to form adrenal glands in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.518 and Figure 15-9 VHOG VHOG:0001141 http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO:0030325 This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO] swim bladder bud Embryonic structure that forms from the anterior gut epithelium at the level of the second somite that then matures to form the swim bladder. TAO:0005335 UBERON:0006859 ZFA:0005335 uberon Embryonic structure that forms from the anterior gut epithelium at the level of the second somite that then matures to form the swim bladder. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-090511-18 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-100202-11 swim bladder A thin membranous, sometimes alveolated sac in the dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity. Contains a varying mixture of gases, not identical to the composition of air. May be one, two or three chambered. May be connected to the gut by a tube, the ductus pneumaticus (then called physostomous) or unconnected (then called physoclistous). May function as one or more of:- hydrostatic organ, sound producing organ, sound receptor, respiratory organ. Found in Actinopterygii. Often lacking in bottom fishes. BTO:0001607 BTO:0002148 Cavitated compound organ that is double-chambered, located in the coelom and used to maintain buoyancy and may function as an acoustic resonator.[TAO] EFO:0003483 Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] SCTID:64748009 TAO:0000076 UBERON:0006860 UBERON:0008980 VHOG:0000310 ZFA:0000076 air bladder gas bladder swimbladder uberon 2012-08-14 Cavitated compound organ that is double-chambered, located in the coelom and used to maintain buoyancy and may function as an acoustic resonator.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000076 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000310 http://bgee.unil.ch/ TAO:0000076 air bladder A thin membranous, sometimes alveolated sac in the dorsal portion of the abdominal cavity. Contains a varying mixture of gases, not identical to the composition of air. May be one, two or three chambered. May be connected to the gut by a tube, the ductus pneumaticus (then called physostomous) or unconnected (then called physoclistous). May function as one or more of:- hydrostatic organ, sound producing organ, sound receptor, respiratory organ. Found in Actinopterygii. Often lacking in bottom fishes. http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm ZFA:0000076 gas bladder http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/S.htm TAO:0000076 swimbladder diaphysis proper FMA:32688 MA:0002803 Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. Note that the diaphysis includes the metaphyses, but the diaphysis proper excludes these. The MA class is placed here because we assume it means diaphysis proper, because in MA epiphysis is not part of MA:0002803 UBERON:0006861 body proper of long bone long bone diaphysis shaft proper of long bone uberon FMA:32688 shaft proper of long bone MA:0002803 long bone diaphysis FMA:32688 body proper of long bone Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between two metaphyses. Note that the diaphysis includes the metaphyses, but the diaphysis proper excludes these. UBERON:cjm diaphysis of femur A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:32847 SCTID:182048009 The body of the femur (or shaft), almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera. It presents for examination three borders, separating three surfaces. Of the borders, one, the linea aspera, is posterior, one is medial, and the other, lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_femur]. UBERON:0006862 body of femur corpus femoris femoral diaphysis femoral shaft http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Gray244.png shaft of femur uberon The body of the femur (or shaft), almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera. It presents for examination three borders, separating three surfaces. Of the borders, one, the linea aspera, is posterior, one is medial, and the other, lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_femur]. Wikipedia:Body_of_femur FMA:32847 shaft of femur FMA:32847 body of femur FMA:32847 FMA:TA corpus femoris FMA:32847 femoral diaphysis A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_femur proximal metaphysis of femur A proximal metaphysis that is part of a femur. FMA:32878 UBERON:0006863 uberon A proximal metaphysis that is part of a femur. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 distal metaphysis of femur A distal metaphysis that is part of a femur. FMA:32881 UBERON:0006864 uberon reference_0000032 A distal metaphysis that is part of a femur. OBOL:automatic metaphysis of femur A metaphysis that is part of a femur. FMA:32875 UBERON:0006865 femoral metaphysis uberon reference_0000032 true FMA:32875 femoral metaphysis A metaphysis that is part of a femur. OBOL:automatic terminal part of digestive tract FBbt:00005756 UBERON:0006866 Usage notes: this class is the superclass of 'rectum', which is currently reserved for the vertebrate structure. May be merged in future. WBbt:0005773 rectal part of digestive tract rectum terminal section of digestive tract uberon FBbt:00005756 rectum anal part of perineum FMA:20347 SCTID:243995004 The anal triangle is the posterior part of the perineum. It contains the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0006867 anal region anal triangle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray408.png regio analis uberon Wikipedia:Anal_triangle regio analis FMA:20347 anal triangle The anal triangle is the posterior part of the perineum. It contains the anal canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Anal_triangle FMA:20347 anal region seminal fluid secreting gland A gland that secretes a seminal fluid. FBbt:00004958 UBERON:0006868 WBbt:0006870 uberon A gland that secretes a seminal fluid. OBOL:automatic electric organ A specialized tract of tissue (as in the electric eel) in which electricity is generated. GAID:1210 MESH:A13.332 Organ that is used to produce an electric field, i.e. an electric organ discharge (EOD).[TAO] TAO:0002037 UBERON:0006869 todo - request go term for function assignment; todo - add CL term for electrocyte // modified muscle or nerve cells, which became specialized for producing bioelectric fields stronger than those that normal nerves or muscles produce (Albert and Crampton, 2006) uberon 2012-08-14 Organ that is used to produce an electric field, i.e. an electric organ discharge (EOD).[TAO] TAO TAO:0002037 TAO:wd A specialized tract of tissue (as in the electric eel) in which electricity is generated. BTO:0000376 Wikipedia:Electric_organ endostyle ANISEED:1235299 An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus. It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates. However, Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. BTO:0003173 Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates[WP]. UBERON:0006870 hypopharyngeal groove uberon http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/ammocoetes.html An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. It is found in urochordates and cephalochordates, and in the larvae of lampreys. It aids in transporting food to the esophagus. It is also called the hypopharyngeal groove. The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates. However, Dumont, et al. question whether the endostyle in ammocetes is homologous with that of the urochordates and cephalochordates. Since the endostyle is found in the three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water. Wikipedia:Endostyle BTO:0003173 hypopharyngeal groove footplate AO notes: EHDAA2 does not have a single class for footplate, but includes epithelium, mesenchyme and AER An autopod plate that develops_into a pes. EHDAA:5143 EHDAA:6096 EMAPA:17249 UBERON:0004343 UBERON:0006871 UMLS:C1517291 foot disk foot plate ncithesaurus:Foot_Plate uberon An autopod plate that develops_into a pes. OBOL:automatic handplate apical ectodermal ridge An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a handplate. EHDAA2:0000729 EMAPA:17247 UBERON:0006872 uberon An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a handplate. OBOL:automatic handplate An autopod plate that develops_into a manus. EHDAA:4194 EHDAA:6242 EMAPA:17245 UBERON:0006875 UMLS:C1512334 hand plate ncithesaurus:Hand_Plate uberon An autopod plate that develops_into a manus. OBOL:automatic vasculature of organ A vasculature that is part of a organ. FMA:74612 UBERON:0006876 organ vasculature set of blood vessels of organ uberon FMA:74612 organ vasculature A vasculature that is part of a organ. OBOL:automatic FMA:74612 set of blood vessels of organ vasculature of liver A vasculature that is part of a liver. EHDAA2:0003454 FMA:73748 UBERON:0006877 hepatic vasculature liver vascular system the EHDAA2 term and the FMA term may not be exact equivalents - check uberon A vasculature that is part of a liver. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0003454 liver vascular system FMA:73748 hepatic vasculature decidua parietalis BTO:0000334 FMA:86479 SCTID:255413006 The part of the decidua in the pregnant human female lining the uterus. UBERON:0006878 UMLS:C0230963 decidua vera decidual parietalis ncithesaurus:Decidua_Parietalis uberon Fast_Health_Medical_Dictionary:http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/ The part of the decidua in the pregnant human female lining the uterus. BTO:0000334 decidua vera FMA:86479 decidual parietalis head mesenchyme from mesoderm A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. AAO:0011051 EFO:0003337 EFO:0003603 EHDAA2:0001118 EHDAA:655 EMAPA:16099 EMAPA:16270 Editor note: merged in 'head mesoderm' from XAO/AAO and EFO here. Partially implements UBERONREF:0000002 NC meeting scheme TAO:0000998 UBERON:0006904 VHOG:0000185 XAO:0000053 ZFA:0000998 cranial mesoderm head mesenchyme derived from mesoderm head mesenchyme from head mesoderm head mesenchyme from mesoderm head mesoderm mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm mesenchyme from head mesoderm uberon EHDAA:1057 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm ZFA AAO:0011051 UBERON:0005280 head mesoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001118 head mesenchyme from head mesoderm EHDAA2 XAO A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. OBOL:automatic UBERON:0005280 cranial mesoderm mandibular process mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001062 EHDAA:5861 EHDAA:5873 EMAPA:17357 Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. UBERON:0006905 mesenchyme of mandibular process mesenchyme of mandibular prominence uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm mesenchyme of mandibular prominence EMAPA:17357 mesenchyme of mandibular process ala of nose FMA:59519 SCTID:361345006 The lateral surface of the external nose ends below in a rounded eminence, the wing of the nose. It is elevated by the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle[WP]. the tissue comprising the lateral boundary of the nose, inferiorly, surrounding the naris[EoM]. UBERON:0006906 ala nasi ala of the nose http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png nasal ala uberon wing of nose wing of the nose wings of the nose Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose wing of nose Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose ala of the nose Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose ala nasi FMA:59519 nasal ala Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose wing of the nose Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose wings of the nose FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose ala nasi The lateral surface of the external nose ends below in a rounded eminence, the wing of the nose. It is elevated by the Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle[WP]. the tissue comprising the lateral boundary of the nose, inferiorly, surrounding the naris[EoM]. Wikipedia:Ala_of_nose http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.32600/full slow muscle tissue BTO:0002317 CALOHA:TS-0940 Notes: The fast and slow skeletal muscles are different in terms of twitching speed (Fitts 1994), and they are believed to be derived from distinct myogenic precursors (Stockdale 1992). AO notes: check if CALOHA term is for fiber or tissue. Editor notes: check if relationship to cell types should be more specific type I cells The darker-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of slow twitch muscle fibers. UBERON:0006907 UMLS:C0242874 ncithesaurus:Muscle_Fibers_Slow-Twitch red muscle slow muscle slow skeletal muscle tissue slow-twitch skeletal muscle uberon CALOHA:TS-0940 slow-twitch skeletal muscle BTO:0002317 red muscle BTO:0002317 The darker-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of slow twitch muscle fibers. BTO:0002317 slow muscle fast muscle tissue BTO:0002318 The fast and slow skeletal muscles are different in terms of twitching speed (Fitts 1994), and they are believed to be derived from distinct myogenic precursors (Stockdale 1992) The paler-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of fast twitch muscle fibers. UBERON:0006908 UMLS:C0242873 fast muscle fast skeletal muscle tissue ncithesaurus:Muscle_Fibers_Fast-Twitch uberon white muscle BTO:0002318 fast muscle BTO:0002318 white muscle BTO:0002318 The paler-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of fast twitch muscle fibers. lumen of gut An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract. BTO:0000349 FMA:45677 UBERON:0006909 digestive tract lumen gut cavity gut lumen lumen of alimentary tract lumen of digestive tract uberon UBERON:cjm digestive tract lumen UBERON:cjm lumen of digestive tract An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract. OBOL:automatic BTO:0000349 gut cavity FMA:45677 gut lumen UBERON:cjm lumen of alimentary tract digestive system fluid or secretion BTO:0000346 MA:0002512 UBERON:0006911 uberon urinary bladder muscularis mucosa A muscularis mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder. EMAPA:28619 MA:0002490 UBERON:0006912 UMLS:C1511195 muscularis mucosa of bladder muscularis mucosa of urinary bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Muscularis_Mucosa uberon reference_0000032 true A muscularis mucosa that is part of a urinary bladder. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic muscularis mucosa of urinary bladder EMAPA:28619 muscularis mucosa of bladder lip epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lip. BTO:0004468 TAO:0005334 The thick, high squamous-stratified epithelium that covers the lips. It contains abundant melanocytes, many mucous cells and has well differentiated taste buds.[TAO] UBERON:0006913 ZFA:0005334 uberon An epithelium that is part of a lip. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0005334 The thick, high squamous-stratified epithelium that covers the lips. It contains abundant melanocytes, many mucous cells and has well differentiated taste buds.[TAO] ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12 squamous epithelium BTO:0002072 SCTID:40118003 UBERON:0006914 UMLS:C0221909 an epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. consider FBbt:00007028 (squamous epithelium) A type of epithelium that is made up of flattened cells which are arranged with their long axes in the plane of the epithelium ncithesaurus:Squamous_Epithelium uberon Wikipedia:Squamous_epithelium an epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. stratified squamous epithelium FMA:45563 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA] UBERON:0006915 UMLS:C0836131 epithelium stratificatum squamosum ncithesaurus:Stratified_Squamous_Epithelium uberon FMA:45563 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA] Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium FMA:45563 epithelium stratificatum squamosum non-keratinized epithelium of tongue FMA:62130 UBERON:0006916 uberon parakeratinized epithelium of tongue FMA:74908 UBERON:0006918 tongue parakeratinized epithelium uberon tongue squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. MA:0002786 UBERON:0006919 note this is a singleton subclass of tongue epithelium in MA squamous epithelium of tongue uberon OBOL:automatic squamous epithelium of tongue A squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. OBOL:automatic esophagus squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. BTO:0003635 MA introduces basal and squamous subtypes of esophagus epithelium; consider adding the FMA class 'epithelium of esophagus' here, because it is classified as squamous. BTO also has a singleton subclass MA:0001567 UBERON:0006920 UMLS:C1707950 esophageal squamous epithelium ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Squamous_Epithelium squamous epithelium of esophagus squamous oesophageal epithelium uberon OBOL:automatic squamous epithelium of esophagus OBOL:automatic esophageal squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic MA:0001567 squamous oesophageal epithelium stomach squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. MA:0001611 UBERON:0006921 uberon A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. OBOL:automatic cervix squamous epithelium MA:0001725 The squamous epithelium of the cervical portio is similar to that of the vagina, except that it is generally smooth and lacks rete pegs. Colposcopically, it appears featureless except for a fine network of vessels which is sometimes visible. The relative opacity and pale pink coloration of the squamous epithelium derives from its multi-layered histology and the location of its supporting vessels below the basement membrane. UBERON:0006922 UMLS:C1707351 ncithesaurus:Cervix_Squamous_Epithelium uberon The squamous epithelium of the cervical portio is similar to that of the vagina, except that it is generally smooth and lacks rete pegs. Colposcopically, it appears featureless except for a fine network of vessels which is sometimes visible. The relative opacity and pale pink coloration of the squamous epithelium derives from its multi-layered histology and the location of its supporting vessels below the basement membrane. http://www.asccp.org/practicemanagement/cervix/histologyofthenormalcervix/tabid/5842/default.aspx vagina squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a vagina. MA:0001731 UBERON:0006923 UMLS:C1711259 ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Squamous_Epithelium uberon vaginal squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a vagina. OBOL:automatic stomach glandular epithelium A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. EMAPA:17623 Editor notes: we follow Kardong in treating the glandular epithelium as a distinct entity, and thus as an epithelium which has glands; FMA has 'epithelium of gastric gland', which is part of the gastric gland. Consider also: stomach glandular region as a part-of parent FMA:63458 MA:0002784 UBERON:0006924 epithelium of gastric gland gastric gland epithelium uberon FMA:63458 epithelium of gastric gland FMA:63458 gastric gland epithelium A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. ISBN10:0073040584 FMA digestive gland A gland, such as the liver or pancreas, that secretes into the alimentary canal substances necessary for digestion. AAO:0000130 BTO:0000345 UBERON:0006925 digestive system gland uberon A gland, such as the liver or pancreas, that secretes into the alimentary canal substances necessary for digestion. The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language:Fourth_Edition._2000. AAO:0000130 digestive system gland glandular columnar epithelium FMA:64800 Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA] UBERON:0006929 UMLS:C0225337 ncithesaurus:Columnar_Epithelium uberon FMA:64800 Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA] glandular cuboidal epithelium FMA:66809 UBERON:0006930 uberon stomach glandular region mucosa A mucosa of stomach that is part of a stomach glandular region. MA:0001614 UBERON:0006931 uberon A mucosa of stomach that is part of a stomach glandular region. OBOL:automatic vestibular epithelium An epithelium that is part of a vestibular labyrinth. FMA:75606 MA:0002892 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000834 UBERON:0006932 epithelium of vestibular labyrinth inner ear vestibular component epithelium uberon vestibular sensory epithelium An epithelium that is part of a vestibular labyrinth. OBOL:automatic FMA:75606 vestibular sensory epithelium RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000834 inner ear vestibular component epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelium of vestibular labyrinth sensory epithelium FMA:62410 SCTID:309045006 Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. UBERON:0006934 neuroepithelium note that the definition sourced from Dorlands say 'simple columnar', but FMA says atypical uberon BTO:0000314 neuroepithelium BTO:0000314 Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. crista ampullaris neuroepithelium An epithelium that is part of a crista ampullaris. FMA:75636 MA:0002870 UBERON:0006935 ampullary crest neuroepithelium epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth uberon MA FMA:75636 epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth FMA An epithelium that is part of a crista ampullaris. OBOL:automatic MA:0002870 ampullary crest neuroepithelium thymus subcapsular epithelium An epithelium that is part of a capsule of thymus. MA:0000769 UBERON:0006936 todo - check whether this is part of the thymus or borders it uberon An epithelium that is part of a capsule of thymus. OBOL:automatic inner ear epithelium An epithelium that is part of a internal ear. MA:0001189 UBERON:0006937 uberon An epithelium that is part of a internal ear. OBOL:automatic pinna surface epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pinna. EHDAA2:0001470 EHDAA:8983 EMAPA:17592 UBERON:0006938 VHOG:0000632 uberon An epithelium that is part of a pinna. OBOL:automatic efferent duct AAO:0010532 AO notes: Check EMAPA. Taxon notes: There are two basic designs for efferent ductule structure: a) multiple entries into the epididymis, as seen in most large mammals. In humans and other large mammals, there are approximately 15-20 efferent ducts, which also occupy nearly one third of the head of the epididymis. b) single entry, as seen in most small animals such as rodents, whereby the 3-6 ductules merge into a single small ductule prior to entering the epididymis Any of a group ranging from one to twelve (varies in species) small seminal ducts per testis which transport sperm from the testes to the kidney.[AAO] EMAPA:18993 FMA:19081 MA:0000398 The efferent ducts (or efferent ductules or ductuli efferentes) connect the rete testis with the initial section of the epididymis. The ductuli are unilaminar and composed of columnar ciliated and non-ciliated (absorptive) cells. The ciliated cells serve to stir the luminal fluids, possibly to help ensure homogeneous absorption of water from the fluid produced by the testis, which results in an increase in the concentration of luminal sperm. The epithelium is surrounded by a band of smooth muscle that helps to propel the sperm toward the epididymis. UBERON:0006946 UMLS:C0228013 ductuli efferentes testis efferent ductule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Hodenschema.svg ncithesaurus:Efferent_Ductule seminal duct uberon vasa efferentia The efferent ducts (or efferent ductules or ductuli efferentes) connect the rete testis with the initial section of the epididymis. The ductuli are unilaminar and composed of columnar ciliated and non-ciliated (absorptive) cells. The ciliated cells serve to stir the luminal fluids, possibly to help ensure homogeneous absorption of water from the fluid produced by the testis, which results in an increase in the concentration of luminal sperm. The epithelium is surrounded by a band of smooth muscle that helps to propel the sperm toward the epididymis. Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts FMA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010532 AAO:BJB Any of a group ranging from one to twelve (varies in species) small seminal ducts per testis which transport sperm from the testes to the kidney.[AAO] Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts ductuli efferentes testis AAO:0010532 Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts vasa efferentia Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts efferent ductule FMA:19081 efferent ductule Wikipedia:Efferent_ducts ductuli efferentes testis male genital duct A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. FMA:55678 TAO:0001268 Taxon notes: we use this as a generic grouping class for a number of taxa. AO notes: in FMA includes as parts: seminal vesicle, efferent ductule (vas efferentia), epididymis, deferent duct (vas deferens), ejaculatory duct UBERON:0006947 UBERON:0010140 ZFA:0001268 sperm duct sperm ducts uberon ZFA:0001268 sperm duct TAO:0001268 sperm ducts A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. UBERON:cjm FMA-abduced-lr efferent duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a efferent duct. FMA:19195 MA:0001734 UBERON:0006948 epithelium of efferent ductule of testis uberon FMA:19195 epithelium of efferent ductule of testis An epithelium that is part of a efferent duct. OBOL:automatic cervical loop The cervical loop is the location on an enamel organ in a developing tooth where the outer enamel epithelium and the inner enamel epithelium join. The cervical loop is a histologic term indicating a specific epithelial structure at the apical side of the tooth germ, consisting of loosely aggregated stellate reticulum in the center surrounded by stratum intermedium. These tissues are enveloped by a basal layer of epithelium known on the outside of the tooth as outer enamel epithelium and on the inside as inner enamel epithelium. During root formation the inner layers of epithelium disappear and only the basal layers are left creating Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS). At this point it is usually referred to as HERS instead of the cervical loop to indicate the structural difference[WP]. UBERON:0006949 uberon The cervical loop is the location on an enamel organ in a developing tooth where the outer enamel epithelium and the inner enamel epithelium join. The cervical loop is a histologic term indicating a specific epithelial structure at the apical side of the tooth germ, consisting of loosely aggregated stellate reticulum in the center surrounded by stratum intermedium. These tissues are enveloped by a basal layer of epithelium known on the outside of the tooth as outer enamel epithelium and on the inside as inner enamel epithelium. During root formation the inner layers of epithelium disappear and only the basal layers are left creating Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS). At this point it is usually referred to as HERS instead of the cervical loop to indicate the structural difference[WP]. Wikipedia:Cervical_loop stellate reticulum BTO:0003910 The stellate reticulum is a group of cells located in the center of the enamel organ of a developing tooth. These cells are star shaped and synthesize glycosaminoglycans. As glycosamingoglycans are produced, water is drawn in between the cells and stretch them apart. As they are moved further away from one another, the stellate reticulum maintain contact with one another through desmosomes, resulting in their unique appearance. stellate reticulum is lost after the first layer of dentin is laid down. this brings cells in inner enamel epithelium closer to blood vessels at the periphery[WP]. UBERON:0006950 UBERON:0007441 UMLS:C1514963 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Cervical-loop.png ncithesaurus:Stellate_Reticulum reticulum stellatum uberon Wikipedia:Stellate_reticulum reticulum stellatum The stellate reticulum is a group of cells located in the center of the enamel organ of a developing tooth. These cells are star shaped and synthesize glycosaminoglycans. As glycosamingoglycans are produced, water is drawn in between the cells and stretch them apart. As they are moved further away from one another, the stellate reticulum maintain contact with one another through desmosomes, resulting in their unique appearance. stellate reticulum is lost after the first layer of dentin is laid down. this brings cells in inner enamel epithelium closer to blood vessels at the periphery[WP]. Wikipedia:Stellate_reticulum BTO inner dental epithelium BTO:0003463 Inner layer of the dental organ, composed of ameloblasts.[TAO] Inner layer of the dental organ, composed of ameloblasts[ZFA]. The inner enamel epithelium, also known as the internal enamel epithelium, is a layer of cells located on the rim nearest the odontogenic papilla of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. The location of the enamel organ where the outer and inner enamel epithelium join is called the cervical loop[WP]. TAO:0005136 UBERON:0006951 UMLS:C1512780 ZFA:0005136 epithelium enameleum internum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Cervical-loop.png inner enamel epithelium ncithesaurus:Inner_Enamel_Epithelium uberon Inner layer of the dental organ, composed of ameloblasts[ZFA]. The inner enamel epithelium, also known as the internal enamel epithelium, is a layer of cells located on the rim nearest the odontogenic papilla of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. The location of the enamel organ where the outer and inner enamel epithelium join is called the cervical loop[WP]. Wikipedia:Inner_enamel_epithelium ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Inner_enamel_epithelium epithelium enameleum internum ZFA ZFA:0005136 inner enamel epithelium 2012-08-14 Inner layer of the dental organ, composed of ameloblasts.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005136 ZFIN:curator outer dental epithelium BTO:0003462 Outer layer of the dental organ.[TAO] Outer layer of the dental organ[ZFA]. a layer of cuboidal cells located on the periphery of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. TAO:0005137 UBERON:0006952 UMLS:C1518682 ZFA:0005137 epithelium enameleum externum external dental epithelium external enamel epithelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Cervical-loop.png ncithesaurus:Outer_Enamel_Epithelium outer enamel epithelium outer enamel epithilium uberon TAO:0005137 outer enamel epithilium 2012-08-14 Outer layer of the dental organ.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005137 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia:Outer_enamel_epithelium external enamel epithelium OBOL:automatic outer enamel epithelium Wikipedia:Outer_enamel_epithelium epithelium enameleum externum Outer layer of the dental organ[ZFA]. a layer of cuboidal cells located on the periphery of the enamel organ in a developing tooth. This layer is first seen during the bell stage. Wikipedia:Outer_enamel_epithelium ZFIN:curator BTO:0003462 external dental epithelium ZFA ejaculatory duct epithelium BTO:0002618 TODO: split off insect classes The ejaculatory duct epithelium is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells between or through which project the terminal parts of the ducts of the unicellular prostate glands. UBERON:0006953 uberon PMID:1238970 The ejaculatory duct epithelium is composed of cuboidal to columnar cells between or through which project the terminal parts of the ducts of the unicellular prostate glands. mammary myoepithelium A myoepithelium that is part of a mammary gland. BTO:0002310 FMA:67798 UBERON:0006954 lactiferous ductal myo-epithelium myo-epithelium of lactiferous duct myoepithelium of lactiferous duct uberon FMA:67798 myo-epithelium of lactiferous duct FMA:67798 myoepithelium of lactiferous duct A myoepithelium that is part of a mammary gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:67798 lactiferous ductal myo-epithelium uterine epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterus. BTO:0003082 UBERON:0006955 uberon uterus epithelium BTO:0003082 uterus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterus. OBOL:automatic buccal mucosa BTO:0003833 FMA:59785 SCTID:16811007 The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. UBERON:0006956 UMLS:C1578559 ncithesaurus:Buccal_Mucosa uberon Medical_Dictionary:http://www.medterms.com/ The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. submandibular gland primordium epithelium An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland primordium. EHDAA2:0001940 EHDAA:9257 EMAPA:17756 UBERON:0006957 uberon An epithelium that is part of a submandibular gland primordium. OBOL:automatic great vein of heart EHDAA2:0004508 FMA:4707 MA:0002131 SCTID:277728005 The Great Cardiac Vein (left coronary vein) begins at the apex of the heart and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the base of the ventricles. It then curves to the left in the coronary sulcus, and reaching the back of the heart, opens into the left extremity of the coronary sinus. It receives tributaries from the left atrium and from both ventricles: one, the left marginal vein, is of considerable size, and ascends along the left margin of the heart. UBERON:0006958 UMLS:C0226659 great cardiac vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Gray556.png ncithesaurus:Great_Cardiac_Vein uberon vena cardiaca magna vena cordis magna Wikipedia:Great_cardiac_vein vena cardiaca magna FMA:4707 great cardiac vein The Great Cardiac Vein (left coronary vein) begins at the apex of the heart and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the base of the ventricles. It then curves to the left in the coronary sulcus, and reaching the back of the heart, opens into the left extremity of the coronary sinus. It receives tributaries from the left atrium and from both ventricles: one, the left marginal vein, is of considerable size, and ascends along the left margin of the heart. Wikipedia:Great_cardiac_vein Wikipedia:Great_cardiac_vein vena cordis magna mandible angular process MA:0002873 UBERON:0006959 a process which protrudes from the ventral caudal angle of the mandible, and acts as the attachment of the digastric muscle. mandibular angle uberon a process which protrudes from the ventral caudal angle of the mandible, and acts as the attachment of the digastric muscle. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mandibular+angular+process MA:0002873 mandibular angle ovary stroma CALOHA:TS-1246 EMAPA:28880 FMA:18626 MA:0002991 SCTID:259306002 The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. UBERON:0006960 UMLS:C0737271 interstitial tissue of ovary ncithesaurus:Stroma_of_the_Ovarian_Cortex ovarian stroma ovary stroma stroma of the ovary stroma ovarica stroma ovarii uberon FMA:18626 stroma ovarica Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary stroma of the ovary Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary stroma ovarii FMA:18626 ovarian stroma FMA:18626 interstitial tissue of ovary MA:0002991 ovary stroma The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary_%28animal_tissue%29_of_ovary pars distalis of adenohypophysis AAO:0010542 BTO:0001787 EHDAA2:0001416 EHDAA:7532 EMAPA:17515 FMA:74630 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000854 Region of the adenohypophysis which produces the follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, and adrenocorticotropin.[AAO] TAO:0001195 The anterior part of the adenohypophysis. [TFD][VHOG] The distal part of adenohypophysis: the part that makes up the main body of the gland. UBERON:0006964 VHOG:0000244 ZFA:0001195 anterior lobe pars anterior pars anterior of adenohypophysis pars distalis pars distalis (glandula pituitaria) pars distalis adenohypophyseos pars distalis adenohypophysis pars distalis lobi anterioris hypophyseos pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland pars glandularis pars glandularis of adenohypophysis uberon MA:0000854 pars glandularis MA 2012-09-17 The anterior part of the adenohypophysis. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000244 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pars+anterior MA:0000854 pars distalis Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The distal part of adenohypophysis: the part that makes up the main body of the gland. Wikipedia:Pars_distalis 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010542 AAO:BJB Region of the adenohypophysis which produces the follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, and adrenocorticotropin.[AAO] BTO:0001787 pars distalis lobi anterioris hypophyseos FMA:74630 pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland EHDAA2:0001416 MA:0000854 ZFA:0001195 pars anterior FMA:74630 pars glandularis of adenohypophysis FMA:74630 FMA:TA pars distalis adenohypophysis FMA:74630 FMA:TA pars distalis (glandula pituitaria) 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.510 and Figure 15-5 It (the hypophysis) develops embryonically in all vertebrates from two ectodermal evaginations that meet and unite. An infundibulum grows ventrally from the diencephalon of the brain, and Rathke's pouch extends dorsally from the roof of the developing mouth, or stomodaeum. The infundibulum remains connected to the floor of the diencephalon, which becomes the hypothalamus, and gives rise to the part of the gland known as the neurohypophysis. (...) Rathke's pouch loses its connection with the stomodaeum in most adult vertebrates and gives rise to the rest of the gland, the adenohypophysis. (...) A well-developed hypophyseal system with functional connections to the hypothalamus is unique to craniates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000244 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA:0000854 anterior lobe FMA:74630 pars anterior of adenohypophysis BTO:0001787 pars distalis adenohypophyseos vascular cord EFO:0003709 TAO:0005077 The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. UBERON:0006965 ZFA:0005077 uberon GO:0072360 The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. ZFA:0005077 heart capillary . UBERON:0006966 uberon . GO:0003248 horn GAID:1225 MESH:A13.507 SCTID:69221006 UBERON:0006967 a pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn (keratin and other proteins) surrounding a core of living bone. uberon Wikipedia:Horn_(anatomy) a pointed projection of the skin on the head of various animals, consisting of a covering of horn (keratin and other proteins) surrounding a core of living bone. ISBN10:9780716717553 keratin sheath of horn UBERON:0006968 uberon cranial appendage UBERON:0006969 uberon bony core of horn UBERON:0006970 uberon antler Antlers are the usually large, branching bony appendages on the heads of most deer species. BTO:0001684 GAID:1226 MESH:A13.507.288 SCTID:410034008 UBERON:0006971 uberon Antlers are the usually large, branching bony appendages on the heads of most deer species. Wikipedia:Antler nephridium An exceretory tubule that usually opens to the exterior by a nephridiopore. The inner end of the tubule may be blind, ending in flame cells (protonephridium) or may open into the coelom through a ciliated funnel (metanephridium). BTO:0000923 UBERON:0006972 uberon An exceretory tubule that usually opens to the exterior by a nephridiopore. The inner end of the tubule may be blind, ending in flame cells (protonephridium) or may open into the coelom through a ciliated funnel (metanephridium). Wikipedia:Nephridium protonephridium BILA:0000126 UBERON:0006973 a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the Phylums Platyhelminthes, kinorhyncha and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if cilliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation. The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube. Because of this pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. The perforations in the terminal cell are large enough for small molecules to pass, but larger proteins are retained within the animal. From the bottom of the protonephridium the solutes are led through the tube, formed by the canal cells, and exits the animal from a small opening formed by the nephridiopore. Selective reabsorption of useful molecules by the canal cells occurs as the solutes pass down the tubule. Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation). Their use as excretory/ionoregulatory structures likely arose secondarily. uberon Wikipedia:Nephridium#Metanephridia a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in the Phylums Platyhelminthes, kinorhyncha and Rotifera. The ends are called flame cells (if cilliated) or solenocytes (if flagellated); they function in osmoregulation and ionoregulation. The terminal cells are located at the blind end of the protonephridium. Each cell has one or more cilia and their beating inside the protonephridial tube creates an outward going current and hence a partial pressurization in the blind of the tube. Because of this pressurization drives waste fluids from the inside of the animal, they are pulled through small perforations in the terminal cells and into the protonephridium. The perforations in the terminal cell are large enough for small molecules to pass, but larger proteins are retained within the animal. From the bottom of the protonephridium the solutes are led through the tube, formed by the canal cells, and exits the animal from a small opening formed by the nephridiopore. Selective reabsorption of useful molecules by the canal cells occurs as the solutes pass down the tubule. Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation). Their use as excretory/ionoregulatory structures likely arose secondarily. metanephridium BILA:0000127 UBERON:0006974 a type of excretory gland or nephridium found in many types of invertebrates such as Annelids, Arthropods and Molluscs. It typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded (vesiculate) and which typically opens to the organism's exterior. These ciliated tubules pump water carrying surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins from food, and useless hormones out of the organism through openings known as nephrostomes. This waste is passed out of the body at the nephridiopore. The primary urine produced by filtration of blood (or a similar functioning fluid) is modified into secondary urine through selective reabsorption by the cells lining the metanephridium. In many earthworms the nephridial ducts open into the digestive tract instead, a condition known as enteronephry. uberon Wikipedia:Nephridium#Metanephridia a type of excretory gland or nephridium found in many types of invertebrates such as Annelids, Arthropods and Molluscs. It typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity or coelom connected to a duct which may be variously glandularized, folded or expanded (vesiculate) and which typically opens to the organism's exterior. These ciliated tubules pump water carrying surplus ions, metabolic waste, toxins from food, and useless hormones out of the organism through openings known as nephrostomes. This waste is passed out of the body at the nephridiopore. The primary urine produced by filtration of blood (or a similar functioning fluid) is modified into secondary urine through selective reabsorption by the cells lining the metanephridium. In many earthworms the nephridial ducts open into the digestive tract instead, a condition known as enteronephry. peptonephridium BTO:0004280 Organs opening into the buccal cavity of pharynx (supposedly modified nephridia) of invertebrates. UBERON:0006976 esophageal appendage oesophageal appendage uberon BTO:0004280 esophageal appendage BTO:0004280 Organs opening into the buccal cavity of pharynx (supposedly modified nephridia) of invertebrates. BTO:0004280 oesophageal appendage anatomical point AAO:0010266 AEO:0000009 BILA:0000009 CARO:0000009 EHDAA2:0003009 FMA:9658 Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface. TAO:0001839 UBERON:0006983 uberon CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of zero dimension, which forms a boundary of an anatomical line or surface. anatomical surface AAO:0010270 BILA:0000010 CARO:0000010 EHDAA2:0003192 FMA:24137 ID:0000000 Non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures. UBERON:0006984 UMLS:C1515977 ZFA:0005594 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Surface uberon CARO:MAH Non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures. cardiac mesoderm AAO:0011021 BILA:0000051 EFO:0000315 EHDAA:385 SCTID:360387000 UBERON:0007005 VHOG:0001641 XAO:0000235 cardiogenic mesoderm consider FBbt:00005541 heart primordia the splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. uberon cardiogenic mesoderm http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html XAO:0000235 http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html the splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. XAO:0000235 heart primordia obsolete blastomere UBERON:0007006 a type of cell produced by division of the egg after fertilization. true uberon Wikipedia:Blastomere a type of cell produced by division of the egg after fertilization. cleaving embryo BILA:0000058 Organism at the cleavage stage. UBERON:0007010 uberon OBOL:automatic Organism at the cleavage stage. juvenile organism A multi-cellular organism that is at the juvenile stage. BILA:0000076 TAO:0002047 UBERON:0007021 Whole organism that is not fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Juvenile_organism juvenile juveniles uberon A multi-cellular organism that is at the juvenile stage. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002047 TAO:wd Whole organism that is not fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] TAO:0002047 juveniles adult organism A multi-cellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage. BILA:0000078 FBbt:00003004 HAO:0000087 TAO:0002046 UBERON:0007023 UMLS:C0001675 Whole organism that is fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] adult adults galen:Adult http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Adult_organism ncithesaurus:Adult uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002046 TAO:wd Whole organism that is fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] A multi-cellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage. OBOL:automatic TAO:0002046 adults primitive gut BILA:0000084 SCTID:360394002 The endodermal cells generate only the lining of the digestive tube and its glands; mesodermal mesenchyme cells will surround this tube to provide the muscles for peristalsis[NBK10107] UBERON:0007026 UMLS:C1514442 ncithesaurus:Primordial_Gut uberon surface AEO:0000154 BILA:0000118 EHDAA2:0003154 UBERON:0007029 galen:Surface ncithesaurus:Surface skin uberon BILA:0000118 skin photosensory system BILA:0000140 UBERON:0007036 uberon mechanosensory system BILA:0000142 UBERON:0007037 uberon visceral muculature BILA:0000132 UBERON:0007094 uberon somatic musculature BILA:0000133 UBERON:0007095 uberon chordo neural hinge Although there is mounting evidence showing the comparability of events and formation of different nascent tissue types during gastrulation and tail development, recent work also suggests the presence of an ongoing stem cell population capable of contributing to multiple tissue types in the tail of several different vertebrates, situated in the chordoneural hinge region of the tail bud. It would seem likely that secondary signaling centers regulate the fate to be adopted by such pluripotent progenitors.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003623 In mouse and chick, the derivative of the NSB (with a minor contribution from the CLE), the `chordo-neural-hinge'(CNH) (Cambray and Wilson, 2007; Catala et al., 1995; Charrier et al., 1999), contains progenitors for the ventral neural tube, somites and notochord (Cambray and Wilson, 2002; McGrew et al., 2008). The CNH is continuous with the most recently formed neural tube and notochord (Fig. 2C-D′). By contrast, the tissue immediately caudal to the CNH exclusively produces somites in mouse and chick (McGrew et al., 2008). Portion of tissue is a posterior to the developing notochord during tailbud extension.[TAO] Portion of tissue that is posterior to the developing notochord during tail bud extension. TAO:0001082 UBERON:0007097 VHOG:0001382 XAO:0000108 ZFA:0001082 chordoneural hinge uberon 2012-09-17 Although there is mounting evidence showing the comparability of events and formation of different nascent tissue types during gastrulation and tail development, recent work also suggests the presence of an ongoing stem cell population capable of contributing to multiple tissue types in the tail of several different vertebrates, situated in the chordoneural hinge region of the tail bud. It would seem likely that secondary signaling centers regulate the fate to be adopted by such pluripotent progenitors.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1002/dvdy.20017 Liu C, Knezevic V, Mackem S, Ventral tail bud mesenchyme is a signaling for tail paraxial mesoderm induction. Developmental Dynamics (2004) VHOG VHOG:0001382 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue is a posterior to the developing notochord during tailbud extension.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001082 ZFIN:curator Portion of tissue that is posterior to the developing notochord during tail bud extension. ZFA:0001082 http://dev.biologists.org/content/136/10/1591.full VHOG:0001382 chordoneural hinge mandibular neural crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. TAO:0007064 UBERON:0007098 XAO:0000024 ZFA:0007064 uberon Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. ZFA:0007064 ZFA ZFA hyoid neural crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. TAO:0007065 UBERON:0007099 XAO:0000025 ZFA:0007065 hyoid crest uberon ZFA ZFA XAO:0000025 hyoid crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. ZFA:0007065 circulatory organ A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood[GO]. ANISEED:1235302 FBbt:00003154 TADS:0000147 UBERON:0007100 adult heart cardiac pump cardiac structure dorsal tube editor note: we need to find the appropriate GO process to use for the definition - 'blood circulation' may not apply to invertebrates; 'circulatory system process' is circular. Note we cannot use a part_of-based definition as this results in the iris and all vascular elements being categorized as circulatory organs. Taxon notes: note we reserve the subclass 'heart' from the vertebrate multi-chambered heart. "The first heart-like organ is believed to have appeared 500my ago in an ancestral bilaterian". Amniotes: four-chambered heart. Amphibians: two atria, one ventricle, pulmonary; fish: single atrium and ventricle; amphioxus: tubular, non-striated, closed, unidirectional; ascidians: tubular, striated, open, bidirectional; arthropods: tubular, open; C elegans: contractile pharynx; Cnideria: striated muscle cells associated with gastrodermis. Gene notes: Bmp, Nkx, Gata heart heart or heart like organ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5795/1922/F1.large.jpg uberon A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood[GO]. GO:0007507 PMID:20959416 Wikipedia:Heart dorsal tube FBbt:00003154 adult heart GO:0007507 heart vitelline duct EMAPA:26139 GAID:1314 In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk-sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus. It appears at the end of the fourth week, when the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (the umbilical vesicle). The vesicle can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. It is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. Generally, the duct fully obliterates (narrows and disappears) during the seventh week, but a failure of the duct to close is termed a vitelline fistula. This results in discharge of meconium from the umbilicus. About two per cent of fetuses exhibit a type of vitelline fistula characterized by persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct as a diverticulum protruding from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about two feet above the ileocecal junction, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct. MESH:A16.254.891 SCTID:280701007 UBERON:0007105 Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct ductus vitellinus embryonic yolk stalk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray30.png omphalomesenteric duct uberon yolk duct yolk-stalk Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct yolk-stalk Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct omphalomesenteric duct Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct yolk duct In the human embryo, the vitelline duct, also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk-sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus. It appears at the end of the fourth week, when the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (the umbilical vesicle). The vesicle can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. It is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta. Generally, the duct fully obliterates (narrows and disappears) during the seventh week, but a failure of the duct to close is termed a vitelline fistula. This results in discharge of meconium from the umbilicus. About two per cent of fetuses exhibit a type of vitelline fistula characterized by persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct as a diverticulum protruding from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about two feet above the ileocecal junction, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus. Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct. Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct MESH:A16.254.891 omphalomesenteric duct Wikipedia:Vitelline_duct embryonic yolk stalk chorionic villus BTO:0001161 EHDAA2:0004717 MESH:A16.254.403.473.200 One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. SCTID:360403003 Taxon notes: The mouse and human placentas have labyrinthine and villous types of interdigitation between maternal and fetal tissues, respectively. Histology notes: The bulk of the villi consist of connective tissues in which blood vessels are found. Most of the cells in the connective tissue core of the villi are fibroblasts. Macrophages known as Hofbauer cells are also present. UBERON:0007106 UMLS:C0008508 chorionic villi chorionic villous chorionic villus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gray29.png ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Villus placental villi placental villus uberon BTO MESH:A16.254.403.473.200 chorionic villi GAID:1300 chorionic villus Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi chorionic villous GAID:1300 placental villus GAID:1300 placental villi BTO:0001161 One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi MP-def vernix caseosa An unctuous substance composed of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, which covers the skin of the fetus. GAID:1174 MESH:A12.200.946 UBERON:0007108 UMLS:C0042541 ncithesaurus:Vernix_Caseosa uberon vernix vernix caseosa An unctuous substance composed of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, which covers the skin of the fetus. MESH:A12.200.946 Wikipedia:Vernix_caseosa MESH:A12.200.946 vernix caseosa meconium A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth. BTO:0000838 UBERON:0007109 ncithesaurus:Meconium uberon A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth. BTO:0000838 Douglas' pouch FMA:14728 GAID:20 MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 SCTID:181447009 The rectouterine pouch (or rectouterine excavation, rectovaginal, Ehrhardt-Cole Recess or Pouch of Douglas) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus in the female human body. The rectouterine pouch is used in the treatment of end-stage renal failure in patients who are treated by peritoneal dialysis. The tip of the dialysis catheter is placed into the deepest point of the pouch. In women it is the deepest point of the peritoneal cavity, posterior to (behind) the uterus and anterior to (in front of) rectum. (The pouch on the other side of the uterus is the vesicouterine excavation. ) It is near the posterior fornix of the vagina. In men, the region corresponding to the rectouterine pouch is the rectovesical excavation, which lies between the urinary bladder and rectum. (There is no equivalent to the vesicouterine excavation.) UBERON:0007111 UMLS:C1514801 cavum Douglassi cul de sac of douglas cul-de-sac of douglsa douglas cul-de-sac douglas pouch douglas' cul de sac douglas' cul-de-sac douglas' pouch excavatio recto-uterina excavatio rectouterina excavatio rectouterina fossa Douglasi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/WeiblichesBeckenMedian.gif ncithesaurus:Recto-Vaginal_Pouch pouch of douglas recto-uterine pouch recto-uterine pouch rectouterine excavation rectouterine pouch rectouterine space uberon MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 douglas cul-de-sac MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 douglas pouch MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 douglas' pouch MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 douglas' cul de sac The rectouterine pouch (or rectouterine excavation, rectovaginal, Ehrhardt-Cole Recess or Pouch of Douglas) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus in the female human body. The rectouterine pouch is used in the treatment of end-stage renal failure in patients who are treated by peritoneal dialysis. The tip of the dialysis catheter is placed into the deepest point of the pouch. In women it is the deepest point of the peritoneal cavity, posterior to (behind) the uterus and anterior to (in front of) rectum. (The pouch on the other side of the uterus is the vesicouterine excavation. ) It is near the posterior fornix of the vagina. In men, the region corresponding to the rectouterine pouch is the rectovesical excavation, which lies between the urinary bladder and rectum. (There is no equivalent to the vesicouterine excavation.) Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_pouch Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_pouch fossa Douglasi Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_pouch excavatio rectouterina Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_pouch cavum Douglassi FMA:14728 pouch of douglas FMA:14728 rectouterine space MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 cul-de-sac of douglsa MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 cul de sac of douglas FMA:14728 excavatio recto-uterina MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 douglas' cul-de-sac Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_pouch recto-uterine pouch Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_pouch rectouterine excavation FMA:14728 recto-uterine pouch FMA:14728 FMA:TA excavatio rectouterina FMA:14728 MESH:A01.047.025.600.225 rectouterine pouch venom BTO:0001439 MESH:A12.200.935 Note we include a separate class for snake venom Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. UBERON:0007113 uberon zootoxin MESH:Wikipedia:Venom zootoxin MESH:A12.200.935 Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. Wikipedia:Venom deciduous tooth FMA:55655 GAID:1266 GAT in FMA. MESH:A14.254.860.700 One of the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals[WP]. The 20 teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth, usually by the age of six years. All deciduous teeth are normally expected to erupt by the age of two and a half years[MESH]. SCTID:245612004 UBERON:0007115 UMLS:C0040455 dentes decidui http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Deciduous_teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg ncithesaurus:Temporary_Tooth primary tooth temporary tooth uberon Wikipedia:Deciduous_teeth dentes decidui MESH:A14.254.860.700 One of the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and many other mammals[WP]. The 20 teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth, usually by the age of six years. All deciduous teeth are normally expected to erupt by the age of two and a half years[MESH]. Wikipedia:Deciduous_teeth FMA:55655 primary tooth FMA:55655 temporary tooth primary dentition FMA:75151 GAID:1252 MESH:A14.254.245 The set of teeth first in order or time of development that will be replaced by permanent dentition upon their loss. UBERON:0007116 baby teeth deciduous dentition deciduous teeth dentes decidui milk teeth primary teeth set of deciduous teeth set of primary teeth tooth of primary dentition uberon GAID:1252 deciduous dentition FMA:75151 primary teeth FMA:75151 FMA:TA dentes decidui FMA:75151 set of primary teeth MESH:A14.254.245 The set of teeth first in order or time of development that will be replaced by permanent dentition upon their loss. FMA:75151 milk teeth FMA:75151 baby teeth FMA:75151 set of deciduous teeth GAID:1266 primary teeth FMA:75151 deciduous teeth umbilicus FMA:61584 GAID:29 MESH:A01.047.849 SCTID:243961003 The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. UBERON:0007118 UMLS:C0041638 galen:Umbilicus navel ncithesaurus:Umbilicus omphalo uberon umbilical part of abdomen umbilical region FMA:61584 navel FMA:61584 umbilical part of abdomen FMA:61584 umbilical region MESH:A01.047.849 The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered in the fetus. Wikipedia:Navel neck of femur FMA:42385 GAID:201 MESH:A02.835.232.500.247.510 SCTID:361792007 The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. UBERON:0007119 UMLS:C0015815 collum femoris femoral neck femoral neck femur neck galen:NeckOfFemur http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray243.png ncithesaurus:Femoral_Neck neck of femur neck of the femur uberon Wikipedia:Femur_neck neck of the femur FMA:42385 femoral neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck femoral neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck femur neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck neck of femur The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. Wikipedia:Femur_neck Wikipedia:Femur_neck collum femoris premolar tooth FMA:55637 GAID:1261 MESH:A14.254.860.150 SCTID:304572005 The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two cusps. Premolars can be considered as a 'transitional tooth' during chewing, or mastication. It has properties of both the anterior canines and posterior molars, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars. The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar. There is always one large buccal cusp, especially so in the mandibular first premolar. The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps. Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines preceded by deciduous molars. In primitive mammals there are four premolars per quadrant. The most mesial two have been lost in Catarrhines. Paleontologists refer to human premolars as Pm3 and Pm4. UBERON:0007120 UMLS:C1704302 bicuspid bicuspid teeth bicuspid tooth bicuspids biscuspid dens premolaris dentes premolares http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray1003.png mandibular bicuspid maxillary bicuspid maxillary premolar ncithesaurus:Bicuspid_Tooth pm3 %28dentistry%29 pr%c3%a6molares praemolares premolar premolar teeth premolar tooth premolars secondary premolar tooth uberon Wikipedia:Premolar premolars Wikipedia:Premolar pr%c3%a6molares Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid tooth Wikipedia:Premolar praemolares Wikipedia:Premolar dentes premolares Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid teeth Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspid The premolar teeth or bicuspids are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant, making eight premolars total in the mouth. They have at least two cusps. Premolars can be considered as a 'transitional tooth' during chewing, or mastication. It has properties of both the anterior canines and posterior molars, and so food can be transferred from the canines to the premolars and finally to the molars for grinding, instead of directly from the canines to the molars. The premolars in humans are the maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, mandibular first premolar, and the mandibular second premolar. There is always one large buccal cusp, especially so in the mandibular first premolar. The lower second premolar almost always presents with two lingual cusps. Premolar teeth by definition are permanent teeth distal to the canines preceded by deciduous molars. In primitive mammals there are four premolars per quadrant. The most mesial two have been lost in Catarrhines. Paleontologists refer to human premolars as Pm3 and Pm4. Wikipedia:Premolar Wikipedia:Premolar premolar teeth Wikipedia:Premolar premolar tooth Wikipedia:Premolar biscuspid Wikipedia:Premolar pm3 %28dentistry%29 Wikipedia:Premolar maxillary bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar mandibular bicuspid Wikipedia:Premolar bicuspids FMA:55637 secondary premolar tooth Wikipedia:Premolar dentes premolares Wikipedia:Premolar maxillary premolar 1 cardinality not allowed with transitivity in OWL Wikipedia:Premolar dens premolaris Wikipedia:Premolar premolar dermatome segment of skin A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves, twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain[WP]. FMA:80301 SCTID:244023005 UBERON:0007121 dermatome dermatomic area http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_posterior.png/230px-Dermatomes_and_cutaneous_nerves_-_posterior.png uberon A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves, twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain[WP]. Wikipedia:Dermatome_(anatomy) Wikipedia:Dermatome_(anatomy) dermatomic area Wikipedia:Dermatome_(anatomy) dermatome pharyngeal pouch 1 1st arch branchial pouch 1st arch branchial pouch endoderm 1st arch pouch endoderm 1st branchial pouch 1st pharyngeal pouch endoderm A pouch that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] AAO:0011114 EFO:0003631 EHDAA2:0000016 EMAPA:16124 First of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:345248006 TAO:0001128 The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Eustachian tube) , middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane. & origin of Mandibular nerve & Maxillary artery[WP]. The first pouch lies between the first and second arches[PMID] UBERON:0005718 UBERON:0007122 UMLS:C0231068 VHOG:0000555 VHOG:0000970 XAO:0000102 ZFA:0001128 first arch pharyngeal pouch first pharyngeal pouch first visceral pouch hyomandibular pouch ncithesaurus:First_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 1 uberon visceral pouch 1 we use adjacency relations rather than part_of, as in EHDAA2 1st arch branchial pouch EHDAA2:0000013 XAO:0000102 first visceral pouch 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.01.022 Grevellec A, Tucker AS, The pharyngeal pouches and clefts: development, evolution, structure and derivatives. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2010) In all jawed vertebrates the first arch forms the jaw, while the second arch forms the hyoid apparatus. These two arches are separated by the first pharyngeal pouch and cleft.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000970 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000970 first pharyngeal pouch XAO:0000102 visceral pouch 1 1st arch pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000016 ZFA:0001128 pharyngeal pouches 1 1st arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000016 2012-09-17 A pouch that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000970 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011114 First of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] ISBN:0-226-55763-4 1st pharyngeal pouch endoderm VHOG:0000555 PMID:16313389 The endoderm lines the future auditory tube (Pharyngotympanic Eustachian tube) , middle ear, mastoid antrum, and inner layer of the tympanic membrane. & origin of Mandibular nerve & Maxillary artery[WP]. The first pouch lies between the first and second arches[PMID] Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#First_pouch OBOL:automatic first arch pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 2 2nd arch branchial pouch 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm 2nd arch pouch endoderm 2nd branchial pouch 2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] A pouch that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] AAO:0011115 EFO:0003633 EHDAA2:0000058 EMAPA:16275 EMAPA:16276 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000060 SCTID:345349000 Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] TAO:0001130 The second pouch between the second and third arches. Contributes to the middle ear, epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) of the palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve[WP] UBERON:0005715 UBERON:0007123 UMLS:C0231069 VHOG:0000561 VHOG:0000967 XAO:0000247 ZFA:0001130 ncithesaurus:Second_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 2 second arch pharyngeal pouch second pharyngeal pouch second visceral pouch uberon visceral pouch 2 2nd arch branchial pouch RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000060 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000061 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011115 ISBN:0-226-55763-4 Second of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] XAO:0000247 visceral pouch 2 XAO:0000247 second visceral pouch PMID:16313389 The second pouch between the second and third arches. Contributes to the middle ear, epithelial lining of Crypts (spaces) of the palatine tonsils, supplied by the facial nerve[WP] Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Second_pouch 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000967 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 A pouch that is situated between the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000967 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000967 second pharyngeal pouch 2nd arch pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000058 2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm VHOG:0000561 ZFA:0001130 pharyngeal pouches 2 OBOL:automatic second arch pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 3 3rd arch branchial pouch 3rd arch branchial pouch endoderm 3rd branchial pouch 3rd pharyngeal pouch endoderm A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] A pouch that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] AAO:0011116 EFO:0003634 EHDAA2:0000077 EMAPA:16586 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000076 SCTID:345450001 TAO:0001131 The third pouch possesses Dorsal and Ventral wings. Derivatives of the dorsal wings include the inferior parathyroid glands, while the ventral wings fuse to form the cytoreticular cells of the thymus. The main nerve supply to the derivatives of this pouch is Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve[WP]. The third pouch lies between the third and fourth arches[PMID]. Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] UBERON:0005716 UBERON:0007124 UMLS:C0231070 VHOG:0000966 VHOG:0001030 XAO:0000251 ZFA:0001131 ncithesaurus:Third_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 3 third arch pharyngeal pouch third pharyngeal pouch third visceral pouch uberon visceral pouch 3 3rd arch branchial pouch RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000076 OBOL:automatic third arch pharyngeal pouch ZFA:0001131 pharyngeal pouches 3 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011116 ISBN:0-226-55763-4 Third of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] XAO:0000251 visceral pouch 3 VHOG:0000966 third pharyngeal pouch PMID:16313389 The third pouch possesses Dorsal and Ventral wings. Derivatives of the dorsal wings include the inferior parathyroid glands, while the ventral wings fuse to form the cytoreticular cells of the thymus. The main nerve supply to the derivatives of this pouch is Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal nerve[WP]. The third pouch lies between the third and fourth arches[PMID]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Third_pouch 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000966 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd pharyngeal pouch endoderm VHOG:0001030 3rd arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000077 2012-09-17 A pouch that is situated between the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000966 http://bgee.unil.ch/ XAO:0000251 third visceral pouch pharyngeal pouch 4 4th arch branchial pouch 4th arch branchial pouch endoderm 4th branchial pouch 4th pharyngeal pouch endoderm A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] A pouch that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] A pouch that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch[Bard]. Derivatives include: superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body which forms the parafollicular C-Cells of the thyroid gland. Musculature and cartilage of larynx (along with the sixth pharyngeal pouch)[WP] AAO:0011117 EFO:0003637 EHDAA2:0000091 EMAPA:16766 Fourth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000090 SCTID:362858001 TAO:0001134 UBERON:0007125 UMLS:C0231071 VHOG:0000578 VHOG:0000971 XAO:0000254 ZFA:0001134 fourth arch pharyngeal pouch fourth pharyngeal pouch fourth visceral pouch ncithesaurus:Fourth_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 4 todo - check relationships uberon visceral pouch 4 XAO:0000254 visceral pouch 4 4th pharyngeal pouch endoderm VHOG:0000578 2012-09-17 A pouch that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch. [The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.72, see_Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000971 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A pouch that is situated between the 4th and 5th pharyngeal arch[Bard]. Derivatives include: superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial body which forms the parafollicular C-Cells of the thyroid gland. Musculature and cartilage of larynx (along with the sixth pharyngeal pouch)[WP] PMID:16313389 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Fourth_pouch ZFA:0001134 pharyngeal pouches 4 4th arch branchial pouch endoderm EHDAA2:0000091 4th arch branchial pouch RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000090 OBOL:automatic fourth arch pharyngeal pouch 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0000971 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000971 fourth pharyngeal pouch 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011117 Fourth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches from which the Eustachian tube is derived; pouches 2-4 open as gill slits.[AAO] ISBN:0-226-55763-4 XAO:0000254 fourth visceral pouch pharyngeal pouch 5 5th branchial pouch 5th pharyngeal pouch 5th visceral pouch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011118 EFO:0003636 Fifth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches.[AAO] Rudimentary structure, becomes part of the fourth pouch contributing to thyroid C-cells[WP]. TAO:0001133 UBERON:0007126 UMLS:C1517185 VHOG:0001206 XAO:0000255 ZFA:0001133 fifth pharyngeal pouch fifth visceral pouch fifth visceral pouch ncithesaurus:Fifth_Pharyngeal_Pouch pharyngeal pouches 5 pouches 5 and 6 are hard to distinguish uberon visceral pouch 5 5th visceral pouch VHOG:0001206 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011118 Fifth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches.[AAO] ISBN:0-226-55763-4 XAO:0000255 visceral pouch 5 VHOG:0001206 fifth visceral pouch 5th pharyngeal pouch VHOG:0001206 2012-09-17 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) VHOG VHOG:0001206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ZFA:0001133 pharyngeal pouches 5 XAO:0000255 fifth visceral pouch Rudimentary structure, becomes part of the fourth pouch contributing to thyroid C-cells[WP]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Fifth_pouch VHOG:0001206 fifth pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch 6 6th arch branchial pouch 6th branchial pouch AAO:0011119 Along with the fourth pouch, contributes to the formation of the musculature and cartilage of the larynx[WP]. EFO:0003635 Sixth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches.[AAO] TAO:0001132 UBERON:0007127 XAO:0000265 ZFA:0001132 pharyngeal pouches 6 pouches 5 and 6 are hard to distinguish sixth visceral pouch uberon visceral pouch 6 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0011119 ISBN:0-226-55763-4 Sixth of the pharyngeal (endodermal) evaginations between the visceral arches.[AAO] XAO:0000265 visceral pouch 6 ZFA:0001132 pharyngeal pouches 6 XAO:0000265 sixth visceral pouch Along with the fourth pouch, contributes to the formation of the musculature and cartilage of the larynx[WP]. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)#Sixth_pouch glomeral mesenchyme Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. UBERON:0007128 XAO:0000110 corpuscle glomerulus uberon ISBN:0815318960 Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. XAO:0000110 glomerulus XAO:0000110 corpuscle head kidney BTO:0005189 TAO:0000669 The zebrafish head kidney consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney. It is analogous to the mammalian bone marrow and the primary site of definitive hematopoiesis. Davidson and Zon 2004.[TAO] The zebrafish head kidney consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney. It is analogous to the mammalian bone marrow and the primary site of definitive hematopoiesis. UBERON:0007132 ZFA:0000669 anterior kidney in GO, head kidney isa pronephros. Modified the ZFA relationships - the HK is derived from the anterior part of the pronephros and persists until adulthood kidney marrow uberon cjm The zebrafish head kidney consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney. It is analogous to the mammalian bone marrow and the primary site of definitive hematopoiesis. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-040923-1 doi:10.1242/dev.00427 ZFA:0000669 kidney marrow ZFA:0000669 anterior kidney 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000669 The zebrafish head kidney consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney. It is analogous to the mammalian bone marrow and the primary site of definitive hematopoiesis. Davidson and Zon 2004.[TAO] ZFIN:curator trunk ganglion EFO:0000901 Ganglion which is located in the trunk. MAT:0000344 MIAA:0000344 TAO:0001573 UBERON:0007134 ZFA:0001573 body ganglion trunk ganglia uberon Ganglion which is located in the trunk. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001573 trunk ganglia MAT:0000344 body ganglion neural keel An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] EFO:0003497 TAO:0000131 UBERON:0007135 ZFA:0000131 presumptive central nervous system uberon ZFA:0000131 presumptive central nervous system An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 2012-08-14 An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000131 ZFIN:curator rectouterine fold FMA:16533 SCTID:361301006 These folds of the rectouterine excavation are named the sacrogenital or rectouterine folds. They contain a considerable amount of fibrous tissue and non-striped muscular fibers which are attached to the front of the sacrum and constitute the uterosacral ligaments. UBERON:0007136 fold of Douglas http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Gray1165.png plica rectouterina plica rectouterina posterior ligament of uterus recto-uterine fold rectovaginal fold uberon FMA:16533 rectovaginal fold Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_fold plica rectouterina FMA:16533 fold of Douglas FMA:16533 recto-uterine fold FMA:16533 FMA:TA plica rectouterina These folds of the rectouterine excavation are named the sacrogenital or rectouterine folds. They contain a considerable amount of fibrous tissue and non-striped muscular fibers which are attached to the front of the sacrum and constitute the uterosacral ligaments. Wikipedia:Recto-uterine_fold FMA:16533 posterior ligament of uterus parietal mesothelium MA:0000566 Mesothelium overs the body walls is called the parietal mesothelium UBERON:0007140 uberon Mesothelium overs the body walls is called the parietal mesothelium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium visceral mesothelium MA:0000567 Mesothelium that covers the internal organs is called visceral mesothelium UBERON:0007141 uberon Mesothelium that covers the internal organs is called visceral mesothelium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelium left internal carotid artery An internal carotid artery that branch_of a left common carotid artery plus branches. EMAPA:16329 FMA:4062 SCTID:161452006 UBERON:0007142 arteria caritis interna sinistra uberon An internal carotid artery that branch_of a left common carotid artery plus branches. OBOL:automatic FMA:4062 arteria caritis interna sinistra right internal carotid artery An internal carotid artery that branch_of a right common carotid artery plus branches. EMAPA:16330 FMA:3949 SCTID:161251001 UBERON:0007143 arteria carotis interna dextra uberon FMA:3949 arteria carotis interna dextra An internal carotid artery that branch_of a right common carotid artery plus branches. OBOL:automatic tail of embryo EMAPA:16748 FMA:85540 UBERON:0007144 embryo tail uberon FMA:85540 embryo tail dome of diaphragm EMAPA:18046 FMA:13332 In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:244940004 UBERON:0007145 VHOG:0000933 diaphragm dome uberon FMA:13332 diaphragm dome 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 Brainerd EL, Owerkowicz T, Functional morphology and evolution of aspiration breathing in tetrapods. Respiratory physiology and neurobiology (2006) In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000933 http://bgee.unil.ch/ posterior spinal artery EMAPA:18243 FMA:50522 SCTID:181330009 The posterior spinal artery (dorsal spinal artery) arises from the vertebral artery, adjacent to the medulla oblongata. UBERON:0007146 UMLS:C0226233 dorsal spinal artery ncithesaurus:Posterior_Spinal_Artery uberon EHDAA2 FMA:50522 dorsal spinal artery The posterior spinal artery (dorsal spinal artery) arises from the vertebral artery, adjacent to the medulla oblongata. Wikipedia:Posterior_spinal_artery lumen of midgut An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a midgut. EMAPA:18377 FMA:54366 UBERON:0007147 midgut lumen uberon FMA:54366 midgut lumen An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a midgut. OBOL:automatic lumen of hindgut An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a hindgut. EMAPA:18396 FMA:54367 UBERON:0007148 hindgut lumen uberon An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a hindgut. OBOL:automatic FMA:54367 hindgut lumen inferior thyroid artery EMAPA:18623 FMA:10662 SCTID:303419004 The inferior thyroid artery passes upward, in front of the vertebral artery and Longus colli, then turns medialward behind the carotid sheath and its contents, and also behind the sympathetic trunk, the middle cervical ganglion resting upon the vessel. Reaching the lower border of the thyroid gland it divides into two branches, which supply the postero-inferior parts of the gland, and anastomose with the superior thyroid, and with the corresponding artery of the opposite side. The recurrent nerve passes upward generally behind, but occasionally in front of, the artery. This makes it vulnerable to injury during surgery that involves ligating the inferior thyroid artery, such as excision of the lower pole of the thyroid gland. UBERON:0007149 UMLS:C0226264 arteria thyreoidea inferior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Thyrocervical_trunk.png ncithesaurus:Inferior_Thyroid_Artery uberon The inferior thyroid artery passes upward, in front of the vertebral artery and Longus colli, then turns medialward behind the carotid sheath and its contents, and also behind the sympathetic trunk, the middle cervical ganglion resting upon the vessel. Reaching the lower border of the thyroid gland it divides into two branches, which supply the postero-inferior parts of the gland, and anastomose with the superior thyroid, and with the corresponding artery of the opposite side. The recurrent nerve passes upward generally behind, but occasionally in front of, the artery. This makes it vulnerable to injury during surgery that involves ligating the inferior thyroid artery, such as excision of the lower pole of the thyroid gland. Wikipedia:Inferior_thyroid_artery Wikipedia:Inferior_thyroid_artery arteria thyreoidea inferior superior thyroid artery EMAPA:18624 FMA:49472 SCTID:244218002 The superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery just below the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and ends in the thyroid gland. UBERON:0007150 UMLS:C0226093 arteria thyreoidea superior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Plate_16_Zuckerkandl.jpg ncithesaurus:Superior_Thyroid_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Superior_thyroid_artery arteria thyreoidea superior The superior thyroid artery arises from the external carotid artery just below the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and ends in the thyroid gland. Wikipedia:Superior_thyroid_artery leaflets of mitral valve EMAPA:18628 FMA:7241 Leaf of cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, and posterior leaflets that is attached to the chorda tendinea of left ventricle and to the frbrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] SCTID:244353007 The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0007151 VHOG:0000822 leaflet of mitral valve mitral valve leaflet mitral valve leaflets mitral valvular leaflet uberon FMA:7241 FMA:FMA Leaf of cardiac valve which has as its parts the anterior, and posterior leaflets that is attached to the chorda tendinea of left ventricle and to the frbrous ring of mitral valve.[FMA] VHOG:0000822 mitral valve leaflets FMA:7241 leaflet of mitral valve FMA:7241 mitral valve leaflet 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) The mature AV (atrioventricular) valve of the adult zebrafish 2-chambered heart is structurally similar to the mammalian AV valves with stratified ECM (extracellular matrix) and supporting chordae tendineae. Therefore, the major cellular and molecular events of valve development are largely conserved among animals with hearts composed of multiple chambers.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000822 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:7241 mitral valvular leaflet inferior sagittal sinus EMAPA:18635 FMA:50768 SCTID:279260007 UBERON:0007152 UMLS:C0226861 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Sagittal_Sinus uberon cjm superior epigastric artery EMAPA:18752 FMA:10646 SCTID:244287004 UBERON:0007153 uberon inferior epigastric vein EMAPA:18760 FMA:21162 SCTID:286872000 UBERON:0007154 UMLS:C0226762 ncithesaurus:Deep_Epigastric_Vein uberon superior epigastric vein EMAPA:18761 FMA:4731 SCTID:286596001 UBERON:0007155 uberon FMA/obol inferior thyroid vein EMAPA:18763 FMA:4728 SCTID:303423007 UBERON:0007156 inferior thyroid venous tree uberon vena thyroidea inferioris FMA:4728 vena thyroidea inferioris FMA:4728 inferior thyroid venous tree superior thyroid vein EMAPA:18764 FMA:14323 SCTID:303421009 UBERON:0007157 uberon lumen of anal canal An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a anal canal. EMAPA:18836 FMA:17357 UBERON:0007158 anal canal lumen uberon FMA:17357 anal canal lumen An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a anal canal. OBOL:automatic lumen of colon An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a colon. EMAPA:18945 FMA:18374 SCTID:362156004 UBERON:0007159 colon lumen uberon FMA:18374 colon lumen An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a colon. OBOL:automatic inferior petrosal sinus EMAPA:19234 FMA:50770 SCTID:279263009 UBERON:0007160 sinus petrosal inferior uberon FMA:50770 sinus petrosal inferior medial arcuate ligament EMAPA:19237 FMA:58282 UBERON:0007161 uberon lateral arcuate ligament EMAPA:19238 FMA:58283 UBERON:0007162 uberon superior meatus EMAPA:19276 FMA:53138 FMA:57480 SCTID:310213007 The superior meatus, the smallest of the three meatuses of the nose, occupies the middle third of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the superior nasal conchC& and middle nasal conchC&; the sphenopalatine foramen opens into it behind, and the posterior ethmoidal cells in front. The sphenoidal sinus opens into a recess, the sphenoethmoidal recess, which is placed above and behind the superior concha. UBERON:0007163 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Gray196.png meatus nasi superior superior nasal meatus todo - check FMA uberon The superior meatus, the smallest of the three meatuses of the nose, occupies the middle third of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the superior nasal conchC& and middle nasal conchC&; the sphenopalatine foramen opens into it behind, and the posterior ethmoidal cells in front. The sphenoidal sinus opens into a recess, the sphenoethmoidal recess, which is placed above and behind the superior concha. Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_meatus Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_meatus superior nasal meatus Wikipedia:Superior_nasal_meatus meatus nasi superior distal radio-ulnar joint EMAPA:19316 FMA:35290 MA:0000462 SCTID:182170009 UBERON:0007164 articulation radioulnaris distalis distal radioulnar joint inferior radioulnar joint radio-ulnar joint uberon MA:0000462 radio-ulnar joint FMA:35290 distal radioulnar joint FMA:35290 articulation radioulnaris distalis FMA:35290 inferior radioulnar joint proximal radio-ulnar joint EMAPA:19317 FMA:38860 SCTID:361837005 UBERON:0007165 superior radioulnar joint uberon FMA:38860 superior radioulnar joint left dome of diaphragm EMAPA:25047 FMA:13334 SCTID:244941000 UBERON:0007166 left dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically uberon FMA:13334 left dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically right dome of diaphragm EMAPA:25048 FMA:13333 SCTID:244942007 UBERON:0007167 right dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically uberon FMA:13333 right dome of diaphragm viewed radiologically long head of biceps brachii EMAPA:25054 FMA:37683 The long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle just above the shoulder joint from where its tendon passes down along the intertubercular groove of the humerus into the joint capsule of the shoulder joint. [1] When the humerus is in motion, the tendon of the long head is held firmly in place in the intertubercular groove by the greater and lesser tubercles and the overlying transverse humeral ligament. During the motion from external to internal rotation, the tendon is forced medially against the lesser tubercle and superiorly against the transverse ligament. UBERON:0007168 caput longum (musculus biceps brachii) uberon FMA:37683 caput longum (musculus biceps brachii) FMA The long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle just above the shoulder joint from where its tendon passes down along the intertubercular groove of the humerus into the joint capsule of the shoulder joint. [1] When the humerus is in motion, the tendon of the long head is held firmly in place in the intertubercular groove by the greater and lesser tubercles and the overlying transverse humeral ligament. During the motion from external to internal rotation, the tendon is forced medially against the lesser tubercle and superiorly against the transverse ligament. Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle#Origin_and_insertion short head of biceps brachii EMAPA:25055 FMA:37682 Proximally (towards the body), the short head of the biceps attaches to (originates from) the coracoid process at the top of the scapula. UBERON:0007169 uberon Proximally (towards the body), the short head of the biceps attaches to (originates from) the coracoid process at the top of the scapula. Wikipedia:Biceps_brachii_muscle#Origin_and_insertion FMA squamous part of occipital bone EMAPA:25113 FMA:52860 SCTID:139077005 The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side. UBERON:0007170 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Gray131.png occipital squama squama occipitalis squama occipitalis squama of occipital bone uberon Wikipedia:Squama_occipitalis squama occipitalis The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side. Wikipedia:Squama_occipitalis FMA:52860 occipital squama Wikipedia:Squama_occipitalis squama occipitalis Wikipedia:Squama_occipitalis occipital squama FMA:52860 squama of occipital bone border of scapula EMAPA:25124 FMA:23797 UBERON:0007171 scapular border uberon FMA:23797 scapular border FMA angle of scapula EMAPA:25125 FMA:23800 See: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/58 UBERON:0007172 scapular angle uberon FMA:23800 scapular angle FMA lateral border of scapula EMAPA:25126 FMA:23239 UBERON:0007173 axillary border of scapula lateral border of scapula lateral part of scapula margo lateralis (scapula) margo lateralis scapulae uberon FMA:23239 axillary border of scapula FMA:23239 margo lateralis (scapula) FMA:23239 lateral border of scapula FMA:23239 lateral part of scapula FMA:23239 FMA:TA margo lateralis scapulae EMAPA-modified medial border of scapula EMAPA:25127 FMA:23242 SCTID:368187009 UBERON:0007174 margo medialis (scapula) margo medialis scapulae medial part of scapula uberon vertebral border of scapula EMAPA-modified FMA:23242 FMA:TA margo medialis scapulae FMA:23242 margo medialis (scapula) FMA:23242 medial part of scapula FMA:23242 vertebral border of scapula inferior angle of scapula An angle of the scapula formed by the union of the vertebral and axillary borders; its dorsal surface affords attachment to the Teres major and frequently to a few fibers of the Latissimus dorsi.[WP,unvetted] EMAPA:25128 FMA:13315 UBERON:0007175 angulus inferior (scapula) angulus inferior scapulae uberon An angle of the scapula formed by the union of the vertebral and axillary borders; its dorsal surface affords attachment to the Teres major and frequently to a few fibers of the Latissimus dorsi.[WP,unvetted] Wikipedia:Inferior_angle_of_scapula Wikipedia:Inferior_angle_of_scapula angulus inferior scapulae FMA:13315 angulus inferior (scapula) EMAPA-modified superior angle of scapula An angle of the scapula formed by the junction of the superior and vertebral borders. It is thin, smooth, rounded, inclined somewhat lateralward, and gives attachment to a few fibers of the Levator scapulae[WP,unvetted] EMAPA:25129 FMA:23248 SCTID:368188004 UBERON:0007176 angulus superior (scapula) angulus superior scapulae medial angle of scapula superior medial angle of scapula uberon An angle of the scapula formed by the junction of the superior and vertebral borders. It is thin, smooth, rounded, inclined somewhat lateralward, and gives attachment to a few fibers of the Levator scapulae[WP,unvetted] Wikipedia:Superior_angle_of_scapula FMA:23248 angulus superior (scapula) Wikipedia:Superior_angle_of_scapula angulus superior scapulae Wikipedia:Superior_angle_of_scapula medial angle of scapula Wikipedia:Superior_angle_of_scapula superior medial angle of scapula EMAPA-modified lamina propria of mucosa of colon A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. EMAPA:27395 FMA:15657 SCTID:113284008 UBERON:0007177 colonic lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of colon lamina propria of colonic mucosa lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane uberon FMA:15657 colonic lamina propria FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucosa FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. OBOL:automatic FMA:15657 lamina propria mucosae of colon muscularis mucosae of colon A muscularis mucosa that is part of a colonic mucosa. EMAPA:27399 FMA:15656 SCTID:885000 UBERON:0007178 lamina muscularis of colonic mucosa lamina muscularis of colonic mucous membrane muscularis mucosa of colon uberon FMA:15656 lamina muscularis of colonic mucosa FMA:15656 lamina muscularis of colonic mucous membrane A muscularis mucosa that is part of a colonic mucosa. OBOL:automatic basal cell layer of urothelium EMAPA:28806 FMA:84154 UBERON:0007179 basal cell layer of uroepithelium uberon FMA:84154 basal cell layer of uroepithelium atretic follicle of ovary EMAPA:29874 FMA:18697 SCTID:259073003 UBERON:0007180 atretic follicle folliculus atreticus (Ovarium) uberon FMA:18697 atretic follicle FMA:18697 folliculus atreticus (Ovarium) serosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. EMAPA:29903 FMA:18324 UBERON:0007181 serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube serosa of infundibulum of oviduct uberon FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. EMAPA:31264 FMA:18336 UBERON:0007182 muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube uberon FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. OBOL:automatic FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18336 muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube pericardio-peritoneal canal mesothelium A mesothelium that is part of a pericardio-peritoneal canal. EHDAA2:0001442 EMAPA:16284 UBERON:0007185 VHOG:0000447 pericardio-peritoneal canal mehomhelium uberon VHOG:0000447 pericardio-peritoneal canal mehomhelium A mesothelium that is part of a pericardio-peritoneal canal. OBOL:automatic pericardial visceral mesothelium A visceral mesothelium that is part of a pericardium. EMAPA:16589 FMA:19741 Found in all vertebrates, the VP (visceral pericardium) is also known as the cardiac epimysium. This outermost layer of the epicardium consists of a thin layer of mesothelial cells over a dense network of collagen and elastin fibers.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007186 VHOG:0000778 mesothelium of visceral pericardium mesothelium of visceral serous pericardium pericardial visceral mehomhelium uberon visceral serous pericardium mesothelium FMA:19741 mesothelium of visceral serous pericardium FMA:19741 visceral serous pericardium mesothelium VHOG:0000778 pericardial visceral mehomhelium A visceral mesothelium that is part of a pericardium. OBOL:automatic FMA:19741 mesothelium of visceral pericardium 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00967.2007 Jöbsis PD, Ashikaga H, Wen H, Rothstein EC, Horvath KA, McVeigh ER, Balaban RS, The visceral pericardium: macromolecular structure and contribution to passive mechanical properties of the left ventricle. American journal of physiology, Heart and circulatory physiology (2007) Found in all vertebrates, the VP (visceral pericardium) is also known as the cardiac epimysium. This outermost layer of the epicardium consists of a thin layer of mesothelial cells over a dense network of collagen and elastin fibers.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000778 http://bgee.unil.ch/ pericardial parietal mesothelium A parietal mesothelium that is part of a pericardium. EMAPA:16588 FMA:19742 UBERON:0007187 mesothelium of parietal pericardium mesothelium of parietal serous pericardium parietal serous pericardium mesothelium uberon FMA:19742 parietal serous pericardium mesothelium FMA:19742 mesothelium of parietal pericardium FMA:19742 mesothelium of parietal serous pericardium A parietal mesothelium that is part of a pericardium. OBOL:automatic mesothelium of serous pericardium A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. BTO:0003157 EMAPA:16133 FMA:18149 SCTID:67300002 UBERON:0007188 mesothelium of pericardium pericardial mesothelium serous pericardium mesothelium uberon FMA:18149 mesothelium of pericardium A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. OBOL:automatic FMA:18149 serous pericardium mesothelium FMA:18149 pericardial mesothelium paracentral gyrus FMA:77537 UBERON:0007190 uberon anterior paracentral gyrus FMA:77537 UBERON:0007191 uberon posterior paracentral gyrus FMA:77538 UBERON:0007192 uberon orbital gyrus FMA:256194 SCTID:280372002 The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well-marked H-shaped orbital sulcus. These are named, from their position, the medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior orbital gyri. The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract; the portion medial to this is named the straight gyrus, and is continuous with the superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface. UBERON:0007193 gyrus orbitales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Human_brainstem_anterior_view_2_description.JPG orbital gyri uberon Wikipedia:Orbital_gyri gyrus orbitales The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well-marked H-shaped orbital sulcus. These are named, from their position, the medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior orbital gyri. The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract; the portion medial to this is named the straight gyrus, and is continuous with the superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface. Wikipedia:Orbital_gyri Wikipedia:Orbital_gyri orbital gyri vesicular gland BTO:0003717 MA:0000405 The vesicular gland is part of the male reproductive system. The vesicular gland contributes fluids, energy substrates, and buffers to semen. It can be found near the Coagulating gland, which also belongs to the reproductive system. UBERON:0007194 ncithesaurus:Vesicular_Gland todo - check this agaist seminal vesicle uberon BTO:0003717 The vesicular gland is part of the male reproductive system. The vesicular gland contributes fluids, energy substrates, and buffers to semen. It can be found near the Coagulating gland, which also belongs to the reproductive system. stroma of bone marrow FMA:21426 The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. UBERON:0007195 bone marrow stroma uberon FMA:21426 bone marrow stroma The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. Wikipedia:Bone_marrow#Stroma tracheobronchial tree FMA:7393 SCTID:361384001 UBERON:0004102 UBERON:0007196 the structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. tracheobronchial system uberon HP:0005607 tracheobronchial system Wikipedia:Tracheobronchial_tree the structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. Wikipedia hermaphroditic organism AAO:0010035 BILA:0000029 CARO:0000029 HAO:0000029 Multi-cellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. TADS:0000601 UBERON:0007197 WBbt:0007849 dioecious organism hermaphrodite uberon WBbt:0007849 hermaphrodite BILA:0000029 dioecious organism CARO:MAH Multi-cellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. hermaphrodite anatomical structure AEO:0000177 AEO:0000177 An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. EHDAA2:0003177 UBERON:0007198 WBbt:0005758 hermaphrodite-specific uberon An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. JB:DEF WBbt:0005758 hermaphrodite-specific brachiocephalic vasculature UBERON:0007204 uberon mesenchyme derived from head neural crest EFO:0003572 EHDAA2:0000735 EMAPA:16100 EMAPA:16169 EMAPA:16271 EMAPA_RETIRED:16271 Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. TAO:0000787 UBERON:0007213 ZFA:0000787 head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest head mesenchyme from neural crest head neural crest derived mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2:0000735 head mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. OBOL:automatic ZFA mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest EHDAA2:0002093 EMAPA:16182 Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. TAO:0000999 UBERON:0007214 ZFA:0000999 trunk mesenchyme from neural crest trunk neural crest derived mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0002093 trunk mesenchyme from neural crest trabecula cranii A paired cartilage element appearing in the preotic section of the head at the border between the brain and visceral structures (The Trabecula cranii: development and homology of an enigmatic vertebrate head structure - Cerny et al 2006) Paired thin medially aligned bar of cartilage that extends from the anterior end of the chondrocranium to just anterior to the anterior end of the notochord. The posterior ends of the trabeculae cranii are continuous with the parachordal cartilages, and they enclose the hypophyseal fenestra. TAO:0001507 UBERON:0007215 ZFA:0001507 trabeculae cranii uberon Paired thin medially aligned bar of cartilage that extends from the anterior end of the chondrocranium to just anterior to the anterior end of the notochord. The posterior ends of the trabeculae cranii are continuous with the parachordal cartilages, and they enclose the hypophyseal fenestra. ZFIN:curator ZFA:0001507 trabeculae cranii late embryonic stage EV:0300011 EVM:2990031 FBdv:00005333 MIAA:0000399 MmusDv:0000031 OGES:000023 SCTID:367619004 UBERON:0007220 embryo late (growth) stage embryo late growth stage embryo late stage fetal stage fetus fetus stage uberon UBERON:cjm fetal stage BTO:0000449 embryo late stage BTO:0000449 embryo late growth stage UBERON:cjm fetus stage MIAA:0000399 embryo late (growth) stage MIAA:0000399 fetus neonate stage BTO:0001762 EV:0300037 Editor note: consider splitting infant/newborn HsapDv:0000082 HsapDv:0000083 MmusDv:0000038 NIF_Organism:birnlex_695 OGES:000025 Of or pertaining to the period of time immediately following birth, or to the newborn. UBERON:0007221 fledgling stage hatchling hatchling stage http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Infant_organism http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Newborn_organism infant stage neonatal stage nestling stage newborn stage uberon OBOL:automatic neonatal stage Of or pertaining to the period of time immediately following birth, or to the newborn. Wikipedia:Infant http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neonatal UBERON:cjm infant stage UBERON:cjm hatchling stage UBERON:cjm fledgling stage UBERON:cjm hatchling UBERON:cjm newborn stage UBERON:cjm nestling stage late adult stage EV:0300123 HsapDv:0000093 NIF_Organism:birnlex_691 UBERON:0007222 UMLS:C0001792 elderly elderly stage geriatric geriatric stage ncithesaurus:Elderly uberon EV:0300123 elderly stage EV:0300123 elderly EV:0300123 geriatric EV:0300123 geriatric stage osseus cochlea MA:0000239 The osseous cochlea is the bony foundation that forms the small shell arrangement for the cochlear nerve. UBERON:0007223 todo - check this. in MA, cochlea is not part of the bony labyrinth uberon The osseous cochlea is the bony foundation that forms the small shell arrangement for the cochlear nerve. http://www.innerbody.com/image_nerv14/nerv175.html medial entorhinal cortex BTO:0004346 MA:0000922 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. UBERON:0007224 uberon BTO:0004347 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. lateral entorhinal cortex ABA:ENTl BTO:0004347 Entorhinal area, lateral part MA:0000911 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. UBERON:0007225 uberon ABA:ENTl Entorhinal area, lateral part BTO:0004347 The entorhinal cortex (EC) is an important memory center in the brain. In rodents, the EC is located at the caudal end of the temporal lobe. In primates it is located at the rostral end of the temporal lobe and stretches dorsolaterally. It is usually divided into medial and lateral regions with three bands with distinct properties and connectivity running perpendicular across the whole area. superior vestibular nucleus ABA:SUV BM:Me-VS-VSS BTO:0004372 Bechterew's nucleus EV:0100257 FMA:54617 The superior vestibular nucleus is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. Its axons terminate in much the same manner as do those from the lateral nucleus. UBERON:0007227 UMLS:C0228757 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray761.png ncithesaurus:Superior_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus of Bechterew nucleus vestibularis superior uberon ABA The superior vestibular nucleus is the dorso-lateral part of the vestibular nucleus and receives collaterals and terminals from the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. Its axons terminate in much the same manner as do those from the lateral nucleus. Wikipedia:Superior_vestibular_nucleus FMA:54617 nucleus of Bechterew ABA Bechterew's nucleus Wikipedia:Superior_vestibular_nucleus Wikipedia:Superior_vestibular_nucleus nucleus vestibularis superior ABA vestibular nucleus EV:0100254 FMA:54602 MA:0001032 SCTID:362462004 See comments for 'vestibular nuclear complex The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0007228 UMLS:C0042600 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray691.png ncithesaurus:Vestibular_Nucleus uberon vestibular VIII nucleus vestibular nucleus of acoustic nerve vestibular nucleus of eighth cranial nerve FMA:54602 vestibular nucleus of acoustic nerve FMA:54602 vestibular nucleus of eighth cranial nerve The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Vestibular_nuclei MA:0001032 vestibular VIII nucleus lateral vestibular nucleus ABA:LAV BM:Me-VS-VSL BTO:0004370 Deiter's nucleus Deiters' nucleus FMA:54614 GAID:603 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.428.600.800.800 SCTID:280176007 The lateral vestibular nucleus (Deitersbs nucleus) is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. UBERON:0007230 UMLS:C0011193 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray761.png lateral nucleus of Deiters ncithesaurus:Lateral_Vestibular_Nucleus nucleus of Deiters nucleus vestibularis lateralis uberon ABA ABA Deiter's nucleus FMA:54614 The lateral vestibular nucleus (Deitersbs nucleus) is the continuation upward and lateralward of the principal nucleus, and in it terminate many of the ascending branches of the vestibular nerve. Wikipedia:Lateral_vestibular_nucleus FMA:54614 lateral nucleus of Deiters ABA Deiters' nucleus FMA:54614 Wikipedia:Lateral_vestibular_nucleus nucleus vestibularis lateralis FMA:54614 nucleus of Deiters 2 cell stage EMAPA:16036 NF stage 2 (2-cell) UBERON:0007232 XAO:1000011 XtroDO:0000006 ZFS:0000002 two-cell stage uberon NF stage 2 (2-cell) XAO:1000011 OBOL:automatic two-cell stage 4 cell stage NF stage 3 (4-cell) UBERON:0007233 XAO:1000013 XtroDO:0000007 ZFS:0000003 four-cell stage uberon NF stage 3 (4-cell) XAO:1000013 OBOL:automatic four-cell stage 4-8 cell stage EMAPA:16037 UBERON:0007234 four-eight cell stage uberon OBOL:automatic four-eight cell stage 8 cell stage NF stage 4 (8-cell) UBERON:0007236 XAO:1000014 XtroDO:0000008 ZFS:0000004 eight-cell stage uberon OBOL:automatic eight-cell stage NF stage 4 (8-cell) XAO:1000014 1st arch mandibular component EHDAA2:0000031 EHDAA:583 EMAPA:16382 Editors note: relationship to Meckel's cartilage to be added Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007237 VHOG:0000510 uberon ventral mandibular arch ventral pharyngeal arch 1 ventral visceral arch 1 VHOG:0000510 ventral pharyngeal arch 1 VHOG:0000510 ventral mandibular arch VHOG:0000510 ventral visceral arch 1 EHDAA2 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000510 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 1st arch maxillary component EHDAA2:0000038 EHDAA:595 EMAPA:16388 Editors note: relationship to palatoquadrate to be added Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007238 VHOG:0000511 uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000511 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 tunica media of artery A tunica media that is part of a artery. EV:0100029 FMA:14273 SCTID:84300001 UBERON:0007239 UMLS:C1710627 arterial media ncithesaurus:Venous_System_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue tunica media (arteriae) uberon A tunica media that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic FMA:14273 tunica media (arteriae) EV:0100029 arterial media tunica adventitia of artery A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. EV:0100030 FMA:14274 SCTID:113261001 UBERON:0007240 arterial adventitia tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) uberon FMA:14274 tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) EV:0100030 arterial adventitia A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic tunica adventitia of vein A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. EV:0100034 FMA:14355 SCTID:13202006 UBERON:0007241 tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) uberon venous adventitia EV:0100034 venous adventitia FMA:14355 tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic tunica intima of vein A tunica intima that is part of a vein. EV:0100032 FMA:14353 SCTID:2436009 UBERON:0007242 tunica interna (intima)(venae) uberon venous intima A tunica intima that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic FMA:14353 tunica interna (intima)(venae) EV:0100032 venous intima tunica media of vein A tunica media that is part of a vein. EV:0100033 FMA:14354 SCTID:42049001 UBERON:0007243 tunica media (venae) uberon venous media EV:0100033 venous media A tunica media that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic FMA:14354 tunica media (venae) inferior olivary nucleus BTO:0003844 EMAPA:19241 SCTID:369066005 The inferior olivary nucleus is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. UBERON:0007244 VHOG:0001380 inferior olive uberon The inferior olivary nucleus is the largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. Wikipedia:Inferior_olivary_nucleus Wikipedia:Inferior_olivary_nucleus inferior olive nuclear complex of neuraxis FMA:84059 Internal gray matter component which consists of an assemblage of nuclei of neuraxis. Example: cerebellar nuclear complex, Vestibular nuclear complex.[FMA] UBERON:0007245 cluster of neural nuclei neural nuclei nuclear complex todo - move existing complex classes currently under nucleus to be under this class uberon FMA:84059 FMA:FMA Internal gray matter component which consists of an assemblage of nuclei of neuraxis. Example: cerebellar nuclear complex, Vestibular nuclear complex.[FMA] superior olivary nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a superior olivary complex. FMA:72246 MA:0001026 SCTID:369024009 UBERON:0007247 VHOG:0001381 nucleus of superior olivary complex superior olivary complex nucleus superior olive uberon MA:0001026 superior olive A nucleus of brain that is part of a superior olivary complex. OBOL:automatic FMA:72246 nucleus of superior olivary complex FMA:72246 superior olivary complex nucleus dorsal accessory inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72593 SCTID:369068006 The inferior olivary nucleus that is the smallest, and appears on transverse section as a curved lamina behind the primary olivary nucleus UBERON:0007249 dorsal accessory olivary nucleus inferior olivary complex, dorsal accessory olive inferior olive, dorsal nucleus nucleus olivaris accessorius posterior posterior accessory olivary nucleus uberon FMA:72593 FMA:TA nucleus olivaris accessorius posterior FMA:72593 inferior olive, dorsal nucleus FMA:72593 posterior accessory olivary nucleus FMA:72593 dorsal accessory olivary nucleus The inferior olivary nucleus that is the smallest, and appears on transverse section as a curved lamina behind the primary olivary nucleus Wikipedia:Olivary_body#Olivary_nuclei FMA:72593 inferior olivary complex, dorsal accessory olive lingual tonsil FMA:54836 MA:0000773 SCTID:276957006 The lingual tonsils are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue. They are on the dorsal surface at the base of the tongue. Their lymphatic tissue are dense and nodular, their surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium which invaginates as a single crypt into each lingual tonsil. They are partially surrounded by connective tissue placing them in the group of Partially-Encapsulated Lymphatic Organs, tonsils, the only one of its kind. They have associated mucous glands which are drained by ducts directly into the single tonsillar crypt. UBERON:0007250 UMLS:C0229871 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Illu04_tongue.jpg lingual tonsillar tissue ncithesaurus:Lingual_Tonsil tonsilla lingualis uberon FMA-abduced-lr MA:0000773 lingual tonsillar tissue Wikipedia:Lingual_tonsils tonsilla lingualis The lingual tonsils are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue. They are on the dorsal surface at the base of the tongue. Their lymphatic tissue are dense and nodular, their surface is covered with stratified squamous epithelium which invaginates as a single crypt into each lingual tonsil. They are partially surrounded by connective tissue placing them in the group of Partially-Encapsulated Lymphatic Organs, tonsils, the only one of its kind. They have associated mucous glands which are drained by ducts directly into the single tonsillar crypt. Wikipedia:Lingual_tonsils preoptic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a preoptic area. EV:0100226 UBERON:0007251 uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a preoptic area. OBOL:automatic intervertebral disk of cervical vertebra An intervertebral disk that is part of a cervical region of vertebral column. EMAPA:19415 FMA:13895 SCTID:68818006 UBERON:0007252 cervical intervertebral disc intervertebral disc of cervical region uberon An intervertebral disk that is part of a cervical region of vertebral column. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:19415 intervertebral disc of cervical region FMA:13895 cervical intervertebral disc intervertebral disk of thoracic vertebra An intervertebral disk that is part of a thoracic region of vertebral column. EMAPA:19489 FMA:10455 UBERON:0007254 intervertebral disc of thoracic region uberon EMAPA:19489 intervertebral disc of thoracic region An intervertebral disk that is part of a thoracic region of vertebral column. OBOL:automatic intervertebral disk of lumbar vertebra An intervertebral disk that is part of a lumbar region of vertebral column. EMAPA:19468 FMA:13894 UBERON:0007255 intervertebral disc of lumbar region uberon An intervertebral disk that is part of a lumbar region of vertebral column. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:19468 intervertebral disc of lumbar region intervertebral disk of sacral vertebra An intervertebral disk that is part of a sacral region of vertebral column. EMAPA:19575 UBERON:0007257 intervertebral disc of sacral region uberon EMAPA:19575 intervertebral disc of sacral region An intervertebral disk that is part of a sacral region of vertebral column. OBOL:automatic intervertebral disk of third cervical vertebra C3 intervertebral disk EMAPA:19422 FMA:13896 UBERON:0007260 intervertebral disk, C3-C4 uberon FMA:13896 intervertebral disk, C3-C4 C3 intervertebral disk FMA:13896 intervertebral disk of fourth cervical vertebra EMAPA:19425 FMA:13897 SCTID:361748005 UBERON:0007261 intervertebral disc of fourth cervical vertebra intervertebral disk, C4-C5 uberon FMA:13897 intervertebral disk, C4-C5 FMA:13897 intervertebral disc of fourth cervical vertebra intervertebral disk of fifth cervical vertebra EMAPA:19428 FMA:13898 SCTID:361749002 UBERON:0007262 intervertebral disc of fifth cervical vertebra intervertebral disk, C5-C6 uberon FMA:13898 intervertebral disk, C5-C6 FMA:13898 intervertebral disc of fifth cervical vertebra intervertebral disk of sixth cervical vertebra EMAPA:19460 FMA:13899 UBERON:0007263 intervertebral disk, C6-C7 uberon FMA:13899 intervertebral disk, C6-C7 intervertebral disk of seventh cervical vertebra EMAPA:19463 FMA:13900 UBERON:0007264 intervertebral disk, C7-T1 uberon FMA:13900 intervertebral disk, C7-T1 intervertebral disk of axis C2 disk C2 intervertebral disk EMAPA:19419 FMA:25058 UBERON:0007265 intervertebral disc of cervical vertebra 2 intervertebral disk of cervical vertebra 2 intervertebral disk, C2-C3 second cervical intervertebral disk uberon C2 intervertebral disk FMA:25058 FMA:25058 intervertebral disk of cervical vertebra 2 FMA:25058 second cervical intervertebral disk C2 disk FMA:25058 FMA:25058 intervertebral disk, C2-C3 FMA:25058 intervertebral disc of cervical vertebra 2 intervertebral disk of atlas C1 disk C1 intervertebral disk EMAPA:19416 FMA:25058 UBERON:0007266 first cervical intervertebral disk intervertebral disc of cervical vertebra 1 intervertebral disk of cervical vertebra 1 intervertebral disk, C1-C2 uberon trachea pre-cartilage rings A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a trachea. EHDAA2:0002070 EHDAA:7082 UBERON:0007267 uberon EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic upper esophageal sphincter The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) (also called the Pharyngoesophageal sphincter) refers to the superior portion of the esophagus. Unlike the lower esophageal sphincter, it consists of striated muscle and is under conscious control. The primary muscle of the UES is the cricopharyngeus portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. During swallowing the upper esophageal sphincter opens so the bolus can pass into the esophagus. A secondary role of the UES is to reduce backflow from the esophagus into the pharynx. UBERON:0007268 UMLS:C1451819 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Musculusconstrictorpharyngisinferior.png ncithesaurus:Upper_Esophageal_Sphincter pharyngoesophageal sphincter uberon upper esophageal sphincter muscle upper oesophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Upper_esophageal_sphincter pharyngoesophageal sphincter Wikipedia:Upper_esophageal_sphincter upper oesophageal sphincter Wikipedia The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) (also called the Pharyngoesophageal sphincter) refers to the superior portion of the esophagus. Unlike the lower esophageal sphincter, it consists of striated muscle and is under conscious control. The primary muscle of the UES is the cricopharyngeus portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor. During swallowing the upper esophageal sphincter opens so the bolus can pass into the esophagus. A secondary role of the UES is to reduce backflow from the esophagus into the pharynx. Wikipedia:Upper_esophageal_sphincter pectoral appendage musculature A musculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. EFO:0003540 TAO:0000563 UBERON:0007269 ZFA:0000563 pectoral fin musculature uberon ZFA:0000563 pectoral fin musculature A musculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic pelvic appendage musculature A musculature that is part of a pelvic appendage. Musculature that is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO:0000258 UBERON:0007270 ZFA:0000258 pelvic fin musculature uberon ZFA:0000258 pelvic fin musculature 2012-08-14 Musculature that is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000258 TAO:curator A musculature that is part of a pelvic appendage. OBOL:automatic limb/fin musculature A musculature that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0000207 UBERON:0007271 ZFA:0000207 fin musculature uberon A musculature that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000207 fin musculature pectoral appendage skeleton Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle. UBERON:0007272 VSAO:0005000 cheiropterygium uberon VSAO Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle. VSAO:0005000 VSAO:NI VSAO:0005000 VSAO:NI cheiropterygium pelvic appendage skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. UBERON:0007273 uberon The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. UBERON:cjm VSAO crista of ampulla of anterior semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a anterior semicircular duct. AC FMA:75610 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000619 UBERON:0007274 XAO:0004137 ZFA:0000619 anterior crista anterior crista ampullaris anterior cristae anterior semicircular canal sensory patch anterior semicircular canal sensory patches rostral crista sensory patches todo - unvetted uberon A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a anterior semicircular duct. OBOL:automatic TAO:0000619 sensory patches ZFA:0000619 rostral crista ZFA:0000619 anterior crista ampullaris 2012-08-14 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000619 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000619 anterior cristae TAO:0000619 anterior crista AC TAO:0000619 ZFA:0000619 anterior semicircular canal sensory patches ZFA:0000619 anterior semicircular canal sensory patch crista of ampulla of posterior semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a posterior semicircular duct. FMA:75611 PC Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000566 UBERON:0007275 XAO:0004133 ZFA:0000566 caudal crista posterior crista posterior crista ampullaris posterior cristae posterior semicircular canal sensory patch posterior semicircular canal sensory patches sensory patches todo - unvetted uberon A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a posterior semicircular duct. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000566 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000566 posterior crista ampullaris TAO:0000566 sensory patches TAO:0000566 posterior crista ZFA:0000566 posterior semicircular canal sensory patch ZFA:0000566 caudal crista ZFA:0000566 posterior cristae ZFA:0000566 posterior semicircular canal sensory patches PC TAO:0000566 crista of ampulla of lateral semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a lateral semicircular duct. FMA:75612 LC Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO:0000166 UBERON:0007276 ZFA:0000166 lateral crista lateral crista ampullaris lateral cristae lateral semicircular canal sensory patch lateral semicircular canal sensory patches sensory patches todo - unvetted uberon ZFA:0000166 lateral cristae TAO:0000166 lateral crista A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a lateral semicircular duct. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0000166 lateral semicircular canal sensory patch LC TAO:0000166 TAO:0000166 sensory patches ZFA:0000166 lateral crista ampullaris ZFA:0000166 lateral semicircular canal sensory patches 2012-08-14 Patches of thickened, pseudostratified epithelium of the inner ear, consisting of regular arrays of sensory hair cells interspersed with supporting cells. Each patch has its own charcteristic shape and polarity pattern. (See Anatomical Atlas entry for sensory patches of the ear by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000166 ZFIN:curator presumptive hindbrain CALOHA:TS-2118 EFO:0003440 EHDAA2:0001630 TAO:0000569 TODO - unify naming conventions The embryonic rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon that will give the medulla oblongata. Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon that will form the pons and the cerebellum[NPX:PDR]. The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, "rhombencephalosynapsis" is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. UBERON:0007277 ZFA:0000569 embryonic rhombencephalon future hindbrain rhombencephalon uberon EHDAA2:0001630 rhombencephalon UBERON:cjm future hindbrain The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, "rhombencephalosynapsis" is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon NPX:PDR The embryonic rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon that will give the medulla oblongata. Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon that will form the pons and the cerebellum[NPX:PDR]. CALOHA:TS-2118 embryonic rhombencephalon presumptive sinus venosus Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the sinus venosus. TAO:0002234 UBERON:0007278 ZFA:0001722 uberon ZFA Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the sinus venosus. ZFA:0001722 presumptive atrioventricular canal A presumptive structure that develops_into a atrioventricular canal. Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the atrioventricular canal.[TAO] TAO:0002227 UBERON:0007279 ZFA:0001723 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a atrioventricular canal. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the atrioventricular canal.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002227 ZFIN:curator presumptive endocardium A presumptive structure that develops_into a endocardium. Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the endocardium.[TAO] TAO:0002233 UBERON:0007280 ZFA:0001724 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a endocardium. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the endocardium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002233 ZFIN:curator presumptive midbrain hindbrain boundary An embryonic midbrain hindbrain boundary that is part of a neurectoderm. EFO:0003446 TAO:0001187 UBERON:0007281 XAO:0004086 ZFA:0001187 presumptive MHB uberon An embryonic midbrain hindbrain boundary that is part of a neurectoderm. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm presumptive MHB presumptive segmental plate A presumptive structure that develops_into a presomitic mesoderm. EFO:0003421 TAO:0000053 UBERON:0007282 ZFA:0000053 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a presomitic mesoderm. OBOL:automatic EDHAA2 UBERONREF:0000002 presumptive shield EFO:0003444 Presumptive structure fated to become the shield. Defined by fate mapping[ZFIN:curator]. TAO:0001121 UBERON:0007283 ZFA:0001121 uberon Presumptive structure fated to become the shield. Defined by fate mapping[ZFIN:curator]. ZFIN:curator presumptive neural plate A presumptive structure that develops_into a neural plate. EFO:0003424 Region of the gastrula which gives rise to the neural plate.[TAO] TAO:0000063 UBERON:0007284 ZFA:0000063 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a neural plate. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 Region of the gastrula which gives rise to the neural plate.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000063 ZFIN:curator presumptive paraxial mesoderm A presumptive structure that develops_into a paraxial mesoderm. EFO:0003443 TAO:0000591 UBERON:0007285 XAO:0004134 ZFA:0000591 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a paraxial mesoderm. OBOL:automatic presumptive floor plate A presumptive structure that develops_into a floor plate. EFO:0003454 TAO:0001218 UBERON:0007286 ZFA:0001218 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a floor plate. OBOL:automatic presumptive bulbus arteriosus A presumptive structure that develops_into a bulbus arteriosus. Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] TAO:0002230 UBERON:0007287 ZFA:0001712 uberon 2012-08-14 Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002230 ZFIN:curator A presumptive structure that develops_into a bulbus arteriosus. OBOL:automatic presumptive forebrain midbrain boundary A presumptive structure that develops_into a forebrain-midbrain boundary. EFO:0003463 TAO:0001368 UBERON:0007288 ZFA:0001368 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a forebrain-midbrain boundary. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 1 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 1. TAO:0001207 UBERON:0007289 ZFA:0001207 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 1. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 3 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 3. EFO:0003451 TAO:0001213 UBERON:0007290 ZFA:0001213 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 3. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 4 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 4. EFO:0003450 TAO:0001212 UBERON:0007291 ZFA:0001212 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 4. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 5 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 5. EFO:0003449 TAO:0001211 UBERON:0007292 ZFA:0001211 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 5. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 6 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 6. EFO:0003448 TAO:0001210 UBERON:0007293 ZFA:0001210 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 6. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 7 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 7. EFO:0003447 TAO:0001209 UBERON:0007294 ZFA:0001209 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 7. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 8 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 8. EFO:0003452 TAO:0001214 UBERON:0007295 ZFA:0001214 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 8. OBOL:automatic presumptive rhombomere 2 A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 2. TAO:0001208 UBERON:0007296 ZFA:0001208 uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a rhombomere 2. OBOL:automatic presumptive pronephric mesoderm A presumptive structure that develops_into a pronephric mesoderm. EFO:0003619 TAO:0001070 UBERON:0007297 ZFA:0001070 nephron primordium uberon A presumptive structure that develops_into a pronephric mesoderm. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0001070 nephron primordium pronephric proximal convoluted tubule A proximal convoluted tubule that is part of a pronephros. TAO:0002238 UBERON:0007298 ZFA:0001620 uberon reference_0000032 A proximal convoluted tubule that is part of a pronephros. OBOL:automatic choroid plexus of tectal ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a cerebral aqueduct. TAO:0001445 UBERON:0007299 ZFA:0001445 choroid plexus tectal ventricle uberon ZFA:0001445 choroid plexus tectal ventricle A choroid plexus that is part of a cerebral aqueduct. OBOL:automatic pectoral appendage blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. TAO:0005301 UBERON:0007300 ZFA:0005301 pectoral fin blood vessel uberon A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0005301 pectoral fin blood vessel limb/fin blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0005299 UBERON:0007301 ZFA:0005299 fin blood vessel uberon ZFA:0005299 fin blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic pectoral appendage vasculature A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. TAO:0005096 UBERON:0007302 ZFA:0005096 pectoral fin vasculature uberon ZFA:0005096 pectoral fin vasculature A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic pharyngeal vasculature A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. TAO:0005003 UBERON:0007303 ZFA:0005003 branchial vasculature uberon ZFA:0005003 branchial vasculature A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. OBOL:automatic limb/fin vasculature A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0005095 UBERON:0007304 ZFA:0005095 fin vasculature uberon A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0005095 fin vasculature pronephric glomerular capillary A glomerular capillary that is part of a pronephros. TAO:0005309 UBERON:0007306 ZFA:0005309 uberon reference_0000032 true A glomerular capillary that is part of a pronephros. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 pronephric glomerular basement membrane A glomerular basement membrane that is part of a pronephros. TAO:0005313 UBERON:0007307 ZFA:0005313 uberon A glomerular basement membrane that is part of a pronephros. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true pronephric distal early tubule A distal early tubule that is part of a pronephros. TAO:0002236 UBERON:0007308 ZFA:0001622 uberon A distal early tubule that is part of a pronephros. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 sputum BTO:0001297 GAID:1171 MA:0002536 MESH:A12.200.808 Matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth. UBERON:0007311 UMLS:C0038056 expectoration ncithesaurus:Sputum uberon Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource Matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth. BTO:0001297 expectoration pudendal artery Either the internal or external pudendal arteries. MA:0002028 SCTID:277968003 UBERON:0007312 uberon Either the internal or external pudendal arteries. Wikipedia:Pudendal_artery superior external pudendal artery MA:0002029 UBERON:0007314 uberon internal pudendal artery FMA:18835 SCTID:244309002 The internal pudendal artery is an artery that branches off the internal iliac artery, providing blood to the external genitalia. The internal pudendal artery is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. It is smaller in the female than in the male. UBERON:0007315 arteria pudenda interna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Gray1244.png internal pudendal vessels internal pudic artery uberon Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_artery arteria pudenda interna Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_artery internal pudendal vessels FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_artery internal pudic artery The internal pudendal artery is an artery that branches off the internal iliac artery, providing blood to the external genitalia. The internal pudendal artery is the terminal branch of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. It is smaller in the female than in the male. Wikipedia:Internal_pudendal_artery deep external pudendal artery FMA:20739 SCTID:31708008 The deep external pudendal artery (deep external pudic artery), more deeply seated than the superficial external pudendal artery, passes medialward across the Pectineus and the Adductor longus muscles; it is covered by the fascia lata, which it pierces at the medial side of the thigh, and is distributed, in the male, to the integument of the scrotum and perineum, in the female to the labium majus; its branches anastomose with the scrotal (or labial) branches of the perineal artery. UBERON:0007316 arteria pudenda externa profunda http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gray549.png uberon FMA FMA FMA Wikipedia:Deep_external_pudendal_artery arteria pudenda externa profunda The deep external pudendal artery (deep external pudic artery), more deeply seated than the superficial external pudendal artery, passes medialward across the Pectineus and the Adductor longus muscles; it is covered by the fascia lata, which it pierces at the medial side of the thigh, and is distributed, in the male, to the integument of the scrotum and perineum, in the female to the labium majus; its branches anastomose with the scrotal (or labial) branches of the perineal artery. Wikipedia:Deep_external_pudendal_artery superficial external pudendal artery After piercing the femoral sheath and fascia cribrosa, it courses medialward, across the spermatic cord (or round ligament in the female), to be distributed to the integument on the lower part of the abdomen, the penis and scrotum in the male, and the labium majus in the female, anastomosing with branches of the internal pudendal artery. it crosses superficial to the inguinal ligament[WP] FMA:20738 SCTID:47954000 The superficial external pudendal artery (superficial external pudic artery) arises from the medial side of the femoral artery, close to the superficial epigastric artery and superficial iliac circumflex artery. UBERON:0007317 arteria pudenda externa superficialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Gray549.png uberon FMA The superficial external pudendal artery (superficial external pudic artery) arises from the medial side of the femoral artery, close to the superficial epigastric artery and superficial iliac circumflex artery. Wikipedia:Superficial_external_pudendal_artery FMA Wikipedia:Superficial_external_pudendal_artery arteria pudenda externa superficialis saphenous vein BTO:0001808 Either of two main superficial veins of the leg, one larger than the other, that begin at the foot. MA:0002215 MESH:A07.231.908.819 UBERON:0007318 UMLS:C0036186 ncithesaurus:Saphenous_Vein uberon BTO:0001808 Either of two main superficial veins of the leg, one larger than the other, that begin at the foot. medial saphenous vein FMA:44322 MA:0002173 UBERON:0007319 medial accessory saphenous vein todo - check uberon FMA:44322 medial accessory saphenous vein lateral saphenous vein FMA:44321 MA:0002161 UBERON:0007321 lateral accessory saphenous vein todo - check uberon FMA:44321 lateral accessory saphenous vein pancreatic lobe FMA:16012 MA:0000721 UBERON:0007324 lobulus pancreaticus pancreas lobe pancreatic lobule todo - check uberon MA:0000721 pancreas lobe FMA:16012 pancreatic lobule FMA:16012 lobulus pancreaticus pancreatic duct A duct that is part of the pancreas and connected to the duodenum. Duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] EHDAA:9194 FMA:10419 MA:0000124 SCTID:181278006 TAO:0001372 These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0007329 VHOG:0000254 ZFA:0001372 duct of pancreas ductus pancreaticus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray1100.png note that this class groups together accessory (dorsal) and main (ventral) pancreatic ducts. AO notes: in EHDAA2, the dorsal and ventral ducts are classified as epithelial sacs - review after overhaul of duct/epithelia terms pancreas duct uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.035 Yee NS, Lorent K, Pack M, Exocrine pancreas development in zebrafish. Developmental Biology (2005) These data show that ducts within the zebrafish pancreas originally arise in situ from isolated progenitor cells rather than arising from reiterative branching of the pancreatic epithelium. This process of pancreatic duct formation in zebrafish may be analogous to the mechanism of duct formation in the mammalian mammary and salivary glands. (...) A related mechanism of duct formation has also been proposed to occur within the mammalian pancreatic epithelium.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000254 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 Duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000254 http://bgee.unil.ch/ OBOL:accepted pancreas duct MA OBOL:accepted duct of pancreas A duct that is part of the pancreas and connected to the duodenum. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct ZFA Wikipedia:Pancreatic_duct ductus pancreaticus rhamphotheca Development notes: This covering arises from the Malpighian cells of the bird's epidermis,[9] growing from plates at the base of each mandible[WP] UBERON:0007330 horny sheath of beak outer keratin layer of beak thin keratinized layer of epidermis projecting from outer surface of beak[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Beak#Rhamphotheca thin keratinized layer of epidermis projecting from outer surface of beak[WP]. maxillary rhamphotheca A rhamphotheca that is part of a upper beak. UBERON:0007331 maxillary beak rhinotheca uberon A rhamphotheca that is part of a upper beak. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Beak#Rhamphotheca rhinotheca mandibular rhamphotheca A rhamphotheca that is part of a lower beak. UBERON:0007332 gnathotheca mandibular beak uberon Wikipedia:Beak#Rhamphotheca gnathotheca A rhamphotheca that is part of a lower beak. OBOL:automatic avian pallium BTO:0003399 In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain. Pallium of avian species tend to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. UBERON:0007333 uberon In the anatomy of animals, an avian pallium is the dorsal telencephalon of a bird's brain. Pallium of avian species tend to be relatively large, comprising ~75% of the telencephalic volume. Wikipedia:Avian_pallium nidopallium BTO:0003389 The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed to nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium because the prior name suggested that the region was used for more primitive functions. UBERON:0007334 nested pallium uberon BTO:0003389 nested pallium The nidopallium, meaning nested pallium, is the region of the avian brain that is used mostly for some types of executive functions but also other higher cognitive tasks. The region was renamed to nidopallium in 2002 during the Avian Brain Nomenclature Consortium because the prior name suggested that the region was used for more primitive functions. Wikipedia:Nidopallium http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_Brain_Nomenclature_Consortium hyperpallium BTO:0003400 Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the hyperpallium, once called the hyperstriatum. UBERON:0007347 hyperstriatum uberon Birds have a unique pallial structure known as the hyperpallium, once called the hyperstriatum. Wikipedia:Hyperpallium BTO:0003400 hyperstriatum mesopallium BTO:0003405 UBERON:0007349 middle pallium uberon BTO:0003405 middle pallium arcopallium BM:ARCO BTO:0003408 The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex[1], and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala.[2] The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence. UBERON:0007350 arched pallium archistriatum uberon BM:ARCO archistriatum http://www.avianbrain.org/archistriatum.html BTO:0003408 arched pallium The arcopallium refers to regions of the avian brain which partially overlap regions homologous to the amygdala of mammals. These regions have formerly been referred to as archistriatum, and before this epistriatum or amygdaloid complex[1], and a recent change of nomenclature has divided the region into the arcopallium and posterior pallial amygdala.[2] The new nomenclature, adopted in 2004, reflects a modern understanding that the avian brain is broadly similar to the mammalian brain, containing large regions homologous to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala. The outdated nomenclature it replaced perceived the avian brain as consisting almost entirely of enlarged basal ganglia, to which more complex outer layers had been added during a progress toward mammalian intelligence. Wikipedia:Arcopallium nucleus isthmo-opticus BTO:0003411 UBERON:0007351 nucleus isthmoopticus uberon BTO:0003411 nucleus isthmoopticus stria vascularis vasculature UBERON:0007352 blood vessels supplying the stria vascularis in the cochlea of the inner ear. uberon MP:0004368 blood vessels supplying the stria vascularis in the cochlea of the inner ear. cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube FMA:60096 SCTID:362565000 The cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube, about 24 mm. in length, is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the osseous portion of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube. The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal orifice, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus. The position and relations of the pharyngeal orifice are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated epithelium and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil. The tube is opened during deglutition by the Salpingopharyngeus and Dilatator tubC&. The latter arises from the hook of the cartilage and from the membranous part of the tube, and blends below with the Tensor veli palatini. UBERON:0007354 cartilage of auditory tube cartilage of eustachian tube cartilago tubae auditivae cartilago tubae auditivae; cartilago tubae auditoriae cartilago tubae auditoriae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray915.png pharyngotympanic tube cartilage uberon FMA:60096 cartilage of auditory tube FMA:60096 FMA:TA cartilago tubae auditivae FMA:60096 cartilage of eustachian tube Wikipedia:Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube cartilago tubae auditivae; cartilago tubae auditoriae FMA:60096 pharyngotympanic tube cartilage FMA:60096 FMA:TA cartilago tubae auditoriae The cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube, about 24 mm. in length, is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage, the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the osseous portion of the tube, while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube. The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself, being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook; a groove or furrow is thus produced, which is open below and laterally, and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane. The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal and the great wing of the sphenoid; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate. The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane, the former inclining downward a little more than the latter. The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout, being greatest at the pharyngeal orifice, least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions, and again increased toward the tympanic cavity; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus. The position and relations of the pharyngeal orifice are described with the nasal part of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx, and behind with that of the tympanic cavity; it is covered with ciliated epithelium and is thin in the osseous portion, while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue, which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil. The tube is opened during deglutition by the Salpingopharyngeus and Dilatator tubC&. The latter arises from the hook of the cartilage and from the membranous part of the tube, and blends below with the Tensor veli palatini. Wikipedia:Cartilage_of_pharyngotympanic_tube bony part of pharyngotympanic tube FMA:60057 SCTID:362563007 The bony part of pharyngotympanic tube is about 12 mm. in length. It begins in the carotid wall of the tympanic cavity, below the septum canalis musculotubarii, and, gradually narrowing, ends at the angle of junction of the squama and the petrous portion of the temporal bone, its extremity presenting a jagged margin which serves for the attachment of the cartilaginous portion. UBERON:0007355 bony part of auditory tube bony part of eustachian tube http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Gray911.png osseous portion osseous portion of eustachian tube pars ossea (tuba auditiva) pars ossea (tuba auditoria) pars ossea tubae auditivae uberon FMA:60057 pars ossea (tuba auditiva) FMA:60057 osseous portion of eustachian tube Wikipedia:Bony_part_of_pharyngotympanic_tube osseous portion FMA:60057 bony part of auditory tube Wikipedia:Bony_part_of_pharyngotympanic_tube pars ossea tubae auditivae FMA:60057 pars ossea (tuba auditoria) The bony part of pharyngotympanic tube is about 12 mm. in length. It begins in the carotid wall of the tympanic cavity, below the septum canalis musculotubarii, and, gradually narrowing, ends at the angle of junction of the squama and the petrous portion of the temporal bone, its extremity presenting a jagged margin which serves for the attachment of the cartilaginous portion. Wikipedia:Bony_part_of_pharyngotympanic_tube FMA:60057 bony part of eustachian tube crop A pouched enlargement of the gullet of many birds that serves as a receptacle for food and for its preliminary maceration. BTO:0000301 Editor notes: we follow WP and place as part of the esophagus. Taxon notes: Aves specific structure - consider adding functional grouping class. Kardong: some cetaceans have a crop-like structure SCTID:68028003 UBERON:0007356 esophageal diverticulum esophageal pouch uberon A pouched enlargement of the gullet of many birds that serves as a receptacle for food and for its preliminary maceration. BTO:0000301 Wikipedia:Crop_(anatomy)#Birds proventriculus BTO:0001136 GAID:1239 MESH:A13.853.710 SCTID:63897003 Taxon notes: consider extending to crocodilians. EMAPA has proventricular region The glandular or true stomach of a bird that is situated between the crop and gizzard. UBERON:0007357 uberon BTO:0001136 The glandular or true stomach of a bird that is situated between the crop and gizzard. Wikipedia:Proventriculus cjm Wikipedia abomasum BTO:0000024 GAID:1241 MESH:A13.869.106 SCTID:410028001 The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) UBERON:0007358 fourth stomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png maw ncithesaurus:Abomasum read rennet-bag ruminant true stomach uberon Wikipedia:Abomasum maw Wikipedia:Abomasum read Wikipedia:Abomasum rennet-bag MESH:A13.869.106 The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) Wikipedia:Abomasum BTO:0000024 fourth stomach ruminant forestomach Any of the first three stomachs of a ruminant, i.e., the rumen, reticulum, or omasum. BTO:0000480 Development/homology notes: You will still see the statement in some texts that the parts of the forestomach are derived from the embryonic esophagus, and that's the reason why (like the esophagus) they're lined with stratified squamous epithelium. This is open to doubt. While there is no doubt that the rumen, reticulum, and omasum are all derived from the embryonic foregut, there is evidence to indicate that all three come from that an area of the foregut homologous to the part that develops into the single stomach of non-ruminants. If this is so, then the forestomach can be considered diverticula (or derivatives) of the stomach proper, not the esophagus, despite the nature of the lining -- http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/labs/lab21/Examples/exrumen.htm UBERON:0007359 forestomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png uberon Any of the first three stomachs of a ruminant, i.e., the rumen, reticulum, or omasum. BTO:0000480 BTO:0000480 forestomach ruminant reticulum BTO:0000347 MESH:A13.869.697 SCTID:23703003 The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988) UBERON:0007361 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png ncithesaurus:Reticulum reticulum uberon BTO:0000347 reticulum MESH:A13.869.697 The second stomach of ruminants. It lies almost in the midline in the front of the abdomen, in contact with the liver and diaphragm and communicates freely with the RUMEN via the ruminoreticular orifice. The lining of the reticulum is raised into folds forming a honeycomb pattern over the surface. (From Concise Veterinary Dictionary, 1988) Wikipedia:Reticulum_(anatomy) omasum BTO:0000348 GAID:1242 MESH:A13.869.524 SCTID:410028001 The third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. From its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. In the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. One leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) UBERON:0007362 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png ncithesaurus:Omasum omasum uberon MESH:A13.869.524 The third stomach of ruminants, situated on the right side of the abdomen at a higher level than the fourth stomach and between this latter and the second stomach, with both of which it communicates. From its inner surface project large numbers of leaves or folia, each of which possesses roughened surfaces. In the center of each folium is a band of muscle fibers which produces a rasping movement of the leaf when it contracts. One leaf rubs against those on either side of it, and large particles of food material are ground down between the rough surfaces, preparatory to further digestion in the succeeeding parts of the alimentary canal. (Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed) Wikipedia:Omasum MESH:A13.869.524 omasum reticulorumen UBERON:0007364 first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It is composed of the rumen and reticulum. The reticulum differs from the rumen with regard to the texture of its lining. The rumen wall is covered in small finger like projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 0.5 cm in length and 0.3 cm wide in cattle. The reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern. The ridges are approximately 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide and are raised 0.5 cm above the reticulum wall. The hexagons in the reticulum are approximately 2-5 cm wide in cattle. Despite the differences in the texture of the lining of the two parts of the reticulorumen, it represents one functional space. Microbial fermentation degrades ingested carbohydrates in the reticulorumen to the volatile fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate, and proteins to short peptides, amino acids and ammonia. This fermentation is anaerobic and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen in order that they can reproduce. Ruminants absorb the volatile fatty acids across the reticulorumen wall and use them for energy, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where they are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5-20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100-200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum is located in the reticulum[WP]. retriculo-rumen uberon Wikipedia:Reticulorumen first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It is composed of the rumen and reticulum. The reticulum differs from the rumen with regard to the texture of its lining. The rumen wall is covered in small finger like projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 0.5 cm in length and 0.3 cm wide in cattle. The reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern. The ridges are approximately 0.1 - 0.2 mm wide and are raised 0.5 cm above the reticulum wall. The hexagons in the reticulum are approximately 2-5 cm wide in cattle. Despite the differences in the texture of the lining of the two parts of the reticulorumen, it represents one functional space. Microbial fermentation degrades ingested carbohydrates in the reticulorumen to the volatile fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate, and proteins to short peptides, amino acids and ammonia. This fermentation is anaerobic and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen in order that they can reproduce. Ruminants absorb the volatile fatty acids across the reticulorumen wall and use them for energy, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where they are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5-20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100-200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum is located in the reticulum[WP]. rumen BTO:0001194 GAID:1244 MESH:A13.869.804 SCTID:45138000 Structure notes: There is no muscularis mucosae in the rumen The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed). UBERON:0007365 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png ncithesaurus:Rumen paunch uberon BTO:0001194 paunch MESH:A13.869.804 The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed). Wikipedia:Rumen ruminant stomach Editor notes: Consider classifying each subdivision as 'stomach chamber' GAID:1240 MESH:A13.869 The ruminants' stomach consists of four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The first three compartments comprise the forestomach (proventriculus). They are lined with nonglandular membrane. The fourth compartment, the abomasum comprises the true stomach of the ruminants. It is lined with glandular mucous membrane. The rumen lies on the left of the abdominal cavity, the reticulum cranially and the omasum on the right. The abomasum lies ventrally, its proximal end lies ventral to the rumen, reticulum and omasum UBERON:0007366 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Abomasum_%28PSF%29.png plurilocular stomach uberon The ruminants' stomach consists of four compartments: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The first three compartments comprise the forestomach (proventriculus). They are lined with nonglandular membrane. The fourth compartment, the abomasum comprises the true stomach of the ruminants. It is lined with glandular mucous membrane. The rumen lies on the left of the abdominal cavity, the reticulum cranially and the omasum on the right. The abomasum lies ventrally, its proximal end lies ventral to the rumen, reticulum and omasum http://www.onemedicine.tuskegee.edu/DigestiveSystem/Stomach/Stomach_Ruminants.html surface of tongue An anatomical surface that is part of a tongue. FMA:54647 SCTID:314870004 UBERON:0007367 tongue surface uberon FMA:54647 tongue surface An anatomical surface that is part of a tongue. OBOL:automatic superior surface of tongue FMA:54646 UBERON:0007371 dorsal surface of tongue uberon FMA:54646 dorsal surface of tongue inferior surface of tongue FMA:54648 SCTID:362100003 UBERON:0007373 uberon ventral surface of tongue ventrum linguae FMA:54648 ventral surface of tongue incus cartilage condensation EMAPA:18228 UBERON:0007374 uberon roof of mouth A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Editor notes: check subclasses to verify if they refer to a multi-tissue structure or a subdivision of the skeleton UBERON:0007375 palate palatum primary or secondary palate roof of buccal cavity roof of oral cavity uberon palatum A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. UBERON:cjm outer epithelial layer Editor's note: this grouping class exists primarily to align with GO - see GO:0008544. FBbt:00004993 HAO:0000298 TADS:0000109 The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. The epidermis of a more complex invertebrate is just one-layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular cuticle. The epidermis of a higher vertebrate has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with keratin and then die[WP]. UBERON:0007376 WBbt:0005733 epidermis hypodermis outer epidermal layer uberon The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. The epidermis of a more complex invertebrate is just one-layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular cuticle. The epidermis of a higher vertebrate has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with keratin and then die[WP]. Wikipedia:Epidermis_(zoology) GO:0008544 WBbt:0005733 hypodermis GO:0008544 epidermis stratum compactum AAO:0010600 Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network. Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] TAO:0001182 UBERON:0007377 ZFA:0001182 connective tissue in the skin is usually diffuse and irregular, although in some species collagen bundles are arranged in a distinct ordered layer in the dermis dermal deep region relationship loss: develops_from collagenous dermal stroma (TAO:0001186)[TAO] uberon ZFA:0001182 dermal deep region 2012-08-14 Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001182 ZFIN:curator ISBN10:0073040584 Portion of the dermis characterized by a well-arranged, plywood-like, collagenous network. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-040726-12 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001182 relationship loss: develops_from collagenous dermal stroma (TAO:0001186)[TAO] egg yolk AAO:0010579 BTO:0000371 Extraembryonic structure that serves as a nutrient store for the embryo during development.[AAO] MESH:A16.631.325 The majority of animals develop from a spherical egg with a single axis, the animal-vegetal (an-veg) axis. The animal half of the egg usually contains the nucleus of the oocyte, while the vegetal half of the egg is the preferred site for the storage of yolk. Eggs with an-veg polarity are considered ancestral for the vertebrates. Frogs, for example, have eggs with vegetally concentrated yolk and the nucleus located in the animal cytoplasm.[well established][VHOG] The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white. UBERON:0007378 VHOG:0001742 ncithesaurus:Egg_Yolk uberon yolk BTO:0000371 The yellow spheroidal mass of stored food that forms the inner portion of the egg of a bird or reptile and is surrounded by the white. Wikipedia:Yolk 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010579 AAO:EJS Extraembryonic structure that serves as a nutrient store for the embryo during development.[AAO] BTO:0000371 yolk 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00226-3 Arendt D, Nubler-Jung K, Rearranging gastrulation in the name of yolk: evolution of gastrulation in yolk-rich amniote eggs. Mechanism of Development (1999) The majority of animals develop from a spherical egg with a single axis, the animal-vegetal (an-veg) axis. The animal half of the egg usually contains the nucleus of the oocyte, while the vegetal half of the egg is the preferred site for the storage of yolk. Eggs with an-veg polarity are considered ancestral for the vertebrates. Frogs, for example, have eggs with vegetally concentrated yolk and the nucleus located in the animal cytoplasm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001742 http://bgee.unil.ch/ egg BTO:0000369 CALOHA:TS-2191 The hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird and especially by the common domestic chicken; also: its contents used as food. UBERON:0007379 uberon BTO:0000369 The hard-shelled reproductive body produced by a bird and especially by the common domestic chicken; also: its contents used as food. Wikipedia:Egg_(biology) dermal scale AAO:0010056 Dermal bone that is thin, flexible, and platelike, and that develops in overlapping skinfolds that cover the body and often the head of fish and the bases of the fins. TAO:0000277 UBERON:0007380 VSAO:0000048 ZFA:0000277 fish scale scales uberon Dermal bone that is thin, flexible, and platelike, and that develops in overlapping skinfolds that cover the body and often the head of fish and the bases of the fins. TAO:curator Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology)#Fish_scales ZFA:0000277 scales Wikipedia:Scale_(zoology)#Fish_scales fish scale epidermal scale A fold in the surface epidermis composed of keratin[Kardong]. UBERON:0007381 uberon A fold in the surface epidermis composed of keratin[Kardong]. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Reptile_scale enveloping layer of ectoderm EFO:0003425 EVL Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Originallu this tissue is one cell layer thick but in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Sometimes used synonymously with periderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000086 UBERON:0007383 ZFA:0000086 enveloping layer relationship loss: develops_from superficial blastomere (TAO:0001484)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Sometimes used synonymously with periderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000086 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000086 relationship loss: develops_from superficial blastomere (TAO:0001484)[TAO] ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 enveloping layer ISBN:9780878932504 Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Originallu this tissue is one cell layer thick but in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 EVL ZFA:0000086 limb/fin lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0005300 UBERON:0007384 ZFA:0005300 uberon A lymphatic vessel that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic pectoral appendage lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. TAO:0005302 UBERON:0007385 ZFA:0005302 uberon A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic pelvic appendage lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pelvic appendage. UBERON:0007386 uberon A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pelvic appendage. OBOL:automatic limb/fin cartilage A cartilage tissue that is part of a limb/fin. Cartilage which is part of one of the paired fins.[TAO] TAO:0001543 UBERON:0007389 ZFA:0001543 uberon 2012-08-14 Cartilage which is part of one of the paired fins.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001543 ZFIN:curator A cartilage tissue that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic pectoral appendage cartilage tissue A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage. Cartilage which is part of the pectoral fin.[TAO] TAO:0000257 UBERON:0007390 ZFA:0000257 pectoral fin cartilage uberon 2012-08-14 Cartilage which is part of the pectoral fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000257 ZFIN:curator A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage. OBOL:automatic TAO:0000257 pectoral fin cartilage pelvic appendage cartilage tissue A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. Cartilage which is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO:0001459 UBERON:0007391 ZFA:0001459 pelvic fin cartilage uberon 2012-08-14 Cartilage which is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001459 ZFIN:curator A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. OBOL:automatic TAO:0001459 pelvic fin cartilage midbrain raphe nuclei ABA:RAmb BTO:0003387 FMA:77787 Midline nuclei found in the midbrain, includes the dorsal raphe nucleus and the rostral linear nucleus of raphe. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 UBERON:0007412 midbrain raphe midbrain raphe nuclei nuclei raphes tegmenti mesencephali raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain raphe nucleus set of raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain todo - check. note BTO class is placed here as it is placed in hindbrain uberon ABA FMA:77787 raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain Midline nuclei found in the midbrain, includes the dorsal raphe nucleus and the rostral linear nucleus of raphe. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 midbrain raphe nuclei BTO:0003387 raphe nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1676 midbrain raphe ABA FMA:77787 FMA:TA nuclei raphes tegmenti mesencephali Wikipedia FMA:77787 set of raphe nuclei of tegmentum of midbrain nucleus of pontine reticular formation A nucleus of brain that is part of a pontine reticular formation. ABA:PRNr FMA:72245 UBERON:0007413 pontine reticular formation nucleus uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a pontine reticular formation. OBOL:automatic FMA:72245 pontine reticular formation nucleus nucleus of midbrain tegmentum A nucleus of brain that is part of a midbrain tegmentum. FMA:258768 This class groups together any nuclei in the tegmentum region, possibly including disparate structures across species UBERON:0007414 UBERON:0012277 ZFA:0005577 tegmental nucleus uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a midbrain tegmentum. OBOL:automatic ZFA:0005577 tegmental nucleus nucleus of midbrain reticular formation A nucleus of midbrain tegmentum that is part of a midbrain reticular formation. ABA:MRN FMA:62443 UBERON:0007415 midbrain reticular formation nucleus midbrain reticular nucleus uberon ABA:MRN midbrain reticular nucleus FMA:62443 midbrain reticular formation nucleus A nucleus of midbrain tegmentum that is part of a midbrain reticular formation. OBOL:automatic cerebellar peduncle FMA:272298 MA:0002742 SCTID:362417003 UBERON:0007416 UMLS:C0228515 ncithesaurus:Cerebellar_Peduncle uberon FMA peduncle of neuraxis FMA:83860 UBERON:0007417 neuraxis peduncle uberon FMA:83860 neuraxis peduncle decussation of neuraxis FMA:83858 UBERON:0007418 neuraxis decussation uberon FMA:83858 neuraxis decussation decussation of diencephalon A decussation of neuraxis that is part of a diencephalon. FMA:62446 UBERON:0007425 diencephalon decussation uberon FMA:62446 diencephalon decussation Obol FMA A decussation of neuraxis that is part of a diencephalon. OBOL:automatic stratum intermedium of tooth BTO:0005009 The stratum intermedium in a developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum. It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life (in humans). The stratum intermedium has a notably high alkaline phosphatase activity. This layer, along with the inner enamel epithelium, is responsible for the tooth enamel formation. It is a part of the dental (enamel) organ. UBERON:0007440 UMLS:C1514987 ncithesaurus:Stratum_Intermedium stratum intermedium uberon BTO:0005009 stratum intermedium The stratum intermedium in a developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum. It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life (in humans). The stratum intermedium has a notably high alkaline phosphatase activity. This layer, along with the inner enamel epithelium, is responsible for the tooth enamel formation. It is a part of the dental (enamel) organ. Wikipedia:Stratum_intermedium BTO lumen of epithelial sac AEO:0000079 EHDAA2:0003079 The space within an epithelial sphere. UBERON:0007473 cavity of vesicle uberon AEO:0000079 cavity of vesicle AEO:JB The space within an epithelial sphere. matrix-based tissue A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. AEO:0000081 EHDAA2:0003081 EHDAA2:0003081 UBERON:0007475 uberon A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. AEO:JB fluid-based anatomical entity AEO:0000095 EHDAA2:0003095 EHDAA2:0003095 Fluid anatomical entity containing cells. UBERON:0007486 uberon AEO:JB Fluid anatomical entity containing cells. AEO keratin-based acellular structure AEO:0000099 Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is keratin. EHDAA2:0003099 EHDAA2:0003099 UBERON:0007490 uberon AEO:JB Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is keratin. chitin-based acellular structure AEO:0000100 Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is chitin. EHDAA2:0003100 EHDAA2:0003100 UBERON:0007491 uberon AEO:JB Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is chitin. developing epithelial placode A domain of columnar epithelium in an embryo that represents the early stage of the development of the epithelial component of a new anatomical structure. AEO:0000218 AEO_RETIRED:0000112 Consider merging with ectodermal placode? In EHDAA2 this includes lens, nasal, otic epibranchial and trigeminal placodes EHDAA2:0003112 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003112 UBERON:0007497 epithelial placode uberon AEO:0000112 epithelial placode A domain of columnar epithelium in an embryo that represents the early stage of the development of the epithelial component of a new anatomical structure. AEO:0000218 JB:DEF AEO epithelial sac AEO:0000115 An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. EHDAA2:0003115 UBERON:0007499 uberon AEO:JB An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. UBERONREF:0000001 AEO epithelial tube open at both ends AEO:0000116 An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003116 UBERON:0007500 uberon AEO AEO:JB An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. UBERONREF:0000001 arborizing epithelial duct system A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. AEO:0000117 EHDAA2:0003117 EHDAA2:0003117 UBERON:0007501 arborising epithelial duct system uberon AEO AEO AEO:0000117 arborising epithelial duct system A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. AEO:JB UBERONREF:0000001 epithelial plexus A complex of interlinking epithelial tubules. AEO:0000118 EHDAA2:0003118 EHDAA2:0003118 UBERON:0007502 uberon A complex of interlinking epithelial tubules. AEO:JB AEO AEO epithelial vesicle A closed epithelium with a lumen. AEO:0000119 EHDAA2:0003119 EHDAA2:0003119 UBERON:0007503 uberon A closed epithelium with a lumen. AEO:JB AEO smooth muscle sphincter A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:0000143 EHDAA2:0003143 SCTID:362915001 UBERON:0007521 uberon A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:JB AEO striated muscle sphincter A ring of striated muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:0000144 EHDAA2:0003144 UBERON:0007522 uberon AEO A ring of striated muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. AEO:JB dense mesenchyme tissue AEO:0000146 EHDAA2:0003146 EHDAA2:0003146 Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. UBERON:0007524 uberon AEO AEO:JB Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. loose mesenchyme tissue AEO:0000151 EHDAA2:0003151 EHDAA2:0003151 Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. UBERON:0007529 uberon AEO:JB Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. AEO migrating mesenchyme population AEO:0000152 EHDAA2:0003152 EHDAA2:0003152 Editors note: this class will be an important part of the NC reorganization Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. UBERON:0007530 uberon AEO:JB Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. obsolete surface sense organ UBERON:0007540 obsoleted due to incorrect logical definition. A new class with the same name may be created in the future. true uberon regenerating anatomical structure A portion of tissue that is regrowing after damage or amputation.[TAO] AEO:0000200 An anatomical structure that, as part of its normal physiology, undergoes regeneration. Examples include endometrium and antlers. EHDAA2:0003233 EHDAA2:0003233 Editor notes: we define this in terms of active participation in regeneration, rather that capabilities. In this sense it is different from the AEO structure. TAO:0005147 UBERON:0007567 XAO:0004059 ZFA:0005147 regenerating tissue regenerative tissue uberon ZFA:0005147 regenerating tissue 2012-08-14 A portion of tissue that is regrowing after damage or amputation.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005147 ZFIN:curator AEO:JB An anatomical structure that, as part of its normal physiology, undergoes regeneration. Examples include endometrium and antlers. migrating epithelium AEO:0000206 An epithelium that extends its surface area by peripheral movement. EHDAA2:0003251 EHDAA2:0003251 UBERON:0007573 uberon AEO AEO:JB An epithelium that extends its surface area by peripheral movement. apical epidermal cap Part of the regeneration epithelium closest to the fin.[TAO] TAO:0005148 UBERON:0007574 ZFA:0005148 apical epidermal caps apical epithelial cap uberon ZFA:0005148 apical epidermal caps ZFA 2012-08-14 Part of the regeneration epithelium closest to the fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005148 ZFIN:curator Wikipedia ZFA Wikipedia:Blastema apical epithelial cap ciliated columnar oviduct epithelium A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. FMA:62016 MA:0001719 UBERON:0007589 in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label uberon uterine tube epithelium FMA A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. OBOL:automatic FMA:62016 uterine tube epithelium MA cuboidal oviduct epithelium MA:0001720 UBERON:0007590 uberon MA ciliated columnar epithelium FMA:64798 Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA] UBERON:0007592 uberon FMA FMA:64798 Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA] ciliated epithelium Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. UBERON:0007601 uberon Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ciliated+epithelium stratified columnar epithelium FMA:45564 Stratified columnar epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in the ocular conjunctiva of the eye, in parts of the pharynx and anus, the female's uterus, the male urethra and vas deferens. Also found in intralobular ducts in salivary glands.[WP] UBERON:0007602 UMLS:C0836132 epithelium stratificatum columnare ncithesaurus:Stratified_Columnar_Epithelium uberon Stratified columnar epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in the ocular conjunctiva of the eye, in parts of the pharynx and anus, the female's uterus, the male urethra and vas deferens. Also found in intralobular ducts in salivary glands.[WP] Wikipedia:Stratified_columnar_epithelia FMA FMA:45564 epithelium stratificatum columnare stratified cuboidal epithelium FMA:63912 Stratified cuboidal epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of cuboidally shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. They protect areas such as ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. UBERON:0007603 UMLS:C0932055 epithelium stratificatum cuboideum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Gray940.png ncithesaurus:Stratified_Cuboidal_Epithelium uberon Stratified cuboidal epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of cuboidally shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. They protect areas such as ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. Wikipedia:Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium FMA FMA:63912 epithelium stratificatum cuboideum ciliated stratified columnar epithelium FMA:67521 UBERON:0007606 uberon FMA tibial artery GAID:514 MA:0002067 MESH:A07.231.114.895 SCTID:181351007 The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and pes. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot. UBERON:0007610 UMLS:C0085427 ncithesaurus:Tibial_Artery uberon MESH MESH:A07.231.114.895 The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and pes. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot. extensor digitorum communis A muscle on the back of the forearm that extends the fingers and wrist. BTO:0001343 FMA:38500 MA:0002293 UBERON:0007612 UMLS:C1707982 extensor communis extensor digitorum extensor digitorum communis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Extensor_digitorum_muscle.png musculus extensor digitorum ncithesaurus:Extensor_Digitorum_Communis uberon FMA:38500 extensor digitorum Wikipedia Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_muscle musculus extensor digitorum dbpedia dbpedia extensor expansion of middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd 3rd 4th and 5th fingers dbpedia A muscle on the back of the forearm that extends the fingers and wrist. BTO:0001343 Wikipedia:Extensor_digitorum_muscle extensor digitorum lateralis muscle MA:0002294 Origin distal to extensor digitorum communis. The part of this muscle that gives a tendon to the 5th digit is comparable to the extensor digiti quinti proprius of the human [ISBN10:9780716717553] UBERON:0007613 UMLS:C1707983 extensor digitorum lateralis ncithesaurus:Extensor_Digitorum_Lateralis uberon MA:0002294 extensor digitorum lateralis ISBN10:9780716717553 ISBN10:9780716717553 Wikipedia extensor digiti minimi muscle FMA:38503 SCTID:361819009 The extensor minimi digiti (extensor digiti quinti proprius) is a slender muscle of the forearm, placed on the ulnar side of the Extensor digitorum communis, with which it is generally connected. It arises from the common Extensor tendon by a thin tendinous slip, from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles. Its tendon runs through a compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament behind the distal radio-ulnar joint, then divides into two as it crosses the manus, and finally joins the expansion of the Extensor digitorum communis tendon on the dorsum of the first phalanx of the little finger[WP]. The tendon of insertion is sometimes divided and gives a slip to the fourth digit. An ulnar slip has been observed to end on the base of the fifth metacarpal, thus exactly reproducing the arrangement of the serially homologous slip known as peroneus tertius in the leg. The muscle may be absent in rare cases, but fusion with extensor digitorum is frequent, in which case the tendon comes from the common extensor. UBERON:0007614 extensor digiti minimi extensor digiti minimi %28hand%29 extensor digiti quinti proprius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Gray424.png musculus extensor digiti minimi uberon Wikipedia dbpedia the anterior portion of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus The extensor minimi digiti (extensor digiti quinti proprius) is a slender muscle of the forearm, placed on the ulnar side of the Extensor digitorum communis, with which it is generally connected. It arises from the common Extensor tendon by a thin tendinous slip, from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles. Its tendon runs through a compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament behind the distal radio-ulnar joint, then divides into two as it crosses the manus, and finally joins the expansion of the Extensor digitorum communis tendon on the dorsum of the first phalanx of the little finger[WP]. Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Text/E/14Extensor.shtml Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle musculus extensor digiti minimi Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle extensor digiti minimi %28hand%29 Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle extensor digiti quinti proprius http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/MuscularSystem/Text/E/14Extensor.shtml Wikipedia:Extensor_digiti_minimi_muscle extensor digiti minimi at the extensor expansion located at the base of the proximal phalanx of digit V on the dorsal side dbpedia prostate gland ventral lobe BTO:0000490 MA:0001740 Prostate gland lobe that in the mouse has the following characteristics: grossly, clear, gelatinous, and leaf-like; originates ventrally and wraps incompletely around the urethra dorsally, bilaterally. Simple columnar epithelium with the least amount of infolding. Secretory cells are oval and have slightly foamy cytoplasm; nuclei and basal nucleoli are inconspicuous. The secretion is pale and homogeneous. The stroma is thin UBERON:0007615 uberon PMID:15163300 Prostate gland lobe that in the mouse has the following characteristics: grossly, clear, gelatinous, and leaf-like; originates ventrally and wraps incompletely around the urethra dorsally, bilaterally. Simple columnar epithelium with the least amount of infolding. Secretory cells are oval and have slightly foamy cytoplasm; nuclei and basal nucleoli are inconspicuous. The secretion is pale and homogeneous. The stroma is thin PMID:15163300 MA layer of synovial tissue A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 FMA:66762 UBERON:0007616 stratum synoviale synovial layer synovial membrane synovial tissue uberon FMA:TA stratum synoviale A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578563/synovial-tissue FMA:66762 synovial membrane FMA:66762 synovial layer BTO:0001338 synovial tissue BTO synovial cavity of joint An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. FMA:11356 UBERON:0007617 articular cavity (synovial joint) cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) cavity of synovial joint uberon FMA:11356 articular cavity (synovial joint) FMA:11356 cavity of synovial joint FMA:11356 cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. OBOL:automatic synovial cavity of hip joint A synovial cavity of joint that is part of a hip joint. EMAPA:19021 FMA:9701 UBERON:0007618 uberon FMA A synovial cavity of joint that is part of a hip joint. OBOL:automatic limiting membrane of retina MA does treat internal/external limiting membranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. We do not follow this convention. However, we do following MA is grouping these terms together MA:0001318 SCTID:280667001 UBERON:0007619 retina lamina uberon MA:0001318 retina lamina pecten oculi UBERON:0007622 a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird or reptile. It is non-sensory and is a pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous body from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. uberon Wikipedia:Pecten_oculi a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird or reptile. It is non-sensory and is a pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous body from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. comb and wattle A wattle is a fleshy dewlap or caruncle hanging from various parts of the head or neck in several groups of birds, goats and other animals. In some birds the caruncle is erectile tissue. GAID:1207 MESH:A13.242 SCTID:37118002 UBERON:0007623 uberon wattle wattles and comb A wattle is a fleshy dewlap or caruncle hanging from various parts of the head or neck in several groups of birds, goats and other animals. In some birds the caruncle is erectile tissue. Wikipedia:Wattle_(anatomy) GAID:1207 wattle GAID:1207 wattles and comb pigment epithelium of eye GAID:907 MESH:A09.371.670 UBERON:0007625 epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. eye pigment epithelium uberon MESH:A09.371.670 eye pigment epithelium MP:0005200 epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. subparaventricular zone ABA:SBPV MA:0000842 UBERON:0007626 uberon MA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA magnocellular nucleus of stria terminalis . ABA:BSTmg MA:0000928 UBERON:0007627 magnocellular nucleus the magnocellular nucleus projects to virtually all known major parts of the brain network that controls pelvic functions, including micturition, defecation, and penile erection, as well as to brain networks controlling nutrient and body water homeostasis. This and other evidence suggests that the magnocellular nucleus is part of a corticostriatopallidal differentiation modulating and coordinating pelvic functions with the maintenance of nutrient and body water homeostasis[PMID:16304682] uberon MA:0000928 magnocellular nucleus . http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=3220 ABA MA lateral septal complex ABA:LSX FMA:61878 MA:0000933 UBERON:0007628 todo - split nucleus and complex uberon MA ABA medial septal complex ABA:MSC FMA:61879 MA:0000934 UBERON:0007629 uberon ABA MA septohippocampal nucleus ABA:SH MA:0000939 UBERON:0007630 uberon MA ABA ABA accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer ABA:AOBgl MA:0000967 UBERON:0007631 uberon ABA Barrington's nucleus ABA:B MA:0001011 UBERON:0007632 uberon MA MA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA nucleus of trapezoid body ABA:NTB BM:NTB FMA:84023 MA:0001018 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_745 SCTID:362405000 UBERON:0007633 consider splitting into nucleus and complex nuclei of trapezoid body set of nuclei of trapezoid body uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA FMA:84023 set of nuclei of trapezoid body ABA ABA MA MA FMA:84023 nuclei of trapezoid body ABA parabrachial nucleus ABA:PB BM:PB MA:0001019 UBERON:0007634 uberon ABA MA ABA MA ABA nucleus of medulla oblongata A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. FMA:258772 SCTID:304943004 UBERON:0007635 uberon A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic hippocampus stratum lucidum A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the CA3 field of the HIPPOCAMPUS that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the Stratum radiatum (Hof-2000). NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4108 SCTID:419156002 UBERON:0007637 UMLS:C0221922 ncithesaurus:Stratum_Lucidum stratum lucidum stratum lucidum hippocampi uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4108 stratum lucidum Wikipedia:Stratum_lucidum_of_hippocampus stratum lucidum hippocampi A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the CA3 field of the HIPPOCAMPUS that is deep to the Stratum pyramidale hippocampi and superficial to the Stratum radiatum (Hof-2000). Wikipedia:Stratum_lucidum_of_hippocampus nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource hippocampus alveus FMA:83867 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1510 Regional part of fornix consisting of a thin layer of white matter on the surface of the hippocampal formation, bordering the wall of the lateral ventricle and composed of white, myelinated fibers. The alveus arises from cell bodies in the subiculum and hippocampus, and eventually merges with the fimbria of the hippocampus. The fimbria goes on to become the fornix (MM: 2006-10-26). SCTID:369094002 UBERON:0007639 UMLS:C0228247 alveus alveus of hippocampus ncithesaurus:Alveus neuraxis alveus todo - check xref: ncithesaurus:Alveus uberon FMA:83867 alveus of hippocampus FMA:83867 neuraxis alveus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1510 Regional part of fornix consisting of a thin layer of white matter on the surface of the hippocampal formation, bordering the wall of the lateral ventricle and composed of white, myelinated fibers. The alveus arises from cell bodies in the subiculum and hippocampus, and eventually merges with the fimbria of the hippocampus. The fimbria goes on to become the fornix (MM: 2006-10-26). Wikipedia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1510 alveus hippocampus stratum lacunosum moleculare A cytoarchitectural term denoting the outermost layer of the hippocampus (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). FMA:83149 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1359 UBERON:0007640 lacunar-molecular layer of hippocampus stratum lacunosum moleculare stratum lacunosum-moleculare uberon FMA:83149 lacunar-molecular layer of hippocampus A cytoarchitectural term denoting the outermost layer of the hippocampus (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). nif_annot:NeuroNames_defSource ABA:ABA stratum lacunosum-moleculare NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1359 stratum lacunosum moleculare trigeminal nuclear complex BM:V FMA:71248 In MA and FMA this is part of the pons / pontime tegmentum. We weaken this to overlaps to avoid inconsistency. In NIF this is a composite structure spanning multiple regions, which is more appropriate. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_4096 The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. UBERON:0007641 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png nuclei trigemini trigeminal nuclei uberon FMA FMA:71248 trigeminal nuclei FMA The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei nuclei trigemini ligamentum arteriosum Botallo's duct Botallo's ligament FMA:13421 Harvey's ligament SCTID:198009004 UBERON:0007642 a small ligament attached to the superior surface of the pulmonary trunk and the inferior surface of the aortic arch. It is a nonfunctional vestige of the ductus arteriosus, and is formed within three weeks of birth. The ligamentum arteriosum is closely related to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the left vagus nerve. After splitting from the left vagus nerve, the left recurrent laryngeal loops around the aortic arch posterior to the ligamentum arteriosum, after which it ascends to the larynx[WP]. arterial ligament uberon Wikipedia:Ligamentum_arteriosum a small ligament attached to the superior surface of the pulmonary trunk and the inferior surface of the aortic arch. It is a nonfunctional vestige of the ductus arteriosus, and is formed within three weeks of birth. The ligamentum arteriosum is closely related to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the left vagus nerve. After splitting from the left vagus nerve, the left recurrent laryngeal loops around the aortic arch posterior to the ligamentum arteriosum, after which it ascends to the larynx[WP]. Botallo's duct FMA:13421 FMA FMA:13421 Harvey's ligament Botallo's ligament FMA:13421 Wikipedia:Ligamentum_arteriosum arterial ligament node of ligamentum arteriosum Botallo's node FMA:74033 UBERON:0007643 an inconstant lymph node of the anterior mediastinal group located adjacent to the ligamentum arteriosum. ligamentum arteriosum node lymph node of ligamentum arteriosum nodus ligamenti arteriosi uberon FMA an inconstant lymph node of the anterior mediastinal group located adjacent to the ligamentum arteriosum. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?node+of+ligamentum+arteriosum FMA:74033 ligamentum arteriosum node http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?node+of+ligamentum+arteriosum nodus ligamenti arteriosi UBERON:cjm lymph node of ligamentum arteriosum Botallo's node FMA:74033 thoracic lymph node A lymph node that is part of a thorax. Includes lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes FMA:12772 SCTID:196374005 UBERON:0007644 UMLS:C0229745 lymph node of thorax ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Lymph_Node uberon FMA:12772 lymph node of thorax FMA A lymph node that is part of a thorax. Includes lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Lymph_node#Lymph_nodes_of_the_thorax future meninx The zebrafish primitive meninx develops from neural crest[UBERONREF:0000002]. In EHDAA2 the meninges are divided by layer and location, each has differing developmental origins - mesenchyme from mesoderm/endoderm, mesenchyme from NC UBERON:0007645 primitive meninx uberon ISBN10:0073040584 endomeninx UBERON:0007646 the layer of embryonic mesoderm from which the arachnoid coat and pia mater of the brain develop. uberon http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/endomeninx the layer of embryonic mesoderm from which the arachnoid coat and pia mater of the brain develop. ectomeninx UBERON:0007647 the layer of mesoderm from which the dura mater and much of the membrane bone of the skull develop in the higher vertebrate embryo. uberon http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ectomeninx the layer of mesoderm from which the dura mater and much of the membrane bone of the skull develop in the higher vertebrate embryo. esophagogastric junction BTO:0004364 FMA:9434 GAID:292 GEJ MESH:A03.365.414 SCTID:362130006 UBERON:0007650 UMLS:C0014871 cardioesophageal junction esophageal sphincter esophagogastric junction gastroesophageal junction ncithesaurus:Gastroesophageal_Junction squamocolumnar junction between esophagus and stomach the junction between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium uberon MESH:A03.365.414 esophagogastric junction FMA:9434 cardioesophageal junction FMA:9434 gastroesophageal junction http://www.thefreedictionary.com/esophagogastric+junction the junction between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium tFD MESH:A03.365.414 esophageal sphincter MESH anatomical junction Anatomical structure in which parts of two or more anatomical structures establish physical continuity with one another or intermingle their component parts. Examples: gastroesophageal junction, line alba, knee joint.[FMA] FMA:5898 SCTID:91833003 UBERON:0007651 uberon Anatomical structure in which parts of two or more anatomical structures establish physical continuity with one another or intermingle their component parts. Examples: gastroesophageal junction, line alba, knee joint.[FMA] FMA:5898 esophageal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of an esophagus. SCTID:277765007 TAO:0000415 UBERON:0007652 ZFA:0000415 editor note - check for specific subtypes across species. Note mammals have upper and lower, but lower is really part of cardia and thus is not classified under here oesophagial sphincter uberon A sphincter muscle that is part of an esophagus. OBOL:accepted ZFA:0000415 oesophagial sphincter capillary loop nephron Developing nephron where the developing glomerular capsule has been invaded by a glomerular capillary loop called the glomerular tuft. EMAPA:28506 TODO UBERON:0007653 ZFA:0005590 developing capillary loop stage nephron stage III nephron uberon EMAPA:28506 developing capillary loop stage nephron http://www.gudmap.org/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/Capillary_loop.html stage III nephron ZFA Developing nephron where the developing glomerular capsule has been invaded by a glomerular capillary loop called the glomerular tuft. ZFIN:curator cjm maturing nephron EMAPA:28485 TODO UBERON:0007654 stage IV nephron uberon EMAPA EMAPA:28485 stage IV nephron cjm lateral recess of fourth ventricle EMAPA:17257 FMA:78470 SCTID:369283008 The lateral recess is a projection of the fourth ventricle which extends into the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the brainstem. The lateral aperture, an opening in each extremity of the lateral recess, provides a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain's ventricular system into the subarachnoid space. UBERON:0007656 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray768.png lateral recess recessus lateralis ventriculi quarti uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_recess recessus lateralis ventriculi quarti EMAPA The lateral recess is a projection of the fourth ventricle which extends into the inferior cerebellar peduncle of the brainstem. The lateral aperture, an opening in each extremity of the lateral recess, provides a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the brain's ventricular system into the subarachnoid space. Wikipedia:Lateral_recess FMA EMAPA:17257 lateral recess anular ligament of radius EMAPA:19322 FMA:38872 SCTID:182394000 The anular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers, which encircles the head of the radius (bone), and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna UBERON:0007657 annular ligament of radius anular ligament ligamentum anulare radii orbicular ligament of radius uberon FMA:38872 FMA:TA ligamentum anulare radii FMA FMA:38872 annular ligament of radius The anular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers, which encircles the head of the radius (bone), and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna Wikipedia:Anular_ligament_of_radius EMAPA:19322 anular ligament FMA:38872 orbicular ligament of radius FMA intersegmental vein EMAPA:26056 FMA:76965 ISV Primary intersegmental vessels that are contacted by secondary angiogenic sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein and take on the characteristics of veins. These eventually link with other secondary sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein to form the parachordal vessel. Isogai et al. 2003.[TAO] SCTID:361448009 TAO:0001057 UBERON:0007679 ZFA:0001057 a vein receiving blood from adjacent bronchopulmonary segments; it emerges from the inferior margin of a segment to become a tributary of a branch of a pulmonary vein[web]. Primary intersegmental vessels that are contacted by secondary angiogenic sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein and take on the characteristics of veins. These eventually link with other secondary sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein to form the parachordal vessel[ZFA]. intersegmental pulmonary vein relationship loss: subclass intersegmental vessel (TAO:0001285)[TAO] segmental vein uberon FMA:76965 intersegmental pulmonary vein ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-030908-4 a vein receiving blood from adjacent bronchopulmonary segments; it emerges from the inferior margin of a segment to become a tributary of a branch of a pulmonary vein[web]. Primary intersegmental vessels that are contacted by secondary angiogenic sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein and take on the characteristics of veins. These eventually link with other secondary sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein to form the parachordal vessel[ZFA]. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=97310 2012-08-14 Primary intersegmental vessels that are contacted by secondary angiogenic sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein and take on the characteristics of veins. These eventually link with other secondary sprouts from the posterior cardinal vein to form the parachordal vessel. Isogai et al. 2003.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001057 ZFIN:curator EMAPA:26056 segmental vein 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001057 relationship loss: subclass intersegmental vessel (TAO:0001285)[TAO] FMA ISV ZFA:0001057 facial neural crest Cranial neural crest that is part of the facial region. EMAPA:16311 TAO:0000875 UBERON:0007681 VHOG:0001209 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] ZFA:0000875 uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 VHOG VHOG:0001209 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA Cranial neural crest that is part of the facial region. ZFA:0000875 OG ZFA lateral mesenchyme derived from mesoderm EFO:0003590 EMAPA:16409 TAO:0000905 UBERON:0007683 ZFA:0000905 uberon ZFA uriniferous tubule FMA:17691 UBERON:0007684 functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. uberon FMA ISBN10:0073040584 functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. region of nephron tubule FMA:17692 UBERON:0007685 note - consider moving MA:0000377 renal tubule here, as it includes the various segments (proximal etc) as subclasses, not parts region of renal tubule renal tubule region uberon FMA:17692 renal tubule region FMA:17692 region of renal tubule obsolete Hatschek's pit/nephridium UBERON:0007686 true uberon kidney field UBERON:0007687 kidney anlage region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. uberon GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 kidney anlage GO:0072004 GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. anlage AEO:0000170 Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. EFO:0001649 EHDAA2:0003170 FBbt:00005426 UBERON:0007688 field uberon FBbt EHDAA2 Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. FBbt:00005426 JB:DEF Wikipedia:Anlage_(biology) thyroid diverticulum UBERON:0007689 endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP]. saccus thyroideus; diverticulum thyroideum uberon Wikipedia:Thyroid_diverticulum saccus thyroideus; diverticulum thyroideum MP:0004662 Wikipedia:Thyroid_diverticulum endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP]. early pharyngeal endoderm . EFO:0003626 EHDAA2:0001457 EHDAA:962 TAO:0001104 UBERON:0007690 ZFA:0001104 early pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal endoderm pharyngeal region endoderm relation conflict: ZFA vs EHDAA2. Note EHDAA2 term renamed to 'early PA endoderm' uberon cjm EHDAA2 . http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full ZFA:0001104 pharyngeal endoderm EHDAA2:0001456 pharyngeal region endoderm EHDAA2:0001457 early pharyngeal arch endoderm ZFA gustatory pore FMA:63589 SCTID:368724008 The minute opening of a taste bud on the surface of the oral mucosa through which the gustatory hairs of the specialised neuroepithelial gustatory cells project. UBERON:0007691 UMLS:C0226971 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Taste_bud.svg ncithesaurus:Taste_Pore porus gustatorius taste pore uberon http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?gustatory+pore porus gustatorius FMA:63589 taste pore FMA FMA The minute opening of a taste bud on the surface of the oral mucosa through which the gustatory hairs of the specialised neuroepithelial gustatory cells project. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?gustatory+pore nucleus of thalamus A nucleus of brain that is part of a thalamus. BTO:0002452 FMA:256693 MA:0002992 SCTID:279115000 UBERON:0007692 nuclear complex of thalamus thalamic nucleus todo - consider splitting nucleus and complex uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a thalamus. OBOL:automatic FMA:256693 nuclear complex of thalamus MA:0002992 thalamic nucleus FMA caroticotympanic artery FMA:49828 SCTID:148470005 The caroticotympanic branch (tympanic branch) is small; it enters the tympanic cavity through a minute foramen in the carotid canal, and anastomoses with the anterior tympanic branch of the internal maxillary, and with the stylomastoid artery. UBERON:0007693 arteriae caroticotympanicae, ramus caroticotympanicus caroticotympanic branch uberon Wikipedia:Caroticotympanic_arteries arteriae caroticotympanicae, ramus caroticotympanicus Wikipedia:Caroticotympanic_arteries caroticotympanic branch http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/21/3/572 FMA The caroticotympanic branch (tympanic branch) is small; it enters the tympanic cavity through a minute foramen in the carotid canal, and anastomoses with the anterior tympanic branch of the internal maxillary, and with the stylomastoid artery. Wikipedia:Caroticotympanic_arteries tract of spinal cord An axon tract that is part of a spinal cord. FMA:75683 UBERON:0007699 UMLS:C1519456 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Tract spinal cord tract uberon FMA:75683 spinal cord tract An axon tract that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic tract of brain An axon tract that is part of a brain. Editor notes: we place the NIF class here because it is part of the brain FMA:83848 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1649 UBERON:0007702 brain tract uberon FMA:83848 brain tract An axon tract that is part of a brain. OBOL:automatic spinothalamic tract NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010017 SCTID:280417000 UBERON:0007703 a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the spinothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive signaling[GO]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Spinal_cord_tracts_-_English.svg uberon Wikipedia:Spinothalamic_tract a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the spinothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive signaling[GO]. superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle, located in the midbrain, consisting of a large bundle of fibers largely projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the midbrain and thalamus. It is continuous with the superior cerebellar peduncle of the pons. (MM). SCPMB UBERON:0007707 superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 superior cerebellar peduncle of midbrain NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 SCPMB NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1162 Regional part of superior cerebellar peduncle, located in the midbrain, consisting of a large bundle of fibers largely projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the midbrain and thalamus. It is continuous with the superior cerebellar peduncle of the pons. (MM). NIF superior cerebellar peduncle of pons FMA:72495 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1726 NeuroNames:1007150190 SCPP UBERON:0007709 note that FMA:72495 most likely denotes this class rather than the more generic parent, due to the part of relationship to pontine tegmentum. superior cerebellar peduncle of pons uberon FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1726 SCPP NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1726 superior cerebellar peduncle of pons intermediate nucleus of lateral lemniscus ABA:NLLh FMA:77485 UBERON:0007710 nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, horizontal part todo - check uberon ABA:NLLh nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, horizontal part sixth cervical dorsal root ganglion EMAPA:25159 FMA:6319 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2608 UBERON:0007711 sixth cervical dorsal root ganglia sixth cervical dorsal root ganglion sixth cervical spinal ganglion uberon FMA:6319 sixth cervical spinal ganglion FMA:6319 sixth cervical dorsal root ganglia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2608 sixth cervical dorsal root ganglion NIF_GrossAnatomy fourth thoracic spinal ganglion EMAPA:25177 FMA:6324 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2614 UBERON:0007712 forth thoracic dorsal root ganglion fourth thoracic dorsal root ganglion uberon UBERON:cjm fourth thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2614 forth thoracic dorsal root ganglion FMA:6324 fourth thoracic dorsal root ganglion fourth sacral spinal ganglion EMAPA:25173 FMA:6345 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2631 UBERON:0007713 forth sacral dorsal root ganglion fourth sacral dorsal root ganglion uberon UBERON:cjm fourth sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA:6345 fourth sacral dorsal root ganglion FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2631 forth sacral dorsal root ganglion cervical subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256653 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1688 SCTID:278749009 UBERON:0007714 segment part of cervical spinal cord uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1688 segment part of cervical spinal cord FMA NIF thoracic subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256655 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_892 UBERON:0007715 segment part of thoracic spinal cord uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_892 segment part of thoracic spinal cord lumbar subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256657 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1652 SCTID:278751008 UBERON:0007716 segment part of lumbar spinal cord uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1652 segment part of lumbar spinal cord sacral subsegment of spinal cord FMA:256659 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1512 SCTID:278752001 UBERON:0007717 segment part of sacral spinal cord uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1512 segment part of sacral spinal cord FMA NIF principal artery to limb UBERON:0007718 uberon MA bone of reproductive structure A bone that is part of a reproductive structure. UBERON:0007719 baculum os penis/os clitoris uberon Wikipedia A bone that is part of a reproductive structure. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of pes 2 FMA:35225 MESH:A02.835.583.378.900 SCTID:182225005 The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. UBERON:0007721 UMLS:C0040356 foot interphalangeal joint interphalangeal joint of foot interphalangeal joint of toe ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint_of_the_Foot ncithesaurus:Toe_Joint toe joint uberon MESH:A02.835.583.378.900 foot interphalangeal joint FMA:35225 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of toe two in series MESH:A02.835.583.378.900 toe joint The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_foot FMA:35225 interphalangeal joint of foot interphalangeal joint of manus 2 Editor notes: consider renaming: 'finger' is ambiguous as the term in some usages excludes the thumb (we include it) FMA:35285 IP joint SCTID:303280009 The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): "proximal interphalangeal joints" (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges "distal interphalangeal joints" (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. UBERON:0007722 UMLS:C0016125 articulationes digitorum manus articulationes interphalangeae manus articulations of the digits interphalangeal articulations of hand interphalangeal joint of finger interphalangeal joint of hand interphalangeal joints of hand ncithesaurus:Interphalangeal_Joint_of_the_Hand uberon FMA:35285 IP joint FMA:35285 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of finger Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand articulationes interphalangeae manus FMA:35285 interphalangeal joint of hand Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand articulationes digitorum manus Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand interphalangeal articulations of hand Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand articulations of the digits The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): "proximal interphalangeal joints" (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges "distal interphalangeal joints" (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand interphalangeal joints of hand two in series interphalangeal joint of manual digit 1 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 1. EMAPA:25058 FMA:35312 SCTID:182192008 Taxon notes: in humans, this connects proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb, so there is only a single inter-phalangeal joint - i.e. there is no distinct proximal and distal joints UBERON:0007723 interphalangeal joint of first digit of hand interphalangeal joint of hand digit 1 interphalangeal joint of manual digit 1 interphalangeal joint of pollex interphalangeal joint of thumb uberon FMA:35312 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of thumb An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic FMA:35312 interphalangeal joint of first digit of hand interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 1 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 1. EMAPA:26430 FMA:35353 SCTID:363671008 UBERON:0007724 interphalangeal joint of big toe interphalangeal joint of first digit of foot interphalangeal joint of first digit of pes interphalangeal joint of foot digit 1 interphalangeal joint of great toe interphalangeal joint of hallux interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 1 uberon FMA:35353 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of big toe FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of first digit of pes FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of great toe An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic FMA:35353 interphalangeal joint of first digit of foot interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 2 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 2. EMAPA:26448 FMA:35356 UBERON:0007725 interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot interphalangeal joint of second toe uberon An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic FMA:35356 interphalangeal joint of second digit of foot FMA:35356 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of second toe interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 3 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 3. EMAPA:26454 FMA:35359 UBERON:0007726 interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot interphalangeal joint of third toe uberon An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic FMA:35359 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of third toe FMA:35359 interphalangeal joint of third digit of foot interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 4 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 4. EMAPA:26466 FMA:35362 UBERON:0007727 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot interphalangeal joint of fourth toe uberon FMA:35362 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot FMA:35362 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of fourth toe An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of pedal digit 5 2 An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 5. EMAPA:26478 FMA:35365 UBERON:0007728 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot interphalangeal joint of fifth toe interphalangeal joint of little toe uberon FMA:35365 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of little toe FMA:35365 interphalangeal joint of fifth toe An interphalangeal joint of pes that is part of a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic FMA:35365 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot interphalangeal joint of manual digit 2 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 2. EMAPA:25061 FMA:35397 UBERON:0007729 interphalangeal joint of index finger interphalangeal joint of second digit of hand interphalangeal joint of second finger uberon FMA:35397 interphalangeal joint of second finger An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic FMA:35397 interphalangeal joint of second digit of hand FMA:35397 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of index finger EMAPA interphalangeal joint of manual digit 3 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 3. EMAPA:25064 FMA:35400 UBERON:0007730 interphalangeal joint of middle finger interphalangeal joint of third digit of hand interphalangeal joint of third finger uberon FMA:35400 interphalangeal joint of third digit of hand FMA:35400 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of middle finger FMA:35400 interphalangeal joint of third finger An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic interphalangeal joint of manual digit 4 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 4. EMAPA:25067 FMA:35403 UBERON:0007731 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand interphalangeal joint of fourth finger interphalangeal joint of ring finger uberon FMA:35403 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of ring finger FMA:35403 interphalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic FMA:35403 interphalangeal joint of fourth finger interphalangeal joint of manual digit 5 2 An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 5. EMAPA:25070 FMA:35407 UBERON:0007732 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand interphalangeal joint of fifth finger interphalangeal joint of little finger uberon An interphalangeal joint of manus that is part of a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic FMA:35407 NCBITaxon:9606 interphalangeal joint of little finger FMA:35407 interphalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand FMA:35407 interphalangeal joint of fifth finger metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 1 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. EMAPA:25057 FMA:35249 SCTID:361844001 UBERON:0007735 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 1 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 1 metacarpophalangeal joint of first digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb uberon FMA:35249 metacarpophalangeal joint of first digit of hand A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:35249 NCBITaxon:9606 metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb EMAPA:25057 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 1 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 2 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. EMAPA:25060 FMA:35252 SCTID:361845000 UBERON:0007738 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 2 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 2 metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger metacarpophalangeal joint of second digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of second finger uberon FMA:35252 metacarpophalangeal joint of second digit of hand EMAPA:25060 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 2 of fore-paw A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic FMA:35252 metacarpophalangeal joint of second finger FMA FMA:35252 NCBITaxon:9606 metacarpophalangeal joint of index finger metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 3 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. EMAPA:25063 FMA:35255 SCTID:361846004 UBERON:0007741 carpometacarpophalangeal joint of third digit metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 3 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 3 metacarpophalangeal joint of middle finger metacarpophalangeal joint of third digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of third finger uberon FMA:35255 metacarpophalangeal joint of third digit of hand A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 carpometacarpophalangeal joint of third digit EMAPA:25063 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 3 of fore-paw FMA FMA:35255 NCBITaxon:9606 metacarpophalangeal joint of middle finger FMA:35255 metacarpophalangeal joint of third finger metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 4 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. EMAPA:25066 FMA:35258 SCTID:361847008 UBERON:0007744 carpometacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 4 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 4 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth finger metacarpophalangeal joint of ring finger uberon FMA FMA:35258 NCBITaxon:9606 metacarpophalangeal joint of ring finger A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:25066 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 4 of fore-paw FMA:35258 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth finger FMA:35258 metacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit of hand NCBITaxon:8782 carpometacarpophalangeal joint of fourth digit metacarpophalangeal joint of manual digit 5 A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. EMAPA:25069 FMA:35261 SCTID:361848003 UBERON:0007747 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 5 of fore-paw metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 5 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth finger metacarpophalangeal joint of little finger uberon FMA:35261 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth digit of hand FMA:35261 metacarpophalangeal joint of fifth finger A skeletal joint that connects a metacarpal bone and connects a proximal phalanx of manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic FMA EMAPA:25069 metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 5 of fore-paw FMA:35261 NCBITaxon:9606 metacarpophalangeal joint of little finger metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 1 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. EMAPA:26436 FMA:35228 SCTID:182223003 UBERON:0007750 first metatarsophalangeal joint metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe metatarsophalangeal joint of first digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect uberon A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic FMA:35228 NCBITaxon:9606 metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe FMA:35228 metatarsophalangeal joint of first digit of foot FMA FMA:35228 metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 2 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. EMAPA:26442 FMA:35231 SCTID:361869001 UBERON:0007753 metatarsophalangeal joint of second digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of second toe note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect uberon FMA FMA:35231 metatarsophalangeal joint of second digit of foot FMA:35231 NCBITaxon:9606 metatarsophalangeal joint of second toe A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 3 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. EMAPA:26460 FMA:35234 SCTID:361870000 UBERON:0007756 metatarsophalangeal joint of third digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of third toe note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect uberon FMA:35234 NCBITaxon:9606 metatarsophalangeal joint of third toe FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic FMA:35234 metatarsophalangeal joint of third digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 4 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. EMAPA:26472 FMA:35237 SCTID:361871001 UBERON:0007759 metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth toe note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect uberon FMA:35237 metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth digit of foot FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic FMA:35237 NCBITaxon:9606 metatarsophalangeal joint of fourth toe metatarsophalangeal joint of pedal digit 5 A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. EMAPA:26484 FMA:35240 SCTID:361872008 UBERON:0007762 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe note the name of the structure in EMAPA is incorrect uberon FMA:35240 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth toe FMA:35240 NCBITaxon:9606 metatarsophalangeal joint of little toe FMA A skeletal joint that connects a metatarsal bone and connects a distal phalanx of pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic FMA:35240 metatarsophalangeal joint of fifth digit of foot cerebellum culmen ABA splits culmen into IV and V and IV-V ABA:CUL FMA:83886 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_926 SCTID:279384001 SCTID:89649002 UBERON:0007763 culmen neuraxis culmen uberon ABA MA:0001001 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_926 culmen FMA:83886 neuraxis culmen FMA paramedian reticular nucleus ABA:PMR FMA:72583 The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. It projects to the vermis in the anterior lobe, the pyramis and the uvula. The paramedian nucleus also projects to the contralateral PRN, the gigantocellular nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous. The paramedian reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens (VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex; however, the projections from the spinal cord are very sparse. The descending afferent connections come mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes; however the pontine reticular formation also sends projections to the paramedian reticular nucleus. There are also very sparse innervations from the superior colliculus. Lesions in the paramedian reticular nucleus have been shown to cause a stereotyped increase in the random patterns of motion in rats. The paramedian nuclei on either side of the brain stem have been shown to mediate the horizontal eye movements on their ipsilateral sides. It seems possible that that the random motion patterns of the above rats were caused by an inability to mediate their horizontal eye movements. UBERON:0007764 nucleus reticularis paramedianus paramedian nucleus reticularis todo - check uberon ventral paramedian reticular nucleus FMA FMA:72583 ventral paramedian reticular nucleus The paramedian reticular nucleus (in Terminologia Anatomica, or paramedian medullary reticular group in NeuroNames) sends its connections to the spinal cord in a mostly ipsilateral manner, although there is some decussation. It projects to the vermis in the anterior lobe, the pyramis and the uvula. The paramedian nucleus also projects to the contralateral PRN, the gigantocellular nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguous. The paramedian reticular formation is adjacent to the abducens (VI)nucleus in the pons and adjacent to the oculomotor nucleus(III) in the midbrain. The paramedian nucleus receives afferents mostly from the fastigial nucleus in the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex; however, the projections from the spinal cord are very sparse. The descending afferent connections come mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes; however the pontine reticular formation also sends projections to the paramedian reticular nucleus. There are also very sparse innervations from the superior colliculus. Lesions in the paramedian reticular nucleus have been shown to cause a stereotyped increase in the random patterns of motion in rats. The paramedian nuclei on either side of the brain stem have been shown to mediate the horizontal eye movements on their ipsilateral sides. It seems possible that that the random motion patterns of the above rats were caused by an inability to mediate their horizontal eye movements. Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus nucleus reticularis paramedianus Wikipedia:Paramedian_reticular_nucleus paramedian nucleus reticularis dorsal premammillary nucleus ABA:PMd FMA:77006 UBERON:0007767 uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ventral premammillary nucleus ABA:PMv FMA:77007 UBERON:0007768 uberon ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA medial preoptic region ABA:MPO MA:0000839 UBERON:0007769 medial preoptic area uberon ABA:MPO medial preoptic area MA osphradium BTO:0004995 The osphradium is the olfactory organ in certain molluscs, linked with the respiration organ. The main function of this is to test incoming water for silt and other possible food particles. It is used by all members of the Genus Conus. UBERON:0007770 uberon BTO BTO:0004995 The osphradium is the olfactory organ in certain molluscs, linked with the respiration organ. The main function of this is to test incoming water for silt and other possible food particles. It is used by all members of the Genus Conus. Wikipedia:Osphradium epidermis gland A gland that is part of a epidermis. FMA:59153 UBERON:0007771 epidermal gland gland of epidermis uberon FMA:59153 gland of epidermis A gland that is part of a epidermis. OBOL:automatic scrotal sweat A sweat that secreted_by a scrotal sweat gland. FMA:73266 UBERON:0007772 sweat of scrotum uberon FMA FMA:73266 sweat of scrotum A sweat that secreted_by a scrotal sweat gland. OBOL:automatic scrotal sweat gland A sweat gland that is part of a scrotum. EMAPA:29743 UBERON:0007773 uberon A sweat gland that is part of a scrotum. OBOL:automatic secondary dentition FMA:75152 GAID:1251 MESH:A14.254.237 The teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) UBERON:0007774 adult dentition dentes permanentes permanent dentition permanent teeth secondary dentition set of permanent teeth set of secondary teeth uberon FMA:75152 permanent teeth MESH:A14.254.237 The teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) GAID:1251 secondary dentition GAID:1251 permanent dentition FMA:75152 FMA:TA dentes permanentes FMA:75152 set of secondary teeth FMA:75152 set of permanent teeth GAID:1251 adult dentition FMA secondary tooth FMA:55654 GAT in FMA Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans[WP]. SCTID:245563006 UBERON:0007775 UMLS:C0348070 dentes permanentes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Teeth_by_David_Shankbone.jpg ncithesaurus:Permanent_Tooth permanent tooth uberon Permanent teeth are the second set of teeth formed in humans[WP]. Wikipedia:Permanent_teeth FMA:55654 permanent tooth Wikipedia:Permanent_teeth dentes permanentes unerupted tooth A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group. GAID:1268 MESH:A14.254.860.715 UBERON:0007776 uberon unerupted teeth GAID:1268 unerupted teeth A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group. MESH:A14.254.860.715 umbilical vein endothelium An endothelium that is part of a umbilical vein. BTO:0001416 UBERON:0007777 uberon An endothelium that is part of a umbilical vein. OBOL:automatic BTO umbilical artery endothelium An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery. BTO:0000857 UBERON:0007778 uberon BTO An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery. OBOL:automatic transudate Body substance in liquid state, which is derived from plasma by passage through the (intact) wall of capillaries without further processing by secretory cells or glands. FMA:12276 GAID:1195 MESH:A12.383 UBERON:0007779 ncithesaurus:Transudate transudative uberon Body substance in liquid state, which is derived from plasma by passage through the (intact) wall of capillaries without further processing by secretory cells or glands. FMA:12276 exudate Exudates are fluids, cells, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from blood vessels usually from inflamed tissues. MESH:A12.383 UBERON:0007780 ncithesaurus:Exudate transudates and exudate uberon GAID:1195 transudates and exudate Exudates are fluids, cells, or other cellular substances that are slowly discharged from blood vessels usually from inflamed tissues. MESH:A12.383 labyrinthine fluid Fluids found within the osseous labyrinth (PERILYMPH) and the membranous labyrinth (ENDOLYMPH) of the inner ear. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p1328, 1332) GAID:1183 MESH:A12.207.571 UBERON:0007793 labyrinthine fluid uberon MESH Fluids found within the osseous labyrinth (PERILYMPH) and the membranous labyrinth (ENDOLYMPH) of the inner ear. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p1328, 1332) MESH:A12.207.571 MESH:A12.207.571 labyrinthine fluid serous fluid FMA:20932 Transudate contained in a serous sac. UBERON:0007794 uberon FMA:20932 Transudate contained in a serous sac. FMA ascitic fluid BTO:0000091 GAID:1175 MESH:A12.207.119 The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. UBERON:0007795 ascites ascites fluid todo - move to pathological anatomical entity ontology uberon BTO:0000091 ascites fluid BTO:0000091 ascites MESH:A12.207.119 The serous fluid which accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in ascites. BTO vascular system BTO:0001085 EHDAA2:0004520 MA:0002718 UBERON:0007798 UMLS:C0489903 in both MA and BTO, the arterial system and venous sytem are subtypes of the vascular system ncithesaurus:Vascular_System uberon MA mixed dentition GAID:1250 MESH:A14.254.229 SCTID:245545006 The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) UBERON:0007799 transitional dentition uberon GAID GAID:1250 transitional dentition MESH:A14.254.229 The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) proatlas UBERON:0007800 Variation notes: sometimes seen in humans as an anomaly. a small, paired bony element (more rarely, having fused parts) located between the skull and the atlas in tuataras, crocodiles, chameleons, and many fossil reptiles; it is uncommon in turtles and mammals (hedgehog). The proatlas apparently develops from the ossified neural part of the sclerotome. Externally it resembles the neural arch of the vertebra, since it articulates anteriorly with the lateral occipital bone and posteriorly with the anterior articular process of the atlas. uberon a small, paired bony element (more rarely, having fused parts) located between the skull and the atlas in tuataras, crocodiles, chameleons, and many fossil reptiles; it is uncommon in turtles and mammals (hedgehog). The proatlas apparently develops from the ossified neural part of the sclerotome. Externally it resembles the neural arch of the vertebra, since it articulates anteriorly with the lateral occipital bone and posteriorly with the anterior articular process of the atlas. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Proatlas pygostyle Pygostyle refers to a number of the final few caudal vertebrae fused into a single ossification, supporting the tail feathers and musculature. In modern birds, the rectrices attach to these[WP]. SCTID:416894001 UBERON:0007801 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdskeleton.gif uberon Pygostyle refers to a number of the final few caudal vertebrae fused into a single ossification, supporting the tail feathers and musculature. In modern birds, the rectrices attach to these[WP]. Wikipedia:Pygostyle uropygial gland A large gland at the base of a bird's tail dorsal to the cloaca at the end of the pygostyle that secretes an oil used in preening. It opens through a caudally directed nipple. BTO:0001420 SCTID:48626006 The gland is found near the base of the tail and is shaped into two symmetric parts. The oil of each part of the gland is secreted through the surface of the skin through a grease nipple-like nub. A bird will typically transfer this oil to its feathers by rubbing its head against the oil and then around the rest of the body. Tailward areas are usually preened utilizing the beak. Not all birds have a uropygial gland. Exceptions include the emu, ostrich, and bustards. These typically find other means to stay clean and dry, such as taking a dust bath UBERON:0007802 oil gland preen gland preen oil gland uberon BTO BTO A large gland at the base of a bird's tail dorsal to the cloaca at the end of the pygostyle that secretes an oil used in preening. It opens through a caudally directed nipple. BTO:0001420 Wikipedia:Uropygial_gland http://en.wikivet.net BTO:0001420 oil gland preen oil The uropygial gland is involved in maintaining feather condition and secretions spread by preening. It serves a waterproofing function. The secretions contain a pro-vitamin D, converted by UV light to active vitamin D. The secretions are also believed to suppress the growth of micro-organisms, serving an anti-bacterial function. [http://en.wikivet.net] UBERON:0007803 preen gland secretion uberon uropygial gland secretion sclerotic ring Sclerotic rings are rings of bone found in the eyes of several groups of vertebrate animals, except for mammals and crocodilians. They can be made up of single bones or small bones together. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater. Fossil sclerotic rings are known for a variety of extinct animals, including ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, but are often not preserved[WP]. UBERON:0007804 scleral ring uberon Sclerotic rings are rings of bone found in the eyes of several groups of vertebrate animals, except for mammals and crocodilians. They can be made up of single bones or small bones together. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater. Fossil sclerotic rings are known for a variety of extinct animals, including ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, but are often not preserved[WP]. Wikipedia:Sclerotic_ring PMID:17051547 Wikipedia:Sclerotic_ring scleral ring synsacrum AAO:0000740 Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end.[AAO] SCTID:67943001 The synsacrum is a skeletal structure, mainly described in birds and dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially-fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. The ilium of the pelvis is attached to the synsacrum and, in some species, may also be fused to it. Together with the pelvis this forms a rigid structure which carries the weight of the hind end of the animal. In living and some prehistoric birds, posterior to the synsacrum there are usually only a few free caudal vertebrae, on the end of which lies the pygostyle[WP]. Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end[AAO]. UBERON:0007805 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/birdskeleton.gif produced by fusion of last thoracics, all lumbars, all sacrals, & first few caudals; relationship loss: subclass portion of (AAO:0010428)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000740 relationship loss: subclass portion of (AAO:0010428)[AAO] AAO:Pugener_2002 The synsacrum is a skeletal structure, mainly described in birds and dinosaurs, in which the sacrum is extended by incorporation of additional fused or partially-fused caudal or lumbar vertebrae. The ilium of the pelvis is attached to the synsacrum and, in some species, may also be fused to it. Together with the pelvis this forms a rigid structure which carries the weight of the hind end of the animal. In living and some prehistoric birds, posterior to the synsacrum there are usually only a few free caudal vertebrae, on the end of which lies the pygostyle[WP]. Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end[AAO]. Wikipedia:Synsacrum 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000740 AAO:Pugener_2002 Complex of synostotically fused vertebrae supporting the pelvic girdle. In anurans, the synsacrum is formed by two vertebrae and the urostyle is fused to its posterior end.[AAO] AAO connecting stalk A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. BTO:0004705 UBERON:0007806 UMLS:C1516792 ncithesaurus:Connecting_Stalk todo - this is currently defined as a bridge of mesoderm, but in EHDAA2 is extraembryonic structure split into mesoderm and blood vessels uberon EHDAA2 A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. Medical_Dictionary:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ EHDAA2 connecting stalk blood vessel EHDAA2:0000313 UBERON:0007807 connecting stalk blood vessels uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000313 connecting stalk blood vessels abdominal adipose tissue Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. BTO:0004041 EFO:0003771 UBERON:0007808 abdominal fat intra-abdominal fat organ fat uberon visceral adipose tissue visceral fat BTO:0004041 intra-abdominal fat BTO:0004041 visceral adipose tissue BTO:0004041 visceral fat BTO:0004041 abdominal fat Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. BTO:0004041 BTO:0004041 organ fat fascia of Camper Camper's fascia FMA:19922 The superficial layer (fascia of Camper) is a thick superficial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. It is areolar in texture, and contains in its meshes a varying quantity of adipose tissue. It is found superficial to Scarpa's fascia. UBERON:0007809 adipose layer of superficial fascia of abdomen camper's fascia fascia investiens intermedia abdominis fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue of abdomen fatty layer of superficial fascia of abdomen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray393.png intermediate investing fascia of abdomen panniculus adiposus abdominis panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae abdominis superficial layer of superficial fascia of abdomen uberon The superficial layer (fascia of Camper) is a thick superficial layer of the anterior abdominal wall. It is areolar in texture, and contains in its meshes a varying quantity of adipose tissue. It is found superficial to Scarpa's fascia. Wikipedia:Fascia_of_Camper FMA:19922 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae abdominis Wikipedia:Fascia_of_Camper panniculus adiposus abdominis FMA:19922 intermediate investing fascia of abdomen FMA:19922 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue of abdomen Wikipedia FMA:19922 fatty layer of superficial fascia of abdomen Camper's fascia Wikipedia:Fascia_of_Camper FMA FMA:19922 camper's fascia FMA:19922 FMA:TA fascia investiens intermedia abdominis FMA:19922 adipose layer of superficial fascia of abdomen FMA:19922 superficial layer of superficial fascia of abdomen craniocervical region CALOHA:TS-2356 EV:0100009 FMA:280881 MA:0000006 SCTID:361355005 The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. UBERON:0007811 UMLS:C0460004 WikipediaCategory:Head_and_neck galen:HeadAndNeck head and neck head or neck ncithesaurus:Head_and_Neck uberon The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. UBERON:cjm MA FMA:280881 head and neck post-anal tail AAO:0010338 Anatomical structure that is the terminal, flexible posterior appendage of the organism.[AAO] EHDAA2:0003109 MA:0000008 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the vent which includes the anal and caudal fins.[TAO] TAO:0001117 Taxon notes: present at some time in chordate life history (eg in Urochordates, present only in free-swimming larvae). Function: propellor locomotion (in some species) UBERON:0007812 UMLS:C0039259 XAO:0003026 ZFA:0001117 a tail that extends from the posterior tip of the organism to the anus, contains muscle and skeleton. muscular postanal tail ncithesaurus:Tail post-anal fin tail post-vent region postanal tail uberon UBERON:cjm a tail that extends from the posterior tip of the organism to the anus, contains muscle and skeleton. http://purl.oboibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/185 post-anal fin tail TAO:0001117 post-vent region 2012-08-14 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the vent which includes the anal and caudal fins.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001117 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010338 AAO:EJS Anatomical structure that is the terminal, flexible posterior appendage of the organism.[AAO] major alar cartilage FMA:59504 SCTID:361928006 The greater alar cartilage (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the preceding, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side. The portion which forms the medial wall (crus mediale) is loosely connected with the corresponding portion of the opposite cartilage, the two forming, together with the thickened integument and subjacent tissue, the septum mobile nasi. The part which forms the lateral wall (crus laterale) is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages (cartilagines alares minores; sesamoid cartilages). Above, it is connected by fibrous tissue to the lateral cartilage and front part of the cartilage of the septum; below, it falls short of the margin of the naris, the ala being completed by fatty and fibrous tissue covered by skin. In front, the greater alar cartilages are separated by a notch which corresponds with the apex of the nose. UBERON:0007818 cartilago alaris major cartilago alaris major greater alar cartilage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png uberon The greater alar cartilage (lower lateral cartilage) is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the preceding, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side. The portion which forms the medial wall (crus mediale) is loosely connected with the corresponding portion of the opposite cartilage, the two forming, together with the thickened integument and subjacent tissue, the septum mobile nasi. The part which forms the lateral wall (crus laterale) is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages (cartilagines alares minores; sesamoid cartilages). Above, it is connected by fibrous tissue to the lateral cartilage and front part of the cartilage of the septum; below, it falls short of the margin of the naris, the ala being completed by fatty and fibrous tissue covered by skin. In front, the greater alar cartilages are separated by a notch which corresponds with the apex of the nose. Wikipedia:Greater_alar_cartilage FMA:59504 cartilago alaris major Wikipedia:Greater_alar_cartilage cartilago alaris major FMA:59504 greater alar cartilage FMA minor alar cartilage FMA:59507 SCTID:368118006 The part which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages. UBERON:0007819 cartilago alaris minor http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png lesser alar cartilage lesser alar cartilages uberon The part which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small cartilaginous plates, the lesser alar cartilages. Wikipedia:Lesser_alar_cartilages FMA:59507 lesser alar cartilage FMA lesser alar cartilages Wikipedia:Lesser_alar_cartilages cartilago alaris minor accessory nasal cartilage FMA:59510 SCTID:368124000 UBERON:0007820 cartilago nasi accessoriae small cartilages of the nose connecting the greater alar cartilage and lateral nasal cartilage. uberon Wikipedia:Accessory_nasal_cartilage cartilago nasi accessoriae FMA Wikipedia:Accessory_nasal_cartilages small cartilages of the nose connecting the greater alar cartilage and lateral nasal cartilage. lateral nasal cartilage FMA:59511 SCTID:278944009 The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage) is situated below the inferior margin of the nasal bone, and is flattened, and triangular in shape.[WP]. UBERON:0007821 cartilago nasi lateralis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gray852.png uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_nasal_cartilage cartilago nasi lateralis The lateral cartilage (upper lateral cartilage) is situated below the inferior margin of the nasal bone, and is flattened, and triangular in shape.[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_nasal_cartilage FMA vomeronasal cartilage FMA:59514 Huschke's cartilage Jacobson's cartilage SCTID:368123006 The vomeronasal cartilage (or Jacobson's cartilage) is a narrow strip of cartilage, low on the medial wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the cartilaginous nasal septum and the vomer. The cartilage lies below, but is not connected to, the rudimentary vomeronasal organ of Jacobson[WP]. UBERON:0007822 cartilago vomeronasalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gray51.png uberon FMA:59514 Huschke's cartilage The vomeronasal cartilage (or Jacobson's cartilage) is a narrow strip of cartilage, low on the medial wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the cartilaginous nasal septum and the vomer. The cartilage lies below, but is not connected to, the rudimentary vomeronasal organ of Jacobson[WP]. Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_cartilage Wikipedia:Vomeronasal_cartilage cartilago vomeronasalis FMA FMA:59514 Jacobson's cartilage appendage girdle region An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO] FMA:24874 Note that this encompasses non-skeletal tissue UBERON:0007823 UBERON:0007824 VSAO:0000303 fin girdle fin girdle region girdle girdle region limb girdle limb girdle region uberon fin girdle 2012-08-14 An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO] UBERON:cjm VSAO VSAO:0000303 limb girdle region limb girdle An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 fin girdle region reticular membrane of spiral organ FMA:77849 MA:0001194 UBERON:0007825 reticular lamina reticular lamina of spiral organ reticular lamina of spiral organ of cochlea uberon Obol MA:0001194 reticular lamina MA OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of spiral organ OBOL:automatic reticular lamina of spiral organ of cochlea peritoneal mesentery A double layer composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. FMA:20570 TAO:0005129 UBERON:0007826 XAO:0000138 ZFA:0005129 uberon FMA ZFA A double layer composed of peritoneum that attaches the visceral organs to the body wall. ZFIN:curator external nose FMA:59515 SCTID:265785009 Subdivision of face, the exterior of the nose, which consists of a root, dorsum, tip, columella, and right and left alae. UBERON:0007827 UMLS:C0458561 ncithesaurus:External_Nose nose uberon FMA:59515 Subdivision of face, the exterior of the nose, which consists of a root, dorsum, tip, columella, and right and left alae. FMA girdle bone/zone A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. MA:0000291 UBERON:0007828 girdle bone uberon A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. OBOL:automatic MA:0000291 girdle bone pectoral girdle bone A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region. MA:0000292 UBERON:0007829 bone of pectoral girdle uberon MA A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region. OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle bone/zone A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. MA:0000293 SCTID:426214007 UBERON:0007830 UMLS:C0030786 bone of pelvic girdle ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Bone pelvic girdle bone typically the ilium, ischium and pubis. These can alternately be considered individual bones, or zones of a single fused bone. Editor note: check sacrum, coccyx (MA does NOT include these) uberon MA:0000293 pelvic girdle bone A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. UBERON:cjm MA pectoral girdle skeleton A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons. AAO:0000422 AAO:0000754 AO notes: Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pectoral girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. Anatomical cluster of paired dermal and endochondral bones that attaches to the dorso-posterior part of the cranium, and support the radials and pectoral fin. It consists of two components: the primary pectoral girdle consisting of the endochondral coracoid, scapula and mesocoracoid bones, and the secondary pectoral girdle consisting of the dermal posttemporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum and poscleithrum(thra) bones.[TAO] EFO:0000946 EHDAA2:0001420 EMAPA:18025 FMA:24141 Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the forelimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for forelimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] MAT:0000181 MIAA:0000181 Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs.[AAO] TAO:0000407 The pectoral girdle is clearly of dual origin, composed of dermal as well as endochondral bones. The endochondral component, the scapulocoracoid, evolved by fusion or enlargment of several basal fin elements. (...) The dermal component of the shoulder girdle evolved from dermal bones of the body's surface. (...) Like endochondral bones, these dermal bones were passed along to tetrapods (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007831 UMLS:C0427245 VHOG:0001156 VSAO:0000156 XAO:0003063 ZFA:0000407 cingulum pectorale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Pectoral_girdle_front_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pectoral_girdle_front_diagram.svg/200px-Pectoral_girdle_front_diagram.svg.png ncithesaurus:Shoulder_Girdle pectoral girdle pectoral girdle skeleton scapular girdle skeletal parts of pectoral girdle skeleton of pectoral girdle uberon 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster of paired dermal and endochondral bones that attaches to the dorso-posterior part of the cranium, and support the radials and pectoral fin. It consists of two components: the primary pectoral girdle consisting of the endochondral coracoid, scapula and mesocoracoid bones, and the secondary pectoral girdle consisting of the dermal posttemporal, supracleithrum, cleithrum and poscleithrum(thra) bones.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000407 TAO:wd 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.336 and Figure 9.18 The pectoral girdle is clearly of dual origin, composed of dermal as well as endochondral bones. The endochondral component, the scapulocoracoid, evolved by fusion or enlargment of several basal fin elements. (...) The dermal component of the shoulder girdle evolved from dermal bones of the body's surface. (...) Like endochondral bones, these dermal bones were passed along to tetrapods (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001156 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UBERON:cjm skeleton of pectoral girdle FMA:24141 pectoral girdle skeleton 2012-08-14 Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the forelimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for forelimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] UBERON:cjm VSAO VSAO:0000156 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000422 AAO:LAP Skeletal structure immediately behind the head attached to the vertebral column by muscles and supporting the forelimbs.[AAO] A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons. Wikipedia:Pectoral_girdle TAO:0000407 scapular girdle VSAO:0000156 pectoral girdle XAO UBERON:cjm skeletal parts of pectoral girdle Wikipedia:Pectoral_girdle cingulum pectorale pelvic girdle skeleton AAO:0000426 AAO:0000768 AO notes: Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pelvic girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. We place the EHDAA2 class here, note that this includes the pre-cartilage condensation as parts. Editor notes: need to resolve whether this is a paired structure or a single belt (Paired in FMA - implicitly paired in VSAO) Anatomical cluster by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that consists of the paired basipterygia which support the pelvic fin.[TAO] EFO:0000947 EHDAA2:0001426 EHDAA:7149 EHDAA:8324 EMAPA:18028 FMA:87592 Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] MAT:0000182 MIAA:0000182 Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. TAO:0000565 The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007832 VHOG:0000305 VSAO:0000155 XAO:0003064 ZFA:0000565 galen:PelvicGirdle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/pectoralgirdles.gif http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Gray242.png/200px-Gray242.png pelvic girdle pelvic girdle skeleton skeletal parts of pelvic girdle skeleton of pelvic girdle uberon 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that consists of the paired basipterygia which support the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000565 TAO:wd 2012-08-14 Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] UBERON:cjm VSAO VSAO:0000155 VSAO:0000155 pelvic girdle skeleton Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. VSAO:0000155 Wikipedia:Pelvis UBERON:cjm skeleton of pelvic girdle PMID:21455939 VSAO:0000155 pelvic girdle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000426 AAO:LAP Anatomical cluster by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.[AAO] UBERON:cjm skeletal parts of pelvic girdle 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000305 http://bgee.unil.ch/ osseus semicircular canal MA:0000250 UBERON:0007833 consider adding FMA:60186 osseous semicircular canal uberon MA checkme OBOL:automatic osseous semicircular canal MA lumbar spinal cord ventral commissure A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a lumbar spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1326 UBERON:0007834 lumbar spinal cord anterior commissure uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1326 lumbar spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a lumbar spinal cord. OBOL:automatic sacral spinal cord ventral commissure A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a sacral spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1528 UBERON:0007835 sacral spinal cord anterior commissure uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a sacral spinal cord. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1528 sacral spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy cervical spinal cord ventral commissure A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a cervical spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1552 UBERON:0007836 cervical spinal cord anterior commissure uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1552 cervical spinal cord anterior commissure A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic thoracic spinal cord ventral commissure A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1556 UBERON:0007837 thoracic spinal cord anterior commissure uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1556 thoracic spinal cord anterior commissure NIF_GrossAnatomy A spinal cord ventral commissure that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic spinal cord white commissure FMA:77033 SCTID:423957000 UBERON:0007838 uberon white commissure of spinal cord FMA:77033 white commissure of spinal cord spinal cord dorsal white commissure FMA:77034 SCTID:424400007 UBERON:0007840 commissura alba posterior medullae spinalis dorsal white commissure of spinal cord posterior white commissure of spinal cord uberon FMA:77034 dorsal white commissure of spinal cord FMA:77034 FMA:TA commissura alba posterior medullae spinalis FMA:77034 posterior white commissure of spinal cord FMA furcula Comment: Found in both avian and non-avian theropods including, but not limited to: Coelophysoids, Allosauroids, Spinosauridae, Tyrannosauroids, Oviraptorosauria, Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae. Editor notes: currently assigned to be part of the pectoral girdle, but this may be incorrect if PG is a paired structure. Dermal bone that develops from the fusion of the paired clavicle condensations in Archosauria. Serves as both an attachment site for pectoral musculature as well as a mechanical strengthening/ spacing element in the pectoral girdle. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. UBERON:0007841 furcula bone fused clavicle uberon wishbone Dermal bone that develops from the fusion of the paired clavicle condensations in Archosauria. Serves as both an attachment site for pectoral musculature as well as a mechanical strengthening/ spacing element in the pectoral girdle. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Furcula Wikipedia:Furcula wishbone membrane bone AEO:0000085 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] EHDAA2:0003085 Intramembranous bone that forms deep in the organism.[TAO] TAO:0001645 UBERON:0007842 VSAO:0000023 XAO:0004014 ZFA:0001636 uberon 2012-08-14 Intramembranous bone that forms deep in the organism.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001645 TAO:wd 2012-08-14 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000023 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 uncinate process of ribs A posterior projection from proximal rib segments. Offers attachment sites for respiratory and shoulder muscles as well as adding structural support to the trunk skeleton[Kardong 2012]. AAO:0000741 Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior.[AAO] UBERON:0007843 WP: Although bony uncinate processes are unique to birds, cartilaginous uncinate processes are present in crocodiles. The uncinate process has also been reported in Sphenodon, Caudipteryx, oviraptorids, Confuciusornis and Chaoyangia however it does not occur in Archaeopteryx uberon uncinate process Kardong 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000741 AAO:Pugener_2002 Posteriorly directed process (occasionally directed anteriorly) usually associated with the rib (sometimes with the transverse process) of the third vertebra; they provide the origin of the mm serratus superior, medius, and inferior.[AAO] AAO:0000741 uncinate process PMID:15755883 A posterior projection from proximal rib segments. Offers attachment sites for respiratory and shoulder muscles as well as adding structural support to the trunk skeleton[Kardong 2012]. ISBN10:0073040584 PHENOSCAPE:ad Wikipedia:Uncinate_processes_of_ribs cartilage element AAO:0011130 AO notes: TAO still mixes tissue and element FMA:55107 Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. UBERON:0007844 VSAO:0000000 XAO:0004013 ZFA:0001501 cartilage cartilage organ cartilaginous element chondrogenic element uberon VSAO:0000000 chondrogenic element VSAO FMA:55107 cartilage organ VSAO VSAO Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. VSAO:curator VSAO:0000000 cartilage UBERON:cjm cartilaginous element regular connective tissue Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. Editor notes: the connective tissue hierarchy largely follows FMA with definitions from VSAO. Note that in FMA, loose-CT is irregular-CT. This means regular-CT is necessarily equivalent to dense-regular-CT (assuming a JEPD classification). FMA:20103 UBERON:0007845 uberon Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. FMA:20103 FMA dense regular connective tissue Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO] Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts)[VSAO] FMA:64781 Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA] SCTID:22560007 UBERON:0007846 UMLS:C0225333 VSAO:0000050 XAO:0004030 dense fibrous connective tissue dense regular collagenous connective tissue dense regular collagenous tissue ncithesaurus:Regular_Dense_Connective_Tissue regular dense connective tissue typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) uberon 2012-08-29 FMA FMA:64781 Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA] Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts)[VSAO] VSAO:0000050 Wikipedia:Dense_regular_connective_tissue FMA:64781 dense regular collagenous connective tissue FMA:64781 typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) ncithesaurus FMA 2012-08-14 Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000050 FMA:64781 dense fibrous connective tissue FMA:64781 dense regular collagenous tissue perichordal tissue AAO:0000737 AAO:0010446 Derived from cells surrounding the notochord (possibly the slerotome). Disparate from (not derived from) notochord. Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the notochord; includes a layer of elastin. Portion of connective tissue which surrounds the notochord.[TAO] TAO:0001642 UBERON:0007862 VSAO:0000054 XAO:0004050 ZFA:0001633 notochord perichordal connective tissue perichordal sheath perichordal sheath tissue perichordal tube relationship type change: part_of notochord (VSAO:0000032) CHANGED TO: surrounds notochord (UBERON:0002328)[VSAO] uberon 2012-08-14 Portion of connective tissue which surrounds the notochord.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001642 TAO:wd VSAO:curator perichordal sheath tissue VSAO-modified VSAO ISBN10:0073040584 perichordal tube Kardong Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the notochord; includes a layer of elastin. VSAO:curator VSAO:curator perichordal sheath VSAO:curator notochord 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0000054 relationship type change: part_of notochord (VSAO:0000032) CHANGED TO: surrounds notochord (UBERON:0002328)[VSAO] ZFA:0001633 perichordal connective tissue head or neck bone A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. MA:0000569 UBERON:0007914 uberon A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic MA MA central carpal bone A small bone occasionally found at the dorsal aspect of the wrist between the scaphoid, capitate, and trapezoid; it is developed as an independent cartilage in early foetal life but usually becomes fused with the scaphoid; it occurs normally in most monkeys. MA:0001344 SCTID:26987000 UBERON:0007958 central bone central carpals centrale os carpi centrale os centrale os centrale carpi uberon A small bone occasionally found at the dorsal aspect of the wrist between the scaphoid, capitate, and trapezoid; it is developed as an independent cartilage in early foetal life but usually becomes fused with the scaphoid; it occurs normally in most monkeys. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=63518 MA central bone http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=63518 http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8251/1/8251.pdf os carpi centrale MA:0001344 centrale falciform carpal bone MA:0001345 UBERON:0007959 os falciform os falciforme todo - check relationship to radial sesamoid uberon MA UBERON:cjm os falciform UBERON:cjm os falciforme scapholunate MA:0001346 Taxon notes: present in mouse[based on MA], carnivora[Websters] and macropods[WP]. The combined scaphoid and lunate bones. UBERON:0007960 intermedioradial carpal bone scapholunate bone scapholunatum uberon MA UBERON:cjm scapholunate bone UBERON:cjm scapholunatum The combined scaphoid and lunate bones. UBERON:cjm MA:0001346 intermedioradial carpal bone proximal sesamoid bone of pes MA:0001376 UBERON:0007990 proximal sesamoid bone of foot uberon MA MA:0001376 proximal sesamoid bone of foot proximal sesamoid bone of manus MA:0001377 UBERON:0007991 proximal sesamoid bone of hand uberon MA:0001377 proximal sesamoid bone of hand MA ulnar sesamoid bone Editor notes: compare with pisiform MA:0001379 UBERON:0007993 uberon ulnar sesamoid MA-inferred MA sesamoid bone of manus A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus. FMA:42353 SCTID:368448000 UBERON:0007997 sesamoid bone of hand uberon FMA A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic FMA:42353 sesamoid bone of hand sesamoid bone of pes A sesamoid bone that is part of a pes. FMA:45096 SCTID:244675002 UBERON:0008000 sesamoid bone of foot uberon A sesamoid bone that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic FMA:45096 sesamoid bone of foot FMA FMA irregular bone FMA:7477 SCTID:421560006 The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. UBERON:0008001 UMLS:C0502414 ncithesaurus:Irregular_Bone os irregulare os irregulare uberon FMA The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. Wikipedia:Irregular_bone Wikipedia:Irregular_bone os irregulare joint of girdle A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. MA:0001505 UBERON:0008114 girdle joint uberon A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. OBOL:automatic MA OBOL:automatic girdle joint surface of cartilage FMA:76668 UBERON:0008115 cartilage surface uberon FMA:76668 cartilage surface joint articular surface MA:0001518 UBERON:0008124 note that FMA has multiple "Articular surface of X" classes, with no way to group them uberon MA hypertrophic cartilage zone MA:0002849 UBERON:0008187 see also VSAO:0000098 uberon MA tendon of biceps brachii A tendon that attaches_to a biceps brachii. EMAPA:25053 FMA:38152 SCTID:361886007 UBERON:0008188 biceps brachii tendon uberon FMA FMA:38152 biceps brachii tendon A tendon that attaches_to a biceps brachii. OBOL:automatic tendon of triceps brachii A tendon that attaches_to a triceps brachii. FMA:38380 SCTID:245105007 UBERON:0008192 triceps brachii tendon triceps tendon uberon A tendon that attaches_to a triceps brachii. OBOL:automatic FMA:38380 triceps brachii tendon FMA pneumatized bone FMA:7478 SCTID:333008005 UBERON:0008193 a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. editor note: subclasses of this should be checked for taxonomic consistency galen:PneumaticBone hollow bone os pneumaticum pneumatic bone uberon FMA FMA:7478 pneumatic bone FMA:7478 os pneumaticum Wikipedia:Skeletal_pneumaticity a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. Skeletal pneumaticity is the presence of air spaces within bones. Skeletal pneumaticity exists only in synapsids and archosaurs. It is generally produced during development by excavation of bone by pneumatic diverticula (air sacs) from an air-filled space such as the lungs or nasal cavity. Pneumatization is highly variable between individuals, and bones not normally pneumatized can become pneumatized in pathological development. Pneumatization occurs in the skulls of mammals, crocodilians and birds among extant groups, as well as extinct archosaurs including the dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Pneumatic spaces include the paranasal sinuses and some of the mastoid cells[WP]. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=11303 tibiotarsus The tibiotarsus is the large bone between the femur and the tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is the fusion of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia. A similar structure also occurred in the Mesozoic Heterodontosauridae. These small ornithischian dinosaurs were unrelated to birds and the similarity of their pes bones is best explained by convergent evolution. UBERON:0008194 uberon The tibiotarsus is the large bone between the femur and the tarsometatarsus in the leg of a bird. It is the fusion of the proximal part of the tarsus with the tibia. A similar structure also occurred in the Mesozoic Heterodontosauridae. These small ornithischian dinosaurs were unrelated to birds and the similarity of their pes bones is best explained by convergent evolution. Wikipedia:Tibiotarsus tarsometatarsus Taxon notes: found in birds[VSAO] The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain tetrapods, namely birds. It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types of animals, and homologous to the mammalian tarsal (ankle) and metatarsal (pes) bones. Despite this, the tarsometatarsus of birds is often referred to as just the tarsus or metatarsus. UBERON:0008195 uberon The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is found in the lower leg of certain tetrapods, namely birds. It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types of animals, and homologous to the mammalian tarsal (ankle) and metatarsal (pes) bones. Despite this, the tarsometatarsus of birds is often referred to as just the tarsus or metatarsus. Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsus muscle of pectoral girdle A muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region. FMA:37347 UBERON:0008196 muscle of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle muscle uberon A muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region. OBOL:automatic FMA:37347 pectoral girdle muscle FMA:37347 muscle of shoulder girdle nail plate AO Notes: in FMA, the nail is the nail plate MA:0002708 SCTID:372177002 The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin. UBERON:0008198 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Fingernail_label.jpg lamina unguis ncithesaurus:Nail_Plate uberon The nail plate is the hard and translucent portion of the nail, composed of keratin. Wikipedia:Nail_plate http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/20 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3307500&group_id=36855&atid=440764 MA Wikipedia:Nail_plate lamina unguis chin FMA:46495 GAID:67 MESH:A01.456.505.259 SCTID:362632004 Surface structure that is the anteriormost part of the lower jaw region. In humans, the chin is the lowermost part of the face. It is formed by the lower front of the mandible. People show a wide variety of chin structures. See Cleft chin. The chin developed as a point of muscular attachment facilitating minute movements of the lips associated with speech. In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern Humans as distinct from archaic forms. Surface structure that is the anteriormost region of the lower jaw.[TAO] TAO:0002254 UBERON:0008199 chins galen:Chin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray1195.png mental mental part of face mental region mental region of face mentum regio mentalis uberon FMA:46495 FMA:TA regio mentalis MESH FMA:46495 mental region of face Surface structure that is the anteriormost part of the lower jaw region. In humans, the chin is the lowermost part of the face. It is formed by the lower front of the mandible. People show a wide variety of chin structures. See Cleft chin. The chin developed as a point of muscular attachment facilitating minute movements of the lips associated with speech. In human evolution, the chin is a cladistic apomorphy, partially defining anatomically modern Humans as distinct from archaic forms. TAO:0002254 Wikipedia:Chin Wikipedia:Chin chins FMA FMA:46495 mental part of face Wikipedia:Chin mentum 2012-08-14 Surface structure that is the anteriormost region of the lower jaw.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002254 TAO:wd FMA:46495 mental region forehead FMA:63864 GAID:74 MESH:A01.456.505.580 SCTID:362614004 The part of the face above the eyes[MESH]. In human anatomy, the forehead is the fore part of the head. It is, formally, an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the forehead is marked by the supraorbital ridge, the bone feature of the skull above the eyes. The two sides of the forehead are marked by the temporal ridge, a bone feature that links the supraorbital ridge to the coronal suture line and beyond[WP]. UBERON:0008200 UMLS:C0016540 fore head galen:Forehead http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Forhead_01_ies.jpg ncithesaurus:Forehead sinciput uberon Wikipedia:Forehead sinciput FMA Wikipedia:Forehead fore head MESH:A01.456.505.580 The part of the face above the eyes[MESH]. In human anatomy, the forehead is the fore part of the head. It is, formally, an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the forehead is marked by the supraorbital ridge, the bone feature of the skull above the eyes. The two sides of the forehead are marked by the temporal ridge, a bone feature that links the supraorbital ridge to the coronal suture line and beyond[WP]. Wikipedia:Forehead scute A bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, the feet of some birds. Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons[WP]. Currently being reviewed by PHENOSCAPE:ad SCTID:17148007 UBERON:0008201 osteoderm scuta scutae scutum uberon A bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, the feet of some birds. Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of fish and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface. Forming in the living dermis, the scutes produce a horny outer layer, that is superficially similar to that of scales. Scutes will usually not overlap as snake scales (but see the pangolin). The outer keratin layer is shed piecemeal, and not in one continuous layer of skin as seen in snakes or lizards. The dermal base may contain bone and produce dermal armour. Scutes with a bony base are properly called osteoderms. Dermal scutes are also found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles. The term is also used to describe the heavy armour of the armadillo and the extinct glyptodon, and is occasionally used as an alternative to scales in describing snakes or certain fishes, such as sturgeons[WP]. Wikipedia:Scute Wikipedia:Scute osteoderm Wikipedia:Scute scutae Kardong it is a fold in the epidermal surface hence it is an epidermal scale Wikipedia:Scute scutum Wikipedia:Scute scuta bone of hip region MA:0000655 SCTID:304907005 UBERON:0008202 in MA, this includes the femur. i.e. pelvic girdle bone or femur; note that this makes the ilium etc in MA hindlimb bones. in MA this is a hindlimb bone uberon MA pelvic cavity FMA:9738 SCTID:281903009 The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the rectum. The pelvis is a marvel of physiology and is deceptively complex. It contains the lower urinary tract, reproductive system, lower digestive tract, major arteries and veins, muscle systems, nerve systems and bone systems. They all have to work together in a little crowded "house". It can be affected by many different diseases and by many drugs in many different ways. One part may impact upon another, for example constipation may overload the rectum and compress the urinary bladder, or childbirth might damage the pudendal nerves and later lead to anal weakness. UBERON:0008203 cavitas pelvis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg space of pelvic compartment uberon Wikipedia:Pelvic_cavity cavitas pelvis FMA The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the rectum. The pelvis is a marvel of physiology and is deceptively complex. It contains the lower urinary tract, reproductive system, lower digestive tract, major arteries and veins, muscle systems, nerve systems and bone systems. They all have to work together in a little crowded "house". It can be affected by many different diseases and by many drugs in many different ways. One part may impact upon another, for example constipation may overload the rectum and compress the urinary bladder, or childbirth might damage the pudendal nerves and later lead to anal weakness. Wikipedia:Pelvic_cavity FMA:9738 space of pelvic compartment craniocervical region musculature A musculature that is part of a craniocervical region. MA:0000571 UBERON:0008229 head or neck muscle head or neck muscle uberon A musculature that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic MA:0000571 head or neck muscle MA MA:0000571 head or neck muscle MA tibialis BTO:0000864 Either of two muscles of the calf of the leg. MA:0002425 UBERON:0008230 UMLS:C1710422 ncithesaurus:Tibialis tibialis muscle uberon MA:0002425 tibialis muscle BTO Either of two muscles of the calf of the leg. Fast_Health_Medical_Dictionary:http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/ dorsal thoracic segment of trunk FMA:24217 MA:0000028 SCTID:362666008 Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. UBERON:0008231 back of thorax dorsum of thorax posterior part of thorax thoracic back thoracic part of back uberon upper back FMA:24217 Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. FMA:24217 back of thorax FMA:24217 dorsum of thorax MA FMA:24217 thoracic back FMA MA:0000028 upper back FMA FMA:24217 thoracic part of back FMA:24217 posterior part of thorax lower back muscle A muscle of back that is part of a lower back. MA:0000502 SCTID:317178000 UBERON:0008242 uberon A muscle of back that is part of a lower back. OBOL:automatic MA MA upper back muscle A muscle of back that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. MA:0000508 SCTID:305071003 UBERON:0008243 uberon MA A muscle of back that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic MA pennate muscle A pennate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility. Individual muscle fibers are formed into bundles of fasciculi and these bundles of fasciculi are formed into bundles of fascicles which compose the entire muscle itself. In a pennate muscle, the fascicles will form an angle with its central tendon. If all the fascicles are on the same side of the tendon, the pennate muscle is called unipennate. Examples of this include certain muscles in the manus. If there are fascicles on both sides of the central tendon, the pennate muscle is called bipennate. The rectus femoris, a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called multipennate, as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. FMA:74993 UBERON:0008245 Wikipedia:Pennate_muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png note the FMA class does not denote a muscle organ. todo: add child classes uberon dbpedia A pennate muscle (also called a penniform muscle) is a muscle with fascicles that attach obliquely (in a slanting position) to its tendon. These types of muscles generally allow better stabilization and force production but less flexibility. Individual muscle fibers are formed into bundles of fasciculi and these bundles of fasciculi are formed into bundles of fascicles which compose the entire muscle itself. In a pennate muscle, the fascicles will form an angle with its central tendon. If all the fascicles are on the same side of the tendon, the pennate muscle is called unipennate. Examples of this include certain muscles in the manus. If there are fascicles on both sides of the central tendon, the pennate muscle is called bipennate. The rectus femoris, a large muscle in the quadriceps, is typical. If the central tendon branches within a pennate muscle, the muscle is called multipennate, as seen in the deltoid muscle in the shoulder. Wikipedia:Pennate_muscle dbpedia anterior inferior iliac spine and the exterior surface of the bony ridge which forms the iliac portion of the acetabulum dbpedia pyloric stomach BTO:0002121 SCTID:280119005 The mouth of a starfish is located on the underside of the body, and opens through a short esophagus into firstly a cardiac stomach, and then, a second, pyloric stomach. Each arm also contains two pyloric caeca, long hollow tubes branching outwards from the pyloric stomach. Each pyloric caecum is lined by a series of digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. A short intestine runs from the upper surface of the pyloric stomach to open at an anus in the center of the upper body UBERON:0008246 uberon The mouth of a starfish is located on the underside of the body, and opens through a short esophagus into firstly a cardiac stomach, and then, a second, pyloric stomach. Each arm also contains two pyloric caeca, long hollow tubes branching outwards from the pyloric stomach. Each pyloric caecum is lined by a series of digestive glands, which secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. A short intestine runs from the upper surface of the pyloric stomach to open at an anus in the center of the upper body Wikipedia:Starfish tube foot BTO:0001919 One of the numerous external, fluid-filled muscular tubes of echinoderms, such as the starfish or sea urchin, serving as organs of locomotion, food handling, and respiration[BTO]. Tube feet consist of two parts: ampulla and podia. Ampulla contain both circular muscles and longitudinal muscle, whereas the podia contain the latter only. Thus the podia use suction to attach to the substratum[WP]. UBERON:0008247 tube feet uberon Wikipedia:Tube_feet tube feet BTO:0001919 One of the numerous external, fluid-filled muscular tubes of echinoderms, such as the starfish or sea urchin, serving as organs of locomotion, food handling, and respiration[BTO]. Tube feet consist of two parts: ampulla and podia. Ampulla contain both circular muscles and longitudinal muscle, whereas the podia contain the latter only. Thus the podia use suction to attach to the substratum[WP]. Wikipedia:Tube_feet pyloric cecum BTO:0002120 The pyloric ceca (or digestive glands) and the cardiac stomach produce digestive enzymes in starfishes. Digested material is absorbed through the pyloric ceca for transport to the rest of the body. Each pyloric cecum extends the length of each arm. UBERON:0008248 pyloric caecum uberon BTO:0002120 The pyloric ceca (or digestive glands) and the cardiac stomach produce digestive enzymes in starfishes. Digested material is absorbed through the pyloric ceca for transport to the rest of the body. Each pyloric cecum extends the length of each arm. BTO:0002120 pyloric caecum cardiac stomach BTO:0002122 In starfishes the cardiac stomach is connected to a pyloric stomach which is located above it. Food can be brought into the stomach through the mouth or, in many species, the cardiac stomach can be extended out through the mouth to digest food outside the body. Suspension-feeding starfish use their tube feet to pass food to the mouth. UBERON:0008250 uberon BTO:0002122 In starfishes the cardiac stomach is connected to a pyloric stomach which is located above it. Food can be brought into the stomach through the mouth or, in many species, the cardiac stomach can be extended out through the mouth to digest food outside the body. Suspension-feeding starfish use their tube feet to pass food to the mouth. water vascular system BTO:0002125 The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.[1] The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.[WP]. UBERON:0008251 uberon The water vascular system is a hydraulic system used by echinoderms, such as sea stars and sea urchins, for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration.[1] The system is composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet. Echinoderms move by alternately contracting muscles that force water into the tube feet, causing them to extend and push against the ground, then relaxing to allow the feet to retract.[WP]. Wikipedia:Water_vascular_system tube foot ampulla BTO:0002124 The constant contraction of ampulla (to extend and retract the tube feet) helps to move a starfish. The ampullae are teeth like structures surrounding the radial canal. UBERON:0008252 ampulla uberon BTO BTO:0002124 ampulla BTO:0002124 The constant contraction of ampulla (to extend and retract the tube feet) helps to move a starfish. The ampullae are teeth like structures surrounding the radial canal. Aristotle's lantern Aristotles lantern BTO:0001923 UBERON:0008253 Within the mouth of a sea urchin is an elaborate five-sided jaw structure called Aristotles lantern that can be partially extruded from the mouth. It is able to grind up calcareous exoskeletons of plants and animals. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/biodidac/echino001B.gif/medium.jpg http://content60.eol.org/content/2012/06/14/21/52446_580_360.jpg http://eol.org/data_objects/19677434 uberon BTO BTO:0001923 Wikipedia:Aristotle's_lantern Within the mouth of a sea urchin is an elaborate five-sided jaw structure called Aristotles lantern that can be partially extruded from the mouth. It is able to grind up calcareous exoskeletons of plants and animals. Aristotles lantern BTO:0001923 styliform cartilage UBERON:0008254 shaft of skeletal tissue that articulates with the lateral border of the carpus. uberon ISBN-10:0226313379 shaft of skeletal tissue that articulates with the lateral border of the carpus. checkme right clavicle A clavicle that is in the right side of a entire appendicular skeleton. FMA:13322 UBERON:0008255 uberon A clavicle that is in the right side of a entire appendicular skeleton. OBOL:automatic FMA left clavicle A clavicle that is in the left side of a entire appendicular skeleton. FMA:13323 UBERON:0008256 uberon FMA A clavicle that is in the left side of a entire appendicular skeleton. OBOL:automatic radial sesamoid In the giant panda, a large digitlike preaxial element that articulates with the scapholunatum and the medial border of the first metacarpal. UBERON:0008257 os sesamoideum radiale uberon ISBN-10:0226313379 In the giant panda, a large digitlike preaxial element that articulates with the scapholunatum and the medial border of the first metacarpal. ISBN-10:0226313379 os sesamoideum radiale oral surface UBERON:0008258 actinal side actinal surface uberon aboral surface UBERON:0008259 abactinal side abactinal surface uberon spine appendage May be reclassified depending on CARO treatment of appendage UBERON:0008260 a hard, thorny or needle-like structure which occurs on various animals. Animals such as porcupines and sea urchins grow spines as a self-defense mechanism. Spines are often formed of keratin. Other animals with spines are hedgehogs, spiny mice and at least two ornithischian dinosaurs. spine spiny appendage uberon Wikipedia:Spine_(zoology) a hard, thorny or needle-like structure which occurs on various animals. Animals such as porcupines and sea urchins grow spines as a self-defense mechanism. Spines are often formed of keratin. Other animals with spines are hedgehogs, spiny mice and at least two ornithischian dinosaurs. pedicellaria UBERON:0008261 a small wrench or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms. Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture. In forcipulate sea stars, each pedicellaria is typically composed three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components. In some asteroid sea stars pedicellariae are present around the base of a spine or on the surface of the animal's body. In other sea stars, they are present in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface; oftentimes on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow. pedicellariae uberon Wikipedia:Pedicellaria a small wrench or claw-shaped structure commonly found on Echinoderms, particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms. Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic Labidiaster are known to function in food capture. In forcipulate sea stars, each pedicellaria is typically composed three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components. In some asteroid sea stars pedicellariae are present around the base of a spine or on the surface of the animal's body. In other sea stars, they are present in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface; oftentimes on the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow. Wikipedia:Pedicellaria pedicellariae ambulacral area UBERON:0008262 uberon inter-ambulacral area UBERON:0008263 uberon echinopluteus larval stage Larval stage in echinoderms characterized by a planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. UBERON:0008264 pluteus larval stage uberon Larval stage in echinoderms characterized by a planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-echinopluteuslarva.html echinopluteus larva A planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. UBERON:0008265 pluteus larva uberon A planktonic and feeding larval form that possesses limb-like outgrowths bearing ciliated bands. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O8-echinopluteuslarva.html periodontal ligament AO notes: FMA treats periodontium and periodontal ligament as the same; it has a separate class desmodentium, which we place here even though it is classified as fetal in FMA BTO:0001020 FMA:76870 GAID:1259 MA:0002467 PDL SCTID:245775004 The collagen fibers, running from the cementum to the alveolar bone, that suspend a tooth in its socket; they include apical, oblique, horizontal, and alveolar crest fibers, indicating that the orientation of the fibers varies at different levels[http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html]. The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. It consist of cells, extracellular compartment of fibers. The cells are fibroblast, epithelial, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, bone and cementum cells. The extracellular compartment consists of collagen fibers bundles embedded in ground substance. The PDL substance has been estimated to be 70% water and is thought to have a significant effect on the tooth's ability to withstand stress loads[WP][BTO:0001020, Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber, http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/21]. UBERON:0008266 alveolar periosteum alveolodental ligament alveolodental membrane desmodontium fibra periodontalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/The_Periodontium.jpg odontoperiosteum paradentium peridental membrane peridontal fiber peridontal fibre peridontal ligament peridontal ligament fiber peridontal ligament fibre peridontal membrane peridontium periodontal fiber periodontal fibre uberon FMA-moved PMID:19767574 Wikipedia:Dental_follicle http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal ligament fiber BTO:0001020 peridontal membrane BTO:0001020 The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/21 Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament periodontal fibre BTO:0001020 peridental membrane The collagen fibers, running from the cementum to the alveolar bone, that suspend a tooth in its socket; they include apical, oblique, horizontal, and alveolar crest fibers, indicating that the orientation of the fibers varies at different levels[http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html]. http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html BTO BTO:0001020 alveolar periosteum BTO:0001020 alveolodental ligament UBERONREF:0000002 true BTO:0001020 alveolodental membrane http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal ligament fibre PDL Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal fibre BTO:0001020 paradentium Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament periodontal fiber http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html peridontal fiber The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. It consist of cells, extracellular compartment of fibers. The cells are fibroblast, epithelial, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, bone and cementum cells. The extracellular compartment consists of collagen fibers bundles embedded in ground substance. The PDL substance has been estimated to be 70% water and is thought to have a significant effect on the tooth's ability to withstand stress loads[WP][BTO:0001020, Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber, http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/21]. Wikipedia:Periodontal_fiber BTO:0001020 desmodontium http://www.drugs.com/dict/desmodentium.html BTO:0001020 odontoperiosteum Wikipedia:Periodontal_ligament fibra periodontalis BTO:0001020 peridontium left supracardinal vein SCTID:361449001 The left thoracic supracardinal vein loses its connection with the left posterior cardinal veins and left sinus horn and subsequently drains into the right supracardinal system. UBERON:0008267 uberon ISBN-10:0443065837 The left thoracic supracardinal vein loses its connection with the left posterior cardinal veins and left sinus horn and subsequently drains into the right supracardinal system. right supracardinal vein EHDAA2:0004539 SCTID:361450001 The right supracardinal vein loses its connection with the posterior cardinal vein and makes a new anastomosis with the segments of the superior vena cava derived from the anterior cardinal vein, becoming the azygos vein. UBERON:0008268 uberon ISBN-10:0443065837 The right supracardinal vein loses its connection with the posterior cardinal vein and makes a new anastomosis with the segments of the superior vena cava derived from the anterior cardinal vein, becoming the azygos vein. nacre UBERON:0008269 an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; it is also what makes up pearls. It is very strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some ancient lineages of bivalve gastropod and cephalopod. The inner layer in the great majority of mollusk shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, frequently resulting in a non-iridescent shine or less commonly in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure (e.g. conch pearl). Pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusk also have a nacreous inner shell layer, including marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) 10-20 µm wide and 0.5 µm thick arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of elastic biopolymers (such as chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins)[WP]. mother of pearl uberon Wikipedia:Nacre an organic-inorganic composite material produced by some mollusks as an inner shell layer; it is also what makes up pearls. It is very strong, resilient, and iridescent. Nacre is found in some ancient lineages of bivalve gastropod and cephalopod. The inner layer in the great majority of mollusk shells is porcellaneous, not nacreous, frequently resulting in a non-iridescent shine or less commonly in non-nacreous iridescence such as flame structure (e.g. conch pearl). Pearls and the inside layer of pearl oyster and freshwater pearl mussel shells are made of nacre. Many other families of mollusk also have a nacreous inner shell layer, including marine gastropods such as the Haliotidae, the Trochidae and the Turbinidae. Nacre is composed of hexagonal platelets of aragonite (a form of calcium carbonate) 10-20 µm wide and 0.5 µm thick arranged in a continuous parallel lamina. These layers are separated by sheets of organic matrix composed of elastic biopolymers (such as chitin, lustrin and silk-like proteins)[WP]. Wikipedia:Nacre mother of pearl mollusc shell UBERON:0008270 a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, tusk shells, and several other classes. Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea, many live on the land and in freshwater. uberon Wikipedia:Mollusc_shell a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca, which includes snails, clams, tusk shells, and several other classes. Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea, many live on the land and in freshwater. turtle shell UBERON:0008271 a highly complicated shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of the turtle, completely enclosing all the vital organs of the turtle and in some cases even the head. It is constructed of modified bony elements such as the ribs, parts of the pelvis and other bones found in most reptiles. The bone of the shell consists of both skeletal and dermal bone, showing that the complete enclosure of the shell probably evolved by including dermal armor into the rib cage.[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Turtle_shell#Shell a highly complicated shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of the turtle, completely enclosing all the vital organs of the turtle and in some cases even the head. It is constructed of modified bony elements such as the ribs, parts of the pelvis and other bones found in most reptiles. The bone of the shell consists of both skeletal and dermal bone, showing that the complete enclosure of the shell probably evolved by including dermal armor into the rib cage.[WP]. mollusc venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.590 UBERON:0008274 Venoms from mollusks, including the Conus and Octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerup in, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine. conus venom mollusc venom mollusk venom octopus venom snail venom uberon MESH MESH:D24.185.926.580.590 mollusk venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.590 conus venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.590 octopus venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.590 mollusc venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.590 snail venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.590 Venoms from mollusks, including the Conus and Octopus species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerup in, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine. carapace BTO:0001701 Dorsal subdivision of turtle shell, consisting of the animal's ribcage combined with dermal bone[WP, modified]. UBERON:0008275 note BTO class is more general uberon Dorsal subdivision of turtle shell, consisting of the animal's ribcage combined with dermal bone[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Carapace#Turtles_and_tortoises plastron A composite bony plate forming the floor of the shell of a turtle consisting of fused dermal elements, including contributions from the clavicles (epiplastrons) and interclavice (epiplastron). BTO:0001701 SCTID:64243001 UBERON:0008276 note BTO class is more general uberon A composite bony plate forming the floor of the shell of a turtle consisting of fused dermal elements, including contributions from the clavicles (epiplastrons) and interclavice (epiplastron). ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Turtle_shell#Plastron cnida UBERON:0008277 cnidae uberon cnidae nematocyst BTO:0000918 One of the stinging organelles of coelenterates used in catching prey. UBERON:0008278 uberon BTO:0000918 One of the stinging organelles of coelenterates used in catching prey. spirocyst UBERON:0008279 uberon cnidarian venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 UBERON:0008280 Venoms from jellyfish, corals, SEA ANEMONES, etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neurotoxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine. chironex venom cnidarian venom jellyfish venom portuguese man of war venom portuguese man-of-war venom sea anemone venom uberon MESH MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 jellyfish venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 cnidarian venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 chironex venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 portuguese man-of-war venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 sea anemone venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 portuguese man of war venom MESH:D24.185.926.580.230 Venoms from jellyfish, corals, SEA ANEMONES, etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neurotoxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine. tooth bud A knoblike tooth primordium developing into an enamel organ surrounded by a dental sac and encasing the odontogenic papilla. BTO:0001838 MESH:A14.254.900.720 SCTID:53301001 UBERON:0008281 UMLS:C0040442 ncithesaurus:Tooth_Bud tooth germ uberon Wikipedia:Tooth_development tooth germ A knoblike tooth primordium developing into an enamel organ surrounded by a dental sac and encasing the odontogenic papilla. BTO:0001838 columnella UBERON:0008283 a central anatomical feature of a coiled snail shell or gastropod shell. It is often only clearly visible as a structure when the shell is broken, or sliced in half vertically, or in an X-ray. uberon Wikipedia:Columella_(gastropod) a central anatomical feature of a coiled snail shell or gastropod shell. It is often only clearly visible as a structure when the shell is broken, or sliced in half vertically, or in an X-ray. columnella muscle BTO:0000277 The muscle of the central column or axis of a spiral univalve shell. UBERON:0008284 columella muscle uberon BTO:0000277 columella muscle BTO:0000277 The muscle of the central column or axis of a spiral univalve shell. Wikipedia:Columella_(gastropod)#Columellar_muscles rumen epithelium BTO:0001195 The rumen epithelium is the tissue which lines the largest of the four fore stomachs in the ruminant animal -cows and sheep. Rumen epithelial cells are important because they are responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the rumen into the blood. UBERON:0008285 uberon cjm BTO:0001195 PMID:10764086 The rumen epithelium is the tissue which lines the largest of the four fore stomachs in the ruminant animal -cows and sheep. Rumen epithelial cells are important because they are responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the rumen into the blood. feather calamus BTO:0001608 The hollow basal portion of a feather below the vane[BTO]. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular calamus (or quill) which inserts into a follicle in the skin. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus)[WP]. UBERON:0008286 calamus feather quill quill uberon BTO:0001608 The hollow basal portion of a feather below the vane[BTO]. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular calamus (or quill) which inserts into a follicle in the skin. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus)[WP]. BTO:0001608 feather quill feather vane Collection of feather barbs that branch from rachis UBERON:0008287 uberon feather rachis A central shaft of feather, with two vanes either side. UBERON:0008288 feather shaft main shaft of feather rachis rachis of feather uberon afterfeather UBERON:0008290 uberon down feather A feather lacking a vane and having a rudimentary rachis and a tuft of non-interlocked barbs with elongated barbules extending from the calamus UBERON:0008291 downy feather lacks vane plumaceous feather plumulaceous feather uberon http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm plumaceous feather http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm plumulaceous feather A feather lacking a vane and having a rudimentary rachis and a tuft of non-interlocked barbs with elongated barbules extending from the calamus Wikipedia:Down_feather http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm downy feather http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm vaned feather A feather that has_part a feather vane. UBERON:0008292 uberon A feather that has_part a feather vane. OBOL:automatic filoplume feather A hairlike feather that grows alongside the down feathers. Taxon notes: In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the contour feathers on the neck UBERON:0008293 filoplume uberon A hairlike feather that grows alongside the down feathers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoplume#Classification feather barb One of a series of branches fused to the rachis (stem) of a feather. The barbs themselves also have branches called barbules, which have hooks that lock the barbs together[WP]. UBERON:0008294 barb uberon One of a series of branches fused to the rachis (stem) of a feather. The barbs themselves also have branches called barbules, which have hooks that lock the barbs together[WP]. Wikipedia:Barb_(feather) barb feather barbule Projection from feather bard. UBERON:0008295 barbule uberon barbule femoral muscle BTO:0002542 Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of femur; insertion: patella, common tendon of quadriceps femoris; innervation: femoral; action, extends leg. UBERON:0008296 crureus intermediate great muscle intermediate vastus muscle musculus vastus intermedius todo - logical definition uberon BTO BTO:0002542 intermediate vastus muscle BTO:0002542 musculus vastus intermedius BTO:0002542 Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of femur; insertion: patella, common tendon of quadriceps femoris; innervation: femoral; action, extends leg. BTO:0002542 intermediate great muscle BTO:0002542 crureus pennaceous feather Pennaceous feathers are also known as contour feathers. This type of feather is present in most modern birds, and has been shown in some species of maniraptoran dinosaurs. Pennaceous feathers have a central shaft (or rachis) with vanes spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened barbs, that are connected to one another with barbules. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened side s of the barbs. This forms a kind of miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. Flight feathers (remiges and rectrices) are specialized types of pennaceous feathers, adapted for high loadings and often strongly asymmetric for improved flight performance[WP]. UBERON:0008297 contour feather pennaceous uberon Pennaceous feathers are also known as contour feathers. This type of feather is present in most modern birds, and has been shown in some species of maniraptoran dinosaurs. Pennaceous feathers have a central shaft (or rachis) with vanes spreading to either side. These vanes are composed of a high number of flattened barbs, that are connected to one another with barbules. The barbules are tiny strands that criss-cross on the flattened side s of the barbs. This forms a kind of miniature velcro-like mesh that holds all the barbs together, stabilizing the vanes. Flight feathers (remiges and rectrices) are specialized types of pennaceous feathers, adapted for high loadings and often strongly asymmetric for improved flight performance[WP]. Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather pennaceous Wikipedia:Pennaceous_feather contour feather inner chondrogenic layer of perichondrium BTO:0005090 The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. UBERON:0008304 uberon The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes. Wikipedia:The_Free_Encyclopedia BTO outer fibrous layer of perichondrium BTO:0005091 The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. UBERON:0008305 uberon BTO The perichondrium consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. Wikipedia:The_Free_Encyclopedia heart endothelium An endothelium that is part of a heart. BTO:0004293 UBERON:0008307 uberon An endothelium that is part of a heart. OBOL:automatic nasopharyngeal gland A gland that is part of a nasopharynx. FMA:55076 SCTID:178973008 UBERON:0008310 uberon A gland that is part of a nasopharynx. OBOL:automatic penile bulb artery BTO:0005087 FMA:20864 SCTID:293338009 UBERON:0008311 a short vessel of large caliber which arises from the internal pudendal between the two layers of fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; it passes medialward, pierces the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and gives off branches which ramify in the bulb of the urethra and in the posterior part of the corpus spongiosum. It gives off a small branch to the bulbo-urethral gland. arteria bulbi penis artery of bulb of penis bulbourethral artery uberon Wikipedia:Bulbourethral_artery a short vessel of large caliber which arises from the internal pudendal between the two layers of fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; it passes medialward, pierces the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, and gives off branches which ramify in the bulb of the urethra and in the posterior part of the corpus spongiosum. It gives off a small branch to the bulbo-urethral gland. BTO:0005087 arteria bulbi penis FMA:20864 artery of bulb of penis BTO:0005087 bulbourethral artery BTO Obol FMA common penile artery BTO:0005085 FMA:66318 SCTID:282044005 The artery that serves blood to the penis. It subdivides into three arteries, the bulbourethral artery, the dorsal artery of the penis and the cavernosal artery. UBERON:0008320 artery of penis penile artery todo - split generic structure from arterial tree uberon BTO:0005085 penile artery FMA BTO The artery that serves blood to the penis. It subdivides into three arteries, the bulbourethral artery, the dorsal artery of the penis and the cavernosal artery. Wikipedia:Penile_artery FMA:66318 artery of penis deep artery of penis BTO:0005086 FMA:19794 SCTID:244293007 The deep artery of the penis (artery to the corpus cavernosum), one of the terminal branches of the internal pudendal, arises from that vessel while it is situated between the two fasciC& of the urogenital diaphragm (deep perineal pouch). It pierces the inferior fascia, and, entering the crus penis obliquely, runs forward in the center of the corpus cavernosum penis, to which its branches are distributed. UBERON:0008321 arteria cavernosa penis arteria profunda penis arteria profunda penis cavernosal artery deep penile artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Gray543.png uberon BTO:0005086 arteria cavernosa penis Wikipedia:Deep_artery_of_the_penis arteria profunda penis BTO:0005086 arteria profunda penis The deep artery of the penis (artery to the corpus cavernosum), one of the terminal branches of the internal pudendal, arises from that vessel while it is situated between the two fasciC& of the urogenital diaphragm (deep perineal pouch). It pierces the inferior fascia, and, entering the crus penis obliquely, runs forward in the center of the corpus cavernosum penis, to which its branches are distributed. Wikipedia:Deep_artery_of_the_penis FMA BTO:0005086 cavernosal artery FMA FMA:19794 deep penile artery BTO deep artery of clitoris FMA:20870 SCTID:244297008 The deep artery of clitoris is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. UBERON:0008322 arteria profunda clitoridis uberon The deep artery of clitoris is a branch of the internal pudendal artery. Wikipedia:Deep_artery_of_clitoris Wikipedia:Deep_artery_of_clitoris arteria profunda clitoridis FMA FMA dorsal artery of clitoris FMA:20867 SCTID:244298003 UBERON:0008323 uberon FMA FMA erectile tissue UBERON:0008324 uberon vestibulum vaginae BTO:0003145 FMA:19970 SCTID:181446000 The space posterior to the glans clitoridis and between the labia minora, containing the openings of the vagina, urethra, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands. UBERON:0008330 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Scheidenvorhof.jpg introitus introitus of vagina uberon vagina opening vagina vestibule vaginal introitus vaginal opening vaginal vestibule vestibule of vagina vestibule of vagina vestibulum pudendi vestibulum pudendi vestibulum vaginae BTO:0003145 vaginal introitus MP:anna introitus of vagina FMA BTO MP:0001142 vagina opening BTO:0003145 vestibule of vagina MP:0011848 vagina vestibule FMA:19970 vaginal vestibule Wikipedia:Vulval_vestibule vestibulum vaginae BTO:0003145 The space posterior to the glans clitoridis and between the labia minora, containing the openings of the vagina, urethra, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands. Wikipedia:Vulval_vestibule BTO:0003145 vestibulum pudendi FMA:19970 vestibule of vagina MP:0001142 vaginal opening FMA clitoral smooth muscle A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a clitoris. BTO:0005000 UBERON:0008331 clitoris smooth muscle uberon A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a clitoris. OBOL:automatic BTO:0005000 clitoris smooth muscle BTO BTO hilum of neuraxis FMA:83871 UBERON:0008332 neuraxis hilum uberon FMA:83871 neuraxis hilum hilum of inferior olivary complex BTO:0002300 FMA:72612 The white core of the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, most prominent medially. UBERON:0008333 hilum nuclei olivaris caudalis hilum nuclei olivaris inferioris hilum of caudal olivary nucleus hilum of inferior olivary nucleus hilum of inferior olivary nucleus inferior olivary hilum inferior olive hilum uberon BTO:0002300 hilum of inferior olivary nucleus FMA BTO:0002300 hilum nuclei olivaris caudalis BTO BTO:0002300 hilum of caudal olivary nucleus FMA FMA:72612 hilum of inferior olivary nucleus FMA:72612 inferior olive hilum FMA:TA hilum nuclei olivaris inferioris Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource The white core of the inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, most prominent medially. FMA:72612 inferior olivary hilum subarachnoid sulcus FMA:75759 UBERON:0008334 uberon ventrolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata A longitudinal sulcus on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata, lateral to the pyramid, from which emerge the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve. BTO:0002777 FMA:83797 SCTID:279291001 UBERON:0008335 anterolateral groove of medulla oblongata anterolateral sulcus of medulla sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae sulcus ventrolateralis medullae spinalis uberon ventrolateral fissure of medulla ventrolateral sulcus ventrolateral sulcus of medulla ventrolateral sulcus of spinal cord FMA:83797 ventrolateral fissure of medulla FMA:83797 ventrolateral sulcus of medulla BTO:0002777 sulcus ventrolateralis medullae spinalis A longitudinal sulcus on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata, lateral to the pyramid, from which emerge the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource BTO BTO:0002777 anterolateral groove of medulla oblongata FMA:83797 ventrolateral sulcus FMA:TA sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae BTO:0002777 sulcus anterolateralis medullae oblongatae FMA BTO:0002777 ventrolateral sulcus of spinal cord FMA:83797 anterolateral sulcus of medulla inguinal part of abdomen BTO:0003358 EFO:0001397 FMA:24040 GAID:27 MESH:A01.047.365 SCTID:243962005 The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. UBERON:0008337 UMLS:C0018246 galen treats inguinal region and groin as distinct galen:InguinalRegion groin iliac fossa viewed surgically iliac region iliac region inguen inguen inguinal region inguinal region ncithesaurus:Inguinal_Region uberon BTO:0003358 iliac region FMA:24040 iliac fossa viewed surgically FMA:24040 groin MESH:A01.047.365 The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. FMA:24040 iliac region FMA:TA inguen FMA:24040 inguinal region BTO:0003358 inguen BTO:0003358 inguinal region plantar part of pes BTO:0005078 FMA:25000 SCTID:57999000 The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans is the sole of the foot anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof. UBERON:0008338 UMLS:C0230463 galen:SoleOfFoot http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Soles2.jpg ncithesaurus:Plantar_Region pelma planta planta plantar part of foot plantar region regio plantaris sole sole of foot sole of foot sole of the foot soles of the feet uberon FMA:TA planta Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 planta Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 pelma FMA:25000 sole FMA:25000 plantar region Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 soles of the feet FMA FMA:25000 sole of foot FMA:TA regio plantaris Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 sole of the foot FMA:25000 plantar part of foot The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans is the sole of the foot anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof. Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 Wikipedia:Sole_%28foot%29 sole of foot microvascular endothelium BTO:0003122 UBERON:0008339 uberon BTO nasal bridge A saddle-shaped area that includes the nasal root and the lateral aspects of the nose. It lies between the glabella and the inferior boundary of the nasal bone, and extends laterally to the inner canth[WP]. MA:0002874 UBERON:0008340 uberon MA A saddle-shaped area that includes the nasal root and the lateral aspects of the nose. It lies between the glabella and the inferior boundary of the nasal bone, and extends laterally to the inner canth[WP]. Wikipedia:Nasal_bridge http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.32600/full columella nasi FMA:59725 SCTID:361930008 UBERON:0008341 columella the tissue that links the nasal tip to the nasal base, and separates the nares. It is the inferior margin of the nasal septum[EoM]. uberon http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajmg.a.32600/full the tissue that links the nasal tip to the nasal base, and separates the nares. It is the inferior margin of the nasal septum[EoM]. FMA FMA:59725 columella intestinal villus of duodenum An intestinal villus in the duodenum. FMA:63300 UBERON:0008342 uberon An intestinal villus in the duodenum. OBOL:automatic intestinal villus of jejunum An intestinal villus in the jejunum. FMA:63301 UBERON:0008343 uberon An intestinal villus in the jejunum. OBOL:automatic intestinal villus of ileum An intestinal villus in the ileum. FMA:63302 UBERON:0008344 uberon An intestinal villus in the ileum. OBOL:automatic ileal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ileum. FMA:17233 SCTID:47046000 UBERON:0008345 epithelium of ileum uberon FMA:17233 epithelium of ileum FMA An epithelium that is part of a ileum. OBOL:automatic duodenal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a duodenum. FMA:17231 SCTID:66036002 UBERON:0008346 epithelium of duodenum uberon FMA:17231 epithelium of duodenum FMA An epithelium that is part of a duodenum. OBOL:automatic breast epithelium An epithelium that is part of a breast. BTO:0001428 UBERON:0008367 uberon An epithelium that is part of a breast. OBOL:automatic tracheobronchial epithelium BTO:0002925 Epithelium pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. UBERON:0008397 bronchotracheal epithelium uberon BTO BTO:0002925 bronchotracheal epithelium Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckMedicus Epithelium pertaining to the trachea and bronchi. proximale tubular epithelium BTO:0003576 The cells lining the proximal tubule are cuboidal epithelial cells with deep basal membrane invaginations that provide a large basal surface area. The long microvilli (the brush border) lining the tubule lumen, maximize luminal surface area and make these cells ideally suited for both reabsorptive and secretory functions. UBERON:0008404 proximale tubule epithelium uberon Renal_Physiology:Section_7,_Chapter_3 The cells lining the proximal tubule are cuboidal epithelial cells with deep basal membrane invaginations that provide a large basal surface area. The long microvilli (the brush border) lining the tubule lumen, maximize luminal surface area and make these cells ideally suited for both reabsorptive and secretory functions. BTO:0003576 proximale tubule epithelium BTO distal tubular epithelium An epithelium that is part of a distal tubule. BTO:0003948 UBERON:0008408 distal tubule epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a distal tubule. OBOL:automatic BTO BTO:0003948 distal tubule epithelium buccal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a buccal mucosa. BTO:0004803 UBERON:0008420 uberon An epithelium that is part of a buccal mucosa. OBOL:automatic BTO inguinal mammary gland A mammary gland that is part of a inguinal part of abdomen. MA:0000790 SCTID:66519003 UBERON:0008424 uberon A mammary gland that is part of a inguinal part of abdomen. OBOL:automatic mammary ridge A bandlike thickening of ectoderm in the embryo extending from just below the axilla to the inguinal region and giving rise to the mammary glands[Stedmans]. One of two parallel lines, formed by thickenings of the epidermis (the mammary ridge) along the ventral surface of mammals of both sexes. They extend from the upper limbs (arms) to the lower limbs (legs) and are developed in the embryo. They give rise to the mammary glands and nipples but are otherwise usually not visible in the adult. The first manifestation of the mammary gland in many mammals is an elevated ridge or milk line, which then fragments into individual buds in specific regions lateral of the dorsal midline. These buds are either located in the thoracic region in primates, in the inguinal area in ungulates or along the entire length of the trunk in rodents and pigs. In humans, milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development. After initial development of the milk lines they go into remission. Nipples develop on the milk lines of mammals. Most humans have two nipples, but in some cases more than two will develop. In most cases, these 'third nipples'—and sometimes fourth nipple—grow along the milk line[WP]. EMAPA:18541 UBERON:0008425 mammary fold milk line split ridge and milk line? uberon Wikipedia:Milk_line milk line http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary+ridge mammary fold A bandlike thickening of ectoderm in the embryo extending from just below the axilla to the inguinal region and giving rise to the mammary glands[Stedmans]. One of two parallel lines, formed by thickenings of the epidermis (the mammary ridge) along the ventral surface of mammals of both sexes. They extend from the upper limbs (arms) to the lower limbs (legs) and are developed in the embryo. They give rise to the mammary glands and nipples but are otherwise usually not visible in the adult. The first manifestation of the mammary gland in many mammals is an elevated ridge or milk line, which then fragments into individual buds in specific regions lateral of the dorsal midline. These buds are either located in the thoracic region in primates, in the inguinal area in ungulates or along the entire length of the trunk in rodents and pigs. In humans, milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development. After initial development of the milk lines they go into remission. Nipples develop on the milk lines of mammals. Most humans have two nipples, but in some cases more than two will develop. In most cases, these 'third nipples'—and sometimes fourth nipple—grow along the milk line[WP]. Wikipedia:Milk_line http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mammary%20ridge transverse foramen of atlas A transverse foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra 1. FMA:23998 SCTID:281220001 UBERON:0008426 foramen transversarium of atlas uberon FMA:23998 foramen transversarium of atlas A transverse foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra 1. OBOL:automatic transverse foramen of axis A transverse foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra 2. FMA:23999 SCTID:281221002 UBERON:0008427 foramen transversarium of axis uberon FMA-abduced-lr FMA:23999 foramen transversarium of axis A transverse foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra 2. OBOL:automatic ceratoglossus FMA:46720 UBERON:0008428 ceratoglossus muscle main, posterior part of hyoglossus muscle (vs. chondroglossus) arising from the greater horn of the hyoid bone. musculus ceratoglossus uberon FMA ceratoglossus muscle http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=56655 http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=56655 main, posterior part of hyoglossus muscle (vs. chondroglossus) arising from the greater horn of the hyoid bone. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=56655 musculus ceratoglossus cervical vertebral foramen A vertebral foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:13480 SCTID:280833008 UBERON:0008429 uberon A vertebral foramen that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic lumbar vertebral foramen A vertebral foramen that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:24826 SCTID:280835001 UBERON:0008430 uberon A vertebral foramen that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic sacral foramen A vertebral foramen that is part of a sacral vertebra. FMA:31749 UBERON:0008431 uberon A vertebral foramen that is part of a sacral vertebra. OBOL:automatic thoracic vertebral foramen A vertebral foramen that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9143 SCTID:280834002 UBERON:0008432 uberon A vertebral foramen that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic lumbar vertebral arch A neural arch that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:16076 SCTID:312766000 UBERON:0008433 arch of lumbar vertebra uberon FMA:16076 arch of lumbar vertebra A neural arch that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic cervical vertebral arch A neural arch that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:23893 SCTID:165269004 UBERON:0008434 arch of cervical vertebra uberon A neural arch that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic FMA:23893 arch of cervical vertebra vertebral arch of sacral segment A neural arch that is part of a sacral vertebra. FMA:32401 UBERON:0008435 uberon A neural arch that is part of a sacral vertebra. OBOL:automatic thoracic vertebral arch A neural arch that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9151 SCTID:312764002 UBERON:0008436 arch of thoracic vertebra uberon FMA:9151 arch of thoracic vertebra A neural arch that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic posterior arch of atlas FMA:23977 In a cervical vertebra, the posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores. SCTID:181892007 UBERON:0008437 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Arcusposterioratlantis.png posterior arch uberon FMA FMA In a cervical vertebra, the posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores. Wikipedia:Posterior_arch_of_atlas Wikipedia:Posterior_arch posterior arch webbed interdigital region between manual digits A webbed interdigital region that is part of a manus. UBERON:0008438 uberon A webbed interdigital region that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic webbed interdigital region between pedal digits A webbed interdigital region that is part of a pes. UBERON:0008439 toe web uberon A webbed interdigital region that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic toe web webbed autopod An autopod region that has_part a webbed interdigital region. UBERON:0008440 uberon An autopod region that has_part a webbed interdigital region. OBOL:automatic webbed manus A manus that has_part a webbed interdigital region. AAO:0010120 UBERON:0008441 hand webbing uberon webbed hand AAO:0010120 hand webbing A manus that has_part a webbed interdigital region. OBOL:automatic webbed pes A pes that has_part a webbed interdigital region. AAO:0010121 UBERON:0008442 foot webbing uberon webbed foot A pes that has_part a webbed interdigital region. OBOL:automatic AAO:0010121 foot webbing webbed digit A digit that is part of a webbed autopod. UBERON:0008443 uberon A digit that is part of a webbed autopod. OBOL:automatic webbed manual digit A digit that is part of a webbed manus. UBERON:0008444 digit of webbed hand digit of webbed manus uberon webbed finger A digit that is part of a webbed manus. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit of webbed manus OBOL:automatic digit of webbed hand OBOL:automatic webbed finger webbed pedal digit A digit that is part of a webbed pes. UBERON:0008445 digit of webbed foot digit of webbed pes uberon webbed toe OBOL:automatic webbed toe OBOL:automatic digit of webbed foot A digit that is part of a webbed pes. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic digit of webbed pes flexor pollicis longus muscle A muscle in the forearm and hand that flexes the thumb. It lies in the same plane as the flexor digitorum profundus. This muscle is unique to humans, being 'either rudimentary or absent' in other primates. FMA:38481 SCTID:361818001 Taxon notes: Modern humans are unique among hominids in having a flexor pollicis longus (FPL) muscle belly that is separate from that of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). While the FPL is not a separate muscle belly in extant great apes, a distinct tendon from the FDP belly might be present. In some individuals this tendon tend to act more like a ligament which restricts extension of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. In orangutans there is a tendon similar in insertion and function to the FPL in humans, but which has an intrinsic origin on the oblique head of the adductor pollicis[WP] UBERON:0008446 flexor pollicis flexor pollicis longus flexor pollicis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/FPL.png musculus flexor pollicis longus uberon Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle musculus flexor pollicis longus Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle flexor pollicis longus A muscle in the forearm and hand that flexes the thumb. It lies in the same plane as the flexor digitorum profundus. This muscle is unique to humans, being 'either rudimentary or absent' in other primates. Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle The base of the distal phalanx of the thumb dbpedia Wikipedia Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle flexor pollicis muscle Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle flexor pollicis Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle musculus flexor pollicis longus dbpedia The middle 2/4 of the volar surface of the radius and the adjacent interosseus membrane. dbpedia intertarsal joint 2 2 FMA:44281 GAID:259 Intertarsal articulations are the joints of the tarsus. The specific intertarsal articulations are: Talocalcaneal articulation Talocalcaneonavicular articulation Calcaneocuboid articulation Cuneonavicular articulation Cuboideonavicular articulation Intercuneiform articulation Cuneocuboid articulation MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 SCTID:182221001 SCTID:361283005 UBERON:0008447 UMLS:C1527245 articulationes intertarsale articulationes intertarsales articulationes intertarseae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray360.png intermetatarsal joint intertarsal intertarsal articulation intertarsal joint ncithesaurus:Tarsal_Joint tarsal joint tarsal joints uberon MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 tarsal joint MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 intertarsal joint Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations intertarsal articulation Intertarsal articulations are the joints of the tarsus. The specific intertarsal articulations are: Talocalcaneal articulation Talocalcaneonavicular articulation Calcaneocuboid articulation Cuneonavicular articulation Cuboideonavicular articulation Intercuneiform articulation Cuneocuboid articulation Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 articulationes intertarsale Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations tarsal joints Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations intertarsal MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 articulationes intertarseae two adjacent tarsals MESH:A02.835.583.378.831 intermetatarsal joint Wikipedia:Intertarsal_articulations articulationes intertarsales trochlear notch FMA:23619 The semilunar notch of the ulna (trochlear notch of ulna, greater sigmoid cavity) is a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving for articulation with the trochlea of the humerus. About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation, which contracts it somewhat, and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process. The notch is concave from above downward, and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process. The medial portion is the larger, and is slightly concave transversely; the lateral is convex above, slightly concave below. UBERON:0008449 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png incisura trochlearis incisura trochlearis ulnae, incisura semilunaris ulnae semilunar notch semilunar notch of ulna uberon The semilunar notch of the ulna (trochlear notch of ulna, greater sigmoid cavity) is a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving for articulation with the trochlea of the humerus. About the middle of either side of this notch is an indentation, which contracts it somewhat, and indicates the junction of the olecranon and the coronoid process. The notch is concave from above downward, and divided into a medial and a lateral portion by a smooth ridge running from the summit of the olecranon to the tip of the coronoid process. The medial portion is the larger, and is slightly concave transversely; the lateral is convex above, slightly concave below. Wikipedia:Trochlear_notch FMA:23619 semilunar notch of ulna Wikipedia:Trochlear_notch incisura trochlearis Wikipedia:Trochlear_notch incisura trochlearis ulnae, incisura semilunaris ulnae Wikipedia:Trochlear_notch semilunar notch psoas muscle A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology. BTO:0001140 MA:0002553 MESH:A02.633.567.825 SCTID:276167002 UBERON:0008450 UMLS:C0085221 galen:Psoas ncithesaurus:Psoas_Muscle psoas uberon dbpedia-abduced dbpedia-abduced BTO:0001140 psoas FMA-abduced MA:0002553 psoas A powerful flexor of the thigh at the hip joint (psoas major) and a weak flexor of the trunk and lumbar spinal column (psoas minor). Psoas is derived from the Greek "psoa", the plural meaning "muscles of the loin". It is a common site of infection manifesting as abscess (PSOAS ABSCESS). The psoas muscles and their fibers are also used frequently in experiments in muscle physiology. MESH:A02.633.567.825 Wikipedia:Psoas rectus capitis anterior FMA:46312 SCTID:244838005 The rectus capitis anterior (rectus capitis anticus minor) is a short, flat muscle, situated immediately behind the upper part of the Longus capitis. It arises from the anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas, and from the root of its transverse process, and passing obliquely upward and medialward, is inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone immediately in front of the foramen magnum. UBERON:0008453 anterior rectus capitis anterior rectus capitis muscle anterior vertebral muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle.PNG musculus rectus capitis anterior recti capitis anteriores rectus capitis rectus capitis anterior rectus capitis anterior muscle rectus capitus anterior rectus capitus anterior muscle uberon FMA Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle recti capitis anteriores Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitus anterior Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle anterior rectus capitis muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle anterior vertebral muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitus anterior muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitis anterior muscle The rectus capitis anterior (rectus capitis anticus minor) is a short, flat muscle, situated immediately behind the upper part of the Longus capitis. It arises from the anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas, and from the root of its transverse process, and passing obliquely upward and medialward, is inserted into the inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone immediately in front of the foramen magnum. Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitis anterior Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle rectus capitis Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_anterior_muscle musculus rectus capitis anterior FMA:46312 anterior rectus capitis rectus capitis posterior major FMA:32525 SCTID:245994002 The Rectus capitis posterior major (Rectus capitis posticus major) arises by a pointed tendon from the spinous process of the axis, and, becoming broader as it ascends, is inserted into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface of the bone immediately below the line. As the muscles of the two sides pass upward and lateralward, they leave between them a triangular space, in which the Recti capitis posteriores minores are seen. Its main actions are to extend and rotate the atlanto-occipital joint. UBERON:0008454 greater posterior rectus capitis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle.PNG musculus rectus capitis posterior major recti capitis posteriores major rectus capitis posterior major rectus capitis posterior major muscle rectus capitus posterior major rectus capitus posterior major muscle rectus posterior major uberon Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle recti capitis posteriores major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitus posterior major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitus posterior major muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitis posterior major FMA:32525 greater posterior rectus capitis Inferior nucheal line of the occipital bone dbpedia The Rectus capitis posterior major (Rectus capitis posticus major) arises by a pointed tendon from the spinous process of the axis, and, becoming broader as it ascends, is inserted into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface of the bone immediately below the line. As the muscles of the two sides pass upward and lateralward, they leave between them a triangular space, in which the Recti capitis posteriores minores are seen. Its main actions are to extend and rotate the atlanto-occipital joint. Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle Dorsal ramus of C1 dbpedia Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus posterior major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle musculus rectus capitis posterior major Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_major_muscle rectus capitis posterior major muscle Spinous process of the axis dbpedia FMA rectus capitis posterior minor FMA:32526 SCTID:245995001 The Rectus capitis posterior minor (Rectus capitis posticus minor) arises by a narrow pointed tendon from the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas, and, widening as it ascends, is inserted into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum, and also takes some attachment to the spinal dura. The synergists are the rectus capitus posterior major and Obliquus capitis. Connective tissue bridges were noted at the atlanto-occipital junction between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the dorsal spinal dura. The perpendicular arrangement of these fibers appears to restrict dural movement toward the spinal cord. The ligamentum nuchae was found to be continuous with the posterior cervical spinal dura and the lateral portion of the occipital bone. Anatomic structures innervated by cervical nerves C1-C3 have the potential to cause headache pain. Included are the joint complexes of the upper 3 cervical segments, the dura mater, and spinal cord. The dura-muscular, dura-ligamentous connections in the upper cervical spine and occipital areas may provide anatomic and physiologic answers to the cause of the cervicogenic headache. This proposal would further explain manipulation's efficacy in the treatment of cervicogenic headache . UBERON:0008455 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor.png lesser posterior rectus capitis musculus rectus capitis posterior minor recti capitis posteriores minores rectus capitis posterior minor rectus capitis posterior minor muscle rectus capitus posterior minor rectus capitus posterior minor muscle rectus posterior minor uberon Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitus posterior minor muscle FMA:32526 lesser posterior rectus capitis FMA dbpedia the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle recti capitis posteriores minores The Rectus capitis posterior minor (Rectus capitis posticus minor) arises by a narrow pointed tendon from the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas, and, widening as it ascends, is inserted into the medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen magnum, and also takes some attachment to the spinal dura. The synergists are the rectus capitus posterior major and Obliquus capitis. Connective tissue bridges were noted at the atlanto-occipital junction between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the dorsal spinal dura. The perpendicular arrangement of these fibers appears to restrict dural movement toward the spinal cord. The ligamentum nuchae was found to be continuous with the posterior cervical spinal dura and the lateral portion of the occipital bone. Anatomic structures innervated by cervical nerves C1-C3 have the potential to cause headache pain. Included are the joint complexes of the upper 3 cervical segments, the dura mater, and spinal cord. The dura-muscular, dura-ligamentous connections in the upper cervical spine and occipital areas may provide anatomic and physiologic answers to the cause of the cervicogenic headache. This proposal would further explain manipulation's efficacy in the treatment of cervicogenic headache . Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle musculus rectus capitis posterior minor dbpedia the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitus posterior minor Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitis posterior minor muscle Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus capitis posterior minor Wikipedia:Rectus_capitis_posterior_minor_muscle rectus posterior minor superior articular process of lumbar vertebra A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:16126 SCTID:305677003 UBERON:0008456 cranial articular process of lumbar vertebra uberon A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic FMA:16126 cranial articular process of lumbar vertebra superior articular process of sacral vertebra A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a sacral vertebra. FMA:16215 UBERON:0008457 articular process of sacral segment processus articularis superior (os sacrum) processus articularis superior ossis sacri superior articular process of sacral segment superior articular process of sacrum uberon FMA:TA processus articularis superior ossis sacri FMA:16215 articular process of sacral segment FMA:16215 processus articularis superior (os sacrum) FMA:16215 superior articular process of sacral segment FMA:16215 superior articular process of sacrum A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a sacral vertebra. OBOL:automatic superior articular process of cervical vertebra A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:23969 SCTID:57767002 UBERON:0008459 uberon A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic superior articular process of thoracic vertebra A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9155 SCTID:367801006 UBERON:0008460 cranial articular process of thoracic vertebra processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus superior superior apophyseal process superior zygapophysis uberon FMA:9155 cranial articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9155 superior zygapophysis FMA:9155 processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus superior FMA:9155 superior apophyseal process A superior articular process of vertebra that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic inferior articular process of lumbar vertebra An inferior articular process of vertebra that is part of a lumbar vertebra. FMA:16127 SCTID:306283004 UBERON:0008461 caudal articular process of lumbar vertebra uberon An inferior articular process of vertebra that is part of a lumbar vertebra. OBOL:automatic FMA:16127 caudal articular process of lumbar vertebra inferior articular process of cervical vertebra An inferior articular process of vertebra that is part of a cervical vertebra. FMA:23970 SCTID:61633005 UBERON:0008462 uberon An inferior articular process of vertebra that is part of a cervical vertebra. OBOL:automatic inferior articular process of thoracic vertebra An inferior articular process of vertebra that is part of a thoracic vertebra. FMA:9156 SCTID:367814007 UBERON:0008463 caudal articular process of thoracic vertebra inferior apophyseal process inferior zygapophysis processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus inferior uberon An inferior articular process of vertebra that is part of a thoracic vertebra. OBOL:automatic FMA:9156 caudal articular process of thoracic vertebra FMA:9156 inferior zygapophysis FMA:9156 inferior apophyseal process FMA:9156 processus articularis (zygapophysis) thoracicus inferior abductor hallucis muscle FMA:37448 SCTID:181723001 The Abductor hallucis lies along the medial border of the pes and covers the origins of the plantar vessels and nerves. It arises from the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the laciniate ligament, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. The fibers end in a tendon, which is inserted, together with the medial tendon of the Flexor hallucis brevis, into the tibial side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. UBERON:0008464 Wikipedia:Abductor_hallucis_muscle abductor hallucis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Abductor_hallucis.png musculus abductor hallucis uberon The Abductor hallucis lies along the medial border of the pes and covers the origins of the plantar vessels and nerves. It arises from the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the laciniate ligament, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. The fibers end in a tendon, which is inserted, together with the medial tendon of the Flexor hallucis brevis, into the tibial side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. Wikipedia:Abductor_hallucis_muscle dbpedia tuberosity of the calcaneus Wikipedia:Abductor_hallucis_muscle abductor hallucis Wikipedia:Abductor_hallucis_muscle musculus abductor hallucis abductor pollicis brevis muscle FMA:37373 SCTID:181648007 The abductor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the manus that functions as an abductor of the thumb. UBERON:0008465 Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle abductor brevis abductor pollicis brevis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Musculusabductorpollicisbrevis.png musculus abductor pollicis brevis uberon The abductor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the manus that functions as an abductor of the thumb. Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle Transverse carpal ligament the scaphoid and trapezium dbpedia dbpedia Radial base of proximal phalanx of thumb and the thumb extensors dbpedia Transverse carpal ligament the scaphoid and trapezium dbpedia Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle musculus abductor pollicis brevis Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle abductor pollicis brevis Wikipedia:Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle abductor brevis cremaster muscle A thin layer of skeletal muscle that envelops the spermatic cord and testis of most male mammals in a series of loops; it is a continuation of the obliquus internus, arising from the inguinal ligament and inserting into the crest of the pubis and into the sheath of the rectus abdominis; it is innervated by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve and functions to draw the testis up toward the superficial inguinal ring in response to cold or to stimulation of the nerve; EMAPA:31250 FMA:21531 SCTID:244948006 UBERON:0008488 UMLS:C0224377 Usage notes: in females it is represented by only a few muscle loops that envelop the round ligament of the uterus. This class represents the male structure cremaster cremaster muscle cremasteric muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Gray1143.png muscle of Riolan (cremaster) musculus cremaster musculus cremaster musculus cremaster <male> ncithesaurus:Cremaster_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Cremaster_muscle cremasteric muscle EMAPA A thin layer of skeletal muscle that envelops the spermatic cord and testis of most male mammals in a series of loops; it is a continuation of the obliquus internus, arising from the inguinal ligament and inserting into the crest of the pubis and into the sheath of the rectus abdominis; it is innervated by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve and functions to draw the testis up toward the superficial inguinal ring in response to cold or to stimulation of the nerve; MGI:anna MP:0011833 Wikipedia:Cremaster_muscle FMA:21531 muscle of Riolan (cremaster) dbpedia dbpedia FMA:TA musculus cremaster <male> FMA:TA musculus cremaster Wikipedia:Cremaster_muscle cremaster muscle Wikipedia:Cremaster_muscle musculus cremaster FMA:21531 cremaster gluteus minimus FMA:22317 SCTID:181676004 The gluteus minimus (or glutC&us minimus), the smallest of the three gluteal muscles, is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius. UBERON:0008521 glut%c3%a6us minimus glutaeus minimus gluteus minimus gluteus minimus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG musculus gluteus minimus uberon Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle gluteus minimus FMA FMA Gluteal surface of ilium under gluteus medius. dbpedia The gluteus minimus (or glutC&us minimus), the smallest of the three gluteal muscles, is situated immediately beneath the gluteus medius. Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle Greater trochanter of the femur dbpedia Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle musculus gluteus minimus Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle glut%c3%a6us minimus FMA Wikipedia:Gluteus_minimus_muscle glutaeus minimus nasal muscle A muscle organ that is part of a olfactory apparatus. FMA:73758 SCTID:244730009 UBERON:0008522 UMLS:C0224219 muscle of nose ncithesaurus:Nasal_Muscle uberon OBOL:automatic muscle of nose A muscle organ that is part of a olfactory apparatus. OBOL:automatic FMA infrahyoid muscle FMA:13338 SCTID:244829008 The infrahyoid muscles are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior part of the neck. (The term infrahyoid refers to the region below to the hyoid bone in the neck. ) Collectively, they are referred to as the strap muscles, because the muscles are long and flat much like a strap. UBERON:0008523 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Infrahyoid_muscles.png infrahyoid infrahyoid muscle infrahyoidala musculi infrahyoidei strap muscle strap muscles uberon Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles infrahyoid muscle Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles infrahyoid dbpedia The infrahyoid muscles are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior part of the neck. (The term infrahyoid refers to the region below to the hyoid bone in the neck. ) Collectively, they are referred to as the strap muscles, because the muscles are long and flat much like a strap. Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles infrahyoidala Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles musculi infrahyoidei Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles strap muscle Wikipedia:Infrahyoid_muscles strap muscles piriformis muscle FMA:19082 SCTID:245019009 The piriformis is a muscle in the gluteal region that originates from the anterior (front) part of the sacrum, the part of the spine in the gluteal region, and from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch (as well as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament). It exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen to insert on the greater trochanter of the femur. Its tendon often joins with the tendons of the superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and obturator internus muscles prior to insertion[WP,modified]. UBERON:0008529 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG m.piriformis musculus piriformis piriform muscle piriformis piriformis muscle uberon The piriformis is a muscle in the gluteal region that originates from the anterior (front) part of the sacrum, the part of the spine in the gluteal region, and from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch (as well as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament). It exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen to insert on the greater trochanter of the femur. Its tendon often joins with the tendons of the superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, and obturator internus muscles prior to insertion[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle musculus piriformis FMA:19082 m.piriformis FMA FMA FMA:19082 piriformis Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle musculus piriformis dbpedia Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle piriformis muscle Wikipedia:Piriformis_muscle piriform muscle dbpedia quadratus femoris FMA:22321 SCTID:245020003 The quadratus femoris is, as its name implies, a flat, quadrilateral skeletal muscle. Located on the posterior side of the hip joint, it is a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh, but also acts to stabilize the femoral head in the Acetabulum. UBERON:0008537 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG musculus quadratus femoris quadratus femoris muscle uberon Wikipedia:Quadratus_femoris_muscle quadratus femoris muscle The quadratus femoris is, as its name implies, a flat, quadrilateral skeletal muscle. Located on the posterior side of the hip joint, it is a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh, but also acts to stabilize the femoral head in the Acetabulum. Wikipedia:Quadratus_femoris_muscle Wikipedia:Quadratus_femoris_muscle musculus quadratus femoris FMA FMA muscle of posterior compartment of thigh FMA:22427 The posterior fascial compartment of the thigh contains the knee flexors and hip extensors. It consists of the following muscles: biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus The muscles here (except for the short head of the biceps femoris) are the hamstrings. UBERON:0008538 compartimentum femoris posterius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray432_color.png posterior fascial compartment of thigh posterior femoral muscle posterior femoral muscles uberon FMA:22427 posterior femoral muscle The posterior fascial compartment of the thigh contains the knee flexors and hip extensors. It consists of the following muscles: biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus The muscles here (except for the short head of the biceps femoris) are the hamstrings. Wikipedia:Posterior_compartment_of_thigh Wikipedia:Posterior_compartment_of_thigh compartimentum femoris posterius Wikipedia:Posterior_compartment_of_thigh posterior fascial compartment of thigh Wikipedia:Posterior_compartment_of_thigh posterior femoral muscles FMA splenius cervicis FMA:22681 The splenius cervicis (splenius colli) arises by a narrow tendinous band from the spinous processes of the third to the sixth thoracic vertebrae; it is inserted, by tendinous fasciculi, into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper two or three cervical vertebrae. UBERON:0008544 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Musculus_splenius_cervicis.PNG musculus splenius cervicis splenius cervicis muscle uberon Wikipedia:Splenius_cervicis_muscle splenius cervicis muscle FMA dbpedia transverse processes of C1-C3 Posterior rami of the lower Cervical spinal nerves dbpedia The splenius cervicis (splenius colli) arises by a narrow tendinous band from the spinous processes of the third to the sixth thoracic vertebrae; it is inserted, by tendinous fasciculi, into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the upper two or three cervical vertebrae. Wikipedia:Splenius_cervicis_muscle Wikipedia:Splenius_cervicis_muscle musculus splenius cervicis iliocostalis cervicis muscle FMA:22704 SCTID:244851000 The iliocostalis cervicis (cervicalis ascendens) arises from the angles of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs, and is inserted into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae.. UBERON:0008546 cervicalis ascendens cervicalis ascendens muscle iliocostalis cervicis uberon Wikipedia:Iliocostalis cervicalis ascendens Wikipedia:Iliocostalis iliocostalis cervicis The iliocostalis cervicis (cervicalis ascendens) arises from the angles of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs, and is inserted into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae.. Wikipedia:Iliocostalis#Iliocostalis_cervicis FMA dbpedia Wikipedia:Iliocostalis cervicalis ascendens muscle prevertebral muscle FMA:32514 The prevertebral muscles are the muscles located between the prevertebral fascia (older definition) and the vertebral column, i.e. , the longus capitis and longus colli muscles. It also includes the recti capitis anterior and lateralis. UBERON:0008549 flexor muscle of vertebral column http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Prevertebral_muscles.png uberon FMA The prevertebral muscles are the muscles located between the prevertebral fascia (older definition) and the vertebral column, i.e. , the longus capitis and longus colli muscles. It also includes the recti capitis anterior and lateralis. Wikipedia:Prevertebral_muscles FMA:32514 flexor muscle of vertebral column suprahyoid muscle FMA:46290 SCTID:244824003 The term suprahyoid refers to the region above (superior to) the hyoid bone in the neck. The suprahyoid muscles include digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid. UBERON:0008571 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Suprahyoid_muscles.png musculi suprahyoidei suprahyoid suprahyoidala uberon The term suprahyoid refers to the region above (superior to) the hyoid bone in the neck. The suprahyoid muscles include digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid. Wikipedia:Suprahyoid_muscles Wikipedia:Suprahyoid_muscles musculi suprahyoidei Wikipedia:Suprahyoid_muscles suprahyoidala Wikipedia:Suprahyoid_muscles suprahyoid posterior crico-arytenoid FMA:46576 SCTID:244812005 The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are extremely small, paired muscles that extend from the posterior cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages laterally, these muscles abduct the vocal cords and thereby open the rima glottidis. Their action opposes the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). Paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles may lead to asphyxiation as they are the only laryngeal muscles to open the true vocal folds, allowing inspiration and expiration. UBERON:0008572 cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus posterior cricoarytaenoideus posterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Musculuscricoarytenoideusposterior.png musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior posterior cricoarytenoid posterior cricoarytenoid muscle posterior cricoarytenoideus uberon The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are extremely small, paired muscles that extend from the posterior cricoid cartilage to the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages laterally, these muscles abduct the vocal cords and thereby open the rima glottidis. Their action opposes the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). Paralysis of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles may lead to asphyxiation as they are the only laryngeal muscles to open the true vocal folds, allowing inspiration and expiration. Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle dbpedia FMA:46576 posterior cricoarytenoideus dbpedia posterior part of the cricoid Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytaenoideus posterior Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle posterior cricoarytenoid muscle dbpedia muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage FMA:46576 posterior cricoarytenoid Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus posterior dbpedia recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus Wikipedia:Posterior_cricoarytenoid_muscle musculus cricoarytenoideus posterior lateral crico-arytenoid FMA:46579 SCTID:244813000 The lateral cricoarytenoid (also anterior cricoarytenoid) muscles extend from the lateral cricoid cartilage to the ipsilateral arytenoid cartilage. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages medially, these muscles adduct the vocal cords and thereby close the rima glottidis, protecting the airway. (Their action is antagonistic to that of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. ) The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). UBERON:0008573 cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis muscle cricoarytaenoideus lateralis cricoarytaenoideus lateralis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Musculuscricoarytenoideuslateralis.png lateral cricoarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid muscle lateral cricoarytenoideus musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle musculus cricoarytenoideus lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytaenoideus lateralis dbpedia muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytaenoideus lateralis muscle The lateral cricoarytenoid (also anterior cricoarytenoid) muscles extend from the lateral cricoid cartilage to the ipsilateral arytenoid cartilage. By rotating the arytenoid cartilages medially, these muscles adduct the vocal cords and thereby close the rima glottidis, protecting the airway. (Their action is antagonistic to that of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. ) The lateral cricoarytenoid muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis muscle Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle lateral cricoarytenoid muscle FMA:46579 lateral cricoarytenoid dbpedia dbpedia lateral part of the arch of the cricoid Wikipedia:Lateral_cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoaryt%c3%a6noideus lateralis FMA:46579 lateral cricoarytenoideus dbpedia recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus transverse arytenoid FMA:46582 The tranverse arytenoid crosses transversely between the two cartilages. It is an unpaired muscle running from one arytenoid to another to pull the arytenoids together. UBERON:0008574 arytenoid transversus tranverse arytenoid muscle uberon Wikipedia:Transverse_arytenoid tranverse arytenoid muscle The tranverse arytenoid crosses transversely between the two cartilages. It is an unpaired muscle running from one arytenoid to another to pull the arytenoids together. Wikipedia:Arytenoid_muscle oblique arytenoid FMA:46583 SCTID:244817004 The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus. The aryepiglottic muscle together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough. Its innervation is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus) just like all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle. UBERON:0008575 arytenoid obliquus oblique arytenoid muscle uberon Wikipedia:Oblique_arytenoid oblique arytenoid muscle The oblique arytenoid, the more superficial Arytenoid muscle, forms two fasciculi, which pass from the base of one cartilage to the apex of the opposite one, and therefore cross each other like the limbs of the letter X; a few fibers are continued around the lateral margin of the cartilage, and are prolonged into the aryepiglottic fold; they are sometimes described as a separate muscle, the Aryepiglotticus. The aryepiglottic muscle together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough. Its innervation is by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus) just like all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle. Wikipedia:Oblique_arytenoid_muscle thyro-arytenoid FMA:46588 SCTID:361814004 The Thyroarytenoid is a broad, thin, muscle which lies parallel with and lateral to the vocal fold, and supports the wall of the ventricle and its appendix. It functions in fine tonal control of the vocal cords. UBERON:0008576 UMLS:C0224183 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Musculusthyreoarytenoideus.png musculus thyroarytenoideus ncithesaurus:Thyroarytenoid_Muscle thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus muscle thyreoarytaenoideus thyreoarytaenoideus muscle thyreoepiglotticus thyro-arytenoid %26 vocalis thyro-arytenoid muscle thyroaryt%c3%a6noideus thyroarytenoid thyroarytenoid muscle uberon ventricularis ventricularis muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoarytaenoideus muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyro-arytenoid muscle The Thyroarytenoid is a broad, thin, muscle which lies parallel with and lateral to the vocal fold, and supports the wall of the ventricle and its appendix. It functions in fine tonal control of the vocal cords. Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus muscle Inner surface of the thyroid cartilage dbpedia Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyroarytenoid muscle FMA Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoaryt%c3%a6noideus Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle ventricularis Anterior surface of arytenoid cartilage dbpedia Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle ventricularis muscle Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoepiglotticus dbpedia recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyroarytenoid Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyreoarytaenoideus Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyroaryt%c3%a6noideus FMA Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle musculus thyroarytenoideus Wikipedia:Thyroarytenoid_muscle thyro-arytenoid %26 vocalis vocalis muscle FMA:46591 SCTID:244820007 The vocal muscle is the upper portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle which is primarily involved in producing speech. UBERON:0008577 UMLS:C0224181 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Musculusthyreoarytenoideus.png musculus vocalis ncithesaurus:Vocalis_Muscle uberon vocal muscle vocalis Wikipedia:Vocal_muscle musculus vocalis Wikipedia The vocal muscle is the upper portion of the thyroarytenoid muscle which is primarily involved in producing speech. Wikipedia:Vocal_muscle FMA FMA:46591 vocal muscle FMA superior longitudinal muscle of tongue FMA:46693 SCTID:244790006 The Longitudinalis linguC& superior (Superior lingualis) is a thin stratum of oblique and longitudinal fibers immediately underlying the mucous membrane on the dorsum of the tongue. UBERON:0008582 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Musculuslongitudinalissuperiorlinguae.png longitudinalis lingu%c3%a6 superior longitudinalis linguae superior musculus longitudinalis superior musculus longitudinalis superior linguae superior longitudinal muscle uberon FMA FMA:46693 musculus longitudinalis superior dbpedia dbpedia edges of the tongue Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue musculus longitudinalis superior linguae Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue superior longitudinal muscle Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue longitudinalis linguae superior The Longitudinalis linguC& superior (Superior lingualis) is a thin stratum of oblique and longitudinal fibers immediately underlying the mucous membrane on the dorsum of the tongue. Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue Wikipedia:Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue longitudinalis lingu%c3%a6 superior transverse muscle of tongue FMA:46695 MA:0002328 SCTID:244792003 The Transversus linguC& (tansverse lingualis) is a muscle of the tongue. It consists of fibers which arise from the median fibrous septum and pass lateralward to be inserted into the submucous fibrous tissue at the sides of the tongue. UBERON:0008583 UMLS:C1708561 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Musculustransversuslinguae.png intrinsic tongue muscle transverse component musculus transversus linguae ncithesaurus:Intrinsic_Tongue_Muscle_Transverse_Component transverse lingual muscle transverse muscle transversus lingu%c3%a6 transversus linguae transversus muscle uberon Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transversus linguae FMA:46695 transverse lingual muscle FMA dbpedia sides of the tongue Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue musculus transversus linguae The Transversus linguC& (tansverse lingualis) is a muscle of the tongue. It consists of fibers which arise from the median fibrous septum and pass lateralward to be inserted into the submucous fibrous tissue at the sides of the tongue. Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue dbpedia MA:0002328 intrinsic tongue muscle transverse component Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transversus muscle Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transversus lingu%c3%a6 Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_tongue transverse muscle vertical muscle of tongue FMA:46696 MA:0002329 SCTID:244793008 The Verticalis linguC& (Vertical lingualis) is found only at the borders of the forepart of the tongue. Its fibers extend from the upper to the under surface of the organ. UBERON:0008584 UMLS:C1708562 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Gray1020.png intrinsic tongue muscle vertical component musculus verticalis linguae ncithesaurus:Intrinsic_Tongue_Muscle_Vertical_Component uberon vertical lingual muscle vertical muscle verticalis lingu%c3%a6 verticalis lingu%c3%a6 muscle verticalis linguae verticalis linguae muscle verticalis muscle Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue musculus verticalis linguae Inferior surface borders of tongue dbpedia FMA Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue vertical muscle dbpedia Submucosal fibrous layer of dorsum of tongue dbpedia Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis linguae FMA:46696 vertical lingual muscle Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis lingu%c3%a6 Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis muscle MA:0002329 intrinsic tongue muscle vertical component Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis linguae muscle The Verticalis linguC& (Vertical lingualis) is found only at the borders of the forepart of the tongue. Its fibers extend from the upper to the under surface of the organ. Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue Wikipedia:Vertical_muscle_of_tongue verticalis lingu%c3%a6 muscle levator veli palatini FMA:46727 SCTID:244795001 The levator veli palatini is part of the soft palate that attaches to the cranial base, pharyngotympanic tube and the soft palate and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] The levator veli palatini is the elevator muscle of the velum palatinum in the human body. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx. It is innervated via the pharyngeal plexus, primarily by the vagus nerve (CN X). The levator veli palatini (Levator palati) is a thick, rounded muscle situated lateral to the choanC&. It arises from the under surface of the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and from the medial lamina of the cartilage of the auditory tube. After passing above the upper concave margin of the Constrictor pharyngis superior it spreads out in the palatine velum, its fibers extending obliquely downward and medially to the middle line, where they blend with those of the opposite side. UBERON:0008585 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Musculuslevatorvelipalatini.png levator palati levator veli levator veli palatini muscle levator velum palatini muscle musculus levator veli palatini uberon Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator palati Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini musculus levator veli palatini FMA FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator veli The levator veli palatini is the elevator muscle of the velum palatinum in the human body. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx. It is innervated via the pharyngeal plexus, primarily by the vagus nerve (CN X). The levator veli palatini (Levator palati) is a thick, rounded muscle situated lateral to the choanC&. It arises from the under surface of the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and from the medial lamina of the cartilage of the auditory tube. After passing above the upper concave margin of the Constrictor pharyngis superior it spreads out in the palatine velum, its fibers extending obliquely downward and medially to the middle line, where they blend with those of the opposite side. Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator velum palatini muscle Wikipedia:Levator_veli_palatini levator veli palatini muscle Pharyngeal Branch of Vagus dbpedia dbpedia 2012-07-02 FEED The levator veli palatini is part of the soft palate that attaches to the cranial base, pharyngotympanic tube and the soft palate and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org tensor veli palatini FMA:46730 SCTID:361815003 The tensor veli palatini (tensor palati) is a broad, thin, ribbon-like muscle in the head that tenses the soft palate. The tensor veli palatini is a muscle of the soft palate that attaches to the cranial base and pharyngotympanic tube, wraps around the pterygoid hamulus and then attaches to the midline palatal raphe of the soft palate that is innervated by cranial nerve V3.[FEED] UBERON:0008586 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Musculustensorvelipalatini.png musculus tensor veli palatini tensor palati tensor palati muscle tensor veli palatini tensor veli palatini muscle uberon Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle tensor veli palatini dbpedia medial pterygoid of mandibular nerve FMA FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle musculus tensor veli palatini The tensor veli palatini (tensor palati) is a broad, thin, ribbon-like muscle in the head that tenses the soft palate. Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle 2012-07-02 FEED The tensor veli palatini is a muscle of the soft palate that attaches to the cranial base and pharyngotympanic tube, wraps around the pterygoid hamulus and then attaches to the midline palatal raphe of the soft palate that is innervated by cranial nerve V3.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle tensor palati muscle Wikipedia:Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle tensor palati procerus FMA:46769 SCTID:244731008 The Procerus is a small pyramidal slip of muscle deep to the superior orbital nerve, artery and vein. UBERON:0008588 depressor glabellae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Procerus.png musculus procerus, pyramidalis nasi, depressor glabellae procerus muscle pyramidalis nasi uberon Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle pyramidalis nasi The Procerus is a small pyramidal slip of muscle deep to the superior orbital nerve, artery and vein. Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle procerus muscle FMA Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle depressor glabellae Wikipedia:Procerus_muscle musculus procerus, pyramidalis nasi, depressor glabellae Temporal Branch of the facial nerve dbpedia depressor septi nasi FMA:46777 SCTID:244733006 The depressor septi (Depressor alE nasi) arises from the incisive fossa of the maxilla. Its fibers ascend to be inserted into the nasal septum and back part of the alar part of nasalis muscle. It lies between the mucous membrane and muscular structure of the lip. UBERON:0008589 depressor al%c3%a6 nasi depressor alae nasi depressor septi depressor septi nasi muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Musculusdepressorseptinasi.PNG musculus depressor septi nasi uberon Buccal branch of the facial nerve dbpedia Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle musculus depressor septi nasi Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor al%c3%a6 nasi Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor alae nasi Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor septi The depressor septi (Depressor alE nasi) arises from the incisive fossa of the maxilla. Its fibers ascend to be inserted into the nasal septum and back part of the alar part of nasalis muscle. It lies between the mucous membrane and muscular structure of the lip. Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle FMA dbpedia incisive fossa of the maxilla Wikipedia:Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle depressor septi nasi muscle depressor supercilii FMA:46798 SCTID:244728007 The Depressor Supercilii is an eye muscle of the human body. The nature of this muscle is in some dispute. Few printed anatomies include it (Netter, et al. ) and many authorities consider it to be part of the orbicularis oculi muscle . On the other hand, many dermatologists, ophthalmologists and plastic surgeons hold that the depressor supercilli is a distinct muscle and has a definite, individual effect on the movement of the eybrow and skin of the glabella. UBERON:0008591 depressor supercilii muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Gray379.png musculus depressor supercilii uberon dbpedia Medial aspect of bony orbit dbpedia The Depressor Supercilii is an eye muscle of the human body. The nature of this muscle is in some dispute. Few printed anatomies include it (Netter, et al. ) and many authorities consider it to be part of the orbicularis oculi muscle . On the other hand, many dermatologists, ophthalmologists and plastic surgeons hold that the depressor supercilli is a distinct muscle and has a definite, individual effect on the movement of the eybrow and skin of the glabella. Wikipedia:Depressor_supercilii_muscle Wikipedia:Depressor_supercilii_muscle depressor supercilii muscle FMA Wikipedia:Depressor_supercilii_muscle musculus depressor supercilii levator labii superioris alaeque nasi FMA:46802 The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is, translated from Latin, the "lifter of the upper lip and of the wing of the nose". It has the longest name of any muscle in an animal. UBERON:0008592 alaeque elvis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Musculuslevatorlabiisuperiorisalaequenasi.png levator labii superioris alaequae nasi muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi musculus levator labii superioris alaequae nasi uberon FMA The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is, translated from Latin, the "lifter of the upper lip and of the wing of the nose". It has the longest name of any muscle in an animal. Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle levator labii superioris alaequae nasi muscle Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle alaeque buccal branch of facial nerve CN VII dbpedia Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle elvis muscle dbpedia nostril and upper lip dbpedia nostril and upper lip Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle musculus levator labii superioris alaequae nasi dbpedia Wikipedia:Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi zygomaticus major muscle FMA:46810 SCTID:244739005 SCTID:244740007 The Zygomatic major is a muscle of the human body. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly. Like all muscles of facial expression, the zygomatic major is innervated by the facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII). The Zygomaticus extends from each zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth. It raises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles. Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of this muscle. UBERON:0008593 UMLS:C0224115 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Zygomaticus.png musculus zygomaticus major ncithesaurus:Zygomaticus_Major uberon zygomatic major zygomatic major muscle zygomatic muscle zygomaticcus major zygomaticus major Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomaticus major The Zygomatic major is a muscle of the human body. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly. Like all muscles of facial expression, the zygomatic major is innervated by the facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII). The Zygomaticus extends from each zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth. It raises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles. Dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of this muscle. Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomatic major dbpedia zygomatic branch of facial nerve Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomatic muscle Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomatic major muscle Wikipedia Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle zygomaticcus major Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_major_muscle musculus zygomaticus major zygomaticus minor muscle FMA:46811 SCTID:244741006 The zygomaticus minor is a muscle of facial expression. It originates from malar bone and continues with orbicularis oculi on the lateral face of the Levator labii superioris and then inserts into the outer part of the upper lip. Do not confuse this with the Zygomaticus major, which insets into the angle of the mouth. It draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward (used in making sad facial expressions). &lt;/gallery&gt; Like all muscles of facial expression, it is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). UBERON:0008594 UMLS:C0224116 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Musculuszygomaticusminor.png ncithesaurus:Zygomaticus_Minor uberon zygomaticus minor Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_minor_muscle zygomaticus minor dbpedia skin of the upper lip dbpedia skin of the upper lip dbpedia dbpedia The zygomaticus minor is a muscle of facial expression. It originates from malar bone and continues with orbicularis oculi on the lateral face of the Levator labii superioris and then inserts into the outer part of the upper lip. Do not confuse this with the Zygomaticus major, which insets into the angle of the mouth. It draws the upper lip backward, upward, and outward (used in making sad facial expressions). &lt;/gallery&gt; Like all muscles of facial expression, it is innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII). Wikipedia:Zygomaticus_minor_muscle levator anguli oris FMA:46822 SCTID:141501002 The levator anguli oris (caninus) is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen. Its fibers are inserted into the angle of the mouth, intermingling with those of the Zygomaticus, Triangularis, and Orbicularis oris. UBERON:0008595 caninus caninus muscle levator anguli oris levator anguli oris muscle musculus levator anguli oris uberon dbpedia Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris levator anguli oris muscle Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris caninus FMA buccal branches dbpedia Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris levator anguli oris Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris musculus levator anguli oris The levator anguli oris (caninus) is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen. Its fibers are inserted into the angle of the mouth, intermingling with those of the Zygomaticus, Triangularis, and Orbicularis oris. Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris_muscle Wikipedia:Levator_anguli_oris caninus muscle mentalis FMA:46825 SCTID:244744003 The Mentalis is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip, causing wrinkling of the chin, as in doubt or displeasure. It is ometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle. " Its fibers arise from the incisive fossa of the mandible, then course vertically downward to insert in the skin of the chin. A movement disorder of the mentalis muscle is Geniospasm which is a benign but socially excluding genetic disorder. UBERON:0008596 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Mentalis.png mentalis muscle musculus mentalis uberon FMA Wikipedia:Mentalis mentalis muscle The Mentalis is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It raises and pushes up the lower lip, causing wrinkling of the chin, as in doubt or displeasure. It is ometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle. " Its fibers arise from the incisive fossa of the mandible, then course vertically downward to insert in the skin of the chin. A movement disorder of the mentalis muscle is Geniospasm which is a benign but socially excluding genetic disorder. Wikipedia:Mentalis dbpedia dbpedia mandibular branch FMA-abduced-lr dbpedia Wikipedia:Mentalis musculus mentalis depressor anguli oris muscle FMA:46828 SCTID:361812000 The Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis) arises from the oblique line of the mandible, whence its fibers converge, to be inserted, by a narrow fasciculus, into the angle of the mouth. UBERON:0008597 depressor anguli oris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray381.png musculus depressor anguli oris triangularis triangularis muscle uberon Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle triangularis FMA dbpedia mandibular branch Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle depressor anguli oris The Depressor anguli oris (Triangularis) arises from the oblique line of the mandible, whence its fibers converge, to be inserted, by a narrow fasciculus, into the angle of the mouth. Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle dbpedia modiolus of mouth Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle triangularis muscle Wikipedia:Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle musculus depressor anguli oris dbpedia tubercle of mandible risorius muscle FMA:46838 SCTID:244755003 The risorius arises in the fascia over the parotid gland and, passing horizontally forward, superficial to the platysma, inserts onto the skin at the angle of the mouth. It is a narrow bundle of fibers, broadest at its origin, but varies much in its size and form. UBERON:0008598 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Musculusrisorius.png musculus risorius risorius uberon dbpedia The risorius arises in the fascia over the parotid gland and, passing horizontally forward, superficial to the platysma, inserts onto the skin at the angle of the mouth. It is a narrow bundle of fibers, broadest at its origin, but varies much in its size and form. Wikipedia:Risorius buccal branch dbpedia Wikipedia:Risorius musculus risorius Wikipedia:Risorius risorius FMA helicis major FMA:48968 SCTID:244764008 The Helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward. UBERON:0008603 helicis major muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray906.png musculus helicis major uberon FMA The Helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward. Wikipedia:Helicis_major Wikipedia:Helicis_major musculus helicis major helicis minor FMA:48971 SCTID:244765009 The Helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus, covering the crus helicis. UBERON:0008604 helicis minor muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray906.png musculus helicis minor uberon FMA The Helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus, covering the crus helicis. Wikipedia:Helicis_minor Wikipedia:Helicis_minor musculus helicis minor tragicus muscle FMA:48974 SCTID:244766005 The Tragicus is a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus. UBERON:0008605 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray906.png musculus tragicus tragicus tragicus muscle uberon Wikipedia:Tragicus musculus tragicus FMA:48974 tragicus The Tragicus is a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus. Wikipedia:Tragicus FMA antitragicus muscle FMA:48980 SCTID:63899000 The Antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus, and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix. UBERON:0008606 antitragicus antitragicus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Musculusantitragicus.png musculus antitragicus uberon The Antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus, and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix. Wikipedia:Antitragicus FMA:48980 antitragicus FMA Wikipedia:Antitragicus musculus antitragicus transverse muscle of auricle FMA:48983 SCTID:244767001 The transverse muscle of auricle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna. It consists of scattered fibers, partly tendinous and partly muscular, extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha. UBERON:0008607 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray906.png musculus transversus auriculae transverse muscle of pinna transversus auriculae transversus auricularis uberon The transverse muscle of auricle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna. It consists of scattered fibers, partly tendinous and partly muscular, extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha. Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_auricle Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_auricle transversus auriculae Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_auricle musculus transversus auriculae FMA:48983 transverse muscle of pinna FMA:48983 transversus auricularis FMA oblique muscle of auricle FMA:48986 SCTID:244768006 The oblique muscle of auricle, on the cranial surface, consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it. UBERON:0008608 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gray906.png musculus obliquus auriculae oblique muscle of pinna obliquus auricul%c3%a6 obliquus auriculae obliquus auricularis muscle uberon FMA:48986 oblique muscle of pinna FMA:48986 obliquus auricularis muscle Wikipedia:Oblique_muscle_of_auricle musculus obliquus auriculae Wikipedia:Oblique_muscle_of_auricle obliquus auriculae Wikipedia:Oblique_muscle_of_auricle obliquus auricul%c3%a6 The oblique muscle of auricle, on the cranial surface, consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it. Wikipedia:Oblique_muscle_of_auricle FMA transversus menti muscle FMA:49080 The transversus menti, or transverse muscle of the chin, is a facial muscle that is often considered to be the superficial fibers of the depressor anguli oris muscle which cross to the other side of the face. UBERON:0008609 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray381.png musculus transversus menti transverse menti transversus menti uberon FMA:49080 transverse menti dbpedia The transversus menti, or transverse muscle of the chin, is a facial muscle that is often considered to be the superficial fibers of the depressor anguli oris muscle which cross to the other side of the face. Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_the_chin Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_the_chin musculus transversus menti Wikipedia:Transverse_muscle_of_the_chin transversus menti FMA scalene muscle Any of the three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior. They are innervated by the spinal nerves C4-C8[WP]. FMA:64829 SCTID:244843003 UBERON:0008611 UMLS:C0448350 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Scalenus.png lateral cervical muscle lateral cervical muscles lateral vertebral muscle m scalenus ncithesaurus:Scalene_Muscle scalene muscle scalene muscles scalenes scaleneus scaleni scalenus scalenus muscle uberon FMA Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles m scalenus Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalene muscles Any of the three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior. They are innervated by the spinal nerves C4-C8[WP]. Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles dbpedia first and second ribs Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalenes FMA:64829 scalenus muscle Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scaleneus dbpedia Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalene muscle Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scalenus Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles lateral cervical muscles Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles lateral cervical muscle Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles scaleni Wikipedia:Scalene_muscles lateral vertebral muscle dbpedia first and second ribs muscle of pelvic diaphragm FMA:64856 SCTID:367748001 The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling . Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed. The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx. The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border. ) The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border. Some sources do not consider "pelvic floor" and "pelvic diaphragm" to be identical, with the "diaphragm" consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the "floor" also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch. However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm. In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably. Inferiorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle. UBERON:0008612 UMLS:C0932441 diaphragm of the pelvis diaphragma pelvis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Gray404.png muscle of pelvic floor ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Floor_Muscle pelvic diaphragm pelvic diaphragm muscle pelvic floor muscles pelvic muscles uberon FMA:64856 muscle of pelvic floor Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor pelvic diaphragm Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor pelvic floor muscles The pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm is composed of muscle fibers of the levator ani, the coccygeus, and associated connective tissue which span the area underneath the pelvis. The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their upper and lower aspects. The pelvic floor separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below. The right and left levator ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and anal canal. The levator ani is usually considered in three parts: pubococcygeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus. The pubococcygeus, the main part of the levator, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the coccyx and may be damaged during parturition. Some fibers are inserted into the prostate, urethra, and vagina. The right and left puborectalis unite behind the anorectal junction to form a muscular sling . Some regard them as a part of the sphincter ani externus. The iliococcygeus, the most posterior part of the levator ani, is often poorly developed. The coccygeus, situated behind the levator ani and frequently tendinous as much as muscular, extends from the ischial spine to the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx. The pelvic cavity of the true pelvis has the pelvic floor as its inferior border (and the pelvic brim as its superior border. ) The perineum has the pelvic floor as its superior border. Some sources do not consider "pelvic floor" and "pelvic diaphragm" to be identical, with the "diaphragm" consisting of only the levator ani and coccygeus, while the "floor" also includes the perineal membrane and deep perineal pouch. However, other sources include the fascia as part of the diaphragm. In practice, the two terms are often used interchangeably. Inferiorly, the pelvic floor extends into the anal triangle. Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor FMA Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor diaphragma pelvis Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor pelvic muscles FMA:64856 pelvic diaphragm muscle Wikipedia:Pelvic_floor diaphragm of the pelvis innermost intercostal muscle FMA:9758 SCTID:368054008 The Innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscle beneath the intercostal nerves and internal intercostal muscles. These are divided into transversus thoracis anteriorly, lateral muscle slips laterally and subcostalis posteriorly. UBERON:0008617 musculus intercostalis intimus uberon Inferior border of the rib above dbpedia Wikipedia:Innermost_intercostal_muscle musculus intercostalis intimus dbpedia Upper border of a rib dbpedia The Innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscle beneath the intercostal nerves and internal intercostal muscles. These are divided into transversus thoracis anteriorly, lateral muscle slips laterally and subcostalis posteriorly. Wikipedia:Innermost_intercostal_muscle Wikipedia:Innermost_intercostal_muscle musculus intercostalis intimus FMA subcostal muscle FMA:9759 SCTID:244914005 The Subcostales (Infracostales) consist of muscular and aponeurotic fasciculi, which are usually well-developed only in the lower part of the thorax; each originates from the inner surface of one rib, and is inserted into the inner surface of the second or third rib above, near its angle. Their fibers run in the same direction as those of the Intercostales interni. UBERON:0008618 musculus subcostalis subcostal muscles subcostales subcostales muscle subcostales muscles subcostalis uberon Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostalis Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostales muscle Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle musculus subcostalis Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostales muscles dbpedia inner surface of the second or third rib below near its angle Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostal muscles Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle subcostales FMA dbpedia dbpedia inner surface of one rib The Subcostales (Infracostales) consist of muscular and aponeurotic fasciculi, which are usually well-developed only in the lower part of the thorax; each originates from the inner surface of one rib, and is inserted into the inner surface of the second or third rib above, near its angle. Their fibers run in the same direction as those of the Intercostales interni. Wikipedia:Subcostalis_muscle scalenus anterior FMA:13385 SCTID:181742002 The Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus), also known as anterior scalene muscle, lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the Sternocleidomastoideus. It arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrC&, and descending, almost vertically, is inserted by a narrow, flat tendon into the scalene tubercle on the inner border of the first rib, and into the ridge on the upper surface of the rib in front of the subclavian groove. UBERON:0008622 anterior scalene http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Scalenus_anterior.png musculus scalenus anterior scalenus anterior muscle scalenus anticus uberon Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior scalenus anticus The Scalenus anterior (Scalenus anticus), also known as anterior scalene muscle, lies deeply at the side of the neck, behind the Sternocleidomastoideus. It arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrC&, and descending, almost vertically, is inserted by a narrow, flat tendon into the scalene tubercle on the inner border of the first rib, and into the ridge on the upper surface of the rib in front of the subclavian groove. Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior scalenus anterior muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior musculus scalenus anterior FMA Wikipedia:Scalenus_anterior anterior scalene dbpedia stylohyoid muscle FMA:9625 SCTID:244826001 The stylohyoid is a pharyngeal arch II muscle that participates in oral/pharygeal behaviors and is innervated by the stylohoid branch of the facial nerve and attaches to the stylohyal.[FEED] The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle, lying anterior, and superior of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. It shares this muscle's innervation by the facial nerve. UBERON:0008712 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Musculi_colli_stylohyoideus.svg musculus stylohyoideus stylohyoid stylohyoideus stylohyoideus muscle stylohyoideus muscles uberon FMA Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle musculus stylohyoideus Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoideus 2012-07-02 FEED The stylohyoid is a pharyngeal arch II muscle that participates in oral/pharygeal behaviors and is innervated by the stylohoid branch of the facial nerve and attaches to the stylohyal.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoid dbpedia dbpedia greater cornu of hyoid bone dbpedia Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoideus muscles Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle stylohyoideus muscle The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle, lying anterior, and superior of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. It shares this muscle's innervation by the facial nerve. Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_muscle pectoral girdle and thoracic body wall skeletal muscle EHDAA2:0001421 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001422 UBERON:0008713 uberon muscle tissue of prostate A muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland. UBERON:0008715 UMLS:C1183911 ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Muscular_Tissue prostate gland muscle tissue prostate muscle tissue uberon OBOL:automatic prostate muscle tissue A muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic prostate gland muscle tissue hilum of kidney A hilum that is part of a kidney. FMA:15610 SCTID:279370006 UBERON:0008716 UMLS:C0227608 galen:HilumOfKidney ncithesaurus:Hilar_Area_of_the_Kidney renal hilum uberon FMA:15610 renal hilum A hilum that is part of a kidney. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of tibia A proximal epiphysis that is part of a tibia. FMA:33113 SCTID:302526005 UBERON:0008772 UMLS:C0932431 head of tibia ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Tibia proximal end of tibia uberon upper end of tibia FMA:33113 head of tibia FMA:33113 proximal end of tibia FMA:33113 upper end of tibia A proximal epiphysis that is part of a tibia. OBOL:automatic proximal epiphysis of fibula A proximal epiphysis that is part of a fibula. FMA:33729 SCTID:182080006 The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex, which projects upward from the posterior part of the head. The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the Biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts. The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the Peronæus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the Soleus[Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula]. UBERON:0008775 UMLS:C0223908 galen:HeadOfFibula head of fibula ncithesaurus:Head_of_the_Fibula proximal end of fibula uberon upper end of fibula FMA:33729 upper end of fibula FMA:33729 head of fibula The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia. On the lateral side is a thick and rough prominence continued behind into a pointed eminence, the apex, which projects upward from the posterior part of the head. The prominence, at its upper and lateral part, gives attachment to the tendon of the Biceps femoris and to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint, the ligament dividing the tendon into two parts. The remaining part of the circumference of the head is rough, for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. It presents in front a tubercle for the origin of the upper and anterior fibers of the Peronæus longus, and a surface for the attachment of the anterior ligament of the head; and behind, another tubercle, for the attachment of the posterior ligament of the head and the origin of the upper fibers of the Soleus[Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula]. Wikipedia:Head_of_fibula A proximal epiphysis that is part of a fibula. OBOL:automatic FMA:33729 proximal end of fibula inner cell mass derived hypoblast BTO:0002123 EHDAA2:0000796 EHDAA:44 EHDAA:79 EMAPA:16051 EMAPA:16063 FMA:85520 Note this inherits the taxon constraint to Theria; this may be too conservative The hypoblast is a tissue type that forms from the inner cell mass. It lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells. Extraembryonic endoderm is derived from hypoblast. UBERON:0000417 UBERON:0003225 UBERON:0003226 UBERON:0008776 hypoblast primary endoderm primitive endoderm uberon visceral endoderm Wikipedia ISBN:9780878932504 visceral endoderm The hypoblast is a tissue type that forms from the inner cell mass. It lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells. Extraembryonic endoderm is derived from hypoblast. Wikipedia:Hypoblast GO:0090008 ISBN:9780878932504 VHOG:0001222 hypoblast ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0011185 primitive endoderm MP:0011185 primary endoderm hypaxial musclulature AAO:0000228 Trunk muscle that lies ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae.[AAO] UBERON:0008777 XAO:0003228 hypaxial muscle trunk muscles that lie ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. uberon Wikipedia:Epaxial_and_Hypaxial_muscles trunk muscles that lie ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae. XAO:0003228 hypaxial muscle XAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000228 Trunk muscle that lies ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae.[AAO] UBERON:0008777 epaxial musclulature . AAO:0000142 Trunk muscles that lies dorsal to the horizontal septum.[AAO] UBERON:0008778 XAO:0003229 epaxial muscle uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000142 Trunk muscles that lies dorsal to the horizontal septum.[AAO] XAO:curator . Wikipedia:Epaxial_and_Hypaxial_muscles XAO:0003229 epaxial muscle XAO subclavius FMA:13410 The Subclavius is a small triangular muscle, placed between the clavicle and the first rib. Along with the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, the subclavius muscle makes up the anterior wall of the axilla. UBERON:0008779 UMLS:C0224348 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Gray411subclavius.png musculus subclavius ncithesaurus:Subclavius subclavicular muscle uberon FMA Wikipedia:Subclavius_muscle musculus subclavius The Subclavius is a small triangular muscle, placed between the clavicle and the first rib. Along with the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, the subclavius muscle makes up the anterior wall of the axilla. Wikipedia:Subclavius_muscle dbpedia subclavian groove of clavicle Wikipedia:Subclavius_muscle subclavicular muscle dbpedia inner cell mass derived epiblast An epiblast (generic) that develops_from a inner cell mass. EHDAA2:0000444 EHDAA:42 EHDAA:75 EMAPA:16050 UBERON:0008780 UMLS:C1516906 embryonic epiblast ncithesaurus:Epiblast uberon An epiblast (generic) that develops_from a inner cell mass. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia MP:0003886 embryonic epiblast blastodisc derived epiblast An epiblast (generic) that develops_from a blastodisc. TAO:0000018 The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] UBERON:0008781 ZFA:0000018 part of blastodisc in BTO; indirect development in ZFA: df DEL df deep blastomere isa blastomere po blastodisc relationship type change: subclass embryonic structure (VSAO:0000178) CHANGED TO: develops_from embryonic structure (UBERON:0002050)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass embryonic structure (VSAO:0000178) CHANGED TO: part_of embryonic structure (UBERON:0002050)[TAO] uberon An epiblast (generic) that develops_from a blastodisc. OBOL:automatic 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000018 The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000018 relationship type change: subclass embryonic structure (VSAO:0000178) CHANGED TO: develops_from embryonic structure (UBERON:0002050)[TAO] Wikipedia ZFA 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000018 relationship type change: subclass embryonic structure (VSAO:0000178) CHANGED TO: part_of embryonic structure (UBERON:0002050)[TAO] dorsal venous arch FMA:44356 MA:0002110 SCTID:231189006 The dorsal venous arch of the foot is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Anatomically, it is defined by where the dorsal veins of the first and fifth digit, respectively, meet the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. UBERON:0008783 arcus venosus dorsalis pedis arcus venosus dorsalis pedis dorsal venous arch of foot http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Gray581.png uberon Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot arcus venosus dorsalis pedis MA Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot arcus venosus dorsalis pedis The dorsal venous arch of the foot is a superficial vein that connects the small saphenous vein and the great saphenous vein. Anatomically, it is defined by where the dorsal veins of the first and fifth digit, respectively, meet the great saphenous vein and small saphenous vein. Wikipedia:Dorsal_venous_arch_of_the_foot FMA:44356 dorsal venous arch of foot lower limb segment A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb. FMA:24877 UBERON:0008784 free lower limb segment free lower limb subdivision segment of free lower limb subdivision of free lower limb uberon FMA:24877 subdivision of free lower limb FMA:24877 free lower limb segment A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb. OBOL:automatic FMA:24877 free lower limb subdivision FMA:24877 segment of free lower limb upper limb segment A limb segment that is part of a forelimb. FMA:24876 UBERON:0008785 free upper limb segment free upper limb subdivision segment of free upper limb subdivision of free upper limb uberon FMA:24876 free upper limb subdivision FMA:24876 subdivision of free upper limb FMA:24876 free upper limb segment A limb segment that is part of a forelimb. OBOL:automatic FMA:24876 segment of free upper limb third trochanter FMA:75824 The upper part of the gluteal tuberosity is often elongated into a roughened crest, on which a more or less well-marked, rounded tubercle, the third trochanter, is occasionally developed. UBERON:0008786 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Third_trochanter-tweaked.png trochanter tertius uberon The upper part of the gluteal tuberosity is often elongated into a roughened crest, on which a more or less well-marked, rounded tubercle, the third trochanter, is occasionally developed. Wikipedia:Third_trochanter Wikipedia:Third_trochanter trochanter tertius Wikipedia FMA fourth trochanter The fourth trochanter first appeared in the Erythrosuchidae, large basal archosaurian predators of the early Triassic period. This seemingly insignificant detail may have made the evolution of dinosaurs possible (all early dinosaurs and many later ones were bipeds), and may also be connected with the ability of the archosaurs or their immediate ancestors to survive the catastrophic Permian-Triassic extinction event[WP]. UBERON:0008787 a knob-like feature on the medial side of the femur that serves as a muscle attachment. uberon Wikipedia:Fourth_trochanter a knob-like feature on the medial side of the femur that serves as a muscle attachment. Wikipedia posterior cranial fossa FMA:54368 GAID:85 MESH:A01.456.830.200 The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE. UBERON:0008788 UMLS:C0010265 fossa cranii posterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Posterior_fossa.png ncithesaurus:Posterior_Fossa posterior fossa uberon MESH:A01.456.830.200 The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE. Wikipedia:Posterior_cranial_fossa ncithesaurus:Posterior posterior fossa Wikipedia:Posterior_cranial_fossa fossa cranii posterior cranial fossa UBERON:0008789 any of the three large depressions in the posterior, middle, and anterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity editor note - todo - review the relationships for this and its subclasses; the relation should be bounded rather than part of, and contains should be used for the brain parts contained by the fossae uberon any of the three large depressions in the posterior, middle, and anterior aspects of the floor of the cranial cavity http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/medical/cranial%20fossa reference_0000032 true rugal fold UBERON:0008790 a ridge or fold, such as the rugae of the stomach, which are large folds in the mucous membrane of that organ. ruga rugae uberon Wikipedia:Rugae ruga Wikipedia:Rugae a ridge or fold, such as the rugae of the stomach, which are large folds in the mucous membrane of that organ. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rugal+folds Wikipedia:Rugae rugae rugal fold of stomach A rugal fold that is part of a stomach. FMA:15106 SCTID:268518001 UBERON:0008791 UMLS:C0227199 gastric ruga gastric ruga(e) gastric rugae ncithesaurus:Gastric_Rugae ruga of stomach uberon FMA:15106 gastric ruga(e) FMA:15106 ruga of stomach reference_0000032 true A rugal fold that is part of a stomach. OBOL:automatic FMA:15106 gastric rugae FMA:15106 gastric ruga rugal fold of vagina A rugal fold that is part of a vagina. FMA:19991 UBERON:0008798 ruga of vagina uberon vaginal ruga reference_0000032 true FMA:19991 ruga of vagina A rugal fold that is part of a vagina. OBOL:automatic FMA:19991 vaginal ruga transverse palatine fold FMA:75652 UBERON:0008799 a masticatory vestige on the hard palate; one of several irregular, sometimes branching, crests of soft tissue that radiate from the region of the incisive papillae at their most anterior parts and extend a slight distance backward, crossing the hard palate and reaching laterally for variable distances. note that this class refers to the singular and the FMA class refers to the set. In future this class may be split. palatal rugae palatine fold palatine rugae plica palatina transversa plicae palatinae transversae ruga of palate ruga palatina rugae of palate rugae palatinae set of transverse palatine folds transverse palatine folds transverse palatine folds set transverse palatine ridge uberon FMA:75652 set of transverse palatine folds UBERON:cjm rugae of palate MP:0009652 palatal rugae FMA:75652 palatine rugae FMA:75652 transverse palatine folds set http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html ruga palatina http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html transverse palatine ridge FMA:75652 FMA:TA plicae palatinae transversae reference_0000032 true FMA:75652 FMA:TA rugae palatinae http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html plica palatina transversa a masticatory vestige on the hard palate; one of several irregular, sometimes branching, crests of soft tissue that radiate from the region of the incisive papillae at their most anterior parts and extend a slight distance backward, crossing the hard palate and reaching laterally for variable distances. http://www.drugs.com/dict/transverse-palatine-fold.html UBERON:cjm ruga of palate FMA:75652 palatine fold FMA:75652 transverse palatine folds parietal endoderm EMAPA:16053 UBERON:0008800 distal endoderm primitive endoderm-derived tissue that lines the luminal surface of the mural trophectoderm[MP] uberon MP MP:0011187 PMID:19201946 primitive endoderm-derived tissue that lines the luminal surface of the mural trophectoderm[MP] EMAPA:16053 distal endoderm parotid gland primordium EHDAA2:0001413 EHDAA:9246 UBERON:0008801 uberon Obol cheek pouch A pocketlike fold of skin in the cheeks of various animals, such as squirrels, gophers, and monkeys, that functions as a means of carrying food. BTO:0002224 SCTID:31293007 UBERON:0008802 buccal pouch uberon BTO A pocketlike fold of skin in the cheeks of various animals, such as squirrels, gophers, and monkeys, that functions as a means of carrying food. BTO:0002224 skin of cheek A zone of skin that is part of a cheek. FMA:24759 SCTID:181472009 UBERON:0008803 cheek skin uberon A zone of skin that is part of a cheek. OBOL:automatic FMA:24759 cheek skin stylopharyngeus muscle FMA:46664 M. stylopharyngeus SCTID:244806000 The stylopharyngeus is a muscle in the head that stretches between the styloid process and the pharynx. The stylopharyngeus is a pharyngeal arch III muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the n. to stylopharyngeus branch of the glossopharyngeal n. and attaches to the hyoid apparatus and the pharynx.[FEED] UBERON:0008804 UMLS:C1522014 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Musculusstylopharyngeus.png musculus stylopharyngeus ncithesaurus:Stylopharyngeus stylopharyngeus uberon Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle musculus stylopharyngeus Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle musculus stylopharyngeus dbpedia thyroid cartilage The stylopharyngeus is a muscle in the head that stretches between the styloid process and the pharynx. Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle M. stylopharyngeus Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle Wikipedia 2012-07-02 FEED The stylopharyngeus is a pharyngeal arch III muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the n. to stylopharyngeus branch of the glossopharyngeal n. and attaches to the hyoid apparatus and the pharynx.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org dbpedia FMA Wikipedia:Stylopharyngeus_muscle stylopharyngeus dbpedia FMA-abduced-lr gingival groove FMA:74580 SCTID:245753001 The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. UBERON:0008805 gingival sulcus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gingival_sulcus.PNG sulcus gingivalis sulcus gingivalis uberon The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. Wikipedia:Gingival_sulcus FMA:TA sulcus gingivalis FMA:74580 gingival sulcus Wikipedia:Gingival_sulcus sulcus gingivalis buccal funnel UBERON:0008806 suctorial disc suctorial disk uberon coagulating gland BTO:0000265 EMAPA:29794 MA:0000402 SCTID:78779004 UBERON:0008807 anterior prostate gland ncithesaurus:Coagulating_Gland prostate gland anterior lobe uberon EMAPA MA EMAPA:29794 anterior prostate gland MA:0000402 prostate gland anterior lobe prostate gland dorsolateral lobe MA:0001739 UBERON:0008808 uberon MA foramina of scarpa In the maxilla, occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line of the palatine process; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. UBERON:0008809 Wikipedia:Foramina_of_Scarpa foramina of scarpa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray160.png uberon Wikipedia:Foramina_of_Scarpa foramina of scarpa In the maxilla, occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line of the palatine process; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal. Wikipedia:Foramina_of_Scarpa nasopalatine nerve FMA:52797 One branch of the posterior superior nasal branches (trigeminal, maxillary branch), longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve (sometimes called the long sphenopalatine nerve). It enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, passes across the roof of the nasal cavity below the orifice of the sphenoidal sinus to reach the septum, and then runs obliquely downward and forward between the periosteum and mucous membrane of the lower part of the septum. It descends to the roof of the mouth through the incisive canal and communicates with the corresponding nerve of the opposite side and with the greater palatine nerve. It supplies the palatal structures around the upper central and lateral incisors and the canines (the upper front six teeth). It also furnishes a few filaments to the mucous membrane of the nasal septum. The medial superior posterior nasal branches of maxillary nerve usually branches from the nasopalatine nerve. Scarpa's nerve UBERON:0008810 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray858.png naso-palatine nerve nasopalatine nasopalatine nerves nervus nasopalatinus uberon Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nasopalatine Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nervus nasopalatinus One branch of the posterior superior nasal branches (trigeminal, maxillary branch), longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve (sometimes called the long sphenopalatine nerve). It enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, passes across the roof of the nasal cavity below the orifice of the sphenoidal sinus to reach the septum, and then runs obliquely downward and forward between the periosteum and mucous membrane of the lower part of the septum. It descends to the roof of the mouth through the incisive canal and communicates with the corresponding nerve of the opposite side and with the greater palatine nerve. It supplies the palatal structures around the upper central and lateral incisors and the canines (the upper front six teeth). It also furnishes a few filaments to the mucous membrane of the nasal septum. The medial superior posterior nasal branches of maxillary nerve usually branches from the nasopalatine nerve. Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve naso-palatine nerve FMA:52797 Scarpa's nerve FMA Wikipedia:Nasopalatine_nerve nasopalatine nerves intromittent organ AAO:0010255 FBbt:00004850 HAO:0000091 Surface structure that is an external structure of a male organism through which sperm is transferred to a female organism during mating.[TAO] TAO:0002036 TGMA:0000585 UBERON:0008811 aedeagus an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. penis this is a broad grouping class connecting a number of different analagous organs by their function. We place the insect aedeagus here rather than penis, although this is somewhat arbitrary given the broadness of the current definition uberon FBbt:00004850 aedeagus Wikipedia:Intromittent_organ an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. 2012-08-14 Surface structure that is an external structure of a male organism through which sperm is transferred to a female organism during mating.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002036 TAO:wd hemipenis SCTID:27265006 UBERON:0008812 hemipenes one of a pair of intromittent organs of male squamates. Hemipenes are usually held inverted, within the body, and are everted for reproduction via erectile tissue like that in the human penis. Only one is used at a time, and some evidence indicates males alternate use between copulations. The hemipenis itself has a variety of shapes, depending on species. Often the hemipenis bears spines or hooks, in order to anchor the male within the female. Some species even have forked hemipenes (each hemipenis has two tips). Due to being everted and inverted, hemipenes do not have a completely enclosed channel for the conduction of sperm, but rather a seminal groove which seals as the erectile tissue expands uberon Wikipedia:Hemipenis one of a pair of intromittent organs of male squamates. Hemipenes are usually held inverted, within the body, and are everted for reproduction via erectile tissue like that in the human penis. Only one is used at a time, and some evidence indicates males alternate use between copulations. The hemipenis itself has a variety of shapes, depending on species. Often the hemipenis bears spines or hooks, in order to anchor the male within the female. Some species even have forked hemipenes (each hemipenis has two tips). Due to being everted and inverted, hemipenes do not have a completely enclosed channel for the conduction of sperm, but rather a seminal groove which seals as the erectile tissue expands Wikipedia Wikipedia:Hemipenis hemipenes helicotrema FMA:61275 SCTID:279775003 Scarpa's orifice The part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells in this area best detect low frequency sounds. UBERON:0008813 UMLS:C0229512 apex of cochlea cochlear apex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray923.png ncithesaurus:Helicotrema uberon Wikipedia The part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells in this area best detect low frequency sounds. Wikipedia:Helicotrema Wikipedia:Cochlea apex of cochlea FMA Wikipedia:Cochlea cochlear apex FMA:61275 Scarpa's orifice pharyngeal system A transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. EHDAA2:0000187 UBERON:0008814 UMLS:C1519038 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Apparatus pharyngeal apparatus pharyngeal arch region pharyngeal arches and clefts uberon EHDAA2:0000187 pharyngeal arch region A transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. GO:0060037 GOC:dph pharyngeal slit Editor/Taxon notes: requires review. Kardong uses the term pharyngeal slit for Chondrichthyans. 'branchial slit' may also be used for aminiote structures? UBERON:0008815 filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. uberon Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_slit filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. embryonic head A head that is part of a embryo. FBbt:00000155 UBERON:0008816 uberon A head that is part of a embryo. OBOL:automatic thymus primordium endoderm An endoderm that is part of a thymus primordium. UBERON:0008817 uberon An endoderm that is part of a thymus primordium. OBOL:automatic PMID:16313389 superior mediastinum FMA:9827 SCTID:362687003 The superior mediastinum is that portion of the interpleural space which lies between the manubrium sterni in front, and the upper thoracic vertebrae behind. UBERON:0008818 UMLS:C0230147 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png mediastinum superius ncithesaurus:Superior_Mediastinum superior mediastinal part of chest uberon FMA The superior mediastinum is that portion of the interpleural space which lies between the manubrium sterni in front, and the upper thoracic vertebrae behind. Wikipedia:Superior_mediastinum FMA:9827 superior mediastinal part of chest Wikipedia:Superior_mediastinum mediastinum superius inferior mediastinum Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. FMA:9828 SCTID:243950006 UBERON:0008819 inferior mediastinal part of chest uberon FMA:9828 inferior mediastinal part of chest Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. Wikipedia:Inferior_mediastinum FMA-propagated FMA anterior mediastinum FMA:9838 SCTID:261048003 The anterior mediastinum exists only on the left side where the left pleura diverges from the mid-sternal line. It is narrow, above, but widens out a little below. UBERON:0008820 UMLS:C0230148 anterior mediastinal part of chest http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png mediastinum anterius ncithesaurus:Anterior_Mediastinum uberon FMA Wikipedia:Anterior_mediastinum mediastinum anterius The anterior mediastinum exists only on the left side where the left pleura diverges from the mid-sternal line. It is narrow, above, but widens out a little below. Wikipedia:Anterior_mediastinum FMA:9838 anterior mediastinal part of chest middle mediastinum FMA:9839 SCTID:362688008 The middle mediastinum is the broadest part of the interpleural space. It is made up of the pericardial sac and its contents. UBERON:0008821 UMLS:C0230149 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png mediastinum medium middle mediastinal part of chest ncithesaurus:Middle_Mediastinum uberon FMA:9839 middle mediastinal part of chest Wikipedia:Middle_mediastinum mediastinum medium The middle mediastinum is the broadest part of the interpleural space. It is made up of the pericardial sac and its contents. Wikipedia:Middle_mediastinum FMA posterior mediastinum FMA:9840 SCTID:243957009 The posterior mediastinum is an irregular triangular space running parallel with the vertebral column. UBERON:0008822 UMLS:C0230150 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mediastinum.png mediastinum posterius ncithesaurus:Posterior_Mediastinum posterior mediastinal part of chest uberon FMA Wikipedia:Posterior_mediastinum mediastinum posterius FMA:9840 posterior mediastinal part of chest The posterior mediastinum is an irregular triangular space running parallel with the vertebral column. Wikipedia:Posterior_mediastinum neural tube derived brain A brain that develops_from a neural tube. UBERON:0008823 note that a reasoner should automatically classify all the vertebrate ontology brain classes here uberon vertebrate brain ZFA FMA definitional A brain that develops_from a neural tube. OBOL:automatic duct of epididymis A duct that is part of a epididymis. FMA:18297 MA:0001735 SCTID:279623004 UBERON:0008824 UMLS:C0458632 epididymal duct epididymis duct ncithesaurus:Duct_of_the_Epididymis uberon FMA FMA:18297 epididymis duct A duct that is part of a epididymis. OBOL:automatic MA:0001735 epididymal duct pulmonary surfactant FMA:62780 MA:0002534 Secretion produced by Type 2 pulmonary alveolar cell. UBERON:0008826 UMLS:C0034085 alveolar surfactant lung surfactant ncithesaurus:Lung_Surfactant uberon MA MA:0002534 lung surfactant FMA:62780 Secretion produced by Type 2 pulmonary alveolar cell. FMA:62780 alveolar surfactant forestomach MA:0001606 The mouse stomach contains two well-defined areas, a (nonglandular) forestomach and a glandular stomach, which are separated by the limiting ridge (margo plicatus)[http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/digestive/forestomach.html]. This class is based on the murine structure. Other groups, such as cetaceans, also have a forestomach (which is essentially an enlargement of the esophagus) UBERON:0008827 UMLS:C0033745 murine forestomach ncithesaurus:Forestomach uberon The mouse stomach contains two well-defined areas, a (nonglandular) forestomach and a glandular stomach, which are separated by the limiting ridge (margo plicatus)[http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/digestive/forestomach.html]. http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/digestive/forestomach.html MA presphenoid bone MA:0001470 SCTID:95949009 The anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. UBERON:0008828 presphenoidal bone todo - account for developmental change uberon SCTID:95949009 presphenoidal bone MA The anterior part of the body of the sphenoid bone in front of the basisphenoid. It is usually a separate bone in the young or fetus, but becomes a part of the sphenoid in the adult. Wikipedia:Ossification_of_sphenoid#Presphenoid http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Presphenoid+bone Kardong MA cerebellum external granule cell layer MA:0000994 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_797 UBERON:0008829 transient layer of the cerebellar cortex present during development which is composed of dividing and migrating granule cells[MP]. The granule neurons migrate from the exterior layer to form an inner layer known as the internal granule layer. The external granular layer ceases to exist in the mature cerebellum, leaving only granule cells in the internal granule layer uberon MA MP:0000874 Wikipedia:Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Development transient layer of the cerebellar cortex present during development which is composed of dividing and migrating granule cells[MP]. The granule neurons migrate from the exterior layer to form an inner layer known as the internal granule layer. The external granular layer ceases to exist in the mature cerebellum, leaving only granule cells in the internal granule layer cerebellum internal granule cell layer MA:0000995 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_790 UBERON:0008830 UMLS:C1708540 ncithesaurus:Internal_Granular_Layer_of_the_Cerebellum uberon MA inner spiral sulcus FMA:77850 MA:0001197 UBERON:0008831 a concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging vestibular lip. internal spiral sulcus part_of spiral sulcus in MA sulcus spiralis internus uberon MA:0001197 internal spiral sulcus FMA http://www.drugs.com/dict/inner-spiral-sulcus.html sulcus spiralis internus a concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging vestibular lip. http://www.drugs.com/dict/inner-spiral-sulcus.html outer spiral sulcus FMA:77851 MA:0001196 UBERON:0008832 a concavity in the outer wall of the cochlear duct between the spiral prominence and the spiral organ. external spiral sulcus part_of spiral sulcus in MA sulcus spiralis externus uberon MA:0001196 external spiral sulcus a concavity in the outer wall of the cochlear duct between the spiral prominence and the spiral organ. http://www.drugs.com/dict/outer-spiral-sulcus.html FMA http://www.drugs.com/dict/outer-spiral-sulcus.html sulcus spiralis externus great auricular nerve FMA:6872 MA:0001232 SCTID:181110003 The great auricular nerve originates from the cervical plexus, composed of branches of spinal nerves C2 and C3. It provides sensory innervation for the skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of the outer ear. UBERON:0008833 Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve auricular nerve great auricular greater auricular nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray805.png nervus auricularis magnus todo - check MA grouping; in MA this is part_of pinna - should this be a different relationship? uberon The great auricular nerve originates from the cervical plexus, composed of branches of spinal nerves C2 and C3. It provides sensory innervation for the skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of the outer ear. Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve nervus auricularis magnus FMA FMA Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve greater auricular nerve Wikipedia:Great_auricular_nerve great auricular MA:0001232 auricular nerve prostomium BTO:0004198 The first body segment in annelids worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth. It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. By feeding, it often functions like a kind of overlip. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics. UBERON:0008834 acron uberon The first body segment in annelids worms. It is in front of (but does not include) the mouth, being usually a small shelf- or lip-like extension over the dorsal side of the mouth. It sometimes bears antennae and eyes. By feeding, it often functions like a kind of overlip. The shape and composition of prostomium are important for annelid systematics. Wikipedia:Prostomium BTO:0004198 acron hepatic diverticulum AAO:0011057 EHDAA2:0000740 EHDAA:1530 The first morphological sign of the embryonic liver is the formation of the hepatic diverticulum, an out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct. UBERON:0008835 UMLS:C1512407 XAO:0000101 diverticulum hepaticum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Gray1088.png liver diverticulum ncithesaurus:Hepatic_Diverticulum uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 XAO:0000101 liver diverticulum Wikipedia:Hepatic_diverticulum diverticulum hepaticum EHDAA2 The first morphological sign of the embryonic liver is the formation of the hepatic diverticulum, an out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile duct. Wikipedia:Hepatic_diverticulum http://www.stembook.org/node/512 liver bud BTO:0001642 UBERON:0008836 uberon http://www.stembook.org/node/512 palmar/plantar part of autopod UBERON:0008837 uberon metapodial pad A thick, spongy layer of tissue located under the metacarpal and metatarsal joints of the foot Editor notes: check synonyms - re footpad UBERON:0008838 foot pad footpad metapodium pad ncithesaurus:Footpad uberon A thick, spongy layer of tissue located under the metacarpal and metatarsal joints of the foot ncithesaurus:Footpad palmar pad An autopod pad that is in the metacarpal region EMAPA:18489 UBERON:0008839 metacarpal foot pad metacarpal pad note that the EMAPA term refers to the plural palmar pads uberon An autopod pad that is in the metacarpal region UBERON:cjm EMAPA:18489 palmar pads EMAPA cjm plantar pad An autopod pad that is in the metatarsal region EMAPA:18507 The canine metatarsal pad is large and heart-shaped, and functions to cushion the foot. The pad is covered by a naked, densely cornified epidermis, which is usually highly pigmented and is the toughest region of the canine skin. The digital cushion or bulk of the foot pad is composed of a subcutaneous adipose tissue, partitioned by reticular, collagenous and elastic fibres. The subcutis of the canine footpads contains sweat glands embedded in the adipose tissue. The ducts of these glands channel through the thick epidermis of the foot pad. The secretions from these glands function as territorial or trail markers[MURDOCH:1334]. UBERON:0008840 metatarsal foot pad metatarsal pad plantar pads uberon cjm EMAPA An autopod pad that is in the metatarsal region UBERON:cjm EMAPA:18507 plantar pads MURDOCH:1334 The canine metatarsal pad is large and heart-shaped, and functions to cushion the foot. The pad is covered by a naked, densely cornified epidermis, which is usually highly pigmented and is the toughest region of the canine skin. The digital cushion or bulk of the foot pad is composed of a subcutaneous adipose tissue, partitioned by reticular, collagenous and elastic fibres. The subcutis of the canine footpads contains sweat glands embedded in the adipose tissue. The ducts of these glands channel through the thick epidermis of the foot pad. The secretions from these glands function as territorial or trail markers[MURDOCH:1334]. suspensory ligament A ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ. UBERON:0008841 uberon A ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ. Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments_of_penis suspensory ligament of testis The cranial atrophic portion of the urogenital ridge attached to the cranial pole of the intraabdominal embryonic testis UBERON:0008842 uberon The cranial atrophic portion of the urogenital ridge attached to the cranial pole of the intraabdominal embryonic testis Wikipedia:Scrotal_ligament http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=49790 Obol Obol gubernaculum testis BTO:0002813 EMAPA:19089 FMA:20421 Hunter's gubernaculum SCTID:299983007 The fetal ligament attached to the inferior end of the epididymis and testis and, at its other end, to the bottom of the scrotum; it is present during, and is thought to guide, the descent of the testis into the scrotum and then atrophies. The upper part of the gubernaculum degenerates; The lower part persists as the gubernaculum testis ("scrotal ligament"). This ligament secures the testis to the most inferior portion of the scrotum, tethering it in place and limiting the degree to which the testis can move within the scrotum[WP] UBERON:0008843 uberon BTO:0002813 The fetal ligament attached to the inferior end of the epididymis and testis and, at its other end, to the bottom of the scrotum; it is present during, and is thought to guide, the descent of the testis into the scrotum and then atrophies. BTO:0002813 Hunter's gubernaculum gubernaculum (female) A gubernaculum that is part of a female reproductive system. The upper part of the gubernaculum, together with the ovarian artery and vein form the suspensory ligament of the ovary,[1] which suspends the ovary from the pelvic wall.; The lower gubernaculum has two vestigial remnants in females, the ovarian ligament and the round ligament of the uterus (ligamentum teres uteri) which respectively serve to support the ovaries and uterus in the pelvis UBERON:0008844 uberon A gubernaculum that is part of a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic nonskeletal ligament FMA:25625 Ligament organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi which may be admixed with smooth muscle. Examples: ligament of liver, ovarian ligament. MA:0003004 SCTID:410746001 UBERON:0008845 fibrous ligament non-skeletal ligament uberon FMA:25625 Ligament organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi which may be admixed with smooth muscle. Examples: ligament of liver, ovarian ligament. Wikipedia:Ligament fibrous ligament FMA skeletal ligament AAO:0010444 AEO:0000090 Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.[VSAO] EHDAA2:0003232 EV:0100144 Editor notes: logical definition deliberately made strict to avoid classifying MA:spiral ligament as both nonskeletal and skeletal. see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=76834&atid=1205376 FMA:25624 GAID:118 Ligament organ that primarily consists of regular dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi; connects bone and cartilage organs. Examples: sutural ligament, ligament of pinna, tarsal ligament. MA:0003005 SCTID:410744003 UBERON:0008846 VSAO:0000072 articular larua articular ligament http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Knee_diagram.svg/200px-Knee_diagram.svg.png ligament true ligament uberon Wikipedia:Ligament articular larua 2012-08-14 Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ.[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000072 bones or cartilage organs Wikipedia:Ligament true ligament VSAO:0000072 ZFA:0001675 ligament FMA:25624 Ligament organ that primarily consists of regular dense connective tissue aggregated into fasciculi; connects bone and cartilage organs. Examples: sutural ligament, ligament of pinna, tarsal ligament. Wikipedia:Ligament#Articular_ligaments FMA Wikipedia:Ligament articular ligament ovarian ligament FMA:55422 SCTID:279915004 The ligament runs in the broad ligament of the uterus, which is a fold of peritoneum rather than a fibrous ligament. Specifically, it is located in the parametrium UBERON:0008847 a fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus. ligament of ovary ligamentum ovarii proprium proper ovarian ligament uberon FMA FMA:55422 proper ovarian ligament FMA:TA ligamentum ovarii proprium FMA:55422 ligament of ovary Wikipedia Wikipedia:Ovarian_ligament a fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus. cranial suspensory ligament Connects the cranial tip of the future gonad to the dorsocranial abdominal cavity. EMAPA:30068 UBERON:0008848 todo - check - add cranial ovarian susp ligaments uberon EMAPA Obol ectoplacental cavity EMAPA:16080 UBERON:0008851 chorionic cavity closed space within the ectoplacental cone, formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold that separate it from the amniotic cavity[MP]. a developmental cavity that exists in some mammals and is derived by division of the proamniotic space; it is further removed from the embryo than the amniotic cavity in some mammals epamniotic cavity epamniotic cavity uberon MP:0011207 chorionic cavity epamniotic cavity http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=epamniotic+cavity MP:0011207 closed space within the ectoplacental cone, formed by the fusion of the parts of the amniotic fold that separate it from the amniotic cavity[MP]. a developmental cavity that exists in some mammals and is derived by division of the proamniotic space; it is further removed from the embryo than the amniotic cavity in some mammals http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=epamniotic+cavity MP:0011207 epamniotic cavity visceral yolk sac TODO - check UBERON:0008852 extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells secondary yolk sac uberon umbilical vesicle vitelline sac yolk sac MP:0001718 extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells MP:0001718 umbilical vesicle MP:0001718 yolk sac MP:0001718 secondary yolk sac MP:0001718 vitelline sac parietal yolk sac EHDAA2:0003237 UBERON:0008853 primary yolk sac tissue that consists of two cellular layers (parietal endoderm and trophoblast) separated by a relatively thick nonvascular basement membrane (Reichert's membrane), and acts as a protective layer to supports and facilitates transport of nutrients between the uterine tissue and the yolk sac cavity. uberon MP:0011203 PMID:1150659 PMID:21123814 tissue that consists of two cellular layers (parietal endoderm and trophoblast) separated by a relatively thick nonvascular basement membrane (Reichert's membrane), and acts as a protective layer to supports and facilitates transport of nutrients between the uterine tissue and the yolk sac cavity. MP:0011203 primary yolk sac root of molar tooth FMA:85302 UBERON:0008854 molar root molar tooth root the part of a molar tooth that is implanted in the gum; mandibular and maxillary molars usually have two and three roots, respectively. uberon FMA:85302 molar root MP:0011165 the part of a molar tooth that is implanted in the gum; mandibular and maxillary molars usually have two and three roots, respectively. FMA FMA:85302 molar tooth root placenta metrial gland MA:0001723 UBERON:0008855 group of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develops during pregnancy in rodents and some other species. uberon MP:0010777 group of granular epithelial cells in the uterine muscle beneath the placenta that develops during pregnancy in rodents and some other species. MP:0010777 MP stomach muscularis externa FMA:14909 SCTID:362132003 UBERON:0008856 gastric muscularis muscle layer of stomach muscularis externa of stomach the smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines tunica muscularis (gaster) tunica muscularis gastris uberon FMA:14909 tunica muscularis (gaster) FMA:14909 gastric muscularis MP:0010779 the smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines FMA:14909 muscularis externa of stomach FMA FMA:14909 muscle layer of stomach stomach smooth muscle circular layer FMA:14911 MA:0001628 SCTID:2746007 UBERON:0008857 circular layer of gastric muscularis circular muscle layer of stomach stratum circulare (tunica muscularis)(gaster) stratum circulare gastris the middle layer of the muscularis; it is continuous with the circular layer of the esophagus, but is absent in the fundus and lies concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach; the circular layer is normally tonically constricted forming a functional pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum todo - check uberon MP:0010780 the middle layer of the muscularis; it is continuous with the circular layer of the esophagus, but is absent in the fundus and lies concentric to the longitudinal axis of the stomach; the circular layer is normally tonically constricted forming a functional pyloric sphincter, which controls the movement of chyme into the duodenum FMA:14911 stratum circulare (tunica muscularis)(gaster) FMA:14911 circular layer of gastric muscularis FMA:14911 circular muscle layer of stomach pyloric canal FMA:14580 SCTID:245417002 UBERON:0008858 canalis pyloricus canalis pyloricus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Illu_stomach.jpg the short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter uberon FMA Wikipedia:Pyloric_canal canalis pyloricus Wikipedia Wikipedia:Pyloric_canal canalis pyloricus MP:0010791 Wikipedia:Pyloric_canal the short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter cardiac gastric gland A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it[MP] Consistency note: Kardong places this in the glandular epithelium, FMA more generally in the mucosa FMA:14920 SCTID:8894005 The cardiac glands of the stomach secrete primarily mucus. They are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach. In general, they are more shallow than those in the other parts of the stomach. They are of two kinds: (1) simple tubular glands resembling those of the pyloric end of the stomach, but with short ducts. (2) compound racemose glands resembling the duodenal glands. The cardiac gland is both innervated by the parasympathetic and symapthetic nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system[Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands]. UBERON:0008859 cardiac gland gardiac gland gastric cardiac gland gastric gland of cardia glandula cardiaca (gaster) uberon FMA:14920 gastric cardiac gland FMA:14920 glandula cardiaca (gaster) A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it[MP] MP:0010795 Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands FMA ISBN10:0073040584 gardiac gland FMA:14920 cardiac gland FMA:14920 gastric gland of cardia The cardiac glands of the stomach secrete primarily mucus. They are few in number and occur close to the cardiac orifice where the esophagus joins the stomach. In general, they are more shallow than those in the other parts of the stomach. They are of two kinds: (1) simple tubular glands resembling those of the pyloric end of the stomach, but with short ducts. (2) compound racemose glands resembling the duodenal glands. The cardiac gland is both innervated by the parasympathetic and symapthetic nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system[Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands]. Wikipedia:Cardiac_glands intermediate gastric gland UBERON:0008860 any of the branched tubular glands in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach that secrete most of the digestive substances secreted by the stomach check me uberon MP:0010796 any of the branched tubular glands in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach that secrete most of the digestive substances secreted by the stomach MP pyloric gastric gland Editors note: check relationship to pylorus vs antrum FMA:14922 SCTID:70710007 UBERON:0008861 UMLS:C0227239 glandula pylorica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Gray1054.png ncithesaurus:Pyloric_Gland pyloric antrum gland pyloric gland the gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP]. uberon FMA:14922 pyloric gland MP:0010797 Wikipedia:Pyloric_gland the gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP]. OBOL:automatic pyloric antrum gland FMA:14922 glandula pylorica stomach smooth muscle inner oblique layer UBERON:0008862 the innermost layer of the muscularis; it is not present in all sections of the stomach but is clearly seen in the fundus and near the lesser curvature of the corpus; the oblique fibers disappear distally (towards the pyloric antrum); the oblique layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food uberon MP:0010804 the innermost layer of the muscularis; it is not present in all sections of the stomach but is clearly seen in the fundus and near the lesser curvature of the corpus; the oblique fibers disappear distally (towards the pyloric antrum); the oblique layer is responsible for creating the motion that churns and physically breaks down the food stomach smooth muscle outer longitudinal layer UBERON:0008863 the most superficial layer of the muscularis; it has two sections, a longitudinal layer that is common with the esophagus and ends in the corpus, and a longitudinal layer that originates in the corpus and spreads into the duodenum uberon MP:0010805 the most superficial layer of the muscularis; it has two sections, a longitudinal layer that is common with the esophagus and ends in the corpus, and a longitudinal layer that originates in the corpus and spreads into the duodenum enamel knot UBERON:0008866 a transient cluster of cells in the central part of the dental epithelium facing the dental mesenchyme, which acts as an organizing center, providing positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulating the growth of tooth cusps uberon MP MP:0010864 a transient cluster of cells in the central part of the dental epithelium facing the dental mesenchyme, which acts as an organizing center, providing positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulating the growth of tooth cusps trabecular network of bone Editor note: consider revision - we have 3 classes, the tissue itself, the network, and the spaces. MP:0010867 UBERON:0008867 UMLS:C2826619 bone trabecula bone trabeculae ncithesaurus:Bone_Trabeculae the network of intersecting plates and spicules in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces filled with blood vessels and marrow; in mature bone, the trabeculae are aligned in parallel with the lines of major compressive or tensile force uberon MP:0010867 the network of intersecting plates and spicules in cancellous bone which form a meshwork of intercommunicating spaces filled with blood vessels and marrow; in mature bone, the trabeculae are aligned in parallel with the lines of major compressive or tensile force MP:0010867 bone trabecula MP MP:0010867 bone trabeculae pulmonary alveolar parenchyma UBERON:0008870 the distinguishing cell types of the lung alveolar tissue, including pulmonary epithelial cells (pneumocytes), alveolar capillary endothelial cells, interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and alveolar macrophages uberon MP:0010901 the distinguishing cell types of the lung alveolar tissue, including pulmonary epithelial cells (pneumocytes), alveolar capillary endothelial cells, interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and alveolar macrophages pulmonary alveolus wall . UBERON:0008872 uberon . MP:0010903 alveolar pore UBERON:0008873 the openings in the alveolar septum that permit air flow between adjacent alveoli uberon MP:0010904 the openings in the alveolar septum that permit air flow between adjacent alveoli pulmonary acinus FMA:7313 SCTID:361365004 UBERON:0008874 UMLS:C0225696 ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Acinus primary pulmonary lobule the part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches uberon FMA MP:0010911 Wikipedia:Acinus#The_Lungs the part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches FMA:7313 primary pulmonary lobule hypodermis fat layer UBERON:0008875 the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage uberon MP MP:0011156 the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage hypodermis muscle layer UBERON:0008876 the skeletal muscle layer in the superficial fascia uberon MP:0011157 the skeletal muscle layer in the superficial fascia MP epidermal-dermal junction FMA:70963 SCTID:51025007 UBERON:0008877 dermal-epidermal junction dermo-epidermal junction dermoepidermal junction epidermal dermol junction the multi-layer basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis that serves to adhere the dermis and epidermis, provide mechanical support for the epidermis, and forms a barrier to cells and large molecules across the junction uberon MP:0011159 the multi-layer basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis that serves to adhere the dermis and epidermis, provide mechanical support for the epidermis, and forms a barrier to cells and large molecules across the junction MP FMA:70963 dermal-epidermal junction FMA:70963 dermoepidermal junction palmar part of manus FMA:24920 UBERON:0008878 UMLS:C0931849 front of hand galen:Palm ncithesaurus:Palmar_Region palm palm of hand palmar region regio palmaris uberon FMA:24920 front of hand FMA FMA:TA regio palmaris FMA:24920 palm FMA:24920 palm of hand FMA:24920 palmar region ligament of pinna FMA:61035 MA:0001228 SCTID:362548009 UBERON:0008879 auricular ligament ligament of auricle pinna ligament subclasses (anterior, superior, posterior) can be added on request uberon FMA:61035 ligament of auricle FMA MA:0001228 auricular ligament FMA:61035 pinna ligament MA annelid pygidium Rearmost segment of annelid worms. UBERON:0008880 uberon Rearmost segment of annelid worms. Wikipedia:Annelid#Segmentation rostral migratory stream BTO:0003412 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1702 RMS UBERON:0008881 Unique telencephalic subventricular zones that extend from the lateral ventricles into the olfactory bulbs. Newly produced GABAergic interneurons migrate along the RMS and settle in the bulb[NIF]. In rodents, the anterior region of the SVZ produces neuroblasts that migrate in chain toward the olfactory bulb along the so-called rostral migratory stream (RMS)[BTO]. the transient structure formed by neurons migrating from the subventricular zone into the olfactory bulbs[MP] The rostral migratory stream (RMS) or rostral migratory pathway is a pathway, found in the brain of some animals, along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Neurogenesis has been shown to occur in the SVZ into adulthood[WP] rostral migratory pathway uberon MP-modified BTO-modified Wikipedia:Rostral_migratory_stream rostral migratory pathway MP:0004279 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1702 PMID:12453055 Unique telencephalic subventricular zones that extend from the lateral ventricles into the olfactory bulbs. Newly produced GABAergic interneurons migrate along the RMS and settle in the bulb[NIF]. In rodents, the anterior region of the SVZ produces neuroblasts that migrate in chain toward the olfactory bulb along the so-called rostral migratory stream (RMS)[BTO]. the transient structure formed by neurons migrating from the subventricular zone into the olfactory bulbs[MP] The rostral migratory stream (RMS) or rostral migratory pathway is a pathway, found in the brain of some animals, along which neuronal precursors that originated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain migrate to reach the main olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Neurogenesis has been shown to occur in the SVZ into adulthood[WP] [Wikipedia:Rostral_migratory_stream BTO:0003412 RMS spinal cord commissure The nerve fiber tracts that span the midline of the spinal cord UBERON:0008882 uberon MP:0009694 The nerve fiber tracts that span the midline of the spinal cord osteoid AO notes: Note that in VSAO this was classified both as tissue and acellular extracellular matrix. Consider also the AEO class 'bone condensation'. is_a intercellular matrix in FMA. Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue.[VSAO] FMA:66830 SCTID:39365008 UBERON:0008883 UMLS:C0682561 VSAO:0000046 XAO:0004035 galen:Osteoid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Active_osteoblasts.jpg ncithesaurus:Osteoid pre-bone prebone prebone tissue relationship loss: subclass proteinaceous extracellular matrix (VSAO:0000021)[VSAO] uberon VSAO 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0000046 relationship loss: subclass proteinaceous extracellular matrix (VSAO:0000021)[VSAO] PSPUB:0000170 pre-bone VSAO:curator prebone FMA:66830 prebone tissue 2012-08-14 Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue.[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO VSAO:0000046 Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue VSAO:0000046 Wikipedia:Osteoid left putamen A putamen that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72829 UBERON:0008884 uberon A putamen that is part of a left cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic right putamen A putamen that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. FMA:72828 UBERON:0008885 uberon A putamen that is part of a right cerebral hemisphere. OBOL:automatic pulmonary vascular system FMA:45621 Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs.[FMA] The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. UBERON:0008886 pulmonary system pulmonary circulatory system uberon ISBN10:0073040584 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_circulation FMA ISBN10:0073040584 pulmonary system FMA FMA:45621 Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs.[FMA] Obol FMA:45621 pulmonary circulatory system rectal venous plexus FMA:18933 SCTID:303051005 The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus. UBERON:0008887 UMLS:C0226766 haemorrhoidal plexus hemorrhoidal plexus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Gray587.png ncithesaurus:Hemorrhoidal_Plexus plexus venosus rectalis, plexus haemorrhoidalis uberon FMA Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus hemorrhoidal plexus The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical venous plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female. A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus. Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus haemorrhoidal plexus Wikipedia:Rectal_venous_plexus plexus venosus rectalis, plexus haemorrhoidalis vesical venous plexus FMA:18934 SCTID:31510008 The vesical plexus envelops the lower part of the bladder and the base of the prostate and communicates with the pudendal and prostatic plexuses. It is drained, by means of several vesical veins, into the hypogastric veins. UBERON:0008888 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png plexus venosus vesicalis uberon FMA The vesical plexus envelops the lower part of the bladder and the base of the prostate and communicates with the pudendal and prostatic plexuses. It is drained, by means of several vesical veins, into the hypogastric veins. Wikipedia:Vesical_venous_plexus Wikipedia:Vesical_venous_plexus plexus venosus vesicalis uterine venous plexus FMA:29712 SCTID:294553007 The uterine plexuses lie along the sides and superior angles of the uterus between the two layers of the broad ligament, and communicate with the ovarian and vaginal plexuses. They are drained by a pair of uterine veins on either side: these arise from the lower part of the plexuses, opposite the external orifice of the uterus, and open into the corresponding hypogastric vein. UBERON:0008889 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray589.png plexus venosus uterinus uberon uterine plexus The uterine plexuses lie along the sides and superior angles of the uterus between the two layers of the broad ligament, and communicate with the ovarian and vaginal plexuses. They are drained by a pair of uterine veins on either side: these arise from the lower part of the plexuses, opposite the external orifice of the uterus, and open into the corresponding hypogastric vein. Wikipedia:Uterine_venous_plexus Wikipedia:Uterine_venous_plexus uterine plexus FMA Wikipedia:Uterine_venous_plexus plexus venosus uterinus external gill AAO:0010174 BTO:0004689 External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes. Instead, the respiratory organs are set on a frill of stalks protruding from the sides of an animals head. This type of gill is most commonly observed on the aquatic larva of most species of salamanders, lungfish, and bichirs (which have only one large pair), and are retained by neotenic adult salamanders and some species of adult lungfish. They are present on non-transforming salamander species such as the mudpuppy, as well as most members of the Proteidae and Sirenidae families, which naturally never metamorphose into an air-breathing form. The embryos of frogs and caecilians also develop external gills at some point in their development, though these are either resorbed before or disappear shortly after hatching. Fossils of the distant relatives of modern amphibians, such as Branchiosaurus and Apateon, also show evidence of external gills. The external gills commonly consist of a single stalk (rami) protruding from a gill arch behind the head of the animal, above an associated gill slit. The stalk usually contains muscle tissue, and may be moved by the animal as a free appendage, in order to stir up stagnant water. The stalk is lined by many thinly walled filaments (fimbriae), containing the majority of blood vessels used in gas exchange. Animals usually have one external gill originating on each gill arch (except the hyoid), which leads to there being three pairs of external gills in salamanders, and four in the gilled larvae of lungfish[Wikipedia:External_gills]. External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes[BTO]. UBERON:0008891 XAO:0000120 uberon External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes. Instead, the respiratory organs are set on a frill of stalks protruding from the sides of an animals head. This type of gill is most commonly observed on the aquatic larva of most species of salamanders, lungfish, and bichirs (which have only one large pair), and are retained by neotenic adult salamanders and some species of adult lungfish. They are present on non-transforming salamander species such as the mudpuppy, as well as most members of the Proteidae and Sirenidae families, which naturally never metamorphose into an air-breathing form. The embryos of frogs and caecilians also develop external gills at some point in their development, though these are either resorbed before or disappear shortly after hatching. Fossils of the distant relatives of modern amphibians, such as Branchiosaurus and Apateon, also show evidence of external gills. The external gills commonly consist of a single stalk (rami) protruding from a gill arch behind the head of the animal, above an associated gill slit. The stalk usually contains muscle tissue, and may be moved by the animal as a free appendage, in order to stir up stagnant water. The stalk is lined by many thinly walled filaments (fimbriae), containing the majority of blood vessels used in gas exchange. Animals usually have one external gill originating on each gill arch (except the hyoid), which leads to there being three pairs of external gills in salamanders, and four in the gilled larvae of lungfish[Wikipedia:External_gills]. Wikipedia:External_gills BTO BTO:0004689 External gills are the gills of an animal, most typically an amphibian, that are exposed to the environment, rather than set inside the pharynx and covered by gill slits, as they are in most fishes[BTO]. Wikipedia:External_gills internal gill AAO:0010176 UBERON:0008892 uberon AAO gill precursor A primordium or bud that develops into a gill. TAO:0001107 UBERON:0008894 XAO:0000448 ZFA:0001107 gill primordium internal gill bud uberon XAO ZFA:0001107 internal gill bud XAO ZFA XAO:0000448 gill primordium XAO splanchnocranium AAO:0010157 AO notes: VSAO labels this term 'pharyngeal arch' (2012-06-01) - however, it clearly means pharyngeal arch skeleton. Editor/AO notes: many sources define this as the part of the endoskeletal that is from pharyngeal arches - this would make it part-disjoint from dermatocranium. However, there are many bones in AOs that have part-paths to both Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid, and branchial arches.[AAO] Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches TAO:0001216 The part of the skull derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. [Biology_Online][VHOG] The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0008895 VHOG:0000315 VSAO:0000149 XAO:0003176 ZFA:0001216 branchial arch skeleton gill arch skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg/200px-Illu_facial_bones.jpg pharyngeal arch pharyngeal arch skeleton pharyngeal skeleton uberon visceral skeleton viscerocranium UBERONREF:0000007 visceral skeleton 2012-09-17 The part of the skull derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. [Biology_Online][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000315 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ISBN10:0073040584 Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001216 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235 The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000315 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VSAO:0000149 pharyngeal arch ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal arch skeleton ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal skeleton 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010157 AAO:EJS Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid, and branchial arches.[AAO] Grays PMID:11237469 redundant VHOG:0000315 Wikipedia:Viscerocranium ZFA:0001216 viscerocranium post-hyoid pharyngeal arch A pharyngeal arch that is posterior to the hyoid arch. i.e. any pharyngeal arch with a number 3 or higher. AAO:0010362 BTO:0002152 EFO:0003694 Posterior-most stream of cranial neural crest, which sub-divides during migration.[AAO] SCTID:308766004 TAO:0001597 UBERON:0008896 XAO:0000099 ZFA:0001613 branchial arch branchial arches branchial bar branchial bars gill arch gill arches 1-5 gill bar pharyngeal arch 3-7 uberon visceral arches 3-7 ZFA:0001613 branchial bar ZFA:0001613 visceral arches 3-7 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010362 AAO:EJS Posterior-most stream of cranial neural crest, which sub-divides during migration.[AAO] ZFA:0001613 gill arch ZFA:0001613 branchial bars A pharyngeal arch that is posterior to the hyoid arch. i.e. any pharyngeal arch with a number 3 or higher. UBERON:cjm ZFA:0001613 branchial arch ZFA ZFA:0001613 pharyngeal arch 3-7 UBERON:cjm gill bar ZFA:0001613 gill arches 1-5 ZFA:0001613 branchial arches fin AAO:0010374 AEO:0001004 An external projection of an aquatic animal as a fish used in propelling or guiding the body[BTO]. BTO:0004649 EFO:0000875 MAT:0000087 MESH:A13.077 MIAA:0000087 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjcBZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:73003005 Surface structure involved in locomotion.[TAO] Surface structure involved in locomotion.[VSAO] TAO:0000108 This class groups together various structures that may have arisen through convergent evolution, including, for example, the dorsal fin of a cetacean UBERON:0008897 VSAO:0000099 XAO:0000002 ZFA:0000108 uberon 2012-08-14 Surface structure involved in locomotion.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000108 TAO:wd An external projection of an aquatic animal as a fish used in propelling or guiding the body[BTO]. BTO:0004649 Wikipedia:Fin 2012-08-14 Surface structure involved in locomotion.[VSAO] TAO:curator VSAO VSAO:0000099 lateral recess of third vetricle Lateral protrusion of the third ventricle. TAO:0000231 UBERON:0008902 ZFA:0000231 lateral recess lateral recess of diencephalic ventricle uberon ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091221-27 lateral recess of diencephalic ventricle ZFA ZFA ZFA:0000231 lateral recess Lateral protrusion of the third ventricle. ZFIN:curator neuromast AAO:0001004 EFO:0003513 TAO:0000243 Type of mechanoreceptive organ of the lateral line which are arranged in lines on the body surface. These organs are constituted by hair cells and supporting cells and it is located in the epidermis with its hair cells exposed to the surface. Absent in some caecilians. These receptors receive afferent and efferent innervations.[AAO] UBERON:0008904 Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] ZFA:0000243 cyatocïde@fr lateral line neuromast lateral line organ neuromaste superficiel@fr neuromasts relationship loss: part_of lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] relationship loss: subclass lateral line receptor (AAO:0010705)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0001004 AAO:EJS Type of mechanoreceptive organ of the lateral line which are arranged in lines on the body surface. These organs are constituted by hair cells and supporting cells and it is located in the epidermis with its hair cells exposed to the surface. Absent in some caecilians. These receptors receive afferent and efferent innervations.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0001004 relationship loss: part_of lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] TAO:0000243 cyatocïde@fr Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for <a href='http://zfin.org/zf_info/anatomy/dict/lat_line/lat_line.html'>lateral line</a> by T. Whitfield.) ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0001004 relationship loss: subclass lateral line receptor (AAO:0010705)[AAO] ZFA ZFA:0000243 lateral line neuromast TAO:0000243 neuromaste superficiel@fr 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000243 Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. Kimmel et al, 1995. (Also see Anatomical Atlas entry for lateral line by T. Whitfield.)[TAO] ZFIN:curator ZFA:0000243 neuromasts ZFA:0000243 lateral line organ lateral line nerve AAO:0010077 Any of the sensory nerves that innervate mechano- and electroreceptors of the lateral line system. The lateral line nerves may be separated in two components, anterior and posterior, in relation to the position of its roots with respect to the otic capsule. These nerves develop from lateral line placodes.[AAO] Cranial nerves that carry afferent and efferent fibers for the lateral line system. TAO:0001479 UBERON:0008906 ZFA:0001479 lateral line nerves relationship loss: innervates lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] relationship type change: part_of_proxy lateral line system (AAO:0000975) CHANGED TO: part_of lateral line system (UBERON:0002540)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010077 AAO:SIQ Any of the sensory nerves that innervate mechano- and electroreceptors of the lateral line system. The lateral line nerves may be separated in two components, anterior and posterior, in relation to the position of its roots with respect to the otic capsule. These nerves develop from lateral line placodes.[AAO] NBK53175 Cranial nerves that carry afferent and efferent fibers for the lateral line system. ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010077 relationship loss: innervates lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] ZFA AAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010077 relationship type change: part_of_proxy lateral line system (AAO:0000975) CHANGED TO: part_of lateral line system (UBERON:0002540)[AAO] ZFA:0001479 lateral line nerves dermal bone AAO:0010769 Intramembranous bone that forms superficially in the organism.[TAO] Note that other AOs are not yet in sync with this classification Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. TAO:0001590 UBERON:0008907 VSAO:0000130 XAO:0004015 ZFA:0001590 uberon VSAO VSAO Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. VSAO:0000130 VSAO:curator Wikipedia:Dermal_bone 2012-08-14 Intramembranous bone that forms superficially in the organism.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001590 TAO:wd perichordal bone AAO:0010777 Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord. Editor notes: We go with the latest VSAO in making this a subtype of bone, and add a logical definition based on the textual definition in VSAO. We also include the subtyping under 'replacement bone', for consistency with ZFA Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord.[TAO] TAO:0001639 UBERON:0008909 VSAO:0000307 ZFA:0001629 perichordal bone perichordal bones uberon ZFA:0001629 perichordal bones 2012-08-14 Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001639 TAO:wd Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord. VSAO:0000307 ZFA not in VSAO ZFA:0001629 perichordal bone chondral bone AAO:0010774 Replacement bone that forms within or surrounding a cartilaginous skeletal element. This class was introduced to be consistent with the ZFA hierarchy. The term was never introduced into VSAO. UBERON:0008911 ZFA:0001693 uberon Replacement bone that forms within or surrounding a cartilaginous skeletal element. zfin:curator ZFA perichondral bone AAO:0010779 Bone element that is located on the surface of a cartilage element. Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding cartilage.[TAO] TAO:0001638 UBERON:0008913 VSAO:0000308 ZFA:0001630 include the subtyping under 'replacement bone', for consistency with ZFA, but VSAO does not include this intermediate class perichondral bone perichondral bones uberon 2012-08-14 Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding cartilage.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001638 TAO:wd Bone element that is located on the surface of a cartilage element. VSAO:0000308 ZFA:0001630 perichondral bones ZFA:0001630 perichondral bone VSAO ZFA pore AAO:0010441 An anatomical space that is an opening, usually at the end of a canal or duct, on the surface of the integument or the lining of an internal anatomical space. TAO:0001791 UBERON:0008915 UMLS:C1325742 ZFA:0005449 ncithesaurus:Pore uberon An anatomical space that is an opening, usually at the end of a canal or duct, on the surface of the integument or the lining of an internal anatomical space. TAO:curator ZFA ampullary organ AAO:0001006 An electroreceptor consisting of receptor cells sunk into the epidermis or located in an epidermal cavity opening to the surface through a duct and pore. It can detect weak electric currents generated by other animals.[AAO] Organ that consists of receptor cells located within an epidermal invagination and functions as an electroreceptor. TAO:0002104 UBERON:0008917 ampullary electroreceptor organ relationship loss: part_of lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] relationship loss: subclass lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] uberon Organ that consists of receptor cells located within an epidermal invagination and functions as an electroreceptor. TAO:wd 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0001006 relationship loss: subclass lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0001006 An electroreceptor consisting of receptor cells sunk into the epidermis or located in an epidermal cavity opening to the surface through a duct and pore. It can detect weak electric currents generated by other animals.[AAO] ZipcodeZoo:ampullary_organ TAO:0002104 ampullary electroreceptor organ TAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0001006 relationship loss: part_of lateral line receptor organ (AAO:0001001)[AAO] ampulla of Lorenzini The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores... Each ampulla consists of a jelly-filled canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of special jelly. The ampullae are mostly clustered into groups inside the body, each cluster having ampullae connecting with different parts of the skin, but preserving a left-right symmetry. The canal lengths vary from animal to animal, but the distribution of the pores is generally specific to each species. The ampullae pores are plainly visible as dark spots in the skin. They provide fish with a sixth sense capable of detecting electromagnetic fields as well as temperature gradients[WP]. UBERON:0008918 ampullae of Lorenzini http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg uberon The ampullae of Lorenzini are special sensing organs called electroreceptors, forming a network of jelly-filled pores... Each ampulla consists of a jelly-filled canal opening to the surface by a pore in the skin and ending blindly in a cluster of small pockets full of special jelly. The ampullae are mostly clustered into groups inside the body, each cluster having ampullae connecting with different parts of the skin, but preserving a left-right symmetry. The canal lengths vary from animal to animal, but the distribution of the pores is generally specific to each species. The ampullae pores are plainly visible as dark spots in the skin. They provide fish with a sixth sense capable of detecting electromagnetic fields as well as temperature gradients[WP]. Wikipedia:Ampullae_of_Lorenzini Wikipedia Wikipedia:Ampullae_of_Lorenzini ampullae of Lorenzini obsolete mesenchyme from somatopleure UBERON:0008919 UBERON:0010377 true uberon obsolete mesenchyme from splanchnopleure UBERON:0008920 UBERON:0010378 true uberon substratum of layer of retina . UBERON:0008921 uberon . UBERON:CL_meeting_20110725 http://retina.anatomy.upenn.edu/~lance/eye/retina_gross.html sublaminar layer S1 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the inner nuclear layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000113 UBERON:0008922 uberon A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the inner nuclear layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S2 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S1 and S3 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000114 UBERON:0008923 uberon A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S1 and S3 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S3 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S2 and S4 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000115 UBERON:0008924 uberon A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S2 and S4 layers and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S4 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S3 and S5 layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000116 UBERON:0008925 uberon A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the S3 and S5 layer and comprises 20 percent of the inner plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layer S5 A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the retinal ganglion cell layer and comprises 20 percent of the ganglion plexiform layer of retina. CP:0000117 UBERON:0008926 uberon A retinal neural layer that is immediately adjacent to the retinal ganglion cell layer and comprises 20 percent of the ganglion plexiform layer of retina. GOC:tfm sublaminar layers S1 or S2 CP:0000118 One of sublaminar layers S1 or S2. UBERON:0008927 uberon GOC:tfm One of sublaminar layers S1 or S2. sublaminar layers S2 or S3 CP:0000119 One of sublaminar layers S2 or S3. UBERON:0008928 uberon GOC:tfm One of sublaminar layers S2 or S3. sublaminar layers S4 or S5 CP:0000120 One of sublaminar layers S4 or S5. UBERON:0008929 uberon GOC:tfm One of sublaminar layers S4 or S5. somatosensory cortex Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. BTO:0004353 EFO:0001391 GAID:681 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.670.675 SCTID:279252006 TODO - add layers UBERON:0008930 somesthetic area uberon Area of the parietal lobe concerned with receiving general sensations. It lies posterior to the central sulcus. MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.213.670.675 BTO BTO:0004353 somesthetic area primary somatosensory cortex ABA disjointness - Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001870 MA:0000908 UBERON:0008933 uberon MA ABA disjointness - Removed relationship: part_of UBERON:0001870 MA secondary somatosensory cortex MA:0000918 TODO - check brodmann UBERON:0008934 uberon MA albumen gland BTO:0000054 The posterior oviduct opens into the large white albumen gland which adds a layer of albumen to the zygote before it reaches the egg capsule gland. UBERON:0008935 uberon BTO:0000054 The posterior oviduct opens into the large white albumen gland which adds a layer of albumen to the zygote before it reaches the egg capsule gland. BTO gastropod genital pore A small opening on the side of the head in some gastropods through which the penis is protruded. BTO:0004684 UBERON:0008936 genital orifice genital pore uberon BTO:0004684 genital orifice BTO:0004684 genital pore BTO A small opening on the side of the head in some gastropods through which the penis is protruded. BTO:0004684 visceral hump BTO:0001448 Mollusks have three distinct divisions of their body. The head contains the sensory equipment (eyes, antennae, etc) and the primitive brain. The visceral hump, which is the main body, contains most of the organs, including a complete digestive and excretory tract as well as the reproductive organs. The visceral hump also includes the two external flaps of tissue, which are known as the mantle. UBERON:0008937 uberon visceral sac BTO:0001448 visceral sac BTO:0001448 Mollusks have three distinct divisions of their body. The head contains the sensory equipment (eyes, antennae, etc) and the primitive brain. The visceral hump, which is the main body, contains most of the organs, including a complete digestive and excretory tract as well as the reproductive organs. The visceral hump also includes the two external flaps of tissue, which are known as the mantle. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630349/visceral-hump pedal ganglion BTO:0001012 The pedal ganglia mainly are necessary for coordination of locomotion of a snail. UBERON:0008939 uberon BTO BTO BTO:0001012 The pedal ganglia mainly are necessary for coordination of locomotion of a snail. parietal ganglion BTO:0001841 The lateral ganglia of a snail nervous system are called parietal ganglia. They innerve pallial cavity, gills and skin. UBERON:0008940 uberon BTO BTO:0001841 The lateral ganglia of a snail nervous system are called parietal ganglia. They innerve pallial cavity, gills and skin. BTO pleural ganglion BTO:0001842 The pallial cavity's nerve knots are called pleural ganglia. They innerve primarily the mantle or a snail. UBERON:0008941 uberon BTO BTO BTO:0001842 The pallial cavity's nerve knots are called pleural ganglia. They innerve primarily the mantle or a snail. gastropod cerebral ganglion BTO:0001843 The cerebral ganglia are primarily sensual centres, that compute information from the eyes as well as from the tactile and position sensors (statocystes). Besides coordination they also serve the locational memory of a snail. UBERON:0008942 cerebral ganglion uberon BTO BTO:0001843 cerebral ganglion BTO:0001843 The cerebral ganglia are primarily sensual centres, that compute information from the eyes as well as from the tactile and position sensors (statocystes). Besides coordination they also serve the locational memory of a snail. headfoot BTO:0003509 The head-foot is the part you see most easily in slugs and snails. It is mostly a muscular organ covered in cilia and rich in mucous cells, which the mollusc uses to move around, it normally tapers to a tail at one end and has a head incorporated in the front. The head includes a mouth, eyes and tentacles, the last two may be much reduced or even absent. In those species with shells the head-foot can be drawn into the shell. UBERON:0008943 uberon BTO:0003509 The head-foot is the part you see most easily in slugs and snails. It is mostly a muscular organ covered in cilia and rich in mucous cells, which the mollusc uses to move around, it normally tapers to a tail at one end and has a head incorporated in the front. The head includes a mouth, eyes and tentacles, the last two may be much reduced or even absent. In those species with shells the head-foot can be drawn into the shell. albumen Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo. GO:0097099 UBERON:0008944 egg white ncithesaurus:Egg_White uberon GO:0097099 egg white Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo. GO:0097099 Wikipedia:Albumen https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3357613&group_id=36855&atid=440764 extraembryonic endoderm An extraembryonic epithelium that is formed by the delaminated cells of the primitive endoderm (hypoblast) that goes on to form the yolk sac. In mammals, as in avians, these cells do not produce any part of the newborn organism (i.e. they are extraembryonic) EHDAA2:0000473 EHDAA:105 EMAPA:16052 The origin of extraembryonic endoderm is a highly controversial issue // forms the yolk sac (Gilbert) UBERON:0008945 uberon EHDAA2 An extraembryonic epithelium that is formed by the delaminated cells of the primitive endoderm (hypoblast) that goes on to form the yolk sac. In mammals, as in avians, these cells do not produce any part of the newborn organism (i.e. they are extraembryonic) ISBN:9780878932504 UBERON:cjm http://www.ana.ed.ac.uk/database/humat/notes/extraemb/mesoder.htm lung parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a lung. FMA:27360 SCTID:201712001 UBERON:0008946 respiratory portion of lung uberon FMA:27360 respiratory portion of lung FMA A parenchyma that is part of a lung. OBOL:automatic FMA respiratory primordium EHDAA2:0004069 UBERON:0008947 UMLS:C1514898 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Primordium uberon Obol upper lobe of lung A lobe of the lung that is closest to the head. Editor notes: the logical definition must have a clause stating position relative to a lower lobe, otherwise a single lobed side (such as the left lobe in the mouse) trivially classifies as an upper lobe FMA:7334 SCTID:303548008 UBERON:0008948 UMLS:C0225756 cranial lobe of lung galen:UpperLobeOfLung lobus superior lobus superior pulmonis ncithesaurus:Lung_Upper_Lobe superior lobe of lung uberon FMA:7334 superior lobe of lung A lobe of the lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:cjm FMA:7334 lobus superior UBERON:cjm cranial lobe of lung FMA:TA lobus superior pulmonis lower lobe of lung Editor notes: defining lobes spatially across species FMA:7335 SCTID:303549000 UBERON:0008949 UMLS:C0225758 galen:LowerLobeOfLung inferior lobe of lung lobus inferior lobus inferior pulmonis ncithesaurus:Lung_Lower_Lobe uberon UBERON:cjm lobus inferior UBERON:cjm inferior lobe of lung UBERON:cjm lobus inferior pulmonis azygous lobe of lung The azygous lobe of the lung is an accessory lobe of the right lung. It is rare and usually associated with an abnormality of the azygous vein. It is produced by an aberrant position of the azygous vein near the hilum of the lung. It divides the right superior lobe near the apex of the lung down to the hilum in roughly the median plane. The fissure created, the meso-azygous fissure, is lined by both visceral and parietal pleura. The lobe lies superomedial to the fissure. UBERON:0008950 uberon The azygous lobe of the lung is an accessory lobe of the right lung. It is rare and usually associated with an abnormality of the azygous vein. It is produced by an aberrant position of the azygous vein near the hilum of the lung. It divides the right superior lobe near the apex of the lung down to the hilum in roughly the median plane. The fissure created, the meso-azygous fissure, is lined by both visceral and parietal pleura. The lobe lies superomedial to the fissure. http://www.e-radiography.net/radpath/a/azygoslobe.htm http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk left lung lobe A lobe of lung that is part of a left lung. EHDAA:2981 SCTID:272655003 Taxon notes: 1 in mice, divided into 2 in human by a single interlobar fissure, the oblqiue fissure [ISBN-10:0123813611] UBERON:0008951 UMLS:C1285107 lobe of left lung lobe of the left lung ncithesaurus:Lobe_of_the_Left_Lung uberon A lobe of lung that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic upper lobe of left lung EHDAA2:0000953 EHDAA:4957 FMA:7370 SCTID:361984006 The lobe of the left lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:0008952 UMLS:C1261076 galen:UpperLobeOfLeftLung left lung cranial lobe left upper lobe left upper lobe of lung lobus superior pulmonis sinistri ncithesaurus:Upper_Lobe_of_the_Left_Lung superior lobe of left lung uberon FMA:TA lobus superior pulmonis sinistri FMA:7370 left upper lobe EHDAA2:0000953 left lung cranial lobe The lobe of the left lung that is closest to the head. UBERON:cjm FMA FMA:7370 superior lobe of left lung ISBN-10:0123813611 FMA:7370 left upper lobe of lung lower lobe of left lung A lower lobe of lung that is part of a left lung. EHDAA2:0000945 EHDAA:4949 FMA:7371 SCTID:361989001 UBERON:0008953 UMLS:C1261077 galen:LowerLobeOfLeftLung inferior lobe of left lung left lower lobe left lower lobe of lung left lung caudal lobe lobus inferior (pulmo sinister) lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri ncithesaurus:Lower_Lobe_of_the_Left_Lung uberon FMA:7371 left lower lobe of lung EHDAA2:0000945 left lung caudal lobe ISBN-10:0123813611 A lower lobe of lung that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic FMA:TA lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri FMA:7371 lobus inferior (pulmo sinister) FMA:7371 left lower lobe FMA:7371 inferior lobe of left lung FMA lingula of left lung Anterioinferior portion of left upper lung lobe FMA:7433 SCTID:184916009 UBERON:0008954 UMLS:C0225740 galen:MiddleLobeOfLeftLung left pulmonary lingula lingula of lung lingula of the lung middle lobe of left lung ncithesaurus:Lingula the lingula of the left lung in humans is not normally considered a true lobe. AO notes: in Galen, it is a middle lobe uberon ISBN-10:0123813611 FMA:7433 left pulmonary lingula FMA:7433 lingula of lung Anterioinferior portion of left upper lung lobe ISBN-10:0123813611 Wikipedia:Lingula_of_left_lung ISBN-10:0123813611 galen:MiddleLobeOfLeftLung middle lobe of left lung middle lobe of lung A lobe of the lung that is situated somewhere between an upper lobe and lower lobe. SCTID:362900002 Taxon notes: mice have 4 right lobes (5 in some schemes), humans have 2, and thus no middle lobe (the lingula is not a lobe) UBERON:0008955 galen:MiddleLobeOfLung lung middle lobe uberon A lobe of the lung that is situated somewhere between an upper lobe and lower lobe. UBERON:cjm involucrum UBERON:0008956 a layer of new bone growth outside existing bone seen in pyogenic osteomyelitis. It results from the stripping off of the periosteum by the accumulation of pus within the bone, and new bone growing from the periosteum. uberon Wikipedia:Involucrum a layer of new bone growth outside existing bone seen in pyogenic osteomyelitis. It results from the stripping off of the periosteum by the accumulation of pus within the bone, and new bone growing from the periosteum. Wikipedia sequestrum UBERON:0008957 a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal/sound bone.. uberon Wikipedia:Sequestrum a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal/sound bone.. Wikipedia cetacean involucrum UBERON:0008958 uberon whale involucrum Wikipedia:Evolution_of_cetaceans auditory bulla In extant primates, the structure is found in tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises[WP]. When present in marsupials, it usually forms the alisphenoid; in placentals variously constructed of ectotympanic, entotympanic, petrosal, or a combination of these and others[Rose] Comment: may be formed from entotympanic and ectotympanic UBERON:0008959 a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull of placental mammals that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. auditory bullae bulla bulla tympanica http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Toothed_whale_sound_production.png sigmoid process tympanic bulla uberon Kardong Wikipedia:Auditory_bulla a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull of placental mammals that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. Rose Kardong UBERON:cjm bulla tympanica auditory bullae melon organ The melon is an ovoid-shaped, fatty organ found in the forehead of all toothed whales (odontocetes), including dolphins and porpoises (Cranford et al., 1996; Harper, C. J., et al., 2008) and believed to be used in echolocation UBERON:0008960 melon uberon The melon is an ovoid-shaped, fatty organ found in the forehead of all toothed whales (odontocetes), including dolphins and porpoises (Cranford et al., 1996; Harper, C. J., et al., 2008) and believed to be used in echolocation Wikipedia:Melon_(whale) parabronchus UBERON:0008961 neopulmonic parabronchus paleopulmonic parabronchus parabronchi tertiary bronchus in the avian lung. uberon http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/parabronchi tertiary bronchus in the avian lung. parabronchi Kardong tertiary forelimb bone A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: any manus phalanx, humerus. Counter-examples: scapula (it is part of the pectoral girdle) GAID:178 MESH:A02.835.232.087 SCTID:368532003 UBERON:0008962 UMLS:C0003793 free forelimb bone ncithesaurus:Bone_of_the_Upper_Extremity uberon wing bone UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 free forelimb bone A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: any manus phalanx, humerus. Counter-examples: scapula (it is part of the pectoral girdle) UBERON:cjm Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 wing bone NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing bone hoof BTO:0003994 SCTID:410026002 The hoof is the integument of the foot. Like skin, the integument of the foot has three layers, namely the epidermis, dermis, and SC tissue. The tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use. UBERON:0008963 uberon The tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick horny (keratin) covering. The hoof consists of a hard or rubbery sole, and a hard wall formed by a thick nail rolled around the tip of the toe. The weight of the animal is normally borne by both the sole and the edge of the hoof wall. Hooves grow continuously, and are constantly worn down by use. Wikipedia:Hoof abdominal ganglion of visceral hump BTO:0000022 The visceral sacs nerve knot is called visceral ganglion. In contrary to the mostly paired other ganglia this nerve knot is unpaired. The visceral ganglion innerves the pallial organs as well as the inner organs. UBERON:0008964 abdominal ganglion uberon visceral ganglion BTO:0000022 visceral ganglion BTO:0000022 The visceral sacs nerve knot is called visceral ganglion. In contrary to the mostly paired other ganglia this nerve knot is unpaired. The visceral ganglion innerves the pallial organs as well as the inner organs. BTO BTO BTO:0000022 abdominal ganglion centrum semiovale BTO:0000229 FMA:61939 SCTID:369198002 The semioval center is the white matter found underneath the grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum. The term is synonymous with cerebral white matter. The white matter, located in each hemisphere between the cerebral cortex and nuclei, as a whole has a semioval shape. It consists of cortical projection fibers, association fibers and cortical fibers. UBERON:0008967 centrum semiovale http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Gray752.png medullary center note that WP suggests a merge with cerebral white matter semioval center uberon white matter of cerebrum FMA:61939 medullary center The semioval center is the white matter found underneath the grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum. The term is synonymous with cerebral white matter. The white matter, located in each hemisphere between the cerebral cortex and nuclei, as a whole has a semioval shape. It consists of cortical projection fibers, association fibers and cortical fibers. Wikipedia:Semioval_center FMA:61939 white matter of cerebrum Wikipedia:Semioval_center centrum semiovale BTO BTO:0000229 semioval center dental follicle BTO:0000337 SCTID:110975002 The dental follicle is a sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. UBERON:0008969 tooth follicle uberon PMID:19767574 BTO:0000337 tooth follicle BTO The dental follicle is a sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. Wikipedia:Dental_follicle BTO left colon BTO:0000646 SCTID:362164005 The distal portion of the colon; it develops embryonically from the hindgut and functions in the storage and elimination of waste. UBERON:0008971 UMLS:C0227388 distal colon galen:LeftColon ncithesaurus:Left_Colon uberon BTO BTO:0000646 The distal portion of the colon; it develops embryonically from the hindgut and functions in the storage and elimination of waste. BTO:0000646 distal colon BTO right colon BTO:0000649 SCTID:362161002 The proximal portion of the colon, extending from the ileocecal valve usually to a point proximal to the left colic flexure; it develops embryonically from the terminal portion of the midgut and functions in absorption. UBERON:0008972 UMLS:C1305188 galen:RightColon ncithesaurus:Right_Colon proximal colon uberon BTO BTO:0000649 proximal colon BTO BTO:0000649 The proximal portion of the colon, extending from the ileocecal valve usually to a point proximal to the left colic flexure; it develops embryonically from the terminal portion of the midgut and functions in absorption. apocrine gland A gland whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells. BTO:0001162 SCTID:361698000 UBERON:0008974 apocrine true apocrine gland uberon BTO cjm A gland whose discharged secretion contains part of the secreting cells. BTO:0001162 Wikipedia:Apocrine shell gland Any of various structures that secrete covering material for eggs or egg masses BTO:0001241 SCTID:14478002 UBERON:0008975 nidamental gland uberon BTO Any of various structures that secrete covering material for eggs or egg masses http://www.answers.com/topic/nidamental-gland snake venom gland BTO:0001440 SCTID:23993002 The venom gland of snakes is in actual fact a modified salivary gland and is linked to the groove in the fangs by a duct. UBERON:0008976 poison gland snake venom glands are modified salivary glands. In future this class may be merged into a more general modified salivary gland venom gland class uberon venenosalivary venenosalivary gland venom gland BTO:0001440 poison gland BTO:0001440 The venom gland of snakes is in actual fact a modified salivary gland and is linked to the groove in the fangs by a duct. BTO:0001440 venom gland BTO-modified pes anserinus of tibia BTO:0001507 Editors note: Consider adding muscle insertion site class SCTID:360767004 The pes anserinus is the insertion of the conjoined tendons of three muscles onto the anteromedial (front and inside) surface of the proximal extremity of the tibia. UBERON:0008977 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Pes_anserinus.png pes anserine pes anserinus pes anserinus of leg uberon BTO BTO:0001507 pes anserinus Wikipedia:Pes_anserinus_%28leg%29 pes anserine The pes anserinus is the insertion of the conjoined tendons of three muscles onto the anteromedial (front and inside) surface of the proximal extremity of the tibia. Wikipedia:Pes_anserinus_%28leg%29 Wikipedia:Pes_anserinus_%28leg%29 pes anserinus of leg anal sac BTO:0001681 In carnivores, either of two sacs found between the internal and external anal sphincters, lined with sebaceous glands and in some species with apocrine glands. MESH:A13.073 SCTID:362169000 UBERON:0008978 uberon BTO BTO BTO:0001681 In carnivores, either of two sacs found between the internal and external anal sphincters, lined with sebaceous glands and in some species with apocrine glands. carcass A dead body. BTO:0001965 SCTID:127853004 UBERON:0008979 cadaver dead body uberon A dead body. BTO:0001965 BTO:0001965 cadaver BTO:0001965 dead body rhinencephalon Obsoleted because The term rhinencephalon has been used to describe different structures at different points in time.[ISBN 0-8493-8631-4]. May refer to: a specific structure in aves; a part of the brain involved with olfaction; The olfactory region of the brain, located in the cerebrum. UBERON:0008981 olfactory brain true uberon BTO:0002785 olfactory brain BTO:0002785 The olfactory region of the brain, located in the cerebrum. fascia 2 A dense regular connective tissue that that connects muscles together[WP, modified]. BTO:0002930 EV:0100150 FMA:30318 MESH:A02.340 SCTID:181772008 UBERON:0008982 UMLS:C0015641 fascia cluster ncithesaurus:Fascia uberon fasciae connect muscles to other muscles FMA:30318 fascia cluster Wikipedia A dense regular connective tissue that that connects muscles together[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Fascia renal parenchyma BTO:0003604 FMA:15574 SCTID:29704000 The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. UBERON:0008987 kidney parenchyma parenchyma of kidney uberon FMA BTO FMA BTO:0003604 The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. BTO:0003604 kidney parenchyma FMA:15574 parenchyma of kidney esophageal gland BTO:0003634 FMA:9404 One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. SCTID:322749003 UBERON:0008989 UMLS:C0227178 glandulae oesophageae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Illu_esophageal_layers.jpg mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Gland uberon Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands glandulae oesophageae BTO:0003634 One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands FMA:9404 mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus chorion frondosum BTO:0003677 SCTID:37333001 The part of the chorion where the villi persist, forming the foetal part of the placenta. UBERON:0008992 shaggy chorion uberon BTO BTO:0003677 The part of the chorion where the villi persist, forming the foetal part of the placenta. BTO:0003677 shaggy chorion habenular nucleus BTO:0003685 EHDAA2:0004710 SCTID:279303009 The gray matter of the habenula, composed of a small-celled medial and a larger-celled lateral habenular nucleus; both nuclei receive fibres from basal forebrain regions (septum, basal nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus); the lateral habenular nucleus receives an additional projection from the medial segment of the globus pallidus. Both nuclei project by way of the retroflex fasciculus to the interpeduncular nucleus and a medial zone of the midbrain tegmentum. UBERON:0008993 ganglion habenulae nucleus habenulae uberon BTO:0003685 The gray matter of the habenula, composed of a small-celled medial and a larger-celled lateral habenular nucleus; both nuclei receive fibres from basal forebrain regions (septum, basal nucleus, lateral preoptic nucleus); the lateral habenular nucleus receives an additional projection from the medial segment of the globus pallidus. Both nuclei project by way of the retroflex fasciculus to the interpeduncular nucleus and a medial zone of the midbrain tegmentum. BTO:0003685 nucleus habenulae BTO BTO:0003685 ganglion habenulae BTO equine glandular stomach BTO:0003791 Editor notes: We have a distinct class for 'glandular region of stomach'. We may want to merge into this class, even though this is not considered a distinct stomach. Stomach found in horses; includes cardiac, proper gastric and pyloric glandular zones. UBERON:0008994 stomachus glandularis uberon BTO:0003791 stomachus glandularis BTO:0003791 Stomach found in horses; includes cardiac, proper gastric and pyloric glandular zones. BTO nucleus of cerebellar nuclear complex BTO:0003835 Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii. MA:0000203 SCTID:279220006 UBERON:0008995 cerebellar nucleus deep cerebellar nucleus uberon BTO:0003835 Four accumulations of gray substance embedded in the white substance of the cerebellum, comprising the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii. BTO:0003835 cerebellar nucleus cerebrovascular system BTO:0003840 SCTID:362029003 System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. UBERON:0008998 uberon BTO:0003840 System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. BTO hoof lamina BTO:0003997 SCTID:370743008 The tissues which attach the third phalanx to the hoof wall. UBERON:0008999 hoof laminae uberon BTO BTO:0003997 The tissues which attach the third phalanx to the hoof wall. BTO:0003997 hoof laminae ischial spine A bony process projecting backward and medialward from the posterior border of the ischium. BTO:0004149 FMA:17028 SCTID:18074002 UBERON:0009000 spina ischialis uberon BTO FMA:17028 spina ischialis A bony process projecting backward and medialward from the posterior border of the ischium. BTO:0004149 placental membrane BTO:0004196 SCTID:256591004 The membrane separating the fetal from the maternal blood in the placenta; sometimes inappropriately called the placental barrier. UBERON:0009002 UMLS:C0230984 ncithesaurus:Placental_Membrane placental barrier uberon BTO BTO:0004196 placental barrier BTO:0004196 The membrane separating the fetal from the maternal blood in the placenta; sometimes inappropriately called the placental barrier. BTO femorotibial joint BTO:0004396 Editor notes: proposed OWL definition: skeletal join that connects ONLY tibia and femur FMA:43571 One of the two primary bendings of a typical leg, pertains to the femur and the tibia. SCTID:182203004 UBERON:0009005 femoratibial joint knee tibiofemoral joint uberon FMA:43571 tibiofemoral joint BTO:0004396 One of the two primary bendings of a typical leg, pertains to the femur and the tibia. FMA deep inguinal lymph node BTO:0004548 FMA:44225 One of several small inconstant lymph nodes, proximal, intermediate and distal deep to the fascia lata and medial to the femoral vein; they receive lymph from the deep structures of the lower limb, from the glans penis and from superficial inguinal nodes; efferents pass to the external iliac nodes. SCTID:65266007 UBERON:0009006 deep inguinal node nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi nodus lymphaticus inguinalis profundus uberon FMA:44225 deep inguinal node BTO:0004548 One of several small inconstant lymph nodes, proximal, intermediate and distal deep to the fascia lata and medial to the femoral vein; they receive lymph from the deep structures of the lower limb, from the glans penis and from superficial inguinal nodes; efferents pass to the external iliac nodes. BTO:0004548 nodi lymphatici inguinales profundi BTO FMA:44225 nodus lymphaticus inguinalis profundus superficial inguinal lymph node A group of 12-20 lymph nodes that lie in the subcutaneous tissue below the inguinal ligament and along the terminal part of the great saphenous vein; they drain the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower abdominal wall, perineum, buttocks, external genitalia, and lower limbs. BTO:0004549 FMA:5036 SCTID:113340006 UBERON:0009007 lymph node of cloquet lymph node of rosenmuller nodus lymphaticus inguinalis superficialis superficial inguinal node uberon FMA:5036 lymph node of cloquet FMA:5036 lymph node of rosenmuller FMA:5036 superficial inguinal node A group of 12-20 lymph nodes that lie in the subcutaneous tissue below the inguinal ligament and along the terminal part of the great saphenous vein; they drain the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the lower abdominal wall, perineum, buttocks, external genitalia, and lower limbs. BTO:0004549 FMA:5036 nodus lymphaticus inguinalis superficialis BTO carotid sinus nerve BTO:0004978 Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve. FMA:53488 SCTID:50624003 UBERON:0009009 carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve ramus sinus carotici uberon FMA:53488 carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve BTO FMA:53488 ramus sinus carotici BTO:0004978 Carotid branch of glossopharyngeal nerve. FMA periurethral tissue BTO:0005081 SCTID:256880003 Tissue around the urethra. UBERON:0009010 uberon BTO:0005081 Tissue around the urethra. white fibrocartilage MA:0000486 SCTID:3008003 UBERON:0009013 uberon UBERON lower back skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower back. MA:0000504 SCTID:286601005 UBERON:0009014 uberon MA A zone of skin that is part of a lower back. OBOL:automatic upper back skin A zone of skin that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. MA:0000510 SCTID:304890003 UBERON:0009015 uberon A zone of skin that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic MA ciliary stroma MA:0001239 SCTID:280868008 UBERON:0009016 ocular ciliary stroma stroma of ciliary body uberon MA left uterine horn An uterine horn that is in the left side of a uterus. MA:0001727 SCTID:245482004 UBERON:0009020 uberon An uterine horn that is in the left side of a uterus. OBOL:automatic right uterine horn An uterine horn that is in the right side of a uterus. MA:0001728 SCTID:245481006 UBERON:0009022 uberon An uterine horn that is in the right side of a uterus. OBOL:automatic adrenal gland X zone A wide juxta-medullary layer of cells in the adrenal glands of young mature virgin female mice. MA:0001888 SCTID:24306004 UBERON:0009024 juvenile zone uberon A wide juxta-medullary layer of cells in the adrenal glands of young mature virgin female mice. http://www.jstor.org/pss/82802 MA MA:0001888 juvenile zone MA gastroepiploic artery Abdominal artery that follows the curvature of the stomach. The right gasteroepiploic artery is frequently used in coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial revascularization, and other vascular reconstruction. MA:0001962 MESH:A07.231.114.379 SCTID:261401008 UBERON:0009025 UMLS:C0447070 ncithesaurus:Gastroepiploic_Artery uberon MA Abdominal artery that follows the curvature of the stomach. The right gasteroepiploic artery is frequently used in coronary artery bypass grafting, myocardial revascularization, and other vascular reconstruction. MESH:A07.231.114.379 iliac circumflex artery MA:0001975 SCTID:244327004 UBERON:0009026 UMLS:C0447101 ncithesaurus:Circumflex_Iliac_Artery uberon MA vesical artery MA:0002078 SCTID:244307000 UBERON:0009027 uberon MA pudendal vein MA:0002202 SCTID:395225000 UBERON:0009029 uberon MA left pulmonary vein MA:0002207 SCTID:304057004 UBERON:0009030 UMLS:C0226670 ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein uberon MA right pulmonary vein MA:0002208 SCTID:304056008 UBERON:0009032 UMLS:C0226669 ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein uberon MA stomach region An organ part that is part of a stomach. MA:0002561 SCTID:245415005 UBERON:0009034 uberon An organ part that is part of a stomach. OBOL:automatic renal straight tubule MA:0002634 SCTID:245151008 UBERON:0009035 kidney straight tubule todo - add relationships uberon MA MA:0002634 kidney straight tubule sulcus ampullaris FMA:74584 MA:0002835 SCTID:368954006 UBERON:0009038 ampullary groove ampullary sulcus the groove on the external surface of the ampulla of each semicircular duct where the nerve enters the ampullary crest. uberon FMA http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=ampullary+groove the groove on the external surface of the ampulla of each semicircular duct where the nerve enters the ampullary crest. FMA:74584 ampullary groove MA lymph node germinal center A germinal center that is located in a lymph node BTO:0003671 MA:0002989 SCTID:327147000 UBERON:0009039 germinal center lymph node activated zone lymph node central zone lymph node light zone lymph node nodule ncithesaurus:Lymph_Node_Germinal_Center uberon BTO:0003671 germinal center A germinal center that is located in a lymph node CL:tm MA deep circumflex iliac artery FMA:20687 SCTID:181353005 The deep circumflex iliac artery (or deep iliac circumflex artery) is an artery in the pelvis that travels along the iliac crest of the pelvic bone. UBERON:0009040 UMLS:C0226405 arteria circumflexa ilium profunda arteria circumflexa ilium profunda deep iliac circumflex deep iliac circumflex artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Gray586.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gray586.png ncithesaurus:Deep_Circumflex_Iliac_Artery uberon The deep circumflex iliac artery (or deep iliac circumflex artery) is an artery in the pelvis that travels along the iliac crest of the pelvic bone. Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery deep iliac circumflex artery Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery arteria circumflexa ilium profunda FMA FMA Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery arteria circumflexa ilium profunda Wikipedia:Deep_circumflex_iliac_artery deep iliac circumflex superficial circumflex iliac artery FMA:20737 The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium. It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries. UBERON:0009041 UMLS:C0738891 arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray548.png iliac circumflex artery ncithesaurus:Superficial_Circumflex_Iliac_Artery superficial circumflex iliac artery uberon The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium. It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries. Wikipedia:Superficial_circumflex_iliac_artery Wikipedia:Superficial_iliac_circumflex_artery arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis FMA Wikipedia:Superficial_iliac_circumflex_artery iliac circumflex artery FMA Wikipedia:Superficial_iliac_circumflex_artery superficial circumflex iliac artery FMA prostatic venous plexus FMA:29711 SCTID:303052003 The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses. UBERON:0009042 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Gray585.png plexus venosus prostaticus pudendal venous plexus uberon FMA:29711 pudendal venous plexus Wikipedia:Prostatic_venous_plexus plexus venosus prostaticus The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses. Wikipedia:Prostatic_venous_plexus FMA pudendal venous plexus SCTID:65326006 The pudendal plexus (vesicoprostatic plexus) lies behind the arcuate pubic ligament and the lower part of the pubic symphysis, and in front of the bladder and prostate. Its chief tributary is the deep dorsal vein of the penis, but it also receives branches from the front of the bladder and prostate. It communicates with the vesical plexus and with the internal pudendal vein and drains into the vesical and hypogastric veins. UBERON:0009044 uberon The pudendal plexus (vesicoprostatic plexus) lies behind the arcuate pubic ligament and the lower part of the pubic symphysis, and in front of the bladder and prostate. Its chief tributary is the deep dorsal vein of the penis, but it also receives branches from the front of the bladder and prostate. It communicates with the vesical plexus and with the internal pudendal vein and drains into the vesical and hypogastric veins. Wikipedia:Pudendal_plexus_(veins) inferior external pudendal vein MA:0002203 UBERON:0009046 uberon MA superior external pudendal vein MA:0002204 UBERON:0009047 uberon MA deep external pudendal vein FMA:44488 UBERON:0009048 uberon superficial external pudendal vein FMA:21377 UBERON:0009049 uberon nucleus of solitary tract A neural nucleus that is part of the solitary tract nuclear complex. The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. [WP,unvetted]. ABA:NTS BM:Me-NS BTO:0003963 EV:0100288 FMA:256691 GAID:593 MA:0001052 MESH:A08.186.211.132.810.406.750 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1429 UBERON:0009050 UMLS:C0175518 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gray696.png/200px-Gray696.png ncithesaurus:Nucleus_of_the_Solitary_Tract ncithesaurus:Solitary_Nucleus nucleus of the tractus solitarius nucleus of tractus solitarius nucleus tractus solitarii medullae oblongatae solitary nucleus solitary tract nucleus uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Solitary_nucleus nucleus of tractus solitarius Wikipedia:Solitary_nucleus nucleus tractus solitarii medullae oblongatae A neural nucleus that is part of the solitary tract nuclear complex. The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem that carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) cranial nerves. [WP,unvetted]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Solitary_nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1429 nucleus of the tractus solitarius gelatinous nucleus of solitary tract ABA:NTSge FMA:77463 UBERON:0009051 uberon FMA medial nucleus of solitary tract ABA:NTSm FMA:229585 UBERON:0009052 uberon FMA dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2575 SCTID:369021001 UBERON:0009053 dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_2575 dorsal nucleus of trapezoid body open circulatory system The Open Circulatory System is a system in which fluid (called hemolymph) in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph or haemolymph UBERON:0009054 uberon GO closed circulatory system Editor notes: consider merging with cardiovascular system? Taxon notes: The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of annelids (for example, earthworms) and cephalopods (squid and octopus) are closed, just as in humans. Still, the systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds show various stages of the evolution of the circulatory system UBERON:0009055 uberon GO two-pass circulatory system A closed circulatory system in which blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. UBERON:0009056 uberon A closed circulatory system in which blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GO:0035905 Wikipedia:Double_circulatory_system one-pass circulatory system A closed circulatory system in which blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. UBERON:0009057 uberon A closed circulatory system in which blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GO:0035907 faveolus A bellows-shaped respiratory unit extending from the outer wall of the lung into a central air space. Dunker (1978) coined the terms ediculae or faveoli to describe the unit structure of the reptilian parenchymal, which are analogous to mammalian alveoli, but are up to 1,000 times larger than alveoli of similar sized mammals[PMID:12625309] UBERON:0009058 edicula faveoli lung faveolus uberon PMID:12625309 edicula faveoli A bellows-shaped respiratory unit extending from the outer wall of the lung into a central air space. PMID:12869615 air sac MESH:A13.048 SCTID:49081009 Three distinct sets of organs perform respiration—the anterior air sacs (interclavicular, cervicals, and anterior thoracics), the lungs, and the posterior air sacs (posterior thoracics and abdominals). The posterior and anterior air sacs, typically nine, expand during inhalation. Air enters the bird via the trachea. Half of the inhaled air enters the posterior air sacs, the other half passes through the lungs and into the anterior air sacs. Air from the anterior air sacs empties directly into the trachea and out the bird's mouth or nares. The posterior air sacs empty their air into the lungs. Air passing through the lungs as the bird exhales is expelled via the trachea. Some taxonomic groups (Passeriformes) possess 7 air sacs, as the clavicular air sacs may interconnect or be fused with the cranial thoracic air sacs[WP] UBERON:0009060 any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds, which increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the lungs http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/BirdRespiration.svg psotcranial air sac sacci pneumatici uberon Wikipedia:Bird_anatomy#Respiratory_system any of the membranous air-filled extensions of the lungs of birds, which increase the efficiency of gaseous exchange in the lungs http://www.thefreedictionary.com/air+sac UBERON:cjm psotcranial air sac sacci pneumatici anterior air sac UBERON:0009061 cranial air sac interclavicular, cervicals, & anterior thoracics uberon posterior air sac Half of the inhaled air enters the posterior air sacs. The posterior air sacs empty their air into the lungs. // posterior thoracics & abdominals UBERON:0009062 caudal air sac uberon interclavicular air sac UBERON:0009063 Unapaired[Kardong] uberon cervical air sac SCTID:62426003 UBERON:0009064 uberon Kardong anterior thoracic air sac UBERON:0009065 cranial thoracic air sac cranial thoracic sac uberon Kardong posterior thoracic air sac SCTID:10576005 UBERON:0009066 caudal thoracic air sac caudal thoracic sac uberon Kardong abdominal air sac SCTID:43701009 UBERON:0009067 uberon Kardong mesobronchus UBERON:0009071 mesobronchi uberon mesobronchi Kardong ventrobronchus UBERON:0009072 uberon ventrobronchi ventrobronchi dorsobronchus UBERON:0009073 dorsobronchi uberon dorsobronchi secondary syrinx organ UBERON:0009074 avian vocal organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Syrinx.jpg syrinx uberon vocal organ of birds, located at the base of a trachea Wikipedia:Syrinx_(bird_anatomy) vocal organ of birds, located at the base of a trachea membrana tympaniformis UBERON:0009075 syrinx organ wall uberon wall of syrinx Wikipedia:Syrinx_(bird_anatomy) wall of syrinx membrana tympaniformis lateralis UBERON:0009076 lateral wall of syrinx uberon membrana tympaniformis medialis UBERON:0009077 medial wall of syrinx uberon pessulus A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds UBERON:0009078 uberon A delicate bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds http://www.encyclo.co.uk/webster/P/64 inner medulla vasa recta descending limb KUPO:0001003 This class was created in order to align KUPO with CL. The original class was undefined, and the intended meaning is not clear, may be obsoleted in future. The vasa recta is parallel to the loop of Henles, this may refer to the portion of the vasa recta in the inner medullar parallel to the descending limb UBERON:0009089 uberon KUPO outer medulla vasa recta descending limb KUPO:0001004 This class was created in order to align KUPO with CL. The original class was undefined, and the intended meaning is not clear, may be obsoleted in future. The vasa recta is parallel to the loop of Henles, this may refer to the portion of the vasa recta in the outer medullar parallel to the descending limb UBERON:0009090 uberon KUPO vasa recta ascending limb KUPO:0001005 This class was created in order to align KUPO with CL. The original class was undefined, and the intended meaning is not clear, may be obsoleted in future. The vasa recta is parallel to the loop of Henles, this may refer to the portion of the vasa recta parallel to the ascending limb UBERON:0009091 uberon KUPO inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb KUPO:0001006 This class was created in order to align KUPO with CL. The original class was undefined, and the intended meaning is not clear, may be obsoleted in future. The vasa recta is parallel to the loop of Henles, this may refer to the portion of the vasa recta in the inner medulla parallel to the ascending limb UBERON:0009092 uberon KUPO outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb KUPO:0001007 This class was created in order to align KUPO with CL. The original class was undefined, and the intended meaning is not clear, may be obsoleted in future. The vasa recta is parallel to the loop of Henles, this may refer to the portion of the vasa recta in the outer medulla parallel to the ascending limb UBERON:0009093 uberon KUPO tip of renal papilla KUPO:0001009 UBERON:0009095 papillary tip papillary tips uberon KUPO:0001009 papillary tips KUPO KUPO:0001009 papillary tip gravid stage Obsoleted as the gravid stage is not a life cycle stage. A similar term may be recreated when we have stages specific to structures such as the uterus UBERON:0009096 UBERON:0009097 true uberon gravid organism An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. BTO:0004733 UBERON:0009097 gravid pregnant adult stage pregnant organism pregnant stage uberon BTO:0004733 pregnant stage BTO:0004733 gravid BTO:0004733 pregnant adult stage An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. BTO:0004733 gravid uterus SCTID:362253003 The uterus in pregnancy UBERON:0009098 UMLS:C1514389 ncithesaurus:Gravid_Uterus ncithesaurus:Pregnant_Uterus uberon womb The uterus in pregnancy http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gravid+uterus typhlosole UBERON:0009099 an invagination of the intestinal epithelium that emanates from a lamina of mesenchymal cells located between the dorsal aorta and the upper intestine and constitute one of the two principal hematopoietic organs at the ammocoete stage of development. uberon Wikipedia:Typhlosole an invagination of the intestinal epithelium that emanates from a lamina of mesenchymal cells located between the dorsal aorta and the upper intestine and constitute one of the two principal hematopoietic organs at the ammocoete stage of development. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093943/ nephric fold . Lymphocytes are also abundant in the lamprey kidney, where large populations are intermingled around the renal tubules UBERON:0009100 uberon . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093943/ ammocoete UBERON:0009101 lamprey at larval stage uberon supraneural body One of the primary immunological organs of the adult lamprey is the supraneural body. This structure lies dorsal to spinal column and becomes heavily populated with lymphocytes following after immune challenge [13–15]. The supraneural body from hematopoietically stimulated lampreys appears to be histologically-similar to ‘bone marrow’ in higher vertebrates and contains all blood cell lineages and their precursors, including lymphocytes at all stages of maturity[16]. UBERON:0009102 dorsal fat body pro-vertebral arch uberon dorsal fat body http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093943/ One of the primary immunological organs of the adult lamprey is the supraneural body. This structure lies dorsal to spinal column and becomes heavily populated with lymphocytes following after immune challenge [13–15]. The supraneural body from hematopoietically stimulated lampreys appears to be histologically-similar to ‘bone marrow’ in higher vertebrates and contains all blood cell lineages and their precursors, including lymphocytes at all stages of maturity[16]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2823822/#R16 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2093943/ pro-vertebral arch thymic region UBERON:0009113 uberon EHDAA2-modified MA-modified cervical thymus A cervical thymus is a pathological structure in a human - it can form during the migration of the thymus to its location in the mediastinum. Some mice have a cervical thymus. There are examples of cervical thymi in marsupials and prosimians[ISBN-10:0781714125] A mature thymus that is entirely part of the cervical region. UBERON:0009114 uberon A mature thymus that is entirely part of the cervical region. UBERON:cjm thoracic thymus A mature thymus that is entirely part of thoracic region. UBERON:0009115 uberon A mature thymus that is entirely part of thoracic region. UBERON:cjm MA-modified thymoid A thymus-like lympho-epithelial structures, in the tips of the gill filaments and the neighbouring secondary lamellae (both within the gill basket) of lamprey larvae. Genes: FOXN1 UBERON:0009116 uberon A thymus-like lympho-epithelial structures, in the tips of the gill filaments and the neighbouring secondary lamellae (both within the gill basket) of lamprey larvae. PMID:21293377 indifferent gonad A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. EHDAA2:0000716 UBERON:0009117 UMLS:C1512703 ncithesaurus:Indifferent_Gonad typically part of the embryo - however, in male tammar wallabies the gonads are indifferent at the neonatal stage[8827321] uberon A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8981 marsupial pouch . UBERON:0009118 pouch uberon . Wikipedia:Pouch_(marsupial) branchial basket May also be present in amphioxus. Editor notes: developmental relationship needs to be changed if the scope is broadened, as NC is vertebrate-specific UBERON:0009119 gill basket http://dev.duit.uwa.edu.au/zoology/media/lamp/E19.jpg the network-like cartilaginous skeleton of the gill region of Petromyzontiformes and Holocephali uberon http://www.briancoad.com/dictionary/DicPics/branchial%20basket.htm the network-like cartilaginous skeleton of the gill region of Petromyzontiformes and Holocephali gill basket http://www.briancoad.com/dictionary/DicPics/branchial%20basket.htm PMID:19924811 gill filament BTO:0002150 Branched region of the gill where respiratory exchange takes place. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] EFO:0003554 Portion of tissue that projects outward from the gill and is a thread-like, soft, red respiratory and excretory structure. TAO:0000667 UBERON:0009120 ZFA:0000667 gill filaments uberon 2012-08-14 Branched region of the gill where respiratory exchange takes place. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000667 ZFIN:curator ZFA ZFA:0000667 gill filaments Portion of tissue that projects outward from the gill and is a thread-like, soft, red respiratory and excretory structure. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 http:www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/G.htm ZFA vomeronasal nerve AAO:0010608 BTO:0001351 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1005018 Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb.[AAO] Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb[AAO]. originates in the olfactory epithelial cells of Jacobson's organ, and that passes through the submucous tissue of the nasal septum and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb[BTO]. UBERON:0009121 in the human this disappears before birth uberon AAO:DSM BTO:0001351 ISBN10:0471888893 Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb[AAO]. originates in the olfactory epithelial cells of Jacobson's organ, and that passes through the submucous tissue of the nasal septum and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb[BTO]. Wikipedia ISBN10:0471888893 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010608 AAO:DSM Nerve carrying fibers from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb.[AAO] NIF_GrossAnatomy adenohypophyseal placode EFO:0000229 Editor notes: consider adding more detailed spatial placement - e.g. oral ectoderm and/or rostal ectoderm. Addtional notes: Fate-mapping studies in amphibian, chick and mouse embryos (Eagleson et al., 1986; 1995; Couly and Le Douarin, 1985; Cobos et al., 2001; Osumi-Yamachita et al., 1994; Kawamura et al., 2002) have shown that the cells contributing to the adenohypophysis develop at the midline of the anterior neural ridge, which delineates the rostral boundary of the neural plate, a region devoid of neural crest. The anterior neural ridge also gives rise to the olfactory placodes and some forebrain tissues including the olfactory bulbs (reviewed in Papalopulu, 1995). Ablation of this region in chick embryos at the 2-4 somite stage confirmed these lineage analyses as it prevented formation of Rathke’s pouch and any further pituitary development (elAmraoui and Dubois, 1993). Upon head folding, the oral ectoderm cells of the adenohypophyseal placode invaginate towards the prospective ventral diencephalon to form Rathke’s pouch, the anlage of the adenohypophysis. Rathke’s pouch starts as an invagination of the oral ectoderm in response to inductive signals from the prospective diencephalon. The region of the diencephalon above the pouch is known as the infundibulum and forms the posterior lobe of the pituitary or neurohypohysis (Figure 3). While in most basal fish and tetrapods the adenohypophyseal anlagen invaginates to form Rathke’s pouch, in teleost fish the adenohypophyseal placode does not invaginate but rather maintains its initial organization forming a solid structure in the head (reviewed in Pogoda and Hammerschmidt; 2009) TAO:0001198 The adenohypophyseal placode forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary UBERON:0009122 XAO:0004208 ZFA:0001198 pituitary placode uberon ZFA:0001198 pituitary placode NBK53175 ZFA The adenohypophyseal placode forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53175/ otic cup UBERON:0009123 uberon NBK53175 geniculate placode EHDAA2:0004206 Rostralmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 1st branchial cleft. TAO:0001295 Taxonomic equivalence to EHDAA2 class made on basis of shared development: gives rise to geniculate ganglion UBERON:0009124 XAO:0004211 ZFA:0001295 epibranchial placode 1 facial VII placode facial epibranchial placode facial placode hyoid VII placode hyoid placode uberon ZFA:0001295 facial placode NBK:NBK53175 Rostralmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 1st branchial cleft. ZFA ISBN10:0471888893 hyoid placode EHDAA2:0004206 epibranchial placode 1 XAO:0004211 facial epibranchial placode ISBN10:0471888893 hyoid VII placode petrosal placode EHDAA2:0004207 Epibranchial placode between geniculate and nodose. Associated with 2nd branchial cleft. TAO:0001296 Taxonomic equivalence to EHDAA2 class made on basis of shared development: gives rise to glossopharyngeal ganglion UBERON:0009125 XAO:0004212 ZFA:0001296 epibranchial placode 2 glossopharyngeal IX placode glossopharyngeal epibranchial placode glossopharyngeal placode uberon ISBN10:0471888893 ZFA:0001296 glossopharyngeal placode EHDAA2:0004207 epibranchial placode 2 ISBN10:0471888893 glossopharyngeal IX placode XAO:0004212 glossopharyngeal epibranchial placode ZFA Epibranchial placode between geniculate and nodose. Associated with 2nd branchial cleft. NBK:NBK53175 nodosal placode Caudalmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 3rd branchial cleft. EHDAA2:0004208 Taxonomic equivalence to EHDAA2 class made on basis of shared development: Gives rise to inferior vagus ganglion. Note that ZFA has 4 vagal placodes UBERON:0009126 XAO:0004213 epibranchial placode 3 nodose placode uberon vagal X placode vagal epibranchial placode vagal placode XAO:0004213 nodose placode XAO:0004213 vagal epibranchial placode ISBN10:0471888893 vagal placode Caudalmost epibranchial placode. Associated with 3rd branchial cleft. NBK:NBK53175 ISBN10:0471888893 vagal X placode EHDAA2:0004208 epibranchial placode 3 NBK53175 epibranchial ganglion Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. Epibranchial ganglia orchestrate the development of the cranial neurogenic crest TAO:0001555 UBERON:0009127 ZFA:0001555 epibranchial ganglia uberon ZFA NBK53175 ZFA:0001555 epibranchial ganglia Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. PMID:20133851 ZFIN:curator lateral line placode AAO:0010718 Specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes.[AAO] UBERON:0009128 XAO:0000440 lateral line placodes uberon ISBN10:0471888893 http://tolweb.org/Amniota XAO:0000440 lateral line placodes 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010718 AAO:SIQ Specialized series of dorsolateral ectodermal placodes.[AAO] right atrium endocardium An endocardium that is part of a right atrium. EHDAA2:0000274 FMA:7281 SCTID:3194006 UBERON:0009129 VHOG:0001228 endocardium of right atrium right atrial endocardium right atrium endocardial tissue uberon VHOG:0001228 right atrium endocardial tissue FMA:7281 right atrial endocardium EHDAA2 An endocardium that is part of a right atrium. OBOL:automatic FMA:7281 endocardium of right atrium EHDAA2 dorsal meso-duodenum RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000411 SCTID:361433003 UBERON:0009130 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 obsolete midbrain vesicle Obsoleted as the meaning of the class was unclear in earlier versions of EHDAA2 UBERON:0009131 true uberon peroneus EHDAA2:0001450 EHDAA:8297 SCTID:181694005 UBERON:0009132 a group of three muscles fibularis (peronæus) longus, brevis, and tertius originating on the fibula and inserting on the metatarsals fibularis fibularis muscle peroneal muscle peroneal muscle group peroneal muscles peroneus muscle uberon Wikipedia:Fibularis_muscles a group of three muscles fibularis (peronæus) longus, brevis, and tertius originating on the fibula and inserting on the metatarsals EHDAA2 EHDAA2 pleuroperitoneal membrane A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. EHDAA2:0001483 EMAPA:17709 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] SCTID:361429005 UBERON:0009133 UBERON:0009146 UMLS:C1283968 VHOG:0000757 ncithesaurus:Pleuroperitoneal_Membrane pleuroperitoneal fold pleuroperitoneal membranes uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000757 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000757 pleuroperitoneal fold A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pleuroperitoneal+membrane EHDAA2:0001483 pleuroperitoneal membranes right common cardinal vein EHDAA2:0004535 FMA:70310 SCTID:361507009 Taxon notes: only a vestige of the right duct in the adult hagfish (21)[PMID:20959416, S1] UBERON:0009138 common cardinal vein right uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004535 common cardinal vein right FMA right posterior cardinal vein EHDAA2:0004536 FMA:70315 SCTID:361505001 UBERON:0009139 UBERON:0013123 posterior cardinal vein right right postcardinal vein uberon EHDAA2:0004536 posterior cardinal vein right FMA:70315 right postcardinal vein right subcardinal vein EHDAA2:0004538 SCTID:361452009 UBERON:0009140 subcardinal vein right uberon EHDAA2:0004538 subcardinal vein right craniocervical region vein A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. EHDAA2:0004542 SCTID:32945007 UBERON:0009141 craniocervical vein head and neck veins uberon vein of head and neck EHDAA2 A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004542 head and neck veins entire mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001113 EHDAA:177 EMAPA:16097 UBERON:0003313 UBERON:0009142 consider adding new class (EMAPA:16097) for mesenchyme of embryo (some mesenchyme is extraembryonic - e.g. amnion mesoderm) uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 developing esophageal region EMAPA:16700 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000654 SCTID:245404000 UBERON:0009143 consider merging into esophagus esophageal region oesophageal region oesophageal region uberon RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000654 oesophageal region EHDAA2 EMAPA:16700 oesophageal region pharyngeal region EMAPA:16549 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001454 UBERON:0009145 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 foramen primum EHDAA2:0001826 EMAPA:17012 First of the two openings to perforate the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart. [TFD][VHOG] SCTID:308852002 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether. [ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620]; [about heart development] In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009149 UMLS:C1517292 VHOG:0001470 interatrial foramen primum ncithesaurus:Foramen_Primum opening in the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart[TMD]. ostium primum primary interatrial foramen uberon EHDAA2 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0721676678 p.433 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether. [ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620]; [about heart development] In the various tetrapod classes ontogenetic events essentially recapitulate the phylogenetic stages.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001470 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Wikipedia:Primary_interatrial_foramen http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/foramen+primum opening in the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart[TMD]. 2012-09-17 First of the two openings to perforate the septum primum between the two atria of the embryonic heart. [TFD][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001470 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/foramen http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/foramen+primum ostium primum Wikipedia:Primary_interatrial_foramen primary interatrial foramen EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Primary_interatrial_foramen interatrial foramen primum sphenoid bone pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003446 EMAPA:18015 UBERON:0009191 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 basisphenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003447 EMAPA:18013 UBERON:0009192 basi-sphenoid pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0003447 basi-sphenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2 EHDAA2 sphenoid bone cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001888 UBERON:0009193 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 basisphenoid cartilage condenstion EHDAA2:0000166 UBERON:0009194 VHOG:0001338 basisphenoid cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 VHOG:0001338 basisphenoid cartilage condensation anal membrane During the 7th week the urorectal septum divides the cloacal membrane into a urogenital membrane (ventrally) and an anal membrane (dorsally) [http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/ugenital/genitexterne01.html] EHDAA2:0004018 SCTID:344130000 UBERON:0009195 UMLS:C1288337 ncithesaurus:Anal_Membrane uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 indifferent external genitalia EHDAA2:0004021 UBERON:0009196 uberon cjm basioccipital pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000165 EHDAA:6033 EMAPA:18012 UBERON:0009197 VHOG:0000959 uberon EMAPA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 craniofacial suture Editor notes: we follow GO in dividing sutures into cranial and facial and making a grouping class, but this is not consistent with FMA UBERON:0009198 any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. articulation of skull bones joint of the skull bones uberon FMA-abduced OBOL:automatic joint of the skull bones GO:0097094 any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. OBOL:automatic articulation of skull bones facial suture 2 2 UBERON:0009199 any suture between facial bones. uberon between two adjacent facial bones GO:0097096 any suture between facial bones. limb epidermis The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. UBERON:0009200 uberon GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. nephric duct A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO]. UBERON:0009201 pronephric duct or mesonephric duct uberon EHDAA2 A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO]. GO:0072176 vasa recta descending limb KUPO:0001002 This class was created in order to align KUPO with CL. The original class was undefined, and the intended meaning is not clear, may be obsoleted in future. The vasa recta is parallel to the loop of Henles, this may refer to the portion of the vasa recta parallel to the descending limb UBERON:0009202 uberon KUPO internasal suture 2 2 FMA:52959 SCTID:368990004 UBERON:0009203 a suture joining the nasal bones. inter-nasal suture internasal suture of skull nasal suture sutura internasalis sutura internasalis uberon Wikipedia:Internasal_suture sutura internasalis between both nasal bones Wikipedia:Internasal_suture a suture joining the nasal bones. GO:0097097 nasal suture FMA:52959 internasal suture of skull Wikipedia:Internasal_suture sutura internasalis medial nasal process mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001077 EMAPA:16810 Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence. UBERON:0009204 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence. OBOL:automatic lateral nasal process mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000917 EMAPA:16807 Mesenchyme that is part of a lateral nasal prominence. UBERON:0009205 mesenchyme of latero-nasal process uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a lateral nasal prominence. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:16807 mesenchyme of latero-nasal process EHDAA2 lateral nasal process surface ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a lateral nasal prominence. EHDAA2:0000918 EMAPA:16806 UBERON:0009206 ectoderm of latero-nasal process uberon EMAPA:16806 ectoderm of latero-nasal process An ectoderm that is part of a lateral nasal prominence. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 geschmacksstreifen Area on the rostral portion of the soft palate rich in tastebuds (Miller and Spangler 1982). UBERON:0009207 uberon Area on the rostral portion of the soft palate rich in tastebuds (Miller and Spangler 1982). PMID:19295142 pharyngeal membrane UBERON:0009210 UMLS:C1519040 a thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the branchial clefts in a developing embryo. ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Membrane pharyngeal membrane uberon a thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the branchial clefts in a developing embryo. http://musom.marshall.edu/anatomy/grosshom/z_devbranc.html pharyngeal membrane of 1st arch 1st branchial membrane 1st pharyngeal membrane EHDAA:3788 EMAPA:16121 EMAPA:16992 EMAPA:17281 In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009213 VHOG:0001427 check EMAPA - 3 terms appear to match. We follow EMAPA in making each membrane part of the arch with the same number, though in fact it is between these arches future tympanic membrane separates the first pharyngeal groove from the first pharyngeal pouch. tympanic membrane primordium uberon ISBN10:1416037055 tympanic membrane primordium ISBN10:1416037055 separates the first pharyngeal groove from the first pharyngeal pouch. 1st pharyngeal membrane VHOG:0001427 1st branchial membrane EMAPA:16992 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH, Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001427 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EMAPA:17281 future tympanic membrane EMAPA pharyngeal membrane of 2nd arch 2nd pharyngeal membrane EMAPA:16273 In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009215 VHOG:0000877 uberon 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000877 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2nd pharyngeal membrane VHOG:0000877 EMAPA pharyngeal membrane of 3rd arch 3rd pharyngeal membrane EMAPA:16583 In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009216 VHOG:0000876 uberon EMAPA 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0124020603 Kaufman MH and Bard JBL, The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999) p.72 In all vertebrates, the endodermal epithelium lining each pouch contacts the surface ectoderm of the clefts to form a series of bilayered branchial membranes, that break down in fish to form the gill openings.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000876 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 3rd pharyngeal membrane VHOG:0000876 pharyngeal membrane of 4th arch 4th pharyngeal membrane EMAPA:16763 UBERON:0009217 uberon EMAPA 4th pharyngeal membrane UBERON:cjm cartilaginous centrum of vertebra SCTID:317278007 UBERON:0009291 cartilaginous centrum of vertebra[PMID:11746457] uberon embryonic nasal process EHDAA2:0000581 EHDAA:4776 EMAPA:16680 SCTID:308881001 UBERON:0009292 medial or lateral; in EHDAA2 also frontonasal or intermaxillary nasal placode uberon embryonic frontal process EHDAA:4780 EMAPA:16802 SCTID:346265009 UBERON:0009293 VHOG:0001323 frontal process uberon VHOG:0001323 frontal process EMAPA basiotic bone SCTID:95946002 UBERON:0009468 a small bone in the fetus between the basilar process and the basisphenoid. basiotic uberon a small bone in the fetus between the basilar process and the basisphenoid. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/basiotic+bone postsphenoidal bone SCTID:95950009 UBERON:0009470 the posterior portion of the sphenoid bone developed in five separate parts consisting of a central basisphenoid, the two alisphenoids, and the two medial pterygoid laminae. uberon Wikipedia:Ossification_of_sphenoid#Postsphenoid http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postsphenoid the posterior portion of the sphenoid bone developed in five separate parts consisting of a central basisphenoid, the two alisphenoids, and the two medial pterygoid laminae. MA cjm dorsum of tongue FMA:54651 SCTID:66938003 UBERON:0009471 UMLS:C0226952 dorsal tongue dorsum linguae ncithesaurus:Dorsum_of_the_Tongue the superior surface of the tongue divided by the sulcus terminalis into an anterior two-thirds, the presulcal part (pars presulcalis). and a posterior one-third, the postsulcal part (pars postsulcalis). tongue dorsum uberon FMA:54651 dorsal tongue FMA FMA:54651 tongue dorsum http://www.drugs.com/dict/dorsum-of-tongue.html the superior surface of the tongue divided by the sulcus terminalis into an anterior two-thirds, the presulcal part (pars presulcalis). and a posterior one-third, the postsulcal part (pars postsulcalis). dorsum linguae http://www.drugs.com/dict/dorsum-of-tongue.html axilla EFO:0001395 FMA:24864 MESH:A01.378.800.090 SCTID:362732006 The axilla is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. UBERON:0009472 UMLS:C0004454 arm pit armpit armpits axilla axillae axillary axillary region axillary region galen:Axilla http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Gray411.png ncithesaurus:Axilla oxter regio axillaris uberon underarm Wikipedia:Axilla underarm Wikipedia:Axilla arm pit Wikipedia:Axilla axilla Wikipedia:Axilla axillary region Wikipedia:Axilla armpits Wikipedia:Axilla armpit FMA FMA:24864 axillary region The axilla is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. Wikipedia:Axilla Wikipedia:Axilla axillae FMA:TA regio axillaris Wikipedia:Axilla oxter parapodium UBERON:0009473 either of a pair of fleshy lateral processes borne by most segments of a polychaete worm. paradpod paradpodia polychaete paradpodium uberon Wikipedia:Parapodium either of a pair of fleshy lateral processes borne by most segments of a polychaete worm. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parapodium?show=0&t=1314575672 paradpodia ascidian ampulla UBERON:0009474 ampulla uberon ampullar siphon UBERON:0009475 uberon madreporite The madreporite is an opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms. It is visible as a small red or yellow button-like structure, looking like a small wart, on the aboral surface of the central disk of a sea star. Close up, it is visibly structured, resembling a "madrepore" colony. From this, it derives its name. The water vascular system of the sea star consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding and respiration. Its main parts are the madreporite, the stone canal, the ring canal, the radial canals, the lateral canals, and the tube feet. The sieve-like madreporite allows entry of seawater into the stone canal, which connects to the ring canal around the mouth. Five or more radial canals extend from the ring canal, one in each arm above the ambulacral groove. From the radial canals extend many lateral canals, each of which leads to a tube foot. Each tube foot is a closed cylinder with muscular walls, having a sucker at the outer end and a bulb-like ampulla at its inner end within the body cavity. UBERON:0009476 uberon BTO The madreporite is an opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms. It is visible as a small red or yellow button-like structure, looking like a small wart, on the aboral surface of the central disk of a sea star. Close up, it is visibly structured, resembling a "madrepore" colony. From this, it derives its name. The water vascular system of the sea star consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding and respiration. Its main parts are the madreporite, the stone canal, the ring canal, the radial canals, the lateral canals, and the tube feet. The sieve-like madreporite allows entry of seawater into the stone canal, which connects to the ring canal around the mouth. Five or more radial canals extend from the ring canal, one in each arm above the ambulacral groove. From the radial canals extend many lateral canals, each of which leads to a tube foot. Each tube foot is a closed cylinder with muscular walls, having a sucker at the outer end and a bulb-like ampulla at its inner end within the body cavity. Wikipedia:Madreporite associated mesenchyme of otic placode EHDAA2:0001340 EMAPA:16196 Mesenchyme that is part of a otic placode. UBERON:0009477 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a otic placode. OBOL:automatic associated mesenchyme of midgut EHDAA2:0001186 EMAPA:16256 Editors note: previously logically defined as mesenchyme of midgut, but this caused disjointness violations between dense and loose mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a midgut. UBERON:0009478 early midgut associated mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001186 early midgut associated mesenchyme ectoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. EHDAA2:0000190 EMAPA:16260 UBERON:0009479 uberon An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. OBOL:automatic endoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. EHDAA2:0000191 EMAPA:16261 UBERON:0009480 uberon An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardio-peritoneal canal A tube lumen that is part of a pericardio-peritoneal canal. EHDAA2:0001441 EMAPA:16283 UBERON:0009481 VHOG:0000564 cavity of the pericardio-peritoneal canal uberon VHOG:0000564 cavity of the pericardio-peritoneal canal A tube lumen that is part of a pericardio-peritoneal canal. OBOL:automatic associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000570 EMAPA:16364 Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. UBERON:0009482 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic mesentery of foregut-midgut junction A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000575 EMAPA:16365 UBERON:0009483 VHOG:0000430 foregut-midgut junction mesentery uberon 2012-09-17 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 VHOG VHOG:0000430 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000430 foregut-midgut junction mesentery A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic dorsal mesentery of mesentery of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2:0000571 EMAPA:16366 UBERON:0009484 uberon pharyngeal arch mesenchymal region A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. Editor notes: this represents a part of the entire arch mesenchyme (UBERON:0010046), and is therefore a superclass of the individual arch mesenchyme classes. Alternate definition: primordial embryonic connective tissue associated with the branchial arches, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to facial and cranial nerve-associated structures. [MP:0011262] UBERON:0009494 branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2 UBERON:cjm pharyngeal arch mesenchyme cjm MP:0011262 branchial arch mesenchyme A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. UBERON:cjm extrahepatic part of biliary bud EHDAA2:0000172 EMAPA:16562 UBERON:0009495 uberon EHDAA2 intrahepatic part of biliary bud EHDAA2:0000173 EMAPA:16563 UBERON:0009496 uberon EHDAA2 epithelium of foregut-midgut junction An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000573 EMAPA:16564 UBERON:0009497 uberon An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic parietal of mesothelium of pericardio-peritoneal canal EHDAA2:0001409 EMAPA:16590 UBERON:0009499 uberon associated mesenchyme of otocyst EHDAA2:0001343 EMAPA:16670 Mesenchyme that is part of a ear vesicle. UBERON:0009500 uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a ear vesicle. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of fronto-nasal process EHDAA2:0004109 EMAPA:16683 UBERON:0009501 frontonasal mesenchyme naso-frontal mesenchyme the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head uberon MP:0011266 frontonasal mesenchyme MP:0011266 naso-frontal mesenchyme MP:0011266 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head ventral mesentery of mesentery of foregut-midgut junction EMAPA:16714 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000576 UBERON:0009502 uberon associated mesenchyme of hindgut EHDAA2:0000780 EMAPA:16716 Mesenchyme that is part of a hindgut. UBERON:0009503 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a hindgut. OBOL:automatic associated mesenchyme of main bronchus EHDAA2:0001045 EMAPA:16850 Mesenchyme that is part of a main bronchus. UBERON:0009504 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a main bronchus. OBOL:automatic associated mesenchyme of trachea EHDAA2:0002067 EMAPA:16854 Mesenchyme that is part of a trachea. UBERON:0009505 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 associated mesenchyme of middle ear Also 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme in EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001182 EMAPA:17001 Mesenchyme that is part of a middle ear. UBERON:0009506 middle ear associated mesenchyme otic mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a middle ear. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001182 middle ear associated mesenchyme EHDAA2 EHDAA2 anal membrane endodermal component An endoderm that is part of a anal region. EHDAA2:0004020 EMAPA:17177 UBERON:0009521 uberon An endoderm that is part of a anal region. OBOL:automatic lateral lingual swelling epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lateral lingual swelling. EHDAA2:0000913 EMAPA:17190 UBERON:0009522 uberon An epithelium that is part of a lateral lingual swelling. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of handplate EHDAA2:0000731 EMAPA:17248 Mesenchyme that is part of a handplate. UBERON:0009523 hand plate mesenchyme handplate mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2:0000731 handplate mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a handplate. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 maxillary process mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001071 EMAPA:17361 Mesenchyme that is part of a maxillary prominence. UBERON:0009526 mesenchyme of maxillary process mesenchyme of maxillary prominence uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a maxillary prominence. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:17361 mesenchyme of maxillary process UBERON:cjm mesenchyme of maxillary prominence vascular element of left lung A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung. EHDAA2:0000963 EMAPA:17660 UBERON:0009536 uberon A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic vascular element of right lung A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung. EHDAA2:0001757 EMAPA:17668 UBERON:0009537 uberon A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of sublingual gland primordium EHDAA2:0001937 EMAPA:17754 Mesenchyme that is part of a sublingual gland primordium. UBERON:0009538 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a sublingual gland primordium. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of submandibular gland primordium EHDAA2:0001941 EMAPA:17757 Mesenchyme that is part of a submandibular gland primordium. UBERON:0009539 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a submandibular gland primordium. OBOL:automatic hepatic sinusoid of left of lobe of liver A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a left lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001001 EMAPA:18309 UBERON:0009548 VHOG:0000709 left lobe hepatic sinusoids uberon A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a left lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000709 left lobe hepatic sinusoids hepatic sinusoid of right of lobe of liver A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a right lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001009 EMAPA:18316 UBERON:0009549 VHOG:0000710 right lobe hepatic sinusoids uberon A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a right lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000710 right lobe hepatic sinusoids endoderm of foregut-midgut junction An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000572 EMAPA:18403 UBERON:0009550 uberon An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic distal segment of digit A segment of a digit containing the distal phalanx, and overlapping the interphalangeal joint[CJM]. The digit tip is derived from multiple and distinct embryonic origins, and includes the distal bone with associated marrow cavity and haematopoietic cells, ventral (flexor) and dorsal (extensor) tendons, sweat glands with myoepithelial and luminal secreting cells and associated neurons for innervation, dermis with resident melanocytes and dendritic cells, mesenchyme with resident fibroblasts, skin epidermis with hair follicles, a nail organ composed of six specific parts (the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium and hyponychium). Newborn and adult mice are able to regrow forelimb (finger) and hindlimb (toe) digit tips after their amputation through the distal interphalangeal joint. Regeneration of the digit tip involves the integrated regrowth of multiple tissues within 2–3 months, reaching an external morphology that is cosmetically and functionally similar to normal digits. Most importantly, regeneration of the mouse distal digit shares morphological similarities with clinical cases documenting regrowth of missing distal portions of fingers in both children and adults UBERON:0009551 digit tip distal digit segment tip of digit uberon cjm A segment of a digit containing the distal phalanx, and overlapping the interphalangeal joint[CJM]. The digit tip is derived from multiple and distinct embryonic origins, and includes the distal bone with associated marrow cavity and haematopoietic cells, ventral (flexor) and dorsal (extensor) tendons, sweat glands with myoepithelial and luminal secreting cells and associated neurons for innervation, dermis with resident melanocytes and dendritic cells, mesenchyme with resident fibroblasts, skin epidermis with hair follicles, a nail organ composed of six specific parts (the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium and hyponychium). doi:10.1038/nature10346 UBERON:cjm tip of digit UBERON:cjm distal digit segment UBERON:cjm digit tip distal segment of manual digit . OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjpf5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:312543003 UBERON:0004093 UBERON:0009552 finger digit tip finger distal segment finger tip fingertip forelimb digit tip in SNOMED this is a surface region. Here we intend it to be the entire distal segment tip of finger uberon HP:0001211 fingertip . HP:0001211 UBERON:cjm finger tip doi:10.1038/nature10346 finger digit tip SCTID:312543003 tip of finger UBERON:cjm finger distal segment doi:10.1038/nature10346 forelimb digit tip distal segment of pedal digit A distal segment of digit that is part of a pedal digit. UBERON:0009553 hindlimb digit tip tip of toe toe digit tip toe distal segment uberon A distal segment of digit that is part of a pedal digit. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm toe distal segment UBERON:cjm tip of toe doi:10.1038/nature10346 hindlimb digit tip doi:10.1038/nature10346 toe digit tip coffin bone UBERON:0009554 equine distal phalanx pedal bone the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint uberon UBERON:cjm equine distal phalanx Wikipedia:Coffin_bone Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Distal_phalanx pedal bone Wikipedia:Coffin_bone the bottommost bone in the equine leg and is encased by the hoof capsule. The distal phalanx articulates with both the middle phalanx and the distal sesamoid, forming the distal interphalangeal joint short pastern bone . UBERON:0009555 equine middle phalanx uberon . Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Middle_phalanx UBERON:cjm equine middle phalanx long pastern bone . UBERON:0009556 equine proximal phalanx uberon UBERON:cjm equine proximal phalanx . Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Proximal_phalanx coffin joint SCTID:196392002 UBERON:0009557 equine distal interphalangeal joint uberon UBERON:cjm equine distal interphalangeal joint pastern bone A bone that is part of the pastern region of a horse limb. UBERON:0009558 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Equine-dist-forelimb-bones.png uberon A bone that is part of the pastern region of a horse limb. Wikipedia:Pastern metacarpal/tarsal-phalangeal joint A skeletal joint that connects a mesopodium bone and connects a proximal phalanx. Editor notes: We include these joints as being part of the digits; this is consistent with the FMA, and makes classification easier. Note that digit and metapodial regions are part-disjoint UBERON:0009559 fetlock metacarpo-tarsophalangeal joint metapodium-phalanx joint uberon UBERON:cjm metapodium-phalanx joint UBERON:cjm metacarpo-tarsophalangeal joint NCBITaxon:9788 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Fetlock fetlock A skeletal joint that connects a mesopodium bone and connects a proximal phalanx. OBOL:automatic pastern region of limb SCTID:370725009 UBERON:0009563 a part of the leg of a horse between the fetlock and the top of the hoof. It incorporates the long pastern bone (proximal phalanx) and the short pastern bone (middle phalanx), which are held together by two sets of paired ligaments to form the pastern joint (proximal interphalangeal joint) note that digit is used very generically in uberon, to include the homologous region in ungulates. Taxon notes: Anatomically homologous to the two largest bones found in the human finger uberon Wikipedia:Pastern a part of the leg of a horse between the fetlock and the top of the hoof. It incorporates the long pastern bone (proximal phalanx) and the short pastern bone (middle phalanx), which are held together by two sets of paired ligaments to form the pastern joint (proximal interphalangeal joint) distal limb integumentary appendage A nail, hoof or claw. Consider classifying as something different from appendage MESH:A13.491 UBERON:0009564 uberon unguis A nail, hoof or claw. PMID:11710767 cjm Wikipathways:WP2062 nail of manual digit A nail that is part of a manual digit. FMA:54327 SCTID:244197001 UBERON:0009565 UMLS:C0222001 finger nail fingernail nail of finger nail plate of finger ncithesaurus:Fingernail uberon FMA:54327 nail plate of finger FMA:54327 fingernail FMA:54327 nail of finger FMA:54327 finger nail reference_0000032 A nail that is part of a manual digit. OBOL:automatic FMA intestinal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a intestine. FMA:15696 UBERON:0009566 submucosa of intestine uberon A submucosa that is part of a intestine. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:15696 submucosa of intestine nail of pedal digit A nail that is part of a pedal digit. FMA:54328 SCTID:244198006 UBERON:0009567 UMLS:C0222007 nail of toe nail plate of toe ncithesaurus:Toe_Nail toe nail toenail uberon A nail that is part of a pedal digit. OBOL:automatic FMA:54328 nail plate of toe FMA:54328 nail of toe FMA reference_0000032 FMA:54328 toenail FMA:54328 toe nail trunk region of vertebral column AAO:0000612 Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] SCTID:281699004 Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the trunk of the body, containing the trunk/presacral vertebrae. UBERON:0009568 ncithesaurus:Thoracolumbar_Region presacral region thoracolumbar region trunk region uberon AAO:0000612 thoracolumbar region AAO:0000612 trunk region Subdivision of vertebral column that corresponds to the trunk of the body, containing the trunk/presacral vertebrae. UBERONREF:0000006 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000612 AAO:Duellman_and_Trueb_1994 Region of the vertebral column between the atlas and the sacrum consisting of seven to 285 vertebrae.[AAO] AAO:0000612 presacral region subdivision of trunk FMA:25054 SCTID:22943007 UBERON:0009569 region of trunk trunk subdivision uberon FMA:25054 trunk subdivision FMA:25054 region of trunk spinal cord sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future spinal cord. EHDAA2:0001265 EMAPA:17584 UBERON:0009570 VHOG:0001548 spinal cord lateral wall sulcus limitans uberon EHDAA2:0001265 spinal cord lateral wall sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future spinal cord. OBOL:automatic ventral midline FBbt:00000093 In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. UBERON:0009571 uberon GOC:bf GOC:go_curators In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate. PMID:12075342 FMA lumen of central canal of spinal cord A cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the neural tube. FMA:242845 UBERON:0009572 cavity of central canal of spinal cord central canal lumen uberon A cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is contiguous with the ventricular system of the brain. The central canal represents the adult remainder of the neural tube. Wikipedia:Central_canal FMA:242845 cavity of central canal of spinal cord FMA-modified UBERON:cjm central canal lumen sulcus limitans of fourth ventricle FMA:78496 In the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei (medial) from the sensory nuclei (lateral). In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus (which owes its color to an underlying patch of deeply pigmented nerve cells, termed the substantia ferruginea). [WP] UBERON:0009573 UMLS:C0262332 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray709.png ncithesaurus:Sulcus_Limitans s. limitans fossae rhomboideae sulcus limitans uberon In the floor of the fourth ventricle, the sulcus limitans separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei (medial) from the sensory nuclei (lateral). In the superior part of the rhomboid fossa, it corresponds with the lateral limit of the fossa and presents a bluish-gray area, the locus ceruleus (which owes its color to an underlying patch of deeply pigmented nerve cells, termed the substantia ferruginea). [WP] Wikipedia:Sulcus_limitans Wikipedia:Sulcus_limitans s. limitans fossae rhomboideae FMA:78496 sulcus limitans medulla oblongata sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future medulla oblongata. EHDAA2:0001100 EMAPA:17561 UBERON:0009576 uberon A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic metencephalon sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future metencephalon. EHDAA2:0001161 EMAPA:17567 UBERON:0009577 uberon A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future metencephalon. OBOL:automatic myelencephalon sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future myelencephalon. EHDAA2:0001945 UBERON:0009578 uberon A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future myelencephalon. OBOL:automatic myelencephalon basal plate EHDAA2:0000646 EMAPA:17088 The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the myelencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] UBERON:0009579 VHOG:0000322 basal plate myelencephalon future myelencephalon basal plate todo - check EHDAA2 post-CNS-revision uberon VHOG:0000322 basal plate myelencephalon 2012-09-17 The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the myelencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000322 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2:0000646 future myelencephalon basal plate diencephalon mantle layer EHDAA2:0000397 EMAPA:16906 UBERON:0009580 VHOG:0000912 diencephalon lateral wall mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall diencephalon uberon VHOG:0000912 mantle layer lateral wall diencephalon EMAPA midbrain mantle layer EHDAA2:0001172 EMAPA:16977 UBERON:0009581 VHOG:0000910 mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon mantle layer lateral wall midbrain midbrain lateral wall mantle layer uberon EMAPA VHOG:0000910 mantle layer lateral wall midbrain VHOG:0000910 mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon spinal cord lateral wall EFO:0003602 EMAPA:17579 TAO:0000996 UBERON:0009582 ZFA:0000996 lateral wall spinal cord uberon EMAPA ZFA:0000996 lateral wall spinal cord spinal cord mantle layer EMAPA:17580 UBERON:0009583 VHOG:0000911 mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord spinal cord lateral wall mantle layer uberon EMAPA VHOG:0000911 mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000034 EMAPA:16385 Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. UBERON:0009584 UBERON:0010043 mandibular component mesenchyme mandibular mesenchyme mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme of mandibular component uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:16385 mesenchyme of mandibular component UBERON:cjm mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch EMAPA interdigital region mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region. UBERON:0009585 influences identity of anterior digit[Dahn and Fallon 2000], likely via BMP4 interdigit mesenchyme interdigital mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of interdigital region between manual digits 1 and 2 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 1 and 2. EHDAA2:0000846 EMAPA:17447 UBERON:0009586 interdigital region between fingers 1 and 2 mesenchyme uberon EMAPA An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 1 and 2. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000846 interdigital region between fingers 1 and 2 mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region between manual digits 2 and 3 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 2 and 3. EHDAA2:0000849 EMAPA:17450 UBERON:0009587 interdigital region between fingers 2 and 3 mesenchyme uberon EMAPA An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 2 and 3. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000849 interdigital region between fingers 2 and 3 mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region between manual digits 3 and 4 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 3 and 4. EHDAA2:0000852 EMAPA:17453 UBERON:0009588 interdigital region between fingers 3 and 4 mesenchyme uberon An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 3 and 4. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000852 interdigital region between fingers 3 and 4 mesenchyme EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between manual digits 4 and 5 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 4 and 5. EHDAA2:0000855 EMAPA:17456 UBERON:0009589 interdigital region between fingers 4 and 5 mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2:0000855 interdigital region between fingers 4 and 5 mesenchyme An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between manual digits 4 and 5. OBOL:automatic EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between pedal digits 1 and 2 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 1 and 2. EHDAA2:0000858 EMAPA:17478 UBERON:0009590 interdigital region between toes 1 and 2 mesenchyme uberon An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 1 and 2. OBOL:automatic EMAPA EHDAA2:0000858 interdigital region between toes 1 and 2 mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region between pedal digits 2 and 3 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 2 and 3. EHDAA2:0000861 EMAPA:17481 UBERON:0009591 interdigital region between toes 2 and 3 mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2:0000861 interdigital region between toes 2 and 3 mesenchyme An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 2 and 3. OBOL:automatic EMAPA mesenchyme of interdigital region between pedal digits 3 and 4 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 3 and 4. EHDAA2:0000864 EMAPA:17484 UBERON:0009592 interdigital region between toes 3 and 4 mesenchyme uberon EMAPA An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 3 and 4. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000864 interdigital region between toes 3 and 4 mesenchyme mesenchyme of interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5. EHDAA2:0000867 EMAPA:17487 UBERON:0009593 interdigital region between toes 4 and 5 mesenchyme uberon EMAPA EHDAA2:0000867 interdigital region between toes 4 and 5 mesenchyme An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 1 and 2 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 1 and 2. UBERON:0009596 uberon An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 1 and 2. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 2 and 3 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 2 and 3. UBERON:0009597 uberon An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 2 and 3. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 3 and 4 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 3 and 4. UBERON:0009598 uberon An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 3 and 4. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of interdigital region between digits 4 and 5 An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 4 and 5. UBERON:0009599 uberon An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a interdigital region between digits 4 and 5. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of interdigital region of manus An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a manus. UBERON:0009600 mesenchyme of interdigital region of forelimb uberon reference_0000032 true An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a manus. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of interdigital region of pes An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a pes. UBERON:0009601 mesenchyme of interdigital region of hindlimb uberon reference_0000032 true An interdigital region mesenchyme that is part of a pes. OBOL:automatic left lung associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000944 EMAPA:16730 EMAPA:17654 Mesenchyme that is part of a left lung. UBERON:0009602 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic right lung associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001739 EMAPA:17662 Mesenchyme that is part of a right lung. UBERON:0009603 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a right lung. OBOL:automatic forebrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain. TAO:0007018 UBERON:0009610 ZFA:0007018 uberon A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain. OBOL:automatic ZFA ZFA midbrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. TAO:0007019 UBERON:0009611 ZFA:0007019 uberon ZFA ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. OBOL:automatic forebrain midbrain boundary neural plate TAO:0007020 UBERON:0009612 ZFA:0007020 uberon ZFA ZFA ZFA hindbrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. TAO:0007022 UBERON:0009614 ZFA:0007022 uberon ZFA ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. OBOL:automatic midbrain hindbrain boundary neural plate An embryonic midbrain hindbrain boundary that is part of a neural plate. MHB neural plate TAO:0007044 UBERON:0009615 ZFA:0007044 midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate todo: developmental relationships for lines uberon An embryonic midbrain hindbrain boundary that is part of a neural plate. OBOL:automatic MHB neural plate UBERON:cjm ZFA ZFA ZFA:0007044 midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate presumptive midbrain A presumptive structure that develops_into a midbrain. EFO:0003432 EHDAA2:0000615 TAO:0000148 TODO - unify naming conventions UBERON:0009616 ZFA:0000148 early midbrain future midbrain mesencephalon presumptive mesencephalon uberon ZFA:0000148 presumptive mesencephalon UBERON:cjm future midbrain ZFA UBERON:cjm early midbrain ZFA EHDAA2:0000615 mesencephalon A presumptive structure that develops_into a midbrain. OBOL:automatic head paraxial mesoderm Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. EHDAA2:0000736 EHDAA:364 EMAPA:16171 UBERON:0009617 cephalic paraxial mesoderm head paraxial mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2 Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. PMID:21610022 EHDAA2 UBERON:cjm cephalic paraxial mesoderm EHDAA2:0000736 head paraxial mesenchyme trunk paraxial mesoderm EHDAA2:0002094 UBERON:0009618 trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme trunk paraxial mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0002094 trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2 tail bud paraxial mesoderm EHDAA2:0003239 UBERON:0009620 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 tail somite A somite that is part of a tail. AAO:0010383 EMAPA:16860 UBERON:0009621 XAO:0003143 uberon A somite that is part of a tail. OBOL:automatic pronephric proximal straight tubule A proximal straight tubule that is part of a pronephros. TAO:0002239 UBERON:0009622 ZFA:0001621 proximal straight tubules uberon A proximal straight tubule that is part of a pronephros. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-071029-9 reference_0000032 TAO:0002239 proximal straight tubules reference_0000032 true spinal nerve root FMA:14060 GAID:717 MESH:A08.800.800.720.725 SCTID:362436008 The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. UBERON:0009623 UMLS:C0037940 ZFA has part_of to spinal cord but this causes spatial disjointness violations (CNS/PNS) ZFA:0005578 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve_Root root of spinal nerve spinal neural root uberon FMA:14060 spinal neural root MESH:A08.800.800.720.725 The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. FMA:14060 root of spinal nerve FMA FMA lumbar nerve FMA:5861 SCTID:361600002 The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions. UBERON:0009624 UMLS:C0228897 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray802.png lumbar spinal nerve ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Nerve nervi lumbales uberon FMA:5861 lumbar spinal nerve The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions. Wikipedia:Lumbar_nerves Wikipedia:Lumbar_nerves nervi lumbales FMA sacral nerve FMA:5862 SCTID:361601003 The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves. Posteriorly, they emerge from the posterior sacral foramina, and form the posterior branches of sacral nerves. Anteriorly, they emerge from the anterior sacral foramina, and contribute to the sacral plexus (S1-S4) and coccygeal plexus. UBERON:0009625 UMLS:C0228922 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray802.png ncithesaurus:Sacral_Nerve nervi sacrales sacral spinal nerve uberon Wikipedia:Sacral_nerves nervi sacrales The five sacral nerves emerge from the sacrum. Although the vertebral components of the sacrum are fused into a single bone, the sacral vertebrae are still used to number the sacral nerves. Posteriorly, they emerge from the posterior sacral foramina, and form the posterior branches of sacral nerves. Anteriorly, they emerge from the anterior sacral foramina, and contribute to the sacral plexus (S1-S4) and coccygeal plexus. Wikipedia:Sacral_nerves FMA FMA:5862 sacral spinal nerve coccygeal nerve FMA:5863 SCTID:287477006 The coccygeal nerve is the spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone. UBERON:0009629 UMLS:C0228967 coccygeal spinal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Gray802.png ncithesaurus:Coccygeal_Nerve nervus coccygeus uberon Wikipedia:Coccygeal_nerve nervus coccygeus The coccygeal nerve is the spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone. Wikipedia:Coccygeal_nerve FMA-abduced-lr FMA:5863 coccygeal spinal nerve FMA root of thoracic nerve A spinal nerve root that is part of a thoracic nerve. FMA:14064 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_836 UBERON:0009630 nerve root part of thoracic spinal cord thoracic nerve root thoracic neural root uberon A spinal nerve root that is part of a thoracic nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:14064 thoracic neural root NIF:NIF nerve root part of thoracic spinal cord FMA:14064 thoracic nerve root root of lumbar spinal nerve A spinal nerve root that is part of a lumbar nerve. FMA:16421 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1613 SCTID:180968005 UBERON:0009631 UMLS:C0581666 lumbar spinal nerve root lumbar spinal neural root ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Spinal_Nerve_Root nerve root part of lumbar spinal cord uberon NIF:NIF nerve root part of lumbar spinal cord FMA:16421 lumbar spinal neural root FMA:16421 lumbar spinal nerve root A spinal nerve root that is part of a lumbar nerve. OBOL:automatic root of cervical nerve FMA:16422 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_955 SCTID:180966009 UBERON:0009632 UMLS:C0581631 cervical neural root cervical spinal root ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spinal_Nerve_Root nerve root part of cervical spinal cord root of cervical spinal nerve uberon NIF:NIF nerve root part of cervical spinal cord FMA:16422 root of cervical spinal nerve FMA:16422 cervical neural root FMA:16422 cervical spinal root root of sacral nerve A spinal nerve root that is part of a sacral nerve. FMA:18028 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1518 SCTID:244454000 UBERON:0009633 UMLS:C0581672 ncithesaurus:Sacral_Spinal_Nerve_Root nerve root part of sacral spinal cord root of sacral spinal nerve sacral neural root uberon FMA:18028 root of sacral spinal nerve NIF:NIF nerve root part of sacral spinal cord A spinal nerve root that is part of a sacral nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:18028 sacral neural root root of coccygeal nerve A spinal nerve root that is part of a coccygeal nerve. FMA:18131 UBERON:0009634 coccygeal neural root coccygeal spinal nerve root root of coccygeal spinal nerve uberon A spinal nerve root that is part of a coccygeal nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:18131 coccygeal neural root FMA:18131 coccygeal spinal nerve root FMA:18131 root of coccygeal spinal nerve parachordal cartilage Chondrocranium chondrification center that fuses with cartilages derived from sclerotome region of occipital somites forming occipital bone, hypoglossal canals and foramen magnum. Rod-shaped paired cartilages on either side of the notochord. They unite, forming the base of the chondrocranium and are replaced by the prootic bones.[TAO] TAO:0001423 UBERON:0009635 UMLS:C1518887 ZFA:0001423 ncithesaurus:Parachordal_Cartilage parachordal cartilages uberon ZFA:0001423 parachordal cartilages ZFA ZFA ZFA 2012-08-14 Rod-shaped paired cartilages on either side of the notochord. They unite, forming the base of the chondrocranium and are replaced by the prootic bones.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001423 ZFIN:curator Chondrocranium chondrification center that fuses with cartilages derived from sclerotome region of occipital somites forming occipital bone, hypoglossal canals and foramen magnum. ISBN10:1588903958 UBERON:cjm prechordal cartilage Chondrocranium chondrification center that that forms anterior body of sphenoid, containing the sella turcica and posterior body of sphenoid. UBERON:0009636 classified as part of chondrocranium based on developmental relationships uberon Chondrocranium chondrification center that that forms anterior body of sphenoid, containing the sella turcica and posterior body of sphenoid. ISBN10:1588903958 UBERON:cjm alisphenoid ossification center UBERON:0009637 alisphenoid center uberon orbitosphenoid ossification center UBERON:0009638 merge with sphenoid lesser wing cartilage condensation? orbitosphenoid center uberon body of sphenoid Entire body of sphenoid bone FMA:52867 SCTID:140491003 The body of the sphenoid bone, more or less cubical in shape, is hollowed out in its interior to form two large cavities, the sphenoidal air sinuses, which are separated from each other by a septum. UBERON:0009639 body of sphenoidal bone central body of sphenoid corpus (os sphenoidale) corpus ossis sphenoidalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Gray146.png sphenoid body uberon cjm Wikipedia:Body_of_sphenoid_bone corpus ossis sphenoidalis FMA:52867 body of sphenoidal bone ISBN10:1588903958 FMA:52867 sphenoid body The body of the sphenoid bone, more or less cubical in shape, is hollowed out in its interior to form two large cavities, the sphenoidal air sinuses, which are separated from each other by a septum. Wikipedia:Body_of_sphenoid_bone ISBN10:1588903958 FMA:52867 central body of sphenoid FMA:52867 corpus (os sphenoidale) FMA FMA hypophyseal cartilage UBERON:0009640 classified as part of chondrocranium based on developmental relationships forms around the developing pituitary, and together with prechordal cartilages creates body of sphenoid bone uberon ISBN10:1588903958 forms around the developing pituitary, and together with prechordal cartilages creates body of sphenoid bone ansa lenticularis FMA:62070 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010011 SCTID:37467007 The ansa lenticularis (ansa lentiformis in older texts) is a part of the brain, making up the superior layer of the substantia innominata of Meynert. Its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus. It is classified by NeuroNames as part of the subthalamus. UBERON:0009641 ansa lenticularis in thalamo ansa lenticularis in thalamus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/DA-loops_in_PD.jpg uberon ventral peduncle of lateral forebrain bundle FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:TA ansa lenticularis in thalamo The ansa lenticularis (ansa lentiformis in older texts) is a part of the brain, making up the superior layer of the substantia innominata of Meynert. Its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus. It is classified by NeuroNames as part of the subthalamus. Wikipedia:Ansa_lenticularis FMA:62070 ventral peduncle of lateral forebrain bundle FMA:62070 ansa lenticularis in thalamus central tegmental tract FMA:83850 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_1010012 SCTID:369034000 The central tegmental tract is a structure in the midbrain and pons. The central tegmental tract includes ascending axonal fibers which arise from the rostral nucleus solitarius and terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus. Information from the thalamus will go to cortical taste area, namely the insula and frontal operculum. It also contains descending axonal fibers from the parvocellular red nucleus. The descending axons will project to the inferior olivary nucleus. This latter pathway will be used to connect the contralateral cerebellum. UBERON:0009643 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Midbrainsuperiorcolliculus.png uberon The central tegmental tract is a structure in the midbrain and pons. The central tegmental tract includes ascending axonal fibers which arise from the rostral nucleus solitarius and terminate in the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of thalamus. Information from the thalamus will go to cortical taste area, namely the insula and frontal operculum. It also contains descending axonal fibers from the parvocellular red nucleus. The descending axons will project to the inferior olivary nucleus. This latter pathway will be used to connect the contralateral cerebellum. Wikipedia:Central_tegmental_tract FMA trachea non-cartilage connective tissue MA:0001859 UBERON:0009644 uberon MA ampullary gland Ampullary glands are situated in an ampulla-like enlargement of the seminal duct, or embedded in the latter; they are present, eg in the Shrew, Ruminants, and certain Carnivores and Rodents. (Wiedersheim et al., 1907)[MorphoBank] MA:0000400 UBERON:0009645 UMLS:C2698103 ampullary gland of seminal duct fusiform enlargement of the deferent duct, as it passes across the bladder wall, due to proliferation of glandular tissue in the regionally folded mucosa. ncithesaurus:Ampullary_Gland uberon fusiform enlargement of the deferent duct, as it passes across the bladder wall, due to proliferation of glandular tissue in the regionally folded mucosa. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ampullary+gland MA lumbar sympathetic nerve trunk A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a lower back. MA:0001163 UBERON:0009646 UMLS:C1708762 ncithesaurus:Lumbar_Sympathetic_Nerve_Trunk uberon A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a lower back. OBOL:automatic tympanic membrane epithelium MA:0001224 One of the two epithelia which make up the tympanic membrane (along with the fibrous layer) SCTID:70839004 UBERON:0009647 UMLS:C1711401 ncithesaurus:Tympanic_Epithelium tympanic epithelium tympanic membrane epithelial layer uberon One of the two epithelia which make up the tympanic membrane (along with the fibrous layer) PMID:11237469 UBERON:cjm MA:0001224 tympanic epithelium eyelid subcutaneous connective tissue FMA:63975 MA:0001252 UBERON:0009648 UMLS:C1707991 ncithesaurus:Eyelid_Subcutaneous_Connective_Tissue superficial fascia of eyelid uberon FMA:63975 superficial fascia of eyelid cortical arch of kidney MA:0001650 The portions of renal substance (cortex) intervening between the bases of the pyramids and the capsule of the kidney. UBERON:0009650 UMLS:C1511525 cortical arches of kidney ncithesaurus:Cortical_Arch uberon cortical arches of kidney MA The portions of renal substance (cortex) intervening between the bases of the pyramids and the capsule of the kidney. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=5968 nephron tubule basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule. MA:0001680 UBERON:0009651 UMLS:C1709901 kidney tubule basement membrane ncithesaurus:Renal_Tubule_Basement_Membrane renal tubule basement membrane uberon MA:0001680 renal tubule basement membrane MA:0001680 kidney tubule basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true MA bronchus basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus. MA:0001832 UBERON:0009652 UMLS:C1707051 ncithesaurus:Bronchus_Basement_Membrane uberon MA A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true trachea basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a trachea. MA:0001854 UBERON:0009653 UMLS:C1710455 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Basement_Membrane uberon MA-modified A basement membrane that is part of a trachea. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true alveolar artery MA:0001913 UBERON:0009654 UMLS:C1706783 add child terms ncithesaurus:Alveolar_Artery uberon MA auricular artery MA:0001918 UBERON:0009655 UMLS:C1706858 add child terms ncithesaurus:Auricular_Artery uberon MA obsolete frontal artery UBERON:0009656 insufficiently defined true uberon labial artery MA:0001987 UBERON:0009657 UMLS:C1708633 add child terms ncithesaurus:Labial_Artery uberon MA pancreaticoduodenal artery . MA:0002013 UBERON:0009658 UMLS:C1709455 arteriae pancreaticoduodenales ncithesaurus:Pancreatico-Duodenal_Artery pancreatico-duodenal artery uberon MA:0002013 pancreatico-duodenal artery . Wikipedia:Pancreaticoduodenal_artery MA arteriae pancreaticoduodenales spermatic artery MA:0002040 UBERON:0009659 UMLS:C0226409 add child terms ncithesaurus:Spermatic_Artery uberon adrenal vein MA:0002081 UBERON:0009660 ncithesaurus:Adrenal_Vein uberon MA midbrain nucleus Nucleus located in the midbrain. SCTID:279285003 TAO:0002209 UBERON:0009661 ZFA:0001665 uberon Nucleus located in the midbrain. ZFIN:curator hindbrain nucleus Nucleus located within the hindbrain. TAO:0002177 UBERON:0009662 ZFA:0001658 uberon Nucleus located within the hindbrain. ZFIN:curator telencephalic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon. TAO:0002178 UBERON:0009663 ZFA:0001660 uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon. OBOL:automatic gut mesentery EHDAA2:0004566 UBERON:0009664 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ventral mesentery EHDAA2:0004569 SCTID:361430000 UBERON:0009668 uberon EHDAA2 embryonic cloacal lumen An anatomical space that surrounded_by a embryonic cloaca. EHDAA2:0004586 UBERON:0009669 uberon An anatomical space that surrounded_by a embryonic cloaca. OBOL:automatic rectal lumen An anatomical space that surrounded_by a rectum. EHDAA2:0004587 FMA:14598 SCTID:259740004 UBERON:0009670 lumen of rectum uberon EHDAA2 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a rectum. OBOL:automatic FMA:14598 lumen of rectum cjm nasal fin EHDAA2:0004548 The nasal fin is an epithelial seam that develops by fusion between the epithelial linings of the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Shortly after its formation the nasal fin regresses and is replaced by mesenchyme, with exception of its most posterior portion which remains as the bucconasal membrane. UBERON:0009671 uberon EHDAA2 DOI:10.1002/aja.1001500308 The nasal fin is an epithelial seam that develops by fusion between the epithelial linings of the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Shortly after its formation the nasal fin regresses and is replaced by mesenchyme, with exception of its most posterior portion which remains as the bucconasal membrane. EHDAA2 oronasal membrane EHDAA2:0000188 EHDAA:7840 EHDAA:7984 The oronasal membrane separates the oral cavity and nasal cavity. In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity UBERON:0009672 bucconasal membrane split into two? uberon EHDAA:7840 bucconasal membrane The oronasal membrane separates the oral cavity and nasal cavity. In humans, the oronasal membrane ruptures during the seventh week, producing a single, large oronasal cavity http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter24/custom3/deluxe-content.html EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 accessory XI nerve cranial component Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000107 EHDAA:5574 EMAPA:17266 Editors/usage notes: May be obsoleted in future. WP states: Traditional descriptions of the accessory nerve divide it into two parts: a spinal part and a cranial part.[1] But because the cranial component rapidly joins the vagus nerve and serves the same function as other vagal nerve fibers, modern descriptions often consider the cranial component part of the vagus nerve and not part of the accessory nerve proper.[2] Thus in contemporary discussions of the accessory nerve, the common practice is to dismiss the cranial part altogether, referring to the accessory nerve specifically as the spinal accessory nerve. MA:0001089 UBERON:0009673 VHOG:0001174 uberon MA 2012-09-17 Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001174 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves accessory XI nerve spinal component Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000108 EHDAA:5576 EMAPA:17160 MA:0001090 UBERON:0009674 VHOG:0001115 uberon EHDAA2 MA 2012-09-17 Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in the common ancestor to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) thus totalling twelve pairs.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001115 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves facial VII nerve chorda tympani branch EHDAA2:0000490 EHDAA:3719 EMAPA:18217 MA:0001092 UBERON:0009675 VHOG:0001343 uberon EHDAA2 early telencephalic vesicle EFO:0003562 EHDAA2:0001981 EHDAA:1993 EHDAA:2671 EMAPA:16914 UBERON:0009676 early telencephalic ventricle early telencephalic vesicle uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001981 early telencephalic vesicle EHDAA2 tooth row Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. FMA:59415 TAO:0001667 UBERON:0009678 ZFA:0001642 dental arcade row of teeth tooth rows uberon Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. ZFIN:curator UBERON:cjm row of teeth FMA:59415 dental arcade ZFA:0001642 tooth rows set of lower jaw teeth A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of lower jaw. EHDAA2:0001029 FMA:55635 UBERON:0009679 arcus dentalis inferior lower dental arcade lower jaw teeth mandibular dental arcade set of all lower teeth uberon A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of lower jaw. OBOL:automatic FMA:55635 set of all lower teeth EHDAA2:0001029 lower jaw teeth FMA:TA arcus dentalis inferior FMA:55635 lower dental arcade FMA:55635 mandibular dental arcade set of upper jaw teeth A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of upper jaw. EHDAA2:0002129 FMA:55634 UBERON:0009680 arcus dentalis superior maxillary dental arcade set of all upper teeth uberon upper dental arcade upper jaw teeth FMA:55634 upper dental arcade FMA:TA arcus dentalis superior EHDAA2:0002129 upper jaw teeth FMA:55634 set of all upper teeth FMA:55634 maxillary dental arcade A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of upper jaw. OBOL:automatic middle cardiac vein EHDAA2:0004509 FMA:4713 SCTID:277729002 The middle cardiac vein commences at the apex of the heart, ascends in the posterior longitudinal sulcus, and ends in the coronary sinus near its right extremity. UBERON:0009687 UMLS:C0226660 lesser cardiac vein ncithesaurus:Middle_Cardiac_Vein posterior interventricular vein uberon vena cardiaca media Wikipedia:Middle_cardiac_vein vena cardiaca media FMA FMA:4713 posterior interventricular vein The middle cardiac vein commences at the apex of the heart, ascends in the posterior longitudinal sulcus, and ends in the coronary sinus near its right extremity. Wikipedia:Middle_cardiac_vein FMA:4713 lesser cardiac vein posterior inferior cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000660 FMA:50518 SCTID:244212001 UBERON:0009688 UMLS:C0149573 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Inferior_Cerebellar_Artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery uberon EHDAA2:0000660 posterior inferior cerebellar artery FMA FMA EHDAA2 anterior inferior cerebellar artery EHDAA2:0000587 FMA:50544 SCTID:244213006 UBERON:0009689 UMLS:C0226245 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Inferior_Cerebellar_Artery uberon EHDAA2 FMA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA lumen of pharyngotympanic tube EHDAA2:0004118 Editors note: Check relationships for conformance with AAO and XAO FMA:60079 UBERON:0009692 auditory tube lumen lumen of auditory tube lumen of eustachian tube pharyngotympanic tube lumen uberon FMA:60079 pharyngotympanic tube lumen FMA:60079 lumen of eustachian tube EHDAA2:0004118 auditory tube lumen EHDAA2/Kardong FMA:60079 lumen of auditory tube cjm EHDAA2 epithelium of laryngopharynx EHDAA2:0004575 FMA:62454 UBERON:0009695 epithelium of laryngeal pharynx laryngopharynx epithelium uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 FMA:62454 epithelium of laryngeal pharynx FMA:62454 laryngopharynx epithelium epithelium of appendix EHDAA2:0004561 FMA:63581 UBERON:0009697 appendix epithelium epithelium of vermiform appendix uberon EHDAA2 FMA:63581 appendix epithelium FMA:63581 epithelium of vermiform appendix EHDAA2 dorsal pancreas EHDAA2:0001371 UBERON:0009708 pancreatis dorsalis uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cjm EHDAA2 ventral pancreas EHDAA2:0001393 UBERON:0009709 pancreatis ventralis uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cjm endocardium of right ventricle EHDAA2:0002188 EMAPA:17341 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9536 SCTID:8911002 UBERON:0009712 VHOG:0001235 endocardial lining of right ventricle right ventricle endocardial tissue right ventricle endocardium right ventricular endocardium uberon EHDAA2 VHOG:0001235 right ventricle endocardium EMAPA:17341 endocardial lining of right ventricle FMA:9536 right ventricular endocardium VHOG:0001235 right ventricle endocardial tissue Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9536 FMA endocardium of left ventricle EHDAA2:0002182 EMAPA:17338 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve , aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. FMA:9559 SCTID:191004004 UBERON:0009713 VHOG:0001233 endocardial lining of left ventricle left ventricle endocardial tissue left ventricle endocardium left ventricular endocardium uberon EHDAA2 EMAPA:17338 endocardial lining of left ventricle FMA VHOG:0001233 left ventricle endocardial tissue FMA:9559 left ventricular endocardium Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve , aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. FMA:9559 VHOG:0001233 left ventricle endocardium intermaxillary process EHDAA2:0000868 EHDAA:7856 Editors note: requires verification. Note EHDAA2 has this as coming from both lateral and medial prominences. See also: median cleft lip UBERON:0009714 globular process globular processes of his intermaxillary segment the primordial mass of tissue formed by the merging of the medial nasal prominences of the embryo; it contributes to the intermaxillary portion of the upper jaw, the prolabial portion of the upper lip, and the primary palate. uberon Wikipedia:Intermaxillary_segment globular process http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=intermaxillary+segment the primordial mass of tissue formed by the merging of the medial nasal prominences of the embryo; it contributes to the intermaxillary portion of the upper jaw, the prolabial portion of the upper lip, and the primary palate. EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Intermaxillary_segment intermaxillary segment Wikipedia:Intermaxillary_segment globular processes of his EHDAA2-modified EHDAA2 inconsistent stomodeal cavity An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a stomodeum. UBERON:0009715 uberon An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a stomodeum. OBOL:automatic cupular organ Epithelial sense organ containing the cupula housing a gelatinous material elongated from the basement of the organ toward the atrial cavity. The basement of the cupular organ consists of two cell types: sensory cells and support cell Homology: possible homologues of neuromasts in the inner ear (Bone & Ryan, 1978; Wada et al 1998). In the tunicate cupular organ, the sensory cell is a primary neuron sending an axon to the CNS. The sensory cilium is within a deep indentation of the cell and is surrounded by a collar of short microvilli. UBERON:0009716 uberon DOI:10.2108/zsj.27.842 Epithelial sense organ containing the cupula housing a gelatinous material elongated from the basement of the organ toward the atrial cavity. The basement of the cupular organ consists of two cell types: sensory cells and support cell coronal organ Mechanoreceptor organ found in oral siphon of botryllid ascidians, made of hair cells, similar to the vertebrate octavolateralis system. A possible candidate of the vertebrate lateral line. UBERON:0009717 uberon DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21013 Mechanoreceptor organ found in oral siphon of botryllid ascidians, made of hair cells, similar to the vertebrate octavolateralis system. A possible candidate of the vertebrate lateral line. neurohypophyseal duct Embryonic duct that is the rudiment of cerebral ganglion and and neural gland of adult in the ascidians. Homology: candidate homolog for both neural crest and for the combined olfactory and adenohypophyseal placodes (Burighel et al., 2003; Manni et al., 2004a). Development: During formation of the adult ascidian, the ectodermal neurohypophyseal duct fuses with an evagination of the pharynx to form the neural gland rudiment UBERON:0009718 uberon Manni 1999 DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21013 Embryonic duct that is the rudiment of cerebral ganglion and and neural gland of adult in the ascidians. PMID:11523831 siphon BTO:0002056 UBERON:0009719 tubular appendage for drawing or ejecting fluids uberon oral siphon UBERON:0009720 anterior buccal siphon branchial siphon buccal siphon pharyngeal siphon uberon ISBN:0030229073 anterior buccal siphon ISBN:0030229073 buccal siphon http://eol.org/data_objects/6673409 atrial siphon UBERON:0009721 uberon entire pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2:0004621 UBERON:0009722 pharyngeal arch endoderm uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004621 pharyngeal arch endoderm sublaminar layers S3 or S4 CP:0001040 One of sublaminar layers S3 or S4. UBERON:0009731 uberon GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S3 or S4. sublaminar layers S1 or S2 or S5 CP:0001041 One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S5. UBERON:0009732 uberon GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S5. sublaminar layers S1 or S2 or S3 CP:0001042 One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S3. UBERON:0009733 uberon GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, or S3. sublaminar layers S2 or S3 or S4 CP:0001043 One of sublaminar layers S2, S3, or S4. UBERON:0009734 uberon GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S2, S3, or S4. sublaminar layers S1 or S3 or S4 CP:0001044 One of sublaminar layers S1, S3, or S4. UBERON:0009735 uberon GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S3, or S4. sublaminar layers S3 or S4 or S5 CP:0001045 One of sublaminar layers S3, S4, or S5. UBERON:0009736 uberon GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S3, S4, or S5. sublaminar layers S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 CP:0001046 One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, S3, or S4. UBERON:0009737 uberon GOC:plr One of sublaminar layers S1, S2, S3, or S4. border of sublaminar layers S1 and S2 CP:0001038 The region extending out from the boundary between layers S1 and S2. UBERON:0009738 uberon GOC:plr The region extending out from the boundary between layers S1 and S2. UBERON:cjm border of sublaminar layers S3 and S4 CP:0001039 The region extending out from the boundary between sublaminar layers S3 and S4. UBERON:0009739 uberon GOC:plr The region extending out from the boundary between sublaminar layers S3 and S4. UBERON:cjm border between sublaminar layers A region of the retina corresponding to a portion of two adjacent substratum layers. UBERON:0009740 uberon A region of the retina corresponding to a portion of two adjacent substratum layers. UBERON:cjm tailbud stage Any of the developmental stages from Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 20 to stage 44 (feeding), including the beginning of hatching (NF stage 35/36). UBERON:0009741 XAO:1000007 uberon Any of the developmental stages from Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 20 to stage 44 (feeding), including the beginning of hatching (NF stage 35/36). ISBN:0815318960 XAO proamniotic cavity UBERON:0009742 the cavity of the developing embryo that is formed within the epiblast tissue prior to the closing of the proamniotic canal by the amniotic folds uberon MP:0011197 the cavity of the developing embryo that is formed within the epiblast tissue prior to the closing of the proamniotic canal by the amniotic folds visceral yolk sac cavity UBERON:0009743 the closed space containing the yolk, formed by the fusion of the edges of the embryonic epiblast (hypoblast) and later surrounded by the visceral yolk sac (hypoblast and visceral yolk sac mesoderm) uberon MP:0011201 the closed space containing the yolk, formed by the fusion of the edges of the embryonic epiblast (hypoblast) and later surrounded by the visceral yolk sac (hypoblast and visceral yolk sac mesoderm) lymph node medullary sinus UBERON:0009744 the channels in the lymph node medulla that separate the medullary cords and are crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; lymph flows through the medullary sinus from the cortical sinuses and into the efferent lymphatic vessels uberon MP:0011222 the channels in the lymph node medulla that separate the medullary cords and are crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; lymph flows through the medullary sinus from the cortical sinuses and into the efferent lymphatic vessels lymph node medullary cord UBERON:0009745 the dense rope-like structures of lymphatic tissue located between the medullary sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node uberon MP:0011224 the dense rope-like structures of lymphatic tissue located between the medullary sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node head fold of embryonic disc SCTID:361453004 UBERON:0009746 head fold the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future cephalic end of the developing embryo uberon MP:0011257 the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future cephalic end of the developing embryo tail fold of embryonic disc SCTID:361439004 UBERON:0009747 tail fold the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future caudal end of the developing embryo uberon MP:0011258 the crescent-shaped, ventrally located fold of the embryonic disc at the future caudal end of the developing embryo cephalic neural fold EMAPA:16090 UBERON:0009748 the elevated margins of the neural groove that are located in the future cephalic region of the embryo uberon MP:0011259 the elevated margins of the neural groove that are located in the future cephalic region of the embryo limb mesenchyme AO notes: EMAPA mapping from TH EMAPA:32705 UBERON:0009749 limb mesoderm the primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. uberon MP:0011261 the primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 limb mesoderm cardiac mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004162 Editor note: decide whether to merge with cardiac mesoderm. Check start/end stages UBERON:0009751 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures uberon EHDAA2 MP:0011264 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures pancreas mesenchyme EFO:0002557 UBERON:0009752 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas uberon MP:0011265 the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas adrenal gland cortex zone FMA:69086 MA:0001887 SCTID:68594002 UBERON:0009753 adrenal cortical region region of adrenal cortex uberon FMA:69086 region of adrenal cortex FMA:69086 adrenal cortical region MA blubber Lipid-rich, collagen fiber–laced blubber comprises the hypodermis and covers the whole body, except for parts of the appendages, strongly attached to the musculature and skeleton by highly organized, fan-shaped networks of tendons and ligaments. It can comprise up to 50% of the body mass of some marine mammals during some points in their lives, and can range from two inches (5 cm) thick in dolphins and smaller whales, to more than 12 inches (30 cm)thick in some bigger whales, such as right and bowhead whales SCTID:83953006 UBERON:0009754 a thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians. uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Blubber a thick layer of vascularized adipose tissue found under the skin of all cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians. spermaceti UBERON:0009755 uberon wax present in the head cavities of the sperm whale. Wikipedia:Spermaceti wax present in the head cavities of the sperm whale. spermaceti organ An organ that secretes a spermaceti. UBERON:0009756 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg/1000px-Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg.png uberon An organ that secretes a spermaceti. OBOL:automatic ambergris UBERON:0009757 a biliary secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale. uberon Wikipedia:Ambergris a biliary secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale. abdominal ganglion A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. SCTID:280508003 UBERON:0009758 uberon A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic proximal interphalangeal joint An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a proximal phalanx. FMA:65022 PIJ joint PIP joint UBERON:0009767 uberon An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a proximal phalanx. OBOL:automatic PIJ joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand PIP joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand distal interphalangeal joint An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a distal phalanx. DIJ joint DIP joint FMA:65024 UBERON:0009768 uberon DIP joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand DIJ joint Wikipedia:Interphalangeal_articulations_of_the_hand An inter-phalangeal joint that connects a distal phalanx. OBOL:automatic left common cardinal vein EHDAA2:0000304 FMA:70311 SCTID:361506000 Taxon notes: the left duct atrophies at metamorphosis in the lamprey (22)[PMID:20959416, S1] UBERON:0009769 common cardinal vein left uberon EHDAA2:0000304 common cardinal vein left FMA EHDAA2 left anterior cardinal vein EHDAA2:0000127 FMA:70313 SCTID:361502003 UBERON:0009771 left precardinal vein precardinal vein left uberon EHDAA2:0000127 precardinal vein left FMA:70313 left precardinal vein right anterior cardinal vein EHDAA2:0004537 FMA:70312 SCTID:361503008 UBERON:0009772 precardinal vein right right precardinal vein uberon FMA:70312 right precardinal vein EHDAA2:0004537 precardinal vein right renal tubule A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. UBERON:0009773 renal tubule (generic) tubule of excretory system uberon A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. GO:0061333 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 UBERON:cjm renal tubule (generic) OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm tubule of excretory system embryonic midbrain hindbrain boundary UBERON:0009774 merge with presumptive midbrain hindbrain boundary? uberon ZFA lateral medullary reticular complex FMA:72573 UBERON:0009775 lateral group of medullary reticular formation lateral medullary reticular group lateral reticular formation of the medulla oblongata uberon FMA:72573 lateral medullary reticular group FMA FMA:72573 lateral group of medullary reticular formation FMA:72573 lateral reticular formation of the medulla oblongata FMA intermediate reticular formation . TAO:0000219 UBERON:0009776 ZFA:0000219 uberon GOC:pr brainspan.org UBERON:cjm . https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3413098&group_id=36855 intermediate reticular nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a intermediate reticular formation. ABA:IRN FMA:84336 UBERON:0009777 uberon A nucleus of brain that is part of a intermediate reticular formation. OBOL:automatic pleural sac FMA:9690 SCTID:361996004 Serous sac, which has as parts the pleura and the pleural cavity. Examples: There are only two canonical instances, right and left pleural sacs. UBERON:0009778 uberon FMA-abduced-lr FMA FMA FMA:9690 Serous sac, which has as parts the pleura and the pleural cavity. Examples: There are only two canonical instances, right and left pleural sacs. cardiac muscle tissue of right auricle A cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium auricular region. EHDAA2:0004168 EMAPA:16826 EMAPA:17324 FMA:84280 UBERON:0009779 VHOG:0000611 cardiac muscle of right auricular region left atrium auricular region heart muscle right auricular region cardiac muscle right auricular region myocardium uberon VHOG:0000611 right auricular region cardiac muscle FMA EMAPA:16826 cardiac muscle of right auricular region EHDAA2:0004168 left atrium auricular region heart muscle VHOG:0000611 right auricular region myocardium A cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium auricular region. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of left auricle A cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium auricular region. EHDAA2:0004169 EMAPA:16818 EMAPA:17318 FMA:84281 UBERON:0009780 cardiac muscle of left auricular region right atrium auricular region heart muscle uberon EHDAA2:0004169 right atrium auricular region heart muscle A cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium auricular region. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:16818 cardiac muscle of left auricular region FMA dorsolateral prefrontal cortex The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46.[1] According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47.[2] These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.[2]DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas UBERON:0009834 check dorsolateral prefrontal neocortex uberon The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DL-PFC or DLPFC), according to a more restricted definition, is roughly equivalent to Brodmann areas 9 and 46.[1] According to a broader definition DL-PFC consists of the lateral portions of Brodmann areas 9 – 12, of areas 45, 46, and the superior part of area 47.[2] These regions mainly receive their blood supply from the middle cerebral artery. With respect to neurotransmitter systems, there is evidence that dopamine plays a particularly important role in DL-PFC.[2]DL-PFC is connected to the orbitofrontal cortex, and to a variety of brain areas, which include the thalamus, parts of the basal ganglia (the dorsal caudate nucleus), the hippocampus, and primary and secondary association areas of neocortex, including posterior temporal, parietal, and occipital areas Wikipedia:Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex anterior cingulate cortex BTO:0004249 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_936 UBERON:0009835 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Gray727_anterior_cingulate_cortex.png the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a 'collar' form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy[1] and emotion. uberon BTO Wikipedia:Anterior_cingulate_cortex the frontal part of the cingulate cortex, that resembles a 'collar' form around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays neural signals between the right and left cerebral hemispheres of the brain. It includes both the ventral and dorsal areas of the cingulate cortex, and appears to play a role in a wide variety of autonomic functions, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate, as well as rational cognitive functions, such as reward anticipation, decision-making, empathy[1] and emotion. fronto-orbital gyrus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1243 UBERON:0009836 fronto-orbital gyrus orbito-frontal gyrus orbitofrontal gyrus uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1243 fronto-orbital gyrus NIF lower rhombic lip Posterior portion of the rhombic lip contained within rhombomeres 2-8. Gives rise to several brainstem nuclei and choroid plexus. TAO:0001441 UBERON:0009840 ZFA:0001441 caudal rhombic lip uberon ZFA Posterior portion of the rhombic lip contained within rhombomeres 2-8. Gives rise to several brainstem nuclei and choroid plexus. ZFIN:curator ZFA ZFA ZFA ZFA UBERON:cjm caudal rhombic lip ZFA ZFA ZFA upper rhombic lip Anterior-most region of dorsal hindbrain within rhombomere 1, adjacent the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. TAO:0001442 UBERON:0009841 ZFA:0001442 cerebellar anlage presumptive cerebellum rostral rhombic lip uberon ZFA:0001442 presumptive cerebellum DHB:URL rostral rhombic lip ZFA Anterior-most region of dorsal hindbrain within rhombomere 1, adjacent the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. ZFIN:curator ZFA-def ZFA ZFA:0001442 cerebellar anlage acinus An acinus refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry (acinus is Latin for berry). The berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where the secretion is produced is acinar in form, as is the alveolar sac containing multiple alveoli in the lungs. FMA:55588 UBERON:0009842 acinar acini glandular acinus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png uberon Wikipedia:Acinus acini An acinus refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry (acinus is Latin for berry). The berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where the secretion is produced is acinar in form, as is the alveolar sac containing multiple alveoli in the lungs. Wikipedia:Acinus prostate epithelial cord A solid cord of prostate epithelium. Complexity is conferred on the prostate during a postnatal development phase known as branching morphogenesis. Solid cords of prostate epithelium formed in utero elongate postnatally and their tips are bifurcated into primary, secondary, and tertiary branches in a pattern that is unique for each prostate lobe. Branching morphogenesis proceeds differentially for each of the three mouse prostate lobes (ventral, dorsolateral, and anterior) and is completed by about postnatal day 20 in mice, providing each lobe with unique glandular architecture [5]. It is important to note that the developing human prostate undergoes a similar series of morphogenetic events especially during prostatic bud formation, but gives rise to a mature glandular prostate that is unique from the rodent and features peripheral, central, and transitional zones[PMID:18977204] UBERON:0009843 cord of prostate epithelium epithelial cord of prostate uberon PMID:18977204 cord of prostate epithelium A solid cord of prostate epithelium. GO:0060527 OBOL:automatic PMID:18977204 urogenital sinus lumen An anatomical space that surrounded_by a primitive urogenital sinus. EHDAA2:0002142 UBERON:0009844 uberon EHDAA2 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a primitive urogenital sinus. OBOL:automatic urogenital sinus mesenchyme Androgen receptor (AR) activation releases instructive signals from UGM that acts on UGS epithelium (UGE) to stimulate cell proliferation, form prostate ductal progenitors (prostatic buds), and regulate cell adhesion dynamics to permit prostatic bud outgrowth Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus. UBERON:0009845 UGM uberon Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus. OBOL:automatic PMID:18977204 PMID:18977204 UGM embryonic cloacal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. EHDAA2:0004585 UBERON:0009846 cloacal epithelium uberon EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004585 cloacal epithelium EHDAA2 prostate field UBERON:0009847 a specific region of the urogenital sinus epithelium into the area in which the prostate gland will develop. prostate primordium uberon PMID:18977204 GO:0060515 GOC:dph PMID:18977204 a specific region of the urogenital sinus epithelium into the area in which the prostate gland will develop. PMID:18977204 zona limitans intrathalamica A narrow stripe of cells that lies between the prospective dorsal and ventral thalami. This boundary contains signals that pattern the prethalamic and thalamic territories of the future mid-diencephalon. TAO:0001344 The border between the dorsal and ventral thalamus.[TAO] UBERON:0009848 ZFA:0001344 ZLI uberon A narrow stripe of cells that lies between the prospective dorsal and ventral thalami. This boundary contains signals that pattern the prethalamic and thalamic territories of the future mid-diencephalon. GO:0022006 GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_15jun06 GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11425897 PMID:16452095 Wikipedia:Zona_limitans_intrathalamica GO:0022006 ZLI 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001344 The border between the dorsal and ventral thalamus.[TAO] ZFIN:curator tadpole stage UBERON:0009849 XAO:1000008 uberon wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly of a frog or toad[WP]. XAO: The stages from feeding to the end of metamorphosis. Encompasses Weisz's first-form tadpole (equivalent to NF stages 45 to 49), second-form tadpole (NF 49 to 56) and third-form tadpole (NF 56 to 60-plus) stages. ISBN:0471209627 ISSN:0003-276X Wikipedia:Tadpole wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly of a frog or toad[WP]. XAO: The stages from feeding to the end of metamorphosis. Encompasses Weisz's first-form tadpole (equivalent to NF stages 45 to 49), second-form tadpole (NF 49 to 56) and third-form tadpole (NF 56 to 60-plus) stages. nematode larva A multi-cellular organism that existence_starts_and_ends_during a nematode larval stage. UBERON:0009850 uberon A multi-cellular organism that existence_starts_and_ends_during a nematode larval stage. OBOL:automatic border of sublaminar layers S4 and S5 The intersection of sublaminar layers S4 and S5. UBERON:0009851 uberon GOC:tfm The intersection of sublaminar layers S4 and S5. border of sublaminar layers S2 and S3 The intersection of sublaminar layers S2 and S3. UBERON:0009852 uberon GOC:tfm The intersection of sublaminar layers S2 and S3. body of uterus EFO:0000382 FMA:17739 SCTID:279878007 UBERON:0009853 UMLS:C0227813 corpus uteri ncithesaurus:Corpus_Uteri that part of the uterus above the isthmus and below the orifices of the uterine tubes. uberon uterine body uterine corpus FMA:17739 uterine body http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/corpus+uteri that part of the uterus above the isthmus and below the orifices of the uterine tubes. UBERON:cjm corpus uteri FMA FMA:17739 uterine corpus digestive tract diverticulum Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. FBbt:00100316 UBERON:0009854 diverticulum of gut intestinal pouch uberon Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. UBERON:cjm FBbt:00100316 diverticulum of gut echinoderm gastric caecum The digestive tract of many metazoan invertebrates is characterized by the presence of caeca or diverticula that serve secretory and/or absorptive functions. With the development of various feeding habits, distinctive digestive organs may be present in certain taxa. This also holds true for sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), in which a highly specialized gastric caecum can be found in members of a derived subgroup, the Irregularia (cake urchins, sea biscuits, sand dollars, heart urchins, and related forms)... Homologous with the more or less pronounced dilation of the anterior stomach that is observed in most "regular" sea urchin taxa[PMID:20955602] UBERON:0009855 non-contractile pouch that is connected to the anterior stomach through a slit-like opening. This pouch is also well-connected to the haemal system through numerous haemal ducts within its connective tissue layer. uberon PMID:20955602 non-contractile pouch that is connected to the anterior stomach through a slit-like opening. This pouch is also well-connected to the haemal system through numerous haemal ducts within its connective tissue layer. sac UBERON:0009856 diverticulum galen:Diverticulum pouch uberon cavum septum pellucidum BTO:0003447 FMA:61874 SCTID:180933005 Space enclosed within the laminae of the septum pelludicum, the membranous partition that seperates the frontal horns of the ventricle. contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that filters from the ventricles through the septal laminae. bounded anteriorly by the genu of the corpus callosum; superiorly by the body of the corpus callosum; posteriorly by the anterior limb and pillars of the fornix; inferiorly by the anterior commissure and the rostrum of the corpus callosum; and laterally by the leaflets of the septum pellucidum. In humans, present in 100% of fetuses, but over 85% of them fuse by 3–6 months after birth. UBERON:0009857 UMLS:C0228158 cave of septum pellucidum cavum of septum pellucidum cavum septi pellucidi fifth ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/CavumSeptumPellucidumDiagram.jpg ncithesaurus:Fifth_Ventricle septum pellucidum cave uberon ventriculus septi pellucidi FMA:61874 septum pellucidum cave FMA:61874 Wikipedia:Cave_of_septum_pellucidum fifth ventricle Wikipedia:Cave_of_septum_pellucidum cavum septi pellucidi FMA:61874 ventriculus septi pellucidi Wikipedia:Cave_of_septum_pellucidum cavum septi pellucidi FMA:61874 cavum of septum pellucidum FMA:61874 cave of septum pellucidum BTO:0003447 Space enclosed within the laminae of the septum pelludicum, the membranous partition that seperates the frontal horns of the ventricle. contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that filters from the ventricles through the septal laminae. bounded anteriorly by the genu of the corpus callosum; superiorly by the body of the corpus callosum; posteriorly by the anterior limb and pillars of the fornix; inferiorly by the anterior commissure and the rostrum of the corpus callosum; and laterally by the leaflets of the septum pellucidum. In humans, present in 100% of fetuses, but over 85% of them fuse by 3–6 months after birth. Wikipedia:Cave_of_septum_pellucidum outer fibrous layer of periosteum FMA:234354 UBERON:0009858 capsular layer of periosteum external layer of periosteum external periosteum fibrous layer of periosteum outer fibrous layer of periosteum uberon FMA:234354 capsular layer of periosteum FMA:234354 fibrous layer of periosteum FMA:234354 outer fibrous layer of periosteum FMA endosteum FMA:32692 SCTID:57487002 UBERON:0009859 UMLS:C0222658 a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones endosteal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Illu_long_bone.jpg ncithesaurus:Endosteum uberon Wikipedia:Endosteum a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones ascidian digestive gland ANISEED:1239655 UBERON:0009860 uberon http://eol.org/data_objects/6673409 ascidian neural complex . UBERON:0009861 uberon . PMID:21558186 ascidian cerebral ganglion . UBERON:0009862 the CG appears to be a diencephalic brain. It originates mainly from the posterior sensory vesicle (Takamura 2002; Dufour et al. 2006) and shows endocrine activity. For examples, ascidian genes orthologous to GnRH and OT/VP, which are secreted from the hypothalamus and the NH, respectively, in vertebrates, are expressed in the cortex of the CG, suggesting that the NC is not distinctly compartmentalized as are vertebrate brains (Tsutsui et al. 1998; Kavanaugh et al. 2005; Kawada et al. 2008; Ukena et al. 2008; Kawada et al. 2009). Moreover, PC2 expression in the cortex of the CG supports possible endocrine activity (Sekiguchi et al. 2007). uberon . PMID:21558186 ascidian ciliated funnel . UBERON:0009863 uberon . PMID:21558186 ascidian neural gland . UBERON:0009864 assumed to be a pituitary homolog. Current data from the Ciona genome suggests that the ascidian NC, including the CF, is unlikely to be a pituitary-like endocrine gland, while it is necessary to examine other ascidians before drawing a final conclusion [PMID:21558186] uberon PMID:21558186 . PMID:21558186 Hatschek's pit UBERON:0009865 a deep ciliated fossa on the dorsal midline of the buccal cavity (the region of the gut behind the mouth). Among other things, it secrets mucus which entraps food particles from the water[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Hatschek's_pit a deep ciliated fossa on the dorsal midline of the buccal cavity (the region of the gut behind the mouth). Among other things, it secrets mucus which entraps food particles from the water[WP]. PMID:9636084 Hatschek's nephridium UBERON:0009866 an unpaired kidney whose duct opens into the anterior pharynx. It can be seen as a deep ciliated fossa on the dorsal midline of the buccal cavity (mouth). Among other things, it secrets mucus which entraps food particles from the water[WP]. uberon Hatschek's diverticulum UBERON:0009867 uberon Hatschek's left diverticulum A Hatschek's diverticulum that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. UBERON:0009868 uberon A Hatschek's diverticulum that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic Hatschek's right diverticulum A Hatschek's diverticulum that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. UBERON:0009869 uberon A Hatschek's diverticulum that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic zone of stomach A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. Editor notes: We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by gland, but we also include 'body of stomach'. In future we may want to have different partitions of the stomach FMA:14558 SCTID:245415005 UBERON:0009870 gastric zone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Regions_of_stomach.svg/500px-Regions_of_stomach.svg.png region of stomach section of stomach uberon A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Stomach#Sections FMA:14558 gastric zone Obol nephrogenic zone EMAPA:27721 MA:0002996 Taxon notes: see PMID:12761251 for description of nephrogenic zone in dogfish. UBERON:0009871 http://www.gudmap.org/Images/Organ_Summaries/Metanephros/NZ.png nephrogenic tissue outer portion of the renal cortex. Site of formation of medullary and cortical elements. uberon metapodium region Intermediate segment of the autopod, between the mesopodial region and and acropodial region. Examples: metacarpal region, metatarsal region Naming conventions for pod terms under discussion within phenoscape group. Editors note: considering adding 'acropodial region' UBERON:0009877 metacarpal or metatarsal part of limb metacarpus/metatarsus metacarpus/metatarsus region metapodial segment metapodium uberon PHENOSCAPE:ni Intermediate segment of the autopod, between the mesopodial region and and acropodial region. Examples: metacarpal region, metatarsal region MA:th UBERON:cjm MA:th mesopodial skeleton Limb skeleton subdivision consisting of endochondral bones increasing the freedom of movement of the autopodia, and located between zeugopodia and autopodia.[VSAO] The collection of all skeletal elements in a mesopodium. Examples: the tarsal skeleton, the carpal skeleton UBERON:0009878 VSAO:0005022 basipodium basipodium skeleton carpal/tarsal skeleton mesopodial skeleton mesopodium mesopodium skeleton relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] skeletal parts of mesopodium uberon VSAO:0005022 VSAO:NI mesopodium 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0005022 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] VSAO:0005022 VSAO:NI basipodium skeleton 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0005022 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] The collection of all skeletal elements in a mesopodium. Examples: the tarsal skeleton, the carpal skeleton UBERON:cjm VSAO:0005022 mesopodial skeleton VSAO:0005022 VSAO:NI basipodium 2012-08-14 Limb skeleton subdivision consisting of endochondral bones increasing the freedom of movement of the autopodia, and located between zeugopodia and autopodia.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0005022 VSAO:NI UBERON:cjm skeletal parts of mesopodium UBERON:cjm mesopodium skeleton tarsal skeleton AAO:0000220 EMAPA:25072 FMA:71339 GAID:1223 MA:0000050 SCTID:264228001 SCTID:361796005 Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end.[AAO] Subdivision of skeleton that consists of endochondral elements distal to the zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the posterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Taxon notes: Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. AO notes: we assume MA:tarsus belongs here, as there is a distinct class MA:ankle, with the tarsal bone being part of the former. XAO:tarsus is part of the hindlimb skeleton. FMA set-of class lacks definition but we assume this to be equivalent. The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009879 VHOG:0001160 VSAO:0005024 XAO:0003211 basipodium hind mesopodial skeleton hind mesopodium hind mesopodium skeleton mesopodium set of tarsal bones skeletal parts of hind mesopodium tarsal bones tarsal bones set tarsus uberon XAO:0003211 tarsus FMA:71339 tarsal bones set 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000220 AAO:LAP Segment of the leg corresponding to the tarsus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the tibia and fibula at one end and the metatarsals at the other end.[AAO] FMA:71339 set of tarsal bones 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001160 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VSAO:0005024 mesopodium PHENOSCAPE:ad Subdivision of skeleton that consists of endochondral elements distal to the zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the posterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. VSAO:0005024 Wikipedia:Tarsus_(skeleton) VSAO:0005024 basipodium carpal skeleton AAO:0000201 EMAPA:25056 FMA:71335 MA:0000040 Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end.[AAO] Subdivision of skeleton that consists of the endochondral elements distal to the anterior limb/fin zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the anterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Taxon notes: Not always associated with digits, in sarcopterygians the ulnare is present without true digits being formed, though their homologous radial elements are present[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. AO notes: we assume MA:carpus belongs here, as there is a distinct class MA:wrist, with the carpal bone being part of the former. XAO:carpus is part of the forelimb skeleton. FMA set-of class lacks definition but we assume this to be equivalent. Taxon notes: The structure of the carpus varies widely between different groups of tetrapods, even among those that retain the full set of five digits. In primitive fossil amphibians, such as Eryops, the carpus consists of three rows of bones; a proximal row of three carpals, a second row of four bones, and a distal row of five bones. The proximal carpals are referred to as the radiale, intermediale, and ulnare, after their proximal articulations, and are homologous with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetal bones respectively. The remaining bones are simply numbered, as the first to fourth centralia (singular: centrale), and the first to fifth distal carpals. Primitively, each of the distal bones appears to have articulated with a single metacarpal. However, the vast majority of later vertebrates, including modern amphibians, have undergone varying degrees of loss and fusion of these primitive bones, resulting in a smaller number of carpals. Almost all mammals and reptiles, for example, have lost the fifth distal carpal, and have only a single centrale - and even this is missing in humans. The pisiform bone is somewhat unusual, in that it first appears in primitive reptiles, and is never found in amphibians. Because many tetrapods have less than five digits on the forelimb, even greater degrees of fusion are common, and a huge array of different possible combinations are found. The wing of a modern bird, for example, has only two remaining carpals; the radiale (the scaphoid of mammals) and a bone formed from the fusion of four of the distal carpals. In some macropods, the scaphoid and lunar bones are fused into the scaphollunar bone[14] [Wikipedia:Carpus#Evolutionary_variations] The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009880 VHOG:0001161 VSAO:0005023 XAO:0003207 carpal bones carpal bones set carpus fore mesopodial skeleton fore mesopodium fore mesopodium skeleton http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/images/382x366xUnciform1.jpg.pagespeed.ic.NirdxtwNVu.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Carpus.svg/200px-Carpus.svg.png ossa carpi ossa carpi set of carpal bones skeletal parts of fore mesopodium skeleton of carpus uberon FMA:71335 set of carpal bones 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000201 AAO:LAP Segment of the forearm corresponding to the carpus. It consists of several elements that articulate with the radius and ulna at one end and the metacarpals at the other end.[AAO] MA:0000040 XAO:0003207 carpus 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) The three main outgroup taxa of tetrapods, panderichthyids, osteolepiforms, and rhizodontids, have endoskeletal elements corresponding to the stylo- and zeugopodial elements in a tetrapod limb. In addition, there are elements that share the position and possibly the developmental derivation of the ulnare and the intermedium. From these observations, most authors have concluded that the stylo- and zeugopodial elements as well as the proximal mesopodial elements have counterparts in the fins of tetrapod ancestors, but there are no indications of wrist or ankle joints.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001161 http://bgee.unil.ch/ PHENOSCAPE:ad Subdivision of skeleton that consists of the endochondral elements distal to the anterior limb/fin zeugopodial skeletal elements which constitute the proximal region of the anterior autopod skeleton[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Wikipedia:Carpus FMA:71335 carpal bones set Wikipedia:Carpus ossa carpi AAO:0000201 fore mesopodium EMAPA:25056 FMA:71335 carpal bones anterior lateral plate mesoderm ALPM EFO:0003704 TAO:0005041 UBERON:0009881 ZFA:0005041 uberon ZFA ALPM ZFA:0005041 anal column FMA:15713 One of a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal. They are named after Giovanni Battista Morgagni who also has several other eponyms named after himself[WP] SCTID:245444007 UBERON:0009882 UMLS:C0227428 column of Morgagni columnae anales http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Gray1078.png ncithesaurus:Anal_Column uberon FMA:15713 column of Morgagni One of a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal. They are named after Giovanni Battista Morgagni who also has several other eponyms named after himself[WP] Wikipedia:Anal_columns Wikipedia:Anal_columns columnae anales medullary ray A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla. BTO:0001155 FMA:74299 Ferrein's pyramid Termonology notes: Their name is potentially misleading -- the "medullary" refers to their destination, not their location. They are located only in the renal cortex, and not in the renal medulla. AO notes: FMA says parenchyma, MP says cortex UBERON:0009883 kidney medullary ray renal medullary ray uberon Ferrein's pyramid MP:0011347 A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla. MP:0011347 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovaryry_ray_(anatomy) FMA MP:0011347 renal medullary ray MP MP:0011347 kidney medullary ray interlobar artery FMA only has the set term FMA:71637 One of a set of curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. SCTID:62802007 UBERON:0009885 arteriae interlobares renis arteriae interlobares renis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png interlobar arteries of kidney interlobar artery of kidney kidney interlobar artery renal interlobar artery set of interlobar arteries of kidney uberon FMA:71637 interlobar arteries of kidney FMA:TA arteriae interlobares renis MP:0011355 renal interlobar artery Wikipedia:Renal_circulation FMA:71637 interlobar artery of kidney Wikipedia:Interlobar_arteries arteriae interlobares renis MP:0011315 One of a set of curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. Wikipedia:Interlobar_arteries FMA:71637 set of interlobar arteries of kidney interlobar vein FMA only has the set term FMA:71631 The interlobar veins are veins of the renal circulation which drain the renal lobes. UBERON:0009887 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png interlobar vein of kidney interlobar veins of kidney set of interlobar veins of kidney uberon venae interlobares renis venae interlobares renis FMA:71631 interlobar vein of kidney FMA:TA venae interlobares renis FMA:71631 set of interlobar veins of kidney FMA:71631 interlobar veins of kidney The interlobar veins are veins of the renal circulation which drain the renal lobes. Wikipedia:Interlobar_veins Wikipedia:Interlobar_veins venae interlobares renis Koller's sickle Kohler's sickle UBERON:0009888 a local thickening of cells that acts as a margin separating sheets of cells from posterior margin of avian blastoderms from hypoblasts as they migrate anteriorly to push primary hypoblast cells anteriorly to form a secondary hypoblast known as the endoblast uberon PMID:9693154 Wikipedia:Koller's_sickle a local thickening of cells that acts as a margin separating sheets of cells from posterior margin of avian blastoderms from hypoblasts as they migrate anteriorly to push primary hypoblast cells anteriorly to form a secondary hypoblast known as the endoblast secondary heart field SHF Taxon notes: "In general, the two studies in chick concluded that the contribution of the SHF was to the outflow tract, whereas the mouse work suggested that the second lineage contributed more broadly to the heart, including the outflow tract and much or all of the right ventricle [11–14]. These different conclusions may represent differences in the experimental approaches used or may represent bona fide differences in the contribution of the second lineage to the hearts of birds compared to mammals [11]. Alternatively, the secondary/anterior heart fields described in the chick may represent a subset of a broader field that makes a more substantial contribution to the heart, as the mouse studies suggested" [PMID:17276708] UBERON:0009889 XAO:0004186 anterior heart field anterior/second heart field extra-cardiac population of mesodermal progenitors that gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract. second heart field uberon XAO:0004186 second heart field PMID:17276708 SHF XAO:0004186 PMID:17276708 PMID:17276708 anterior heart field Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 anterior/second heart field PMID:17276708 extra-cardiac population of mesodermal progenitors that gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract. anterior intestinal portal UBERON:0009890 fovea cardiaca opening of the foregut into the midgut uberon http://www.drugs.com/dict/fovea-cardiaca.html opening of the foregut into the midgut fovea cardiaca http://www.drugs.com/dict/fovea-cardiaca.html facial mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a face. UBERON:0009891 face mesenchyme mesenchyme of face uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a face. OBOL:automatic ascidian anterior sensory vesicle ANISEED:777309 UBERON:0009892 uberon ascidian ocellus ANISEED:874489 UBERON:0009893 uberon siphon primordium ANISEED:1210451 UBERON:0009894 uberon atrial siphon primordia ANISEED:1210456 UBERON:0009895 uberon oral siphon primordia ANISEED:1225922 UBERON:0009896 uberon right auditory cortex An auditory cortex that is in the left side of a brain. FMA:242654 UBERON:0009897 uberon An auditory cortex that is in the left side of a brain. OBOL:automatic left auditory cortex An auditory cortex that is in the right side of a brain. FMA:242656 UBERON:0009898 uberon An auditory cortex that is in the right side of a brain. OBOL:automatic pole of cerebral hemisphere The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. UBERON:0009899 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Human_brain_lateral_view_description.JPG polus frontalis, polus occipitalis, polus temporalis uberon The anterior end of the hemisphere is named the frontal pole. The posterior end is named the occipital pole. The anterior end of the temporal lobe, the temporal pole. Wikipedia:Poles_of_cerebral_hemispheres Wikipedia:Poles_of_cerebral_hemispheres polus frontalis, polus occipitalis, polus temporalis root of optic nerve A nerve root that continuous_with a nerve connecting eye with brain. FMA:84573 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1328 TODO - check. See comments for optic tract. FMA also has medial root. UBERON:0009906 optic nerve root optic tract root root of optic tract uberon FMA:84573 root of optic tract A nerve root that continuous_with a nerve connecting eye with brain. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:84573 optic tract root NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1328 optic nerve root sensory root of trigeminal nerve FMA:52611 SCTID:280188009 UBERON:0009907 radix sensoria (nervus trigeminus [v]) uberon Wikipedia FMA:52611 radix sensoria (nervus trigeminus [v]) FMA caudal root of abducens nerve TAO:0000179 UBERON:0009908 ZFA:0000179 radix caudalis nervi abducentis uberon ZFA:0000179 radix caudalis nervi abducentis ZFA rostral root of abducens nerve TAO:0000665 UBERON:0009909 ZFA:0000665 uberon ZFA posterior lateral plate mesoderm EFO:0003705 PLPM TAO:0005042 UBERON:0009910 ZFA:0005042 uberon ZFA PLPM ZFA:0005042 ZFA lobule FMA:45737 UBERON:0009911 UMLS:C0921005 ncithesaurus:Lobule uberon anatomical lobe FMA:45728 UBERON:0009912 uberon renal lobe Edtor note: todo - add has_part relationships. Taxon notes: human kidneys have multilobar (multipyramidal) architecture while mice and rats have unilobar (unipyramidal) kidneys[MP] FMA:17881 UBERON:0009913 UMLS:C0736382 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Kidney_PioM.png kidney lobe lobi renales lobi renalis lobus renalis ncithesaurus:Kidney_Lower_Lobe the portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Renal_lobe lobi renales MP:0011381 kidney lobe Wikipedia:Renal_lobe lobi renalis MP:0011381 Wikipedia:Renal_lobe the portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP]. http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis lobus renalis renal lobule Alternate definition: One of the subdivisions of the kidney, consisting of a medullary ray and that portion of the convoluted port (renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules) associated with its collecting duct. -http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobulus+corticalis+renalis FMA:17670 SCTID:361330004 UBERON:0009914 cortical lobule cortical lobule of kidney kidney lobule lobuli corticales renis lobulus corticalis renalis lobulus renalis renal cortical lobule renculus reniculus renunculus the portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys uberon MP:0011382 Wikipedia:Cortical_lobule the portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys FMA http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis renunculus http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis lobulus corticalis renalis http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis renal cortical lobule http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis renculus MP:0011382 kidney lobule MP:0011382 Wikipedia:Cortical_lobule cortical lobule http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis reniculus Wikipedia:Cortical_lobule lobuli corticales renis cortical lobule of kidney http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?lobus+renalis wall of ureter An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter. FMA:15888 SCTID:279397004 UBERON:0009916 uberon ureteral wall An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic FMA:15888 ureteral wall kidney corticomedullary boundary UBERON:0009917 the region demarcating the renal medulla from the surrounding cortex; end-stage renal failure may be associated with loss of the normal corticomedullary boundary uberon MP:0011376 the region demarcating the renal medulla from the surrounding cortex; end-stage renal failure may be associated with loss of the normal corticomedullary boundary MP retrotrapezoid nucleus UBERON:0009918 the loose collection of neurons that reside in the rostral medulla close to the medullary surface, ventral and immediately caudal of nVII, that are crucial for CO2 sensing in the brain uberon MP MP:0011406 the loose collection of neurons that reside in the rostral medulla close to the medullary surface, ventral and immediately caudal of nVII, that are crucial for CO2 sensing in the brain ureter smooth muscle EMAPA:28844 UBERON:0009919 the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter uberon ureteral smooth muscle ureteral smooth muscle layer EMAPA:28844 ureteral smooth muscle layer MP:0011426 ureteral smooth muscle MP:0011426 the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter optic neural crest EHDAA2:0001315 EHDAA:1122 UBERON:0009920 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 hypophyseal tube UBERON:0009921 uberon clavicular air sac SCTID:2574004 UBERON:0009948 uberon humeral diverticulum of clavicular air sac UBERON:0009949 uberon olfactory bulb plexiform layer NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090405 UBERON:0009950 check if the NIF class is actually a grouping class plexiform layer uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090405 plexiform layer NIF_GrossAnatomy main olfactory bulb ABA:MOB Note that the structure in many ontologies called simply 'olfactory bulb' may in fact belong here The main olfactory bulb has a multi-layered cellular architecture. In order from surface to the center the layers are: Glomerular layer, External plexiform layer, Mitral cell layer, Internal plexiform layer, Granule cell layer[WP]. UBERON:0009951 uberon ABA ABA The main olfactory bulb has a multi-layered cellular architecture. In order from surface to the center the layers are: Glomerular layer, External plexiform layer, Mitral cell layer, Internal plexiform layer, Granule cell layer[WP]. Wikipedia:Olfactory_bulb#Main_olfactory_bulb ABA cjm ABA subgranular zone UBERON:0009952 a narrow layer of cells located between the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus, where adult neurogenesis occurs. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Doublecortin_expression-2.png/600px-Doublecortin_expression-2.png subgranular zone of dentate gyrus uberon Wikipedia:Subgranular_zone a narrow layer of cells located between the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus, where adult neurogenesis occurs. post-embryonic organism A multi-cellular organism that existence_starts_with a post-embryonic stage. MA:0002405 TS28 mouse UBERON:0009953 post-hatching organism post-natal organism postnatal mouse uberon MA:0002405 postnatal mouse UBERON:cjm post-natal organism A multi-cellular organism that existence_starts_with a post-embryonic stage. OBOL:automatic UBERON:cjm post-hatching organism MA:0002405 TS28 mouse vomeronasal system Editor note: check relationship to olfactory system. Evolution: The morphological components of the VNS are found only in tetrapods, but the genetic components of the system have been found in teleost fish, in addition to tetrapods. In tetrapods, the VNS was thought to be the olfactory system for detecting pheromones, while the main olfactory system detected general odorants (Scalia and Winans 1975). However, experimental evidence suggests that there is not such a clear functional distinction (Restrepo et al. 2004; Baxi, Dorries, and Eisthen 2006; Spehr et al. 2006; Kelliher 2007). Sea lampreys produce unique bile acids which act as pheromones both in migration and mate finding (Li, Sorensen, and Gallaher 1995; Li et al. 2002; Siefkes and Li 2004). However, bile acids in teleost fish are known to require components of the main olfactory signal transduction pathway (Hansen et al. 2003), and interruption of the VNS signal transduction pathway had no effect on bile acid olfactory response (Hansen et al. 2003)[Grus - EVOLUTION OF THE VOMERONASAL SYSTEM VIEWED THROUGH SYSTEM-SPECIFIC GENES] UBERON:0009954 a vertebrate nasal chemosensory system that is responsible for detecting intraspecific pheromonal cues as well as environmental odorants uberon neurogenic placode Cranial placode with neurogenic potential[cjm]. Neurogenic placodes are transient ectodermal thickenings that form at the border of the neural plate and epidermis and give rise to sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia[ZFA]. The neurogenic placodes give rise to parts of various nerves and ganglia, the olfactory organ, parietal eye, parts of the inner ear, and the lateral line. There are 2 major series of neurogenic placodes, the dorsolateral and ventrolateral or epibranchial[PMID] EFO:0003460 Includes: trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes. Taxon notes: While some sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates (Wada et al., 1998), the so-called neurogenenic placodes (trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes) appear to have emerged at a later time (Shimeld and Holland, 2000)[NBK53171] TAO:0001309 UBERON:0009955 ZFA:0001309 neurogenic placodes placodae neurogenicae uberon Wikipedia:Neurogenic_placodes placodae neurogenicae Cranial placode with neurogenic potential[cjm]. Neurogenic placodes are transient ectodermal thickenings that form at the border of the neural plate and epidermis and give rise to sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia[ZFA]. The neurogenic placodes give rise to parts of various nerves and ganglia, the olfactory organ, parietal eye, parts of the inner ear, and the lateral line. There are 2 major series of neurogenic placodes, the dorsolateral and ventrolateral or epibranchial[PMID] PMID:11523831 Wikipedia:Neurogenic_placodes ZFA:0001309 cjm ZFA:0001309 neurogenic placodes corpuscle of de Quatrefage A specialised sensory organ located in the subepidermal connective tissue at the rostral end of late larval and adult amphioxus. They consist of between 1 and 4 nerve cells with axons, each with 2 cilia, surrounded by up to 7 sheath cells. The cilia extend into a protrusion of the basal lamina which surrounds each corpuscle. The axonal process contributes to the rostral nerve. UBERON:0009956 organ of de Quatrefage uberon A specialised sensory organ located in the subepidermal connective tissue at the rostral end of late larval and adult amphioxus. They consist of between 1 and 4 nerve cells with axons, each with 2 cilia, surrounded by up to 7 sheath cells. The cilia extend into a protrusion of the basal lamina which surrounds each corpuscle. The axonal process contributes to the rostral nerve. PMID:11523831 ciliated pit Development: joins with Hatschek’s diverticulum to form Hatschek’s pit in the adult. Location: anterior to the mouth. UBERON:0009957 pre-oral pit uberon bladder lumen EHDAA2:0004058 FMA:15924 SCTID:279405003 UBERON:0009958 bladder cavity cavity of urinary bladder galen:UrinaryBladderCavity lumen of urinary bladder uberon urinary bladder lumen FMA:15924 lumen of urinary bladder FMA:15924 cavity of urinary bladder FMA FMA EHDAA2 FMA:15924 urinary bladder lumen FMA:15924 bladder cavity lumen of oropharynx EHDAA2:0004556 FMA:55095 UBERON:0009959 oropharyngeal cavity oropharynx lumen uberon EHDAA2:0004556 oropharyngeal cavity EHDAA2 FMA:55095 oropharynx lumen esophagus smooth muscle circular layer FMA:67605 MA:0001574 UBERON:0009960 circular muscle layer of esophagus esophagus smooth muscle circular layer inner circular muscle layer of esophagus uberon MA FMA:67605 inner circular muscle layer of esophagus FMA:67605 circular muscle layer of esophagus MA:0001574 esophagus smooth muscle circular layer esophagus smooth muscle longitudinal layer FMA:63573 MA:0001575 UBERON:0009961 esophagus smooth muscle longitudinal layer longitudinal muscle layer of esophagus outer longitudinal muscle layer of esophagus uberon FMA:63573 outer longitudinal muscle layer of esophagus FMA FMA:63573 longitudinal muscle layer of esophagus MA MA:0001575 esophagus smooth muscle longitudinal layer excretory gland A gland that discharges its secretion through a duct opening on an internal or external surface of the body, as a lacrimal gland. BTO:0000431 UBERON:0009962 todo - child terms uberon A gland that discharges its secretion through a duct opening on an internal or external surface of the body, as a lacrimal gland. Dorlands_Medical_Dictionary:MerckSource BTO antennal gland BTO:0000075 Editor note: consider also classifying this as a renal tubule - or separate terms for coiled/nephridial canal. Editor note: cede this term to Arthropod AO Excretory gland situated in the basal article of the antennal peduncle. It functions to rehulate ionic balance UBERON:0009963 green gland uberon BTO BTO BTO:0000075 Excretory gland situated in the basal article of the antennal peduncle. It functions to rehulate ionic balance UBERON:cjm crustacean maxillary gland Excretory organ in maxillary segment with duct opening on maxilla. Taxon notes: consider generalizing to include millipedes, centipedes. Function: Two different excretory organs are found among crustaceans: the antennal gland and the maxillary gland. Both have the same basic structure: an end sac and a convoluted duct that may expand into a bladder before opening to the outside. In most adult crustaceans only one or the other gland functions. The functional gland may change during the life cycle. Terminology note: http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?termID=327 suggests green gland as the generic term and antennal as the decapoda term. Editor note: cede this term to Arthropod AO UBERON:0009964 uberon Excretory organ in maxillary segment with duct opening on maxilla. http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html BTO coxal gland SPD:0000116 TADS:0000080 Taxon notes: They are found in all arachnids (with the exception of some Acari), and in other chelicerates, such as horseshoe crabs. Homology: The coxal gland is thought to be homologous with the antennal gland of crustaceans. Editor note: cede this term to Arthropod AO UBERON:0009965 a gland found in some arthropods, for collecting and excreting urine. The gland comprises an end sac (saccule), a long duct (labyrinth) and a terminal bladder (reservoir). There is generally only one pair (two in some spiders), and they open on the coxae of the walking legs[WP]. uberon Wikipedia:Coxal_gland a gland found in some arthropods, for collecting and excreting urine. The gland comprises an end sac (saccule), a long duct (labyrinth) and a terminal bladder (reservoir). There is generally only one pair (two in some spiders), and they open on the coxae of the walking legs[WP]. BTO internodal tract FMA:9479 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which consists of the anterior, middle and posterior internodal tracts beneath the endocardium of interatrial septum and above the attachment of the septal leaflet of tricuspid valve. UBERON:0009966 evidence is sparse [http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=-483065798] There is some functional evidence for the existence of specialized conducting pathways within the atria (termed internodal tracts), although this is controversial[http://www.cvphysiology.com/Arrhythmias/A003.htm]. Editor note: include 3 subtypes? interatrial conduction tract internodal conduction tract internodal fasciculus internodal tract muscle tissue uberon FMA FMA:9479 internodal tract muscle tissue FMA:9479 internodal fasciculus FMA:9479 Subdivision of conducting system of heart which consists of the anterior, middle and posterior internodal tracts beneath the endocardium of interatrial septum and above the attachment of the septal leaflet of tricuspid valve. spleen venous sinus FMA:62815 MA:0000761 See comments for UBERON:0003910 UBERON:0009967 UMLS:C1179415 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Sinus sinus lienalis sinus splenicus splenic sinus uberon venous sinus of red pulp of spleen FMA:62815 splenic sinus FMA:62815 venous sinus of red pulp of spleen cjm FMA:TA sinus splenicus FMA:TA sinus lienalis MA primitive superior sagittal sinus EHDAA2:0001527 EHDAA:9876 EMAPA:18636 UBERON:0009968 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 stato-acoustic epithelium Editor note: required by CL FMA:64804 UBERON:0009969 uberon FMA epithelium of pancreatic duct An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct. EFO:0002556 Editor note: in EHDAA2, the embryonic pancreatic ducts (dorsal, ventral) are classified as eithelial sacs, which would render them subclasses this FMA:67681 UBERON:0009970 pancreatic duct epithelium pancreatic ductal epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct. OBOL:automatic FMA:67681 pancreatic ductal epithelium FMA-inferred FMA:67681 pancreatic duct epithelium principal gastric gland AO notes: FMA has this as part of both the fundus and the body, but these are largely spatially disjoint. FMA:14921 FMA:14923 UBERON:0009971 Wassman gland acid gland gastric follicle gastric gland glandula gastrica propria main gastric gland one of the gastric glands that secretes the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice[Stedman's]. oxyntic gland principal gland of fundus of stomach uberon FMA:14921 oxyntic gland FMA:14921 main gastric gland MP:0003892 http://www.drugs.com/dict/acid-gland.html one of the gastric glands that secretes the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice[Stedman's]. MP:0003892 Wassman gland FMA:14923 principal gland of fundus of stomach FMA:14921 glandula gastrica propria acid gland http://www.drugs.com/dict/acid-gland.html FMA MP:0003892 gastric follicle MP:0003892 gastric gland ureteropelvic junction FMA:15898 MA:0003021 SCTID:264130006 UBERON:0009972 pelviureteric junction pelvoureteric junction the junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney uberon FMA:15898 pelviureteric junction MP MP:0011487 the junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney ureterovesical junction FMA:15899 MA:0003020 SCTID:261187001 UBERON:0009973 the valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney uberon vesico-ureteral junction vesico-ureteric junction vesicoureteric junction MA:0003020 vesico-ureteral junction MP:0011488 the valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney MP lumen of Rathke's pouch An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a Rathke's pouch. EHDAA2:0004138 EMAPA:25037 Rathkes pouch invagination UBERON:0009974 uberon An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a Rathke's pouch. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004138 Rathkes pouch invagination EHDAA2 EHDAA2-modified remnant of lumen of Rathke's pouch EHDAA2:0004139 Editors note: requires review UBERON:0009975 adenohypophysis invagination uberon EHDAA2:0004139 adenohypophysis invagination EHDAA2 hypothalamo-hypophyseal system An intrinsic circulatory network that transports hormones from the median eminence of the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis. FMA:70860 MESH:A06.407.747.357 Taxon notes: in lampreys and teleost hormones enter the adenohypophysis by diffusion. Editor notes: we represent this structure strictly as a system of blood vessels (presumably in line with the FMA). It could also be extended to include neurons and fiber tracts, as per the MESH definition. Function notes: One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones. The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycles[WP] UBERON:0009976 UMLS:C1512570 hypophyseal portal system hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system hypothalamo hypophyseal system hypothalamo-hypophyseal system hypothalamohypophyseal portal system ncithesaurus:Hypothalamohypophyseal_Portal_System portal veins of hypophysis set of portal veins of hypophysis uberon venae portales hypophysiales venae portales hypophysiales An intrinsic circulatory network that transports hormones from the median eminence of the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis. ISBN10:0471888893 Wikipedia:Hypophyseal_portal_system Wikipedia:Hypophyseal_portal_system venae portales hypophysiales Wikipedia:Hypophyseal_portal_system venae portales hypophysiales ISBN10:0471888893 ISBN10:0471888893 hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system MESH:A06.407.747.357 hypothalamo-hypophyseal system MESH:A06.407.747.357 hypothalamo hypophyseal system FMA:70860 set of portal veins of hypophysis Wikipedia:Hypophyseal_portal_system hypophyseal portal system FMA:70860 portal veins of hypophysis natal tooth GAID:1267 MESH:A14.254.860.700.500 Predeciduous teeth present at birth. They may be well formed and normal or may represent hornified epithelial structures without roots. They are found on the gingivae over the crest of the ridge and arise from accessory buds of the dental lamina ahead of the deciduous buds or from buds of the accessory dental lamina. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992) UBERON:0009977 natal teeth natal tooth uberon GAID:1267 natal teeth GAID GAID:1267 natal tooth MESH:A14.254.860.700.500 Predeciduous teeth present at birth. They may be well formed and normal or may represent hornified epithelial structures without roots. They are found on the gingivae over the crest of the ridge and arise from accessory buds of the dental lamina ahead of the deciduous buds or from buds of the accessory dental lamina. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992) epicondyle . FMA:75435 SCTID:333209006 UBERON:0009978 UMLS:C0222681 epicondylar epicondylus galen:Epicondyle grouping class that collected the ect- and ep- icondyles of humerus and femur ncithesaurus:Epicondyle uberon Wikipedia:Epicondyle epicondylus . Wikipedia:Epicondyle FMA condyle FMA:75434 Protuberance on a bone that participates in a joint with another bone.[TAO] SCTID:91737009 TAO:0002259 UBERON:0009979 UMLS:C0524414 condylar galen:Condyle ncithesaurus:Condyle the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone[WP]. uberon FMA Wikipedia:Condyle_(anatomy) the round prominence at the end of a bone, most often part of a joint - an articulation with another bone[WP]. 2012-08-14 Protuberance on a bone that participates in a joint with another bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002259 TAO:wd condyle of femur A condyle that is part of a distal epiphysis of femur. AAO:0000900 Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula.[AAO] FMA:32855 SCTID:304912006 UBERON:0009980 condylus femoralis condylus femoris femoral condyle fibular condyle galen:FemoralCondyle uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000900 AAO:LAP Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the fibula.[AAO] A condyle that is part of a distal epiphysis of femur. OBOL:automatic AAO:0000900 fibular condyle medial condyle of femur FMA:32858 SCTID:182056007 The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the center of gravity being medial to the knee. On the posterior surface of the condyle the linea aspera (a ridge running down the posterior shaft of the femur) turns into the medial supracondylar ridge. The outermost protrusion on the medial surface of the medial condyle is referred to as the "medial epicondyle" and can be palpated by running fingers medially from the patella with the knee in flexion. UBERON:0009984 c. medialis femoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray246.png medial condyle of the femur uberon FMA Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur medial condyle of the femur Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur c. medialis femoris The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the center of gravity being medial to the knee. On the posterior surface of the condyle the linea aspera (a ridge running down the posterior shaft of the femur) turns into the medial supracondylar ridge. The outermost protrusion on the medial surface of the medial condyle is referred to as the "medial epicondyle" and can be palpated by running fingers medially from the patella with the knee in flexion. Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_femur c. medialis femoris lateral condyle of femur FMA:32859 SCTID:182057003 The lateral condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. It is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters UBERON:0009985 c. lateralis femoris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray246.png lateral condyle of the femur uberon The lateral condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. It is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur c. lateralis femoris Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur lateral condyle of the femur Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_femur c. lateralis femoris FMA lateral epicondyle of femur FMA:32867 SCTID:209275007 The lateral epicondyle of the femur, smaller and less prominent than the medial epicondyle, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. Directly below it is a small depression from which a smooth well-marked groove curves obliquely upward and backward to the posterior extremity of the condyle. UBERON:0009986 e. lateralis femoris epicondylus lateralis (femur) galen:LateralFemoralEpicondyle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray246.png lateral femoral epicondyle uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_femur lateral femoral epicondyle Wikipedia:Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_femur e. lateralis femoris The lateral epicondyle of the femur, smaller and less prominent than the medial epicondyle, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. Directly below it is a small depression from which a smooth well-marked groove curves obliquely upward and backward to the posterior extremity of the condyle. Wikipedia:Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_femur FMA:32867 epicondylus lateralis (femur) FMA FMA FMA medial epicondyle of femur FMA:32864 SCTID:209172001 The medial epicondyle of the femur is a bony protrusion located on the medial side of the bone's distal end. Located above the medial condyle, it bears an elevation, the adductor tubercle, which serves for the attachment of the superficial part, or "tendinous insertion", of the adductor magnus. This tendinous part here forms an intermuscular septum which forms the medial separation between the thigh's flexors and extensors. Behind it, and proximally to the medial condyle is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the Gastrocnemius. UBERON:0009987 epicondylus medialis (femur) epicondylus medialis femoris galen:MedialFemoralEpicondyle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Gray345.png medial femoral epicondyle uberon Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_femur medial femoral epicondyle FMA FMA FMA:32864 epicondylus medialis (femur) The medial epicondyle of the femur is a bony protrusion located on the medial side of the bone's distal end. Located above the medial condyle, it bears an elevation, the adductor tubercle, which serves for the attachment of the superficial part, or "tendinous insertion", of the adductor magnus. This tendinous part here forms an intermuscular septum which forms the medial separation between the thigh's flexors and extensors. Behind it, and proximally to the medial condyle is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the Gastrocnemius. Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_femur FMA Wikipedia:Medial_epicondyle_of_the_femur epicondylus medialis femoris condyle of humerus FMA:23377 SCTID:361778001 UBERON:0009988 condylus humeri humeral condyle the distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae uberon http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=19715 the distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae FMA:23377 humeral condyle condyle of tibia AAO:0000899 Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia.[AAO] One of the lateral or medial condyles of the tibia. SCTID:182062002 UBERON:0009989 tibial condyle uberon AAO:0000899 tibial condyle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000899 AAO:LAP Convex articular facet of the distal head of the femur that articulates with the proximal head of the tibia.[AAO] One of the lateral or medial condyles of the tibia. Wikipedia:Tibial_condyle medial condyle of tibia FMA:35445 SCTID:182066004 The medial condyle is the medial portion of the upper extremity of tibia. It is the site of insertion for the Semimembranosus muscle[WP]. UBERON:0009990 c. medialis tibiae condylus medialis (tibia) galen:MedialTibialCondyle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray257.png medial condyle of the tibia medial tibial condyle uberon Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_tibia medial condyle of the tibia FMA:35445 condylus medialis (tibia) Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_tibia medial tibial condyle The medial condyle is the medial portion of the upper extremity of tibia. It is the site of insertion for the Semimembranosus muscle[WP]. Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_tibia Wikipedia:Medial_condyle_of_tibia c. medialis tibiae lateral condyle of tibia FMA:35448 SCTID:182067008 The lateral condyle is the lateral portion of the upper extremity of tibia. It serves as the insertion for the Biceps femoris muscle[WP]. UBERON:0009991 c. lateralis tibiae condylus lateralis (tibia) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray257.png uberon The lateral condyle is the lateral portion of the upper extremity of tibia. It serves as the insertion for the Biceps femoris muscle[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_tibia FMA:35448 condylus lateralis (tibia) Wikipedia:Lateral_condyle_of_tibia c. lateralis tibiae cranial sensory ganglion Editor note: check this - merge into cranial ganglion? WP: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia, appended respectively to cranial nerves VII, IX and X. Other ontology notes: has no subtypes in FMA FMA:5887 UBERON:0009992 cranial nerve sensory ganglion ganglion sensorium cranialium sensory ganglion of cranial nerve the ganglion found on the root of each cranial nerve, containing the cell bodies of afferent (sensory) neurons. uberon FMA:5887 ganglion sensorium cranialium FMA:5887 cranial nerve sensory ganglion http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cranial+sensory+ganglion the ganglion found on the root of each cranial nerve, containing the cell bodies of afferent (sensory) neurons. FMA:5887 sensory ganglion of cranial nerve cjm FMA primary chorionic villus A chorionic villus that is a solid outgrowth of the cytotrophoblast that protrudes into the syncytiotrophoblast. UBERON:0009993 UMLS:C1514421 ncithesaurus:Primary_Chorionic_Villus uberon ncithesaurus A chorionic villus that is a solid outgrowth of the cytotrophoblast that protrudes into the syncytiotrophoblast. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm secondary chorionic villus A chorionic villus that is has a core of loose connective tissue, which in humans grows into the primary villi about the third week of development. UBERON:0009994 UMLS:C1519213 ncithesaurus:Secondary_Chorionic_Villus uberon A chorionic villus that is has a core of loose connective tissue, which in humans grows into the primary villi about the third week of development. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm ncithesaurus tertiary chorionic villus Tertiary chorionic villi contain embryonic blood vessels that develop from mesenchymal cells in the loose connective tissue core. These blood vessels connect up with vessels that develop in the chorion and connecting stalk and begin to circulate embryonic blood about the third week of development in humans. UBERON:0009995 UMLS:C1515280 ncithesaurus:Tertiary_Chorionic_Villus uberon Tertiary chorionic villi contain embryonic blood vessels that develop from mesenchymal cells in the loose connective tissue core. These blood vessels connect up with vessels that develop in the chorion and connecting stalk and begin to circulate embryonic blood about the third week of development in humans. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm ncithesaurus pulmonary neuroendocrine body NEB UBERON:0010002 corpuscular, organoid structures composed of PNECs, found as distinctive innervated clusters only within intrapulmonary airways, where they appear concentrated at airway branch points; NEBs reach from the basement membrane to the airway lumen and are thought to function as oxygen sensors. pulmonary neuroepithelial body uberon MP:0010921 pulmonary neuroepithelial body MP:0010921 corpuscular, organoid structures composed of PNECs, found as distinctive innervated clusters only within intrapulmonary airways, where they appear concentrated at airway branch points; NEBs reach from the basement membrane to the airway lumen and are thought to function as oxygen sensors. MP:0010921 NEB placental labyrinth villi UBERON:0010005 the vascularized and branched structures arising from the rodent trophoblast-derived epithelium that allow an increase its surface area for the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation uberon MP MP:0011522 the vascularized and branched structures arising from the rodent trophoblast-derived epithelium that allow an increase its surface area for the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation placenta intervillous maternal lacunae UBERON:0010006 the spaces of the placenta occupied by maternal blood, into which the fetal labyrinth villi project uberon MP:0011525 the spaces of the placenta occupied by maternal blood, into which the fetal labyrinth villi project MP placenta fetal blood space UBERON:0010007 the spaces of the placenta occupied by fetal blood, primarily within the fetal labyrinth villi uberon MP:0011526 the spaces of the placenta occupied by fetal blood, primarily within the fetal labyrinth villi MP mammalian cotyledon Rodents have a single cotyledon (called a discoid placenta), whereas humans have multiple cotyledons, although they are consolidated into a cluster that resembles a single disc[PMID:19829370] Round structure consisting of chorionic villi[PMID]. A separations of the decidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa. Each cotyledon consists of a main stem of a chorionic villus as well as its branches and subbranches. The cotyledons receive fetal blood from chorionic vessels, which branch off cotyledon vessels into the cotyledons, which, in turn, branch into capillaries. The cotyledons are surrounded by maternal blood, which can exchange oxygen and nutrients with the fetal blood in the capillaries[WP]. UBERON:0010008 UMLS:C0242769 cotyledon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Placental_cotyledon.png ncithesaurus:Cotyledon uberon PMID:19829370 Round structure consisting of chorionic villi[PMID]. A separations of the decidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa. Each cotyledon consists of a main stem of a chorionic villus as well as its branches and subbranches. The cotyledons receive fetal blood from chorionic vessels, which branch off cotyledon vessels into the cotyledons, which, in turn, branch into capillaries. The cotyledons are surrounded by maternal blood, which can exchange oxygen and nutrients with the fetal blood in the capillaries[WP]. Wikipedia:Placental_cotyledon aggregate regional part of brain A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF]. FMA:256381 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090509 UBERON:0010009 set of nuclei of neuraxis uberon A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF]. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090509 FMA:256381 set of nuclei of neuraxis NIF basal nucleus of telencephalon AO notes: MA has basal nucleus as synonym for BG. Function notes: rich in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase[WP]. Location notes: The NBM is inferior to the globus pallidus and within an area known as the substantia innominata FMA:61887 Meynert's nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1107 SCTID:369109003 Subdivision of telencephalon which is actually several islands of neurons lying within the substantia innominata, located ventral to the basal ganglia and anterior to the hypothalamus. UBERON:0010010 basal magnocellular nucleus (substantia innominata) basal nuclei of Meynert basal nucleus basal nucleus of Meynert basal substance of telencephalon ganglion of Meynert http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Substantia_innominata_MRI.PNG nucleus basalis nucleus basalis of Meynert nucleus basalis telencephali substantia basalis telencephali uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:61887 ganglion of Meynert NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1107 nucleus basalis NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:61887 basal nuclei of Meynert FMA:61887 Meynert's nucleus WP NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1107 basal nucleus NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:61887 basal nucleus of Meynert NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:61887 basal magnocellular nucleus (substantia innominata) FMA:61887 Subdivision of telencephalon which is actually several islands of neurons lying within the substantia innominata, located ventral to the basal ganglia and anterior to the hypothalamus. Wikipedia:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:61887 basal substance of telencephalon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1107 nucleus basalis of Meynert Wikipedia:Nucleus_basalis_of_Meynert nucleus basalis telencephali NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:TA substantia basalis telencephali collection of basal ganglia All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] BM:Tel-BG Editor note: it is necessary to introduce two classes, one representing an individual basal ganglion, another representing the aggregate structure, in order to have consistent classification amongst AOs (e.g. in MA the aygdala is part of the BG, in FMA and BTO it is a subclass). Apart from achieving this consistency, the value of having two distinct classes is questionable, since the BG-plural is trivially the collection of all BGs-singular. it would be better for all AOs to decide on one single way of doing this. Do not merge until this is done. FMA:84013 GAID:617 MA:0000184 MESH:A08.186.211.730.885.105 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_826 UBERON:0010011 UMLS:C0004781 VHOG:0001696 basal ganglia basal ganglia set ncithesaurus:Basal_Ganglia set of basal ganglia uberon 2012-09-17 All nuclei of the mammalian basal ganglia are also present in the oldest vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.05.001 Stephenson-Jones M, Samuelsson E, Ericsson J, Robertson B, Grillner S, Evolutionary conservation of the basal ganglia as a common vertebrate mechanism for action selection. Current Biology (2011) VHOG VHOG:0001696 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA FMA:84013 basal ganglia FMA:84013 set of basal ganglia FMA:84013 basal ganglia set FMA NIF upper beak UBERON:0010012 maxillary beak rostrum maxillare uberon upper mandible upper mandible lower beak UBERON:0010013 lower mandible mandibular beak rostrum mandibulare uberon lower mandible epigonal organ An elongate paired tissue ventral to the kidneys and partialy enveloping the anterior gonads in Elasmobranchii. Apparently important to the immune system UBERON:0010014 subgonal organ uberon An elongate paired tissue ventral to the kidneys and partialy enveloping the anterior gonads in Elasmobranchii. Apparently important to the immune system http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=epigonal+organ Wikipedia ventral patch of Leydig's organ UBERON:0010015 uberon spiral valve of intestine Coiled structure in the lumen of the small intestine that increases the length of the route through the diesgtive tract.[WP,cjm,Kardong] UBERON:0010016 intestinal spiral valve spiral valve uberon cjm Coiled structure in the lumen of the small intestine that increases the length of the route through the diesgtive tract.[WP,cjm,Kardong] Wikipedia:Spiral_valve Wikipedia spiral valve of cystic duct FMA:15855 Heister's valve SCTID:270125000 UBERON:0010017 a series of crescentic folds of mucous membrane somewhat spirally arranged on the interior of the gallbladder and continuing into the cystic duct plica spiralis plica spiralis (ductus cysticus) spiral fold of cystic duct uberon valve of Heister FMA:15855 plica spiralis (ductus cysticus) FMA:TA plica spiralis Wikipedia:Spiral_valves_of_Heister a series of crescentic folds of mucous membrane somewhat spirally arranged on the interior of the gallbladder and continuing into the cystic duct http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/spiral+valve FMA:15855 spiral fold of cystic duct FMA:15855 Heister's valve FMA spiral valve of conus arteriosus AAO:0010251 Taxon notes: many dipnoans and amphibians. Evolution notes: The spiral valve is considered to have evolved from the right member of the four embryonic endocardial ridges (Goodrich, 1930 - via Morris 1974) The spiral valve alternately blocks & unblocks the entrances to the left and right pulmonary arches (sending unoxygenated blood to the skin & lungs). UBERON:0010018 http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martini10/chapter21/medialib/Kardong_fig_12_29.html uberon The spiral valve alternately blocks & unblocks the entrances to the left and right pulmonary arches (sending unoxygenated blood to the skin & lungs). http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes9.html AAO cjm spiracle Taxon notes: The spiracle is still found in all cartilaginous fish except chimaeras, and in bony fishes in the coelacanth, sturgeon, paddlefish and bichirs. It is also seen as an otic notch in the skull of the extinct labyrinthodonts, and is thought to be associated with the ear opening in amniotes and frogs[WP]. In elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), a spiracle is found behind each eye, and is often used to pump water through the gills while the animal is at rest (Fouts, 2003). A spiracle is also found in primitive bony fishes as the chirrups. TODO - check GO:0035277-spiracle morphogenesis, open tracheal system - taxon constraint in GO UBERON:0010019 a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill openings. uberon vertebrate spiracle ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Spiracle#Vertebrates a small hole behind each eye that opens to the mouth in some fish. In the primitive jawless fish the first gill opening immediately behind the mouth is essentially similar to the other gill openings. cjm tubotympanic recess epithelium EHDAA2:0004115 The dorsal portion of the embryonic first endodermal pharyngeal pouch; it develops into the middle ear cavity. UBERON:0010020 uberon The dorsal portion of the embryonic first endodermal pharyngeal pouch; it develops into the middle ear cavity. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Tubotympanic_recess MA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ISBN10:0073040584 PMID:11237469 dorsal part of pharyngeal pouch 1 Development notes: in humans, dorsal diverticulum deepens as the tubotympanic recess to form the auditory tube[ISBN10:1607950324] UBERON:0010021 dorsal 1st branchial pouch dorsal branchial pouch 1 endoderm dorsal pharyngeal pouch 1 dorsal pharyngeal pouch 1 endoderm uberon ventral part of pharyngeal pouch 1 Development notes: in humans, the ventral portion of pouches 1 and 2 are obliterated by the developing tongue[ISBN10:1607950324] UBERON:0010022 uberon ventral 1st branchial pouch ventral branchial pouch 1 endoderm ventral pharyngeal pouch 1 ventral pharyngeal pouch 1 endoderm dorsal part of pharyngeal pouch 2 Development notes: in humans, persists as the tonsillar fossa - the endodermal lining covers the mesodermal lymphatic tissue to form the palatine tonsil[ISBN10:1607950324] UBERON:0010023 dorsal 2nd branchial pouch dorsal branchial pouch 2 endoderm dorsal pharyngeal pouch 2 dorsal pharyngeal pouch 2 endoderm uberon ventral part of pharyngeal pouch 2 Development notes: in humans, the ventral portion of pouches 1 and 2 are obliterated by the developing tongue[ISBN10:1607950324] UBERON:0010024 uberon ventral 2nd branchial pouch ventral branchial pouch 2 endoderm ventral pharyngeal pouch 2 ventral pharyngeal pouch 2 endoderm dorsal part of pharyngeal pouch 3 EHDAA2:0000409 EMAPA:16758 UBERON:0010025 dorsal 3rd arch pharyngeal pouch endoderm dorsal 3rd branchial pouch dorsal branchial pouch 3 endoderm dorsal pharyngeal pouch 3 dorsal pharyngeal pouch 3 endoderm uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000409 dorsal 3rd arch pharyngeal pouch endoderm ventral part of pharyngeal pouch 3 EHDAA2:0002173 EMAPA:16759 UBERON:0010026 uberon ventral 3rd arch pharyngeal pouch endoderm ventral 3rd branchial pouch ventral branchial pouch 3 endoderm ventral pharyngeal pouch 3 ventral pharyngeal pouch 3 endoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0002173 ventral 3rd arch pharyngeal pouch endoderm dorsal part of pharyngeal pouch 4 UBERON:0010027 dorsal 4th branchial pouch dorsal branchial pouch 4 endoderm dorsal pharyngeal pouch 4 dorsal pharyngeal pouch 4 endoderm uberon ventral part of pharyngeal pouch 4 UBERON:0010028 uberon ventral 4th branchial pouch ventral branchial pouch 4 endoderm ventral pharyngeal pouch 2 endoderm ventral pharyngeal pouch 4 dorsal part of pharyngeal pouch 5 UBERON:0010029 dorsal 5th branchial pouch dorsal branchial pouch 5 endoderm dorsal pharyngeal pouch 5 dorsal pharyngeal pouch 5 endoderm uberon ventral part of pharyngeal pouch 5 UBERON:0010030 uberon ventral 5th branchial pouch ventral branchial pouch 5 endoderm ventral pharyngeal pouch 5 ventral pharyngeal pouch 5 endoderm 6th arch mesenchyme 6th branchial arch mesenchyme 6th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004076 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. UBERON:0010031 pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. OBOL:automatic anterior part of tongue AO notes: check NCIT. Development notes: The lateral lingual swellings grow and fuse with eachother, encompassing the tuberculum impar to provide the ectodermally derived mucosa of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue FMA:229084 The portion of the tongue in front of the terminal sulcus. At the apex, thin and narrow, it is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. It is derived primarily from the first pharyngeal arch. UBERON:0010032 UMLS:C0226946 anterior 2/3 of the tongue anterior 2/3 of tongue anterior two thirds of the tongue apex linguae apex of the tongue buccal part of the tongue front of the tongue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Illu04_tongue.jpg ncithesaurus:Apex_of_the_Tongue oral part of the tongue pars anterior dorsi linguae uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue buccal part of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue apex linguae Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue front of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue anterior two thirds of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue oral part of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue apex of the tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue anterior 2/3 of tongue ISBN10:1607950324 Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue pars anterior dorsi linguae The portion of the tongue in front of the terminal sulcus. At the apex, thin and narrow, it is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. It is derived primarily from the first pharyngeal arch. Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue Wikipedia:Anterior_tongue anterior 2/3 of the tongue posterior part of tongue FMA:54645 SCTID:362094001 The Posterior tongue, or pharyngeal part, is the part of the tongue behind the terminal sulcus. At its root, it is directed backward, and connected with the hyoid bone by the Hyoglossi and Genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal membrane; with the epiglottis by three folds (glossoepiglottic) of mucous membrane; with the soft palate by the glossopalatine arches; and with the pharynx by the Constrictores pharyngis superiores and the mucous membrane. It is derived primarily from the third pharyngeal arch. (The second arch has a substantial contribution during fetal development, but this later atrophies. The fourth arch may also contribute, depending upon how the boundaries of the tongue are defined.) UBERON:0010033 UMLS:C0226958 base of the tongue base of tongue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Illu04_tongue.jpg ncithesaurus:Base_of_the_Tongue pars posterior (dorsum linguae) pars posterior dorsi linguae pars posterior linguae pars postsulcalis (dorsum linguae) pharyngeal part of the tongue pharyngeal part of tongue pharyngeal portion of dorsum of tongue posterior 1/3 of the tongue posterior part of dorsum of tongue posterior third of tongue postsulcal part of dorsum of tongue radix linguae uberon FMA:54645 pars posterior (dorsum linguae) Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue pharyngeal part of the tongue Wikipedia Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue posterior third of tongue FMA:54645 pars postsulcalis (dorsum linguae) FMA:TA pars posterior linguae Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue posterior 1/3 of the tongue FMA:54645 postsulcal part of dorsum of tongue Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue base of the tongue FMA FMA:54645 pharyngeal part of tongue FMA:54645 posterior part of dorsum of tongue Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue base of tongue The Posterior tongue, or pharyngeal part, is the part of the tongue behind the terminal sulcus. At its root, it is directed backward, and connected with the hyoid bone by the Hyoglossi and Genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal membrane; with the epiglottis by three folds (glossoepiglottic) of mucous membrane; with the soft palate by the glossopalatine arches; and with the pharynx by the Constrictores pharyngis superiores and the mucous membrane. It is derived primarily from the third pharyngeal arch. (The second arch has a substantial contribution during fetal development, but this later atrophies. The fourth arch may also contribute, depending upon how the boundaries of the tongue are defined.) Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue pars posterior dorsi linguae Wikipedia:Posterior_tongue radix linguae FMA:54645 pharyngeal portion of dorsum of tongue copula linguae A single midventral prominence deriving from the ventral bases of pharyngeal arches 2, 3 and 4 - provides the covering of the posterior of the tongue //The furcula is at first separated from the tuberculum impar by a depression, but later by a ridge, the copula, formed by the forward growth and fusion of the ventral ends of the second, third, and part of the fourth branchial arches[WP]. EHDAA2:0004611 SCTID:361424000 UBERON:0010034 add new term for Hypobranchial_eminence? copula copula linguae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Gray980.png uberon Wikipedia:Copula_linguae copula linguae A single midventral prominence deriving from the ventral bases of pharyngeal arches 2, 3 and 4 - provides the covering of the posterior of the tongue //The furcula is at first separated from the tuberculum impar by a depression, but later by a ridge, the copula, formed by the forward growth and fusion of the ventral ends of the second, third, and part of the fourth branchial arches[WP]. Wikipedia:Copula_linguae EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004611 copula anterior tegmental nucleus ABA:AT MA:0001055 UBERON:0010036 a group of cells located ventral to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 ) and rat ( Swanson-1998 ) uberon a group of cells located ventral to the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the mouse ( Paxinos-2001 ) and rat ( Swanson-1998 ) http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1115 MA ABA MA fundic gastric gland Editor notes: Consider FMA:14923 SCTID:268338004 The fundus glands (or fundic glands, or gastric glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach. They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. UBERON:0010038 UMLS:C0017130 fundal gland fundus gland gastric fundal gland gastric fundus gland gastric gland of fundus of stomach glandulae gastricae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Fundic_gland_polyp_%281%29.jpg ncithesaurus:Fundic_Gland uberon The fundus glands (or fundic glands, or gastric glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach. They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. Wikipedia:Fundic_glands Wikipedia:Fundic_glands glandulae gastricae food storage organ An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food TADS:0000172 TGMA:0001041 This is a very broad functionally defined grouping class that collects disparate structures from insects to vertebrates UBERON:0010039 uberon An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food UBERON:cjm stomach non-glandular epithelium Am epithelium that lines the stomach which lacks glands. In addition to a glandular epithelium, the stomachs of some vertebrates also has a second region characterized by a nonglandular epithelium, devoid of gastric glands. Editor notes: OWL definition to be added later. Taxon notes: this region may develop from the base of the esophagus (some herbivores) - in rodents, loss of the gastric glands in the mucosa leavea a nonglandular epithelial stomach in which smooth muscle contractions knead and mix digesta. This can be keratinized. UBERON:0010040 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png/650px-Mammalian_Stomachs_remake.png stomach aglandular epithelium stomach squamous epithelium uberon ISBN10:0123813611 stomach squamous epithelium Am epithelium that lines the stomach which lacks glands. In addition to a glandular epithelium, the stomachs of some vertebrates also has a second region characterized by a nonglandular epithelium, devoid of gastric glands. ISBN10:0073040584 median ovary Taxon notes: In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo[Wikipedia:Ovary#In_other_animals] UBERON:0010041 uberon 1st arch mesenchyme EMAPA:16128 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. UBERON:0010042 mesenchyme of 1st arch uberon EMAPA:16128 mesenchyme of 1st arch Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. OBOL:automatic 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000041 EMAPA:16391 Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component. UBERON:0010045 maxillary component mesenchyme maxillary mesenchyme mesenchyme of maxillary component uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:16391 mesenchyme of maxillary component entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001459 EMAPA:16550 The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. UBERON:0010046 associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2:0001459 pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme EHDAA2 cjm The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. UBERON:cjm EHDAA2 EMAPA:16550 associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region UBERON:cjm entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme oral gland EHDAA2:0001327 EHDAA:2181 EMAPA:16572 EMAPA:16723 Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. Note that Kardong classifies lacrimal glands here SCTID:25421004 UBERON:0003293 UBERON:0010047 VHOG:0000652 buccal gland gland of oral opening gland of oral part of face gland of subdivision of mouth oral cavity gland oral opening gland oral part of face gland oral region gland subdivision of mouth gland uberon OBOL:automatic gland of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic oral part of face gland OBOL:automatic oral cavity gland OBOL:automatic oral region gland Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. ISBN10:0073040584 OBOL:automatic oral opening gland OBOL:automatic gland of oral part of face OBOL:automatic gland of oral opening OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth gland Duvernoy's gland A gland situated on the upper lip found in non-venomous snakes. Releases secretion via duct adjacent to posterior maxillary teeth. UBERON:0010048 uberon ISBN10:0073040584 A gland situated on the upper lip found in non-venomous snakes. Releases secretion via duct adjacent to posterior maxillary teeth. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Duvernoy's_gland supralabial gland Glandular tissue present in lips of reptiles. UBERON:0010049 uberon Glandular tissue present in lips of reptiles. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Duvernoy's_gland infralabial gland Glandular tissue present in lips of reptiles. UBERON:0010050 uberon Glandular tissue present in lips of reptiles. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Duvernoy's_gland dorsal patch of Leydig's organ UBERON:0010051 uberon mucosa of dorsum of tongue A mucosa that is part of a dorsum of tongue. Editor notes: check surface terms. Development notes: develops fungiform papillae by WNT induction at 11 weeks pc in human. Filiform papillae develop later. ISBN10:1607950324 FMA:74871 SCTID:245835003 UBERON:0010052 mucosa of dorsal surface of tongue uberon A mucosa that is part of a dorsum of tongue. OBOL:automatic echolocation organ UBERON:0010053 uberon malleus cartilage condensation EMAPA:18229 UBERON:0010054 uberon stapes cartilage condensation EMAPA:18230 Editor notes: TODO - check relationship to Recihert's. Taxon notes: The stapes is homologous to the hyomandibula. In this ontology, we use the class 'hyomandibular cartilage' generally to include the future stapes, the future hyomandibular bone of teleosts and the unossified cartilage in sharks. UBERON:0010055 uberon http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes4.htm future tongue A compound organ that develops_into a tongue. EHDAA2:0000696 EHDAA:2951 UBERON:0010056 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA A compound organ that develops_into a tongue. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 hypopharyngeal eminence EHDAA2:0000799 EMAPA:17352 SCTID:361420009 UBERON:0010057 hypobranchial eminence uberon EHDAA2 EMAPA:17352 OBOL:automatic hypobranchial eminence EHDAA2 hypoglossal cord EHDAA2:0004610 UBERON:0010059 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 pharyngeal opening of pharyngotympanic tube FMA:54979 On the lateral wall of the nasal part of the pharynx is the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube (pharyngeal ostium), somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. SCTID:368945008 UBERON:0010060 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Gray1029.png ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae ostium pharyngeum tubae auditoriae pharyngeal opening of auditory tube pharyngeal opening of eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube pharyngeal orifice of eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice of pharyngotympanic tube pharyngeal ostium pharyngeal ostium of auditory tube pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube pharyngeal ostium of pharyngotympanic tube pharyngeal tubal ostium uberon FMA:54979 pharyngeal orifice of eustachian tube FMA:TA ostium pharyngeum tubae auditoriae FMA:54979 pharyngeal opening of eustachian tube Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_opening_of_auditory_tube ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae FMA:54979 pharyngeal tubal ostium On the lateral wall of the nasal part of the pharynx is the pharyngeal opening of auditory tube (pharyngeal ostium), somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_opening_of_auditory_tube FMA:TA ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_opening_of_auditory_tube pharyngeal ostium FMA:54979 pharyngeal ostium of pharyngotympanic tube FMA:54979 pharyngeal orifice of auditory tube FMA:54979 pharyngeal ostium of eustachian tube FMA:54979 pharyngeal opening of auditory tube FMA:54979 pharyngeal ostium of auditory tube FMA:54979 pharyngeal orifice of pharyngotympanic tube lumen of nasopharynx FMA:55094 UBERON:0010061 nasopharyngeal luman nasopharynx cavity nasopharynx lumen uberon FMA:55094 nasopharynx lumen pharyngotympanic tube epithelium EHDAA2:0004117 UBERON:0010062 auditory tube epithelium eustachian tube epithelium uberon UBERON:cjm eustachian tube epithelium EHDAA2:0004117 auditory tube epithelium EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cjm tympanic cavity epithelium EHDAA2:0004116 UBERON:0010063 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 open anatomical space AEO:0000221 An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior. EHDAA2:0004616 UBERON:0010064 uberon cjm AEO:0000221 An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior. auditory meatus epithelium EHDAA2:0004114 UBERON:0010065 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 PMID:16313389 tympanic plate Consider merging with tympanic ring. See discussion page on wikipedia page for ectotympanic. todo: distinguish ecto- and ento- tympanics FMA:52880 SCTID:138773005 The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squama and in front of the mastoid process. UBERON:0010066 ectotympanic ectotympanic bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray137.png pars tympanica pars tympanica (os temporale) pars tympanica ossis temporalis tympanic bone tympanic part tympanic part of temporal bone uberon FMA:52880 tympanic part of temporal bone Wikipedia:Ectotympanic ectotympanic The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squama and in front of the mastoid process. Wikipedia:Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone Wikipedia:Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone tympanic bone cjm Kardong Wikipedia:Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone pars tympanica FMA:52880 pars tympanica (os temporale) Wikipedia:Ectotympanic ectotympanic bone Wikipedia:Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone tympanic part Wikipedia:Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone pars tympanica ossis temporalis outer epithelial layer of tympanic membrane A portion of the external acoustic meatus epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane FMA:56819 SCTID:39725007 UBERON:0010069 cuticular layer of tympanic membrane cuticular stratum of tympanic membrane outer cuticular layer of tympanic membrane outer layer of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus epithelial component uberon A portion of the external acoustic meatus epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane PMID:11237469 UBERON:cjm FMA:56819 cuticular stratum of tympanic membrane UBERON:cjm tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus epithelial component FMA:56819 outer cuticular layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56819 cuticular layer of tympanic membrane intermediate layer of tympanic membrane AO notes: check MA FMA:56830 MA:0001223 SCTID:44692008 The intermediate fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane. UBERON:0010070 connective tissue layer of tympanic membrane fibrous layer of tympanic membrane fibrous stratum of tympanic membrane intermediate fibrous layer of tympanic membrane tympanic endothelium uberon FMA:56830 fibrous stratum of tympanic membrane MA:0001223 tympanic endothelium FMA:56830 fibrous layer of tympanic membrane FMA FMA:56830 connective tissue layer of tympanic membrane PMID:11237469 The intermediate fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3468783&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 FMA:56830 intermediate fibrous layer of tympanic membrane layer of tympanic membrane FMA:56732 In mammals, this class groups together the two epithelial layers plus the intermediate fibrous layer UBERON:0010071 tympanic membrane layer uberon FMA:56732 tympanic membrane layer chromaffin system FMA:79645 MESH:A06.224 Taxon notes: in adult cylostomes and teleosts, the interrenal bodies are separate from chromaffin bodies The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. UBERON:0010074 argentaffin system chromaffin tissue uberon MESH:A06.224 argentaffin system MESH:A06.224 The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. CL Kardong cjm Kardong sacral neural crest One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. UBERON:0010075 XAO:0004192 uberon One of the 5 distinct and partially overlapping functional domains of the premigratory neural crest. The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system, also known as the parasympathetic ganglia. XB:curator http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10065/ network of trabecular spaces in bone tissue FMA:259332 Tissue cavity consisting of intercommunicating trabecular spaces in the cancellous bone. UBERON:0010076 trabecular network of bone tissue uberon FMA:259332 trabecular network of bone tissue FMA:259332 Tissue cavity consisting of intercommunicating trabecular spaces in the cancellous bone. cuboidal epithelium AO notes: in NCIT this is glandular. Editor notes: TODO - coordinate with CL, add cuboidal cell An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. UBERON:0010077 UMLS:C0682577 ncithesaurus:Cuboidal_Epithelium uberon An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. Wikipedia:Cuboidal_epithelium optic choroid vascular plexus A plexus of capillaries that is visible anteromedial to the eye. The choroid is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[XAO:0004176]. CVP Editor notes: Consider merging with capillary layer. See https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=76834&atid=1127722. Consider choriocapillaris complex Is an ocular vasculature that develops adjacent to the pigment epithelium of the eye. The optic choroid vascular plexus develops from the primitive mesencephalic artery. Initially blood enters from the mesencephalic central artery, and the dorsal ciliary vein. The plexus drains via the ophthalmic vein. The plexus supplies blood to the retina[ZFA:0005094]. TAO:0005094 The choroid of teleosts is a connective tissue layer rich in blood vessels, and one or two choroidal glands. UBERON:0010078 XAO:0004176 ZFA:0005094 ZFA:0005228 capillary lamina of choroid choriocapillaris choroid vascular plexus choroid vasculature choroidal vascular plexus optic choroid vascular plexus uberon CVP ZFA:0005094 ZFA:0005094 choroid vasculature XAO:0004176 optic choroid vascular plexus A plexus of capillaries that is visible anteromedial to the eye. The choroid is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[XAO:0004176]. XAO:0004176 XAO PMID:14738502 The choroid of teleosts is a connective tissue layer rich in blood vessels, and one or two choroidal glands. XAO:0004176 choriocapillaris ZFA TAO:0005094 choroidal vascular plexus XAO:0004176 capillary lamina of choroid ZFA Is an ocular vasculature that develops adjacent to the pigment epithelium of the eye. The optic choroid vascular plexus develops from the primitive mesencephalic artery. Initially blood enters from the mesencephalic central artery, and the dorsal ciliary vein. The plexus drains via the ophthalmic vein. The plexus supplies blood to the retina[ZFA:0005094]. ZFA:0005094 XAO future common hepatic duct An extrahepatic bile duct that develops_into a common hepatic duct. EHDAA2:0000595 UBERON:0010081 uberon An extrahepatic bile duct that develops_into a common hepatic duct. OBOL:automatic future corpus striatum A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a corpus striatum. EHDAA2:0000596 UBERON:0010082 uberon A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a corpus striatum. OBOL:automatic future dermis EHDAA2:0000598 Editor notes: check development Mesenchyme that develops_into a dermis. UBERON:0010083 uberon EHDAA2 XAO Mesenchyme that develops_into a dermis. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 future diaphragm A skeletal muscle tissue that develops_into a diaphragm. EHDAA2:0000599 UBERON:0010084 uberon A skeletal muscle tissue that develops_into a diaphragm. OBOL:automatic future falx cerebri A developing anatomical structure that develops_into a falx cerebri. EHDAA2:0000608 UBERON:0010090 uberon A developing anatomical structure that develops_into a falx cerebri. OBOL:automatic future hindbrain meninges A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a meninx of hindbrain. EHDAA2:0000610 UBERON:0010091 uberon A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a meninx of hindbrain. OBOL:automatic future metencephalon A developing anatomical structure that develops_into a metencephalon. EHDAA2:0000623 UBERON:0010092 uberon A developing anatomical structure that develops_into a metencephalon. OBOL:automatic future myelencephalon A developing anatomical structure that develops_into a myelencephalon. EHDAA2:0000640 UBERON:0010096 uberon A developing anatomical structure that develops_into a myelencephalon. OBOL:automatic future membranous labyrinth A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a membranous labyrinth. EHDAA2:0000899 UBERON:0010113 uberon A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a membranous labyrinth. OBOL:automatic future dura mater A meninx that develops_into a dura mater. EHDAA2:0004317 UBERON:0010115 uberon A meninx that develops_into a dura mater. OBOL:automatic future caudate nucleus A nucleus of brain that develops_into a caudate nucleus. EHDAA2:0004461 UBERON:0010122 uberon EHDAA2 A nucleus of brain that develops_into a caudate nucleus. OBOL:automatic future facial nucleus A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a facial nucleus. EHDAA2:0004639 UBERON:0010123 uberon A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a facial nucleus. OBOL:automatic future inferior salivatory nucleus A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a inferior salivatory nucleus. EHDAA2:0004643 TODO - devfrom UBERON:0010124 uberon A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a inferior salivatory nucleus. OBOL:automatic future superior salivatory nucleus A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a superior salivatory nucleus. EHDAA2:0004644 UBERON:0010125 uberon A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a superior salivatory nucleus. OBOL:automatic future nucleus ambiguus A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a nucleus ambiguus. EHDAA2:0004647 UBERON:0010126 uberon A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a nucleus ambiguus. OBOL:automatic future dorsal motor nucleus of vagus A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve. EHDAA2:0004650 UBERON:0010127 uberon A gray matter of neuraxis that develops_into a dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 future pterygopalatine ganglion A ganglion that develops_into a pterygopalatine ganglion. EHDAA2:0000673 UBERON:0010128 future Meckel ganglion future Meckel's ganglion future nasal ganglion future palatine ganglion future pterygopalatine ganglia future sphenopalatine ganglion future sphenopalatine parasympathetic ganglion uberon MP:0008314 OBOL:automatic future nasal ganglion FMA:6965 OBOL:automatic future Meckel's ganglion MP:0008314 OBOL:automatic future sphenopalatine ganglion EHDAA2 A ganglion that develops_into a pterygopalatine ganglion. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001889 OBOL:automatic future sphenopalatine parasympathetic ganglion MP:0008314 OBOL:automatic future palatine ganglion EHDAA2:0000673 future sphenopalatine parasympathetic ganglion MP:0008314 OBOL:automatic future pterygopalatine ganglia MP:0008314 OBOL:automatic future Meckel ganglion femur cartilage condensation EMAPA:17742 TODO - request EHDAA2 UBERON:0010129 femoral cartilage condensation uberon EMAPA EMAPA:17742 femoral cartilage condensation autopod plate UBERON:0010130 limb plate the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pedal appendages (e.g. manus, pes, paw) uberon MP:0004576 http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3519614&group_id=76834&atid=1109502 the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pedal appendages (e.g. manus, pes, paw) conducting tissue of heart EHDAA2:0004528 FMA:83378 UBERON:0010131 specialized conducting tissue of heart specialized muscle tissue of heart uberon FMA:83378 specialized conducting tissue of heart FMA:83378 specialized muscle tissue of heart FMA gastroduodenal artery EHDAA2:0000310 EHDAA:8574 FMA:14775 SCTID:244269002 UBERON:0010132 a small blood vessel in the abdomen that supplies blood directly to the pylorus (distal part of the stomach) and proximal part of the duodenum, and indirectly to the pancreatic head (via the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries). arteria gastroduodenalis galen:GastroduodenalArtery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gray532.png uberon FMA Wikipedia:Gastroduodenal_artery a small blood vessel in the abdomen that supplies blood directly to the pylorus (distal part of the stomach) and proximal part of the duodenum, and indirectly to the pancreatic head (via the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries). Wikipedia:Gastroduodenal_artery arteria gastroduodenalis EHDAA2 neuroendocrine gland An endocrine gland that is part of a nervous system. MA:0000720 UBERON:0010133 uberon An endocrine gland that is part of a nervous system. OBOL:automatic secretory circumventricular organ MA:0002943 UBERON:0010134 uberon MA MA sensory circumventricular organ MA:0002944 UBERON:0010135 uberon MA epithelial sheet An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. UBERON:0010136 uberon An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. GO:0002011 polarized epithelium A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis. UBERON:0010137 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000001 uberon A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis. GO:0001738 primitive sex cord of indifferent gonad A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad. EHDAA2:0004051 UBERON:0010141 Usage notes: note that this represents the indifferent structure. indifferent sex cord primitive sex cords uberon EHDAA2 A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004051 primitive sex cords EHDAA2 seminal vesicle fluid A bodily secretion that secreted_by a seminal vesicle. AO notes: in ncit, seminal fluid is a subtype of seminal vesicle secretion FMA:62969 MA:0002526 UBERON:0010143 UMLS:C0036614 UMLS:C0227987 ncithesaurus:Seminal_Fluid ncithesaurus:Seminal_Vesicle_Secretion secretion of seminal vesicle seminal fluid seminal vesicle secretion uberon vesicular fluid FMA:62969 secretion of seminal vesicle FMA:62969 seminal vesicle secretion FMA A bodily secretion that secreted_by a seminal vesicle. OBOL:automatic seminal fluid paraurethral gland AO notes: in MP female urethral gland, Skene gland and paraurethral gland are exact syns. Note that NCITA seems to use the term in a more generic way, as a parent for skene gland, cowper gland (which may be the same as the male bulbo-urethral gland) FMA:20083 In human anatomy (female), the Skene's glands (also known as the lesser vestibular glands, periurethral glands, skene glands, paraurethral glands, U-spot, or female prostate) are glands located on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra. They drain into the urethra and near the urethral opening. These glands are surrounded with tissue, which includes the part of the clitoris that reaches up inside the vagina and swells with blood during sexual arousal. SCTID:264125007 Skene gland Skene's gland U-spot UBERON:0010145 UMLS:C0221315 female prostate female urethral gland glandulae vestibulares minores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Skenes_gland.jpg ncithesaurus:Paraurethral_Gland para-urethral gland periurethral gland uberon FMA:20083 para-urethral gland In human anatomy (female), the Skene's glands (also known as the lesser vestibular glands, periurethral glands, skene glands, paraurethral glands, U-spot, or female prostate) are glands located on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra. They drain into the urethra and near the urethral opening. These glands are surrounded with tissue, which includes the part of the clitoris that reaches up inside the vagina and swells with blood during sexual arousal. Wikipedia:Skene%27s_gland U-spot Wikipedia:Skene%27s_gland FMA:20083 Skene's gland PMID:10668204 Wikipedia:Skene%27s_gland female prostate female urethral gland Wikipedia:Skene%27s_gland periurethral gland PMID:10668204 FMA Wikipedia:Skene%27s_gland glandulae vestibulares minores paraurethral duct AO notes: FMA has separate class 'duct of paraurethral gland' (FMA:21860) FMA:21445 SCTID:279480006 Skene's duct The Skene's ducts are a pair of ducts leading from the Skene's glands to the surface of the vulva, to the left and right of the urethral opening. Like the Skene's glands, they are named after Alexander Skene. UBERON:0010146 duct of Skene's gland duct of paraurethral gland ductus paraurethrales urethrae femininae female prostate duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Skenes_gland.jpg paraurethral gland duct periurethral duct uberon PMID:10668204 female prostate duct FMA:21860 duct of Skene's gland Wikipedia:Skene%27s_ducts ductus paraurethrales urethrae femininae PMID:10668204 The Skene's ducts are a pair of ducts leading from the Skene's glands to the surface of the vulva, to the left and right of the urethral opening. Like the Skene's glands, they are named after Alexander Skene. Wikipedia:Skene%27s_ducts FMA:21860 duct of paraurethral gland FMA:21860 paraurethral gland duct FMA:21445 Skene's duct male accessory sex gland Any gland, other than the gonad, associated with the genital tract, such as the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the bulbourethral, prostate and vesicular glands of the male. BTO:0004798 UBERON:0010147 uberon Any gland, other than the gonad, associated with the genital tract, such as the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the bulbourethral, prostate and vesicular glands of the male. BTO:0004798 BTO mating plug A gelatinous secretion used in the mating of some species. It is deposited by a male into a female genital tract and later hardens into a plug or glues the tract together. SPD:0000547 UBERON:0010148 copulation plug copulatory plug sement sperm plug sphragis uberon vaginal plug Wikipedia:Mating_plug sement Wikipedia:Mating_plug copulation plug Wikipedia:Mating_plug sperm plug SPD:0000547 copulatory plug Wikipedia:Mating_plug sphragis A gelatinous secretion used in the mating of some species. It is deposited by a male into a female genital tract and later hardens into a plug or glues the tract together. Wikipedia:Mating_plug Wikipedia:Mating_plug vaginal plug duct of major vestibular gland Bartholin's duct FMA:20088 One of a pair of ducts leading from the Bartholin's glands to the surface of the vulva UBERON:0010150 duct of greater vestibular gland greater vestibular gland duct uberon FMA:20088 duct of greater vestibular gland One of a pair of ducts leading from the Bartholin's glands to the surface of the vulva Wikipedia:Bartholin's_duct FMA:20088 greater vestibular gland duct Bartholin's duct Wikipedia:Bartholin's_duct duct of bulbourethral gland A duct that is part of a bulbo-urethral gland. FMA:20091 SCTID:279709005 UBERON:0010151 bulbourethral gland duct duct of bulbo-urethral gland ductus glandulae bulbourethralis uberon FMA:TA ductus glandulae bulbourethralis A duct that is part of a bulbo-urethral gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:20091 duct of bulbo-urethral gland FMA:20091 bulbourethral gland duct skin mucus BTO:0005082 Editor notes: Consider making a specific class e.g. mucus coating to represent the entire coating rather than an portion of secretion of a mucus gland in the skin. Candidate definition - "The epidermal mucus of fish regulates swimming speed by controlling the hydrodynamic resistance of the skin surface. The mucus is also presumed to serve as a defence against pathogenic organisms and is intimately associated with osmoregulation." [BTO:0005082] UBERON:0010152 epidermal mucus uberon BTO BTO:0005082 epidermal mucus BTO rumen papilla UBERON:0010153 rumen papillae uberon rumen papillae inner lining mucosa of the abomasum BTO:0001168 UBERON:0010154 rennet the inner mucosa of the fourth stomach chamber of a ruminant produces rennet. uberon BTO:0001168 rennet Wikipedia:Rennet the inner mucosa of the fourth stomach chamber of a ruminant produces rennet. BTO parietomastoid suture FMA:52947 SCTID:136753005 UBERON:0010155 parieto-mastoid suture of skull parietomastoid suture of skull uberon unites the mastoid process of the temporal with the region of the mastoid angle of the parietal[WP:Squamosal_suture]. FMA:52947 parietomastoid suture of skull FMA sphenofrontal suture FMA:52938 SCTID:136349005 Sutura sphenofrontalis The Sphenofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. UBERON:0010156 frontosphenoid suture http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png spheno-frontal suture sphenofrontal sphenofrontal suture of skull sutura sphenofrontalis uberon FMA:52938 sphenofrontal suture of skull Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture sutura sphenofrontalis Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture sphenofrontal The Sphenofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture FMA:52938 frontosphenoid suture Sutura sphenofrontalis Wikipedia:Sphenofrontal_suture sphenoparietal suture FMA:52945 SCTID:136551005 Sutura sphenoparietalis The Sphenoparietal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the parietal bone. UBERON:0010157 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray164.png spheno-parietal suture sphenoparietal suture of skull uberon FMA:52945 sphenoparietal suture of skull The Sphenoparietal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the parietal bone. Wikipedia:Sphenoparietal_suture Sutura sphenoparietalis Wikipedia:Sphenoparietal_suture sphenozygomatic suture FMA:52956 SCTID:368980007 The Sphenozygomatic suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the zygomatic bone. UBERON:0010158 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png sphenozygomatica suture of skull sutura sphenozygomatica uberon FMA:52956 sphenozygomatica suture of skull The Sphenozygomatic suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the zygomatic bone. Wikipedia:Sphenozygomatic_suture Wikipedia:Sphenozygomatic_suture sutura sphenozygomatica occipitomastoid suture FMA:52934 SCTID:134136005 The occipitomastoid suture is the cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture. UBERON:0010159 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Occipitomastoideus.PNG occipito-mastoid suture occipitomastoid suture of skull sutura occipitomastoidea uberon FMA:52934 occipitomastoid suture of skull Wikipedia:Occipitomastoid_suture occipito-mastoid suture Wikipedia:Occipitomastoid_suture sutura occipitomastoidea FMA The occipitomastoid suture is the cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture. Wikipedia:Occipitomastoid_suture Wikipedia:Occipitomastoid_suture sutura occipitomastoidea lumen of lymphatic vessel An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a lymphatic vessel. FMA:59681 UBERON:0010160 lumen of lymphatic duct lymphatic vessel lumen uberon An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a lymphatic vessel. OBOL:automatic FMA:59681 lymphatic vessel lumen FMA:59681 lumen of lymphatic duct lumen of blood vessel An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a blood vessel. SCTID:91747007 UBERON:0010161 blood vessel lumen uberon An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a blood vessel. OBOL:automatic tail tip MA:0002848 UBERON:0010162 XAO:0004057 end of tail uberon MA:0002848 end of tail MA XAO eyebrow AO notes: in ncit, this is an "eye appendage" FMA:54237 MESH:A01.456.505.420.338 SCTID:265781000 The eyebrow is an area of thick, delicate hairs above the eye that follows the shape of the lower margin of the brow ridges. Their main function is to protect the eye, but they are also important to human communication and facial expression. It is not uncommon for people to modify their eyebrows by means of hair addition or removal, make up, or piercings. UBERON:0010163 UMLS:C0015420 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Eyes_chris.jpg ncithesaurus:Eyebrow supercilium uberon Wikipedia:Eyebrow supercilium The eyebrow is an area of thick, delicate hairs above the eye that follows the shape of the lower margin of the brow ridges. Their main function is to protect the eye, but they are also important to human communication and facial expression. It is not uncommon for people to modify their eyebrows by means of hair addition or removal, make up, or piercings. Wikipedia:Eyebrow FMA collection of hairs An anatomical cluster that composed_primarily_of a strand of hair. FMA:70752 UBERON:0010164 hairs hairs set pili set of hairs uberon FMA:70752 hairs set An anatomical cluster that composed_primarily_of a strand of hair. OBOL:automatic FMA:70752 hairs FMA:TA pili FMA:70752 set of hairs collection of hair on face A collection of hairs that is part of a face. FMA:70741 UBERON:0010165 facial hair facial hairs set set of facial hairs uberon FMA:70741 set of facial hairs FMA:70741 facial hairs set A collection of hairs that is part of a face. OBOL:automatic coat of hair . UBERON:0010166 coat coat pelt fur coat hair coat ncithesaurus:Coat_Pelt pelage pelt set of coat hairs uberon wooly coat . Wikipedia:Coat_(animal) beard FMA:54240 SCTID:256924005 UBERON:0010167 the collection of hair that grows on the chin, cheeks and neck of human beings. Usually, only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards. However, women with hirsutism may develop a beard. When differentiating between upper and lower facial hair, a beard specifically includes the moustache, which refers to hair above the upper lip and around it. uberon FMA Wikipedia:Beard the collection of hair that grows on the chin, cheeks and neck of human beings. Usually, only pubescent or adult males are able to grow beards. However, women with hirsutism may develop a beard. When differentiating between upper and lower facial hair, a beard specifically includes the moustache, which refers to hair above the upper lip and around it. collection of eyelashes A collection of hair on face that is part of a eyelash. FMA:70742 SCTID:367575006 UBERON:0010168 cilia eyelashes eyelashes set set of eyelashes uberon A collection of hair on face that is part of a eyelash. OBOL:automatic FMA:70742 eyelashes set FMA:70742 set of eyelashes FMA:TA cilia FMA:70742 eyelashes moustache FMA:59652 SCTID:256925006 UBERON:0010169 facial hair grown on the outer surface of the upper lip. It may or may not be accompanied by a type of beard, a facial hair style grown and cropped to cover most of the lower half of the face. mustache uberon FMA Wikipedia:Moustache facial hair grown on the outer surface of the upper lip. It may or may not be accompanied by a type of beard, a facial hair style grown and cropped to cover most of the lower half of the face. region of neural crest A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO:0000045 UBERON:0010170 ZFA:0000045 uberon 2012-08-14 A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000045 ZFIN:curator EHDAA2 strand of hair of face A strand of hair that is part of a face. FMA:54360 SCTID:368910000 UBERON:0010171 face hair face hair strand facial hair hair of face uberon FMA:54360 facial hair A strand of hair that is part of a face. OBOL:automatic FMA:54360 hair of face FMA:54360 face hair bulb of aorta FMA:3740 SCTID:362032000 The dilated first part of the aorta containing the aortic semilunar valves and the aortic sinuses. UBERON:0010172 aorta bulb aortic bulb aortic root bulb of ascending aorta bulbus aortae root of aorta supraaortic valve area the portion of the left ventricular outflow tract delineated by the sinotubular ridge superiorly and the bases of the valve leaflets inferiorly; it comprises the aortic sinuses, the aortic valve leaflets, the commissures, and the interleaflet triangles uberon MP:0011575 aorta bulb FMA:3740 aortic bulb FMA:3740 supraaortic valve area FMA:TA bulbus aortae FMA:3740 root of aorta FMA:3740 bulb of ascending aorta The dilated first part of the aorta containing the aortic semilunar valves and the aortic sinuses. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+bulb MP:0011572 the portion of the left ventricular outflow tract delineated by the sinotubular ridge superiorly and the bases of the valve leaflets inferiorly; it comprises the aortic sinuses, the aortic valve leaflets, the commissures, and the interleaflet triangles FMA MP:0011572 aortic root sinotubular junction UBERON:0010173 sinotubular ridge the point in the ascending aorta where the aortic sinuses end and the aorta becomes a tubular structure uberon MP MP:0011572 the point in the ascending aorta where the aortic sinuses end and the aorta becomes a tubular structure MP:0011572 sinotubular ridge Schweigger-Seidel sheath UBERON:0010174 a phagocytic sleeve that is part of a sheathed arteriole of the spleen, and is sometimes referred to as a splenic ellipsoid. It is a spindle-shaped thickening in the walls of the second part of the arterial branches forming the penicilli in the spleen uberon PMC:PMC3204613 Wikipedia:Schweigger-Seidel_sheath a phagocytic sleeve that is part of a sheathed arteriole of the spleen, and is sometimes referred to as a splenic ellipsoid. It is a spindle-shaped thickening in the walls of the second part of the arterial branches forming the penicilli in the spleen nutrient foramen vein FMA:50780 UBERON:0010175 a vein or veins draining a bone and emerging from a nutrient foramen. nutrient vein uberon vena nutricia vena nutricia FMA:50780 nutrient vein a vein or veins draining a bone and emerging from a nutrient foramen. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=97392 nutrient foramen artery FMA:50779 SCTID:337318006 The medullary or nutrient artery, usually accompanied by one or two veins, sends branches upward and downward to the bone marrow, which ramify in the medullary membrane, and give twigs to the adjoining canals. UBERON:0010176 UMLS:C0278431 a. nutricia a. nutriens aretria nutricia ncithesaurus:Nutrient_Artery nutrient artery uberon The medullary or nutrient artery, usually accompanied by one or two veins, sends branches upward and downward to the bone marrow, which ramify in the medullary membrane, and give twigs to the adjoining canals. Wikipedia:Nutrient_artery Wikipedia:Nutrient_artery a. nutricia Wikipedia:Nutrient_artery a. nutriens aretria nutricia FMA FMA:50779 nutrient artery straight venules of kidney FMA:72007 SCTID:245983001 The straight venules of kidney are branches from the plexuses at the apices of the medullary pyramids, formed by the terminations of the arteriae rectae. They run outward in a straight course between the tubes of the medullary substance, and joining, as above stated, the interlobular veins, form venous arcades; these in turn unite and form veins which pass along the sides of the pyramids. Contains fenestrated capillaries. UBERON:0010181 Wikipedia:Straight_venules_of_kidney set of straight venules of kidney uberon venae rectae venulae rectae venulae rectae of kidney venulae rectae renis venulae rectae renis venulae recti The straight venules of kidney are branches from the plexuses at the apices of the medullary pyramids, formed by the terminations of the arteriae rectae. They run outward in a straight course between the tubes of the medullary substance, and joining, as above stated, the interlobular veins, form venous arcades; these in turn unite and form veins which pass along the sides of the pyramids. Contains fenestrated capillaries. Wikipedia:Straight_venules_of_kidney FMA:TA venulae rectae renis FMA:72007 venulae rectae of kidney Wikipedia:Straight_venules_of_kidney venulae rectae Wikipedia:Straight_venules_of_kidney venae rectae Wikipedia:Straight_venules_of_kidney venulae rectae renis Wikipedia:Straight_venules_of_kidney venulae recti FMA:72007 set of straight venules of kidney liver trabecula A trabecula that is part of a liver UBERON:0010183 hepatic trabecula uberon A trabecula that is part of a liver GO:0060344 OBOL:automatic rete ovarii EMAPA:17966 Editor note: todo SCTID:259261007 UBERON:0010185 UMLS:C0227880 ncithesaurus:Rete_Ovarii uberon male urethral gland Any of the many glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of male mammals. The glands secrete mucus, which is incorporated into the semen, and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the penis. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:29645 FMA:21443 Littre's gland SCTID:303562001 UBERON:0010186 UMLS:C1314737 gland of Littre gland of male urethra glandulae urethrales urethrae masculinae male urethra gland ncithesaurus:Urethral_Gland uberon urethral gland (male) Wikipedia:Urethral_gland glandulae urethrales urethrae masculinae Any of the many glands that branch off the wall of the urethra of male mammals. The glands secrete mucus, which is incorporated into the semen, and are most numerous in the section of the urethra that runs through the penis. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Urethral_gland FMA:21443 urethral gland (male) FMA:21443 Littre's gland female urethral gland An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra. EMAPA:29653 FMA:21444 SCTID:279476001 UBERON:0010187 female urethra gland gland of female urethra uberon urethral gland (female) FMA:21444 urethral gland (female) An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra. OBOL:automatic protuberance A roughly circular bulge in a surface. AEO:0000205 EHDAA2:0003250 FMA:82506 UBERON:0010188 uberon EHDAA2 A roughly circular bulge in a surface. EHDAA2:0003250 right atrium venous valve AO notes: part_of in EHDAA2. Only child in MA. EHDAA2:0001762 EMAPA:17010 EMAPA:17328 MA:0001872 UBERON:0010189 right venous valve uberon MA EHDAA2:0001762 right venous valve pair of dorsal aortae EHDAA2:0000410 MA:0000476 UBERON:0010190 paired dorsal aortae uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000410 paired dorsal aortae EHDAA2 aortic system EHDAA2:0004512 UBERON:0010191 uberon EHDAA2 genital artery One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. UBERON:0010192 gonadal artery uberon ISBN10:0073040584 One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. Wikipedia:Gonadal_artery Wikipedia renal portal vein A portal vein that empties into capillaries within the kidneys. Function notes: function not well understood. [ISBN10:0073040584] TAO:0000577 UBERON:0010193 ZFA:0000577 renal portal veins uberon ZFA:0000577 renal portal veins A portal vein that empties into capillaries within the kidneys. ISBN10:0073040584 ZFA ZFA hepatic portal system A portal system that begins in capillaries in the wall of the digestive tract and and runs as the hepatic portal vein to the liver. AAO:0010225 Part of the circulatory system which includes the ventral abdominal vein, pelvic veins, and portal vein and collects blood from the pelvic region, liver, gall bladder and stomach.[AAO] UBERON:0010194 hepatic-portal system portal system of liver uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010225 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system which includes the ventral abdominal vein, pelvic veins, and portal vein and collects blood from the pelvic region, liver, gall bladder and stomach.[AAO] AAO:0010225 hepatic-portal system A portal system that begins in capillaries in the wall of the digestive tract and and runs as the hepatic portal vein to the liver. ISBN10:0073040584 renal portal system A portal system that transports blood returning from capillary beds within tail or hindlimbs through paired renal portal veins that empty into capillaries within the kidneys. AAO:0010518 Function notes: function not well understood. Taxon notes: present in all classes of vertebrates except mammals; the mammalian kidney has a low pressure vascular network that may be its counterpart [ISBN10:0073040584] Part of the circulatory system in which the veins of the hindlimb combine to form the pair Jacobson's veins which receive many small vesicles from the kidney and also collects blood from the oviducal vein.[AAO] UBERON:0010195 portal system of kidney renal-portal system uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010518 AAO:BJB Part of the circulatory system in which the veins of the hindlimb combine to form the pair Jacobson's veins which receive many small vesicles from the kidney and also collects blood from the oviducal vein.[AAO] AAO:0010518 renal-portal system A portal system that transports blood returning from capillary beds within tail or hindlimbs through paired renal portal veins that empty into capillaries within the kidneys. ISBN10:0073040584 ISBN10:0073040584 trunk of common carotid artery EHDAA2:0000306 EMAPA:18610 FMA:69323 The initial part of the entire common carotid artery ending with the point where the artery bifurcates into an external carotid artery and an internal carotid artery. UBERON:0010197 common carotid arterial trunk common carotid artery uberon The initial part of the entire common carotid artery ending with the point where the artery bifurcates into an external carotid artery and an internal carotid artery. UBERON:cjm FMA EHDAA2:0000306 common carotid artery FMA:69323 common carotid arterial trunk carotid duct EMAPA:17006 In amphibians, closes at metamorphosis[Kardong] SCTID:340062006 UBERON:0010198 a portion of the embryonic dorsal aorta between points of juncture with the third and fourth arch arteries; it disappears early in development. ductus caroticus uberon a portion of the embryonic dorsal aorta between points of juncture with the third and fourth arch arteries; it disappears early in development. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=ductus+caroticus EMAPA:17006 ductus caroticus lateral line AAO:0011128 TAO:0001469 The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear. UBERON:0010202 XAO:0004002 ZFA:0001469 lateral lines uberon ZFA ZFA:0001469 lateral lines The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear. Wikipedia:Lateral_line ZFA:0001469 ZFA tail vasculature A vasculature that is part of a post-anal tail. AO notes: isa blood vessel in XAO TAO:0005037 UBERON:0010204 XAO:0004151 ZFA:0005037 post-vent vasculature tail vasculature uberon ZFA:0005037 tail vasculature ZFA:0005037 post-vent vasculature A vasculature that is part of a post-anal tail. OBOL:automatic mesencephalic vein Editor notes: review this term, check taxon scope; note FMA has specific subtypes One of the several veins that drain the mesencephalon; the posterior ones are tributaries to the great cerebral vein; the lateral ones are tributaries to the basal vein. The main veins are: pontomesencephalic vein [TA] (vena pontomesencephalica [TA]), interpeduncular veins [TA] (venae interpedunculares [TA]), intercollicular vein [TA] (vena intercollicularis [TA]), and lateral mesencephalic vein [TA] (vena mesencephalica lateralis [TA])[MedLex]. The major vein of the midbrain, which crosses the midbrain medially to meet it's partner the mesencephalic artery[XAO]. SCTID:43225002 TAO:0005092 UBERON:0010205 XAO:0004174 ZFA:0005092 msv uberon vena mesencephalica venae mesencephalicae TAO:0005092 msv XAO One of the several veins that drain the mesencephalon; the posterior ones are tributaries to the great cerebral vein; the lateral ones are tributaries to the basal vein. The main veins are: pontomesencephalic vein [TA] (vena pontomesencephalica [TA]), interpeduncular veins [TA] (venae interpedunculares [TA]), intercollicular vein [TA] (vena intercollicularis [TA]), and lateral mesencephalic vein [TA] (vena mesencephalica lateralis [TA])[MedLex]. The major vein of the midbrain, which crosses the midbrain medially to meet it's partner the mesencephalic artery[XAO]. XAO:0004174 http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=97378 http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=venae+mesencephalicae venae mesencephalicae http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?s=venae+mesencephalicae vena mesencephalica nictitating membrane A fold of the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the cornea. MESH:A13.660 Taxon notes: Some reptiles, birds, and sharks have full nictitating membranes; in many mammals, a small, vestigial portion of the membrane remains in the corner of the eye. Some mammals, such as camels, polar bears, seals, and aardvarks, have full nictitating membranes[WP]. Editor notes: We exclude the shark structure for this via a taxon constraint. UBERON:0010207 UMLS:C0028058 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chickenblinking.jpg ncithesaurus:Nictitating_Membrane nictitans third eyelid uberon Wikipedia http://tolweb.org/Amniota nictitans A fold of the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva in many animals. At rest, it is hidden in the medial canthus. It can extend to cover part or all of the cornea to help clean the cornea. MESH:A13.660 Wikipedia:Nictitating_membrane MESH:A13.660 third eyelid plica semilunaris of conjunctiva FMA:59045 SCTID:280686009 The plica semilunaris is a small fold of bulbar conjunctiva on the medial canthus of the eye. It is loose, so that eye movements are not restricted. It is considered a vestigial organ. UBERON:0010209 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gray1205.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gray1205.png/250px-Gray1205.png plica semilunaris (conjunctiva) plica semilunaris conjunctivae plica semilunaris of the conjunctiva semilunar fold of conjunctiva uberon Wikipedia Wikipedia:Plica_semilunaris_of_conjunctiva plica semilunaris of the conjunctiva The plica semilunaris is a small fold of bulbar conjunctiva on the medial canthus of the eye. It is loose, so that eye movements are not restricted. It is considered a vestigial organ. Wikipedia:Plica_semilunaris_of_conjunctiva Wikipedia:Plica_semilunaris_of_conjunctiva plica semilunaris conjunctivae FMA:59045 semilunar fold of conjunctiva Wikipedia FMA FMA:59045 plica semilunaris (conjunctiva) blood clot A semisolid gelatinous mass of coagulated blood that consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets entrapped in a fibrin network. BTO:0000102 UBERON:0010210 galen:BloodClot thrombus uberon A semisolid gelatinous mass of coagulated blood that consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets entrapped in a fibrin network. BTO:0000102 Wikipedia:Thrombus BTO BTO:0000102 thrombus granulation tissue BTO:0003257 Highly vascularized tissue that replaces the initial fibrin clot in a wound. Vascularization is by ingrowth of capillary endothelium from the surrounding vasculature. The tissue is also rich in fibroblasts (that will eventually produce the fibrous tissue) and leucocytes. MESH:A10.165.450 UBERON:0010211 uberon BTO BTO:0003257 Highly vascularized tissue that replaces the initial fibrin clot in a wound. Vascularization is by ingrowth of capillary endothelium from the surrounding vasculature. The tissue is also rich in fibroblasts (that will eventually produce the fibrous tissue) and leucocytes. laryngeal apparatus AAO:0000267 Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. Check this. See also UBERONREF:0000008 EHDAA2:0000904 UBERON:0010212 laryngeal cartilage system uberon AAO:0000267 Apparatus located between the lungs and the buccal cavity. This apparatus is composed of a pair of arytenoid cartilages that are supported by the cricoid ring. EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000904 laryngeal cartilage system EHDAA2 laryngeal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010213 uberon EHDAA2-abstracted EHDAA2-abstracted cricoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000327 UBERON:0010214 uberon arytenoid swellings AO notes - EHDAA2 and EMAPA appear to be inconsistent EHDAA2:0000146 UBERON:0010215 paired primordial elevations, on either side of the embryonic larynx, within which the arytenoid cartilages are formed uberon http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=87317 paired primordial elevations, on either side of the embryonic larynx, within which the arytenoid cartilages are formed EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 thyroid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0004088 UBERON:0010219 uberon arytenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000144 EMAPA:17387 UBERON:0010220 VHOG:0000998 arytenoid swelling pre-cartilage condensation uberon EMAPA:17387 arytenoid swelling pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2 laryngeal associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004085 Many sources say: thyroid cartilage from arch 4 other laryngeal cartilage (cricoid/arytenoid) from 6? UBERON:0010221 uberon Wikipedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia EHDAA2 Wikipedia anatomical line between pupils UBERON:0010222 interpupillary line uberon left pupil A pupil that is part of a left eye. FMA:58254 SCTID:368597006 UBERON:0010223 pupil of left eye uberon FMA:58254 pupil of left eye A pupil that is part of a left eye. OBOL:automatic right pupil A pupil that is part of a right eye. FMA:58253 SCTID:368575009 UBERON:0010224 pupil of right eye uberon FMA:58253 pupil of right eye A pupil that is part of a right eye. OBOL:automatic thalamic complex EHDAA2:0004469 FMA:258745 UBERON:0010225 uberon EHDAA2 future cardiac ventricle FMA:71006 Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. TAO:0002231 UBERON:0010226 ZFA:0001719 presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube primordial cardiac ventricle primordial ventricle uberon ZFA FMA:71006 primordial ventricle ZFA:0001719 presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. ZFA:0001719 FMA:71006 primordial cardiac ventricle future cardiac atrium FMA:71005 Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. TAO:0002228 UBERON:0010227 ZFA:0001718 presumptive atrium heart tube primordial atrium primordial cardiac atrium uberon ZFA ZFA:0001718 presumptive atrium heart tube FMA:71005 primordial cardiac atrium FMA:71005 primordial atrium Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. ZFA:0001718 ruminal fluid A portion of organism substance that surrounded_by a rumen. BTO:0004789 UBERON:0010228 uberon A portion of organism substance that surrounded_by a rumen. OBOL:automatic ruminant esophageal groove A muscular structure at the lower end of the esophagus that, when closed, forms a tube allowing milk to go directly into the abomasum. (This prevents milk from being fermented or soured by the ruminal microorganisms). BTO:0004789 SCTID:86149002 The formation of the esophageal groove is controlled by neural stimulation from suckling and milk proteins. This means milk, colostrum, and milk replacer bypass the rumen, while water enters it UBERON:0010229 esophageal groove reticular groove ruminant reticular groove uberon esophageal groove A muscular structure at the lower end of the esophagus that, when closed, forms a tube allowing milk to go directly into the abomasum. (This prevents milk from being fermented or soured by the ruminal microorganisms). http://www.extension.org/pages/16468/esophageal-groove reticular groove eyeball of camera-type eye FMA:12513 MIAA:0000283 SCTID:244486005 See notes for camera-type eye The camera-type eye apart from its appendages/adnexa. UBERON:0010230 VHOG:0001616 bulbus oculi eye eye globe eyeball globe uberon FMA:12513 eyeball The camera-type eye apart from its appendages/adnexa. Wikipedia:Globe_(human_eye) VHOG:0001616 eye globe HP:0100886 MIAA:0000283 globe FMA eye anatomical line between outer ears UBERON:0010231 otic line uberon placodal ectoderm UBERON:0010232 uberon UBERONREF:0000002 stroma of thyroid gland FMA:86304 SCTID:157862000 UBERON:0010233 the connective tissue that supports the lobules and follicles of the thyroid gland. thyroid gland stroma thyroid stroma uberon http://www.drugs.com/dict/stroma-of-thyroid-gland.html the connective tissue that supports the lobules and follicles of the thyroid gland. UBERONREF:0000002 FMA:86304 thyroid gland stroma palatopharyngeus muscle FMA:46666 Palatopharyngeus is a muscle that attaches to the palatine bones, soft palate, and pharynx and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] SCTID:244796000 Structure notes: It is separated from the palatoglossus muscle by an angular interval, in which the palatine tonsil is lodged. It arises from the soft palate, where it is divided into two fasciculi by the levator veli palatini and musculus uvulae The palatopharyngeus or palatopharyngeal or pharyngopalatinus muscle is a long, fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the palatopharyngeal arch. UBERON:0010234 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Musculuspalatopharyngeus.png musculus palatopharyngeus palatopharyngeal muscle palatopharyngeus pharyngopalatinus pharyngopalatinus muscle uberon FMA Wikipedia:Palatopharyngeus_muscle musculus palatopharyngeus Wikipedia:Palatopharyngeus_muscle pharyngopalatinus Wikipedia Upper border of thyroid cartilage dbpedia FMA-abduced-lr dbpedia vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve The palatopharyngeus or palatopharyngeal or pharyngopalatinus muscle is a long, fleshy fasciculus, narrower in the middle than at either end, forming, with the mucous membrane covering its surface, the palatopharyngeal arch. Wikipedia:Palatopharyngeus_muscle dbpedia vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve Wikipedia:Palatopharyngeus_muscle pharyngopalatinus muscle 2012-07-02 FEED Palatopharyngeus is a muscle that attaches to the palatine bones, soft palate, and pharynx and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X via the pharyngeal plexus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org dbpedia palatine aponeurosis and hard palate FMA:46666 palatopharyngeus uvular muscle FMA:46733 SCTID:244797009 The muscle of the uvuli is an integral part of the soft palate and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X .[FEED] The musculus uvulae (azygos uvulae) is a muscle of the soft palate. It arises from the posterior nasal spine of the palatine bones and from the palatine aponeurosis. It descends to be inserted into the uvula and functions to move and shape it. It is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus[WP]. UBERON:0010235 azygos uvulae http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray169.png m. uvulae musculus uvulae musculus uvulae muscle uberon uvulae muscle uvular muscle Wikipedia 2012-07-02 FEED The muscle of the uvuli is an integral part of the soft palate and is innervated by Cranial Nerve X .[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Musculus_uvulae uvulae muscle Wikipedia:Musculus_uvulae m. uvulae FMA:46733 uvular muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Musculus_uvulae azygos uvulae dbpedia Wikipedia:Musculus_uvulae musculus uvulae muscle The musculus uvulae (azygos uvulae) is a muscle of the soft palate. It arises from the posterior nasal spine of the palatine bones and from the palatine aponeurosis. It descends to be inserted into the uvula and functions to move and shape it. It is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve via the pharyngeal plexus[WP]. Wikipedia:Musculus_uvulae Wikipedia:Musculus_uvulae musculus uvulae torus pylorus A fleshy protuberance at the pylorus of some species such as ruminants and pigs, that projects into the lumen of the pyloric canal SCTID:14214007 UBERON:0010238 torus pyloricus uberon A fleshy protuberance at the pylorus of some species such as ruminants and pigs, that projects into the lumen of the pyloric canal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/torus+pyloricus MA spiral colon A variant of the ascending colon in ruminants and pigs. Editor notes: Consider merging with ascending colon UBERON:0010239 UMLS:C0227374 coiled colon ncithesaurus:Spiral_Colon uberon Wikipedia A variant of the ascending colon in ruminants and pigs. Wikipedia:Spiral_colon zygomatic gland UBERON:0010240 UMLS:C2700338 a salivary gland best developed in carnivores; located above the zygomatic arch and below the eye. Enlargement or mucocele of the gland causes exophthalmos ncithesaurus:Zygomatic_Gland orbital gland superior buccal gland superior buccal salivary gland uberon upper molar gland a salivary gland best developed in carnivores; located above the zygomatic arch and below the eye. Enlargement or mucocele of the gland causes exophthalmos http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/zygomatic+gland molar gland A minor salivary gland that is part of a cheek. FMA:59794 SCTID:59637006 UBERON:0010241 a variety of mammals have salivary glands variously terms upper molar/buccal gland - this class groups all of these molar salivary gland uberon A minor salivary gland that is part of a cheek. OBOL:automatic FMA:59794 molar salivary gland anterior buccal gland MA:0002700 UBERON:0010242 anterior buccal salivary gland uberon merocrine gland BTO:0002324 One in which the secretory cells maintain their integrity throughout the secretory cycle. UBERON:0010243 merocrine uberon BTO:0002324 One in which the secretory cells maintain their integrity throughout the secretory cycle. Wikipedia:Merocrine cjm choroid tapetum lucidum A tapetum lucidum that is part of the choroid. The choroidal tapetum lucidum lies immediately adjacent to the choriocapillaris and external to the retinal epithelium AO notes: we make the assumption that the BTO class belongs here rather than with the parent; the other type is the retinal type BTO:0001828 SCTID:3034006 UBERON:0010244 choroidal tapetum lucidum tapetum choroideae uberon BTO:0001828 tapetum choroideae A tapetum lucidum that is part of the choroid. The choroidal tapetum lucidum lies immediately adjacent to the choriocapillaris and external to the retinal epithelium PMID:14738502 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum#Classification retinal tapetum lucidum A tapetum lucidum that is part of the retina, within the cytoplasm of the retinal epithelium In crocodilians, a semicircular area of the retinal epithelium in the superior fundus shows a fair sulfur yellow coloration and is specialized as a tapetum lucidum. In the tapetal area, no melanosomes are formed indicating a nonocclusible tapetum in the Caiman sclerops. Retinal tapeta lucida are common in fish and some reptiles, but rarely occur in mammals. In most of these species the retinal tapetum can be classified as either a lipid (in some teleosts, mammals) or guanine type (in some teleosts, reptiles). Another differentiation can be made among the retinal tapeta lucida based on whether the tapetum is occlusible (found in most of teleosts), or nonocclusible (or static) (found in mammals) Taxon notes: as seen in teleosts, crocodiles, marsupials and fruit bats[WP] UBERON:0010245 the tapetum lucidum is an integral part of the pigment epithelium in primitive teleosts (lying in the pro- cesses of the pigmented epithelial cells). It can vary in chemical nature. uberon PMID:14738502 cjm A tapetum lucidum that is part of the retina, within the cytoplasm of the retinal epithelium PMID:14738502 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum#Classification NCBITaxon:32443 PMID:14738502 the tapetum lucidum is an integral part of the pigment epithelium in primitive teleosts (lying in the pro- cesses of the pigmented epithelial cells). It can vary in chemical nature. In the tapetal area, no melanosomes are formed indicating a nonocclusible tapetum in the Caiman sclerops. NCBITaxon:8499 PMID:14738502 PMID:14738502 cjm In crocodilians, a semicircular area of the retinal epithelium in the superior fundus shows a fair sulfur yellow coloration and is specialized as a tapetum lucidum. NCBITaxon:8493 PMID:14738502 PMID:14738502 cjm PMID:14738502 cjm PMID:14738502 Retinal tapeta lucida are common in fish and some reptiles, but rarely occur in mammals. In most of these species the retinal tapetum can be classified as either a lipid (in some teleosts, mammals) or guanine type (in some teleosts, reptiles). Another differentiation can be made among the retinal tapeta lucida based on whether the tapetum is occlusible (found in most of teleosts), or nonocclusible (or static) (found in mammals) choroidal guanine tapetum A choroid tapetum lucidum that is made of a palisade of cells containing stacks of flat hexagonal crystals of guanine A choroidal tapetum of reflecting cells lying immediately outside the choriocapillaris is formed in a few primitive teleosts. Taxon notes: elasmobranchii (skates, rays, and sharks) and chimaeras[WP] The elasmobranch tapetum in Squalus and Scyliorhinus con- sists of sheets of 12–13 superposed guanine crystals in the choroid. UBERON:0010246 uberon A choroid tapetum lucidum that is made of a palisade of cells containing stacks of flat hexagonal crystals of guanine PMID:14738502 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum#Classification NCBITaxon:7778 PMID:14738502 The elasmobranch tapetum in Squalus and Scyliorhinus con- sists of sheets of 12–13 superposed guanine crystals in the choroid. A choroidal tapetum of reflecting cells lying immediately outside the choriocapillaris is formed in a few primitive teleosts. NCBITaxon:32443 PMID:14738502 choroidal tapetum cellulosum A choroid tapetum lucidum that consists of layers of cells containing organized, highly refractive crystals. These crystals are diverse in shape and makeup The choroidal stroma adjacent to the tapetum lucidum contains numerous small blood vessels that penetrate the tapetal layer to form a single-layered capillary network, known as the choriocapillaris, on the surface of the tapetum. The tapetum cellulosum is thus interposed between the large branching vessels in the choroid and the single layer of the choriocapillaris beneath the retinal epithelium[PMID:14738502] UBERON:0010247 choroid tapetum cellulosum uberon PMID:14738502 cjm A choroid tapetum lucidum that consists of layers of cells containing organized, highly refractive crystals. These crystals are diverse in shape and makeup PMID:14738502 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum#Classification PMID:14738502 cjm most carnivores PMID:14738502 cjm spotted cavy choroidal tapetum fibrosum A choroid tapetum lucidum that is an array of extracellular fibers. Taxon notes: cows, sheep, goats and horses[WP] UBERON:0010248 fibrous tapetum uberon NCBITaxon:9845 PMID:14738502 fibrous tapetum PMID:14738502 cjm A choroid tapetum lucidum that is an array of extracellular fibers. PMID:14738502 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Tapetum_lucidum#Classification PMID:14738502 cjm posterior meningeal artery FMA:49503 The posterior meningeal artery are small vessels which are branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery which supply the dura mater. It passes through the mastoid foramen before entering the cranium via the jugular foramen. UBERON:0010249 UMLS:C0221310 arteria meningea posterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery ncithesaurus:Posterior_Meningeal_Artery posterior meningeal arteries terminal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery uberon The posterior meningeal artery are small vessels which are branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery which supply the dura mater. It passes through the mastoid foramen before entering the cranium via the jugular foramen. Wikipedia:Posterior_meningeal_artery FMA:49503 terminal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery Wikipedia:Posterior_meningeal_artery meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery Wikipedia:Posterior_meningeal_artery arteria meningea posterior Wikipedia:Posterior_meningeal_artery posterior meningeal arteries middle meningeal artery FMA:49711 SCTID:278100005 The middle meningeal artery is typically the third branch of the first part (retromandibular part) of the maxillary artery; one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. After branching off the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa, it runs through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater and the calvaria. The middle meningeal artery is the largest of the three (paired) arteries which supply the meninges, the others being the anterior meningeal artery and the posterior meningeal artery. In approximately half of subjects it branches into an accessory meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery runs beneath the pterion. It is vulnerable to injury at this point, where the skull is thin. Rupture of the artery may give rise to an epidural hematoma. UBERON:0010250 arteria meningea media http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Middle_meningeal_artery.png uberon Wikipedia:Middle_meningeal_artery arteria meningea media FMA Wikipedia:Middle_meningeal_artery arteria meningea media The middle meningeal artery is typically the third branch of the first part (retromandibular part) of the maxillary artery; one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. After branching off the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa, it runs through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater and the calvaria. The middle meningeal artery is the largest of the three (paired) arteries which supply the meninges, the others being the anterior meningeal artery and the posterior meningeal artery. In approximately half of subjects it branches into an accessory meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery runs beneath the pterion. It is vulnerable to injury at this point, where the skull is thin. Rupture of the artery may give rise to an epidural hematoma. Wikipedia:Middle_meningeal_artery anterior meningeal artery Editor notes: this needs checking as part of a general revision of the blood vessels and their branches - unclear if the anterior meningeal artery should be treated separately from the anterior ethmoidal artery (ie as a branch) or the same thing FMA:49993 SCTID:369327009 UBERON:0010251 UMLS:C0226187 a meningeal branch to the dura mater arising from the anterior ethmoidal artery. a. ethmoidalis anterior anterior ethmoid arteries anterior ethmoid artery anterior meningeal arteries anterior meningeal artery anterior meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gray514.png ncithesaurus:Anterior_Meningeal_Artery uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery anterior meningeal arteries Wikipedia Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery anterior meningeal artery Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery#Branches a meningeal branch to the dura mater arising from the anterior ethmoidal artery. Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery anterior ethmoid artery FMA:49993 anterior meningeal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery anterior ethmoid arteries Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery a. ethmoidalis anterior Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0000037 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. UBERON:0010252 uberon inferred EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0000044 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. UBERON:0010253 uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 2nd arch mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0000068 EMAPA:16281 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010254 branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch 2 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 3rd arch mesenchyme from neural crest 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest EHDAA2:0000083 EMAPA:16404 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010255 VHOG:0000571 branchial arch 3 mesenchyme from neural crest mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 3rd arch neural crest derived arch 3 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 3 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon EMAPA:16404 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 3rd arch Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2-inferred 3rd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest VHOG:0000571 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000571 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 4th arch mesenchyme from neural crest 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest EHDAA2:0000098 EMAPA:16772 In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010256 VHOG:0000580 branchial arch 4 mesenchyme from neural crest mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 4th arch neural crest derived arch 4 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon EMAPA:16772 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 4th arch EHDAA2 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest VHOG:0000580 EHDAA2-inferred 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000580 http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic 6th arch mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0004077 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010257 branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2-inferred Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest EHDAA2:0004423 Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. UBERON:0010258 uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 1st arch mesenchyme from neural crest EMAPA:16129 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010259 branchial arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch neural crest derived arch 1 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon EMAPA:16129 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch EHDAA2-inferred Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic umbilical blood vessel A blood vessel that overlaps a umbilical cord. SCTID:408728001 UBERON:0010260 uberon umbilical cord blood vessel A blood vessel that overlaps a umbilical cord. OBOL:automatic operculum of brain SCTID:362351003 The most posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the brain. In an axial plane, the Sylvian fissure extends from the operculum posteriorly to divide the frontal from the temporal lobe. Broca's area is a notable part of the operculum, which plays a key role in conversation or speech production, reading and writing. Its vascular supply comes from the M3 branches of the middle cerebral artery[WP]. UBERON:0010262 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Operculum.png operculum uberon HP The most posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the brain. In an axial plane, the Sylvian fissure extends from the operculum posteriorly to divide the frontal from the temporal lobe. Broca's area is a notable part of the operculum, which plays a key role in conversation or speech production, reading and writing. Its vascular supply comes from the M3 branches of the middle cerebral artery[WP]. Wikipedia:Operculum_%28brain%29 HP:0100954 operculum obsolete embryoid body Embryoid bodies are structures resembling embryos, occurring in several types of germ cell tumors. Obsoled, as does not cover naturally occurring entity UBERON:0010263 true uberon BTO:0001718 Embryoid bodies are structures resembling embryos, occurring in several types of germ cell tumors. Wikipedia:Embryoid_body hepatopancreas BTO:0000597 UBERON:0010264 an organ of the digestive tract of arthropods and molluscs. It provides the functions which in mammals are provided separately by the liver and pancreas, including the production of digestive enzymes, and absorption of digested food. uberon BTO BTO Wikipedia:Hepatopancreas an organ of the digestive tract of arthropods and molluscs. It provides the functions which in mammals are provided separately by the liver and pancreas, including the production of digestive enzymes, and absorption of digested food. mollusc hepatopancreas . UBERON:0010265 uberon . Wikipedia:Digestive_system_of_gastropods#Hepatopancreas arthropod hepatopancreas Digestive gland of crustaceans with functions approximately analogous to liver and pancreas of vertebrates - enzyme secretion, food absorption and storage. Editor notes: this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology UBERON:0010266 crustacean digestive gland midgut gland uberon BTO:0000597 Digestive gland of crustaceans with functions approximately analogous to liver and pancreas of vertebrates - enzyme secretion, food absorption and storage. PMID:18025161 BTO:0000597 midgut gland obsolete inferior reticular formation . UBERON:0010267 true uberon . GO:0021728 obsolete superior reticular formation . UBERON:0010268 true uberon . GO:0021729 filum terminale internum FMA:256524 SCTID:315673007 UBERON:0010269 internal part of filum terminale uberon FMA FMA:256524 internal part of filum terminale filum terminale externum FMA:256526 SCTID:315573001 UBERON:0010270 external part of filum terminale uberon FMA FMA:256526 external part of filum terminale musculus retractor bulbi AAO:0010122 Cranial nerve VI innervated; ventral and posterior to the eye. Editors note: TODO - add innervation relationships // In most other mammals it also innervates the musculus retractor bulbi, which can retract the eye for protection[wiki/Abducens_nerve] M. retractor bulbi UBERON:0010271 retractor bulbi retractor bulbi muscle uberon Wikipedia AAO:0010122 Cranial nerve VI innervated; ventral and posterior to the eye. cjm hyoid apparatus A group of bones comprised of hyoid body and two pairs of cornua (i.e. greater cornua and lesser cornua), and lies just below the tongue, above the thyroid cartilage AAO:0000225 AAO:0000682 Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus.[AAO] SCTID:410035009 Taxon notes: In most mammals, including humans, the hyoid apparatus is shaped like a horseshoe. However, in humans, some of the bones of the hyoid apparatus are fused into a single bone called os hyoideum. In other animals such as frogs, the hyoid apparatus has a hyoid body that is chiefly comprised of hyaline cartilage and two pairs of processes (i.e. alary process and the posteriolateral process). UBERON:0010272 apparatus hyobranchialis apparatus hyoideus http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/gill_arches/images/ReptileHyoids.gif hyobranchial apparatus hyolingual system relationship loss: part_of hyolaryngeal complex (AAO:0000226)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000225 relationship loss: part_of hyolaryngeal complex (AAO:0000226)[AAO] apparatus hyobranchialis AAO AAO:0000225 hyolingual system AAO:0000225 hyobranchial apparatus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000225 AAO:LAP Apparatus located in the floor of the mouth, under the mandibular arcade. The apparatus consists of a central corpus and four pairs of processes. This apparatus serves as the site of insertion for a variety of muscles associated with movements of the tongue and as the origin of the m. hyoglossus.[AAO] A group of bones comprised of hyoid body and two pairs of cornua (i.e. greater cornua and lesser cornua), and lies just below the tongue, above the thyroid cartilage http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Hyoid_apparatus apparatus hyoideus http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Hyoid_apparatus zone of hyoid bone A zone of bone organ that is part of a hyoid bone. FMA:59494 SCTID:119534005 UBERON:0010273 hyoid bone zone uberon A zone of bone organ that is part of a hyoid bone. OBOL:automatic FMA:59494 hyoid bone zone vertebral column opening AAO:0000700 AO notes: in AAO this is a space rather than conduit An anatomical conduit that is part of a vertebra. UBERON:0010276 uberon vertebral conduit An anatomical conduit that is part of a vertebra. OBOL:automatic mesocardium Editor notes: consider merging with heart mesentery MA:0000098 The part of the embryonic mesentery which connects the embryonic heart with the body wall in front and the foregut behind. UBERON:0010277 mesocardial uberon The part of the embryonic mesentery which connects the embryonic heart with the body wall in front and the foregut behind. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mesocardium EHDAA2 MA pericardial sinus SCTID:314273005 There are two Pericardial sinuses: transverse and oblique. The cul-de-sac enclosed between the limbs of the inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left atrium and is known as the oblique sinus. . The passage between the venous and arterial mesocardiabi.e. , between the aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behindbis termed the transverse sinus. Also, the sinus that forms in the pericardial cavity where the dorso-mesentary pericardium reside. Can be used to pass ligature during cardiac surgery. UBERON:0010279 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png oblique pericardial oblique pericardial sinus oblique sinus pericardial sinuses transverse pericardial transverse pericardial sinus uberon There are two Pericardial sinuses: transverse and oblique. The cul-de-sac enclosed between the limbs of the inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left atrium and is known as the oblique sinus. . The passage between the venous and arterial mesocardiabi.e. , between the aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behindbis termed the transverse sinus. Also, the sinus that forms in the pericardial cavity where the dorso-mesentary pericardium reside. Can be used to pass ligature during cardiac surgery. Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus pericardial sinuses Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus oblique sinus Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus oblique pericardial MA-abduced FMA-abduced Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus oblique pericardial sinus Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus transverse pericardial Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus transverse pericardial sinus oblique pericardial sinus FMA:77133 The cul-de-sac enclosed between the limbs of the inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left atrium.[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0010283 oblique sinus of pericardial cavity uberon FMA:77133 oblique sinus of pericardial cavity The cul-de-sac enclosed between the limbs of the inverted U of the venous mesocardium lies behind the left atrium.[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pericardial_sinus lacrimal punctum A minute orifice on the summit of the papillae lacrimales, which is the commencement point of the lacrimal canaliculi. FMA:59365 SCTID:263344003 UBERON:0010284 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Gray895.png uberon cjm A minute orifice on the summit of the papillae lacrimales, which is the commencement point of the lacrimal canaliculi. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_punctum FMA midbrain basal plate EFO:0003567 EHDAA2:0004375 Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. TAO:0000761 UBERON:0010285 ZFA:0000761 basal plate midbrain uberon Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. ZFA:0000761 EHDAA2 TAO:0000761 basal plate midbrain ZFA midbrain neural tube Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. TAO:0007039 UBERON:0010286 ZFA:0007039 uberon Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. ZFA:0007039 ZFA motor root of facial nerve FMA:53419 SCTID:280191009 UBERON:0010287 facial nerve motor root seventh cranial nerve motor root uberon Wikipedia FMA:53419 facial nerve motor root FMA FMA:53419 seventh cranial nerve motor root future medulla oblongata A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a medulla oblongata. EHDAA2:0001088 UBERON:0010288 uberon A multi-tissue structure that develops_into a medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic scleral cartilage Bilaterally paired thin continuous band of cartilage that sagitally encircles the eye.[TAO] Circular cartilage ringing the posterior portion of the eye in the sclera. Supports the eye. TAO:0001509 Taxon notes: May be calcified in chondrichthyans. Tetrapods without this element (e.g., snakes and mammals) have a collagenous sclera. May not be homologous - see PMID:17051547. cup-shaped in birds. Present in monotremes. Editor notes: consider distinguishing cup from predecessor of ossicle. Hall: The scleral cartilaginous cup is a distinctly sepa- rate element composed of hyaline cartilage. Editors notes: relationship to sclera - overlaps? UBERON:0010289 ZFA:0001509 scleral cartilage element scleral cartilaginous cup sclerotic cartilage uberon 2012-08-14 Bilaterally paired thin continuous band of cartilage that sagitally encircles the eye.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001509 ZFIN:curator ZFA PMID:17051547 - ossicles cjm ZFA:0001509 sclerotic cartilage PMID:17051547 scleral cartilaginous cup PMID:17051547 - but present in monotremes Circular cartilage ringing the posterior portion of the eye in the sclera. Supports the eye. http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=scleral+cartilage PMID:17051547 scleral cartilage element scleral ossicle A bony plate around the eyes, are situated at the corneal-scleral limbus. They do not articulate with other elements of the skull. Typically, the scleral ossicles overlap the rim of a cup of scleral cartilage that supports the eyeball. Situated near the equator of the eye and may slightly overlap the rim of scleral cartilage. SCTID:45632000 Taxon notes: The distribution of scleral ossicles and scleral cartilage among verte- brate taxa is not the same. Some taxa (e.g., birds) have both elements; some only have one element (e.g., crocodiles only have a scleral cartilage); while others (e.g., snakes) have neither element (Walls, 1942) number of ossicles making up the sclerotic ring as well as the shape of both the individual plates and the sclerotic ring is variable among tetrapod taxa.... It is therefore extremely likely that scleral skeletal elements (ossicles and cartilage) of all rep- tiles (including birds) are homologous (but cannot be assumed for reptiles and teleosts). Function notes: The function of these elements is to support the eye from within the sclera; scleral ossicles play an additional important role during accommodation in terrestrial vertebrates (Lemmrich, 1931; Walls, 1942; King and McLelland, 1984). UBERON:0010290 scleral ossicle sclerotic bone sclerotic ossicle uberon ZFA ZFA:0001411 sclerotic bone A bony plate around the eyes, are situated at the corneal-scleral limbus. They do not articulate with other elements of the skull. Typically, the scleral ossicles overlap the rim of a cup of scleral cartilage that supports the eyeball. Situated near the equator of the eye and may slightly overlap the rim of scleral cartilage. PMID:17051547 PMID:17051547 Walls 1942 PMID:17051547 scleral ossicle PMID:17051547 Kemp 1999 layer of sclera . UBERON:0010291 uberon . Wikipedia:Sclera#Histology cjm episcleral layer of eyeball FMA:58362 SCTID:368850003 The episclera is the outermost layer of the sclera. It is composed of loose, fibrous, elastic tissue and attaches to Tenon's capsule. A vascular plexus is found between the conjunctiva and the sclera consisting of two layers of vessels, the superficial episcleral vessels and the deep episcleral vessels. UBERON:0010292 UMLS:C0229109 episclera episcleral layer lamina episcleralis ncithesaurus:Episclera uberon FMA:58362 episclera The episclera is the outermost layer of the sclera. It is composed of loose, fibrous, elastic tissue and attaches to Tenon's capsule. A vascular plexus is found between the conjunctiva and the sclera consisting of two layers of vessels, the superficial episcleral vessels and the deep episcleral vessels. Wikipedia:Episcleral_layer Wikipedia:Episcleral_layer lamina episcleralis Wikipedia FMA:58362 episcleral layer suprachoroid lamina FMA:58368 On the external surface of the sclera is a thin membrane, the suprachoroid lamina, composed of delicate non-vascular lamellaebeach lamella consisting of a net-work of fine elastic fibers among which are branched pigment cells. The spaces between the lamellC& are lined by endothelium, and open freely into the perichoroidal lymph space, which, in its turn, communicates with the periscleral space by the perforations in the sclera through which the vessels and nerves are transmitted. SCTID:280607003 UBERON:0010293 fusca sclerae lamina fusca of sclera lamina fusca sclerae lamina fusca sclerae lamina fusca scletae lamina suprachorioidea lamina suprachoroidea suprachoroid lamina of sclera uberon Wikipedia FMA:58368 lamina fusca of sclera Wikipedia:Suprachoroid_lamina fusca sclerae On the external surface of the sclera is a thin membrane, the suprachoroid lamina, composed of delicate non-vascular lamellaebeach lamella consisting of a net-work of fine elastic fibers among which are branched pigment cells. The spaces between the lamellC& are lined by endothelium, and open freely into the perichoroidal lymph space, which, in its turn, communicates with the periscleral space by the perforations in the sclera through which the vessels and nerves are transmitted. Wikipedia:Suprachoroid_lamina Wikipedia:Suprachoroid_lamina lamina fusca scletae FMA:58368 suprachoroid lamina of sclera Wikipedia:Suprachoroid_lamina lamina suprachorioidea Wikipedia:Suprachoroid_lamina lamina fusca sclerae Wikipedia:Suprachoroid_lamina lamina suprachoroidea FMA:TA lamina fusca sclerae Wikipedia:Suprachoroid_lamina lamina suprachorioidea scleral endothelium An endothelium that is part of a sclera. UBERON:0010294 uberon An endothelium that is part of a sclera. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia substantia propria of sclera A stroma that is part of a sclera. FMA:58365 SCTID:368851004 UBERON:0010295 UMLS:C1704397 ncithesaurus:Substantia_Propria scleral stroma stroma of sclera subsantia propria subsantia propria sclerae uberon A stroma that is part of a sclera. OBOL:automatic FMA:58365 scleral stroma FMA:58365 subsantia propria sclerae FMA:58365 stroma of sclera Wikipedia scleral skeletal element An eye adnexal structure, but not necessarily part of the eyeball UBERON:0010296 uberon PMID:17051547 endochondral scleral ossicle A pair of small dish-shaped bones that cap the anterior and posterior margin of the eyeball.[TAO] TAO:0001411 Taxon notes: The scleral ossicles [of teleosts] are reported to form indirectly by endochondral (Hall and Miyake, 1992) or by perichondral ossification (Patterson, 1977) from a cartilage element that is also present in the sclera. This is unlike the scleral ossicles of reptiles, which develop directly from ectomesenchyme (i.e., intramembranous ossification) and independently from the scleral cartilage[PMID:17051547] UBERON:0010297 ZFA:0001411 uberon ZFA 2012-08-14 A pair of small dish-shaped bones that cap the anterior and posterior margin of the eyeball.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001411 ZFIN:curator ZFA ZFA intramembranous scleral ossicle Development notes: The scleral ossicles [in reptiles] are of dermal (neural crest) origin, develop intramembranously within the scleral mesenchyme, and are induced to form by overlying (transient) epithelial scleral papillae (Nelson, 1942; Murray, 1943; Fyfe and Hall, 1981, 1983; Hall, 1981, 2005; Pinto and Hall, 1991) UBERON:0010298 uberon PMID:11237469 PMID:16496288 scleral mesenchyme Development notes: The mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup differentiates into the sclera, the dense fibrous coat of the eye.. PMID:16496288 Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera. UBERON:0010299 uberon Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera. PMID:16496288 UBERON:cjm epithelial scleral papilla layer Development notes: The scleral ossicles are of dermal (neural crest) origin, develop intramembranously within the scleral mesenchyme, and are induced to form by overlying (transient) epithelial scleral papillae (Nelson, 1942; Murray, 1943; Fyfe and Hall, 1981, 1983; Hall, 1981, 2005; Pinto and Hall, 1991). Taxon notes: Scleral papillae (which induce scleral ossicles in birds) have not been reported in teleosts, but evidence for their presence may not have been sought UBERON:0010300 scleral papillae uberon amnioserosa BTO:0004800 EFO:0000250 Editor's notes: May be obsoleted once added to insect ontology. Coordinate with cell type in CL FBbt:00000095 UBERON:0010302 a single extraembryonic epithelium, which closes the germband dorsally. amnion-serosa uberon BTO:0004800 amnion-serosa doi:10.1073/pnas.0709145105 a single extraembryonic epithelium, which closes the germband dorsally. doi:10.1073/pnas.0709145105 extraembryonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. UBERON:0010303 extra-embryonic epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. OBOL:automatic non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium FMA:45569 Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus. UBERON:0010304 epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium uberon FMA:45569 epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum FMA FMA:45569 Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus. Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium#Nonkeratinized FMA:45569 nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium region of conjunctiva FMA:59023 The conjunctiva is divided into 3 parts. UBERON:0010305 conjunctiva subdivision uberon The conjunctiva is divided into 3 parts. Wikipedia:Conjunctiva#Gross_anatomy FMA:59023 conjunctiva subdivision bulbar conjunctiva FMA:59024 SCTID:264509009 UBERON:0010306 UMLS:C0229275 covers the eyeball, over the sclera. This region of the conjunctiva is tightly bound to the underlying sclera by Tenon's capsule and moves with the eyeball movements. ncithesaurus:Bulbar_Conjunctiva ocular conjunctiva uberon FMA Wikipedia:Conjunctiva ocular conjunctiva conjunctival fornix FMA:59016 Forms the junction between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivas. It is loose and flexible, allowing the free movement of the lids and eyeball SCTID:276831007 UBERON:0010307 fornix conjunctiva line of reflexion of the conjunctiva from the eyelid to the eyeball. uberon FMA Wikipedia:Conjunctiva fornix conjunctiva http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/conjunctival+fornix line of reflexion of the conjunctiva from the eyelid to the eyeball. os opticus Gemminger's ossicle Scleral element located at the posterior pole of the scleral cartilage surrounding the foramen through which the optic nerve fibers pass. the internal architecture of this bone reveals a cancellous marrow cavity with fatty tissue. Taxon notes: At present, it has been documented in 219 species from 35 families, including perching birds, woodpeckers, hummingbirds, toucans, kingfishers, and falcons (Tiemeier, 1950). Morphologically, this element varies in shape from a complete encircling element in some woodpeckers (e.g., Melanerpes eryth- rocephalus) to an abbreviated arc in Gallus UBERON:0010308 os nervi optici uberon Gemminger's ossicle PMID:16496288 PMID:16496288 os nervi optici PMID:16496288 Scleral element located at the posterior pole of the scleral cartilage surrounding the foramen through which the optic nerve fibers pass. the internal architecture of this bone reveals a cancellous marrow cavity with fatty tissue. palpebral bone An ossified element investing the upper eyelid. Taxon notes: The most extreme development of the palpebral is found in the armored dino- saur Euoplocephalus tutus, where the bone forms a quarter-sphere and adducts to completely occlude the or- bit (Coombs, 1972; Vickaryous and Russell, 2003). Notwithstanding the superficially similar position, palpe- brals and tarsal plates differ both anatomically and developmentally and are not considered homologous (Gauthier et al., 1988). Editor notes PMID:16496288 says 'invests' the eyelid, is this consistent across taxa? UBERON:0010309 palpebral uberon An ossified element investing the upper eyelid. PMID:16496288 Wikipedia:Palpebral_(bone) nictitating membrane lamina Taxon notes: these laminae may consist of purely hyaline cartilage (cats and horses) or may be heavily invested with elastic fibers (dogs, pigs, and cows; Schlegel et al., 2001) UBERON:0010310 cartilago intercipiens thin cartilage element that stiffens the nictitating membrane. uberon PMID:16496288 thin cartilage element that stiffens the nictitating membrane. PMID:16496288 cartilago intercipiens scleral sesamoid bone A sesamoid bone that lies adjacent to the tendon of one of the muscles responsible for adducting the nictitating membrane (the pyramidal nictitating muscle) Structure notes: During contraction, the scleral sesamoid bone acts to anchor the pyramidal nictitating muscle to the sclera and divert the tendon from pro- jecting over the cornea. It remains to be determined whether this is indeed a true sesamoid (sensu; Vickaryous and Olson, 2006), as the scleral sesa- moid is actually invested within the synovial tendon sheath and not the tendon per se UBERON:0010311 scleral sesamoid scleral sesamoid element sesamoideum esclerae uberon PMID:16496288 scleral sesamoid A sesamoid bone that lies adjacent to the tendon of one of the muscles responsible for adducting the nictitating membrane (the pyramidal nictitating muscle) PMID:16496288 PMID:16496288 sesamoideum esclerae immature eye Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. Multi-tissue structure that consists of the structures that develop into the retina and lens.[TAO] TAO:0002201 UBERON:0010312 ZFA:0001678 future eye uberon 2012-08-14 Multi-tissue structure that consists of the structures that develop into the retina and lens.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002201 ZFIN:curator Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. ZFA:0001678 definitional neural crest-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0010313 uberon An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. UBERON:cjm structure with developmental contribution from neural crest An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0010314 uberon An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. UBERON:cjm germ layer / neural crest UBERON:0010316 uberon obsolete germ layer / neural crest derived structure Grouping term for query purposes UBERON:0010317 true uberon skeletal element of eye region A skeletal element that is part of a ocular region. UBERON:0010321 eye skeleton ocular skeleton skeletal element of ocular region uberon PMID:16496288 A skeletal element that is part of a ocular region. OBOL:automatic cranial skeletal system AAO:0000109 AAO:0000971 AAO:0010185 Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium.[AAO] Note that the cranial skeleton includes the pharyngeal arch skeleton. It is thus more inclusive that the cranium itself, and extends beyond the head in tetrapods. The AAO class called 'skull' belongs here, as it includes the whole splanchnocranium. Editor notes: we use 'cranial skeletal system', so that we can include the skull, which has joints/sutures as parts (recall, we follow FMA in distinguishing between the skeleton and skeletal system - only the latter includes joints) Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. Skeletal system which is part of the skull, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium.[TAO] TAO:0000737 UBERON:0010323 VSAO:0000049 XAO:0003075 ZFA:0000737 cranial skeleton cranium osteocranium uberon 2012-08-14 Skeletal system which is part of the skull, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000737 ZFIN:curator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000109 AAO:LAP Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium.[AAO] ZFA:0000737 cranium Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. VSAO:0000049 obsolete craniofacial region UBERON:0001456 UBERON:0010324 VSAO:0000083 true uberon obsolete craniofacial skeleton Cranial skeleton derived from neural crest cells. Cranio-facial skeleton UBERON:0010325 UBERON:0011156 VSAO:0000082 true uberon Cranial skeleton derived from neural crest cells. VSAO:0000082 Cranio-facial skeleton VSAO:curator optic pedicel UBERON:0010326 eye stalk permanent cartilage structure projecting from the site of origin of the recti muscles. Supports eyeball and aids rotation. uberon ISBN10:071676959X PMID:16496288 permanent cartilage structure projecting from the site of origin of the recti muscles. Supports eyeball and aids rotation. obsolete early digestive tract associated mesenchyme UBERON:0010327 true uberon limb bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a limb bud. UBERON:0010328 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a limb bud. OBOL:automatic limb/fin bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. UBERON:0010329 uberon EHDAA2-abduced Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. OBOL:automatic eyelid mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a eyelid. UBERON:0010330 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a eyelid. OBOL:automatic epithelium of handplate An epithelium that is part of a handplate. EHDAA2:0000730 UBERON:0010332 handplate epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a handplate. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000730 handplate epithelium EHDAA2 EHDAA2 extraembryonic membrane mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. UBERON:0010333 uberon EHDAA2-abduced Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. OBOL:automatic maxillary process mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0004601 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. UBERON:0010334 uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 maxillary process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004602 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. UBERON:0010335 uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a maxillary process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0004603 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. UBERON:0010336 uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004604 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. UBERON:0010337 uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000043 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. UBERON:0010338 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000036 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. UBERON:0010339 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic 1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EMAPA:16130 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010341 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:16130 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch EMAPA 2nd arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000067 EMAPA:16280 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010343 branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch 2 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 2nd arch pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EMAPA:16280 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 2nd arch EHDAA2 3rd arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000082 EMAPA:16403 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010344 branchial arch 3 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch 3 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 3rd arch pharyngeal arch 3 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 3rd arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:16403 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 3rd arch EHDAA2 EHDAA2 4th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000097 EMAPA:16771 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010345 branchial arch 4 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch 4 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 4th arch pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon EMAPA:16771 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 4th arch Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 6th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004078 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. UBERON:0010347 branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 hyoid pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000795 UBERON:0010348 hyoid muscle plate uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 otic capsule pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000833 UBERON:0010349 otic capsule anlage uberon EHDAA2 otic capsule cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001333 EHDAA:4704 EMAPA:17596 UBERON:0010351 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2-modified EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Reichert's cartilage pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:17351 UBERON:0010354 future Reichert's cartilage hyoid cartilage pre-cartilage condensation uberon EMAPA:17351 hyoid cartilage pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x ossification center Editors note: currently classified as a zone of a bone organ, but exists prior to bone ossifying FMA:75436 The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed a ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolC&. UBERON:0010355 center of ossification centrum ossificationis centrum ossificationis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Gray79.png ossification centre uberon FMA:TA centrum ossificationis FMA:75436 ossification centre FMA Wikipedia:Ossification_center center of ossification The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed a ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolC&. Wikipedia:Ossification_center Wikipedia:Ossification_center centrum ossificationis primary ossification center A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers. FMA:75447 UBERON:0010356 UMLS:C1184750 centrum ossificationis primarium ncithesaurus:Primary_Ossification_Center primarium primary ossification centre uberon NominaAnatomica:NA centrum ossificationis primarium A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers. Wikipedia:Ossification_center#Primary FMA:75447 primary ossification centre FMA FMA:TA primarium secondary ossification center A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared - most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres appear in the epiphyses. FMA:75448 UBERON:0010357 centrum ossificationis secundarium secondary ossification centre secundarium uberon FMA FMA:75448 secondary ossification centre A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared - most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres appear in the epiphyses. Wikipedia:Ossification_center#Secondary NominaAnatomica:NA centrum ossificationis secundarium FMA:TA secundarium arch of centrum of vertebra (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] AO notes: Note that humans do not have hemal arches, so VA=NA for FMA FMA:11946 UBERON:0010358 VHOG:0001670 arch of vertebra arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) uberon vertebra arch vertebral arch MA:0001453 vertebra arch FMA:11946 vertebral arch FMA:11946 arch of vertebra FMA (...) certain common components [of vertebral structure] are found in nearly all vertebrate. A representative vertebra has a vertebral arch or neural arch, which extends dorsally around the spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.270 VHOG VHOG:0001670 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:11946 arcus vertebrae (vertebralis) pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. Partially implements UBERONREF:0000002 NC meeting scheme UBERON:0010359 arch mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. Partially implements UBERONREF:0000002 NC meeting scheme UBERON:0010360 arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic synostosis FMA:7499 Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones are connected by bone. Examples: epiphyseal junction, manubriosternal synostosis. SCTID:1216008 UBERON:0010361 ZFA:0005610 bony union junctura ossea uberon FMA:7499 bony union FMA FMA:TA junctura ossea FMA:7499 Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones are connected by bone. Examples: epiphyseal junction, manubriosternal synostosis. endoskeleton An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan 'skeleton' consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the "cuttlebone" of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues[VSAO]. UBERON:0010362 VSAO:0000037 XAO:0004026 replacement skeleton uberon VSAO VSAO:curator replacement skeleton Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues[VSAO]. VSAO:0000037 Wikipedia:Endoskeleton An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan 'skeleton' consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the "cuttlebone" of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t Wikipedia:Endoskeleton endochondral element A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. UBERON:0010363 VSAO:0000139 XAO:0004017 ZFA:0005620 endochondral replacement element http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000009 uberon A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. VSAO:0000139 VSAO VSAO:0000139 endochondral replacement element dermal skeleton Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. This ontology covers metazoa, so we do not use exoskeleton as primary label, as in VSAO UBERON:0010364 VSAO:0000035 XAO:0004025 dermal skeletal system dermoskeleton desmoskeleton exoskeleton uberon VSAO:curator desmoskeleton Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. VSAO:0000035 VSAO VSAO:curator dermoskeleton VSAO:curator exoskeleton VSAO:curator dermal skeletal system odontoid tissue Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. UBERON:0010365 UMLS:C1519551 VSAO:0000063 XAO:0004046 ZFA:0005623 dental tissue ncithesaurus:Tooth_Tissue odontogenic tissue tooth tissue uberon VSAO:curator dental tissue VSAO:curator odontogenic tissue Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. VSAO:0000063 conjunctival vasculature A vasculature that is part of a conjunctiva. FMA:70887 UBERON:0010366 conjunctival veins conjunctival veins set set of conjunctival veins uberon venae conjunctivales FMA:70887 set of conjunctival veins FMA:70887 conjunctival veins set FMA:TA venae conjunctivales FMA:70887 conjunctival veins A vasculature that is part of a conjunctiva. OBOL:automatic conjunctival vein A vein that is part of a conjunctiva. FMA:70887 SCTID:149885003 UBERON:0010367 conjunctival blood vessel uberon A vein that is part of a conjunctiva. OBOL:automatic pulmonary lobule FMA:75739 UBERON:0010368 ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Lobule uberon FMA secondary pulmonary lobule FMA:7414 UBERON:0010369 uberon FMA FMA tibial vein MA:0002243 One of the veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein UBERON:0010370 UMLS:C0447138 ncithesaurus:Tibial_Vein uberon vena tibialis One of the veins of the lower leg; empty into the popliteal vein http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tibial+vein MA ecto-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the ectoderm. Examples: epithelium of acinus of lactiferous duct, subscapular lens epithelium, epithelium of posterior surface of cornea. FMA:69064 UBERON:0010371 ectoderm-derived epithelium uberon Epithelium that derives from the ectoderm. Examples: epithelium of acinus of lactiferous duct, subscapular lens epithelium, epithelium of posterior surface of cornea. FMA:69064 uncinate process of ethmoid FMA:57455 In the ethmoid bone, a curved lamina, the uncinate process, projects downward and backward from this part of the labyrinth; it forms a small part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus, and articulates with the ethmoidal process of the inferior nasal concha. SCTID:306373001 UBERON:0010372 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Processus_uncinatus_ossis_ethmoidalis.PNG processus uncinatus processus uncinatus ossis ethmoidalis uberon uncinate process uncinate process of the ethmoid uncinate process of the ethmoid bone SCTID:306373001 uncinate process Wikipedia:Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone processus uncinatus Wikipedia:Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone processus uncinatus ossis ethmoidalis In the ethmoid bone, a curved lamina, the uncinate process, projects downward and backward from this part of the labyrinth; it forms a small part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus, and articulates with the ethmoidal process of the inferior nasal concha. Wikipedia:Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone Wikipedia:Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone uncinate process of the ethmoid FMA Wikipedia:Uncinate_process_of_ethmoid_bone uncinate process of the ethmoid bone uncinate process of pancreas EMAPA:18823 FMA:15857 In the head of the pancreas, the angle of junction of the lower and left lateral borders forms a prolongation, termed the uncinate process. During the embryonic development of the distal foregut, the duodenum c-shape is formed while rotating the ventral pancreatic bud into the dorsal bud. The dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds fuse. The dorsal pancreatic bud becomes the body, tail, and isthmus of the pancreas and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the pancreatic head and uncinate process[WP] SCTID:245383008 UBERON:0010373 UMLS:C0227580 Winslow's pancreas http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Illu_pancreas_duodenum.jpg lesser pancreas ncithesaurus:Uncinate_Pancreas processus uncinatus (pancreas) processus uncinatus pancreatis uberon FMA:15857 lesser pancreas In the head of the pancreas, the angle of junction of the lower and left lateral borders forms a prolongation, termed the uncinate process. During the embryonic development of the distal foregut, the duodenum c-shape is formed while rotating the ventral pancreatic bud into the dorsal bud. The dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds fuse. The dorsal pancreatic bud becomes the body, tail, and isthmus of the pancreas and the ventral pancreatic bud forms the pancreatic head and uncinate process[WP] Wikipedia:Uncinate_process_of_pancreas FMA:15857 processus uncinatus (pancreas) FMA Wikipedia:Uncinate_process_of_pancreas processus uncinatus pancreatis FMA:15857 Winslow's pancreas Wikipedia FMA pancreas dorsal primordium Consider merging with dorsal pancreatic bud. Starts at CS12 in human (EHDAA2, embryology.ch 'bud anlagen') EHDAA2:0001384 FMA:79793 UBERON:0010375 dorsal pancreas uberon EHDAA2 FMA:79793 dorsal pancreas EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 pancreas ventral primordium EHDAA2:0001387 FMA:79794 Starts at CS14 in human (EHDAA2) or CS13-14 (embryology.ch 'bud anlagen') UBERON:0010376 uberon ventral pancreas FMA:79794 ventral pancreas EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 mesenchyme from somatopleure EHDAA2:0001120 Editor notes: the way this class is defined also includes extraembryonic mesenchyme such as the amniotic mesenchyme; in future this may be restricted to embryonic derivatives Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. UBERON:0010377 uberon EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 mesenchyme from splanchnopleure EHDAA2:0001122 Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. UBERON:0010378 uberon Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 superior tarsal muscle Editors note: declaring this to be both smooth muscle and part of the LPS leads to a disjointness violation (smooth muscle and striated muscle) FMA:49058 Mueller's muscle Muller's muscle Müller's muscle SCTID:244775007 The superior tarsal muscle is a smooth muscle adjoining the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that helps to raise the upper eyelid. UBERON:0010379 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Gray894.png mueller muscle musculus tarsalis superior the superior tarsal muscle uberon FMA:49058 Mueller's muscle Muller's muscle Wikipedia:Superior_tarsal_muscle dbpedia Müller's muscle Wikipedia:Superior_tarsal_muscle dbpedia underside of levator palpebrae superioris Wikipedia:Superior_tarsal_muscle mueller muscle The superior tarsal muscle is a smooth muscle adjoining the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that helps to raise the upper eyelid. Wikipedia:Superior_tarsal_muscle Wikipedia:Superior_tarsal_muscle the superior tarsal muscle Wikipedia:Superior_tarsal_muscle musculus tarsalis superior FMA enteric nerve A nerve that is part of a enteric nervous system. MA:0001145 UBERON:0010380 uberon A nerve that is part of a enteric nervous system. OBOL:automatic lumen of laryngopharynx FMA:55096 UBERON:0010384 laryngopharynx lumen uberon FMA FMA:55096 laryngopharynx lumen peyer's patch follicle A lymphoid follicle that is part of a Peyer's patch. MA:0000732 UBERON:0010386 uberon A lymphoid follicle that is part of a Peyer's patch. OBOL:automatic Peyer's patch T cell area UBERON:0010387 the Peyer's patch area normally occupied by T lymphocytes uberon MP:0002392 the Peyer's patch area normally occupied by T lymphocytes proximal segment of rib MA:0001400 The proximal rib derives from the caudal half of somite[PMID:15906248] The segment of the rib that connects to a vertebra[MP]. a small part of the rib composed of the head, neck, tuberculum and a short proximal part of the body[PMID] UBERON:0010388 costal part of rib proximal part of rib proximal rib uberon vertebral part of rib MA:0001400 proximal rib PMID:15906248 proximal part of rib MA MP:0000152 PMID:15906248 The segment of the rib that connects to a vertebra[MP]. a small part of the rib composed of the head, neck, tuberculum and a short proximal part of the body[PMID] pterygoid bone AAO:0000521 FMA:54687 In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. For the following discussion, it may be best to refer to the images of tetrapod palates at, for example Ornithosuchus, Therapsida, or Palatines. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. Basally, in fishes, the terminology tends to be a little different. Refer to the image of the Frasnian actinistian Diplocercides. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle, entopterygoid (see also entry at entopterygoid for alternative definitions) portion of the palatoquadrate complex. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. Since the anterior braincase articulation is lost in tetrapods, the only remaining sections of the palatoquadrate are the epipterygoid and the quadrate (or, in mammals, the incus). Everything else is either lost or is replaced by the pterygoid[Palaeos] In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle entopterygoid portion of the palatoquadrate complex of fishes. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. MA:0001471 Palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie anterior to the otic capsules, lateral to the orbits, and medial to the maxillae.[AAO] SCTID:415639001 Sources vary as to whether the pterygoid corresponds to the pterygoid processes in general, or the latter/inner plate. UBERON:0010389 a bone which corresponds to the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the human skull, but which, in all vertebrates below mammals, is not connected with the posterior nares, but serves to connect the palatine bones with the point of suspension of the lower jaw inner plate of pterygoid process lamina lateralis (processus pterygoideus) lamina lateralis processi pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis lateral lamina of pterygoid process lateral plate of pterygoid process lateral plate of sphenoid lateral pterygoid plate pterygoid uberon 2012-09-17 AAO AAO AAO:0000521 Palatal bones of intramembranous origin that lie anterior to the otic capsules, lateral to the orbits, and medial to the maxillae.[AAO] MA:0001471 inner plate of pterygoid process MA a bone which corresponds to the inner plate of the pterygoid process of the human skull, but which, in all vertebrates below mammals, is not connected with the posterior nares, but serves to connect the palatine bones with the point of suspension of the lower jaw http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definitions/Pterygoid+bone FMA:TA MP:0004452 lamina lateralis processi pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis FMA:54687 MP:0004452 lateral plate of sphenoid Kardong Paleos AAO:0000521 pterygoid AAO In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. For the following discussion, it may be best to refer to the images of tetrapod palates at, for example Ornithosuchus, Therapsida, or Palatines. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. Basally, in fishes, the terminology tends to be a little different. Refer to the image of the Frasnian actinistian Diplocercides. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle, entopterygoid (see also entry at entopterygoid for alternative definitions) portion of the palatoquadrate complex. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. Since the anterior braincase articulation is lost in tetrapods, the only remaining sections of the palatoquadrate are the epipterygoid and the quadrate (or, in mammals, the incus). Everything else is either lost or is replaced by the pterygoid[Palaeos] http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPte.html FMA:54687 MP:0004452 lamina lateralis (processus pterygoideus) MA FMA:54687 MP:0004452 lateral lamina of pterygoid process 2012-09-17 In tetrapods, the pterygoid is a complex, but relatively stable, paired palatal bone with a number of parts. In many tetrapods, it is the largest palatal bone and serves as the main structural support. Most typically, the pterygoids meet extensively on the mid-line of the palate and jointly send a process, the palatal ramus, anteriorly, which may cover the parasphenoid more or less completely. Sometimes this term is used to include the main body of the pterygoid as well. More variably, there are one or two anterolateral processes which go by various names, such as ectopterygoid ramus. In many amniotes, the pterygoid develops a strong transverse process or transverse flange which forms a bar running laterally across the palate. The pterygoid also articulates with (where present) the dorsoventral supports for the palate: the epipterygoid (dorsal) and the basipterygoid process of the braincase. Finally, the pterygoid sends a long, robust quadrate ramus with complex curvature down (posteroventrally) to grasp the quadrate and support the jaw articulation. The pterygoid bone of tetrapods is, roughly speaking, derived from the middle entopterygoid portion of the palatoquadrate complex of fishes. The entopterygoid is not actually a part of the palatoquadrate. It is a dermal bone which has replaced the middle section of the primitively continuous endochondral bone of the palatoquadrate, the original upper jaw. In tetrapods, the pterygoid advances further, and also replaces the central part of the posterior, pterygoquadrate unit. This becomes the quadrate ramus. The upper part of this unit, the portion involved in the dorsal and basipterygoid articulations between jaw and braincase, is referred to as the metapterygoid. In tetrapods, most of this region is incorporated into the pterygoid as well, with the exception of the ascending process of the palatoquadrate, which becomes the epipterygoid. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPte.html FMA:54687 MP:0004452 lateral plate of pterygoid process lumen of urethra An organ cavity that is part of a urethra. FMA:19709 SCTID:279432008 UBERON:0010390 uberon urethral lumen FMA:19709 urethral lumen An organ cavity that is part of a urethra. OBOL:automatic parametrium FMA:77061 In women, the supravaginal portion of the cervix is separated in front from the bladder by fibrous tissue, the parametrium, which extends also on to its sides and laterally between the layers of the broad ligaments. The uterine artery and ovarian ligament are located in the parametrium. Inflammation causes Parametritis. SCTID:280455005 UBERON:0010391 UMLS:C0227822 ncithesaurus:Parametrium subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the broad ligament[MP] - todo - check relationships uberon FMA In women, the supravaginal portion of the cervix is separated in front from the bladder by fibrous tissue, the parametrium, which extends also on to its sides and laterally between the layers of the broad ligaments. The uterine artery and ovarian ligament are located in the parametrium. Inflammation causes Parametritis. Wikipedia:Parametrium B cell domain UBERON:0010392 todo - check uberon T cell domain UBERON:0010393 todo - check uberon lymphocyte domain UBERON:0010394 todo - check uberon lymph node primary follicle An unstimulated network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells in the lymph node cortex. MA:0000743 UBERON:0010395 primary follicle of lymph node uberon An unstimulated network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells in the lymph node cortex. MP:0002345 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/6 afferent lymphatic vessel Lymphatic vessel that enters the lymph node. The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node, and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the lymph sinuses of the cortical part. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths MA:0000748 UBERON:0010396 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_lymph_node_structure.png uberon vasa afferentia lymphoglandula vasa afferentia lymphoglandulae Wikipedia:Afferent_lymphatic_vessels vasa afferentia lymphoglandulae Wikipedia:Afferent_lymphatic_vessels vasa afferentia lymphoglandula Lymphatic vessel that enters the lymph node. The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node, and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the lymph sinuses of the cortical part. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths MP:MP efferent lymphatic vessel Lymphatic vessel that exits the lymph node. The efferent lymphatic vessel commences from the lymph sinuses of the medullary portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes either to veins or greater nodes. Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in the thymus and spleen. This is in contrast to afferent lymphatic vessels, which are found only in lymph nodes. MA:0000749 UBERON:0010397 efferent lymphatic vessel efferent lymphatic vessels uberon Wikipedia:Efferent_lymph_vessel efferent lymphatic vessel Wikipedia:Efferent_lymph_vessel efferent lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessel that exits the lymph node. The efferent lymphatic vessel commences from the lymph sinuses of the medullary portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes either to veins or greater nodes. Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in the thymus and spleen. This is in contrast to afferent lymphatic vessels, which are found only in lymph nodes. MP:MP spleen marginal sinus MA:0000754 Note that there is no consensus in the literature about which compartments constitute the white pulp or the ramifications of the microvasculature. In addition, notable differences exist between humans and rodents. In this ontology, the marginal sinus (which may not exist in human) has been included as part of the white pulp. The perifollicular zone, which is present in human and not rodents, may be the functional equivalent of the marginal sinus in rodents.[MP:0002363] UBERON:0010398 UMLS:C1710157 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Marginal_Sinus splenic marginal sinus the border region surrounding the spleen B cell follicles and the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) that separates it from the marginal zone that mediates lymphocyte entry into the white pulp from the blood uberon MP:MP the border region surrounding the spleen B cell follicles and the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) that separates it from the marginal zone that mediates lymphocyte entry into the white pulp from the blood MP:0002363 splenic marginal sinus spleen trabecular artery MA:0000759 UBERON:0010399 UMLS:C1710159 When the splenic artery passes into the trabecula of the spleen and branches, they become known as the trabecular arteries. When these arteries then reach the white pulp, and become covered with Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, the name changes again to central arteries (or central arterioles). Branches of the central arteries are given to the red pulp, and these are called penicillar arteries).[Wikipedia] ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecular_Artery one of the branches of the splenic artery[MP] trabecular artery uberon MP:0002354 Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries one of the branches of the splenic artery[MP] When the splenic artery passes into the trabecula of the spleen and branches, they become known as the trabecular arteries. When these arteries then reach the white pulp, and become covered with Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, the name changes again to central arteries (or central arterioles). Branches of the central arteries are given to the red pulp, and these are called penicillar arteries).[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries MP spleen trabecular vein MA:0000760 The trabecular veins are the largest veins inside the spleen. It drains the blood collected in the sinuses of the pulp.[Wikipedia] UBERON:0010400 UMLS:C1710160 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Trabecular_Vein one of the veins that feed the splenic vein trabecular vein uberon Wikipedia:Trabecular_veins trabecular vein MP:0002228 Wikipedia:Trabecular_veins one of the veins that feed the splenic vein The trabecular veins are the largest veins inside the spleen. It drains the blood collected in the sinuses of the pulp.[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Trabecular_veins spleen central arteriole A blood vessel surrounded by the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath that connects the trabecular artery to the trabecular vein MA:0000763 SCTID:282511007 UBERON:0010401 central arteriole follicular arteriole splenic central arteriole uberon A blood vessel surrounded by the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath that connects the trabecular artery to the trabecular vein MP:MP Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries MP:0002361 follicular arteriole MP:0002361 splenic central arteriole epidermis suprabasal layer MA:0000808 UBERON:0010402 suprabasal cell layer of skin suprabasal layer suprabasal layer of epidermis uberon MP:0001233 suprabasal layer cortical marginal zone MA:0000812 MZ TODO; add other marginal zones; determine correct developmental relationships UBERON:0010403 brain marginal zone cortical marginal zone developing superficial cortical layer located just under the pia matter. uberon MP:MP developing superficial cortical layer located just under the pia matter. MP:0000792 MZ MA:0000812 brain marginal zone MP:0000792 cortical marginal zone lateral ventricle subependymal layer A cell layer below the ependyma in the lateral ventricles of the brain. This region contains adult neural stem cells which have the potential to generate new neurons and glial cells via neurogenesis. It is an adult version of the embryonic forebrain germinal zone MA:0000965 UBERON:0010404 uberon MA cjm A cell layer below the ependyma in the lateral ventricles of the brain. This region contains adult neural stem cells which have the potential to generate new neurons and glial cells via neurogenesis. It is an adult version of the embryonic forebrain germinal zone Wikipedia:Subependymal_zone Wikipedia spinal cord lateral motor column Column of motor neurons which innervate muscles in the limb; motor neurons in the lateral motor column are further organized into pools, each of which innervates a specific muscle in the limb MA:0001129 UBERON:0010405 uberon Column of motor neurons which innervate muscles in the limb; motor neurons in the lateral motor column are further organized into pools, each of which innervates a specific muscle in the limb MP:MP cholinergic enteric nerve MA:0001146 UBERON:0010406 nerve fibers that utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to the intestinal system uberon MP:0001049 nerve fibers that utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to the intestinal system ocular angle artery FMA:49583 MA:0002010 SCTID:145238006 The angular artery is the terminal part of the facial artery; it ascends to the medial angle of the eye's orbit, imbedded in the fibers of the angular head of the Quadratus labii superioris, and accompanied by the angular vein. UBERON:0010408 UMLS:C0226116 angular artery ncithesaurus:Angular_Artery uberon FMA:49583 angular artery MP:MP The angular artery is the terminal part of the facial artery; it ascends to the medial angle of the eye's orbit, imbedded in the fibers of the angular head of the Quadratus labii superioris, and accompanied by the angular vein. eye surface MA:0002486 UBERON:0010409 uberon inguinal fat pad MA:0002548 UBERON:0010410 encapsulated adipose tissue found in the groin uberon MGI:csmith encapsulated adipose tissue found in the groin retroperitoneal fat pad MA:0002549 UBERON:0010411 encapsulated adipose tissue found on the dorsal side of the peritoneum uberon MGI:csmith encapsulated adipose tissue found on the dorsal side of the peritoneum epididymal fat pad MA:0002550 UBERON:0010412 encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the epididymis periepididymal fat pad uberon MP:0009288 periepididymal fat pad MGI:csmith MGI:rbabiuk encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the epididymis parametrial fat pad MA:0002953 UBERON:0010413 encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the extension of the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the broad ligament parametrial fat depot uberon MP:0009301 parametrial fat depot MGI:csmith encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the extension of the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the broad ligament omental fat pad MA:0002956 UBERON:0010414 encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the fold of peritoneal tissue that extends from the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall after associating with the transverse colon omental fat depot uberon MP:0010044 omental fat depot MP:MP encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the fold of peritoneal tissue that extends from the stomach to the posterior abdominal wall after associating with the transverse colon barrel cortex ABA:SSp-bfd MA:0002712 The term barrel field of the primary somatosensory area refers to one of 6 subdivisions of the primary somesthetic area of the cerebral cortex in the mouse ( Dong-2004 ) and the rat ( Swanson-2004 ). The other five are the lower limb of the primary somatosensory area, the mouth of the primary somatosensory area, the nose of the primary somatosensory area, the trunk of the primary somatosensory area and the upper limb of the primary somatosensory area. -- http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2703 UBERON:0010415 dark-staining regions of layer four of the somatosensory cortex where somatosensory inputs from the contralateral side of the body come in from the thalamus. Barrels are found in some species of rodents and species of at least two other orders. primary somatosensory area, barrel field uberon MP:MP dark-staining regions of layer four of the somatosensory cortex where somatosensory inputs from the contralateral side of the body come in from the thalamus. Barrels are found in some species of rodents and species of at least two other orders. ABA:SSp-bfd primary somatosensory area, barrel field lymph node B cell domain A part of the lymph node cortex in which B lymphocytes home to primary follicles to survey follicular dendritic cells (FDCs); antigen stimulated B cells proliferate and differentiate within the follicles forming distinctive germinal centers MA:0002851 UBERON:0010416 lymph node B cell dependent cortex lymph node B-cell domain nodular lymph node cortex uberon A part of the lymph node cortex in which B lymphocytes home to primary follicles to survey follicular dendritic cells (FDCs); antigen stimulated B cells proliferate and differentiate within the follicles forming distinctive germinal centers MP:MP MP:0002344 lymph node B-cell domain MP:0002344 nodular lymph node cortex MP MP:0002344 lymph node B cell dependent cortex lymph node T cell domain MA:0002852 SCTID:326870003 T cell zone of lymph node T zone of lymph node The paracortex and interfollicular cortex of the lymph node in which T lymphocytes home to survey dendritic cells UBERON:0010417 lymph node T cell dependent paracortex lymph node T zone lymph node T-cell domain lymph node deep cortex uberon MP:0002347 lymph node deep cortex MP:0002347 lymph node T-cell domain MP MP:0002347 lymph node T cell dependent paracortex MP:0002347 The paracortex and interfollicular cortex of the lymph node in which T lymphocytes home to survey dendritic cells urethral opening An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract. MA:0002867 UBERON:0010418 uberon urethral orifice OBOL:automatic urethral orifice An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract. OBOL:automatic vibrissa follicle A hair follicle that is part of a vibrissa unit. EMAPA:26720 EMAPA:26759 MA:0002910 UBERON:0010419 follicle of sinus hair follicle of vibrissa uberon vibrissa follicle A hair follicle that is part of a vibrissa unit. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:26720 follicle of vibrissa EMAPA:26759 follicle of sinus hair MP:0010234 vibrissa follicle lymph node follicular corona A part of the secondary follicle in which naive B cells reside along with some helper T cells, macrophages and follicular dendritic cells; these are displaced by the expanding germinal centre and form a 'mantle' around it MA:0002990 UBERON:0010420 lymph node B cell corona lymph node dark zone lymph node follicular mantle lymph node inactive zone lymph node peripheral zone uberon A part of the secondary follicle in which naive B cells reside along with some helper T cells, macrophages and follicular dendritic cells; these are displaced by the expanding germinal centre and form a 'mantle' around it MP:MP http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/7 MA CL:tm lymph node inactive zone CL:tm lymph node B cell corona CL:tm lymph node peripheral zone MA:0002990 lymph node follicular mantle CL:tm lymph node dark zone spleen B cell corona B cell domain of the spleen B lymphocyte domain of the spleen UBERON:0010421 follicle mantle lymphocytic corona spleen B cell corona spleen B-cell corona spleen lymphocytic corona spleen mantle zone splenic B cell corona splenic corona the area of the (spleen) secondary B follicle that surrounds the germinal center and harbors the small recirculating B lymphocytes uberon CL:tm MP:0002360 spleen B cell corona MP:0002360 splenic B cell corona CL:tm MP:0002360 lymphocytic corona MP:0002360 spleen B-cell corona MP:0002360 follicle mantle CL:tm MP:0002360 spleen lymphocytic corona CL:tm PMID:17495967 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/6 the area of the (spleen) secondary B follicle that surrounds the germinal center and harbors the small recirculating B lymphocytes CL:tm MP:0002360 spleen mantle zone CL:tm splenic corona B cell domain of the spleen MP:0002360 primary nodular lymphoid tissue A lymphoid follicle containing naive B cells FMA:55223 Location notes: The cortex of lymph nodes, the white pulp of spleen, and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue all have these primary follicles UBERON:0010422 primary follicle primary lymphoid follicle primary lymphoid nodule uberon FMA A lymphoid follicle containing naive B cells CL:tm FMA:55223 primary lymphoid nodule primary lymphoid nodule of tonsil A primary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a tonsil. FMA:86018 UBERON:0010423 lymphoid nodule of tonsil uberon FMA:86018 lymphoid nodule of tonsil A primary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a tonsil. OBOL:automatic FMA distal segment of rib MA:0001397 The distal rib derives from both somite halves[PMID:15906248] UBERON:0010424 distal part of rib distal rib sternal rib uberon vertical segment of rib PMID:15906248 distal part of rib MA MA:0001397 distal rib internal naris UBERON:0010425 choana choanal internal nostril uberon MA oropharyngeal choana AAO:0000025 Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal and buccal cavites.[AAO] Taxon notes: Aves. Function notes: has function in pressure equalization in birds that fly to high altitudes UBERON:0010426 apertura nasalis interna choana of oropharynx cleft palate opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the oropharynx via the roof of the mouth. oropharyngeal naris palatal choana palatal cleft relationship loss: subclass nasal opening (AAO:0000316)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000025 AAO:LAP Hole on the nasal capsule that connects the nasal and buccal cavites.[AAO] AAO:0000025 apertura nasalis interna UBERON:cjm opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the oropharynx via the roof of the mouth. 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000025 relationship loss: subclass nasal opening (AAO:0000316)[AAO] ciliary processes FMA:76551 SCTID:280860001 The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. UBERON:0010427 ciliary process ciliary processes ciliary processes set http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Gray875.png processus ciliares processus ciliares set of ciliary processes uberon FMA:76551 ciliary processes set Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes processus ciliares Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes ciliary process FMA:76551 ciliary processes FMA:76551 set of ciliary processes FMA:TA processus ciliares The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes flat bone FMA:7476 Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the cranium, the ilium, sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploC+, and this, in certain regions of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air (air-sinuses) between the two tables. The flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxC&, sternum, and ribs. SCTID:332907008 UBERON:0010428 UMLS:C0222649 galen:FlatBone ncithesaurus:Flat_Bone os planum uberon Wikipedia:Flat_bone os planum Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment, the bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the cranium, the ilium, sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula. These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploC+, and this, in certain regions of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air (air-sinuses) between the two tables. The flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxC&, sternum, and ribs. Wikipedia:Flat_bone FMA zygomaticus muscle MA:0002404 One of: zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor UBERON:0010437 UMLS:C1710708 m. levator nasii m. zygomaticus ncithesaurus:Zygomaticus origin: posterior braincase uberon zygomaticus MA:0002404 zygomaticus Wikipedia Wikipedia One of: zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor UBERON:cjm teres muscle SCTID:277440006 UBERON:0010467 UMLS:C1515272 ncithesaurus:Teres_Muscle teres uberon teres minor muscle FMA:32550 SCTID:277445001 UBERON:0010496 UMLS:C0224231 a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Gray810.png musculus teres minor ncithesaurus:Teres_Minor_Muscle teres minor uberon FMA:32550 teres minor Wikipedia dbpedia inferior facet of greater tubercle of the humerus Wikipedia:Teres_minor_muscle musculus teres minor Wikipedia:Teres_minor_muscle a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff dbpedia dbpedia lateral border of the scapula pseudostratified columnar epithelium A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. AO notes: glandular in NCIT; we consider the two NCIT terms synonymous. Function notes: Pseudostratified epithelia function in secretion or absorption. If a specimen looks stratified but has cilia, then it is a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, since stratified epithelia do not have cilia. FMA:45572 UBERON:0010498 UMLS:C0836138 UMLS:C1514590 ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Columnar_Epithelium ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Epithelium uberon A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. Wikipedia:Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pseudostratified+epithelium FMA pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. FMA:13146 UBERON:0010499 UMLS:C0506992 epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Columnar_Ciliated_Epithelium uberon Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. NCIT:NCIT FMA:13146 epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) pseudostratified smooth columnar epithelium FMA:72059 UBERON:0010501 non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia uberon FMA obsolete round ligament UBERON:0006588 UBERON:0006589 UBERON:0010504 true uberon periosteal dura mater FMA:231547 The outermost of the two layers of the cranial dura mater which normally always adheres to the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault UBERON:0010505 UMLS:C1518991 ncithesaurus:Periosteal_Layer_of_the_Dura_Mater outer layer of dura mater outer periosteal layer of dura mater periosteal dura periosteal layer of dura mater uberon FMA:231547 periosteal layer of dura mater FMA:231547 outer layer of dura mater FMA:231547 periosteal dura The outermost of the two layers of the cranial dura mater which normally always adheres to the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault UBERON:cjm FMA meningeal dura mater Editors note: not clear whether this should be classified as part of cranial dura mater, as the division only makes sense in this area FMA:231549 UBERON:0010506 UMLS:C1513121 inner layer of dura mater meningeal dura meningeal layer of dura mater ncithesaurus:Meningeal_Layer_of_the_Dura_Mater uberon FMA:231549 meningeal layer of dura mater FMA FMA:231549 inner layer of dura mater FMA:231549 meningeal dura layer of dura mater Editors note: not clear whether this should be classified as part of cranial dura mater, as the division only makes sense in this area FMA:231545 The intracranial dura mater, consisting of two layers: the outer periosteal layer which normally always adheres to the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault; and the inner meningeal layer which in most places is fused with the outer. The two layers separate to accommodate meningeal vessels and large venous (dural) sinuses. The meningeal layer is also involved in the formation of the various dural folds, such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli and is comparable to and continuous with the dural mater of the spinal cord. The cranial epidural space is then a potential space between the bone and the combined periosteum/periosteal layer of the dura mater realised only pathologically and is neither continuous with or comparable to the vertebral epidural space UBERON:0010507 uberon FMA The intracranial dura mater, consisting of two layers: the outer periosteal layer which normally always adheres to the periosteum of the bones of the cranial vault; and the inner meningeal layer which in most places is fused with the outer. The two layers separate to accommodate meningeal vessels and large venous (dural) sinuses. The meningeal layer is also involved in the formation of the various dural folds, such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli and is comparable to and continuous with the dural mater of the spinal cord. The cranial epidural space is then a potential space between the bone and the combined periosteum/periosteal layer of the dura mater realised only pathologically and is neither continuous with or comparable to the vertebral epidural space http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?periosteal+layer+of+dura+mater FMA strand of pelage hair A strand of hair that is part of a coat of hair. MA:0001897 UBERON:0010509 pelage hair uberon A strand of hair that is part of a coat of hair. OBOL:automatic MA:0001897 pelage hair strand of auchene hair A truncal hair that has a single constriction and bend about midway along the hair shaft, and contains two or more air cells in the medulla MA:0001893 UBERON:0010510 auchene hair uberon MA A truncal hair that has a single constriction and bend about midway along the hair shaft, and contains two or more air cells in the medulla MP:0000405 MA:0001893 auchene hair strand of awl hair A truncal hairs that is straight, but shorter than a guard hair, and contain two or more air cells in the medulla MA:0001894 UBERON:0010511 awl hair uberon MA:0001894 awl hair A truncal hairs that is straight, but shorter than a guard hair, and contain two or more air cells in the medulla MP:0000400 Wikipedia:Awn_hair MA strand of guard hair A long, straight truncal hair that contains two air cells in the medulla[MP]. A strand of hair from the top layer consisting of longer, often coarser, straight shafts of hair that stick out through the underfur. This is usually the visible layer for most mammals and contains most of the pigmentation. It protects the underfur from outside factors, such as rain, and is thus often water-repellent. MA:0001896 UBERON:0010512 guard hair guardhair uberon A long, straight truncal hair that contains two air cells in the medulla[MP]. A strand of hair from the top layer consisting of longer, often coarser, straight shafts of hair that stick out through the underfur. This is usually the visible layer for most mammals and contains most of the pigmentation. It protects the underfur from outside factors, such as rain, and is thus often water-repellent. MP:0006365 Wikipedia:Guard_hair MA MA:0001896 guard hair strand of zigzag hair A truncal hair that has two or more sharp bends with diameter constrictions at the bends, and contain one air cell in the medulla. MA:0001898 UBERON:0010513 uberon zigzag hair MA MA:0001898 zigzag hair A truncal hair that has two or more sharp bends with diameter constrictions at the bends, and contain one air cell in the medulla. MP:0006366 strand of duvet hair A strand of hair from the fine underhair of the coat AO notes - not a pelage hair in MA, but is in MP MA:0001895 UBERON:0010514 duvet hair uberon A strand of hair from the fine underhair of the coat MP:0000408 MA MA:0001895 duvet hair brille Taxon notes: In snakes, there is no eyelid and the brille is clear and cannot be distinguished except when the animal is becoming ready for ecdysis. At that time, it becomes cloudy and is visible as a cover over the eye. When the snake moults, the brille is also shed as part of its skin. The Brilles protect their eyes from dust and dirt and gives them a "glassy-eyed" blank appearance Snakes, flap-footed lizards, night lizards, and some skinks have brilles. All geckos except those in the subfamily Eublepharinae (eyelid geckos) possess brilles. Fish also have transparent eyelids called adipose eyelids. UBERON:0010515 eye cap layer of transparent, immovable disc-shaped skin or scale covering the eyes of some animals for protection, especially in animals without eyelids. The brille has evolved from a fusion of the upper and lower eyelids. ocular scale uberon Wikipedia:Brille layer of transparent, immovable disc-shaped skin or scale covering the eyes of some animals for protection, especially in animals without eyelids. The brille has evolved from a fusion of the upper and lower eyelids. clasper Taxon notes: the term is also used for insect claspers, but we reserve it for the elasmobranchii structure UBERON:0010516 a male anatomical structure found some groups of animals, used in mating. Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female's cloaca during mating. The act of mating in some fish including sharks usually includes one of the claspers raised to allow water into the siphon through a specific orifice. The clasper is then inserted into the vagina, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm. Male chimaeras have cephalic claspers on their heads, which are thought to aid in holding the female during mating uberon Wikipedia:clasper a male anatomical structure found some groups of animals, used in mating. Male cartilaginous fish have claspers formed from the posterior portion of their pelvic fin which serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female's cloaca during mating. The act of mating in some fish including sharks usually includes one of the claspers raised to allow water into the siphon through a specific orifice. The clasper is then inserted into the vagina, where it opens like an umbrella to anchor its position. The siphon then begins to contract expelling water and sperm. Male chimaeras have cephalic claspers on their heads, which are thought to aid in holding the female during mating Wikipedia cephalic clasper A mace-like spiny-headed rod found on the mid-dorsal surface of heads of male Holocephali. Thought to aid in holding the female during copulation. UBERON:0010517 anterior tenaculum head clasper tenaculum uberon A mace-like spiny-headed rod found on the mid-dorsal surface of heads of male Holocephali. Thought to aid in holding the female during copulation. Wikipedia:Chimaera#Description_and_tastes http://fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=tenaculum http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=cephalic+clasper head clasper http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=head+clasper pelvic fin clasper The rod-like extension of the medial portion of the pelvic fin in male Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Claspers are used as intromittent organs (not in clasping), the grooves on their facing surfaces together forming a tube for the transmission of sperm when the claspers are held together. The anterior proximal opening is called the apopyle, the posterior distal opening the rhipidion UBERON:0010518 clapser myxopterygium uberon The rod-like extension of the medial portion of the pelvic fin in male Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Claspers are used as intromittent organs (not in clasping), the grooves on their facing surfaces together forming a tube for the transmission of sperm when the claspers are held together. The anterior proximal opening is called the apopyle, the posterior distal opening the rhipidion http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=clasper http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=clasper myxopterygium tail electric organ An electric organ that is part of a tail. BTO:0000376 UBERON:0010519 electric organ of tail uberon An electric organ that is part of a tail. OBOL:automatic BTO head electric organ An electric organ that is part of a head. Taxon notes: electric ray UBERON:0010520 uberon An electric organ that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic electroreceptor organ UBERON:0010521 uberon replacement element Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. UBERON:0010522 VSAO:0000135 XAO:0004016 ZFA:0005624 uberon VSAO Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. VSAO:0000135 cjm microcirculatory vessel A portion of tissue that consists of a tube composed of epithelial cells that connects larger vessels. TAO:0005251 UBERON:0010523 ZFA:0005251 microcirculatory vessels uberon ZFA A portion of tissue that consists of a tube composed of epithelial cells that connects larger vessels. ZFA:0005251 TAO:0005251 microcirculatory vessels fibularis tertius FMA:22538 SCTID:181701000 The peroneus tertius (also known as fibularis tertius) is a muscle of the human body located in the lower limb. The muscle arises from the lower third of the anterior surface of the fibula; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; and from an intermuscular septum between it and the peroneus brevis. The tendon, after passing under the superior extensor retinaculum of foot and inferior extensor retinaculum of foot in the same canal as the extensor digitorum longus, is inserted into the dorsal surface of the base of the metatarsal bone of the 5th digit. It is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. Its action is that of weak dorsiflexion of the ankle joint and to evert the foot at the ankle joint. UBERON:0010524 fibularis tertius fibularis tertius muscle musculus peroneus tertius peronaeus tertius peroneus tertius peroneus tertius muscle uberon FMA:22538 peroneus tertius Wikipedia:Peroneus_tertius peronaeus tertius Wikipedia:Peroneus_tertius fibularis tertius FMA:TA musculus peroneus tertius Wikipedia:Peroneus_tertius peroneus tertius muscle The peroneus tertius (also known as fibularis tertius) is a muscle of the human body located in the lower limb. The muscle arises from the lower third of the anterior surface of the fibula; from the lower part of the interosseous membrane; and from an intermuscular septum between it and the peroneus brevis. The tendon, after passing under the superior extensor retinaculum of foot and inferior extensor retinaculum of foot in the same canal as the extensor digitorum longus, is inserted into the dorsal surface of the base of the metatarsal bone of the 5th digit. It is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. Its action is that of weak dorsiflexion of the ankle joint and to evert the foot at the ankle joint. Wikipedia:Peroneus_tertius_muscle Wikipedia:Peroneus_tertius peroneus tertius Wikipedia:Peroneus_tertius fibularis tertius muscle fibularis brevis FMA:22540 SCTID:181704008 The peroneus brevis muscle (or fibularis brevis) lies under cover of the peroneus longus, and is a shorter and smaller muscle. UBERON:0010526 fibularis brevis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gray357.png musculus peroneus brevis peronaeus brevis peroneus brevis peroneus brevis muscle peronius brevis uberon Wikipedia:Peroneus_brevis fibularis brevis Wikipedia:Peroneus_brevis peroneus brevis muscle FMA:22540 peroneus brevis The peroneus brevis muscle (or fibularis brevis) lies under cover of the peroneus longus, and is a shorter and smaller muscle. Wikipedia:Peroneus_brevis dbpedia Wikipedia:Peroneus_brevis peronaeus brevis FMA:TA musculus peroneus brevis Wikipedia:Peroneus_brevis peronius brevis cavity of bone organ An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone. FMA:24021 UBERON:0010527 bone organ cavity uberon An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone. OBOL:automatic FMA:24021 bone organ cavity pneumatic cavity of bone FMA:24028 UBERON:0010528 air space of bone uberon FMA:24028 air space of bone FMA metanephros induced blastemal cells . AO notes: different versions of EMAPA have different labels for the same classes. In vHOG this is part of metanephros cortex but this leads to a cycle in basic. EHDAA2:0001143 EHDAA:7007 EHDAA:8105 EMAPA:17645 EMAPA:17953 UBERON:0010531 VHOG:0001241 cap mesenchyme of metanephros of urinary system induced blastemal cells nephrogenic interstitium nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone peripheral blastema uberon EHDAA2 EMAPA:17953 peripheral blastema . http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/turinary/urinhaute03.html EMAPA:17953 nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone VHOG:0001241 induced blastemal cells EMAPA:17645 cap mesenchyme of metanephros of urinary system primitive nephron UBERON:0010532 developing nephron primitive nephron uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2-inferred ZFA-inferred metanephros cortex The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. UBERON:0010533 VHOG:0000714 uberon VHOG GO:0072214 The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. primitive mesonephric nephron Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. UBERON:0010534 ZFA:0005584 developing mesonephric nephron primitive mesonephric nephron uberon Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. ZFA:0005587 ZFA:0005584 developing mesonephric nephron primitive metanephric nephron A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros. EHDAA2:0001516 UBERON:0010535 developing metanephric nephron primitive metanephric nephron primitive nephron uberon EHDAA2:0001516 primitive nephron A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 nephron progenitor UBERON:0010536 uberon cjm ZFA mesonephric nephron progenitor Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. UBERON:0010537 ZFA:0005587 uberon Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. ZFA:0005587 limb/fin segment An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin. UBERON:0010538 uberon An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic tarsus pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tarsal bone. EHDAA2:0001978 UBERON:0010540 uberon EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tarsal bone. OBOL:automatic tarsus cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tarsal bone. EHDAA2:0001977 UBERON:0010541 uberon EHDAA2 A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tarsal bone. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 acropodial skeleton FMA:231315 The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. UBERON:0010543 VSAO:0005028 acropodial skeleton acropodium acropodium skeleton digit skeleton digital skeleton set of phalanges skeletal parts of acropodial region skeletal parts of acropodium skeleton of digits uberon FMA:231315 set of phalanges PHENOSCAPE:ni VSAO:0005028 VSAO:NI acropodium The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. UBERON:cjm VSAO:0005028 VSAO:NI metacarpus skeleton AAO:0000946 FMA:71336 MESH:A02.835.232.087.535 Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the manus skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0010544 VSAO:0005026 XAO:0003208 anterior metapodial skeleton anterior metapodium fore metapodial skeleton fore metapodium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Metacarpals_numbered-en.svg metacarpal bones metacarpal skeleton metacarpalia metacarpals [I-V] metacarpals set set of metacarpal bones set of metacarpals set of metacarpals [I-V] skeleton of metacarpus uberon FMA:71336 set of metacarpal bones FMA:71336 metacarpal bones AAO:0000946 MA:th fore metapodium http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metapodial VSAO:0005026 VSAO:NI anterior metapodium FMA:71336 set of metacarpals [I-V] The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the manus skeleton that is located between the phalanges (bones of the fingers) distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm. The metacarpus consists of metacarpal bones. The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal forms a transitional element of the semi-independent last metacarpal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Metacarpus many to one 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000946 AAO:LAP Segment of the forearm corresponding to the metacarpus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] FMA:71336 set of metacarpals FMA:71336 metacarpals [I-V] PHENOSCAPE:ni Wikipedia:Metacarpus metacarpalia FMA:71336 metacarpals set metatarsus skeleton AAO:0000221 FMA:71340 Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the pes. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. MESH:A01.378.610.250.300.480 OpenCyc:Mx4rva_rBJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] UBERON:0010545 VSAO:0005027 XAO:0003212 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Gray291.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Gray291.png/200px-Gray291.png metatarsal bones set metatarsal skeleton metatarsalia metatarsals [I-V] ossa metatarsalia posterior metapodial skeleton posterior metapodium set of metatarsal bones set of metatarsals [I-V] skeleton of metatarsus uberon many to one FMA:71340 set of metatarsal bones Limb segment that consists of the long bones of the pes. The metatarsals are analogous to the metacarpal bones of the manus. Wikipedia:Metatarsus PHENOSCAPE:ni FMA:71340 metatarsals [I-V] VSAO:0005027 VSAO:NI posterior metapodium FMA:71340 set of metatarsals [I-V] Wikipedia:Metatarsus ossa metatarsalia 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000221 AAO:LAP Segment of the leg corresponding to the metatarsus, which articulates with the carpals at one end and with the phalanges at the other end.[AAO] FMA:71340 metatarsal bones set metapodial skeleton Endochondral bone complex located between the mesopodium and the acropodium and consisting of the metacarpals or metatarsals.[VSAO] Subdivision of skeleton that corresponds to metapodium region, between acropodial skeleton and mesopdoial skeleton. UBERON:0010546 VSAO:0005025 metacarpal/metatarsal skeleton metapodial skeleton metapodium metapodium skeleton relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] skeletal parts of metapodium skeleton of metapodium uberon UBERON:cjm skeletal parts of metapodium 2012-08-14 Endochondral bone complex located between the mesopodium and the acropodium and consisting of the metacarpals or metatarsals.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0005025 VSAO:NI VSAO:0005025 VSAO:NI metapodium VSAO:0005025 metapodial skeleton Subdivision of skeleton that corresponds to metapodium region, between acropodial skeleton and mesopdoial skeleton. UBERON:cjm 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0005025 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: distally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] UBERON:cjm metapodium skeleton PHENOSCAPE:ni 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0005025 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] pedal digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002040 EMAPA:17725 UBERON:0010547 foot digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2:0002040 toe 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002045 EMAPA:17727 UBERON:0010548 foot digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002045 toe 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002050 EMAPA:17729 UBERON:0010549 foot digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002050 toe 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002055 EMAPA:17731 UBERON:0010550 foot digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0002055 toe 4 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002060 EMAPA:17733 UBERON:0010551 foot digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation toe 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0002060 toe 5 metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18106 UBERON:0010557 foot digit 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation hind limb digit 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation toe 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18111 UBERON:0010558 foot digit 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation hind limb digit 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation toe 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 metatarsal cartilage condensation pedal digit 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18116 UBERON:0010559 foot digit 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation hind limb digit 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation toe 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation uberon A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 metatarsal cartilage condensation pedal digit 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18121 UBERON:0010560 foot digit 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation hind limb digit 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation toe 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 5 metatarsal cartilage condensation A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18126 UBERON:0010561 foot digit 5 metatarsal cartilage condensation hind limb digit 5 metatarsal cartilage condensation toe 5 metatarsal cartilage condensation uberon A pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 metatarsal cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 metatarsal cartilage condensation pedal digit 1 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002039 EMAPA:17462 Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 1. UBERON:0010562 foot digit 1 mesenchyme hind limb digit 1 mesenchyme uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 mesenchyme NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 mesenchyme manual digit 1 mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000513 EMAPA:17431 Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 1. UBERON:0010564 fore limb digit 1 mesenchyme hand digit 1 mesenchyme uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 mesenchyme manual digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000515 EMAPA:17714 UBERON:0010565 finger 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 1 pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000515 finger 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000521 EMAPA:17716 UBERON:0010566 finger 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 2 pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2:0000521 finger 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000527 EMAPA:17718 UBERON:0010567 finger 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 3 pre-cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000527 finger 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000533 EMAPA:17720 UBERON:0010568 finger 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 4 pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2:0000533 finger 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000539 EMAPA:17722 UBERON:0010569 finger 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation fore limb digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal 5 pre-cartilage condensation uberon A manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000539 finger 5 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 1 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000514 EMAPA:18065 UBERON:0010570 finger 1 metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit 1 metacarpus cartilage condensation hand digit 1 metacarpus cartilage condensation metacarpus 1 cartilage condensation uberon A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 metacarpus cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 metacarpus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000514 finger 1 metacarpus cartilage condensation manual digit 2 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000520 EMAPA:18070 UBERON:0010571 finger 2 metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit 2 metacarpus cartilage condensation hand digit 2 metacarpus cartilage condensation metacarpus 2 cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 metacarpus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000520 finger 2 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 metacarpus cartilage condensation manual digit 3 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000526 EMAPA:18075 UBERON:0010572 finger 3 metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit 3 metacarpus cartilage condensation hand digit 3 metacarpus cartilage condensation metacarpus 3 cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 metacarpus cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 metacarpus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000526 finger 3 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic manual digit 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000532 EMAPA:18080 UBERON:0010573 finger 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation hand digit 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation metacarpus 4 cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2:0000532 finger 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 metacarpus cartilage condensation manual digit 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000538 EMAPA:18085 UBERON:0010574 finger 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation hand digit 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation metacarpus 5 cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000538 finger 5 metacarpus cartilage condensation A manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic manual digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000516 EMAPA:17715 UBERON:0010575 fore limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000522 EMAPA:17717 UBERON:0010576 fore limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic manual digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000528 EMAPA:17719 UBERON:0010577 fore limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000534 EMAPA:17721 UBERON:0010578 fore limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000540 EMAPA:17723 UBERON:0010579 fore limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002041 EMAPA:17726 UBERON:0010580 foot digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002046 EMAPA:17728 UBERON:0010581 foot digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002051 EMAPA:17730 UBERON:0010582 foot digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002056 EMAPA:17732 UBERON:0010583 foot digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0002061 EMAPA:17734 UBERON:0010584 foot digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. UBERON:0010585 VHOG:0000952 foot digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hindlimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pes phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000952 foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic manual digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. UBERON:0010586 VHOG:0000954 fore limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation forelimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manus phalanx pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000954 hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18066 UBERON:0010675 fore limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18071 UBERON:0010676 fore limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic manual digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18076 UBERON:0010677 fore limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18081 UBERON:0010678 fore limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18086 UBERON:0010679 fore limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18107 UBERON:0010680 foot digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation hind limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 1 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18112 UBERON:0010681 foot digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation hind limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 2 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 2 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18117 UBERON:0010682 foot digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation hind limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 3 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 3 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18122 UBERON:0010683 foot digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation hind limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 4 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 4 phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. EMAPA:18127 UBERON:0010684 foot digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation hind limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 5 phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit 5 mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic pedal digit phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. UBERON:0010685 foot digit phalanx cartilage condensation hind limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted hind limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. UBERON:0010686 fore limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx cartilage condensation uberon A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit phalanx cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation pedal digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010687 VHOG:0000948 foot digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation metatarsal bone pre-cartilage condensation metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hind limb digit metatarsal pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000948 metatarsus pre-cartilage condensation skeleton of manual acropodium FMA:71337 The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the manual autopodium - i.e. the bones of the hands or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. UBERON:0010688 VSAO:0005029 all phalanges in forelimb autopod anterior acropodium anterior acropodium skeleton fore acropodium skeleton hand digit skeleton manual digit skeleton manual phalanges phalanges of hand phalanges of manus set of manual phalanges set of phalanges of hand set of phalanges of manus uberon PHENOSCAPE:ni FMA:71337 set of phalanges of hand VSAO:0005029 VSAO:NI manual phalanges VSAO:0005029 VSAO:NI anterior acropodium FMA:71337 phalanges of hand The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the manual autopodium - i.e. the bones of the hands or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. UBERON:cjm VSAO:0005029 VSAO:NI manual digit 1 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 1. EHDAA2:0000512 EMAPA:17430 UBERON:0010690 fore limb digit 1 epithelium hand digit 1 epithelium uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 1 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 1 epithelium pedal digit 1 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 1. EHDAA2:0002038 EMAPA:17461 UBERON:0010693 foot digit 1 epithelium hind limb digit 1 epithelium uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 1 epithelium NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 1 epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of tarsal region EMAPA:18500 Mesenchyme of the carpal region that conributes to the tarsal skeleton. UBERON:0010695 uberon Mesenchyme of the carpal region that conributes to the tarsal skeleton. UBERON:cjm skeleton of pedal acropodium FMA:78512 The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the pedal autopodium - i.e. the bones of the foot or their cartilaginous precursors[cjm]. UBERON:0010696 VSAO:0005030 all phalanges in hindlimb autopod foot digit skeleton hind acropodium skeleton pedal phalanges phalanges of foot phalanges of pes posterior acropodium posterior acropodium skeleton set of pedal phalanges set of phalanges of foot set of phalanges of pes uberon FMA:78512 set of phalanges of foot The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the pedal autopodium - i.e. the bones of the foot or their cartilaginous precursors[cjm]. UBERON:cjm FMA:78512 phalanges of foot VSAO:0005030 VSAO:NI pedal phalanges VSAO:0005030 VSAO:NI posterior acropodium PHENOSCAPE:ni pedal digit metatarsal cartilage condensation UBERON:0010697 foot digit metatarsal cartilage condensation hind limb digit metatarsal cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit metatarsal cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted hind limb digit metatarsal cartilage condensation manual digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010698 VHOG:0000953 fore limb digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation hand digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal bone pre-cartilage condensation metacarpal pre-cartilage condensation metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation uberon VHOG:0000953 metacarpal bone pre-cartilage condensation NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation VHOG:0000953 metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit metacarpus pre-cartilage condensation manual digit metacarpus cartilage condensation UBERON:0010699 finger metacarpus cartilage condensation fore limb digit metacarpus cartilage condensation hand digit metacarpus cartilage condensation metacarpal cartilage condensation metacarpus cartilage condensation uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit metacarpus cartilage condensation OBOL:accepted fore limb digit metacarpus cartilage condensation phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a digit mesenchyme. UBERON:0010700 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic phalanx cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a digit mesenchyme. UBERON:0010701 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a digit mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a digit. UBERON:0010702 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a digit. OBOL:automatic forelimb zeugopod skeleton AAO:0000200 Editor notes: adding proxinally_connected_to humerus causes inconsistencies - requires investigation FMA:71199 Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna.[AAO] The collection of all skeletal elements in an forelimb zeugopod region. UBERON:0010703 VSAO:0005011 antebrachial skeleton antebrachium skeleton anterior zeugopodium anterior zeugopodium skeleton fore epipodium fore epipodium skeleton forearm skeleton forelimb epipodium forelimb epipodium skeleton radius and ulna skeleton of forearm uberon wing zeugopod skeleton VSAO:0005011 VSAO:NI anterior zeugopodium skeleton FMA:71199 forearm skeleton NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing zeugopod skeleton VSAO:0005011 VSAO:NI anterior zeugopodium The collection of all skeletal elements in an forelimb zeugopod region. UBERON:cjm 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000200 AAO:LAP Segment of the forearm corresponding to the radius and ulna.[AAO] VSAO:0005011 VSAO:NI forelimb epipodium AAO:0000200 fore epipodium FMA:71199 skeleton of forearm PHENOSCAPE:ni antebrachium skeleton parenchyma of quadrate lobe of liver A liver parenchyma that is part of a quadrate lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001014 EMAPA:18320 FMA:71676 UBERON:0010704 liver right quadrate lobe parenchyma parenchyma of quadrate lobe uberon A liver parenchyma that is part of a quadrate lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001014 liver right quadrate lobe parenchyma EMAPA:18320 parenchyma of quadrate lobe parenchyma of caudate lobe of liver A liver parenchyma that is part of a caudate lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001007 EMAPA:18315 FMA:71659 UBERON:0010706 liver right caudate lobe parenchyma parenchyma of caudate lobe uberon EMAPA:18315 parenchyma of caudate lobe EHDAA2:0001007 liver right caudate lobe parenchyma A liver parenchyma that is part of a caudate lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic appendage girdle complex 2012-04-23T10:46:51Z An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its accociated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Anatomical group that consists of the soft and skeletal tissues of the appendicular region of the body and the appendage proper.[VSAO] FMA:7182 It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] AO notes: note that the FMA uses the term 'limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) UBERON:0010707 VSAO:0000214 appendage complex appendage-girdle complex appendage/girdle complex girdle plus limb or fin haendel limb uberon UBERON:cjm appendage complex An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its accociated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 2012-08-14 Anatomical group that consists of the soft and skeletal tissues of the appendicular region of the body and the appendage proper.[VSAO] GO_REF:0000034 VSAO VSAO:0000214 VSAO:0000214 appendage/girdle complex UBERON:cjm appendage-girdle complex FMA:7182 limb 2012-09-06 Curator It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000214 UBERON:cjm girdle plus limb or fin pectoral complex AO notes: note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendage and half of the pectoral girdle.[VSAO] Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle. FMA:7183 UBERON:0010708 VSAO:0000213 pectoral appendage/girdle complex pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin uberon upper limb FMA:7183 upper limb UBERON:cjm pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin 2012-08-14 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendage and half of the pectoral girdle.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000213 VSAO:MAH VSAO:0000213 pectoral appendage/girdle complex Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle. VSAO:0000213 UBERON:cjm pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin pelvic complex AO notes: note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region). Note the MA class 'hindlimb' may also belong here Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendage and the pelvic girdle.[VSAO] Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. FMA:7184 SCTID:416631005 UBERON:0010709 VSAO:0000215 lower limb pelvic appendage/girdle complex pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin uberon Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. VSAO:0000215 FMA:7184 lower limb VSAO:0000215 pelvic appendage/girdle complex UBERON:cjm pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin UBERON:cjm pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin 2012-08-14 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendage and the pelvic girdle.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000215 VSAO:MAH pectoral fin skeleton EFO:0003594 Paired fin skeleton that consists of the supporting endochondral proximal and distal radials and the dermal fins rays or lepidotrichia. The pectoral fin skeleton is located in the thoracic region of the body and articulates with the scapula and coracoid. TAO:0000943 UBERON:0010710 VSAO:0000153 ZFA:0000943 forefin skeleton uberon TAO:0000943 forefin skeleton Paired fin skeleton that consists of the supporting endochondral proximal and distal radials and the dermal fins rays or lepidotrichia. The pectoral fin skeleton is located in the thoracic region of the body and articulates with the scapula and coracoid. TAO:wd TAO pelvic fin skeleton AO Notes: the girdle is part of the pelvic fin skeleton in ZFA - needs resolved Paired fin skeleton located in the abdominal position that consists of supporting endochondral radialsB and dermal fin rays or lepidotrichia. TAO:0001387 UBERON:0010711 VSAO:0000154 ZFA:0001387 uberon Paired fin skeleton located in the abdominal position that consists of supporting endochondral radialsB and dermal fin rays or lepidotrichia. TAO:0001387 TAO limb skeleton subdivision Editor notes - note the distinction between this and skeleton of limb Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton. UBERON:0010712 VSAO:0005018 uberon Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton. VSAO:0005018 VSAO:NI VSAO paired fin skeleton Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[VSAO] TAO:0000027 The collection of all skeletal elements in a single paired fin. UBERON:0010713 VSAO:0000169 ZFA:0000027 uberon 2012-08-14 Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] TAO TAO:0000027 TAO:wd 2012-08-14 Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[VSAO] TAO:curator VSAO VSAO:0000169 The collection of all skeletal elements in a single paired fin. UBERON:cjm iliac cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0000808 EMAPA:18347 UBERON:0010714 VHOG:0001126 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 pubic cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001573 UBERON:0010718 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 girdle skeleton AAO:0010686 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the appendage girdle region.[VSAO] The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. UBERON:0010719 VSAO:0000302 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: part_of subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: proximally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] skeleton of girdle uberon 2012-08-14 GO_REF:0000034 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the appendage girdle region.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000302 The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. UBERON:cjm 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0000302 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: part_of subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0000302 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: proximally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO VSAO:0000302 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: transitively_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] hindlimb zeugopod skeleton AAO:0000216 Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula.[AAO] Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb zeugopod region. UBERON:0010720 VSAO:0005014 crus skeleton hind epipodium hindlimb epipodium hindlimb zygopod skeleton posterior zeugopodium posterior zeugopodium skeleton uberon AAO:0000216 hind epipodium VSAO:0005014 posterior zeugopodium 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000216 AAO:LAP Segment of the leg corresponding to the tibia and fibula.[AAO] Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb zeugopod region. UBERON:cjm VSAO:0005014 VSAO:NI hindlimb epipodium PHENOSCAPE:ni crus skeleton distal tarsal bone AAO:0000914 FMA:24517 SCTID:182102002 Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals.[AAO] There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot: the medial cuneiform the intermediate cuneiform also known as the middle the lateral cuneiform. They are located between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal bones and are medial to the cuboid bone[WP, unvetted, human specific]. UBERON:0010721 UMLS:C1511560 cuneiform cuneiform bone distal tarsal distal tarsal bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray268.png ncithesaurus:Cuneiform_Bone_of_the_Foot os cuneiform os cuneiforme uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000914 AAO:LAP Series of elements that articulate with the metatarsals.[AAO] FMA:24517 cuneiform bone There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot: the medial cuneiform the intermediate cuneiform also known as the middle the lateral cuneiform. They are located between the navicular bone and the first, second and third metatarsal bones and are medial to the cuboid bone[WP, unvetted, human specific]. Wikipedia:Cuneiform_%28anatomy%29 AAO:0000914 distal tarsal accessory bone A bone which does not occur frequently in the body but is still present in a significantly large number of organisms UBERON:0010722 uberon A bone which does not occur frequently in the body but is still present in a significantly large number of organisms Wikipedia:Accessory_bone vesalian bone SCTID:182149003 UBERON:0010723 an accessory bone located proximal to the base of the fifth metatarsal. Its prevalence has been reported to be from 0.1% to 1.0%. This bone is found within the peroneus brevis tendon and is considered to be asymptomatic in the majority of people os vesalianum pedis uberon PMID:16291851 an accessory bone located proximal to the base of the fifth metatarsal. Its prevalence has been reported to be from 0.1% to 1.0%. This bone is found within the peroneus brevis tendon and is considered to be asymptomatic in the majority of people lateral tubercle of talus An accessory bone tubercle which if present lies posterior to the talus FMA:33655 SCTID:87573005 UBERON:0010724 accessory talus os trigonum os trigonum of talus tuberculum laterale (talus) uberon FMA:33655 tuberculum laterale (talus) An accessory bone tubercle which if present lies posterior to the talus Wikipedia:Os_trigonum FMA:33655 os trigonum of talus Wikipedia:Os_trigonum accessory talus FMA FMA:TA os trigonum accessory navicular bone SCTID:118496000 UBERON:0010725 an accessory bone of the pes that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the pes. This bone may be present in approximately 2.5% of the general population and is usually asymptomatic uberon Wikipedia:Accessory_navicular_bone an accessory bone of the pes that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the pes. This bone may be present in approximately 2.5% of the general population and is usually asymptomatic os vesalianum manus UBERON:0010726 http://www.anatomyatlases.org/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Images/94.jpg uberon sutural bone A piece of bone that is located within a suture in the cranium. FMA:59327 SCTID:272677004 UBERON:0010727 Wormian bone uberon FMA FMA:59327 Wormian bone A piece of bone that is located within a suture in the cranium. Wikipedia:Wormian_bones sphenoid lesser wing pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003449 UBERON:0010728 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 alisphenoid pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003448 UBERON:0010732 sphenoid greater wing pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0003448 sphenoid greater wing pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2 alisphenoid cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0003450 UBERON:0010733 alisphenoid cartilage sphenoid greater wing cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2:0003450 sphenoid greater wing cartilage condensation EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 distal tarsal bone 4 AAO:0000932 Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 4. Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal IV. It may be absent in some taxa.[AAO] UBERON:0010737 VSAO:0005055 We need to restrict the logical definition such that it is *only* connecting to metatarsal 4 cuboideum distal tarsal 4 tarsal 4 uberon AAO:0000932 tarsal 4 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000932 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal IV. It may be absent in some taxa.[AAO] Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 4. VSAO:0005055 VSAO:0005055 distal tarsal 4 VSAO:0005055 cuboideum distal tarsal bone 5 AAO:0000933 Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 5. Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal V. It may be absent in some taxa.[AAO] UBERON:0010738 VSAO:0005056 We need to restrict the logical definition such that it is *only* connecting to metatarsal 5 cuboideum distal tarsal 5 tarsal 5 uberon AAO:0000933 tarsal 5 VSAO:0005056 distal tarsal 5 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000933 AAO:Francis_1934 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metatarsal V. It may be absent in some taxa.[AAO] VSAO:0005056 cuboideum Endochondral tarsal bone articulating with centralia and metatarsal 5. VSAO:0005056 distal carpal bone 5 AAO:0000851 Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(V). It may be fused to carpal 4(3), 5(4), the ulnare, radiale, or other elements.[AAO] Taxon notes: lost in most reptiles and mammals[VSAO]. Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(V). It may be fused to carpal 4(3), 5(4), the ulnare, radiale, or other elements[AAO] UBERON:0010739 VSAO:0005047 carpal 5 distal carpal 5 endochondral carpal bone similar to distal carpal 4, but lost in most reptiles and mammals. hamate os hamatum uberon unciform uncinate 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000851 AAO:LAP Small element that articulates anteriorly with metacarpal IV(V). It may be fused to carpal 4(3), 5(4), the ulnare, radiale, or other elements.[AAO] VSAO:0005047 uncinate VSAO:0005047 unciform AAO:0000851 carpal 5 VSAO:0005047 hamate VSAO:0005047 endochondral carpal bone similar to distal carpal 4, but lost in most reptiles and mammals. VSAO:0005047 distal carpal 5 VSAO:0005047 os hamatum bone of appendage girdle complex A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). MA:0000688 UBERON:0010740 bone of extended limb/fin region limb bone uberon UBERONREF:0000003 MA:0000688 UBERONREF:0000003 limb bone A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 bone of extended limb/fin region bone of pectoral complex A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin. AO notes - note that the MA class includes girdle parts so it belongs here; Editor notes: considering adding pectoral and pelvic complex skeleton classes MA:0000612 UBERON:0010741 bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle forelimb bone uberon wing bone UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle MA:0000612 UBERONREF:0000003 forelimb bone A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin. UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 UBERONREF:0000003 wing bone bone of pelvic complex A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. MA:0000660 Note that the MA class called 'hindlimb bone' belongs here, as it includes bones in the pelvic girdle UBERON:0010742 hindlimb bone uberon MA:0000660 UBERONREF:0000003 hindlimb bone MA A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 meningeal cluster EHDAA2:0004661 FMA:231572 In some primitive organisms, the meningeal cluster includes only the primitive meninx SCTID:362879001 The collection of all meningeal layers that line a central nervous system. UBERON:0010743 cluster of meninges meningeal meninges uberon FMA:231572 meninges FMA:231572 cluster of meninges The collection of all meningeal layers that line a central nervous system. UBERON:cjm sacral vertebra pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001774 EMAPA:17677 UBERON:0010744 sacral vertebral pre-cartilage condensation group uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001774 sacral vertebral pre-cartilage condensation group sacral vertebra cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001773 EMAPA:18009 UBERON:0010745 sacral vertebral cartilage condensation sacral vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon EHDAA2:0001773 sacral vertebral cartilage condensation group EHDAA2 EHDAA2 iliac blade FMA:42826 SCTID:182024000 Taxon notes: Often dorsally expanded in amniotes[ad]. The extension of the ilium above the level of the acetabulum. Attachment site for both hindlimb and caudal musculature. Medially is the site of attachment of the sacral ribs, where these exist[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. UBERON:0010746 a. ossis ilii ala of ilium ala ossis ilii http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gray235.png ilium ala uberon wing of ilium wing of the ilium FMA:42826 ilium ala FMA:TA Wikipedia:Wing_of_ilium ala ossis ilii Wikipedia:Wing_of_ilium wing of the ilium PHENOSCAPE:ad The extension of the ilium above the level of the acetabulum. Attachment site for both hindlimb and caudal musculature. Medially is the site of attachment of the sacral ribs, where these exist[PHENOSCAPE:ad]. Wikipedia:Wing_of_ilium FMA:42826 ala of ilium Wikipedia:Wing_of_ilium a. ossis ilii FMA body of ilium FMA:42825 SCTID:292524005 The body of ilium enters into the formation of the acetabulum, of which it forms rather less than two-fifths. Its external surface is partly articular, partly non-articular; the articular segment forms part of the lunate surface of the acetabulum, the non-articular portion contributes to the acetabular fossa. The internal surface of the body is part of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to some fibers of the Obturator internus. Below, it is continuous with the pelvic surfaces of the ischium and pubis, only a faint line indicating the place of union. UBERON:0010747 corpus ossis ilii ilium body uberon FMA:42825 ilium body Wikipedia:Body_of_ilium corpus ossis ilii The body of ilium enters into the formation of the acetabulum, of which it forms rather less than two-fifths. Its external surface is partly articular, partly non-articular; the articular segment forms part of the lunate surface of the acetabulum, the non-articular portion contributes to the acetabular fossa. The internal surface of the body is part of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to some fibers of the Obturator internus. Below, it is continuous with the pelvic surfaces of the ischium and pubis, only a faint line indicating the place of union. Wikipedia:Body_of_ilium FMA lymph node follicle A lymphoid follicle that is part of a lymph node. MA:0000742 UBERON:0010748 follicle of lymph node uberon A lymphoid follicle that is part of a lymph node. OBOL:automatic MP-def issues/7 middle pharyngeal constrictor FMA:46622 SCTID:244802003 The middle constrictor is a pharyngeal arches 4/6 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of Vagus and attaches to the hyoid apparatus and the midline raphe.[FEED] The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a fanshaped muscle, smaller than the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. UBERON:0010749 UMLS:C1513291 constrictor medius constrictor pharyngis medius constrictores pharyngis medius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Musculusconstrictorpharyngismedius.png hyopharyngeus middle constrictor middle constrictor middle constrictor muscle middle constrictor of pharynx middle constrictor pharyngeus middle pharyngeal constrictor musculus constrictor pharyngis medius musculus constrictor pharyngis medius ncithesaurus:Middle_Constrictor_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle constrictores pharyngis medius FMA:46622 middle constrictor of pharynx Wikipedia pharyngeal plexus Wikipedia:Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle musculus constrictor pharyngis medius FMA:46622 middle constrictor pharyngeus Wikipedia:Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle constrictor medius dbpedia Wikipedia:Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle middle pharyngeal constrictor FMA The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a fanshaped muscle, smaller than the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Wikipedia:Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle 2012-07-02 FEED The middle constrictor is a pharyngeal arches 4/6 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of Vagus and attaches to the hyoid apparatus and the midline raphe.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Wikipedia:Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle middle constrictor Wikipedia:Middle_pharyngeal_constrictor_muscle constrictor pharyngis medius FMA:46622 middle constrictor FMA:TA musculus constrictor pharyngis medius prefrontal bone AAO:0000460 Taxon notes: It first evolved in the sarcopterygian clade Rhipidistia, which includes lungfish and the Tetrapodomorpha. The prefrontal is found in most modern and extinct lungfish, amphibians and reptiles. It is very small, fused to the frontals or lost in many groups of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs and is completely absent in their modern descendants, the birds. The prefrontal was also lost in early mammaliaforms and so is not present in modern mammals either[WP] UBERON:0010750 a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dromaeosaurus_skull_en.svg/180px-Dromaeosaurus_skull_en.svg.png prefrontal uberon Kardong orbital series WP Kardong Kardong AAO:0000460 prefrontal Wikipedia:Prefrontal_bone a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls squamous part of temporal bone primordium EHDAA2:0001907 EHDAA:9536 UBERON:0010751 squamosal bone primordium squamosal primordium uberon EHDAA2 PMID:11523816 exoccipital cartilage condensation EMAPA:18339 UBERON:0010752 uberon EMAPA lymph node secondary follicle A secondary follicle that is located in a lymph node MA:0000744 UBERON:0010753 uberon A secondary follicle that is located in a lymph node CL:tm MA germinal center A collection of activated B cells at the center of a secondary follicle, formed after B cells become activated and migrate to the center. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation.[GO] BTO:0003671 EV:0100051 MESH:A10.549.250 SCTID:64626006 UBERON:0010754 UMLS:C0282491 central zone of follice http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Germinal_center.svg light zone of follicle lymhpoid nodule ncithesaurus:Germinal_Center nodule reaction center of follicle uberon CL:tm reaction center of follicle CL:tm lymhpoid nodule CL:tm nodule CL:tm central zone of follice CL:tm light zone of follicle A collection of activated B cells at the center of a secondary follicle, formed after B cells become activated and migrate to the center. CL:tm UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Germinal_center secondary follicle corona B cell corona Editor's note: consider making terminology consistent amongst subclasses - see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/7 The part of the secondary follicle that surrounds the germinal center. UBERON:0010755 UMLS:C1512987 dark zone of follicle inactive zone of follicle mantle zone ncithesaurus:Mantle_Zone peripheral zone of follicle uberon CL:tm The part of the secondary follicle that surrounds the germinal center. UBERON:cjm CL:tm dark zone of follicle CL:tm peripheral zone of follicle CL:tm inactive zone of follicle spleen follicular dendritic cell network FDC network FDCN The follicular dendritic cell network is often visualized by using the monoclonal antibody FDC-M2. UBERON:0010756 spleen FDC network splenic follicular dendritic cell network the enmeshed group of antigen presenting cells with extensive dendritic processes in the spleen B cell follicle that present antigen to B cells during an immune response uberon MP:0008473 splenic follicular dendritic cell network MP:0008473 spleen FDC network FDCN MP:0008473 MP:0008473 the enmeshed group of antigen presenting cells with extensive dendritic processes in the spleen B cell follicle that present antigen to B cells during an immune response FDC network MP:0008473 rib 8 8 FMA:8120 MA:0001408 SCTID:244663007 UBERON:0010757 UMLS:C1709954 eighth rib elements are to be defined spatially/topologically ncithesaurus:Rib_8 uberon FMA:8120 eighth rib appendage segment FBbt:00007018 UBERON:0010758 uberon equine distal sesamoid SCTID:370654009 UBERON:0010759 lies on the palmar aspect of the coffin joint between the second phalanx and third phalanx. articulates closely with the distal phalanx, to which it is connected by the impar ligament of the navicular bone. The impar ligament is very strong and permits relatively little motion between the navicular bone and the distal phalanx. navicular bone uberon Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Distal_sesamoid navicular bone Wikipedia:Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Distal_sesamoid Wikipedia:Navicular_bone#Horse_anatomy lies on the palmar aspect of the coffin joint between the second phalanx and third phalanx. articulates closely with the distal phalanx, to which it is connected by the impar ligament of the navicular bone. The impar ligament is very strong and permits relatively little motion between the navicular bone and the distal phalanx. supraglenoid tubercle FMA:23263 The supraglenoid tubercle is a region of the scapula to which the long head of the biceps brachii muscle attaches. UBERON:0010760 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Gray205_left_scapula_lateral_view.png supraglenoid tuberosity tuberculum supraglenoidale uberon The supraglenoid tubercle is a region of the scapula to which the long head of the biceps brachii muscle attaches. Wikipedia:Supraglenoid_tubercle Wikipedia:Supraglenoid_tubercle tuberculum supraglenoidale FMA FMA:23263 supraglenoid tuberosity calcaneum pre-cartilage condensation EMAPA:17736 UBERON:0010801 calcaneous pre-cartilage condensation uberon calcaneum cartilage condensation EMAPA:18143 UBERON:0010842 calcaneous cartilage condensation uberon clavicle cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a clavicle. EMAPA:18342 In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal.[ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4] UBERON:0010843 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a clavicle. OBOL:automatic clavicle pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a clavicle. EMAPA:18026 In most birds and mammals the clavicles are the only dermal elements in the trunk, and is the only membrane bone associated with the pectoral girdle in these taxa. However, there can be secondary cartilage, or subsequent endochondral ossification, or fusion with endochondral elements. In rodents, the lateral ends of the clavicle are endochondral but the main portion is dermal.[ISBN:978-0-12-319060-4] UBERON:0010844 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a clavicle. OBOL:automatic radius pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a radius bone. EHDAA2:0001586 Editor notes: still to decide whether this is a distinct pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0010846 uberon EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a radius bone. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 ulna pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a ulna. EHDAA2:0002100 EHDAA:6226 UBERON:0010847 uberon EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a ulna. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 radius-ulna cartilage condensation AO notes: note that this is not represented as a single unit in EHDAA2 EMAPA:17711 UBERON:0010848 radio-ulna cartilage condensation uberon EMAPA:17711 radio-ulna cartilage condensation EMAPA tibia cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tibia. EMAPA:18155 UBERON:0010849 uberon EMAPA A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tibia. OBOL:automatic tibia pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tibia. EHDAA2:0002036 UBERON:0010850 uberon EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tibia. OBOL:automatic fibula cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a fibula. EMAPA:18154 UBERON:0010851 fibulal cartilage condensation fibular cartilage condensation uberon EMAPA A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a fibula. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:18154 fibular cartilage condensation EMAPA:18154 fibulal cartilage condensation fibula pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a fibula. EHDAA2:0000509 EHDAA:6196 UBERON:0010852 fibulal pre-cartilage condensation fibular pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a fibula. OBOL:automatic capitulum of humerus FMA:23373 In human anatomy of the arm, the lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone.. SCTID:282816008 TODO - check AAO. Taxon notes: In birds, where forelimb anatomy has adaptation for flight, its functional if not ontogenetic equivalent is the dorsal condyle of the humerus[WP] UBERON:0010853 capitellum capitulum humeri capitulum of humerus dorsal condyle of the humerus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Capitulumhumeri.PNG humeral capitulum uberon Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus capitulum of humerus FMA:23373 humeral capitulum Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus capitulum humeri Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus capitellum Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus dorsal condyle of the humerus In human anatomy of the arm, the lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone.. Wikipedia:Capitulum_of_the_humerus FMA skin of front of neck A skin of neck that is part of a throat. FMA:23023 SCTID:181482005 UBERON:0010854 skin of anterior neck skin of anterior part of neck skin of anterior portion of neck skin of throat uberon FMA:23023 skin of anterior neck FMA:23023 skin of anterior part of neck A skin of neck that is part of a throat. OBOL:automatic FMA:23023 skin of anterior portion of neck skin of forelimb wing A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb wing. UBERON:0010855 uberon A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb wing. OBOL:automatic patagium A membranous extension of skin that forms the wing material in animals such as bats. It typically comprises a number of patagial segments, stretching from the side of the body between the forelimb digits and sometimes the hindlimbs. UBERON:0010856 flight membrane patagia uberon patagia A membranous extension of skin that forms the wing material in animals such as bats. It typically comprises a number of patagial segments, stretching from the side of the body between the forelimb digits and sometimes the hindlimbs. Wikipedia:Patagium http://animals.about.com/od/zoologytermsktoz/g/patagium.htm http://www.brown.edu/Departments/EEB/EML/background/wing_anatomy.htm inter limb-segment region 2 Examples - region between digits in a human embryo; segments of a bat's patagium UBERON:0010858 interlimb uberon propatagium In bats and pterosaurs, thin web of skin that extends from the shoulder to the wrist anterior to the upper arm and forearm, and is fixed on the neck or skull. In birds: The triangular fold of skin on leading edge of the wing[http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm] UBERON:0010861 uberon In bats and pterosaurs, thin web of skin that extends from the shoulder to the wrist anterior to the upper arm and forearm, and is fixed on the neck or skull. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html dactylopatagium An interdigital region that is part of a patagium. UBERON:0010862 uberon An interdigital region that is part of a patagium. OBOL:automatic dactylopatagium brevis A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 1 and connected_to a manual digit 2. UBERON:0010863 uberon A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 1 and connected_to a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic dactylopatagium minus A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 2 and connected_to a manual digit 3. UBERON:0010864 uberon A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 2 and connected_to a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic dactylopatagium medius A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 3 and connected_to a manual digit 4. UBERON:0010865 uberon A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 3 and connected_to a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic dactylopatagium major A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 4 and connected_to a manual digit 5. UBERON:0010866 uberon A dactylopatagium that is connected_to a manual digit 4 and connected_to a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic plagiopatagium UBERON:0010867 a flight membrane running between the body and the limb or digits.. uberon a flight membrane running between the body and the limb or digits.. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryP.html uropropatagium UBERON:0010868 interfemoral membrane the membrane that is stretches between the legs of bats, used for flight, and in the case of insect-eating bats, for catching prey. uberon Wikipedia:Interfemoral_membrane the membrane that is stretches between the legs of bats, used for flight, and in the case of insect-eating bats, for catching prey. calcar Function notes: to help spread the interfemoral membrane which is part of the wing membrane between the tail and the hind legs. UBERON:0010869 a spur of cartilage arising from inner side of ankle and running along part of outer interfemoral membrane in bats calcaneum calcar spur uberon Wikipedia:Calcar calcaneum Wikipedia:Calcar a spur of cartilage arising from inner side of ankle and running along part of outer interfemoral membrane in bats humeral patagium UBERON:0010878 uberon tusk Consider adding separate classes for incisor and canine tusks. E.g. narwhal tusk = left upper incisor[Kardong] Elongated, continuously growing front teeth, usually but not always in pairs, that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species. They are most commonly canines, as with warthogs, pig, and walruses, or, in the case of elephants and narwhals, elongated incisors. In most tusked species both the males and the females have tusks although the males are larger. Tusks are generally curved, though the narwhal's sole tusk is straight and has a helical structure. In the elephant, the tusks were originally second incisors. Continuous growth is enabled by formative tissues in the apical openings of the roots of the teeth SCTID:54040005 UBERON:0010879 uberon Elongated, continuously growing front teeth, usually but not always in pairs, that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species. They are most commonly canines, as with warthogs, pig, and walruses, or, in the case of elephants and narwhals, elongated incisors. In most tusked species both the males and the females have tusks although the males are larger. Tusks are generally curved, though the narwhal's sole tusk is straight and has a helical structure. In the elephant, the tusks were originally second incisors. Continuous growth is enabled by formative tissues in the apical openings of the roots of the teeth Wikipedia:Tusk gular fold A transverse fold of skin across the throat (Peters 1964). AAO:0010238 UBERON:0010880 gular sac gular skin throat sac uberon Wikipedia:Gular_fold gular sac Wikipedia:Gular_fold throat sac gular sac http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamang Wikipedia:Gular_fold gular skin A transverse fold of skin across the throat (Peters 1964). Wikipedia:Gular_fold Wikipedia:Gular_skin http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/glsry.htm http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3414172&group_id=76834&atid=994764 limb bone cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a limb bone. UBERON:0010881 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a limb bone. OBOL:automatic limb bone pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a limb bone. UBERON:0010882 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a limb bone. OBOL:automatic forelimb bone cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a forelimb bone. UBERON:0010883 uberon wing bone cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a forelimb bone. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing bone cartilaginous condensation forelimb bone pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a forelimb bone. UBERON:0010884 uberon wing bone pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a forelimb bone. OBOL:automatic NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing bone pre-cartilage condensation hindlimb bone cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a hindlimb bone. UBERON:0010885 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a hindlimb bone. OBOL:automatic hindlimb bone pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a hindlimb bone. UBERON:0010886 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a hindlimb bone. OBOL:automatic tragus FMA:60998 SCTID:362541003 Taxon notes: The tragus is generally believed to play a role in vertical sound localization in bats UBERON:0010887 UMLS:C0229312 a small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus. ncithesaurus:Tragus tragal part of pinna uberon FMA:60998 tragal part of pinna FMA Wikipedia:Tragus_(ear) a small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus. obsolete seta A hair-like unicellular external process of the body wall or any derivative of the latter; a hair; a bristle. Obsoleted as the term 'seta' refers to a variety of different structures. For insect chaetae, consider the arthropod anatomy ontology. UBERON:0010888 bristle chaeta sensory bristle true uberon BTO:0004212 bristle MIAA:0000152 chaeta MIAA:0000152 sensory bristle A hair-like unicellular external process of the body wall or any derivative of the latter; a hair; a bristle. BTO:0004212 ectethmoid Taxon notes: In avians, the mesethmoid supports upper beak formation UBERON:0010889 dorsal nasal capsule either of two lateral parts of the ethmoid bone that form part of the anterior wall of the orbit uberon PMID:21270050 dorsal nasal capsule either of two lateral parts of the ethmoid bone that form part of the anterior wall of the orbit http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ectethmoid pelvic complex muscle AAO:0000218 FMA:9622 MA:0000663 Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg (crus), and foot (pes).[AAO] UBERON:0010890 lower limb muscle muscle of lower limb muscle of pelvic girdle and leg pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle uberon Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. UBERON:cjm UBERON:cjm pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000218 AAO:EJS Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg (crus), and foot (pes).[AAO] UBERON:cjm pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle AAO:0000218 pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles FMA:9622 muscle of lower limb FMA:9622 lower limb muscle pectoral complex muscle A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb. AAO:0010687 Editor notes: the MA class belongs here, based on its current child classes FMA:9621 MA:0000615 Muscles of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand (brachium, antebrachium, manus respectively).[AAO] UBERON:0010891 muscle of pectoral girdle and limb muscle of pectoral girdle and wing muscle of upper limb pectoral girdle and fore limb muscles uberon upper limb muscle NCBITaxon:8782 muscle of pectoral girdle and wing FMA:9621 muscle of upper limb FMA:9621 upper limb muscle A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb. UBERON:cjm AAO:0010687 pectoral girdle and fore limb muscles 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010687 AAO:EJS Muscles of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand (brachium, antebrachium, manus respectively).[AAO] mesethmoid element AAO:0000303 Endochondral ossification of the anteromedial portion of the braincase.[AAO] UBERON:0010892 mesethmoid region of the nasal capsule that forms septum between nasal capsules and usually remains unossified in mammals relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] uberon ventral nasal capsule PMID:21270050 ventral nasal capsule 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000303 relationship loss: part_of braincase and otic capsule skeleton (AAO:0000052)[AAO] AAO:0000303 mesethmoid 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000303 AAO:LAP Endochondral ossification of the anteromedial portion of the braincase.[AAO] Kardong TAO ISBN10:0073040584 region of the nasal capsule that forms septum between nasal capsules and usually remains unossified in mammals median external naris UBERON:0010893 UBERON:0012123 median anterior naris median nostril nasohypophysial opening uberon http://tolweb.org/Hyperoartia nasohypophysial opening keratinous tooth The hagfish's jawless mouth contains two parallel rows of pointed keratinous teeth UBERON:0010894 horny denticle uberon horny denticle http://tolweb.org/Hyperoartia sequential hermaphroditic organism AAO:0010037 BILA:0000045 CARO:0000045 HAO:0000045 Hermaphroditic organism that produces gametes first of one sex, and then later of the other sex. TADS:0000608 UBERON:0010895 consecutive hermaphroditic organism uberon CARO:0000045 Hermaphroditic organism that produces gametes first of one sex, and then later of the other sex. CARO CARO:0000045 consecutive hermaphroditic organism piston cartilage Composition notes: composed of lamprin, an elastin-like protein, unique to lampreys UBERON:0010896 lamprey tongue lingual cartilage piston uberon gastralium Dermal element that arises via intramembranous ossification and are developmentally distinct from true ribs that articulate with the vertebral column. These bones may have been derived from the ventral scales found in animals like rhipidistians, labyrinthodonts, and Acanthostega, and may be related to ventral elements of turtle plastrons[WP] UBERON:0010898 VSAO:0000127 abdominal rib belly rib gastralia uberon VSAO VSAO:curator belly rib Dermal element that arises via intramembranous ossification and are developmentally distinct from true ribs that articulate with the vertebral column. VSAO:0000127 Wikipedia:Gastralium ISBN10:0073040584 VSAO:curator abdominal rib Kardong VSAO:0000127 gastralia synchronous hermaphroditic organism AAO:0010046 BILA:0000046 CARO:0000046 HAO:0000046 Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time. TADS:0000609 UBERON:0010899 serially hermaphroditic organism simultaneous hermaphroditic organism uberon CARO:0000046 serially hermaphroditic organism UBERON:cjm simultaneous hermaphroditic organism CARO CARO:0000046 Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time. tarsometatarsus cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tarsometatarsus. UBERON:0010900 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tarsometatarsus. OBOL:automatic tarsometatarsus pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tarsometatarsus. UBERON:0010901 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tarsometatarsus. OBOL:automatic tibiotarsus cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tibiotarsus. UBERON:0010902 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a tibiotarsus. OBOL:automatic tibiotarsus pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tibiotarsus. UBERON:0010903 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a tibiotarsus. OBOL:automatic pectoral fin scapula Alternate definition: A scapula that is connected to a pectoral fin Endochondral bone that is located medial to the cleithrum, and articulates ventrally with the coracoid, medially with the mesocoracoid when the later is present and posteriorly with the upper one to three proximal radials. The scapula develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and belongs to the primary pectoral girdle. It may be perforated by the scapular foramen or it may be notched ventrally and forms together with a similar notch of the coracoid the scapulocoracoid foramen. TAO:0000583 UBERON:0010904 ZFA:0000583 hypercoracocïde@fr hypercoracocïdeum@fr scapula@fr scapulas teleost scapula uberon ZFA Endochondral bone that is located medial to the cleithrum, and articulates ventrally with the coracoid, medially with the mesocoracoid when the later is present and posteriorly with the upper one to three proximal radials. The scapula develops from the scapulocoracoid cartilage and belongs to the primary pectoral girdle. It may be perforated by the scapular foramen or it may be notched ventrally and forms together with a similar notch of the coracoid the scapulocoracoid foramen. TAO:0000583 TAO:0000583 hypercoracocïdeum@fr TAO:0000583 hypercoracocïde@fr TAO:0000583 scapulas TAO:0000583 scapula@fr clavicle bone primordium EHDAA2:0000254 UBERON:0010905 calvicle primordium lateral part derives from a fish dermal bone while the medial part comes from a spur off the manubrium endochondral bone[JB] uberon PMC1352163 mah shown in mouse EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 parafibula UBERON:0010907 third bone of the lower leg, normally restricted to the area of the knee, in multuberculates, monotremes and some therians uberon http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryP.html#P third bone of the lower leg, normally restricted to the area of the knee, in multuberculates, monotremes and some therians paraglossale UBERON:0010908 in the avian hyoid apparatus, the arrowhead-shaped bone which forms the base of the tongue paraglossale bone uberon http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryP.html#P in the avian hyoid apparatus, the arrowhead-shaped bone which forms the base of the tongue opisthotic AAO:0010835 Posterior ossification of the otic capsule. Taxon notes: teleost fishes have a bone which is called the opisthotic. However, it is not homologous to the tetrapod opisthotic and the teleost otic capsule is all of a piece[palaeos] - see TAO:0000474 - intercalar "Small membrane bone homologous with a cartilage bone in more basal fishes (Patterson, 1977). Situated between the exoccipital and the pterotic at point of attachment of short ligament that originates on the ventral arm of the posttemporal." UBERON:0010910 uberon AAO:0010835 Posterior ossification of the otic capsule. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/opisthotic.html AAO ossicle Ossicles are composed of a combination skeletal tissues, including bone, calcified cartilage, hyaline cartilage, etc, and exhibit variable development across species. Ossicles are not necessarily jointed, and examples include the menisci of synovial joints, "Panda's thumb" (radial sesamoid), cardiac skeletal elements, sclerotic bones, middle ear ossicles, and sesamoids. Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. UBERON:0010911 VSAO:0000132 uberon Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. VSAO:0000132 VSAO subdivision of skeleton AO notes: VSAO def logically wrong Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO] FMA:23879 SCTID:129140006 UBERON:0010912 VSAO:0000042 skeletal subdivision subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) uberon 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000042 VSAO:curator Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. UBERON:cjm UBERONREF:0000003 VSAO:0000042 skeletal subdivision FMA:23879 subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) VSAO UBERONREF:0000003 cjm vertebral element In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] Note that Uberon includes a distinct subclass for bony vertebra Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. UBERON:0010913 VHOG:0001143 VSAO:0000184 uberon vertebral VSAO 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.014 Janvier P, Comparative anatomy: all vertebrates do have vertebrae. Current Biology (2011) In contrast to lampreys and jawed vertebrates, hagfishes were thought to lack vertebrae. Now, long overlooked vertebral rudiments have been analysed in hagfish, suggesting that vertebrae existed in the last common ancestor of all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001143 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cjm Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. VSAO:0000184 VSAO thyrohyoid ligament FMA:55135 SCTID:279551000 UBERON:0010921 UMLS:C0225534 ncithesaurus:Thyrohyoid_Ligament uberon FMA median thyrohyoid ligament FMA:55138 SCTID:279554008 The middle thicker part of the thyrohyoid membrane is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament (middle hyothyroid ligament, middle thyrohyoid ligament), its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the Thyreohyoideus, Sternohyoideus, and Omohyoideus, and with the body of the hyoid bone UBERON:0010925 UMLS:C0225535 ligamentum thyrohyoideum medianum middle thyrohyoid ligament ncithesaurus:Middle_Thyrohyoid_Ligament uberon FMA:55138 middle thyrohyoid ligament FMA The middle thicker part of the thyrohyoid membrane is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament (middle hyothyroid ligament, middle thyrohyoid ligament), its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the Thyreohyoideus, Sternohyoideus, and Omohyoideus, and with the body of the hyoid bone Wikipedia:Median_thyrohyoid_ligament lateral thyrohyoid ligament FMA:55139 SCTID:279555009 The lateral thyrohyoid ligament (lateral hyothyroid ligament) is a round elastic cord, which forms the posterior border of the hyothyroid membrane and passes between the tip of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the extremity of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. The recurrent laryngeal nerve typical lies lateral to this ligament UBERON:0010926 UMLS:C0458565 ligamentum hyothyreoideum laterale ligamentum thyrohyoideum laterale ncithesaurus:Lateral_Thyrohyoid_Ligament uberon The lateral thyrohyoid ligament (lateral hyothyroid ligament) is a round elastic cord, which forms the posterior border of the hyothyroid membrane and passes between the tip of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the extremity of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. The recurrent laryngeal nerve typical lies lateral to this ligament Wikipedia:Lateral_thyrohyoid_ligament FMA thyroepiglotticus muscle AO notes: not a distinct muscle in FMA FMA:46594 SCTID:244819001 Thexton, see notes from WG2.[FEED] UBERON:0010927 UMLS:C0224182 fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle that continue to the margin of the epiglottis; it closes the inlet to the larynx. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Musculusthyreoarytenoideus.png ncithesaurus:Thyroepiglottic_Muscle pars thyroepiglottica (musculus thyroarytenoideus) pars thyroepiglottica musculi thyroarytenoidei pars thyroepiglottica musculus thyroarytenoidei thyro-epiglottic part of thyro-arytenoid thyroepiglottic thyroepiglottic muscle thyroepiglotticus thyroepiglottus thyroepiglottus muscle uberon FMA:46594 thyroepiglotticus Wikipedia:Thyroepiglottic_muscle pars thyroepiglottica musculi thyroarytenoidei FMA ncithesaurus FMA:TA pars thyroepiglottica musculus thyroarytenoidei FMA:46594 thyroepiglottic muscle FMA:46594 thyro-epiglottic part of thyro-arytenoid Wikipedia:Thyroepiglottic_muscle fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle that continue to the margin of the epiglottis; it closes the inlet to the larynx. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thyroepiglottic+muscle 2012-07-02 FEED Thexton, see notes from WG2.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FMA:46594 pars thyroepiglottica (musculus thyroarytenoideus) cricopharyngeus muscle FMA:46661 SCTID:244804002 The cricopharyngeus is a pharyngeal arch 4/6 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus and the recurrent laryngeal n. , and is an integral part of the pharyngeal tube, and attaches to the cricoid cartilage and the midline raphe. It acts as a sphincter between the pharynx and esophagus.[FEED] The part of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle that arises from cricoid cartilage UBERON:0010928 UMLS:C0224214 cricopharyngeal part cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor pharyngeus cricopharyngeal part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor cricopharyngeal part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle cricopharyngeus cricopharyngeus portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle belly ncithesaurus:Cricopharyngeus_Muscle pars cricopharyngea (musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior) pars cricopharyngea musculus constrictoris pharyngis inferioris uberon FMA FMA:46661 cricopharyngeal part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor Wikipedia FMA:TA pars cricopharyngea musculus constrictoris pharyngis inferioris FMA:46661 cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor pharyngeus FMA:46661 cricopharyngeus FMA:46661 pars cricopharyngea (musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior) The part of the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle that arises from cricoid cartilage Wikipedia:Cricopharyngeus#Origin_and_insertion 2012-07-02 FEED The cricopharyngeus is a pharyngeal arch 4/6 muscle that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus and the recurrent laryngeal n. , and is an integral part of the pharyngeal tube, and attaches to the cricoid cartilage and the midline raphe. It acts as a sphincter between the pharynx and esophagus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org stapedius pre-muscle condensation EHDAA2:0001909 UBERON:0010929 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 interhyoideus AAO:0010649 One of the principal muscles used in swallowing.[AAO] UBERON:0010930 Usage notes: may be obsoleted. Muscle between hyoid arches in fish; Taxon notes: the [mammalian] interhyoideus is homologous with the simple interhyoideus of early stages of amphibia[Edgeworth, 1935]. most extant actinopterygians part of the interhyoideus separates into a distinct muscle during development, the hyohyoideus - http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/8/24/ interhyoideus muscle relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010649 relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010649 AAO:BMZ One of the principal muscles used in swallowing.[AAO] intermandibularis AAO:0010647 Is a mandibular muscle that develops into the ventral intermandibularis anterior and posterior muscles. One of the principal muscles used in swallowing.[AAO] TAO:0000369 UBERON:0010931 ZFA:0000369 intermandibular muscle intermandibularis muscle relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] uberon Is a mandibular muscle that develops into the ventral intermandibularis anterior and posterior muscles. ZFA:0000369 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010647 relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12 intermandibular muscle 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010647 AAO:BMZ One of the principal muscles used in swallowing.[AAO] crico-arytenoid muscle Cricoarytenoid muscles are muscles that connect the cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage. More specifically, it can refer to: Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle MA:0002283 SCTID:244811003 UBERON:0010932 UMLS:C0448336 crico-arytenoid cricoarytenoid cricoarytenoid muscle cricoarytenoideus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray959.png ncithesaurus:Cricoarytenoid_Muscle uberon Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_muscle crico-arytenoid FMA Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytenoid muscle Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_muscle cricoarytenoid FMA dbpedia dbpedia dbpedia Cricoarytenoid muscles are muscles that connect the cricoid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage. More specifically, it can refer to: Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_muscle orbicularis oris muscle FMA:46841 In human anatomy, the orbicularis oris muscle is the sphincter muscle around the mouth. This muscle closes the mouth and puckers the lips when it contracts. SCTID:244749008 The orbicularis oris is a superficial facial muscle that attaches to the skin and modiolus, and that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, and is innervated by the facial nerve .[FEED] UBERON:0010933 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Orbicularis_oris.jpg incisivii labii inferioris incisivii labii superioris musculus orbicularis oris nasolabialis muscle orbicularis oris orbicularis oris uberon Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oris_muscle incisivii labii superioris Maxilla and mandible dbpedia In human anatomy, the orbicularis oris muscle is the sphincter muscle around the mouth. This muscle closes the mouth and puckers the lips when it contracts. Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oris_muscle Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oris_muscle musculus orbicularis oris cranial nerve VII buccal branch of the facial nerve dbpedia Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oris_muscle incisivii labii inferioris FMA Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oris_muscle nasolabialis muscle Wikipedia:Orbicularis_oris_muscle orbicularis oris FMA:46841 orbicularis oris Maxilla and mandible dbpedia 2012-07-02 FEED The orbicularis oris is a superficial facial muscle that attaches to the skin and modiolus, and that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors, and is innervated by the facial nerve .[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org Skin around the lips dbpedia panniculus carnosus A layer of striated muscle deep to the panniculus adiposus[WP] EMAPA:18189 UBERON:0010934 fine, flat muscles within the hypodermis. Their origin is in the deep fascia of bone and they insert into superficial skin. They act to raise hair, quills, feathers, etc. It is also used in "twitch" reflexes to shake off insects, etc.[Palaeos] pannicular panniculus panniculus carnosus group uberon A layer of striated muscle deep to the panniculus adiposus[WP] Wikipedia:Panniculus_carnosus EMAPA:18189 panniculus carnosus group tensor tympani pre-muscle condensation EHDAA2:0002002 UBERON:0010935 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 thyropharyngeus muscle FMA:46658 SCTID:244805001 UBERON:0010936 muscle belly pars thyropharyngea (musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior) pars thyropharyngea musculus constrictoris pharyngis inferioris thyropharyngeal part of inferior constrictor pharyngeus thyropharyngeal part of inferior constrictor pharyngeus muscle thyropharyngeal part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor thyropharyngeus uberon FMA FMA:46658 thyropharyngeal part of inferior constrictor pharyngeus FMA:46658 pars thyropharyngea (musculus constrictor pharyngis inferior) FMA:TA pars thyropharyngea musculus constrictoris pharyngis inferioris FMA:46658 thyropharyngeal part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor dbpedia FMA:46658 thyropharyngeus salpingopharyngeus muscle FMA:46665 SCTID:244807009 Salpingopharyngeus is a muscle that attaches to pharyngotympanic tube and the pharynx and is innervated by pharyngeal plexus of CN X and participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors.[FEED] The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the inferior part of the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) in the nasal cavity; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the pharynx and larynx during deglutition (swallowing) and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls up. In addition, it opens the pharyngeal orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing. This allows for the equalization of pressure between the auditory canal and the pharynx. The salpingopharyngeus is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus. UBERON:0010937 UMLS:C1521985 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Salpingopharyngeus.png musculus salpingopharyngeus ncithesaurus:Salpingopharyngeus salpingopharyngeus uberon Wikipedia:Salpingopharyngeus_muscle musculus salpingopharyngeus dbpedia vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve FMA dbpedia fibers pass downward and blend with the palatopharyngeus muscle to the upper border thyroid cartilage blending with constrictor fibers dbpedia vagus nerve and cranial accessory nerve dbpedia lower part of the cartilage of the auditory tube dbpedia fibers pass downward and blend with the palatopharyngeus muscle to the upper border thyroid cartilage blending with constrictor fibers Wikipedia:Salpingopharyngeus_muscle salpingopharyngeus FMA-abduced-lr 2012-07-02 FEED Salpingopharyngeus is a muscle that attaches to pharyngotympanic tube and the pharynx and is innervated by pharyngeal plexus of CN X and participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org The salpingopharyngeus muscle arises from the inferior part of the cartilage of the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) in the nasal cavity; it passes downward and blends with the posterior fasciculus of the palatopharyngeus muscle. The salpingopharyngeus is known to raise the pharynx and larynx during deglutition (swallowing) and laterally draws the pharyngeal walls up. In addition, it opens the pharyngeal orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing. This allows for the equalization of pressure between the auditory canal and the pharynx. The salpingopharyngeus is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus. Wikipedia:Salpingopharyngeus_muscle muscle belly FMA:9719 STID:29823001 UBERON:0010938 belly belly of muscle uberon venter FMA:TA venter FMA FMA:9719 belly zygomaticomandibularis muscle The deep masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle that attaches to lateral surface and/or ventral border of zygomatic arch.[FEED] The zygomaticomandibularis is a separable part of the masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the zygomatic arch.[FEED] UBERON:0010939 masseter, deep uberon zygomaticomandibularis zygomaticomandibularis muscle FEED:FEED masseter, deep 2012-07-02 FEED The zygomaticomandibularis is a separable part of the masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the zygomatic arch.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED:FEED zygomaticomandibularis 2012-07-02 FEED The deep masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle that attaches to lateral surface and/or ventral border of zygomatic arch.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org belly of digastric A muscle belly that is part of a digastric muscle. FMA:46297 SCTID:360772008 UBERON:0010940 digastric belly uberon A muscle belly that is part of a digastric muscle. OBOL:automatic FMA:46297 digastric belly anterior belly of digastric FMA:46302 SCTID:141804004 The anterior digastric is a pharyngeal arch I muscle that participates in oral/pharygeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to mylohyoid and superficial to mylohyoid muscle, and lacks the midline raphe.[FEED] UBERON:0010943 anterior belly of digastric muscle anterior digastric anterior digastric muscle digastric, anterior digastricus anterior digastricus, venter rostralis uberon venter anterior (musculus digastricus) Wikipedia mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal (CN V) via the mylohyoid nerve 2012-07-02 FEED The anterior digastric is a pharyngeal arch I muscle that participates in oral/pharygeal behaviors and is innervated by the nerve to mylohyoid and superficial to mylohyoid muscle, and lacks the midline raphe.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED:FEED digastric, anterior Wikipedia mandibular division (V3) of the trigeminal (CN V) via the mylohyoid nerve FMA:46302 venter anterior (musculus digastricus) posterior belly of digastric FMA:46303 SCTID:141905002 The posterior digastric is a pharyngeal arch II muscle that participates in oral pharyngeal behavior, is innervated by the digastric branchi of facial nerve and attaches to the posterior cranial base.[FEED] UBERON:0010944 digastric, posterior digastricus posterior digastricus, venter caudalis m. digastricus posterior posterior belly of digastric muscle posterior digastric posterior digastric muscle uberon Wikipedia:Mastoid_process FEED Wikipedia digastric branch 2012-07-02 FEED The posterior digastric is a pharyngeal arch II muscle that participates in oral pharyngeal behavior, is innervated by the digastric branchi of facial nerve and attaches to the posterior cranial base.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED:FEED digastric, posterior jugulohyoideus muscle See also: stylohyoid muscle UBERON:0010945 jugulohyoid jugulohyoideus musculus jugulohyoideus musculus occipitohyoideus occipitohyoid occipitohyoideus runs from the processus jugularis to the os stylohyoideum; innervated with the ramus jugulohyoideus from the nervus facialis uberon PMID:7839797 runs from the processus jugularis to the os stylohyoideum; innervated with the ramus jugulohyoideus from the nervus facialis occipitofrontalis muscle FMA:9624 SCTID:361811007 The occipitofrontalis or epicranius is a muscle which covers parts of the skull. It consists of two parts or bellies: The occipital belly, near the occipital bone, and the frontal belly, near the frontal bone. Some sources consider the occipitofrontalis to be a structure consisting of two distinct muscles, the Frontalis and the occipitalis. However, Terminologia Anatomica currently classifies it as a single muscle. UBERON:0010946 UMLS:C1518531 epicranius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Gray378.png musculus occipitofrontalis ncithesaurus:Occipito-frontalis_Muscle occipitofrontalis uberon zone of muscle in FMA Wikipedia:Occipitofrontalis_muscle musculus occipitofrontalis The occipitofrontalis or epicranius is a muscle which covers parts of the skull. It consists of two parts or bellies: The occipital belly, near the occipital bone, and the frontal belly, near the frontal bone. Some sources consider the occipitofrontalis to be a structure consisting of two distinct muscles, the Frontalis and the occipitalis. However, Terminologia Anatomica currently classifies it as a single muscle. Wikipedia:Occipitofrontalis_muscle dbpedia Wikipedia:Occipitofrontalis_muscle occipitofrontalis dbpedia Wikipedia:Occipitofrontalis_muscle epicranius occipitalis FMA:46758 SCTID:21405000 UBERON:0010947 occipital belly of occipitofrontalis occipital part of occipitofrontalis uberon venter occipitalis (musculus occipitofrontalis) venter transversa musculus occipitofrontalis occipitalis FMA FMA:46758 venter occipitalis (musculus occipitofrontalis) FMA:TA venter transversa musculus occipitofrontalis occipitalis FMA:46758 occipital part of occipitofrontalis FMA:46758 occipital belly of occipitofrontalis cleidooccipital muscle A muscle organ that attaches_to a clavicle and attaches_to a occipital bone. MA:0002276 Some studies have indicated a supernumerary cleido-occipital muscle more or less separate from the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle; The frequency of cleido-occipital muscle occurrence has been reported up to 33% UBERON:0010948 cleido-occipitalis cleido-occipitalis muscle cleidooccipital uberon A muscle organ that attaches_to a clavicle and attaches_to a occipital bone. OBOL:automatic MA:0002276 cleidooccipital sternooccipital muscle A muscle organ that has_muscle_insertion a occipital bone and has_muscle_origin a sternum. MA:0002385 UBERON:0010949 UMLS:C1710196 ncithesaurus:Sternooccipital sternooccipital uberon MA:0002385 sternooccipital A muscle organ that has_muscle_insertion a occipital bone and has_muscle_origin a sternum. OBOL:automatic styloauricular muscle An occasional small muscle extending from the root of the styloid process to the cartilage of the meatus of the ear UBERON:0010950 mandibulo-auricularis mandibulo-auricularis muscle stylo-auricularis stylo-auricularis muscle styloauricularis uberon An occasional small muscle extending from the root of the styloid process to the cartilage of the meatus of the ear http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?musculus+styloauricularis interscutular muscle UBERON:0010951 a muscle that attaches to the base of the ear and to the middle of the skull interscutularis musculus interscutularis uberon PMID:19209956 a muscle that attaches to the base of the ear and to the middle of the skull frontalis FMA:46757 SCTID:368680005 The frontalis muscle is thin, of a quadrilateral form, and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia. It is broader than the Occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color. It is located on the front of the head. It has no bony attachments. Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the Procerus; its immediate fibers blend with the Corrugator and Orbicularis oculi, thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. In the eyebrows, its primary function is to lift them (thus opposing the orbital portion of the orbicularis), especially when looking up. It also acts when a view is too distant or dim. From these attachments the fibers are directed upward, and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture. The medial margins of the Frontales are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose; but between the Occipitales there is a considerable, though variable, interval, occupied by the galea aponeurotica. It could be part of occipitofrontalis muscle. UBERON:0010952 frontal belly of occipitofrontalis frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle frontal part of occipitofrontalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Musculus_frontalis.png orbito-temporo-auricularis uberon venter frontalis (musculus occipitofrontalis) venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis dbpedia PMID:18657257 orbito-temporo-auricularis dbpedia FMA:TA venter frontalis musculus occipitofrontalis Wikipedia:Frontalis_muscle venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis FMA:46757 venter frontalis (musculus occipitofrontalis) The frontalis muscle is thin, of a quadrilateral form, and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia. It is broader than the Occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color. It is located on the front of the head. It has no bony attachments. Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the Procerus; its immediate fibers blend with the Corrugator and Orbicularis oculi, thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone. In the eyebrows, its primary function is to lift them (thus opposing the orbital portion of the orbicularis), especially when looking up. It also acts when a view is too distant or dim. From these attachments the fibers are directed upward, and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture. The medial margins of the Frontales are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose; but between the Occipitales there is a considerable, though variable, interval, occupied by the galea aponeurotica. It could be part of occipitofrontalis muscle. Wikipedia:Frontalis_muscle Wikipedia:Frontalis_muscle frontal belly of occipitofrontalis muscle FMA:46757 frontal belly of occipitofrontalis FMA:46757 frontal part of occipitofrontalis FMA nasalis muscle FMA:46770 SCTID:244732001 The nasalis (compressor naris) is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilage. It consists of two parts, transverse and alar: The transverse part arises from the maxilla, above and lateral to the incisive fossa; its fibers proceed upward and medially, expanding into a thin aponeurosis which is continuous on the bridge of the nose with that of the muscle of the opposite side, and with the aponeurosis of the Procerus. The alar part is attached at one end to the greater alar cartilage, and at the other to the integument at the point of the nose. Other sources divide it into "Compressor nasalis" and "Dilator nasalis". UBERON:0010953 compressor naris compressor narium minor compressor nasi http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Nasalis.png musculus nasalis nasalis uberon Wikipedia:Nasalis_muscle compressor narium minor dbpedia dbpedia FMA-abduced-lr Wikipedia:Nasalis_muscle compressor naris FMA FMA:46770 nasalis The nasalis (compressor naris) is a sphincter-like muscle of the nose whose function is to compress the nasal cartilage. It consists of two parts, transverse and alar: The transverse part arises from the maxilla, above and lateral to the incisive fossa; its fibers proceed upward and medially, expanding into a thin aponeurosis which is continuous on the bridge of the nose with that of the muscle of the opposite side, and with the aponeurosis of the Procerus. The alar part is attached at one end to the greater alar cartilage, and at the other to the integument at the point of the nose. Other sources divide it into "Compressor nasalis" and "Dilator nasalis". Wikipedia:Nasalis_muscle Wikipedia:Nasalis_muscle compressor nasi Wikipedia:Nasalis_muscle musculus nasalis ceratohyoideus muscle The ceratohyoideus is a muscle of Pharyngeal Arch III that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. , and attaches to the ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus and also to a non-ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] The ceratohyoideus is a muscle of Pharyngeal Arch III that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. , and attaches to the ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus and also to a non-ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] UBERON:0010954 ceratohyoideus uberon FEED:FEED ceratohyoideus 2012-07-02 FEED The ceratohyoideus is a muscle of Pharyngeal Arch III that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. , and attaches to the ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus and also to a non-ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org The ceratohyoideus is a muscle of Pharyngeal Arch III that participates in oral/pharyngeal behaviors and is innervated by the glossopharyngeal n. , and attaches to the ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus and also to a non-ceratohyal part of the hyoid apparatus.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org trapezius pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0002079 UBERON:0010955 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 pterygopharyngeal part of superior pharyngeal constrictor FMA:46638 UBERON:0010956 pars pterygopharyngea (musculus constrictor pharyngis superior) pterygopharyngeal part of superior constrictor pharyngeus pterygopharyngeus uberon FMA:46638 pterygopharyngeal part of superior constrictor pharyngeus FMA:46638 pars pterygopharyngea (musculus constrictor pharyngis superior) FMA arytenoid muscle A single muscle, filling up the posterior concave surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages. It arises from the posterior surface and lateral border of one arytenoid cartilage, and is inserted into the corresponding parts of the opposite cartilage. It consists of oblique and transverse parts. Arytænoideus UBERON:0010958 UMLS:C1510945 aryepiglotticus muscle arytaenoideus arytaenoideus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Musculusarytenoideus.png ncithesaurus:Arytenoid_Muscle todo - check child relationships uberon Arytænoideus Wikipedia:Arytenoid_muscle Arytenoid cartilage on opposite side dbpedia A single muscle, filling up the posterior concave surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages. It arises from the posterior surface and lateral border of one arytenoid cartilage, and is inserted into the corresponding parts of the opposite cartilage. It consists of oblique and transverse parts. Wikipedia:Arytenoid_muscle Wikipedia:Arytenoid_muscle arytaenoideus Wikipedia:Arytenoid_muscle aryepiglotticus muscle Arytenoid cartilage on one side dbpedia dbpedia recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus Wikipedia:Arytenoid_muscle arytaenoideus muscle craniocervical muscle A muscle organ that is part of a craniocervical region. UBERON:0010959 UMLS:C0448281 muscle of head and neck muscle of head or neck ncithesaurus:Head_and_Neck_Muscle uberon A muscle organ that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic erector spinae pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000455 UBERON:0010961 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 extensor pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000459 UBERON:0010962 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 trunk and cervical myotome group EHDAA2:0003425 UBERON:0010963 isa row in EHDAA2 uberon EHDAA2 intercostal pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000843 UBERON:0010970 uberon cjm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 external intercostal pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000467 UBERON:0010974 uberon EHDAA2 external oblique pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000470 UBERON:0010975 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 flexor pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000543 UBERON:0010977 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 internal intercostal pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000876 UBERON:0010981 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 latissimus dorsi pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000933 UBERON:0010982 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 levator scapulae pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0000993 UBERON:0010983 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 pectoral pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0001423 UBERON:0010984 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 rhomboid pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0001636 UBERON:0010985 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 serratus anterior pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0001833 UBERON:0010986 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 sterno-mastoid pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0001913 UBERON:0010987 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 teres major pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0002005 UBERON:0010988 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 transverospinalis pre-muscle mass EHDAA2:0002076 UBERON:0010989 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 transversospinales muscle EHDAA2:0002075 EHDAA:9465 FMA:71304 SCTID:244866002 The transversospinal muscles are a group of muscles of the human back. Their combined action is rotation and extension of the vertebral column. They include: semispinalis, spanning 4-6 vertebral segments semispinalis dorsi semispinalis cervicis semispinalis capitis multifidus, spanning 2-4 vertebral segments rotatores, spanning 1-2 vertebral segments rotatores cervicis rotatores thoracis rotatores lumborum UBERON:0010990 deep dorsal muscles http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Gray384.png musculi transversospinales transverospinalis transversospinal group of muscles transversospinales transversospinales muscle group uberon EHDAA2:0002075 transverospinalis Wikipedia:Transversospinales_muscles transversospinal group of muscles FMA:71304 transversospinales Wikipedia:Transversospinales_muscles deep dorsal muscles EHDAA2 FMA:71304 transversospinales muscle group FMA:TA musculi transversospinales Wikipedia:Transversospinales_muscles musculi transversospinales EHDAA2 The transversospinal muscles are a group of muscles of the human back. Their combined action is rotation and extension of the vertebral column. They include: semispinalis, spanning 4-6 vertebral segments semispinalis dorsi semispinalis cervicis semispinalis capitis multifidus, spanning 2-4 vertebral segments rotatores, spanning 1-2 vertebral segments rotatores cervicis rotatores thoracis rotatores lumborum Wikipedia:Transversospinales_muscles subscapularis pre-muscle mass EMAPA:17750 UBERON:0010993 uberon EHDAA2 coronoid process of ulna FMA:23616 SCTID:181951002 The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus. Its upper surface is smooth, concave, and forms the lower part of the semilunar notch. Its antero-inferior surface is concave, and marked by a rough impression for the insertion of the Brachialis muscle. At the junction of this surface with the front of the body is a rough eminence, the tuberosity of the ulna, which gives insertion to a part of the Brachialis; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached. Its lateral surface presents a narrow, oblong, articular depression, the radial notch. Its medial surface, by its prominent, free margin, serves for the attachment of part of the ulnar collateral ligament. At the front part of this surface is a small rounded eminence for the origin of one head of the Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle; behind the eminence is a depression for part of the origin of the Flexor digitorum profundus muscle; descending from the eminence is a ridge which gives origin to one head of the Pronator teres muscle. Frequently, the Flexor pollicis longus muscle arises from the lower part of the coronoid process by a rounded bundle of muscular fibers. UBERON:0010994 coronoid process coronoid process of the ulna http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Gray212.png processus coronoideus processus coronoideus ulnae uberon ulnar coronoid process FMA FMA:23616 coronoid process FMA Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna processus coronoideus ulnae Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna coronoid process of the ulna FMA:23616 processus coronoideus The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna. Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength. Its apex is pointed, slightly curved upward, and in flexion of the forearm is received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus. Its upper surface is smooth, concave, and forms the lower part of the semilunar notch. Its antero-inferior surface is concave, and marked by a rough impression for the insertion of the Brachialis muscle. At the junction of this surface with the front of the body is a rough eminence, the tuberosity of the ulna, which gives insertion to a part of the Brachialis; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached. Its lateral surface presents a narrow, oblong, articular depression, the radial notch. Its medial surface, by its prominent, free margin, serves for the attachment of part of the ulnar collateral ligament. At the front part of this surface is a small rounded eminence for the origin of one head of the Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle; behind the eminence is a depression for part of the origin of the Flexor digitorum profundus muscle; descending from the eminence is a ridge which gives origin to one head of the Pronator teres muscle. Frequently, the Flexor pollicis longus muscle arises from the lower part of the coronoid process by a rounded bundle of muscular fibers. Wikipedia:Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna deep part of masseter muscle FMA:49003 SCTID:142309002 UBERON:0010995 deep layer of masseter deep part of masseter masseter, deep masseter, profundus pars profunda (musculus masseter) pars profunda of masseter muscle uberon FMA:49003 pars profunda (musculus masseter) FMA:49003 deep part of masseter FEED:FEED masseter, profundus FMA:49003 deep layer of masseter articular cartilage of joint A thin layer of cartilage, usually hyaline, on the articular surface of bones in synovial joints. AEO:0000179 BTO:0001572 EFO:0001902 FMA:12264 GAID:101 MA:0000487 MESH:A02.165.165 SCTID:305026006 UBERON:0010996 UMLS:C0007303 articular cartilage cartilago articularis galen:ArticularCartilage hyaline cartilage joint-associated cartilage ncithesaurus:Articular_Cartilage uberon A thin layer of cartilage, usually hyaline, on the articular surface of bones in synovial joints. BTO:0001572 FMA:12264 cartilago articularis MA:0000487 articular cartilage BTO:0001572 hyaline cartilage MA Wikipedia AEO:0000179 joint-associated cartilage articular cartilage condensation TAO:0001670 UBERON:0011002 ZFA:0001644 articular cartilages uberon ZFA ZFA:0001644 articular cartilages pharyngeal arch cartilage A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium. EFO:0003689 TAO:0001460 UBERON:0011004 ZFA:0001460 pharyngeal arch cartilages splanchnocranium cartilage uberon A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium. OBOL:automatic ZFA ZFA:0001460 splanchnocranium cartilage ZFA:0001460 pharyngeal arch cartilages ZFA endocardium of auricle An endocardium that is part of a atrium auricular region. FMA:13234 Note in EHDAA2 this is an epithelium that is part of the endocardium UBERON:0011005 auricle endocardium uberon An endocardium that is part of a atrium auricular region. OBOL:automatic FMA:13234 auricle endocardium endocardium of left auricle An endocardium that is part of a left atrium auricular region. EHDAA2:0000277 FMA:13236 UBERON:0011006 VHOG:0001231 left atrium auricular region endocardium left auricle endocardial tissue left auricle endocardium uberon VHOG:0001231 left auricle endocardial tissue EHDAA2:0000277 left atrium auricular region endocardium An endocardium that is part of a left atrium auricular region. OBOL:automatic FMA:13236 left auricle endocardium endocardium of right auricle An endocardium that is part of a right atrium auricular region. EHDAA2:0000292 FMA:13235 UBERON:0011007 right auricle endocardium uberon An endocardium that is part of a right atrium auricular region. OBOL:automatic FMA:13235 right auricle endocardium brachioradialis Brachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that acts to flex the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm; for this reason it is also called "the beer drinker muscle. " It is attached to the distal styloid process of the radius by way of the brachioradialis tendon, and to the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. FMA:38485 SCTID:244989009 UBERON:0011011 brachioradialis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Brachioradialis.png musculus brachioradialis uberon Brachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that acts to flex the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm; for this reason it is also called "the beer drinker muscle. " It is attached to the distal styloid process of the radius by way of the brachioradialis tendon, and to the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. Wikipedia:Brachioradialis dbpedia Wikipedia:Brachioradialis musculus brachioradialis Wikipedia:Brachioradialis brachioradialis muscle Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus dbpedia Distal radius dbpedia flexor pollicis brevis muscle FMA:37378 SCTID:181646006 The flexor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the hand that flexes the thumb. It is one of three thenar muscles. It has both a superficial part and a deep part. UBERON:0011012 flexor pollicis brevis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Musculusflexorpollicisbrevis.png musculus flexor pollicis brevis uberon The flexor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the hand that flexes the thumb. It is one of three thenar muscles. It has both a superficial part and a deep part. Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle dbpedia FMA:37378 flexor pollicis brevis dbpedia Extensor pollicis longus and brevis dbpedia Wikipedia:Flexor_pollicis_brevis_muscle musculus flexor pollicis brevis spinalis muscle BTO:0002621 FMA:77179 SCTID:244862000 The spinalis is the portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0011013 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Spinalis.png medial column of erector spinae musculus spinalis spinal muscle spinalis spinalis muscle uberon FMA BTO dbpedia spinous process Thoracis: SP of upper thoracic vertebrae. Cervicis: SP of cervical vertebrae except C1. dbpedia spinous process Thoracis: Upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. Cervicis: Ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7. dbpedia spinous process Thoracis: SP of upper thoracic vertebrae. Cervicis: SP of cervical vertebrae except C1. Wikipedia:Spinalis musculus spinalis dbpedia FMA:77179 spinalis The spinalis is the portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Spinalis Wikipedia:Spinalis musculus spinalis Wikipedia:Spinalis spinalis muscle dbpedia spinous process Thoracis: Upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. Cervicis: Ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7. BTO:0002621 spinal muscle spinalis capitis muscle BTO:0002622 FMA:22775 Origin: spines of upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae; insertion: occipital bone; innervation: spinal nerves; action, extends head. SCTID:244865003 UBERON:0011014 spinal muscle of head spinalis capitis uberon FMA BTO:0002622 Origin: spines of upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae; insertion: occipital bone; innervation: spinal nerves; action, extends head. BTO:0002622 spinal muscle of head FMA:22775 spinalis capitis iliac fossa FMA:75316 SCTID:182341009 UBERON:0011015 uberon pyramidalis FMA:15568 SCTID:244950003 The pyramidalis is a small and triangular muscle, anterior to the Rectus abdominis, and contained in the rectus sheath. UBERON:0011016 UMLS:C0224374 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Gray397.png musculus pyramidalis ncithesaurus:Pyramidalis pyramidalis pyramidalis muscle uberon FMA:15568 pyramidalis muscle FMA dbpedia pubic symphysis and pubic crest Wikipedia:Pyramidalis_muscle musculus pyramidalis Wikipedia:Pyramidalis_muscle pyramidalis The pyramidalis is a small and triangular muscle, anterior to the Rectus abdominis, and contained in the rectus sheath. Wikipedia:Pyramidalis_muscle semispinalis muscle FMA:22823 SCTID:244867006 UBERON:0011017 a transversospinalis muscle of the human body. semispinalis uberon Wikipedia:Semispinalis_muscle a transversospinalis muscle of the human body. Wikipedia:Semispinalis_muscle semispinalis FMA flexor hallucis brevis FMA:37449 SCTID:181730007 The Flexor hallucis brevis arises, by a pointed tendinous process, from the medial part of the under surface of the cuboid bone, from the contiguous portion of the third cuneiform, and from the prolongation of the tendon of the Tibialis posterior which is attached to that bone. It divides in front into two portions, which are inserted into the medial and lateral sides of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe, a sesamoid bone being present in each tendon at its insertion. The medial portion is blended with the Abductor hallucis previous to its insertion; the lateral portion with the Adductor hallucis; the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus lies in a groove between them; the lateral portion is sometimes described as the first Interosseous plantaris. UBERON:0011022 flexor hallucis brevis muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Musculus_flexor_hallucis_brevis.png m.flexor hallucis brevis musculus flexor hallucis brevis uberon FMA:37449 m.flexor hallucis brevis Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_brevis_muscle musculus flexor hallucis brevis The Flexor hallucis brevis arises, by a pointed tendinous process, from the medial part of the under surface of the cuboid bone, from the contiguous portion of the third cuneiform, and from the prolongation of the tendon of the Tibialis posterior which is attached to that bone. It divides in front into two portions, which are inserted into the medial and lateral sides of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe, a sesamoid bone being present in each tendon at its insertion. The medial portion is blended with the Abductor hallucis previous to its insertion; the lateral portion with the Adductor hallucis; the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus lies in a groove between them; the lateral portion is sometimes described as the first Interosseous plantaris. Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_brevis_muscle Wikipedia:Flexor_hallucis_brevis_muscle flexor hallucis brevis muscle dbpedia medial and lateral sesamoid bones of first metatarsal dbpedia plantar surface of cuneiform bones dbpedia medial and lateral sesamoid bones of first metatarsal extrinsic extensor muscle of manus The extrinsic extensor muscles of the hand are located in the back of the forearm and have long tendons connecting them to bones in the hand, where they exert their action. UBERON:0011024 extrinsic extensor muscle of hand uberon Wikipedia:Extrinsic_extensor_muscles_of_the_hand extrinsic extensor muscle of hand The extrinsic extensor muscles of the hand are located in the back of the forearm and have long tendons connecting them to bones in the hand, where they exert their action. Wikipedia:Extrinsic_extensor_muscles_of_the_hand aryepiglotticus muscle FMA:46602 SCTID:244818009 The aryepiglotticus is a muscle of the larynx running in the aryepiglottic fold from the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis. UBERON:0011025 UMLS:C0224177 ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic aryepiglottic muscle aryepiglotticus aryepiglottus aryepiglottus muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Musculusarytenoideus.png musculus aryepiglotticus ncithesaurus:Aryepiglottic_Muscle pars aryepiglottica (musculus arytenoideus obliquus) pars aryepiglottica musculi arytenoidei obliqui pars aryepiglottica musculus arytenoidei obliqui uberon FMA:46602 pars aryepiglottica (musculus arytenoideus obliquus) FMA:TA pars aryepiglottica musculus arytenoidei obliqui ncithesaurus The aryepiglotticus is a muscle of the larynx running in the aryepiglottic fold from the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis. Wikipedia:Aryepiglottic_muscle FEED:FEED aryepiglottus FEED:FEED aryepiglottus muscle Wikipedia:Aryepiglottic_muscle aryepiglotticus Wikipedia:Aryepiglottic_muscle musculus aryepiglotticus FMA:46602 ary-epiglottic part of oblique arytenoid FMA:46602 aryepiglottic muscle Wikipedia:Aryepiglottic_muscle pars aryepiglottica musculi arytenoidei obliqui FMA obturator muscle FMA:19083 One of: obturator externus or obturator internus SCTID:245024007 UBERON:0011043 UMLS:C0224421 ncithesaurus:Obturator_Muscle uberon FMA One of: obturator externus or obturator internus Wikipedia:Obturator_muscles obturator internus AAO:0010052 Definition generalized to accommodate AAO class - "Originates on the entire lateral surface of the pelvic rim. Dorsal fibers insert distally to the dorso-medial surface of the caput femoris and ventral fibers extend around the acetabulum to insert on the tendon of the caput femoris." [AAO:0010052] FMA:22298 Originates on the entire lateral surface of the pelvic rim. Dorsal fibers insert distally to the dorso-medial surface of the caput femoris and ventral fibers extend around the acetabulum to insert on the tendon of the caput femoris.[AAO] SCTID:245025008 The obturator internus muscle originates on the medial surface of the obturator membrane, the ischium near the membrane, and the rim of the pubis. It exits the pelvic cavity through the lesser sciatic foramen. The obturator internus is situated partly within the lesser pelvis, and partly at the back of the hip-joint. It functions to help laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh, as well as to steady the femoral head in the acetabulum. UBERON:0011048 UMLS:C1518529 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Posterior_Hip_Muscles_1.PNG internal obturator internus obturator musculus obturator internus musculus obturatorius internus ncithesaurus:Obturator_Internus_Muscle obturator internus muscle obturatorius internus uberon Wikipedia:Obturator_internus_muscle obturatorius internus dbpedia medial aspect of the Greater trochanter FMA:22298 internal obturator FMA Wikipedia:Obturator_internus_muscle musculus obturatorius internus FMA FMA:22298 musculus obturator internus Wikipedia:Obturator_internus_muscle obturator internus muscle FMA The obturator internus muscle originates on the medial surface of the obturator membrane, the ischium near the membrane, and the rim of the pubis. It exits the pelvic cavity through the lesser sciatic foramen. The obturator internus is situated partly within the lesser pelvis, and partly at the back of the hip-joint. It functions to help laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh, as well as to steady the femoral head in the acetabulum. Wikipedia:Obturator_internus_muscle Wikipedia:Obturator_internus_muscle internus obturator 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010052 AAO:EJS Originates on the entire lateral surface of the pelvic rim. Dorsal fibers insert distally to the dorso-medial surface of the caput femoris and ventral fibers extend around the acetabulum to insert on the tendon of the caput femoris.[AAO] uterovesical pouch FMA:14729 SCTID:249806003 The peritoneum over the rectum and the bladder is continued over the intestinal surface and fundus of the uterus on to its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder, forming here a second, but shallower, pouch, the vesicouterine excavation (or uterovesical pouch). The vesicouterine excavation is close to the anterior fornix of the vagina. UBERON:0011049 UMLS:C1519874 excavatio vesico-uterina excavatio vesicouterina excavatio vesicouterina excavatio vesiocuterina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/WeiblichesBeckenMedian.gif ncithesaurus:Utero-Vesical_Pouch uberon vesico-uterine pouch vesicouterine vesicouterine excavation vesicouterine pouch vesicouterine pouch The peritoneum over the rectum and the bladder is continued over the intestinal surface and fundus of the uterus on to its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder, forming here a second, but shallower, pouch, the vesicouterine excavation (or uterovesical pouch). The vesicouterine excavation is close to the anterior fornix of the vagina. Wikipedia:Vesico-uterine_pouch FMA:14729 vesicouterine pouch FMA:TA excavatio vesicouterina Wikipedia:Vesico-uterine_pouch excavatio vesicouterina FMA:14729 excavatio vesico-uterina Wikipedia:Vesico-uterine_pouch vesicouterine Wikipedia:Vesico-uterine_pouch vesicouterine excavation FMA:14729 vesico-uterine pouch Wikipedia:Vesico-uterine_pouch vesicouterine pouch Wikipedia:Vesico-uterine_pouch excavatio vesiocuterina thoracic vertebra 8 EMAPA:19549 FMA:9991 MA:0001445 SCTID:181836007 T8 vertebra UBERON:0011050 UMLS:C0459953 eighth dorsal vertebra eighth thoracic vertebra ncithesaurus:T8_Vertebra uberon FMA:9991 eighth thoracic vertebra FMA:9991 eighth dorsal vertebra FMA MA FMA:9991 T8 vertebra perilymphatic channel A channel containing perilymph passing through the temporal bone, connecting the scala tympani of the cochlea to the subarachnoid space. AAO:0000136 Editor notes: relationship to FMA class unclear FMA:77822 MA:0000248 SCTID:368950002 UBERON:0011060 ZFA:0005461 cochlear aqueduct ductus perilymphaticus perilymphatic duct perilymphatic space uberon A channel containing perilymph passing through the temporal bone, connecting the scala tympani of the cochlea to the subarachnoid space. MESH:A09.246.631.246.280 Wikipedia:Perilymphatic_duct FMA:77822 MESH:A09.246.631.246.280 cochlear aqueduct AAO:0000136 ductus perilymphaticus MESH:A09.246.631.246.280 perilymphatic duct MA:0000248 perilymphatic space MA endolymphatic space FMA:77823 SCTID:279856000 UBERON:0011078 endoymphatic uberon Wikipedia angular bone AAO:0000010 Dermal bone that is located posterior to the dentary and lateral to the articular and retroarticular bones of the lower jaw. The angular forms the outer dermal sheet of the posterior part of the lower jaw. The angular bears a portion of the mandibular sensory canal. The angular is a paired bone. TAO:0001669 The angular fuses with the articular bone in clupeocephalans forming the anguloarticular. UBERON:0011079 ZFA:0001645 angular postoperculare praearticulare uberon AAO AAO TAO Dermal bone that is located posterior to the dentary and lateral to the articular and retroarticular bones of the lower jaw. The angular forms the outer dermal sheet of the posterior part of the lower jaw. The angular bears a portion of the mandibular sensory canal. The angular is a paired bone. TAO:0001669 Wikipedia:Angular_bone Kardong mandibular series AAO:0000010 angular AAO:0000010 postoperculare AAO:0000010 praearticulare palatoquadrate arch EFO:0003659 Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001272 The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw[ZFIN,VHOG]. UBERON:0011085 VHOG:0000511 ZFA:0001272 dorsal mandibular arch dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 dorsal visceral arch 1 dorsal visceral arch 1 palatoquadrate arch uberon upper jaw upper pharyngeal jaw upper pharyngeal jaw VHOG:0000511 dorsal visceral arch 1 VHOG:0000511 palatoquadrate arch VHOG:0000511 upper pharyngeal jaw 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000511 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000511 dorsal pharyngeal arch 1 VHOG:0000511 dorsal mandibular arch ZFA:0001272 dorsal visceral arch 1 The dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the upper jaw[ZFIN,VHOG]. VHOG:0000511 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/153 VHOG consider making more specific VHOG:0000511 upper jaw cjm ZFA:0001272 upper pharyngeal jaw VHOG pharyngeal arch 7 7 TAO:0001602 UBERON:0011087 ZFA:0001610 branchial arch 5 gill arch 5 uberon visceral arch 7 ZFA:0001610 visceral arch 7 ZFA:0001610 gill arch 5 ZFA:0001610 branchial arch 5 ZFA ligament of knee joint A ligament that is part of a knee joint. FMA:44580 SCTID:182440009 UBERON:0011088 knee joint ligament uberon FMA:44580 knee joint ligament A ligament that is part of a knee joint. OBOL:automatic skeleton of right pelvic girdle A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a right pelvic girdle region. FMA:87593 UBERON:0011090 uberon A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a right pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic skeleton of left pelvic girdle A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a left pelvic girdle region. FMA:87594 UBERON:0011091 uberon A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a left pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic right pelvic girdle region A pelvic girdle region that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. FMA:16582 UBERON:0011092 right pelvic girdle uberon FMA:16582 right pelvic girdle A pelvic girdle region that is in the right side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic left pelvic girdle region A pelvic girdle region that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. FMA:16583 UBERON:0011093 left pelvic girdle uberon A pelvic girdle region that is in the left side of a multi-cellular organism. OBOL:automatic FMA:16583 left pelvic girdle vertebra cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a vertebral column. AO notes: This class is a superclass of individual vertebral cartilage condensations. Note that EHDAA2 represents these as condensation groups UBERON:0011094 VHOG:0000584 uberon vertebral cartilage condensation A cartilaginous condensation that is part of a vertebral column. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000584 vertebral cartilage condensation vertebra pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a vertebral column. UBERON:0011095 VHOG:0000582 uberon vertebral pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2-abduced A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a vertebral column. OBOL:automatic VHOG:0000582 vertebral pre-cartilage condensation lacrimal nerve FMA:52628 SCTID:280218007 The lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. UBERON:0011096 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gray787.png uberon The lacrimal nerve is the smallest of the three branches of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Wikipedia:Lacrimal_nerve ncithesaurus FMA epiphysis of fifth metacarpal bone An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5. FMA:86330 UBERON:0011104 fifth metacarpal bone epiphysis metacarpal 5 epiphysis uberon FMA:86330 fifth metacarpal bone epiphysis An epiphysis that is part of a metacarpal bone of digit 5. OBOL:automatic cruciate ligament of atlas EMAPA:19010 FMA:25018 SCTID:182362005 UBERON:0011106 a cruciate ligament in the neck forming part of the atlanto-axial joint. It consists of the transverse ligament of the atlas, along with additional fibers above and below. cruciate ligament of dens cruciform ligament of atlas cruciform ligament of dens ligamentum cruciforme atlantis triradiate ligament uberon Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament_of_the_dens ligamentum cruciforme atlantis EMAPA:19010 triradiate ligament Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament_of_the_dens cruciate ligament of dens FMA Wikipedia Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament_of_the_dens cruciform ligament of dens Wikipedia:Cruciate_ligament_of_the_dens a cruciate ligament in the neck forming part of the atlanto-axial joint. It consists of the transverse ligament of the atlas, along with additional fibers above and below. FMA:25018 cruciform ligament of atlas synovial joint of pelvic girdle A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. FMA:35173 UBERON:0011107 UMLS:C0827002 joint of pelvic girdle ncithesaurus:Joint_of_the_Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle joint uberon A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic FMA:35173 pelvic girdle joint synovial joint of pectoral girdle A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region. AO notes: in FMA, these are part of the bony pectoral girdle FMA:35243 UBERON:0011108 pectoral girdle joint uberon FMA:35243 pectoral girdle joint A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region. OBOL:automatic humeroulnar joint FMA:38854 SCTID:303064006 The humeroulnar joint, is part of the elbow-joint or the Olecron Joint, between the ulna and humerus bones is the simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. The Humero-Ulnar Joint is the junction of trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus. When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same line; the arm forms an obtuse angle with the forearm. During flexion, however, the forearm and the hand tend to approach the middle line of the body, and thus enable the hand to be easily carried to the face. The accurate adaptation of the trochlea of the humerus, with its prominences and depressions, to the semilunar notch of the ulna, prevents any lateral movement. Flexion is produced by the action of the Biceps brachii and Brachialis, assisted by the Brachioradialis, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Extension is produced by the Triceps brachii and AnconC&us, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, such as the Extensor digitorum communis. UBERON:0011110 articulatio humeroulnaris http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png humero-ulnar joint uberon FMA:38854 humero-ulnar joint FMA The humeroulnar joint, is part of the elbow-joint or the Olecron Joint, between the ulna and humerus bones is the simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. The Humero-Ulnar Joint is the junction of trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus. When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same line; the arm forms an obtuse angle with the forearm. During flexion, however, the forearm and the hand tend to approach the middle line of the body, and thus enable the hand to be easily carried to the face. The accurate adaptation of the trochlea of the humerus, with its prominences and depressions, to the semilunar notch of the ulna, prevents any lateral movement. Flexion is produced by the action of the Biceps brachii and Brachialis, assisted by the Brachioradialis, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Extension is produced by the Triceps brachii and AnconC&us, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, such as the Extensor digitorum communis. Wikipedia:Humeroulnar_joint FMA:TA articulatio humeroulnaris humeroradial joint FMA:38855 SCTID:182171008 The humeroradial joint, the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a hinge joint. The bony surfaces would of themselves constitute an enarthrosis and allow movement in all directions, were it not for the annular ligament, by which the head of the radius is bound to the radial notch of the ulna, and which prevents any separation of the two bones laterally. It is to the same ligament that the head of the radius owes its security from dislocation, which would otherwise tend to occur, from the shallowness of the cup-like surface on the head of the radius. In fact, but for this ligament, the tendon of the Biceps brachii would be liable to pull the head of the radius out of the joint. The head of the radius is not in complete contact with the capitulum of the humerus in all positions of the joint. The capitulum occupies only the anterior and inferior surfaces of the lower end of the humerus, so that in complete extension a part of the radial head can be plainly felt projecting at the back of the articulation. In full flexion the movement of the radial head is hampered by the compression of the surrounding soft parts, so that the freest rotatory movement of the radius on the humerus (pronation and supination) takes place in semiflexion, in which position the two articular surfaces are in most intimate contact. Flexion and extension of the elbow-joint are limited by the tension of the structures on the front and back of the joint; the limitation of flexion is also aided by the soft structures of the arm and forearm coming into contact. UBERON:0011111 articulatio humeroradialis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gray329.png humero-radial joint uberon Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint articulatio humeroradialis FMA The humeroradial joint, the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a hinge joint. The bony surfaces would of themselves constitute an enarthrosis and allow movement in all directions, were it not for the annular ligament, by which the head of the radius is bound to the radial notch of the ulna, and which prevents any separation of the two bones laterally. It is to the same ligament that the head of the radius owes its security from dislocation, which would otherwise tend to occur, from the shallowness of the cup-like surface on the head of the radius. In fact, but for this ligament, the tendon of the Biceps brachii would be liable to pull the head of the radius out of the joint. The head of the radius is not in complete contact with the capitulum of the humerus in all positions of the joint. The capitulum occupies only the anterior and inferior surfaces of the lower end of the humerus, so that in complete extension a part of the radial head can be plainly felt projecting at the back of the articulation. In full flexion the movement of the radial head is hampered by the compression of the surrounding soft parts, so that the freest rotatory movement of the radius on the humerus (pronation and supination) takes place in semiflexion, in which position the two articular surfaces are in most intimate contact. Flexion and extension of the elbow-joint are limited by the tension of the structures on the front and back of the joint; the limitation of flexion is also aided by the soft structures of the arm and forearm coming into contact. Wikipedia:Humeroradial_joint tibiofibular joint A joint that connects the tibia and the fibula. Editor notes: we include location as part of the logical definition to prevent accidental classification of ankle joints as tibiofibular joints FMA:35181 SCTID:244554002 UBERON:0011112 fibulatibial joint fibulotibial joint tibiafibular joint uberon A joint that connects the tibia and the fibula. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Tibiofibular_joint FMA inferior tibiofibular joint FMA:10465 SCTID:182209000 The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia. Below, to the extent of about 4 mm. these surfaces are smooth, and covered with cartilage, which is continuous with that of the ankle-joint. The ligaments are: Anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus, Posterior ligament of the lateral malleolus, Inferior transverse ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, Interosseous ligament UBERON:0011113 distal tibiofibular joint inferior tibiofibular articulation syndesmosis tibiofibularis tibiofibular syndesmosis uberon FMA:10465 tibiofibular syndesmosis FMA:TA syndesmosis tibiofibularis FMA lateral side Wikipedia:Inferior_tibiofibular_articulation inferior tibiofibular articulation The inferior tibiofibular articulation (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the lower end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia. Below, to the extent of about 4 mm. these surfaces are smooth, and covered with cartilage, which is continuous with that of the ankle-joint. The ligaments are: Anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus, Posterior ligament of the lateral malleolus, Inferior transverse ligament of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, Interosseous ligament Wikipedia:Inferior_tibiofibular_articulation FMA:10465 distal tibiofibular joint superior tibiofibular joint FMA:35184 SCTID:182208008 The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The contiguous surfaces of the bones present flat, oval facets covered with cartilage and connected together by an articular capsule and by anterior and posterior ligaments. When the term "tibiofibular articulation" is used without a modifier, it refers to the superior, and not the inferior tibiofibular articulation. UBERON:0011117 articulatio tibiofibularis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gray347.png/250px-Gray347.png proximal tibiofibular joint proximal tibiofibular joint superior tibiofibular articulation tibiofibular joint uberon Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint proximal tibiofibular joint Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint superior tibiofibular articulation The superior tibiofibular articulation is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The contiguous surfaces of the bones present flat, oval facets covered with cartilage and connected together by an articular capsule and by anterior and posterior ligaments. When the term "tibiofibular articulation" is used without a modifier, it refers to the superior, and not the inferior tibiofibular articulation. Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint FMA:35184 proximal tibiofibular joint Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint articulatio tibiofibularis Wikipedia:Superior_tibiofibular_joint tibiofibular joint tarsometatarsal joint FMA:35216 SCTID:182222008 The tarsometatarsal articulations are arthrodial joints in the pes. It is also known as the "Lisfranc joint". It is named after 18th-19th century surgeon and gynecologist, Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin. UBERON:0011118 articulationes tarsometatarsales cuboideometatarsal http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Gray355.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray358.png lisfranc joint tarso-metatarsal join tarsometatarsal tarsometatarsal articulation uberon Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations articulationes tarsometatarsales Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations tarsometatarsal Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations lisfranc joint Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations tarsometatarsal articulation The tarsometatarsal articulations are arthrodial joints in the pes. It is also known as the "Lisfranc joint". It is named after 18th-19th century surgeon and gynecologist, Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin. Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations Wikipedia:Tarsometatarsal_articulations cuboideometatarsal carpometacarpal joint CMJ FMA:35287 SCTID:361842002 The carpometacarpal joints (CMC) are joints in the wrist that articulates the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the metacarpal bones. UBERON:0011119 UMLS:C0224620 articulationes carpometacarpeæ carpometacarpal carpometacarpal articulation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gray335.png ncithesaurus:Carpometacarpal_Joint uberon The carpometacarpal joints (CMC) are joints in the wrist that articulates the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the metacarpal bones. Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint carpometacarpal Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint articulationes carpometacarpeæ CMJ Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint carpometacarpal articulation laryngeal joint A skeletal joint that connects a laryngeal cartilage. FMA:55100 UBERON:0011120 joint of larynx laryngeal articulation uberon A skeletal joint that connects a laryngeal cartilage. OBOL:automatic FMA:55100 joint of larynx FMA:55100 laryngeal articulation FMA cricothyroid joint FMA:55101 SCTID:361944002 The cricoarytenoid articulation (or joint) is a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. UBERON:0011121 UMLS:C0225540 crico-thyroid joint cricothyroid articulation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Larynx_external_en.svg ncithesaurus:Cricothyroid_Joint uberon FMA The cricoarytenoid articulation (or joint) is a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_articulation Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_articulation crico-thyroid joint cjm FMA:55101 cricothyroid articulation cricoarytenoid joint FMA:55102 SCTID:361945001 The cricoarytenoid articulation (or joint) is a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage. UBERON:0011122 UMLS:C0225555 crico-arytenoid joint crico-arytenoid joint cricoarytenoid articulation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray960.png ncithesaurus:Cricoarytenoid_Joint uberon FMA:55102 cricoarytenoid articulation FMA cjm FMA:55102 crico-arytenoid joint The cricoarytenoid articulation (or joint) is a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage. Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_articulation Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_articulation crico-arytenoid joint stifle joint MESH:A13.473.683 SCTID:116010006 UBERON:0011123 a complex joint in the hind limbs of quadruped mammals such as the sheep, horse or dog. It is the equivalent joint to the human knee. It is often the largest synovial joint in the body. femoropatellar joint ncithesaurus:Stifle_Joint uberon Wikipedia:Stifle_joint a complex joint in the hind limbs of quadruped mammals such as the sheep, horse or dog. It is the equivalent joint to the human knee. It is often the largest synovial joint in the body. xiphisternal joint FMA:7503 SCTID:118923007 SCTID:118924001 The xiphisternal joint (or xiphisternal synchondrosis) is a location near the bottom of the sternum, where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process. UBERON:0011124 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Gray116.png synchondrosis xiphisternalis uberon xiphisternal junction xiphisternal synchdrondosis FMA The xiphisternal joint (or xiphisternal synchondrosis) is a location near the bottom of the sternum, where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process. Wikipedia:Xiphisternal_joint Wikipedia:Xiphisternal_joint xiphisternal junction Wikipedia:Xiphisternal_joint xiphisternal synchdrondosis FMA:7503 synchondrosis xiphisternalis temporomandibular joint primordium EMAPA:18714 UBERON:0011130 temporo-mandibular joint primordium uberon EMAPA:18714 temporo-mandibular joint primordium EMAPA intermetacarpal joint 2 2 FMA:35288 SCTID:303065007 Synovial joint between the bases of adjacent metacarpals. Examples: intermetacarpal joint of right second and third metacarpal bones, intermetacarpal joint of right fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. UBERON:0011131 intermetacarpal intermetacarpal articulation uberon Wikipedia:Intermetacarpal_articulations intermetacarpal two adjacent metacarpals Wikipedia:Intermetacarpal_articulations intermetacarpal articulation FMA:35288 Synovial joint between the bases of adjacent metacarpals. Examples: intermetacarpal joint of right second and third metacarpal bones, intermetacarpal joint of right fourth and fifth metacarpal bones. Wikipedia:Intermetacarpal_articulations intercarpal joint 2 2 FMA:35292 SCTID:182176003 The intercarpal articulations (articulations of the carpus) can be subdivided into three sets of articulations: Those of the proximal row of carpal bones, those of the distal row of carpal bones, and those of the two rows with each other. UBERON:0011132 UMLS:C1262468 carpal joint http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Gray336.png intercarpal intercarpal articulation midcarpal articulation ncithesaurus:Carpal_Joint uberon FMA Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations intercarpal articulation Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations intercarpal Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations midcarpal articulation two adjacent carpals The intercarpal articulations (articulations of the carpus) can be subdivided into three sets of articulations: Those of the proximal row of carpal bones, those of the distal row of carpal bones, and those of the two rows with each other. Wikipedia:Intercarpal_articulations FMA:35292 carpal joint intermetatarsal joint 2 2 A joint that connects two adjacent metatarsals FMA:35219 In humans: The base of the first metatarsal is not connected with that of the second by any ligaments; in this respect the great toe resembles the thumb[WP] SCTID:361868009 UBERON:0011133 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Gray358.png uberon A joint that connects two adjacent metatarsals Wikipedia:Intermetatarsal_articulations two adjacent metatarsals nonsynovial joint FMA:7491 Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. UBERON:0011134 solid joint uberon FMA FMA:7491 Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. FMA:7491 solid joint intervertebral cartilage 2 2 A cartilage element that lies between two successive vertebral centra. AAO:0000795 Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra.[AAO] UBERON:0011135 uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000795 AAO:Trueb_1973 Block of cartilage, which usually ossifies, that lies between successive vertebral centra.[AAO] between two centra FMA MA A cartilage element that lies between two successive vertebral centra. ISBN10:0073040584 ligament of vertebral column FMA:31892 SCTID:244590009 UBERON:0011136 intervertebral ligament ligament that joins successive centra. Important in controlling the stiffness of the vertebral column when it flexes. uberon vertebral column ligament ISBN10:0073040584 ligament that joins successive centra. Important in controlling the stiffness of the vertebral column when it flexes. FMA:31892 vertebral column ligament axial skeletal system FMA:7483 Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. UBERON:0011137 uberon FMA Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. UBERON:cjm post-cranial axial skeletal system Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the post-cranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. UBERON:0011138 axial skeletal system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000003 uberon axial skeletal system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000008 cjm FMA Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the post-cranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. UBERON:cjm synovial limb joint Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb. FMA:258776 Most limb joints are synovial, but a few such as the tibiofibular joints are syndesmoses. UBERON:0011139 synovial joint of free limb segment uberon Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb. UBERON:cjm FMA:258776 synovial joint of free limb segment superficial part of masseter muscle FMA:49000 SCTID:142208007 The superficial masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle, is superficial to all other masseter muscle parts, and attaches to the mandibular angle.[FEED] UBERON:0011140 masseter, superficial pars superficialis (musculus masseter) pars superficialis of masseter muscle superficial layer of masseter superficial part of masseter uberon FMA:49000 pars superficialis (musculus masseter) FMA:49000 superficial part of masseter 2012-07-02 FEED The superficial masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle, is superficial to all other masseter muscle parts, and attaches to the mandibular angle.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FMA:49000 superficial layer of masseter FEED:FEED masseter, superficial appendicular ossicle Examples of appendicular ossicles include the patella and meniscus of the knee joint. Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. UBERON:0011141 VSAO:0000131 XAO:0004194 ossicle of appendicular skeleton uberon Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. VSAO:0000131 OBOL:automatic ossicle of appendicular skeleton axial ossicle Examples of axial ossicles include the ossified tendons adjacent to the neural spines of the vertebral column. Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton. UBERON:0011142 VSAO:0000133 ossicle of axial skeleton ossicle of postcranial-axial skeleton uberon vertebral ossicle OBOL:automatic vertebral ossicle OBOL:automatic ossicle of postcranial-axial skeleton OBOL:automatic ossicle of axial skeleton Ossicle that is part of the axial skeleton. VSAO:0000133 upper urinary tract FMA:45658 SCTID:181413006 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters. UBERON:0011143 galen:UpperUrinaryTract uberon FMA-abduced-lr FMA:45658 Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters. FMA adductor muscle of hip . BTO:0000030 MA:0002267 SCTID:181670005 SCTID:368101007 UBERON:0011144 adductor group (leg) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG muscle of adductor group uberon MA:0002267 adductor group (leg) . Wikipedia:Adductor_muscles_of_the_hip a small part of adductor magnus is innervated by the tibial nerve dbpedia adductor muscle A muscle capable of adduction. Adduction is a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body. It is opposed to abduction. A muscle that brings a body part closer to the sagittal plane of the body.[TAO] FMA:74998 TAO:0002136 UBERON:0011145 ZFA:0005268 adductor relationship loss: subclass cranial muscle (TAO:0001953)[TAO] uberon we place the TAO class here even though it is a cranial muscle; it is defined functionally A muscle capable of adduction. Adduction is a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body. It is opposed to abduction. Wikipedia:Adduction Wikipedia:Adductor_muscle 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0002136 relationship loss: subclass cranial muscle (TAO:0001953)[TAO] 2012-08-14 A muscle that brings a body part closer to the sagittal plane of the body.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002136 ZFA:curator silk gland Any of the glands in silk-spinning insects and spiders that secrete a protein liquid that hardens into silk on exposure to air. BTO:0001250 UBERON:0011146 uberon BTO Any of the glands in silk-spinning insects and spiders that secrete a protein liquid that hardens into silk on exposure to air. BTO:0001250 Verson's gland A gland found in the larvae of lepidoptera. Each gland is made of three cells: the secretory cell, the reservoir cell and the canal cell. UBERON:0011147 uberon submucosal gland BTO:0003751 Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. UBERON:0011148 uberon perforates BTO:0003751 Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. Wikipedia:Submucosal_glands Marshall's gland A paired hollow organ in the genito-urinary apparatus of Raja (and probably other skates and rays) whose cavity is fluid filled. BTO:0001661 UBERON:0011149 alkaline gland uberon BTO:0001661 alkaline gland A paired hollow organ in the genito-urinary apparatus of Raja (and probably other skates and rays) whose cavity is fluid filled. http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/Complete%20Dictionary.htm BTO pharyngeal arch derived gill AAO:0010171 Anatomical structure consisting of a series of membranes which allow dissolved oxygen from the water to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to pass out of the bloodstream.[AAO] BTO:0000518 EFO:0000933 GAID:1218 Gill slits in the pharyngeal region of the intestine, which are also present in (at least) tunicates and acranians, are taken over to the craniote ancestor.[well established][VHOG] MAT:0000134 MIAA:0000134 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9dZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000354 The respiratory organ of most aquatic animals that breathe water to obtain oxygen, consisting of a filamentous structure of vascular membranes across which dissolved gases are exchanged. [Free_Online_Dictionary] UBERON:0011150 UMLS:C0017558 VHOG:0001214 XAO:0000120 ZFA:0000354 branchia gills ncithesaurus:Gill uberon 2012-09-17 The respiratory organ of most aquatic animals that breathe water to obtain oxygen, consisting of a filamentous structure of vascular membranes across which dissolved gases are exchanged. [Free_Online_Dictionary] VHOG VHOG:0001214 http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gill BTO:0000518 branchia XAO 2012-09-17 Gill slits in the pharyngeal region of the intestine, which are also present in (at least) tunicates and acranians, are taken over to the craniote ancestor.[well established][VHOG] ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.209 VHOG VHOG:0001214 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0001214 gills 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010171 AAO:BJB Anatomical structure consisting of a series of membranes which allow dissolved oxygen from the water to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to pass out of the bloodstream.[AAO] jaw depressor muscle A muscle whose action is to depress the lower jaw. AAO:0010655 Muscle located on ventral side of the head, linking the ventral hyoid arch to the dentary. Innervated by ramus mandibularis V and ramus hyoides VII.[TAO] Muscle that pulls the hyoid apparatus forward and depresses the lower jaw.[AAO] Source: Winterbottom, R. 1973. A Descriptive Synonymy of the Striated Muscles of the Teleostei. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 125 (1973), pp. 225-317.[TAO] TAO:0000612 Taxon notes: In amphibians, "Muscle that pulls the hyoid apparatus forward and depresses the lower jaw." [AAO:0010655]. "The protractor hyoideus muscle in teleosts is commonly, albeit mistakenly, referred to as the geniohyoideus muscle, which is involved in the coracomandibularis coupling. According to Edgeworth (1935) and Winterbottom (1974), the protractor hyoideus is composed of a fusion of the intermandibularis posterior and the interhyoideus muscles which resulted in the protractor hyoideus which spans the hyoid and mandible. The intermandibularis spans the mandible while the closely apposed interhyoideus spans the hyoid in other fishes. Furthermore, they concluded that any muscle that is homologous to the geniohyoideus (coracomandibularis coupling) in other lower vertebrates has been lost in teleosts, as well as gars. However, the protractor hyoideus muscle is functionally analogous to the coracomandibularis coupling of other vertebrates and so we use it in our discussion to show the phylogenetically broad roles of these couplings in jaw mechanics."[doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436] UBERON:0011151 XAO:0004127 branchiomandibularis coracomandibularis depressor gnathalis geniohyoideus geniohyoideus muscle geniothoracis protractor hyoidei protractor hyoideus relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] uberon TAO:0000612 doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 geniohyoideus coracomandibularis doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010655 AAO:BMZ Muscle that pulls the hyoid apparatus forward and depresses the lower jaw.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010655 relationship loss: subclass hyobranchial muscles (AAO:0000224)[AAO] TAO:0000612 protractor hyoidei A muscle whose action is to depress the lower jaw. doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 protractor hyoideus branchiomandibularis doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 depressor gnathalis doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 2012-08-14 Muscle located on ventral side of the head, linking the ventral hyoid arch to the dentary. Innervated by ramus mandibularis V and ramus hyoides VII.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000612 TAO:wd doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 geniothoracis doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0436 geniohyoideus muscle 2012-09-06 Curator Source: Winterbottom, R. 1973. A Descriptive Synonymy of the Striated Muscles of the Teleostei. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 125 (1973), pp. 225-317.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000612 dorsal hyoid arch skeleton AAO:0010371 TAO:0001401 UBERON:0011152 XAO:0003178 ZFA:0001401 dorsal hyoid arch dorsal pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton dorsal visceral arch 2 uberon ZFA:0001401 dorsal hyoid arch ZFA:0001401 dorsal visceral arch 2 AAO ventral hyoid arch skeleton AAO:0010372 EFO:0003684 TAO:0001402 UBERON:0011153 XAO:0003179 ZFA:0001402 uberon ventral hyoid arch ventral pharyngeal arch 2 skeleton ventral visceral arch 2 ZFA:0001402 ventral visceral arch 2 ZFA:0001402 ventral hyoid arch AAO gular region Surface structure that extends from the chin covering pharynx and larynx. Surface structure that is the region between the chin and the isthmus. (from http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/introduction.htm).[TAO] TAO:0002286 UBERON:0011154 uberon 2012-08-14 Surface structure that is the region between the chin and the isthmus. (from http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/introduction.htm).[TAO] TAO TAO:0002286 TAO:wd TAO sylvian cistern The subarachnoid space associated with the lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure); contains the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the origin of lenticulostriate arteries, and proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery UBERON:0011155 UMLS:C1515104 ncithesaurus:Sylvian_Cistern uberon The subarachnoid space associated with the lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure); contains the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the origin of lenticulostriate arteries, and proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery http://www.mondofacto.com/facts/dictionary?Sylvian+cistern facial skeleton EHDAA2:0002206 EHDAA:8361 EMAPA:18022 FMA:53673 MA:0000318 Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. UBERON:0011156 facial bone facial skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg ossa facialia ossa faciei uberon viscerocranium FMA MP:0005274 Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton http://www.bartleby.com/107/37.html MA:0000318 viscerocranium PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton ossa facialia Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton ossa faciei MA:0000318 facial bone FMA FMA:53673 facial skeleton cuneiform cartilage AAO def: "Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages." AAO:0000690 FMA:55111 Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages.[AAO] SCTID:264456009 The cuneiform cartilages of the larynx are two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed one on either side, in the aryepiglottic fold, where they give rise to small whitish elevations on the surface of the mucous membrane, just in front of the arytenoid cartilages. UBERON:0011157 Wrisbergi cartilage cartilage of Morgagni cartilage of Wrisberg cartilagines cuneiformes cartilago apicalis intermedia cartilago apicalis seu cartilago Santoriniana http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gray956.png uberon Wikipedia:Cuneiform_cartilages cartilagines cuneiformes 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000690 AAO:LAP Independent cartilage that may occur dorsal or anterior to the prominentiae apicales dorsales of the arytenoid cartilages.[AAO] AAO:0000690 cartilago apicalis seu cartilago Santoriniana AAO:0000690 cartilago apicalis intermedia FMA AAO:0000690 Wrisbergi cartilage FMA:55111 cartilage of Morgagni Wikipedia The cuneiform cartilages of the larynx are two small, elongated pieces of yellow elastic cartilage, placed one on either side, in the aryepiglottic fold, where they give rise to small whitish elevations on the surface of the mucous membrane, just in front of the arytenoid cartilages. Wikipedia:Cuneiform_cartilages FMA:55111 cartilage of Wrisberg primary subdivision of skull FMA:54964 The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton UBERON:0011158 skull subdivision subdivision of skull uberon FMA:54964 skull subdivision FMA:54964 subdivision of skull FMA primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system UBERON:0011159 uberon FMA nasal suture SCTID:368992007 UBERON:0011160 a suture joining a nasal bone to another bone. uberon spheno-occipital synchondrosis FMA:54818 SCTID:140895003 UBERON:0011161 the cartilaginous junction between the basisphenoid and basioccipital bones of the mammalian skull that in humans is usually closed by the age of 25 uberon http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/spheno-occipital%20synchondrosis the cartilaginous junction between the basisphenoid and basioccipital bones of the mammalian skull that in humans is usually closed by the age of 25 supraoccipital cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a supraoccipital bone. EMAPA:18341 UBERON:0011162 non-squamous part of supraoccipital bone supra-occipital cartilage condensation supraoccipital cartilage condensation uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a supraoccipital bone. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:18341 non-squamous part of supraoccipital bone EMAPA:18341 supraoccipital cartilage condensation supraoccipital pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a supraoccipital bone. EHDAA2:0001963 EHDAA:9534 UBERON:0011163 supra-occipital pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2 A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a supraoccipital bone. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2-inferred EHDAA2:0001963 supra-occipital pre-cartilage condensation neurocranium bone A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0001478 SCTID:120229002 UBERON:0011164 chondrocranium bone uberon MA:0001478 chondrocranium bone A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic crico-esophageal tendon FMA:76887 Gillette suspensory ligament Longitudinal fibers of the esophagus that attaches to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx SCTID:322841005 UBERON:0011165 UMLS:C0227182 crico-oesophageal tendon cricoesophageal tendon ncithesaurus:Cricoesophageal_Tendon suspensory ligament of esophagus tendo cricoesophageus uberon Longitudinal fibers of the esophagus that attaches to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=90131 Gillette suspensory ligament http://www.medilexicon.com/ http://www.medilexicon.com/ tendo cricoesophageus FMA http://www.medilexicon.com/ suspensory ligament of esophagus patellofemoral joint FMA:43574 SCTID:182202009 UBERON:0011166 femorapatellar joint femoropatellar joint galen:PatelloFemoralJoint patello femoral joint uberon galen:PatelloFemoralJoint patello femoral joint FMA septomaxilla bone A small dermal bone of the facial series that is often absent; when present it is usually sunken beneath the surface bones and aids in forming the nasal cavity AAO:0000556 Paired, intramembranous bones located within the nasal capsules and embedded in the nasal cartilages; it is pierced by the ductus nasolacrimalis. UBERON:0011167 internasale intranasal lacrimale le cornet nariale nasale os internasale os nariale septomaxilla septomaxillary turbinale uberon AAO:0000556 internasale AAO:0000556 nasale AAO:0000556 le cornet AAO:0000556 os internasale AAO:0000556 Paired, intramembranous bones located within the nasal capsules and embedded in the nasal cartilages; it is pierced by the ductus nasolacrimalis. AAO AAO:0000556 turbinale AAO:0000556 os nariale AAO:0000556 lacrimale AAO:0000556 septomaxillary AAO:0000556 intranasal AAO:0000556 nariale AAO:0000556 septomaxilla postfrontal bone UBERON:0011168 a bone behind and above the orbit of which it commonly forms part of the border that is present in many vertebrates and corresponds to the postorbital process of the frontal bone of various birds and mammals postfrontal uberon a bone behind and above the orbit of which it commonly forms part of the border that is present in many vertebrates and corresponds to the postorbital process of the frontal bone of various birds and mammals http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/postfrontal Wikipedia Kardong Kardong Kardong orbital series postorbital bone The postorbital is one of the bones in vertebrate skulls which forms a portion of the dermal skull roof and, sometimes, a ring about the orbit. Generally, it is located behind the postfrontal and posteriorly to the orbital fenestra. In some vertebrates, the postorbital is fused with the postfrontal to create a postorbitofrontal. UBERON:0011169 postorbital uberon Kardong orbital series The postorbital is one of the bones in vertebrate skulls which forms a portion of the dermal skull roof and, sometimes, a ring about the orbit. Generally, it is located behind the postfrontal and posteriorly to the orbital fenestra. In some vertebrates, the postorbital is fused with the postfrontal to create a postorbitofrontal. Wikipedia:Postorbital_bone Kardong Kardong quadrate-articular joint A skeletal joint that connects quadrate and articular bones. Joint that articulates quadrate and anguloarticular bones. Quadrate-articular joint is paired.[TAO] TAO:0001802 UBERON:0011170 Usage notes: see comments for UBERON:0004744 articular/anguloarticular. Taxon notes: over time, the synapsids' quadrate-articular jaw joint (which the rest of the tetrapods possess) was replaced by a dentary-squamosal joint (which all living mammals possess), while the quadrate and articular migrated, shrank, and became part of the complex of middle ear bones.[http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05] ZFA:0005484 quadrate-anguloarticular joint uberon http://evolution.berkeley.edu A skeletal joint that connects quadrate and articular bones. UBERON:cjm http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05 ZFA:0005484 quadrate-anguloarticular joint 2012-08-14 Joint that articulates quadrate and anguloarticular bones. Quadrate-articular joint is paired.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001802 TAO:wd jaw joint Skeletal joint that articulates bones of upper and lower jaw. Some synapsids retained two pairs of jaw joints - quadrate-articular and tempero-mandibular, but this unusual paired condition did not last long[http://evolution.berkeley.edu] UBERON:0011171 uberon Skeletal joint that articulates bones of upper and lower jaw. UBERON:cjm http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evograms_05 abduced retrorubral area A8 ABA:RR NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090301 The term retrorubral area refers to a region of the rat brain caudal to the red nucleus and caudal and dorsal to the ventral tegmental area identified by Nissl stain in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Hof-2000; Paxinos-2001 ). It is one of three parts of the midbrain reticular nucleus; the other two are the magnocellular part of the midbrain reticular nucleus and the parvicellular part of the midbrain reticular nucleus ( Swanson-2004 ). Some authors restrict its definition to the part of the retrorubral area where dopaminergic cells of the A8 cell group are prominent UBERON:0011172 midbrain reticular nucleus, retrorubral area retrorubal field uberon A8 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090301 The term retrorubral area refers to a region of the rat brain caudal to the red nucleus and caudal and dorsal to the ventral tegmental area identified by Nissl stain in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Hof-2000; Paxinos-2001 ). It is one of three parts of the midbrain reticular nucleus; the other two are the magnocellular part of the midbrain reticular nucleus and the parvicellular part of the midbrain reticular nucleus ( Swanson-2004 ). Some authors restrict its definition to the part of the retrorubral area where dopaminergic cells of the A8 cell group are prominent http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1049 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/ retrorubal field Obol ABA:RR midbrain reticular nucleus, retrorubral area anterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis ABA:BSTa MA:0000926 The term anterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the posterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The anterior division includes the anterolateral area of stria terminalis, anteromedial area of stria terminalis, oval nucleus of stria terminalis, juxtacapsular nucleus of stria terminalis, rhomboid nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus of stria terminalis, fusiform nucleus of stria terminalis, ventral nucleus of stria terminalis, and the magnocellular nucleus of stria terminalis UBERON:0011173 anterior division anterior nuclei of stria terminalis bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anterior division uberon MA MA:0000926 anterior division The term anterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the posterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The anterior division includes the anterolateral area of stria terminalis, anteromedial area of stria terminalis, oval nucleus of stria terminalis, juxtacapsular nucleus of stria terminalis, rhomboid nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus of stria terminalis, fusiform nucleus of stria terminalis, ventral nucleus of stria terminalis, and the magnocellular nucleus of stria terminalis http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2753 anterior nuclei of stria terminalis http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu ABA:BSTa bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anterior division fusiform nucleus of stria terminalis . ABA:BSTfu MA:0000927 UBERON:0011175 bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anterior division, fusiform nucleus fusiform nucleus uberon ABA:BSTfu bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anterior division, fusiform nucleus MA . http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=3218 MA:0000927 fusiform nucleus oval nucleus of stria terminalis . ABA:BSTov MA:0000929 UBERON:0011176 bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anterior division, oval nucleus oval nucleus uberon ABA:BSTov bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, anterior division, oval nucleus . http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=3214 MA:0000929 oval nucleus MA posterior division of bed nuclei of stria terminalis ABA:BSTp MA:0000930 The term posterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the anterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The posterior division includes the principal nucleus of stria terminalis, interfascicular nucleus of stria terminalis, transverse nucleus of stria terminalis, premedullary nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsal nucleus of stria terminalis, the strial extension of stria terminalis, and the cell sparse zone of stria terminalis. UBERON:0011177 bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division posterior division posterior nuclei of stria terminalis uberon http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu posterior nuclei of stria terminalis MA ABA:BSTp bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division MA:0000930 posterior division The term posterior nuclei of stria terminalis refers to one of two divisions of the nuclei of stria terminalis based on topology, connectivity and multiple stains in the rat ( Swanson-2004 ) and the mouse ( Dong-2004 ). The other division consists of the anterior nuclei of stria terminalis. The posterior division includes the principal nucleus of stria terminalis, interfascicular nucleus of stria terminalis, transverse nucleus of stria terminalis, premedullary nucleus of stria terminalis, dorsal nucleus of stria terminalis, the strial extension of stria terminalis, and the cell sparse zone of stria terminalis. http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/CentralDirectory.aspx?ID=2754 principal nucleus of stria terminalis . ABA:BSTpr MA:0000931 UBERON:0011178 bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division, principal nucleus principal nucleus uberon ABA:BSTpr bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division, principal nucleus . http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=3221 MA MA:0000931 principal nucleus transverse nucleus of stria terminalis . ABA:BSTtr MA:0000932 UBERON:0011179 bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division, transverse nucleus transverse nucleus uberon MA ABA:BSTtr bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division, transverse nucleus MA:0000932 transverse nucleus . http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=3223 corpus spongiosum of penis Corpus spongiosum (also known as corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts) is the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis. EMAPA:29850 EMAPA:29856 FMA:19617 Function notes: The function of the corpus spongiosum in erection is to prevent the urethra from pinching closed, thereby maintaining the urethra as a viable channel for ejaculation. To do this, the corpus spongiosum remains pliable during erection while the corpora cavernosum penis becomes engorged with blood.[WP] SCTID:279712008 UBERON:0011183 UMLS:C1522442 corpus cavernosum urethra corpus cavernosum urethrae corpus spongiosum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray1155.png ncithesaurus:Corpus_Spongiosum spongiose body of penis uberon Corpus spongiosum (also known as corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts) is the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis. Wikipedia:Corpus_spongiosum_penis Wikipedia:Corpus_spongiosum_penis corpus spongiosum FMA:19617 spongiose body of penis Wikipedia:Corpus_spongiosum_penis corpus cavernosum urethra Wikipedia:Corpus_spongiosum_penis corpus cavernosum urethrae epithelium of crypt of lieberkuhn An epithelium that is part of a crypt of Lieberkuhn. Note that FMA has classes for subdivisions of this epithelium UBERON:0011184 UMLS:C2826787 crypt epithelium intestinal crypt epithelium ncithesaurus:Crypt_Epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a crypt of Lieberkuhn. OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system UBERON:0011185 UMLS:C1517464 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Sphincter uberon A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic Krause's gland FMA:59056 Krause gland SCTID:23492003 SCTID:278359007 UBERON:0011186 UMLS:C1306642 accessory lacrimal gland conjunctival gland ncithesaurus:Gland_of_Krause small, mucous accessory lacrimal glands that are found underneath the eyelid where the upper and lower conjuctivae meet. Their ducts unite into a rather long sinus which open into the fornix conjunctiva. There are approximately forty Krause glands in the region of the upper eyelid, and around 6 to 8 in the region of the lower lid. The function of these glands are to produce tears which are secreted onto the surface of the conjuctiva uberon Wikipedia:Krause's_glands small, mucous accessory lacrimal glands that are found underneath the eyelid where the upper and lower conjuctivae meet. Their ducts unite into a rather long sinus which open into the fornix conjunctiva. There are approximately forty Krause glands in the region of the upper eyelid, and around 6 to 8 in the region of the lower lid. The function of these glands are to produce tears which are secreted onto the surface of the conjuctiva FMA:59056 Krause gland FMA:59056 conjunctival gland FMA:59056 accessory lacrimal gland ncithesaurus greater tubercle of humerus FMA:23390 SCTID:181934009 The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posteriolateral to the lesser tubercle. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions. the highest of these gives ("superior facet") insertion to the Supraspinatus the middle ("middle facet") to the Infraspinatus. the lowest one ("inferior facet"), and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body. Between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove). UBERON:0011187 UMLS:C1512275 greater tubercle greater tubercle of the humerus greater tuberosity greater tuberosity of humerus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Gray326.png ncithesaurus:Greater_Tuberosity tuberculum majus tuberculum majus humeri uberon FMA FMA:23390 greater tubercle Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle greater tuberosity FMA:TA tuberculum majus Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle greater tubercle of the humerus Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle tuberculum majus humeri The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posteriolateral to the lesser tubercle. Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions. the highest of these gives ("superior facet") insertion to the Supraspinatus the middle ("middle facet") to the Infraspinatus. the lowest one ("inferior facet"), and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor. The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body. Between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove). Wikipedia:Greater_tubercle FMA FMA:23390 greater tuberosity of humerus lesser tubercle of humerus FMA:23393 SCTID:181935005 The lesser tubercle of the humerus, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in front, and is directed medially and anteriorly. Above and in front it presents an impression for the insertion of the tendon of the Subscapularis. UBERON:0011188 UMLS:C0223687 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Tuberculumminushumeri.png lesser tubercle lesser tubercle of humerus lesser tubercle of the humerus lesser tuberosity of humerus ncithesaurus:Lesser_Tuberosity tuberculum minus uberon The lesser tubercle of the humerus, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in front, and is directed medially and anteriorly. Above and in front it presents an impression for the insertion of the tendon of the Subscapularis. Wikipedia:Lesser_tubercle Wikipedia:Lesser_tubercle lesser tubercle of humerus Wikipedia:Lesser_tubercle lesser tubercle of the humerus FMA:23393 lesser tuberosity of humerus FMA:TA tuberculum minus FMA FMA:23393 lesser tubercle FMA lamina propria of large intestine A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. FMA:15654 UBERON:0011189 UMLS:C1708644 lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine large intestinal lamina propria large intestine lamina propria ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Lamina_Propria uberon FMA:15654 large intestine lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 FMA FMA:15654 lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine lunule of nail A crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. The lunula is the visible part of the nail matrix (i.e. the root of the nail). FMA:77858 SCTID:300538005 UBERON:0011190 UMLS:C0221991 lunula nail lunule ncithesaurus:Lunula uberon FMA:77858 nail lunule A crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. The lunula is the visible part of the nail matrix (i.e. the root of the nail). Wikipedia:unula_(anatomy) ophthalmic vein EHDAA2:0004113 EMAPA:19313 Ophthalmic veins are veins which drain the eye. More specifically, they can refer to: Superior ophthalmic vein Inferior ophthalmic vein UBERON:0011191 XAO:0004169 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray572.png opthalmic vein uberon vena ophthalmica EHDAA2-modified EHDAA2:0004113 opthalmic vein Ophthalmic veins are veins which drain the eye. More specifically, they can refer to: Superior ophthalmic vein Inferior ophthalmic vein Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_veins Wikipedia:Ophthalmic_veins vena ophthalmica superior ophthalmic vein FMA:51246 SCTID:149481004 The superior ophthalmic vein begins at the inner angle of the orbit in a vein named the nasofrontal which communicates anteriorly with the angular vein; it pursues the same course as the ophthalmic artery, and receives tributaries corresponding to the branches of that vessel. Forming a short single trunk, it passes between the two heads of the Rectus lateralis and through the medial part of the superior orbital fissure, and ends in the cavernous sinus. The ethmoidal veins drain into the superior ophthalmic vein. Vorticose veins also drain into the superior ophthalmic vein. UBERON:0011192 anterior ethmoidal vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray572.png posterior ethmoidal vein superior ophthalmic superior opthalmic vein uberon Wikipedia:Superior_ophthalmic_vein posterior ethmoidal vein Wikipedia:Superior_ophthalmic_vein superior ophthalmic Wikipedia:Superior_ophthalmic_vein anterior ethmoidal vein The superior ophthalmic vein begins at the inner angle of the orbit in a vein named the nasofrontal which communicates anteriorly with the angular vein; it pursues the same course as the ophthalmic artery, and receives tributaries corresponding to the branches of that vessel. Forming a short single trunk, it passes between the two heads of the Rectus lateralis and through the medial part of the superior orbital fissure, and ends in the cavernous sinus. The ethmoidal veins drain into the superior ophthalmic vein. Vorticose veins also drain into the superior ophthalmic vein. Wikipedia:Superior_ophthalmic_vein inferior ophthalmic vein FMA:51247 SCTID:149986001 The inferior ophthalmic vein begins in a venous net-work at the forepart of the floor and medial wall of the orbit; it receives some vorticose veins and other veins from the Rectus inferior, Obliquus inferior, lacrimal sac and eyelids, runs backward in the lower part of the orbit and divides into two branches. One of these passes through the inferior orbital fissure and joins the pterygoid venous plexus, while the other enters the cranium through the superior orbital fissure and ends in the cavernous sinus, either by a separate opening, or more frequently in common with the superior ophthalmic vein. UBERON:0011193 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray572.png inferior ophthalmic inferior opthalmic vein uberon Wikipedia:Inferior_ophthalmic_vein inferior ophthalmic The inferior ophthalmic vein begins in a venous net-work at the forepart of the floor and medial wall of the orbit; it receives some vorticose veins and other veins from the Rectus inferior, Obliquus inferior, lacrimal sac and eyelids, runs backward in the lower part of the orbit and divides into two branches. One of these passes through the inferior orbital fissure and joins the pterygoid venous plexus, while the other enters the cranium through the superior orbital fissure and ends in the cavernous sinus, either by a separate opening, or more frequently in common with the superior ophthalmic vein. Wikipedia:Inferior_ophthalmic_vein ophthalmic plexus An autonomic plexus, entering the orbit in company with the ophthalmic artery, derived from the internal carotid plexus. MA:0002185 UBERON:0011194 UMLS:C1709326 ncithesaurus:Ophthalmic_Plexus ophthalmic nerve plexus ophthalmic plexus opthalmic plexus plexus ophthalmicus uberon ncithesaurus plexus ophthalmicus An autonomic plexus, entering the orbit in company with the ophthalmic artery, derived from the internal carotid plexus. http://www.encyclo.co.uk/define/ophthalmic%20plexus MA:0002185 ophthalmic plexus inferior parathyroid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a inferior parathyroid gland. EHDAA2:0000824 EHDAA:3868 UBERON:0011195 uberon EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a inferior parathyroid gland. OBOL:automatic superior parathyroid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a superior parathyroid gland. EHDAA2:0001957 EHDAA:3874 UBERON:0011196 uberon An epithelium that is part of a superior parathyroid gland. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 parathyroid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a parathyroid gland. CALOHA:TS-2141 UBERON:0011197 UMLS:C1709466 ncithesaurus:Parathyroid_Gland_Epithelial_Tissue uberon EHDAA2-abduced An epithelium that is part of a parathyroid gland. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of large intestine A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. FMA:14971 UBERON:0011198 UMLS:C0734205 muscular coat of large intestine muscular layer of large intestine muscularis externa of large intestine ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Muscular_Coat tunica muscularis intestini crassi uberon FMA FMA:14971 muscular coat of large intestine FMA:TA tunica muscularis intestini crassi FMA:14971 muscular layer of large intestine A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic FMA:14971 muscularis externa of large intestine prostatic utricle Editor notes: add df relations. Check mesopnephric duct FMA:19702 SCTID:197909004 UBERON:0011199 UMLS:C0227736 a small indentation located in the prostatic urethra, at the apex of the urethral crest, on the seminal colliculus (verumontanum), laterally flanked by openings of the ejaculatory ducts. It is also known as the vagina masculina or (in older literature) vesicula prostatica. It is often described as "blind," meaning that it is a duct that does not lead to any other structures. It can sometimes be enlarged. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray1153.png ncithesaurus:Prostatic_Utricle sinus pocularis uberon uterus masculinus uterus masculinus utricle of prostate utriculus of prostate utriculus prostaticus vagina masculina vagina masculina vesicula prostatica FMA Wikipedia:Prostatic_utricle a small indentation located in the prostatic urethra, at the apex of the urethral crest, on the seminal colliculus (verumontanum), laterally flanked by openings of the ejaculatory ducts. It is also known as the vagina masculina or (in older literature) vesicula prostatica. It is often described as "blind," meaning that it is a duct that does not lead to any other structures. It can sometimes be enlarged. FMA:19702 vagina masculina FMA:19702 sinus pocularis Wikipedia:Prostatic_utricle utriculus prostaticus FMA:19702 utriculus of prostate Wikipedia:Prostatic_utricle vesicula prostatica FMA:19702 utricle of prostate Wikipedia:Prostatic_utricle vagina masculina Wikipedia:Prostatic_utricle uterus masculinus FMA:19702 uterus masculinus sacrococcygeal symphysis FMA:16210 The sacrococcygeal symphysis (sacrococcygeal articulation, articulation of the sacrum and coccyx) is an amphiarthrodial joint, formed between the oval surface at the apex of the sacrum, and the base of the coccyx. It is a slightly moveable joint which is frequently, partially or completely, obliterated in old age, homologous with the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae. UBERON:0011200 UMLS:C0224593 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Gray320.png ncithesaurus:Sacrococcygeal_Joint sacrococcygeal joint sacrococcygeal joint uberon FMA FMA:16210 sacrococcygeal joint Wikipedia:Sacrococcygeal_symphysis sacrococcygeal joint The sacrococcygeal symphysis (sacrococcygeal articulation, articulation of the sacrum and coccyx) is an amphiarthrodial joint, formed between the oval surface at the apex of the sacrum, and the base of the coccyx. It is a slightly moveable joint which is frequently, partially or completely, obliterated in old age, homologous with the joints between the bodies of the vertebrae. Wikipedia:Sacrococcygeal_symphysis muscle layer of small intestine A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine. FMA:14932 SCTID:362145004 UBERON:0011201 UMLS:C0227269 muscular coat of small intestine muscular layer of small intestine muscularis externa of small intestine ncithesaurus:Small_Intestinal_Muscular_Coat small intestine muscularis propria tunica muscularis (intestinum tenue) tunica muscularis intestini tenuis uberon FMA:14932 muscular layer of small intestine FMA:14932 tunica muscularis (intestinum tenue) FMA:14932 small intestine muscularis propria FMA:TA tunica muscularis intestini tenuis FMA FMA:14932 muscular coat of small intestine FMA:14932 muscularis externa of small intestine A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine. OBOL:automatic urachus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a urachus. EHDAA2:0004725 UBERON:0011202 UMLS:C1711256 ncithesaurus:Urachal_Epithelium uberon An epithelium that is part of a urachus. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 urachus mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004726 Mesenchyme that is part of a urachus. UBERON:0011203 uberon Mesenchyme that is part of a urachus. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 rectovesical pouch Between the rectum and the bladder the peritoneal cavity forms, in the male, a pouch, the rectovesical excavation (or rectovesical pouch), the bottom of which is slightly below the level of the upper ends of the vesiculae seminalesbi. e. , about 7.5 cm. from the orifice of the anus. its lowest part membranous partition called Rectoprostatic fascia. The corresponding structure in women is the rectouterine pouch. FMA:14727 SCTID:261416006 UBERON:0011204 UMLS:C0230301 excavatio rectovesicalis excavatio rectovesicalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Gray1228.png ncithesaurus:Recto-Vesical_Pouch recto-vesical pouch rectovesical rectovesical excavation rectovesical pouch rectovesical space retrovesical excavation uberon Wikipedia:Recto-vesical_pouch retrovesical excavation Wikipedia:Recto-vesical_pouch rectovesical Wikipedia:Recto-vesical_pouch rectovesical excavation FMA:TA excavatio rectovesicalis FMA:14727 rectovesical space Wikipedia:Recto-vesical_pouch excavatio rectovesicalis Wikipedia:Recto-vesical_pouch rectovesical pouch Between the rectum and the bladder the peritoneal cavity forms, in the male, a pouch, the rectovesical excavation (or rectovesical pouch), the bottom of which is slightly below the level of the upper ends of the vesiculae seminalesbi. e. , about 7.5 cm. from the orifice of the anus. its lowest part membranous partition called Rectoprostatic fascia. The corresponding structure in women is the rectouterine pouch. Wikipedia:Recto-vesical_pouch FMA:14727 recto-vesical pouch carpometacarpus The carpometacarpus is the fusion of the carpal and metacarpal bone, essentially a single fused bone between the wrist and the knuckles. It is a smallish bone in most birds, generally flattened and with a large hole in the middle. In flightless birds, however, its shape may be slightly different, or it might be absent entirely. UBERON:0011205 carpometacarpus bone uberon The carpometacarpus is the fusion of the carpal and metacarpal bone, essentially a single fused bone between the wrist and the knuckles. It is a smallish bone in most birds, generally flattened and with a large hole in the middle. In flightless birds, however, its shape may be slightly different, or it might be absent entirely. Wikipedia:Carpometacarpus hinge joint A joint that allows motion around an axis. BTO:0004707 SCTID:335391000 UBERON:0011206 galen:HingeJoint ginglymus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Gelenke_Zeichnung01.jpg uberon BTO A joint that allows motion around an axis. BTO:0004707 Wikipedia:Hinge_joint BTO:0004707 ginglymus iliocostalis lumborum FMA:22702 SCTID:244855009 The iliocostalis lumborum (iliocostalis muscle; sacrolumbalis muscle) is inserted, by six or seven flattened tendons, into the inferior borders of the angles of the lower six or seven ribs. UBERON:0011207 sacrolumbalis sacrolumbalis muscle uberon Wikipedia:Iliocostalis sacrolumbalis muscle The iliocostalis lumborum (iliocostalis muscle; sacrolumbalis muscle) is inserted, by six or seven flattened tendons, into the inferior borders of the angles of the lower six or seven ribs. Wikipedia:Iliocostalis#Iliocostalis_lumborum Wikipedia:Iliocostalis sacrolumbalis FMA medial migration pathway NC-derived mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001075 EHDAA:1747 EMAPA:16597 TAO:0000786 UBERON:0011208 ZFA:0000786 medial migration pathway medial migration pathway mesenchyme uberon ZFA:0000786 medial migration pathway mesenchyme lateral migration pathway NC-derived mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000915 EHDAA:1745 EMAPA:16596 TAO:0000992 UBERON:0011209 ZFA:0000992 lateral migration pathway lateral migration pathway mesenchyme uberon ZFA:0000992 lateral migration pathway mesenchyme migration pathway NC-derived mesenchyme NC migration pathway UBERON:0011210 migration pathway mesenchyme uberon EHDAA2-abduced ZFA-abduced EHDAA2-abduced EHDAA2-abduced root of vagus nerve A root of cranial nerve that is part of a vagus nerve. FMA distinguishes between roots and rootlets - we mix the two here FMA:6213 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1456 UBERON:0011213 ZFA:0007011 rX rootlet of vagus nerve uberon vagal root vagus nerve root vagus neural rootlet vagus root ZFA:0007011 rX ZFA:0007011 vagal root A root of cranial nerve that is part of a vagus nerve. OBOL:automatic NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1456 vagus nerve root FMA:6213 rootlet of vagus nerve FMA:6213 vagus neural rootlet ZFA:0007011 vagus root nucleus of midbrain tectum A neural nucleus that is part of a midbrain tectum. FMA:258766 UBERON:0011214 nucleus of tectum tectal nucleus uberon A neural nucleus that is part of a midbrain tectum. OBOL:automatic FMA:258766 nucleus of tectum cell part cluster of neuraxis A multi cell component structure that is part of a central nervous system. FMA:83143 UBERON:0011215 neuraxis layer uberon FMA:83143 neuraxis layer A multi cell component structure that is part of a central nervous system. OBOL:automatic organ system subdivision Anatomical structure, which consists of a specific set of the members of (predominantly) one organ or organ part subclass interconnected by zones of continuity or body substances; is demarcated from other subdivisions of the same organ system by one or more zones of continuity or anatomical lines; together with other subdivisions of the same organ system, it constitutes an organ system. Examples: rib cage, facial skeleton, portal system, central nervous system, upper respiratory tract, muscle group of back. FBbt:00007330 FMA:67509 SCTID:91690000 UBERON:0011216 uberon Anatomical structure, which consists of a specific set of the members of (predominantly) one organ or organ part subclass interconnected by zones of continuity or body substances; is demarcated from other subdivisions of the same organ system by one or more zones of continuity or anatomical lines; together with other subdivisions of the same organ system, it constitutes an organ system. Examples: rib cage, facial skeleton, portal system, central nervous system, upper respiratory tract, muscle group of back. FMA:67509 serratus posterior FMA:13400 SCTID:244934006 UBERON:0011217 serratus posterior muscle uberon dbpedia-abduced FMA FMA:13400 serratus posterior muscle dbpedia-abduced spinalis cervicis muscle BTO:0002623 Origin: spinous processes of seventh cervical and sometimes two upper thoracic vertebrae; insertion: spinous processes of axis and sometimes of second to fourth cervical vertebrae; innervation: branches of cervical; action: extends vertebral column. SCTID:244864004 The Spinalis cervicis (Spinalis colli) is an inconstant muscle, which arises from the lower part of the ligamentum nuchæ, the spinous process of the seventh cervical, and sometimes from the spinous processes of the first and second thoracic vertebrae, and is inserted into the spinosus process of the axis, and occasionally into the spinous processes of the two vertebrae below it. [Wikipedia:Spinalis#Spinalis_cervivis] UBERON:0011218 musculus spinalis cervicis spinal muscle of neck uberon also spinous process of C7 dbpedia BTO:0002623 spinal muscle of neck BTO:0002623 Origin: spinous processes of seventh cervical and sometimes two upper thoracic vertebrae; insertion: spinous processes of axis and sometimes of second to fourth cervical vertebrae; innervation: branches of cervical; action: extends vertebral column. BTO BTO:0002623 musculus spinalis cervicis longissimus lumborum muscle BTO:0001925 Lumbar muscle that extends and rotates the vertebral column. MA:0002338 UBERON:0011219 UMLS:C1708736 longissimus lumborum musculus longissimus lumborum ncithesaurus:Longissimus_Lumborum uberon BTO:0001925 Lumbar muscle that extends and rotates the vertebral column. MA:0002338 longissimus lumborum BTO:0001925 musculus longissimus lumborum mastoid process of temporal bone FMA:52872 SCTID:304336002 The mastoid process is a conical prominence projecting from the undersurface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is located just behind the external acoustic meatus, and lateral to the styloid process. Its size and form vary somewhat; it is larger in the male than in the female. This process serves for the attachment of the posterior belly of the digastric, sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, and longissimus capitis muscles. The word is derived from the Greek 'masto-', alluding to its resemblance to the breast. UBERON:0011220 UMLS:C0446908 mastoid mastoid process mastoid process of skull ncithesaurus:Mastoid_Process processus mastoideus ossis temporalis uberon Wikipedia:Mastoid_process mastoid The mastoid process is a conical prominence projecting from the undersurface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is located just behind the external acoustic meatus, and lateral to the styloid process. Its size and form vary somewhat; it is larger in the male than in the female. This process serves for the attachment of the posterior belly of the digastric, sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, and longissimus capitis muscles. The word is derived from the Greek 'masto-', alluding to its resemblance to the breast. Wikipedia:Mastoid_process ncithesaurus FMA:52872 mastoid process ncithesaurus Wikipedia:Mastoid_process processus mastoideus ossis temporalis ora serrata of retina FMA:58600 SCTID:280612002 The ora serrata is the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body. This junction marks the transition from the simple non-photosensitive area of the retina to the complex, multi-layered photosensitive region. In animals in which the region does not have a serrated appearance, it is called the ora ciliaris retinae. UBERON:0011221 ora ciliaris retina ora ciliaris retinae ora serrata ora serrata retinae uberon Wikipedia:Ora_serrata ora ciliaris retinae Wikipedia:Ora_serrata ora ciliaris retina FMA:TA ora serrata retinae The ora serrata is the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body. This junction marks the transition from the simple non-photosensitive area of the retina to the complex, multi-layered photosensitive region. In animals in which the region does not have a serrated appearance, it is called the ora ciliaris retinae. Wikipedia:Ora_serrata FMA:58600 ora serrata intra-ocular muscle AAO:0010038 EMAPA:18808 FMA:49150 Muscles within the eye (bulbus oculi).[AAO] UBERON:0011222 intrinsic muscle of eyeball intrinsic ocular muscle uberon EMAPA:18808 intrinsic ocular muscle EMAPA 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010038 AAO:EJS Muscles within the eye (bulbus oculi).[AAO] synovial membrane of synovial tendon sheath Alternate def: A synovial sheath is a layer of a tendon sheath containing tendons in the hand and foot. They lie internal to the fibrous tendon sheaths. An example is the common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons. [Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath] BTO:0001823 FMA:40878 Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons . Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa. UBERON:0011233 synovium uberon FMA:45087 Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons . Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa. Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath BTO:0001823 synovium FMA fibrous membrane of synovial tendon sheath FMA:40877 UBERON:0011234 uberon deep fascia Deep fascia (or "investing fascia") is a layer of fascia which can surround individual muscles, and divide groups of muscles into compartments. This is the dense fibrous connective tissue that interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels of the body. It provides connection and communication in the form of aponeuroses, ligaments, tendons, retinacula, joint capsules, and septa. The deep fasciae envelop all bone; cartilage, and blood vessels and become specialized in muscles and nerves. The high density of collagen fibers is what gives the deep fascia its strength and integrity. The amount of elastin fiber determines how much extensibility and resilience it will have. FMA:27935 UBERON:0011236 UMLS:C1511746 deep investing fascia fascia profunda investing fascia ncithesaurus:Deep_Fascia uberon Wikipedia:Deep_fascia investing fascia Deep fascia (or "investing fascia") is a layer of fascia which can surround individual muscles, and divide groups of muscles into compartments. This is the dense fibrous connective tissue that interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels of the body. It provides connection and communication in the form of aponeuroses, ligaments, tendons, retinacula, joint capsules, and septa. The deep fasciae envelop all bone; cartilage, and blood vessels and become specialized in muscles and nerves. The high density of collagen fibers is what gives the deep fascia its strength and integrity. The amount of elastin fiber determines how much extensibility and resilience it will have. Wikipedia:Deep_fascia Wikipedia:Deep_fascia deep investing fascia Wikipedia:Deep_fascia fascia profunda visceral fascia FMA:76754 UBERON:0011237 Visceral fascia suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes. Each of the organs is covered in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane. The outermost wall of the organ is known as the parietal layer The skin of the organ is known as the visceral layer. The organs have specialized names for their visceral fasciae. In the brain, they are known as meninges; in the heart they are known as pericardia; in the lungs, they are known as pleura; and in the abdomen, they are known as peritonea. parietal fascia uberon Wikipedia:Visceral_fascia parietal fascia Visceral fascia suspends the organs within their cavities and wraps them in layers of connective tissue membranes. Each of the organs is covered in a double layer of fascia; these layers are separated by a thin serous membrane. The outermost wall of the organ is known as the parietal layer The skin of the organ is known as the visceral layer. The organs have specialized names for their visceral fasciae. In the brain, they are known as meninges; in the heart they are known as pericardia; in the lungs, they are known as pleura; and in the abdomen, they are known as peritonea. Wikipedia:Visceral_fascia mesethmoid bone Endochondral bone that extends forward from the frontal bones and articulates posterolaterally with the lateral ethmoids and the vomer and parasphenoid ventrally. The mesethmoid is an unpaired median bone. TAO:0000323 UBERON:0011238 ZFA:0000323 absent in primitive mammals, ungulates, amphibians, reptiles/birds[Kardong] dermethmocïde@fr ethmoid mcésethmocïde@fr uberon TAO:0000323 dermethmocïde@fr Endochondral bone that extends forward from the frontal bones and articulates posterolaterally with the lateral ethmoids and the vomer and parasphenoid ventrally. The mesethmoid is an unpaired median bone. TAO:0000323 TAO:0000323 ethmoid TAO Kardong TAO TAO TAO TAO:0000323 mcésethmocïde@fr ethmoid region AAO:0000986 UBERON:0011241 Usage notes: currently this is not restricted to skeletal elements, unlike UBERONREF:0000007 the most anterior region of the braincase. Provides structural support for peripheral olfactory organ. uberon UBERONREF:0000007 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/ethmoid.html the most anterior region of the braincase. Provides structural support for peripheral olfactory organ. ethmoid cartilage AAO:0010134 Anterior wall of the braincase.[AAO] Chondrocranium cartilage that is initially plate-like and formed from the anterior fusion of the trabecula crani. The ethmoid cartilage is paired.[TAO] EFO:0003685 Region between capsules formed by anterior tips of neurocranial trabeculae. TAO:0001405 UBERON:0011242 We assume the AAO structure is cartilage ZFA:0001405 ethmoid cartilages ethmoid plate uberon Kardong TAO:0001405 ethmoid plate FMA TAO:0001405 ethmoid cartilages ISBN10:0073040584 Region between capsules formed by anterior tips of neurocranial trabeculae. TAO 2012-08-14 Chondrocranium cartilage that is initially plate-like and formed from the anterior fusion of the trabecula crani. The ethmoid cartilage is paired.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001405 ZFIN:curator AAO TAO 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010134 AAO:EJS Anterior wall of the braincase.[AAO] perpendicular plate of ethmoid EMAPA:25114 FMA:52891 SCTID:369005006 The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (vertical plate) is a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or other side. The anterior border articulates with the spine of the frontal bone and the crest of the nasal bones. The posterior border articulates by its upper half with the sphenoidal crest, by its lower with the vomer. The inferior border is thicker than the posterior, and serves for the attachment of the septal cartilage of the nose. The surfaces of the plate are smooth, except above, where numerous grooves and canals are seen; these lead from the medial foramina on the cribriform plate and lodge filaments of the olfactory nerves. UBERON:0011244 lamina perpendicularis (os ethmoidale) lamina perpendicularis of ethmoid bone lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis perpendicular plate perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone uberon vertical plate of the ethmoid bone FMA:52891 lamina perpendicularis (os ethmoidale) The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (vertical plate) is a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or other side. The anterior border articulates with the spine of the frontal bone and the crest of the nasal bones. The posterior border articulates by its upper half with the sphenoidal crest, by its lower with the vomer. The inferior border is thicker than the posterior, and serves for the attachment of the septal cartilage of the nose. The surfaces of the plate are smooth, except above, where numerous grooves and canals are seen; these lead from the medial foramina on the cribriform plate and lodge filaments of the olfactory nerves. Wikipedia:Perpendicular_plate_of_ethmoid_bone cjm FMA Wikipedia:Perpendicular_plate_of_ethmoid_bone vertical plate of the ethmoid bone FMA:52891 lamina perpendicularis of ethmoid bone EMAPA:25114 perpendicular plate Wikipedia:Perpendicular_plate_of_ethmoid_bone perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Wikipedia:Perpendicular_plate_of_ethmoid_bone lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis infra-orbital canal of maxilla FMA:59048 One of the canals of the orbital surface of the maxilla, the infraorbital canal, opens just below the margin of the orbit. UBERON:0011245 canalis infra-orbitalis canalis infraorbitalis infra-orbital canal infraorbital canal uberon One of the canals of the orbital surface of the maxilla, the infraorbital canal, opens just below the margin of the orbit. Wikipedia:Infraorbital_canal Wikipedia:Infraorbital_canal infraorbital canal FMA:59048 canalis infra-orbitalis FMA:59048 infra-orbital canal FMA FMA:59048 canalis infraorbitalis procoracoid bone In primitive synapsis 3 centers develop in the shoulder: the dorsal center gives rise to the scapula and the two ventral centers produce an anterior coracoid (procoracoid) and posterior coracoid (coracoid). The anterior is homologous to the coracoid of fish[Kardong]. Editor notes: VSAO sais that the procoracoid+coracoid are homologous to the teleost coracoid. Consider adding a separate class for posterior coracoid. UBERON:0011246 anterior coracoid anterior coracoid bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/P.gigas_forelimb.jpg precoracoid precoracoid bone procoracoid procoracoid process uberon ISBN10:0073040584 anterior coracoid bone Kardong fish ISBN10:0073040584 anterior coracoid ISBN10:0073040584 precoracoid bone procoracoid cartilage UBERON:0011247 uberon procoracoid element AAO:0000760 Cartilaginous, paired structures located on the anterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] UBERON:0011248 anterior coracoid precoracoid procoracoid relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] uberon ISBN10:0073040584 precoracoid AAO:0000760 procoracoid 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000760 relationship loss: part_of zonal element (AAO:0000936)[AAO] AAO:0000760 precoracoid 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000760 AAO:LAP Cartilaginous, paired structures located on the anterolateral portions of the zonal area of the pectoral girdle.[AAO] ISBN10:0073040584 anterior coracoid appendicular skeletal system FMA:7484 Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO] Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. UBERON:0011249 VHOG:0001666 VSAO:0000306 uberon FMA 2012-08-14 Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO] UBERON:cjm VSAO VSAO:0000306 Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. UBERON:cjm autopod bone A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones. UBERON:0011250 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000015 uberon A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones. UBERON:cjm levator claviculae muscle A skeletal muscle in the posterior triangle of the neck. It originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle Cleidocervicalis is one of two muscles, which make up the cleidocephalic component of the complex brachiocephalic muscle. It is a thin triangular muscle which has a broad origin on the median raphe of the mid dorsal aspect of the neck. The muscle is bounded caudally by the trapezius and cranially by the occipital component of the sternocephalicus . The cleidocervicalis tapers as it passes ventrally across the side of the neck to insert into the clavicular tendon. It is innervated by the accessory nerve. The brachiocephalic complex advances the limb, extends the shoulder joint and fixes the neck. Taxon notes: The levator claviculae is an infrequently recognized anatomical variant in humans, distinguished from, for example, cervical adenopathy or a thrombosed vein, but a normal muscle in lower mammals and anthropoids. In humans, when present, it often appears unilaterally, most commonly on the left side, or bilaterally.[WP] UBERON:0011251 cleidocervicalis cleidocervicalis muscle levator claviculae musculus levator claviculae omocervicalis pars cervicalis tracheloacromial muscle uberon Cleidocervicalis is one of two muscles, which make up the cleidocephalic component of the complex brachiocephalic muscle. It is a thin triangular muscle which has a broad origin on the median raphe of the mid dorsal aspect of the neck. The muscle is bounded caudally by the trapezius and cranially by the occipital component of the sternocephalicus . The cleidocervicalis tapers as it passes ventrally across the side of the neck to insert into the clavicular tendon. It is innervated by the accessory nerve. The brachiocephalic complex advances the limb, extends the shoulder joint and fixes the neck. MURDOCH:378 Wikipedia:Levator_claviculae_muscle tracheloacromial muscle Wikipedia:Levator_claviculae_muscle musculus levator claviculae A skeletal muscle in the posterior triangle of the neck. It originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle Wikipedia:Levator_claviculae_muscle Wikipedia:Levator_claviculae_muscle cleidocervicalis muscle Wikipedia:Levator_claviculae_muscle levator claviculae dbpedia nterior portion of transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae Wikipedia:Levator_claviculae_muscle cleidocervicalis Wikipedia lateral half Wikipedia:Levator_claviculae_muscle omocervicalis scent gland BTO:0002068 Exocrine glands in animals which secrete scents which either repel or attract other animals, e.g. perianal glands of skunks, anal glands of weasels, musk glands of foxes, ventral glands of wood rats, and dorsal glands of peccaries[MESH:A13.820]. MESH:A13.820 Scent glands are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territory marking, mood, and sexual power. The odor may be subliminal—not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals. UBERON:0011252 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Civetglands.png uberon Exocrine glands in animals which secrete scents which either repel or attract other animals, e.g. perianal glands of skunks, anal glands of weasels, musk glands of foxes, ventral glands of wood rats, and dorsal glands of peccaries[MESH:A13.820]. MESH:A13.820 Scent glands are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territory marking, mood, and sexual power. The odor may be subliminal—not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals. Wikipedia:Scent_gland gland of anal sac . SCTID:91610001 UBERON:0011253 UMLS:C0162322 anal gland anal sac gland musk gland ncithesaurus:Anal_Gland uberon . Wikipedia:Anal_gland Eimer's organ UBERON:0011255 sensory organs in which the epidermis is modified to form bulbous papillae. present in many moles, and are particularly common in the star-nosed mole, which bears 30,000 of them on its unique tentacled snout. The organs are formed from a stack of epidermal cells, which is innervated by nerve processes from myelinated fibers in the dermis, which form terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized layer of epidermis. They contain a Merkel cell-neurite complex in the epidermis and a lamellated corpuscle in the dermal connective tissue. uberon Wikipedia:Eimer's_organ sensory organs in which the epidermis is modified to form bulbous papillae. present in many moles, and are particularly common in the star-nosed mole, which bears 30,000 of them on its unique tentacled snout. The organs are formed from a stack of epidermal cells, which is innervated by nerve processes from myelinated fibers in the dermis, which form terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized layer of epidermis. They contain a Merkel cell-neurite complex in the epidermis and a lamellated corpuscle in the dermal connective tissue. Wikipedia rhinarium Absent in Tarsiers Moist, hairless, crenelated area around nostrils of some mammals UBERON:0011256 uberon Moist, hairless, crenelated area around nostrils of some mammals Wikipedia:Rhinarium http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/glossary.htm femoral gland A gland arranged along a row on the underside of the hindlimb in some lizards[Kardong] UBERON:0011263 uberon Kardong A gland arranged along a row on the underside of the hindlimb in some lizards[Kardong] ISBN10:0073040584 Kardong Kardong femoral pore Femoral pores are a part of a holocrine secretory gland found on the inside of the thighs of certain lizards and amphisbaenians which releases pheromones to attract mates or mark territory. In certain species only the male has these pores and in other species, both sexes have them, with the males being larger.[1] Femoral pores appear as a series of pits or holes within a row of scales on the ventral portion of the animal's thigh. Taxon notes: Femoral pores are present in all genera in the families Cordylidae, Crotaphytidae, Hoplocercidae, Iguanidae, Phrynosomatidae, and Xantusiidae.[1] They are absent in all genera in the Anguidae, Chamaeleonidae, Dibamidae, Helodermatidae, Scincidae, Xenosauridae, and Varanidae families.[1] They are present in other lizards and amphisbaenians quite variably, some geckoes, Phelsuma, for example have these pores, others in the same family do not[WP] UBERON:0011264 uberon Femoral pores are a part of a holocrine secretory gland found on the inside of the thighs of certain lizards and amphisbaenians which releases pheromones to attract mates or mark territory. In certain species only the male has these pores and in other species, both sexes have them, with the males being larger.[1] Femoral pores appear as a series of pits or holes within a row of scales on the ventral portion of the animal's thigh. Wikipedia:Femoral_pore carpometacarpal joint of digit 1 A carpometacarpal joint that connects to metacarpal 1. FMA:35421 SCTID:361843007 TMJ Taxon notes: In humans it connects the trapezium to the first metacarpal bone, plays an irreplaceable role in the normal functioning of the thumb. The most important joint connecting the wrist to the metacarpus, osteoarthritis of the TMC is a severely disabling condition; up to twenty times more common among old women than in average[WP] UBERON:0011265 carpometacarpal joint of pollex carpometacarpal joint of the thumb carpometacarpal joint of thumb trapeziometacarpal joint uberon FMA:35421 carpometacarpal joint of thumb Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb trapeziometacarpal joint Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb carpometacarpal joint of the thumb FMA:35421 carpometacarpal joint of pollex A carpometacarpal joint that connects to metacarpal 1. Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb TMJ Wikipedia:Carpometacarpal_joint#Thumb obsolete tendon of auricularis superior FMA:53843 Made obsolete as the ear muscle inserts into cartilage and aponeurosis without any intervening tendon UBERON:0011266 auricularis superior tendon true uberon FMA:53843 auricularis superior tendon quadratojugal bone AAO:0000532 Paired intramembranous bones that completes the maxillary arch posteriorly; they appear at the end of, or just after, metamorphosis[AAO:0000532]. The quadratojugal is a small jaw bone that is present in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds, but has been lost in mammals. It is connected to the jugal as well as other bones, though these may vary with species. The quadratojugal bone is a small bone between the cheek and otic notch (Lecointre 380). Squamates (lizards and snakes) lack a quadratojugal bone (Schwenk 193). UBERON:0011267 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Archaeopteryx_skull.png/800px-Archaeopteryx_skull.png quadratjochbeine quadrato-jugals quadrato-maxillare quadratojugal quadratojugale tympano maleaux uberon Wikipedia The quadratojugal is a small jaw bone that is present in most amphibians, reptiles, and birds, but has been lost in mammals. It is connected to the jugal as well as other bones, though these may vary with species. The quadratojugal bone is a small bone between the cheek and otic notch (Lecointre 380). Squamates (lizards and snakes) lack a quadratojugal bone (Schwenk 193). Wikipedia:Quadratojugal_bone Kardong temporal series AAO AAO:0000532 quadrato-jugals AAO:0000532 quadratojugal Wikipedia AAO:0000532 quadratjochbeine AAO-def AAO:0000532 quadratojugale AAO:0000532 tympano maleaux AAO:0000532 Paired intramembranous bones that completes the maxillary arch posteriorly; they appear at the end of, or just after, metamorphosis[AAO:0000532]. AAO:0000532 quadrato-maxillare sublingua UBERON:0011268 a secondary tongue located below the primary tongue in prosimian primates and some primitive mammals. This structure does not have taste buds or salivary glands second tongue uberon under-tongue Wikipedia:Sublingua a secondary tongue located below the primary tongue in prosimian primates and some primitive mammals. This structure does not have taste buds or salivary glands Wikipedia:Sublingua second tongue Wikipedia:Sublingua under-tongue Wikipedia dorsal trunk FMA:25056 MA:0000020 The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. In humans, the subdivision of trunk which is demarcated from the trunk proper by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines, the external surface of the posterior abdominal wall; together with the trunk proper, it constitutes the trunk[FMA]. UBERON:0011270 back of trunk dorsal part of trunk dorsum of trunk trunk back uberon FMA:25056 back of trunk FMA FMA FMA:25056 dorsum of trunk FMA:25056 The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. In humans, the subdivision of trunk which is demarcated from the trunk proper by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines, the external surface of the posterior abdominal wall; together with the trunk proper, it constitutes the trunk[FMA]. UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Human_back FMA:25056 trunk back caudal-sacral region of vertebral column AAO:0000080 Definition to be reviewed for generality across tetrapods Region of the vertebral column posterior to the sacrum consisting of two to four vertebrae. The last of these vertebrae is distinguished by the possession of a well-developed haemal arch; it supports the posterior part of the cloaca and marks the posterior limit of the trunk.[AAO] Subdivision of vertebral column that is posterior to the sacral region and anterior to the caudal region. UBERON:0011271 uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000080 AAO:Duellman_and_Treub_1994 Region of the vertebral column posterior to the sacrum consisting of two to four vertebrae. The last of these vertebrae is distinguished by the possession of a well-developed haemal arch; it supports the posterior part of the cloaca and marks the posterior limit of the trunk.[AAO] Subdivision of vertebral column that is posterior to the sacral region and anterior to the caudal region. UBERONREF:0000006 embryonic skin basal layer EHDAA2:0001845 Editor notes: compare with 'stratum basale of epidermis'. This class is the source for many adult structures - see WP2062. See also: 'enveloping layer of ectoderm' UBERON:0011272 basal cell layer of skin outer epithelium of body uberon Wikipathways:WP2062 outer epithelium of body EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 nail of manual digit 1 A nail that is part of a manual digit 1. EMAPA:18734 FMA:54329 SCTID:181584008 UBERON:0011273 claw of digit 1 of fore-paw nail of thumb nail plate of thumb thumb nail uberon A nail that is part of a manual digit 1. OBOL:automatic FMA:54329 thumb nail EMAPA:18734 claw of digit 1 of fore-paw FMA FMA:54329 nail of thumb FMA:54329 nail plate of thumb nail of manual digit 2 A nail that is part of a manual digit 2. EMAPA:18735 FMA:54332 SCTID:181580004 UBERON:0011274 claw of digit 2 of fore-paw index finger nail nail of index finger nail of second finger nail plate of index finger uberon FMA:54332 nail plate of index finger FMA:54332 nail of second finger FMA:54332 index finger nail FMA A nail that is part of a manual digit 2. OBOL:automatic FMA:54332 nail of index finger EMAPA:18735 claw of digit 2 of fore-paw nail of manual digit 3 A nail that is part of a manual digit 3. EMAPA:18736 FMA:54335 SCTID:181581000 UBERON:0011275 claw of digit 3 of fore-paw middle finger nail nail of middle finger nail of third finger nail plate of middle finger uberon EMAPA:18736 claw of digit 3 of fore-paw FMA:54335 nail of middle finger FMA:54335 nail plate of middle finger A nail that is part of a manual digit 3. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:54335 nail of third finger FMA:54335 middle finger nail nail of manual digit 4 A nail that is part of a manual digit 4. EMAPA:18737 FMA:54338 SCTID:181582007 UBERON:0011276 claw of digit 4 of fore-paw nail of fourth finger nail of ring finger nail plate of ring finger ring finger nail uberon FMA FMA:54338 nail of fourth finger A nail that is part of a manual digit 4. OBOL:automatic FMA:54338 ring finger nail FMA:54338 nail plate of ring finger FMA:54338 nail of ring finger EMAPA:18737 claw of digit 4 of fore-paw nail of manual digit 5 A nail that is part of a manual digit 5. EMAPA:18738 FMA:54341 SCTID:181583002 UBERON:0011277 claw of digit 5 of fore-paw little finger nail nail of fifth finger nail of little finger nail plate of little finger uberon FMA:54341 nail of fifth finger A nail that is part of a manual digit 5. OBOL:automatic FMA:54341 little finger nail EMAPA:18738 claw of digit 5 of fore-paw FMA FMA:54341 nail plate of little finger FMA:54341 nail of little finger nail of pedal digit 1 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 1. EMAPA:18739 FMA:54344 SCTID:181592004 UBERON:0011278 big toe nail claw of digit 1 of hind-paw nail of big toe nail of great toe nail plate of big toe uberon FMA:54344 big toe nail FMA:54344 nail plate of big toe FMA:54344 nail of great toe FMA:54344 nail of big toe A nail that is part of a pedal digit 1. OBOL:automatic FMA EMAPA:18739 claw of digit 1 of hind-paw nail of pedal digit 2 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 2. EMAPA:18740 FMA:54347 SCTID:181593009 UBERON:0011279 claw of digit 2 of hind-paw nail of second toe nail plate of second toe second toe nail uberon FMA:54347 nail of second toe FMA:54347 nail plate of second toe EMAPA:18740 claw of digit 2 of hind-paw FMA A nail that is part of a pedal digit 2. OBOL:automatic FMA:54347 second toe nail nail of pedal digit 3 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 3. EMAPA:18741 FMA:54350 SCTID:181594003 UBERON:0011280 claw of digit 3 of hind-paw nail of third toe nail plate of third toe third toe nail uberon FMA FMA:54350 nail of third toe EMAPA:18741 claw of digit 3 of hind-paw A nail that is part of a pedal digit 3. OBOL:automatic FMA:54350 nail plate of third toe FMA:54350 third toe nail nail of pedal digit 4 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 4. EMAPA:18742 FMA:54353 SCTID:181595002 UBERON:0011281 claw of digit 4 of hind-paw fourth toe nail nail of fourth toe nail plate of fourth toe uberon A nail that is part of a pedal digit 4. OBOL:automatic FMA:54353 nail of fourth toe FMA:54353 fourth toe nail FMA:54353 nail plate of fourth toe FMA EMAPA:18742 claw of digit 4 of hind-paw nail of pedal digit 5 A nail that is part of a pedal digit 5. EMAPA:18743 FMA:54356 SCTID:181596001 UBERON:0011282 claw of digit 5 of hind-paw little toe nail nail of fifth toe nail of little toe nail plate of little toe uberon FMA FMA:54356 little toe nail FMA:54356 nail plate of little toe FMA:54356 nail of fifth toe FMA:54356 nail of little toe EMAPA:18743 claw of digit 5 of hind-paw A nail that is part of a pedal digit 5. OBOL:automatic epoophoron A remnant of the Mesonephric duct that can be found next to the ovary and fallopian tube. FMA:18691 UBERON:0011283 epooephoron epoöphoron organ of Rosenmuller organ of Rosenmüller organ of rosenmueller organ of rosenmuller parovarium uberon FMA FMA:18691 organ of Rosenmuller Wikipedia:Epoophoron epoöphoron Wikipedia:Epoophoron epooephoron Wikipedia A remnant of the Mesonephric duct that can be found next to the ovary and fallopian tube. Wikipedia:Epoophoron Wikipedia:Epoophoron organ of rosenmuller Wikipedia:Epoophoron parovarium Wikipedia:Epoophoron organ of rosenmueller Wikipedia:Epoophoron organ of Rosenmüller Wikipedia rostral organ A putative electroreceptor organ located in the medial rostral cavity in the ethmoid portion of the chondrocranium of Coelocanths. It is surrounded by an insulating layer of adipose tissue and innervated by the superficial ophthalmic nerve. UBERON:0011287 classification as electric organ is putative uberon A putative electroreceptor organ located in the medial rostral cavity in the ethmoid portion of the chondrocranium of Coelocanths. It is surrounded by an insulating layer of adipose tissue and innervated by the superficial ophthalmic nerve. Wikipedia:Rostral_organ stomochord A flexible, hollow tube that arises in embryonic development as an outpocketing from the roof of the embryonic gut anterior to the pharynx. In adults, they extend dorsally from the pharynx into the probiscis, and serve to communicate with the oral cavity. Their walls are composed primarily of epithelial cells, but ciliated and glandular cells are also present UBERON:0011288 stomatochord uberon A flexible, hollow tube that arises in embryonic development as an outpocketing from the roof of the embryonic gut anterior to the pharynx. In adults, they extend dorsally from the pharynx into the probiscis, and serve to communicate with the oral cavity. Their walls are composed primarily of epithelial cells, but ciliated and glandular cells are also present Wikipedia:Stomochord pharyngobasilar fascia FMA:55074 SCTID:16675008 The pharyngeal aponeurosis (or pharyngobasilar fascia, or fibrous coat), is situated between the mucous and muscular layers. It is thick above where the muscular fibers are wanting, and is firmly connected to the basilar portion of the occipital and the petrous portions of the temporal bones. As it descends it diminishes in thickness, and is gradually lost. It is strengthened posteriorly by a strong fibrous band, which is attached above to the pharyngeal spine on the under surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone, and passes downward, forming a median raphe, which gives attachment to the Constrictores pharyngis. UBERON:0011289 pharyngeal aponeurosis pharyngeal aponeurosis uberon FMA:55074 pharyngeal aponeurosis FMA Wikipedia:Pharyngobasilar_fascia pharyngeal aponeurosis The pharyngeal aponeurosis (or pharyngobasilar fascia, or fibrous coat), is situated between the mucous and muscular layers. It is thick above where the muscular fibers are wanting, and is firmly connected to the basilar portion of the occipital and the petrous portions of the temporal bones. As it descends it diminishes in thickness, and is gradually lost. It is strengthened posteriorly by a strong fibrous band, which is attached above to the pharyngeal spine on the under surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone, and passes downward, forming a median raphe, which gives attachment to the Constrictores pharyngis. Wikipedia:Pharyngobasilar_fascia submucosa of uterine tube BTO:0002116 SCTID:245489008 The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. UBERON:0011298 submucosa of fallopian tube submucous layer of uterine tube tela submucosa tubae uterinae uberon uterine submucosa BTO:0002116 submucous layer of uterine tube BTO:0002116 The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. BTO:0002116 tela submucosa tubae uterinae white matter of telencephalon A partion of white matter that is part of a telencephalon. This can be further subdivided in some species, for example, into hemisphere white matter and the corpus callosum. CNS white matter that is part of the telencephalon[ZFA:0000597]. FMA:83930 TAO:0000597 UBERON:0011299 UBERON:0013202 ZFA:0000597 telencephalic tract/commissure telencephalic tracts uberon CNS white matter that is part of the telencephalon[ZFA:0000597]. ZFA:0000597 A partion of white matter that is part of a telencephalon. This can be further subdivided in some species, for example, into hemisphere white matter and the corpus callosum. UBERON:cjm TAO:0000597 telencephalic tracts ZFA:0000597 telencephalic tract/commissure gray matter of telencephalon A portion of gray matter of neuraxis that is part of a telencephalon. FMA:83911 UBERON:0011300 uberon A portion of gray matter of neuraxis that is part of a telencephalon. OBOL:automatic manubrium sternum pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2:0001063 EHDAA:9563 UBERON:0011301 manubrium sterni pre-cartilage condensation uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001063 manubrium sterni pre-cartilage condensation EHDAA2 tunicate tunic Outer covering of an animal typically consisting primarily of cellulose (tunicin) in addition to varying amounts of water, protein and carbohydrates. The tunicate is a characteristic feature of Tunicata Taxon notes: In some species tunicin occurs in small amounts. Some species calcium salts are deposited as spicules. In ascidians, the tunic is supplied with blood vessels. UBERON:0011302 uberon ISBN:0030229073 Outer covering of an animal typically consisting primarily of cellulose (tunicin) in addition to varying amounts of water, protein and carbohydrates. The tunicate is a characteristic feature of Tunicata Wikipedia:Ascidiacea#Anatomy lamprey sucker UBERON:0011303 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/images/lamprey_sucker_rosava_3238889218.jpg uberon tunicate postabdomen Basalmost subdivision of a tunicate containing the heart and reproductive organs Taxon notes: Most ascidians lack a postabdomen UBERON:0011304 uberon Basalmost subdivision of a tunicate containing the heart and reproductive organs ISBN:0030229073 superficial part of temporalis The superficial temporalis muscle is a separable part of the temporalis muscle that attaches to the temporalis fascia.[FEED] UBERON:0011305 temporalis, superficial uberon FEED 2012-07-02 FEED The superficial temporalis muscle is a separable part of the temporalis muscle that attaches to the temporalis fascia.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED:FEED temporalis, superficial deep part of temporalis The deep temporalis muscle is a separable part of the temporalis muscle that that attaches to the bony wall of the braincase and is deep to the superficial temporalis.[FEED] UBERON:0011306 temporalis, deep uberon FEED 2012-07-02 FEED The deep temporalis muscle is a separable part of the temporalis muscle that that attaches to the bony wall of the braincase and is deep to the superficial temporalis.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED:FEED temporalis, deep suprazygomatic part of temporalis The suprazygomatic part of the temporalis muscle is a separable part of the deep temporalis that attaches to the superior surface of the temporal root of the zygomatic arch.[FEED] UBERON:0011307 temporalis, suprazygomatic uberon FEED:FEED temporalis, suprazygomatic 2012-07-02 FEED The suprazygomatic part of the temporalis muscle is a separable part of the deep temporalis that attaches to the superior surface of the temporal root of the zygomatic arch.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED pars reflexa of masseter The pars reflexa is a separable part of the superficial masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the mandible. The pars reflexa is a separable part of the superficial masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the mandible.[FEED] UBERON:0011308 masseter, pars reflexa pars reflexa uberon FEED:FEED The pars reflexa is a separable part of the superficial masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the mandible. FEED:FEED masseter, pars reflexa 2012-07-02 FEED The pars reflexa is a separable part of the superficial masseter muscle that attaches to the medial surface of the mandible.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FEED:FEED pars reflexa body of mandible FMA:52827 SCTID:244684002 The body of the mandible is curved somewhat like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders. UBERON:0011309 body of the mandible mandibular body uberon The body of the mandible is curved somewhat like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders. Wikipedia:Body_of_mandible Wikipedia:Body_of_mandible body of the mandible FMA:52827 mandibular body FMA masseteric fossa .The fossa for the masseter. In some therapsids, the coronoid process of the dentary bears a large external depression which accommodates the masseter -- an important muscle in closing and in grinding motions of the jaw. UBERON:0011310 fossa on the lateral surface of the mandible, located in the superior part of the ascending process.[FEED] masseteric cavity uberon .The fossa for the masseter. In some therapsids, the coronoid process of the dentary bears a large external depression which accommodates the masseter -- an important muscle in closing and in grinding motions of the jaw. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html 2012-07-02 FEED fossa on the lateral surface of the mandible, located in the superior part of the ascending process.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org FMA hyoepiglottic ligament FMA:55227 SCTID:279552007 UBERON:0011311 UMLS:C0225515 an elastic band connecting the anterior surface of the epiglottis to the upper border of the body of the hyoid bone. hyo-epiglottic ligament igamentum hyoepiglotticum ncithesaurus:Hyoepiglottic_Ligament uberon Wikipedia:Hyoepiglottic_ligament igamentum hyoepiglotticum FMA:55227 hyo-epiglottic ligament FMA Wikipedia:Hyoepiglottic_ligament an elastic band connecting the anterior surface of the epiglottis to the upper border of the body of the hyoid bone. hyoepiglottic muscle Developed in mammals other than human. TODO: add relationship to hyoepiglottic ligament. UBERON:0011312 hyo-epiglottic muscle hyoepiglotticus hyoepiglottus uberon posterior subdivision of masseter The posterior masseter is a separable part of the deep masseter muscle that attaches to the postero-ventral surface of the zygomatic arch.[FEED] UBERON:0011313 masseter, posterior uberon FEED:FEED masseter, posterior 2012-07-02 FEED The posterior masseter is a separable part of the deep masseter muscle that attaches to the postero-ventral surface of the zygomatic arch.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org anterior subdivision of masseter The anterior masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle that is attached to anterior root of zygomatic arch.[FEED] UBERON:0011314 masseter, anterior uberon FEED:FEED masseter, anterior 2012-07-02 FEED The anterior masseter is a separable part of the masseter muscle that is attached to anterior root of zygomatic arch.[FEED] http://www.feedexp.org digastric branch of facial nerve FMA:53288 SCTID:17743006 The digastric branch of facial nerve arises close to the stylomastoid foramen, and divides into several filaments, which supply the posterior belly of the Digastricus; one of these filaments joins the glossopharyngeal nerve. UBERON:0011315 branch of facial nerve to posterior belly of digastric digastric branch digastric branch of facial nerve (CN VII) facial nerve, digastric branch nerve to posterior belly of digastric ramus digastricus (nervus facialis) ramus digastricus nervus facialis uberon FMA:53288 nerve to posterior belly of digastric The digastric branch of facial nerve arises close to the stylomastoid foramen, and divides into several filaments, which supply the posterior belly of the Digastricus; one of these filaments joins the glossopharyngeal nerve. Wikipedia:Digastric_branch_of_facial_nerve FMA:TA ramus digastricus nervus facialis FMA:53288 branch of facial nerve to posterior belly of digastric FMA FMA:53288 ramus digastricus (nervus facialis) FEED:FEED digastric branch of facial nerve (CN VII) Wikipedia:Digastric_branch_of_facial_nerve digastric branch nerve to stylohyoid from facial nerve FMA:53298 SCTID:89590005 The stylohyoid branch of facial nerve frequently arises in conjunction with the digastric branch; it is long and slender, and enters the Stylohyoideus about its middle. UBERON:0011316 facial nerve stylohyoid branch nerve to stylohyoid ramus stylohyoideus ramus stylohyoideus nervus facialis stylodigastric nerve stylohyoid branch stylohyoid branch of facial nerve uberon FMA:TA ramus stylohyoideus nervus facialis FMA FMA:53298 stylohyoid branch of facial nerve The stylohyoid branch of facial nerve frequently arises in conjunction with the digastric branch; it is long and slender, and enters the Stylohyoideus about its middle. Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_branch_of_facial_nerve Wikipedia:Stylohyoid_branch_of_facial_nerve stylohyoid branch FMA:53298 facial nerve stylohyoid branch FMA:53298 stylodigastric nerve FMA:53298 nerve to stylohyoid FMA:53298 ramus stylohyoideus nerve to stylopharyngeus from glossopharyngeal nerve FMA:53487 SCTID:280294008 UBERON:0011317 branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus nerve to stylopharyngeus ramus musculi stylopharyngei nervus glossopharyngei stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve uberon FMA:53487 nerve to stylopharyngeus FMA:TA ramus musculi stylopharyngei nervus glossopharyngei FMA:53487 branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to stylopharyngeus FMA FMA:53487 stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve capsule of temporomandibular joint FMA:57050 SCTID:303404000 The articular capsule (capsular ligament) is a thin, loose envelope, attached above to the circumference of the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle immediately in front; below, to the neck of the condyle of the mandible. UBERON:0011318 articular capsule of temporomandibular joint capsula articularis articulationis temporomandibularis uberon Wikipedia:Capsule_of_the_temporomandibular_joint capsula articularis articulationis temporomandibularis The articular capsule (capsular ligament) is a thin, loose envelope, attached above to the circumference of the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle immediately in front; below, to the neck of the condyle of the mandible. Wikipedia:Capsule_of_temporomandibular_joint FMA:57050 articular capsule of temporomandibular joint disk of temporomandibular joint BTO:0003675 FMA:57059 MESH:A02.835.583.861.900 SCTID:282433007 The fibrocartilaginous plate that separates the joint into upper and lower cavities. UBERON:0011319 articular disc of temporomandibular joint articular disc of temporomandibular joint articular disk of temporomandibular joint discus articularis (articulatio temporomandibularis) discus articularis articulationis temporomandibularis discus articularis temporomandibularis mandibular disk temporomandibular articular disk temporomandibular articular disk temporomandibular joint disk uberon BTO:0003675 articular disc of temporomandibular joint FMA:57059 articular disc of temporomandibular joint BTO:0003675 The fibrocartilaginous plate that separates the joint into upper and lower cavities. Wikipedia:Articular_disk_of_the_temporomandibular_joint BTO BTO:0003675 temporomandibular articular disk FMA:TA discus articularis articulationis temporomandibularis BTO:0003675 mandibular disk FMA:57059 articular disk of temporomandibular joint BTO:0003675 discus articularis temporomandibularis FMA FMA:57059 discus articularis (articulatio temporomandibularis) Wikipedia:Articular_disk_of_the_temporomandibular_joint discus articularis articulationis temporomandibularis Wikipedia:Articular_disk_of_the_temporomandibular_joint temporomandibular joint disk GAID:273 temporomandibular articular disk ligament of temporomandibular joint . FMA:57070 SCTID:127861009 UBERON:0011320 temporomandibular joint ligament uberon FMA:57070 temporomandibular joint ligament . Wikipedia:Temporomandibular_joint#Ligaments masseteric nerve FMA:53103 SCTID:280254006 The masseteric nerve passes laterally, above the Pterygoideus externus, in front of the temporomandibular articulation, and behind the tendon of the Temporalis; it crosses the mandibular notch with the masseteric artery, to the deep surface of the Masseter, in which it ramifies nearly as far as its anterior border. It gives a filament to the temporomandibular joint. UBERON:0011321 nervus massetericus uberon Wikipedia:Masseteric_nerve nervus massetericus FMA The masseteric nerve passes laterally, above the Pterygoideus externus, in front of the temporomandibular articulation, and behind the tendon of the Temporalis; it crosses the mandibular notch with the masseteric artery, to the deep surface of the Masseter, in which it ramifies nearly as far as its anterior border. It gives a filament to the temporomandibular joint. Wikipedia:Masseteric_nerve mylohyoid nerve A nerve that innervates the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. FMA:53247 SCTID:280269007 UBERON:0011322 branch of inferior alveolar nerve to mylohyoid mylodigastric nerve mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar nerve nerve to mylohyoid nerve to mylohyoid nervus mylohyoideus uberon Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_nerve nervus mylohyoideus A nerve that innervates the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle. Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_nerve FMA:TA nervus mylohyoideus Wikipedia:Mylohyoid_nerve nerve to mylohyoid FMA:53247 branch of inferior alveolar nerve to mylohyoid FMA:53247 mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar nerve FMA:53247 nerve to mylohyoid FMA:53247 mylodigastric nerve pharyngeal nerve plexus FMA:82453 SCTID:369429008 The pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerve fibers innervating most of the palate, larynx, and pharynx. It is located on the surface of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. UBERON:0011325 pharyngeal nerve plexus pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve plexus pharyngeus nervi vagi uberon vagus nerve pharyngeal plexus FMA FMA:82453 pharyngeal nerve plexus Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve plexus pharyngeus nervi vagi Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve The pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerve fibers innervating most of the palate, larynx, and pharynx. It is located on the surface of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve superior laryngeal nerve FMA:6239 SCTID:279928006 The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. It descends, by the side of the pharynx, behind the internal carotid artery, and divides into two branches: external laryngeal nerve internal laryngeal nerve A superior laryngeal nerve palsy changes the pitch of the voice and causes an inability to make explosive sounds. If no recovery is evident three months after the palsy initially presents, the damage is most likely to be permanent. A bilateral palsy presents as a tiring and hoarse voice. UBERON:0011326 nervus laryngealis superior nervus laryngeus superior superior laryngeal branch of inferior vagal ganglion superior laryngeal branch of vagus uberon Wikipedia:Superior_laryngeal_nerve nervus laryngeus superior The superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve. It arises from the middle of the ganglion nodosum and in its course receives a branch from the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. It descends, by the side of the pharynx, behind the internal carotid artery, and divides into two branches: external laryngeal nerve internal laryngeal nerve A superior laryngeal nerve palsy changes the pitch of the voice and causes an inability to make explosive sounds. If no recovery is evident three months after the palsy initially presents, the damage is most likely to be permanent. A bilateral palsy presents as a tiring and hoarse voice. Wikipedia:Superior_laryngeal_nerve FMA:6239 nervus laryngealis superior FMA FMA:6239 superior laryngeal branch of inferior vagal ganglion FMA:6239 superior laryngeal branch of vagus deep temporal nerve FMA:53187 SCTID:280255007 The deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the temporalis. UBERON:0011327 deep temporal nerve nervi temporales profundi uberon Wikipedia:Deep_temporal_nerves deep temporal nerve FMA:TA nervi temporales profundi The deep temporal nerves, branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the temporalis. Wikipedia:Deep_temporal_nerves FMA extrinsic tongue pre-muscle mass EMAPA:17884 UBERON:0011332 uberon EHDAA2 EMAPA surface of mandible FMA:57558 UBERON:0011342 mandibular surface uberon FMA:57558 mandibular surface medial surface of mandible FMA:59464 UBERON:0011343 medial surface of mandibular ramus medial surface of ramus of mandible uberon FMA:59464 medial surface of ramus of mandible FMA:59464 medial surface of mandibular ramus lateral surface of mandible FMA:59463 UBERON:0011344 lateral surface of mandibular ramus lateral surface of ramus of mandible uberon FMA:59463 lateral surface of mandibular ramus FMA:59463 lateral surface of ramus of mandible pharyngeal raphe AO notes: isa anatomical line in FMA FMA:55077 SCTID:179763009 The Pharyngeal raphe is a raphe that serves as the origin and insertion for several of the pharyngeal constrictors. UBERON:0011345 raphe pharyngis uberon The Pharyngeal raphe is a raphe that serves as the origin and insertion for several of the pharyngeal constrictors. Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_raphe Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_raphe raphe pharyngis palatine raphe AO notes: isa anatomical line in FMA FMA:75111 UBERON:0011346 a raphe running across the palate, from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla. raphe palati uberon Wikipedia:Palatine_raphe a raphe running across the palate, from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla. Wikipedia:Palatine_raphe raphe palati raphe of hard palate A palatine raphe that is part of a hard palate. SCTID:368683007 UBERON:0011347 uberon A palatine raphe that is part of a hard palate. OBOL:automatic raphe of soft palate A palatine raphe that is part of a soft palate. SCTID:245785003 UBERON:0011348 uberon A palatine raphe that is part of a soft palate. OBOL:automatic pterygomandibular raphe AO notes: isa anatomical line in FMA FMA:55618 SCTID:142713007 The pterygomandibular raphe (pterygomandibular ligament) is a tendinous band of the buccopharyngeal fascia, attached by one extremity to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, and by the other to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible. Its medial surface is covered by the mucous membrane of the mouth. Its lateral surface is separated from the ramus of the mandible by a quantity of adipose tissue. Its posterior border gives attachment to the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Its anterior border attaches to the posterior edge of the buccinator. UBERON:0011349 pterygomandibular ligament pterygomandibular raph%c3%a9 uberon The pterygomandibular raphe (pterygomandibular ligament) is a tendinous band of the buccopharyngeal fascia, attached by one extremity to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, and by the other to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible. Its medial surface is covered by the mucous membrane of the mouth. Its lateral surface is separated from the ramus of the mandible by a quantity of adipose tissue. Its posterior border gives attachment to the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. Its anterior border attaches to the posterior edge of the buccinator. Wikipedia:Pterygomandibular_raphe Wikipedia:Pterygomandibular_raphe pterygomandibular raph%c3%a9 Wikipedia:Pterygomandibular_raphe pterygomandibular ligament mylohyoid raphe UBERON:0011350 raphe of the mylohyoid uberon Reissner's fiber An acellular strand that runs from subcommissural organ caudally through the ventricular system and central canal to the ampulla caudalis. Develops from glycoproteins secreted into CSF. Reissner's fibre Taxon notes: Reissner's fiber is present in the central canal of species in all chordate subphyla[Olsson R. (1993) Reissner's fiber mechanisms: some common denominators. In The Subcommissural Organ: An Ependymal Brain Gland ] UBERON:0011357 uberon ISBN10:0471888893 An acellular strand that runs from subcommissural organ caudally through the ventricular system and central canal to the ampulla caudalis. Develops from glycoproteins secreted into CSF. ISBN10:0471888893 Wikipedia:Reissner's_fiber infundibular organ . Resembles the subcommisural organ structurally, ultrastructurally and immunochemically[Niewenhuys] Gives rise to Reissner's fiber; however secretions are not identical to those of SCO [PMID:9550137][doi:10.1007/BF00303086] UBERON:0011358 infundibular organ of Boeke uberon ventral infundibular organ doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1976 larval urophysis BTO:0001848 Shares characteristics with neurohypophysis This is a neurosecretory organ rostral to the ampulla caudalis on the ventral surface of the distal end of the spinal cord. Receives axons from caudal neurosecretory nucleus, which contains Dahlgren cells that secrete urotensin I and II, implicated in osmotic regulation, cardiovascular function and reproduction[Butler]. UBERON:0011359 uberon BTO ISBN10:0471888893 ISBN10:0471888893 This is a neurosecretory organ rostral to the ampulla caudalis on the ventral surface of the distal end of the spinal cord. Receives axons from caudal neurosecretory nucleus, which contains Dahlgren cells that secrete urotensin I and II, implicated in osmotic regulation, cardiovascular function and reproduction[Butler]. ampulla caudalis A ventricle-like space at the end of the central canal UBERON:0011360 uberon in caudal end of A ventricle-like space at the end of the central canal ISBN10:0471888893 cranial blood vasculature A blood vasculature that is part of a head. Blood vessel part of cranial vasculature.[TAO] TAO:0005297 UBERON:0011362 ZFA:0005297 cranial blood vessels set of blood vessels of head uberon 2012-08-14 Blood vessel part of cranial vasculature.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005297 ZFIN:curator TAO:0005297 cranial blood vessels A blood vasculature that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic cranial lymph vasculature A lymph vasculature that is part of a head. FMA:224562 TAO:0005298 UBERON:0011363 ZFA:0005298 cranial lymph vessels set of lymphatic vessels of head uberon A lymph vasculature that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic TAO:0005298 cranial lymph vessels FMA:224562 set of lymphatic vessels of head cleidocephalicus muscle MA:0002275 The cleidomastoideus is a thick, strap-like muscle that together with the cleidocervicalis forms the proximal part of the brachiocephalicus. It lies beneath the cleidocervicalis. Its origin is the clavicular tendon with its insertion being at the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It is distinctly narrow and is united with the cleidocervicalis and cleidobrachialis by the clavicular tendon. Together with the other two components of the brachiocephalicus muscle, its primary function is to advance the free limb, however, it can also act as an shoulder extensor. Acting bilaterally, it fixes and depresses the neck, while by its unilateral action, it allows the head and neck to be drawn to the side. Its blood supply is the inferior cervical, carotid and vertebral arteries and its nerve supply is the spinal accessory, cervical and axillary nerves. UBERON:0011364 UMLS:C1707412 alt def: "Combination of cleidomastoid and cleidocervical muscles" cleidocephalic cleidocephalic muscle cleidocephalicus cleidomastoid cleidomastoid muscle cleidomastoideus ncithesaurus:Cleidocephalic pars mastoideus uberon MURDOCH:379 The cleidomastoideus is a thick, strap-like muscle that together with the cleidocervicalis forms the proximal part of the brachiocephalicus. It lies beneath the cleidocervicalis. Its origin is the clavicular tendon with its insertion being at the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It is distinctly narrow and is united with the cleidocervicalis and cleidobrachialis by the clavicular tendon. Together with the other two components of the brachiocephalicus muscle, its primary function is to advance the free limb, however, it can also act as an shoulder extensor. Acting bilaterally, it fixes and depresses the neck, while by its unilateral action, it allows the head and neck to be drawn to the side. Its blood supply is the inferior cervical, carotid and vertebral arteries and its nerve supply is the spinal accessory, cervical and axillary nerves. MA:0002275 cleidocephalic cleidobrachialis muscle MA:0002274 This muscle makes up the distal segment of the brachiocephalicus. It originates at the clavicular tendon but functionally, from the head and neck through the cleidocervicalis. It inserts at the distal end of the cranial border of the humerus, where it lies between the biceps brachii medially and the brachialis laterally. The muscle partly covers the pectoral muscles at their insertions. In conjunction with the cleidocervicalis, it advances the limb, extends the shoulder and causes lateral movement of the head and neck. UBERON:0011366 UMLS:C1707411 cleidobrachial cleidobrachial muscle cleidobrachialis ncithesaurus:Cleidobrachial uberon MURDOCH:376 This muscle makes up the distal segment of the brachiocephalicus. It originates at the clavicular tendon but functionally, from the head and neck through the cleidocervicalis. It inserts at the distal end of the cranial border of the humerus, where it lies between the biceps brachii medially and the brachialis laterally. The muscle partly covers the pectoral muscles at their insertions. In conjunction with the cleidocervicalis, it advances the limb, extends the shoulder and causes lateral movement of the head and neck. MA:0002274 cleidobrachial brachiocephalic muscle The brachiocephalicus is a long and flat, complex of muscles that extends from the lower half of the humeral shaft to the head and neck. The muscle divides into two parts at the clavicular intersection. This is also the point of origin for all the muscles that make up the brachiocephalicus. This point is situated just cranial to the shoulder. The two main sections are the cleidobrachialis which is distal to the clavicular intersection and the cleidocephalicus which extends proximally to the clavivular intersection. The cleidocephalicus can also be divided into the pars cervicalis, which inserts on the broad aponeurosis, over the fibrous raphe of the cranial half of the neck. The other part, the pars mastoideus inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone via a strong tendon. The cleidobrachialis extends distally from the clavicular intersection and inserts on the cranial edge of the distal half of the humerus. The tendon that inserts the cleidobrachialis lies between the brachialis muscle and the biceps brachii. As a result of the brachiocephalicus spanning a large region it has the ability to provide a number of actions. These include extending the shoulder joint, protracts the limb, provides lateral movement of the head and allows the neck to be depressed. The brachiocephalicus is more complex than other muscles of the forelimb. It consists of 2 elements that unite at the clavicle in dogs. In dogs the caudal part, known as the cleidobrachialis, runs from the clavicle to the humerus and is closely associated with the deltoid. The cranial portion runs from the clavicle to various attachments via a broad aponeurosis on the upper part of the head and neck. It is called the cleidomastoideus in the dog because it inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. It may have a different name, like cleido-occipitalis, in other mammals. The name brachiocephalicus signifies that this complex of muscles runs from the upper arm to the head and does not specify the details of muscle attachments because these vary so much from species to species. The brachiocephalicus advances the limb and may also extend the shoulder joint, but this depends on the cranial attachment being fixed and the limb being free to move. However, when the forelimb is firmly on the ground and the head is free to move, it forces the head and neck either ventrally or to one side depending on whether or not both muscles act in tandem UBERON:0011368 brachiocephalicus uberon The brachiocephalicus is a long and flat, complex of muscles that extends from the lower half of the humeral shaft to the head and neck. The muscle divides into two parts at the clavicular intersection. This is also the point of origin for all the muscles that make up the brachiocephalicus. This point is situated just cranial to the shoulder. The two main sections are the cleidobrachialis which is distal to the clavicular intersection and the cleidocephalicus which extends proximally to the clavivular intersection. The cleidocephalicus can also be divided into the pars cervicalis, which inserts on the broad aponeurosis, over the fibrous raphe of the cranial half of the neck. The other part, the pars mastoideus inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone via a strong tendon. The cleidobrachialis extends distally from the clavicular intersection and inserts on the cranial edge of the distal half of the humerus. The tendon that inserts the cleidobrachialis lies between the brachialis muscle and the biceps brachii. As a result of the brachiocephalicus spanning a large region it has the ability to provide a number of actions. These include extending the shoulder joint, protracts the limb, provides lateral movement of the head and allows the neck to be depressed. http://ccg.murdoch.edu.au/museum/ omotransversarius muscle MA:0002349 The omotransversarius is a straplike muscle, which advances and adducts the forelimb, as well as flexes the neck laterally. It covers the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, lying to their side. The omotransversarius lies ventral to the trapezius, cranial to the deltoid muscle and is covered cranially by the cleidocervicalis. It extends from the atlas to the spine of the scapula, with its origin on the transverse process of the atlas and its insertion in the distal end of the spine of the scapula. Its name can be split into omo, which is Greek for shoulder, and tranversarius which relates to its attachment to the transverse process of the atlas. This muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve. UBERON:0011369 UMLS:C1709311 ncithesaurus:Omotransverse omotransverse omotransverse muscle uberon MURDOCH:1433 The omotransversarius is a straplike muscle, which advances and adducts the forelimb, as well as flexes the neck laterally. It covers the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, lying to their side. The omotransversarius lies ventral to the trapezius, cranial to the deltoid muscle and is covered cranially by the cleidocervicalis. It extends from the atlas to the spine of the scapula, with its origin on the transverse process of the atlas and its insertion in the distal end of the spine of the scapula. Its name can be split into omo, which is Greek for shoulder, and tranversarius which relates to its attachment to the transverse process of the atlas. This muscle is innervated by the accessory nerve. MA:0002349 omotransverse transverse process of atlas A transverse process of vertebra that is part of a cervical vertebra 1. FMA:23981 SCTID:181895009 UBERON:0011370 uberon A transverse process of vertebra that is part of a cervical vertebra 1. OBOL:automatic FMA-abduced-lr sternocephalicus muscle SCTID:21636001 The sternocephalicus is a flat muscle and its caudal border is adjacent to the ventral border of the brachiocephalicus. The lateral aspect of this muscle is crossed obliquely by the external jugular vein. It originates as a unit on the first sternebrae. The cranial portion of the muscle divides into two separate sections with different insertion points. These are the sternomastoideus and the sterno-occipitalis. The ventral portion, the sternomastiodeus is the stronger and main continuation of the sternocephalicus, which inserts on the mastoid part of the temporal bone. The thin but wide dorsal segment, the sterno-occipitalis attaches to the dorsal nuchal crest by a thin aponeurosis. The main action provided by the sternocephalicus is movement of the head and neck to the side. Ventral branches of the cervical nerves are attached to this muscle. UBERON:0011371 sternocephalicus uberon MURDOCH:1749 The sternocephalicus is a flat muscle and its caudal border is adjacent to the ventral border of the brachiocephalicus. The lateral aspect of this muscle is crossed obliquely by the external jugular vein. It originates as a unit on the first sternebrae. The cranial portion of the muscle divides into two separate sections with different insertion points. These are the sternomastoideus and the sterno-occipitalis. The ventral portion, the sternomastiodeus is the stronger and main continuation of the sternocephalicus, which inserts on the mastoid part of the temporal bone. The thin but wide dorsal segment, the sterno-occipitalis attaches to the dorsal nuchal crest by a thin aponeurosis. The main action provided by the sternocephalicus is movement of the head and neck to the side. Ventral branches of the cervical nerves are attached to this muscle. nuchal crest prepuce UBERON:0011374 Usage notes: this is a generic sex-neutral grouping class for the male and female prepuce. Note that this structure is a combination of skin and other tissue ncithesaurus:Prepuce preputial uberon skin of prepuce of clitoris A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of clitoris. FMA:27886 SCTID:367670008 UBERON:0011375 preputial skin of clitoris uberon FMA:27886 preputial skin of clitoris A zone of skin that is part of a prepuce of clitoris. OBOL:automatic iliothoracic muscle MA:0002322 The iliothoracic group is made up of the abdominal wall muscles: rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal obliquus, and the transversus abdominis UBERON:0011376 UMLS:C1708463 iliothoracic ncithesaurus:Iliothoracic uberon MA:0002322 iliothoracic The iliothoracic group is made up of the abdominal wall muscles: rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal obliquus, and the transversus abdominis http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1899031-overview femorothoracic muscle The femorospinal group is made up of the psoas major and iliacus muscles UBERON:0011377 femorothoracic uberon MA:0002322 femorothoracic The femorospinal group is made up of the psoas major and iliacus muscles http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1899031-overview male external urethral sphincter AO notes: MA includes a term bulboglandular - some sources claim this as the muscles that are associated with the bulbourethral gland, so we place this here FMA:19733 MA:0002273 The external sphincter muscle of urethra (or sphincter urethrae membranaceae) surrounds the whole length of the membranous portion of the urethra, and is enclosed in the fasciæ of the urogenital diaphragm. They arch across the front of the urethra and bulbourethral glands, pass around the urethra, and behind it unite with the muscle of the opposite side, by means of a tendinous raphé. UBERON:0011379 UMLS:C1707060 bulboglandular bulboglandular muscle external urethral sphincter of male urethra male sphincter urethrae male sphincter urethrae muscle male urethral sphincter muscle musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae masculinae musculus sphincter urethrae membranaceae ncithesaurus:Bulboglandular uberon MA:0002273 bulboglandular Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae masculinae FMA:19733 male urethral sphincter muscle FMA:19733 external urethral sphincter of male urethra FMA:19733 male sphincter urethrae muscle Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra musculus sphincter urethrae membranaceae The external sphincter muscle of urethra (or sphincter urethrae membranaceae) surrounds the whole length of the membranous portion of the urethra, and is enclosed in the fasciæ of the urogenital diaphragm. They arch across the front of the urethra and bulbourethral glands, pass around the urethra, and behind it unite with the muscle of the opposite side, by means of a tendinous raphé. Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra FMA:19733 male sphincter urethrae female external urethral sphincter FMA:19778 The external sphincter muscle of female urethra is a muscle which controls urination. UBERON:0011380 compressor urethrae external urethral sphincter of female urethra musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae femininae outer muscle layer of female urethra rhabdosphincter of female urethra sphincter urethrovaginalis striated muscle layer of female urethra uberon urethrovaginal sphincter FMA:19778 rhabdosphincter of female urethra FMA:19778 outer muscle layer of female urethra Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra musculus sphincter urethrae externus urethrae femininae Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra compressor urethrae FMA:19778 striated muscle layer of female urethra Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra sphincter urethrovaginalis The external sphincter muscle of female urethra is a muscle which controls urination. Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra Wikipedia:External_sphincter_muscle_of_female_urethra urethrovaginal sphincter inferior pancreaticoduodenal vein MA:0002191 UBERON:0011383 UMLS:C1711328 inferior pancreatico-duodenal vein ncithesaurus:Inferior_Pancreatico-Duodenal_Vein uberon MA:0002191 inferior pancreatico-duodenal vein superior pancreaticoduodenal vein MA:0002192 UBERON:0011384 superior pancreatico-duodenal vein uberon vena pancreaticoduodenalis superior MA:0002192 superior pancreatico-duodenal vein parotidoauricular muscle Is one of the numerus muscles of the external ear and is of importance since it is encountered in the operation for drainage of infections of the external ear of the dog. As its name suggests, it arises from the fascia over the parotid gland and approaches the auricle from the ventrolateral direction. This muscle is supplied by the facial nerve.The muscles of the external ear with their scattered origins and precisely located insertions provide for displacement and rotation of the ear in all directions. These muscles also have a collective function in communication both within and between species. MA:0002352 UBERON:0011385 UMLS:C1709470 ncithesaurus:Parotidoauricular parotidoauricular parotidoauricularis uberon MA:0002352 parotidoauricular Is one of the numerus muscles of the external ear and is of importance since it is encountered in the operation for drainage of infections of the external ear of the dog. As its name suggests, it arises from the fascia over the parotid gland and approaches the auricle from the ventrolateral direction. This muscle is supplied by the facial nerve.The muscles of the external ear with their scattered origins and precisely located insertions provide for displacement and rotation of the ear in all directions. These muscles also have a collective function in communication both within and between species. MURDOCH:1519 facial modiolus FMA:46837 In facial anatomy, the modiolus is a chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue, located lateral and slightly superior to each angle of the mouth. It is important in moving the mouth, facial expression and in dentistry. It derives its motor nerve supply from the facial nerve, and its blood supply from labial branches of the facial artery. It is contributed to by the following muscles: orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, zygomaticus major, risorius quadratus labii superioris, quadratus labii inferioris. UBERON:0011386 uberon In facial anatomy, the modiolus is a chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue, located lateral and slightly superior to each angle of the mouth. It is important in moving the mouth, facial expression and in dentistry. It derives its motor nerve supply from the facial nerve, and its blood supply from labial branches of the facial artery. It is contributed to by the following muscles: orbicularis oris, buccinator, levator anguli oris, depressor anguli oris, zygomaticus major, risorius quadratus labii superioris, quadratus labii inferioris. Wikipedia:Modiolus_%28face%29 FMA constrictor vulvae muscle MA:0002281 SCTID:244961006 The constrictor muscle of the labia is weakly developed in the female dog which blends dorsally with the external anal sphincter muscle and attaches to the coccygeal fascia at the level of the first and second coccygeal vertebrae. It encircles the vulva and vestibule for a distance of about 1 cm. caudal to the area where the urethra enters the vestibule. Its action is to lift the labia dorsally to facilitate intromission of the penis into the vagina. The constrictor vestibuli and vulvae are homologous to the bulbospogiosus (bulbocavernosus) muscle in the male. UBERON:0011387 UMLS:C1707495 constrictor vulvae ncithesaurus:Constrictor_Vulvae sphincter vaginae uberon The constrictor muscle of the labia is weakly developed in the female dog which blends dorsally with the external anal sphincter muscle and attaches to the coccygeal fascia at the level of the first and second coccygeal vertebrae. It encircles the vulva and vestibule for a distance of about 1 cm. caudal to the area where the urethra enters the vestibule. Its action is to lift the labia dorsally to facilitate intromission of the penis into the vagina. The constrictor vestibuli and vulvae are homologous to the bulbospogiosus (bulbocavernosus) muscle in the male. http://compepid.tuskegee.edu/syllabi/biomedical/Anatomy/grossanat301/chapter11.html unvetted MA:0002281 constrictor vulvae Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle sphincter vaginae male bulbospongiosus muscle UBERON:0011388 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bulbospongiosus-Male.png/250px-Bulbospongiosus-Male.png uberon bulbospongiosus muscle FMA:19729 SCTID:244972001 The bulbospongiosus is the thick extrapelvic continuation of the urethralis. It originates from the perineal body (and midline raphe over corpus spongiosum in male) and inserts at the superficial perineal membrane and dorsal penile or clitoral aponeurosis. In males, the bulbospongiosus muscles are united and surround the base of the penis. They aid in emptying of urine and ejaculate from urethra. In females, these muscles are separated in the middle by the vagina and act to constrict the vaginal introitus. They can also stop the flow of blood into veins, which maintains an erection in the penis of the male and the clitoris of the female. Its nerve connection is the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4). UBERON:0011389 bulbocavernosus bulbocavernosus muscle bulbocavernous bulbospongiosus bulbospongiosus musculus bulbospongiosus uberon Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle bulbocavernous Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle bulbospongiosus Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle bulbocavernosus Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle musculus bulbospongiosus FMA:19729 bulbospongiosus Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle bulbocavernosus muscle MURDOCH:245 The bulbospongiosus is the thick extrapelvic continuation of the urethralis. It originates from the perineal body (and midline raphe over corpus spongiosum in male) and inserts at the superficial perineal membrane and dorsal penile or clitoral aponeurosis. In males, the bulbospongiosus muscles are united and surround the base of the penis. They aid in emptying of urine and ejaculate from urethra. In females, these muscles are separated in the middle by the vagina and act to constrict the vaginal introitus. They can also stop the flow of blood into veins, which maintains an erection in the penis of the male and the clitoris of the female. Its nerve connection is the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4). Wikipedia:Bulbospongiosus_muscle pudendal nerve FMA:19037 SCTID:181057000 The pudendal nerve is a somatic nerve in the pelvic region that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum. It originates in Onuf's nucleus in the sacral region of the spinal cord. UBERON:0011390 internal pudendal nerve pudenal nerve pudendal uberon FMA-abduced-lr FMA Wikipedia:Pudendal_nerve internal pudendal nerve Wikipedia:Pudendal_nerve pudendal The pudendal nerve is a somatic nerve in the pelvic region that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum. It originates in Onuf's nucleus in the sacral region of the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Pudendal_nerve Wikipedia:Pudendal_nerve pudenal nerve perineal nerve FMA:21866 SCTID:303236009 UBERON:0011391 a nerve arising from the pudendal nerve that supplies the perineum. perineal branch of pudendal nerve uberon FMA:21866 perineal branch of pudendal nerve Wikipedia:Perineal_nerve a nerve arising from the pudendal nerve that supplies the perineum. FMA internal elastic membrane FMA:68205 MA:0002863 SCTID:86405007 UBERON:0011392 UMLS:C1512870 a layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels. inner elastic lamina internal elastic lamina ncithesaurus:Internal_Elastic_Membrane uberon FMA:68205 inner elastic lamina Wikipedia:Internal_elastic_lamina a layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels. FMA:68205 internal elastic lamina FMA MA MA cutaneous trunci muscle Lying just below the skin, cutaneus trunci is one of very few cutaneus muscles. It composes of a thin sheets of muscle that spred over the body in the superficial fasciae. Their role is to twich the skin to rid of pests etc. Cuteneus muscles are found in all domestic species. MA:0002285 UBERON:0011415 covers the entire body with a thin layer of muscle under the deepest layer of the skin. When an area of neuronal subluxation is stimulated with the activator, the cutaneous trunci muscle contracts and causes an involuntary reflexive spasm or "twitch" of the skin cutaneous trunci uberon MA:0002285 cutaneous trunci Lying just below the skin, cutaneus trunci is one of very few cutaneus muscles. It composes of a thin sheets of muscle that spred over the body in the superficial fasciae. Their role is to twich the skin to rid of pests etc. Cuteneus muscles are found in all domestic species. MURDOCH:2210 levator nasolabialis muscle Is a principal muscle of the lips which arises over the dorsum of the nose. It runs cranioventrally to insert partly on the wing of the nostril and partly into the lateral part of the upper lip. This muscles function includes dilation of the nostril, elevation and retraction of the upper lip. Branches of the facial nerve supply innervation to this muscle. MA:0002334 UBERON:0011464 UMLS:C1708693 levator nasolabialis ncithesaurus:Levator_Nasolabialis uberon MA:0002334 levator nasolabialis Is a principal muscle of the lips which arises over the dorsum of the nose. It runs cranioventrally to insert partly on the wing of the nostril and partly into the lateral part of the upper lip. This muscles function includes dilation of the nostril, elevation and retraction of the upper lip. Branches of the facial nerve supply innervation to this muscle. MURDOCH:1180 longissimus atlantis muscle A muscle that runs beneath the longissimus capitis and inserts on the wing of the atlas MA:0002335 UBERON:0011465 longissimus atlantis present in horses and dogs uberon A muscle that runs beneath the longissimus capitis and inserts on the wing of the atlas http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculus_longissimus MA:0002335 longissimus atlantis ventral lateral sacrocaudal muscle MA:0002342 MURDOCH:2183 The ventral lateral sacrocaudal is a long strong muscle consisting of numerous individual parts. Its first segment originates from the last lumbar vertebrae and the remainder from the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae. From the segmented bellies arise long tendons which are embedded in caudal fascia. The first of these tendons inserts onto the sixth caudal vertebrae, the second onto the seventh and so on until the last caudal vertebrae. The ventral lateral sacrocaudal acts to flex the tail and occasionally assists with lateral movement. UBERON:0011472 lumbosacrocaudalis lumbosacrocaudalis muscle uberon ventral lateral sacrocaudal MURDOCH:2183 The ventral lateral sacrocaudal is a long strong muscle consisting of numerous individual parts. Its first segment originates from the last lumbar vertebrae and the remainder from the transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae. From the segmented bellies arise long tendons which are embedded in caudal fascia. The first of these tendons inserts onto the sixth caudal vertebrae, the second onto the seventh and so on until the last caudal vertebrae. The ventral lateral sacrocaudal acts to flex the tail and occasionally assists with lateral movement. MA:0002342 lumbosacrocaudalis MURDOCH:2183 ventral lateral sacrocaudal MA:0002342 lumbosacrocaudalis muscle rectus thoracis muscle MA:0002366 Rectus thoracis is a very small quadrilateral muscle sheet from the lateral thorax runs from the 3rd-1st rib that is in continuation with rectus abdominis. Its functioning muscle in respiration. UBERON:0011495 rectus thoracis uberon MURDOCH:2224 Rectus thoracis is a very small quadrilateral muscle sheet from the lateral thorax runs from the 3rd-1st rib that is in continuation with rectus abdominis. Its functioning muscle in respiration. MA:0002366 rectus thoracis sphincter colli superficialis muscle M. sphincter colli superficialis MA:0002380 The sphincter colli superficialis is composed of transverse muscle fibers, and covers the entire area between the lower jaw and chest. The muscle is used to tighten the skin on the underside of the throat. UBERON:0011508 sphincter colli superficialis uberon MA:0002380 sphincter colli superficialis The sphincter colli superficialis is composed of transverse muscle fibers, and covers the entire area between the lower jaw and chest. The muscle is used to tighten the skin on the underside of the throat. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platysma sphincter colli profundus muscle M. sphincter colli profundus The muscles of the mid and upper face derive from the embryonic sphincter colli profundus muscle The sphincter colli profundus of lie below the platysma in the area of the parotid gland (gland regions). UBERON:0011509 sphincter colli profundus uberon The sphincter colli profundus of lie below the platysma in the area of the parotid gland (gland regions). http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platysma cloacal bursa UBERON:0011510 uberon iliococcygeus muscle FMA:19092 SCTID:244964003 The Iliococcygeus arises from the ischial spine and from the posterior part of the tendinous arch of the obturator fascia, and is attached to the coccyx and anococcygeal raphC); it is usually thin, and may fail entirely, or be largely replaced by fibrous tissue. It is part of the levator ani group of muscles. An accessory slip at its posterior part is sometimes named the Iliosacralis. UBERON:0011511 iliococcygeal iliococcygei iliococcygeus iliococcygeus levator ani - iliococcygeus levator ani-iliococcygeus musculus iliococcygeus uberon Wikipedia:Iliococcygeus_muscle iliococcygei FMA:19092 iliococcygeus Wikipedia:Iliococcygeus_muscle iliococcygeus Wikipedia:Iliococcygeus_muscle levator ani - iliococcygeus Wikipedia:Iliococcygeus_muscle levator ani-iliococcygeus Wikipedia:Iliococcygeus_muscle iliococcygeal The Iliococcygeus arises from the ischial spine and from the posterior part of the tendinous arch of the obturator fascia, and is attached to the coccyx and anococcygeal raphC); it is usually thin, and may fail entirely, or be largely replaced by fibrous tissue. It is part of the levator ani group of muscles. An accessory slip at its posterior part is sometimes named the Iliosacralis. Wikipedia:Iliococcygeus_muscle Wikipedia:Iliococcygeus_muscle musculus iliococcygeus FMA puborectalis muscle FMA:19091 SCTID:244962004 The fibers which form a sling for the rectum are named the Puborectalis or Sphincter recti. They arise from the lower part of the symphysis pubis, and from the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. They meet with the corresponding fibers of the opposite side around the lower part of the rectum, and form for it a strong sling. Relaxation reduces the angle between rectum and anus, allowing defecation in conjunction with relaxation of the internal and external sphincters. Puborectalis is part of the levator ani group of muscles. UBERON:0011512 puborectalis puborectalis sphincter recti uberon The fibers which form a sling for the rectum are named the Puborectalis or Sphincter recti. They arise from the lower part of the symphysis pubis, and from the superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm. They meet with the corresponding fibers of the opposite side around the lower part of the rectum, and form for it a strong sling. Relaxation reduces the angle between rectum and anus, allowing defecation in conjunction with relaxation of the internal and external sphincters. Puborectalis is part of the levator ani group of muscles. Wikipedia:Puborectalis_muscle Wikipedia:Puborectalis_muscle sphincter recti Wikipedia:Puborectalis_muscle puborectalis FMA:19091 puborectalis FMA pubococcygeus muscle %22pc%22 muscle FMA:19090 SCTID:244958005 The pubococcygeus muscle or PC muscle is a hammock-like muscle, found in both sexes, that stretches from the pubic bone to the coccyx (tail bone) forming the floor of the pelvic cavity and supporting the pelvic organs. It is part of the levator ani group of muscles. UBERON:0011528 coccygeus muscle kegel muscle levator ani-pubococcygeus levator ani-puborectalis levator prostatae musculus pubococcygeus musculus pubovaginalis pc muscle pubococcygeal pubococcygeal muscles pubococcygeus uberon FMA:TA musculus pubovaginalis Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle pc muscle Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle pubococcygeal muscles Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle levator ani-puborectalis Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle coccygeus muscle FMA FMA:19090 levator prostatae The pubococcygeus muscle or PC muscle is a hammock-like muscle, found in both sexes, that stretches from the pubic bone to the coccyx (tail bone) forming the floor of the pelvic cavity and supporting the pelvic organs. It is part of the levator ani group of muscles. Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle levator ani-pubococcygeus Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle kegel muscle Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle musculus pubococcygeus Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle pubococcygeus Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle pubococcygeal %22pc%22 muscle Wikipedia:Pubococcygeus_muscle male pubococcygeus muscle A pubococcygeus muscle that is part of a male organism. SCTID:71507008 UBERON:0011531 levator prostate levator prostate muscle musculus levator prostatae uberon A pubococcygeus muscle that is part of a male organism. OBOL:automatic musculus levator prostatae female pubococcygeus muscle Pubovaginalis in the female is the equivalent of levator prostatae in the male. SCTID:208282000 UBERON:0011532 pubovaginalis pubovaginalis muscle uberon FMA:19090 pubovaginalis abductor pollicis, radioulna-prepollox AAO:0010805 Originates on the distal radioulna and inserts on the palmar prepollex. UBERON:0011533 m. abductor pollicis uberon AAO:0010805 Originates on the distal radioulna and inserts on the palmar prepollex. AAO:0010805 m. abductor pollicis abductor pollicis muscle SCTID:368422008 UBERON:0011534 uberon chondroglossus muscle FMA:46700 SCTID:244787000 The Chondroglossus is sometimes described as a part of the Hyoglossus, but is separated from it by fibers of the Genioglossus, which pass to the side of the pharynx. It is about 2 cm. long, and arises from the medial side and base of the lesser cornu and contiguous portion of the body of the hyoid bone, and passes directly upward to blend with the intrinsic muscular fibers of the tongue, between the Hyoglossus and Genioglossus. UBERON:0011535 chondroglossal chondroglossal muscle chondroglossus uberon Wikipedia:Chondroglossus chondroglossal muscle The Chondroglossus is sometimes described as a part of the Hyoglossus, but is separated from it by fibers of the Genioglossus, which pass to the side of the pharynx. It is about 2 cm. long, and arises from the medial side and base of the lesser cornu and contiguous portion of the body of the hyoid bone, and passes directly upward to blend with the intrinsic muscular fibers of the tongue, between the Hyoglossus and Genioglossus. Wikipedia:Chondroglossus FMA FMA:46700 chondroglossal FMA:46700 chondroglossus adductor pollicis muscle of prepollex AAO:0010811 Originates from the distal carpal 5-4-3 and inserts on the palmar prepollex. UBERON:0011564 m. adductor pollicis uberon AAO:0010811 Originates from the distal carpal 5-4-3 and inserts on the palmar prepollex. AAO:0010811 m. adductor pollicis lumen of gastrointestinal system FMA:54364 SCTID:432899004 UBERON:0011565 cavity of digestive tract cavity of gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract lumen lumen of gastrointestinal tract uberon FMA:54364 gastrointestinal tract lumen FMA:54364 lumen of gastrointestinal tract lumen of esophagus An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus. FMA:9398 SCTID:322648002 UBERON:0011566 cavity of eosophagus cavity of esophagus eosophageal cavity eosophageal lumen eosophagus lumen esophageal cavity esophageal lumen esophagus lumen uberon FMA:9398 cavity of esophagus FMA:9398 esophageal cavity FMA:9398 esophageal lumen FMA:9398 esophagus lumen An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic FMA mesonephric duct lumen A tube lumen that is part of a mesonephric duct. EHDAA2:0001244 UBERON:0011574 cavity of nephric duct nephric duct lumen uberon EHDAA2:0001244 nephric duct lumen A tube lumen that is part of a mesonephric duct. OBOL:automatic styloid process of ulna FMA:23628 SCTID:181952009 The styloid process of the ulna projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist[WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0011575 processus styloideus ulnae uberon ulnar styloid process Wikipedia:Ulnar_styloid_process processus styloideus ulnae FMA The styloid process of the ulna projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ulnar_styloid_process FMA:23628 ulnar styloid process FMA:TA processus styloideus ulnae FMA supra-orbital region of bone FMA:53097 FMA:57137 Neanderthals have a Supraorbital torus, a prominent, trabecular (spongy) brow ridge. UBERON:0011576 UMLS:C2826587 a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates. In Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans) the eyebrows are located on their lower margin[WP]. arcus superciliaris eyebrow bone frontal torus frontal torus margin of the orbit margo supraorbitalis (os frontale) ncithesaurus:Orbital_Ridge see also: xref: AAO:0000590 superciliary ridge supra-orbital margin of frontal bone supraorbital arch supraorbital margin supraorbital surface of frontal bone supraorbital torus supraorbital torus uberon Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge frontal torus Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge margin of the orbit Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge eyebrow bone NCBITaxon:63221 Neanderthals have a Supraorbital torus, a prominent, trabecular (spongy) brow ridge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_anatomy Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates. In Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans) the eyebrows are located on their lower margin[WP]. Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge superciliary ridge Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge supraorbital torus Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge supraorbital margin Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge supraorbital arch FMA:53097 margo supraorbitalis (os frontale) FMA:57137 supraorbital surface of frontal bone Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge arcus superciliaris Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge frontal torus Wikipedia:Supraorbital_ridge supraorbital torus FMA:53097 supra-orbital margin of frontal bone flexural organ Taxon notes: may be an ontogenetical remnant of the infundibular organ in cephalochordates. Editor notes: we cannot classify as a secretory circumventricular organ, as this leads to unsatisfiability UBERON:0011577 ZFA:0007071 a portion of tissue that is the most anterior portion of the notochord. The flexural organ secretes Reissner's fiber-related proteins, including F-spondin. uberon ZFA:0007071 a portion of tissue that is the most anterior portion of the notochord. The flexural organ secretes Reissner's fiber-related proteins, including F-spondin. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=76834&atid=994726 ZFA unvetted venom gland A gland that secretes venom. Note we include a separate class for snake venom glands SCTID:362181001 UBERON:0011579 uberon A gland that secretes venom. UBERON:cjm platypus crural gland A kidney-shaped alveolar glands located in the upper thigh connected by a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus spur, or calcar, on each hind lim UBERON:0011580 uberon A kidney-shaped alveolar glands located in the upper thigh connected by a thin-walled duct to a calcaneus spur, or calcar, on each hind lim Wikipedia:Platypus_venom#Spur_and_crural_gland platypus calcaneus spur Taxon notes: The female platypus, in common with echidnas, has rudimentary spur buds which do not develop (dropping off before the end of their first year) and lack functional crural glands. Not to be confused with 'calcaneal spur', a small osteophyte (bone spur) located on the calcaneus (heel bone) UBERON:0011581 ankle spur calcaneus spur hind-leg spur poisonous ankle spur uberon limb/fin skeleton Skeletal subdivision that is part of the paired limb/fin.[VSAO] The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. UBERON:0011582 VSAO:0000301 skeletal parts of limb/fin skeleton of limb/fin uberon The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. UBERON:cjm ISBN:9780878932504 2012-08-14 GO_REF:0000034 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the paired limb/fin.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0000301 stylopodial skeleton Proximal element of a free limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively[VSAO, modified]. Proximal element of the limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively.[VSAO] UBERON:0011583 VSAO:0005007 propodial propodial skeleton propodium stylopod stylopodial stylopodium stylopodium skeleton uberon Proximal element of a free limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0005007 VSAO:0005007 stylopod 2012-08-14 Proximal element of the limb skeleton consisting of the femur and humerus in the forelimb stylopodium and hindlimb stylopodium respectively.[VSAO] VSAO VSAO:0005007 VSAO:NI VSAO VSAO:0005007 propodium zeugopodial skeleton Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium. UBERON:0011584 VSAO:0005010 epipodium skeleton of zeugopod uberon zeugopod skeleton zeugopodial zygopodial zygopodium Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium. VSAO:0005010 UBERON:cjm zeugopod skeleton VSAO UBERON:cjm skeleton of zeugopod VSAO:0005010 epipodium VSAO:0005010 zygopodium cell condensation Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). Editor notes: consider obsoleting, coordinate with VSAO UBERON:0011585 VSAO:0000006 XAO:0004021 uberon Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). VSAO:0000006 VSAO obsolete proteinaceous extracellular matrix UBERON:0011586 obsoleted as it was already present in GO true uberon pre-dentine Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix[VSAO]. UBERON:0011587 VSAO:0000071 XAO:0004052 pre-dentine tissue predentin predentine tissue uberon VSAO:curator predentine tissue UBERONREF:0000002 Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix[VSAO]. VSAO:0000071 VSAO:curator pre-dentine tissue VSAO http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3360947 predentin pre-enamel Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. UBERON:0011588 VSAO:0000066 XAO:0004202 pre-enamel tissue preenamel tissue uberon VSAO:curator pre-enamel tissue Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. VSAO:0000066 VSAO VSAO:curator preenamel tissue non-mineralized cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. Editor notes: add developmental relationships UBERON:0011589 VSAO:0000089 XAO:0004044 uberon VSAO Cartilage tissue that is not mineralized. VSAO:0000089 commissure of diencephalon A commissure that is part of a diencephalon. FMA:62445 UBERON:0011590 diencephalon commissure uberon FMA:62445 diencephalon commissure A commissure that is part of a diencephalon. OBOL:automatic tract of diencephalon An axon tract that is part of a diencephalon. FMA:62447 UBERON:0011591 diencephalon tract uberon An axon tract that is part of a diencephalon. OBOL:automatic FMA:62447 diencephalon tract future upper lip EHDAA2:0002120 UBERON:0011592 uberon upper jaw future lip EHDAA2:0002120 upper jaw future lip EHDAA2 fusion fusion maxillary tooth AAO:0000287 SCTID:422279005 TAO:0001627 Tooth that is attached to a maxilla[TAO,modified]. Tooth that is attached to the maxilla.[TAO] UBERON:0011593 maxillary teeth uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001627 TAO:wd Tooth that is attached to the maxilla.[TAO] AAO:0000287 maxillary teeth TAO:0001627 Tooth that is attached to a maxilla[TAO,modified]. dentary tooth AAO:0000125 AAO:0000641 Editor notes: Note that we treat dentary tooth and mandibular tooth as equivalent SCTID:245547003 TAO:0001628 Tooth that is attached to a dentary/mandible[TAO,modified]. Tooth that is attached to the dentary.[TAO] UBERON:0011594 mandibular teeth mandibular tooth relationship loss: part_of dentary tooth row (TAO:0001952)[TAO] tooth of dentary uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001628 relationship loss: part_of dentary tooth row (TAO:0001952)[TAO] AAO:0000641 mandibular teeth 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001628 TAO:wd Tooth that is attached to the dentary.[TAO] TAO:0001628 Tooth that is attached to a dentary/mandible[TAO,modified]. jaw region UBERON:0011595 http://eol.org/collections/11578 there are two jaw regions: the upper and lower. Each jaw region can be subdivided into left and right halves uberon future lower lip EHDAA2:0001020 UBERON:0011596 lower jaw future lip uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001020 lower jaw future lip Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence bone of upper jaw Any bone that is part of the upper jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the maxilla, the quadrate (in some species). Editor notes: Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified UBERON:0011597 uberon upper jaw bone Any bone that is part of the upper jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the maxilla, the quadrate (in some species). UBERON:cjm coronoid bone AAO:0000103 TAO:0001673 UBERON:0011598 coronoid process uberon AAO TAO:0001673 coronoid process Kardong mandibular series AAO lenticular process of incus FMA:52775 SCTID:368928003 UBERON:0011599 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/ear/images/Incus3.gif incus crus longum lenticular process processus lenticularis processus lenticularis (incus) the lenticular process may be homologous to the shaft of the stapes and result from fusion of the former quadrate- stapes articulation. This speculation is consistent with the observation that artiodactyls have a very short lenticular process (Thewissen & Hussain (1993)), with perhaps greater length to the corresponding process of the stapes[http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/ear/incus.html] the long ventral process of the incus which articulates with the stapes uberon FMA:52775 processus lenticularis (incus) http://palaeos.com incus crus longum FMA http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryJL.html the long ventral process of the incus which articulates with the stapes gingiva of upper jaw A gingiva that is part of a upper jaw region. EMAPA:18970 FMA:59763 SCTID:304703001 UBERON:0011601 gum of maxilla gum of upper jaw uberon upper jaw gingiva FMA:59763 upper jaw gingiva A gingiva that is part of a upper jaw region. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:18970 gum of upper jaw gingiva of lower jaw A gingiva that is part of a lower jaw region. EMAPA:18967 FMA:59764 SCTID:304704007 UBERON:0011602 gum of lower jaw gum of mandible lower jaw gingiva uberon A gingiva that is part of a lower jaw region. OBOL:automatic FMA:59764 lower jaw gingiva EMAPA:18967 gum of lower jaw coronoid tooth AAO:0000104 Tooth that is attached to a coronoid bone. UBERON:0011603 coronoid teeth uberon Tooth that is attached to a coronoid bone. UBERON:cjm AAO:0000104 coronoid teeth carina of sternum An extension of the sternum (breastbone) which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs[WP]. UBERON:0011604 carina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Br%C3%A9chet.png/180px-Br%C3%A9chet.png keel uberon An extension of the sternum (breastbone) which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs[WP]. Wikipedia:Keel_(bird) supracoracoideus 'A muscle in the bird's thorax region that originates from carina of the sternum, furcula, and sternal ribs and inserts onto proximal dorsal surface of the humerus. It acts as a primary elevator of the wing in upstroke. [Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function, by Proctor and Lynch, 1998]. UBERON:0011605 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Wing_Muscles%2C_color.svg pectoralis minor uberon 'A muscle in the bird's thorax region that originates from carina of the sternum, furcula, and sternal ribs and inserts onto proximal dorsal surface of the humerus. It acts as a primary elevator of the wing in upstroke. [Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure and Function, by Proctor and Lynch, 1998]. ID:KFC0000604 ID:KFC0000604 pectoralis minor hyomandibular bone EFO:0003556 In most teleosts, there is a symplectic, and the hyomandibula articulates with it anteroventrally. Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and (in teleosts) articulates with the neurocranium dorsally and the opercle posteriorly[TAO,modified]. Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the neurocranium dorsally and the opercle posteriorly.[TAO] TAO:0000672 This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0011606 VHOG:0000688 ZFA:0000672 hyomandibula hyomandibular relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-metapterygoid joint (TAO:0001979)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-opercle joint (TAO:0005265)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps preopercle vertical limb-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0005278)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0001801)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0001801)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps preopercle vertical limb-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0005278)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000672 Wikipedia:Hyomandibula hyomandibular 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-metapterygoid joint (TAO:0001979)[TAO] Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and (in teleosts) articulates with the neurocranium dorsally and the opercle posteriorly[TAO,modified]. TAO:0000672 Wikipedia:Hyomandibula TAO 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948) This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000688 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the neurocranium dorsally and the opercle posteriorly.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000672 ZFIN:curator TAO:0000672 hyomandibula 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-opercle joint (TAO:0005265)[TAO] hyomandibular cartilage Cartilage form of the hyomandibular element. EFO:0003686 Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the chondrocranium dorsally, the opercle bone posteriorly, and the palatoquadrate cartilage anteriorly.[TAO] TAO:0001422 Taxon notes: The stapes is homologous to the hyomandibula. In this ontology, we use the class 'hyomandibular cartilage' generally to include the future stapes, the future hyomandibular bone of teleosts and the unossified cartilage in sharks. This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0011607 VHOG:0000688 ZFA:0001422 hyosymplectic cartilage symplectic cartilage uberon TAO:0001422 symplectic cartilage TAO Cartilage form of the hyomandibular element. UBERON:cjm ZFA:0001422 hyosymplectic cartilage 2012-08-14 Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the chondrocranium dorsally, the opercle bone posteriorly, and the palatoquadrate cartilage anteriorly.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001422 ZFIN:curator 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948) This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000688 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hyomandibular element In most teleosts, there is a symplectic, and the hyomandibula articulates with it anteroventrally.[TAO] Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the neurocranium dorsally and the opercle posteriorly.[TAO] TAO:0000672 This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0011608 VHOG:0000688 epihyal hyomandibula - stapes hyomandibula element relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-metapterygoid joint (TAO:0001979)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-opercle joint (TAO:0005265)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps preopercle vertical limb-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0005278)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0001801)[TAO] the upper paired deep bone or cartilage of the hyoid region, sometimes taking part in jaw suspension and which supports the opercle. Dorsally it articulates with the otic capsule at the hyomandibular fossa, ventrally with the quadrate and symplectic. In most Teleostei it has a foramen for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII). uberon http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/8715/hyomandibula the upper paired deep bone or cartilage of the hyoid region, sometimes taking part in jaw suspension and which supports the opercle. Dorsally it articulates with the otic capsule at the hyomandibular fossa, ventrally with the quadrate and symplectic. In most Teleostei it has a foramen for the hyomandibular branch of the facial nerve (VII). VHOG:0000688 hyomandibula - stapes 2012-08-14 Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the neurocranium dorsally and the opercle posteriorly.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000672 ZFIN:curator 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-opercle joint (TAO:0005265)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps preopercle vertical limb-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0005278)[TAO] 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1017/S0022215100009087 Gerrie J, The phylogeny of the mammalian tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles. The Journal of Laryngology and Otology (1948) This structure (the hyomandibular), on ontogenic grounds alone, can be considered homologous with the amphibian and reptilian columella and the mammalian stapes.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000688 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibula-metapterygoid joint (TAO:0001979)[TAO] epihyal http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/gill_arches/gill_arches.html 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps quadrate-hyomandibula joint (TAO:0001801)[TAO] 2012-09-06 Curator In most teleosts, there is a symplectic, and the hyomandibula articulates with it anteroventrally.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000672 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000672 relationship loss: overlaps hyomandibular-otic region joint (TAO:0001947)[TAO] ceratohyal element UBERON:0011609 keratohyal element uberon TAO-abduced ceratohyal cartilage Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is bilaterally paired and the largest cartilaginous component of the ventral hyoid arch.[TAO] TAO:0001400 UBERON:0011610 ZFA:0001400 relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-branchiostegal ray joint (TAO:0001850)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps dorsal hypohyal-urohyal joint (TAO:0001847)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps epihyal-branchiostegal ray joint (TAO:0001849)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps inter-ventral hypohyal joint (TAO:0001846)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps interhyal-epihyal joint (TAO:0001841)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps ventral hypohyal-urohyal joint (TAO:0001848)[TAO] uberon 2012-08-14 Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is bilaterally paired and the largest cartilaginous component of the ventral hyoid arch.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001400 ZFIN:curator TAO 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001400 relationship loss: overlaps interhyal-epihyal joint (TAO:0001841)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001400 relationship loss: overlaps epihyal-branchiostegal ray joint (TAO:0001849)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001400 relationship loss: overlaps ventral hypohyal-urohyal joint (TAO:0001848)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001400 relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-branchiostegal ray joint (TAO:0001850)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001400 relationship loss: overlaps dorsal hypohyal-urohyal joint (TAO:0001847)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001400 relationship loss: overlaps inter-ventral hypohyal joint (TAO:0001846)[TAO] ceratohyal bone AAO:0000666 Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the hypohyal cartilage or bone, dorsal and ventral hypohyals, and posterior ceratohyal posteriorly.[TAO] SCTID:370641002 TAO:0000578 UBERON:0011611 ZFA:0000578 anterior ceratohyal anterohyal anterohyals ceratohyal ceratohyal anterior ceratohyal bone ceratohyale ceratohyals ceratohyoid ceratohyoid bone distal ceratohyal hyale hyoid keratohyale relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-branchiostegal ray joint (TAO:0001850)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-dorsal hypohyal joint (TAO:0001843)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-ventral hypohyal joint (TAO:0001844)[TAO] relationship loss: overlaps epihyal-ceratohyal joint (TAO:0001842)[TAO] rostral ceratohyal uberon zungenbeinknorpel 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000578 relationship loss: overlaps epihyal-ceratohyal joint (TAO:0001842)[TAO] ceratohyoid TAO:0000578 ceratohyal AAO:0000666 zungenbeinknorpel TAO TAO:0000578 rostral ceratohyal 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000578 relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-ventral hypohyal joint (TAO:0001844)[TAO] TAO:0000578 ceratohyal bone TAO:0000578 anterior ceratohyal 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000578 relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-dorsal hypohyal joint (TAO:0001843)[TAO] TAO TAO:0000578 distal ceratohyal TAO:0000578 anterohyals AAO:0000666 hyoid TAO:0000578 anterohyal 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0000578 relationship loss: overlaps ceratohyal-branchiostegal ray joint (TAO:0001850)[TAO] TAO:0000578 ceratohyal anterior TAO:0000578 ceratohyals AAO:0000666 hyale 2012-08-14 Replacement bone that is bilaterally paired and articulates with the hypohyal cartilage or bone, dorsal and ventral hypohyals, and posterior ceratohyal posteriorly.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000578 ZFIN:curator AAO:0000666 ceratohyale AAO:0000666 keratohyale hypohyal cartilage Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is bilaterally paired and articulates posteriorly with the ceratohyal cartilage.[TAO] TAO:0001868 UBERON:0011612 uberon TAO 2012-08-14 Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is bilaterally paired and articulates posteriorly with the ceratohyal cartilage.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001868 TAO:wd hypohyal element The hypohyal is a ventral element of the hyoid arch which links the ceratohyal and the basihyal. UBERON:0011613 uberon TAO-abduced The hypohyal is a ventral element of the hyoid arch which links the ceratohyal and the basihyal. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/gill_arches/hypohyal.html basihyal element Skeletal element that is median and is the anterior-most element of the ventral hyoid arch. TAO:0001891 UBERON:0011614 uberon Skeletal element that is median and is the anterior-most element of the ventral hyoid arch. TAO:0001891 TAO basihyal cartilage Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is median and is the anterior-most cartilage of the ventral hyoid arch. TAO:0001510 UBERON:0011615 ZFA:0001510 copula 1 uberon TAO TAO:0001510 copula 1 Pharyngeal arch cartilage that is median and is the anterior-most cartilage of the ventral hyoid arch. TAO:0001510 TAO basihyal bone Replacement bone that is median and is the anterior-most bone of the ventral hyoid arch. TAO:0000316 UBERON:0011618 VSAO_RETIRED:0000007 ZFA:0000316 basihyoid glossohyal uberon TAO:0000316 basihyoid Replacement bone that is median and is the anterior-most bone of the ventral hyoid arch. TAO:0000316 TAO:0000316 glossohyal TAO TAO TAO stylohyoid bone SCTID:370715004 Taxon notes: The stylohyoid bone is one of the four bones ( stylohyoid, ceratohyoid, basihyoid, thyrohyoid) of the hyoid apparatus in the horse. Other species have five bones, the fifth being the epihyoid that is not present in the horse. The stylohyoid bone in the horse is significantly larger compared to other bones of the hyoid apparatus and divides the guttural pouch into two chambers, medial and lateral. The hyoid apparatus consists of a series of bony rods, jointed together and forming a means of suspending the tongue and larynx from the skull[MURDOCH] This is the paired bone that makes up the segment of the mammalian hyoid apparatus connecting the epihyoids with the skull via the tympanohyoid cartilages on each side. Ventrally, it defines the medial and lateral compartments of the guttural pouch in the horse. UBERON:0011619 uberon MURDOCH:1758 This is the paired bone that makes up the segment of the mammalian hyoid apparatus connecting the epihyoids with the skull via the tympanohyoid cartilages on each side. Ventrally, it defines the medial and lateral compartments of the guttural pouch in the horse. basihyal lingual process A projection on the basihyal bone. Laterally the lingual process is compressed. It has a blunt pointed free end, and its lateral surfaces are slightly concave. The dorsal border is thin and irregular, and the ventral border is thick and rough. In the living animal the lingual process is embedded within the root of the tongue. UBERON:0011620 lingual process of basihyoid lingual process of basihyoid bone lingual process of hyoid uberon A projection on the basihyal bone. Laterally the lingual process is compressed. It has a blunt pointed free end, and its lateral surfaces are slightly concave. The dorsal border is thin and irregular, and the ventral border is thick and rough. In the living animal the lingual process is embedded within the root of the tongue. MURDOCH:1080 thyrohyoid cartilage This small finger of cartilage completes the connection between the thyrohyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage (rostral cornu) UBERON:0011621 uberon MURDOCH:2033 This small finger of cartilage completes the connection between the thyrohyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage (rostral cornu) TAO thyrohyoid bone Is a laterally bowed, sagitally compressed, slender element that extends from dorsocaudally from the lateral parts of the basihyoid. It connects the basiohyoid with the rostral corner of the thyroid cartlilage of the larynx. SCTID:370708007 UBERON:0011622 uberon Is a laterally bowed, sagitally compressed, slender element that extends from dorsocaudally from the lateral parts of the basihyoid. It connects the basiohyoid with the rostral corner of the thyroid cartlilage of the larynx. MURDOCH:1951 horn of thyroid cartilage FMA:55300 SCTID:279518009 UBERON:0011623 cornu of thyroid cartilage thyroid cartilage horn uberon FMA:55300 cornu of thyroid cartilage FMA:55300 thyroid cartilage horn superior horn of thyroid cartilage FMA:55294 SCTID:279520007 The superior horn of thyroid cartilage is long and narrow, directed upward, backward, and medialward, and ends in a conical extremity, which gives attachment to the lateral hyothyroid ligament. UBERON:0011624 cornu superius (cartilago thyroidea) cornu superius cartilaginis thyroideae superior cornu of thyroid cartilage uberon FMA:55294 cornu superius (cartilago thyroidea) cornu superius cartilaginis thyroideae FMA:55294 superior cornu of thyroid cartilage FMA The superior horn of thyroid cartilage is long and narrow, directed upward, backward, and medialward, and ends in a conical extremity, which gives attachment to the lateral hyothyroid ligament. Wikipedia:Superior_horn_of_thyroid_cartilage inferior horn of thyroid cartilage FMA:55297 SCTID:279521006 The inferior horn of thyroid cartilage is short and thick; it is directed downward, with a slight inclination forward and medialward, and presents, on the medial side of its tip, a small oval articular facet for articulation with the side of the cricoid cartilage. UBERON:0011625 cornu inferius (cartilago thyroidea) cornu inferius cartilaginis thyroideae uberon cornu inferius cartilaginis thyroideae The inferior horn of thyroid cartilage is short and thick; it is directed downward, with a slight inclination forward and medialward, and presents, on the medial side of its tip, a small oval articular facet for articulation with the side of the cricoid cartilage. Wikipedia:Inferior_horn_of_thyroid_cartilage FMA:55297 cornu inferius (cartilago thyroidea) FMA tympanohyoid cartilage SCTID:370702008 UBERON:0011626 the terminal segment in the chain of skeletal elements of the hyoid apparatus. One of a pair of rods of cartilage that connect the hyoid bone to the styloid process of the petrous part of the temporal bone uberon http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/tympanohyoid the terminal segment in the chain of skeletal elements of the hyoid apparatus. One of a pair of rods of cartilage that connect the hyoid bone to the styloid process of the petrous part of the temporal bone orbital part of frontal bone FMA:52849 The orbital or horizontal part of the frontal bone (pars orbitalis) consists of two thin triangular plates, the orbital plates, which form the vaults of the orbits, and are separated from one another by a median gap, the ethmoidal notch. UBERON:0011627 pars orbitalis pars orbitalis (os frontale) pars orbitalis ossis frontalis uberon Wikipedia:Orbital_part_of_frontal_bone pars orbitalis ossis frontalis FMA:52849 pars orbitalis (os frontale) FMA Wikipedia:Orbital_part_of_frontal_bone pars orbitalis FMA-abduced-lr The orbital or horizontal part of the frontal bone (pars orbitalis) consists of two thin triangular plates, the orbital plates, which form the vaults of the orbits, and are separated from one another by a median gap, the ethmoidal notch. Wikipedia:Orbital_part_of_frontal_bone early premaxilla EHDAA2:0001495 UBERON:0011628 uberon Kardong EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 supratemporal bone UBERON:0011629 supratemporal uberon Kardong temporal series intertemporal bone UBERON:0011630 intertemporal uberon Kardong temporal series tabular bone UBERON:0011631 tabular uberon Kardong temporal series ectopterygoid bone Dermal bone that forms the lateral border of the palate and articulates with the quadrate posteriorly, the entopterygoid medially and the dermopalatine and/or autopalatine antero-laterally. The ectopterygoid is a paired bone.[TAO] EFO:0003552 Provenance notes: taken from TAO but is present in tetrapods TAO:0000656 The ectopterygoid is often toothed.[TAO] UBERON:0011634 ZFA:0000656 a palatal bone which -- like many palatal bones -- may originally have developed as a dermal bone replacing part of the palatoquadrate, the primitive upper jaw. Like the palatine (also called dermopalatine), the ectopterygoid replaces the middle part of the autopalatine. It may be serially homologous with the palatine(s), but is somewhat specialized, being the last (most posterior in palatal view) of the series and bordering the fossa for the jaw muscles. In a typical tetrapod it abuts the palatine anteriorly, the maxilla laterally, the pterygoid or the fossa mandubuaris medially, and the fossa posteriorly ectopterygoid uberon Kardong palatal series a palatal bone which -- like many palatal bones -- may originally have developed as a dermal bone replacing part of the palatoquadrate, the primitive upper jaw. Like the palatine (also called dermopalatine), the ectopterygoid replaces the middle part of the autopalatine. It may be serially homologous with the palatine(s), but is somewhat specialized, being the last (most posterior in palatal view) of the series and bordering the fossa for the jaw muscles. In a typical tetrapod it abuts the palatine anteriorly, the maxilla laterally, the pterygoid or the fossa mandubuaris medially, and the fossa posteriorly http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryE.html 2012-08-14 Dermal bone that forms the lateral border of the palate and articulates with the quadrate posteriorly, the entopterygoid medially and the dermopalatine and/or autopalatine antero-laterally. The ectopterygoid is a paired bone.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000656 TAO:ga_tg ZFIN:curator TAO 2012-09-06 Curator TAO TAO:0000656 The ectopterygoid is often toothed.[TAO] http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/palatal-palatines.html may be serially homologous with the palatines TAO:0000656 ectopterygoid splenial bone AAO:0000573 The splenial is a small bone in the lower jaw of reptiles, amphibians and birds, usually located on the lingual side (closest to the tongue) between the angular and suprangular. UBERON:0011635 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Dentary1.gif splenial uberon AAO The splenial is a small bone in the lower jaw of reptiles, amphibians and birds, usually located on the lingual side (closest to the tongue) between the angular and suprangular. Wikipedia:Splenial AAO:0000573 splenial Kardong mandibular series AAO surangular bone Dermal bone of the suspensorium.[TAO] TAO:0002287 Taxon notes: "Nevertheless, it is not completely clear that this[osteichthyans] surangular is homologous with the surangular in tetrapods"[paleos] In some lepospondyls, and in frogs and salamanders, the surangular is absent. However, it becomes increasingly significant in the anthracosaur lineage. In turtles, it is one of the two principle bones of the lower jaw. In lepidosaurs, it is less important because of the development of a separate coronoid bone. In advanced lizards and pythonomorphs, it may fuse with the articular and perhaps other bones and loses its separate identity. In syanapsids, a secondary jaw joint develops between the surangular and the squamosal, which becomes the unique mammalian jaw articulation. However, the surangular fuses with the dentary and becomes the unitary mammalian "mandible" without a separate identity The surangular is a dermal bone of the lower jaw. It typically covers much of the dorsal and lateral surface of the posterior jaw and variably extends onto the medial (inside) surface. The surangular articulates with and supports the articular, which forms the jaw joint with the quadrate in most vertebrates, and is in turn supported by the angular. More distally, the surangular bridges the mandibular fenestra, if one is present. It may also bear a raised dorsal coronoid process, an important attachment site for the mandibular adductors. At its distal (or rostral) end, the surangular meets the dentary, the main tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw in most vertebrates. UBERON:0011636 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Dentary1.gif http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Surangular1.gif supra-angular supra-angular bone supraangular supraangular bone suprangular suprangular bone surangular uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/164 supraangular Palaeos TAO Wikipedia:Suprangular http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/164 suprangular http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/164 supraangular bone TAO:0002287 surangular http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/164 supra-angular bone paleos.com Kardong mandibular series http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/164 supra-angular The surangular is a dermal bone of the lower jaw. It typically covers much of the dorsal and lateral surface of the posterior jaw and variably extends onto the medial (inside) surface. The surangular articulates with and supports the articular, which forms the jaw joint with the quadrate in most vertebrates, and is in turn supported by the angular. More distally, the surangular bridges the mandibular fenestra, if one is present. It may also bear a raised dorsal coronoid process, an important attachment site for the mandibular adductors. At its distal (or rostral) end, the surangular meets the dentary, the main tooth-bearing bone of the lower jaw in most vertebrates. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/mandibular-surangular.html http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/164 suprangular bone 2012-08-14 Dermal bone of the suspensorium.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002287 TAO:wd prearticular bone AAO:0000458 Osseous element of intramembranous origin that extends along the lingual margin of Meckel's cartilage. UBERON:0011637 http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/dermal/images/Dentary1.gif prearticular uberon AAO:0000458 prearticular AAO:0000458 Osseous element of intramembranous origin that extends along the lingual margin of Meckel's cartilage. AAO AAO Kardong mandibular series pharyngeal arch 8 8 UBERON:0011638 branchial arch 6 gill arch 6 uberon visceral arch 8 TAO frontoparietal bone AAO:0000207 An anuran dermal bone that usually is paired and roofs the braincase. UBERON:0011639 fronto-parietaux frontoparietal os fronto-parietale parietaux parietofrontal uberon AAO AAO:0000207 os fronto-parietale AAO:0000207 parietofrontal AAO:0000207 frontoparietal AAO:0000207 fronto-parietaux AAO:0000207 parietaux AAO:0000207 An anuran dermal bone that usually is paired and roofs the braincase. Kardong orbital series palatoglossal arch A fold that lies between the mouth and pharynx and marks the posterior border of the mouth FMA:55024 SCTID:276958001 UBERON:0011640 anterior pillar of fauces arcus glossopalatinus arcus palatoglossus glossopalatine arch plica anterior faucium uberon FMA:TA plica anterior faucium FMA A fold that lies between the mouth and pharynx and marks the posterior border of the mouth ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Palatoglossal_arch Wikipedia:Palatoglossal_arch arcus palatoglossus FMA:55024 glossopalatine arch Wikipedia:Palatoglossal_arch arcus glossopalatinus FMA:55024 anterior pillar of fauces odontogenic papilla of molar An odontogenic papilla that is part of a molar tooth [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0011641 molar mesenchyme molar odontogenic papilla molar tooth odontogenic papilla odontogenic papilla of molar tooth uberon An odontogenic papilla that is part of a molar tooth [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic odontogenic papilla of molar tooth EHDAA2-abduced OBOL:automatic molar odontogenic papilla UBERON:cjm molar mesenchyme OBOL:automatic molar tooth odontogenic papilla oral epithelium from ectoderm An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. EHDAA2:0004137 UBERON:0011642 uberon An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 EHDAA2 puboischiofemoralis internus muscle Taxon notes: 3 muscles differentiate from this: psoas, iliacus and pectineus. UBERON:0011643 a single large dorsal limb rotator muscle in lower tetrapods that runs from the lumber region and girdle to the femur. puboischiofemoralis internus uberon ISBN10:0073040584 a single large dorsal limb rotator muscle in lower tetrapods that runs from the lumber region and girdle to the femur. Kardong Kardong puboischiofemoralis externus muscle Taxon notes: obturator externus and quadratus femoris are derivatives UBERON:0011644 a single large ventral muscle in lower tetrapods that runs from the pubis and aschium to the femur. puboischiofemoralis externus uberon ISBN10:0073040584 a single large ventral muscle in lower tetrapods that runs from the pubis and aschium to the femur. Kardong iliofemoralis muscle Limb extensor that runs from ilium to femur. UBERON:0011645 iliofemoralis uberon ISBN10:0073040584 Limb extensor that runs from ilium to femur. patagialis muscle UBERON:0011646 uberon depressor mandibulae muscle AAO:0010715 Taxon notes: Homolog of levator operculi and epihyoidean - or in mammals, the stapedius (the digastric opens the jaws)[Kardong] The (sphenodon) m. Depressor Mandibulae originates from the posterodorsal edge of the parietal and squamosal, and from a small mid-line portion of connective tissue[http://palaeo-electronica.org/2009_2/179/other.htm] The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0011647 VHOG:0000813 depressor labi mandibularis depressor labi mandibularis muscle depressor mandibulae uberon Kardong AAO 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000813 http://bgee.unil.ch/ AAO:0010715 depressor mandibulae Kardong jaw muscle AAO:0000247 EFO:0003511 TAO:0000236 UBERON:0011648 XAO:0003269 ZFA:0000236 mandibular muscle mandibular muscles uberon TAO:0000236 mandibular muscles TAO:0000236 mandibular muscle levator operculi Hyoid muscle that originates at the ventrolateral margin of the pterotic and inserts in the dorsomesial edge of the opercle. The levator operculi is responible for jaw depression, its force of contraction is transmitted through the opercular series and the interoperculo-mandibular ligament to the lower jaw. TAO:0000537 The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0011649 VHOG:0000813 ZFA:0000537 inserts onto operculum[Kardong] levator operculae levator operculi muscle uberon ZFA ZFA:0000537 levator operculae Hyoid muscle that originates at the ventrolateral margin of the pterotic and inserts in the dorsomesial edge of the opercle. The levator operculi is responible for jaw depression, its force of contraction is transmitted through the opercular series and the interoperculo-mandibular ligament to the lower jaw. ZFA:0000537 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000813 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Kardong Kardong epihyoidean Muscle in sharks that is homologous to levator operculi and depressor mandibulae / stapedius The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0011650 VHOG:0000813 uberon Kardong Kardong 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.398 The depressor mandibulae of tetrapods, which opens the jaws, is the homologue of the levator operculi and epihyoidean. In mammals, the depressor mandibulae evolves into the stapedius (...).[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000813 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ventral head of rib AAO:0000723 Taxon notes: Ribs of primitive tetrapods are bicipital (having two heads)[Kardong]. UBERON:0011651 Ventral head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the parapophysis[AAO]. capitulum capitulum of costa capitulum of rib costal capitulum uberon AAO:0000723 Ventral head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the parapophysis[AAO]. AAO:0000723 capitulum of rib dorsal head of rib AAO:0000722 Dorsal head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the diapophysis[AAO]. Taxon notes: Ribs of primitive tetrapods are bicipital (having two heads)[Kardong]. Terminology notes: sometimes called the tuberculum, but not to be confused with the tubercle, which is between body and neck UBERON:0011652 tuberculum tuberculum of rib uberon AAO:0000722 tuberculum AAO:0000722 Dorsal head of a bicapitate rib. It articulates with the diapophysis[AAO]. diapophysis of rib AAO:0000706 Paired processes that arise near the midpoint of the neural arch lamina, for the attachment of the tuberculum of two-headed ribs. Also called transverse processes. In anurans, the term diapophysis is used in reference to the modified transverse processes of the sacral vertebra elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. UBERON:0011653 diapophysis uberon Kardong AAO:0000706 Paired processes that arise near the midpoint of the neural arch lamina, for the attachment of the tuberculum of two-headed ribs. Also called transverse processes. In anurans, the term diapophysis is used in reference to the modified transverse processes of the sacral vertebra elaborated for support of the pelvic girdle. AAO AAO:0000706 diapophysis interclavicle Dermal bone of pectoral girdle that is median and ventral in position. See discussion on pectoral girdles - change relationship to overlaps? Kardong: enlarged oval scale. // Present in therapids and monotremes, reduced in size in marsupials and placentals. UBERON:0011655 VSAO:0000161 uberon VSAO VSAO Dermal bone of pectoral girdle that is median and ventral in position. VSAO:0000161 dermal element of plastron Fused ventral dermal element constituting the plastron. UBERON:0011657 plastral plate uberon ISBN10:0073040584 plastral plate Fused ventral dermal element constituting the plastron. ISBN10:0073040584 epiplastron Derived ancestrally from the clavicle. Paired dermal bone that is part of the anterior region of the plastron. The epiplastron is found only in turtles. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. UBERON:0011658 clavicle uberon ISBN10:0073040584 clavicle ISBN10:0073040584 PHENOSCAPE:ad PHENOSCAPE:mah Paired dermal bone that is part of the anterior region of the plastron. The epiplastron is found only in turtles. [PHENOSCAPE:ad]. entoplastron A median bone at the anterior margin of the plastron. UBERON:0011659 interclavicle uberon ISBN10:0073040584 interclavicle A median bone at the anterior margin of the plastron. ISBN10:0073040584 hypoplastron UBERON:0011660 uberon xiphiplastron UBERON:0011661 uberon plastron-carapice bridge UBERON:0011662 bridge struct uberon anterior plastron-carapice bridge UBERON:0011663 anterior bridge struct uberon posterior plastron-carapice bridge UBERON:0011664 posterior bridge struct uberon carapace bone Fused dorsal element constituting the carapace of a turtle shell. The carapace contains a mix of dermal bone and rib cage UBERON:0011665 carapace plate uberon Fused dorsal element constituting the carapace of a turtle shell. ISBN10:0073040584 peripheral plate of carapace One of a series of bones around the edge of the carapace. UBERON:0011666 uberon ISBN10:0073040584 One of a series of bones around the edge of the carapace. pleural plate of carapace A combination of ribs and fused dermal bone[WP] One of eight pairs of plates on the carapace, forming two rows adjacent to the peripheral plates. UBERON:0011667 uberon ISBN10:0073040584 One of eight pairs of plates on the carapace, forming two rows adjacent to the peripheral plates. nuchal plate of carapace . UBERON:0011668 uberon . ISBN10:0073040584 neural plate of carapace In many species of Pleurodire they are submerged below the pleurals[WP] One of a series of plates on the dorsal midline of the turtle shell, posterior to the nuchal bone. UBERON:0011669 uberon ISBN10:0073040584 One of a series of plates on the dorsal midline of the turtle shell, posterior to the nuchal bone. pygal plate of carapace One of three plates on the posterior end of the carapace, posterior to the neural plates. UBERON:0011670 uberon ISBN10:0073040584 One of three plates on the posterior end of the carapace, posterior to the neural plates. nuchal bone A single bone on the anterior end of the carapace. UBERON:0011671 uberon A single bone on the anterior end of the carapace. ISBN10:0073040584 suprapygal bone . UBERON:0011672 uberon . ISBN10:0073040584 plastron scute A scute that is part of a plastron. UBERON:0011673 uberon A scute that is part of a plastron. OBOL:automatic carapace scute A scute that is part of a carapace. UBERON:0011674 uberon A scute that is part of a carapace. OBOL:automatic perichordal ring AAO:0000738 Enlarged section of perichordal tube that is arranged serially but out of phase with segmental musculature. UBERON:0011675 uberon Enlarged section of perichordal tube that is arranged serially but out of phase with segmental musculature. ISBN10:0073040584 AAO axial subdivision of organism A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its anterio-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. UBERON:0011676 uberon A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its anterio-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. UBERON:cjm trunk vertebra A vertebra in the trunk region. For tetrapods, includes lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. Excludes cervical, caudal, sacral (if present). Post-Weberian vertebrae lacking hemal spines (Weitzman, 1962), refers generally to the anterior vertebral region bounding the abdominal cavity. Alternate but not quite synonymous terms are abdominal or trunk vertebrae, which bear parapophyses and ribs. In many actinopterygians dorsal to the posterior abdominal cavity there are transitional vertebrae lacking ribs but also without hemal spines or sometimes even enclosed hemal arches. The primary definition would identify these vertebrae as precaudal. Bird and Mabee, 2003.[TAO] TAO:0000263 UBERON:0011677 ZFA:0000263 abdominal vertebra abdominal vertebrae precaudal vertebra precaudal vertebrae thoracolumbar vertebra trunk vertebra trunk vertebrae uberon TAO:0000263 abdominal vertebra 2012-08-14 Post-Weberian vertebrae lacking hemal spines (Weitzman, 1962), refers generally to the anterior vertebral region bounding the abdominal cavity. Alternate but not quite synonymous terms are abdominal or trunk vertebrae, which bear parapophyses and ribs. In many actinopterygians dorsal to the posterior abdominal cavity there are transitional vertebrae lacking ribs but also without hemal spines or sometimes even enclosed hemal arches. The primary definition would identify these vertebrae as precaudal. Bird and Mabee, 2003.[TAO] TAO TAO:0000263 ZFIN:curator TAO:0000263 precaudal vertebra TAO:0000263 trunk vertebra TAO:0000263 abdominal vertebrae TAO:0000263 precaudal vertebrae A vertebra in the trunk region. For tetrapods, includes lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. Excludes cervical, caudal, sacral (if present). UBERONREF:0000006 TAO:0000263 trunk vertebrae hindlimb intermedium AAO:0000923 UBERON:0011678 intermedium (hind) uberon AAO:0000923 intermedium (hind) proximal tarsal bone A tarsal bone that connected_to a hindlimb zeugopod skeleton. UBERON:0011679 uberon A tarsal bone that connected_to a hindlimb zeugopod skeleton. OBOL:automatic adductor mandibulae TAO:0007049 UBERON:0011683 ZFA:0007049 dorsal adductor mandibulae m. adductor mandibulae uberon Kardong Kardong ZFA ZFA:0007049 dorsal adductor mandibulae levator palatoquadrati UBERON:0011684 uberon Kardong Kardong Kardong preorbitalis UBERON:0011685 uberon Kardong Kardong Kardong Kardong spiracularis UBERON:0011686 uberon Kardong Kardong Kardong levator hyomandibulae muscle UBERON:0011687 levator hyomandibulae uberon Kardong Kardong pre-enameloid Odontoid tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by odontoblasts and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. UBERON:0011688 VSAO:0000114 XAO:0004203 non-mineralized enameloid tissue uberon VSAO Odontoid tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by odontoblasts and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. VSAO:0000114 VSAO:curator non-mineralized enameloid tissue enameloid Skeletal tissue that is hypermineralized and aprismatic and deposited by a combination of ameloblasts and odontoblasts that are excluded from the matrix. Enameloid develops from pre-enameloid tissue. UBERON:0011692 VHOG:0001565 VSAO:0000113 XAO:0004199 ZFA:0005142 bitypic enamel durodentine enameloid tissue uberon vitrodentine VSAO VSAO:curator durodentine VSAO:curator bitypic enamel Skeletal tissue that is hypermineralized and aprismatic and deposited by a combination of ameloblasts and odontoblasts that are excluded from the matrix. Enameloid develops from pre-enameloid tissue. VSAO:0000113 VSAO:curator enameloid tissue VSAO VSAO:curator vitrodentine ZFA extraembryonic portion of umbilical artery UBERON:0011693 VHOG:0001157 extraembryonic umbilical artery uberon EHDAA2-abduced FMA VHOG:0001157 extraembryonic umbilical artery embryo portion of umbilical artery Each of the two arteries arising from the hypogastric arteries of the fetus and passing throught the umbilical cord to the placenta. Each of the two arteries arising from the hypogastric arteries of the fetus and passing throught the umbilical cord to the placenta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] UBERON:0011694 VHOG:0000599 embryonic umbilical artery uberon VHOG:0000599 embryonic umbilical artery Each of the two arteries arising from the hypogastric arteries of the fetus and passing throught the umbilical cord to the placenta. VHOG:0000599 VHOG 2012-09-17 Each of the two arteries arising from the hypogastric arteries of the fetus and passing throught the umbilical cord to the placenta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000599 http://bgee.unil.ch/ embryonic cardiovascular system A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. EHDAA2:0000216 UBERON:0011695 conceptus cardiovascular system embryonic circulatory system fetal circulatory system uberon A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. OBOL:automatic left extraembryonic umbilical artery EHDAA2:0000937 UBERON:0011696 extraembryonic umbilical artery left uberon EHDAA2:0000937 extraembryonic umbilical artery left right extraembryonic umbilical artery EHDAA2:0001721 UBERON:0011697 extraembryonic umbilical artery right uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001721 extraembryonic umbilical artery right midgut loop EMAPA:17036 Portion of midgut after it bends around the superior mesenteric artery UBERON:0011698 UMLS:C1513298 VHOG:0000673 ncithesaurus:Midgut_Loop uberon VHOG Portion of midgut after it bends around the superior mesenteric artery Wikipedia:Wikipedia caudate lobe hepatic sinusoids A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a caudate lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001006 EHDAA:6992 EMAPA:18314 UBERON:0011737 VHOG:0000711 liver right caudate lobe hepatic sinusoids uberon A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a caudate lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001006 liver right caudate lobe hepatic sinusoids EHDAA2 quadrate lobe hepatic sinusoids A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a quadrate lobe of liver. EHDAA2:0001013 EHDAA:8084 EMAPA:18319 UBERON:0011738 VHOG:0000712 liver right quadrate lobe hepatic sinusoids uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001013 liver right quadrate lobe hepatic sinusoids A hepatic sinusoid that is part of a quadrate lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic cardiac valve leaflet UBERON:0011741 uberon aortic valve leaflet A cardiac valve leaflet that is part of a aortic valve. EMAPA:18627 Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0011742 VHOG:0000819 aortic valve leaflets uberon MP A cardiac valve leaflet that is part of a aortic valve. OBOL:automatic 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000819 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG:0000819 aortic valve leaflets pulmonary valve leaflets A cardiac valve leaflet that is part of a pulmonary valve. EMAPA:18629 Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[uncertain][VHOG] UBERON:0011745 VHOG:0000820 uberon 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.201566 Combs MD, Yutzey KE, Heart valve development. Circulatory Research (2009) Extensive conservation of valve developmental mechanisms also has been observed among vertebrate species including chicken, mouse, and human.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0000820 http://bgee.unil.ch/ A cardiac valve leaflet that is part of a pulmonary valve. OBOL:automatic genital swelling Editor notes: todo - add parthood relationships to tubercles Paired structures in the human embryo that represent the final stage of development of the caudal end of the external genitals before sexual differentiation. In both males and females the two swellings merge: in the female, they become the posterior labial commissure; In the male, they become the scrotum UBERON:0011754 VHOG:0000976 labioscrotal swelling tuberculum labioscrotale uberon Wikipedia:Labioscrotal_swelling tuberculum labioscrotale Paired structures in the human embryo that represent the final stage of development of the caudal end of the external genitals before sexual differentiation. In both males and females the two swellings merge: in the female, they become the posterior labial commissure; In the male, they become the scrotum Wikipedia:Labioscrotal_swelling EHDAA2 female labial swelling A genital swelling that is part of a female reproductive system. EHDAA2:0000501 EHDAA:9363 EMAPA:18329 EMAPA:30423 UBERON:0011755 labial swelling labioscrotal swelling of female uberon A genital swelling that is part of a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:30423 labioscrotal swelling of female EMAPA:18329 labial swelling male genital swelling A genital swelling that is part of a male reproductive organ. EHDAA2:0001049 UBERON:0011756 labioscrotal swelling of male uberon A genital swelling that is part of a male reproductive organ. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:30509 labioscrotal swelling of male differentiated genital tubercle . UBERON:0011757 UMLS:C1514448 ncithesaurus:Primordial_Phallus phallus phallus primordialis primordial phallus uberon Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus primordial phallus Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus phallus Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus phallus primordialis . Wikipedia:Primordial_phallus jugular lymph sac EMAPA:18249 Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. Although they are absent in mammals, the initial veno-lymphatic plexus that forms during mammalian jugular lymph sac development has been described as the vestigial homologue of the nascent stage of ancestral anterior lymph hearts.[well established][VHOG] Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm. The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm. The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system][VHOG] UBERON:0011765 VHOG:0001000 uberon Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm. The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. VHOG:0001000 2012-09-17 Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm. The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001000 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-09-17 DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.002 Peyrot SM, Martin BL, Harland RM, Lymph heart musculature is under distinct developmental control from lymphatic endothelium. Developmental Biology (2010) Lymph hearts are pulsatile organs, present in lower vertebrates, that function to propel lymph into the venous system. Although they are absent in mammals, the initial veno-lymphatic plexus that forms during mammalian jugular lymph sac development has been described as the vestigial homologue of the nascent stage of ancestral anterior lymph hearts.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001000 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VHOG vagus X nerve left recurrent laryngeal branch EMAPA:25350 FMA:14469 MA:0001107 SCTID:280300006 UBERON:0011766 left recurrent laryngeal branch left recurrent laryngeal nerve uberon FMA FMA:14469 left recurrent laryngeal nerve EMAPA:25350 left recurrent laryngeal branch vagus X nerve right recurrent laryngeal branch EMAPA:17275 FMA:14468 MA:0001108 SCTID:280299003 UBERON:0011767 right recurrent laryngeal branch right recurrent laryngeal nerve uberon EMAPA:17275 right recurrent laryngeal branch FMA FMA:14468 right recurrent laryngeal nerve pineal gland stalk EMAPA:19036 Editors note: compare with habenula TAO:0001292 The epithalamus contains the epiphysis (pineal gland and related structures), which is located at the end of a stalk, the epiphyseal stalk.[well established][VHOG] The stalk emanates from the diencephalic roof at a left-of-medial position.[TAO] UBERON:0011768 VHOG:0001360 ZFA:0001292 epiphyseal stalk habenula pineal stalk relationship loss: part_of pineal complex (TAO:0001359)[TAO] uberon ZFA ZFA:0001292 epiphyseal stalk 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB, Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.66 The epithalamus contains the epiphysis (pineal gland and related structures), which is located at the end of a stalk, the epiphyseal stalk.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001360 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001292 relationship loss: part_of pineal complex (TAO:0001359)[TAO] TAO:0001292 pineal stalk EMAPA VHOG 2012-08-14 TAO TAO:0001292 The stalk emanates from the diencephalic roof at a left-of-medial position.[TAO] ZFIN:curator cartilaginous projection Anatomical projection that is composed of cartilage tissue. UBERON:0011769 cartilage process cartilaginous process uberon Anatomical projection that is composed of cartilage tissue. VSAO:wd mentomeckelian AAO:0000301 Paired, cylindrical, and small bones of endochondral origin that lie anteromedial to the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage. The precursors of the mentomeckelian bones are the larval infrarostral cartilages. Pars mentalis UBERON:0011770 dentale uberon AAO:0000301 Pars mentalis AAO AAO:0000301 dentale AAO:0000301 Paired, cylindrical, and small bones of endochondral origin that lie anteromedial to the anterior end of Meckel's cartilage. The precursors of the mentomeckelian bones are the larval infrarostral cartilages. AAO obsolete larval structure Anatomical structure that is part of the larva. Obsolete term in XAO - XAO:0003058 UBERON:0011771 true uberon AAO:0000265 Anatomical structure that is part of the larva. lower jaw opening AAO:0000273 An anatomical space that is part of a bone of lower jaw. UBERON:0011772 uberon An anatomical space that is part of a bone of lower jaw. OBOL:automatic upper jaw opening AAO:0000621 An anatomical space that is part of a bone of upper jaw. UBERON:0011773 uberon An anatomical space that is part of a bone of upper jaw. OBOL:automatic utriculosaccular duct A duct connecting the the utricle to the saccule in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. Alternate: leads from the utricle of the internal ear to the endolymphatic duct. - http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/utriculosaccular+duct. We assume a 3-way connection Böttcher's canal FMA:61243 SCTID:279811007 UBERON:0011774 ductus utricosaccularis uberon utricosaccular duct utricosaccular duct of membranous labyrinth utriculo-saccular duct FMA:61243 ductus utricosaccularis A duct connecting the the utricle to the saccule in the membranous labyrinth of the ear. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/utriculosaccular%20duct FMA:61243 utricosaccular duct of membranous labyrinth Böttcher's canal http://en.wikipedia.org MP vagus nerve nucleus A cranial nerve nucleus that overlaps a vagus nerve. FMA:54573 SCTID:362467005 UBERON:0011775 nucleus of vagal X nerve nucleus of vagal nerve nucleus of vagus nerve tenth cranial nerve nucleus uberon FMA:54573 nucleus of vagus nerve A cranial nerve nucleus that overlaps a vagus nerve. OBOL:automatic FMA:54573 tenth cranial nerve nucleus spinal cord dorsal commissural nucleus Editors note: check this one FMA:73900 MA:0001128 UBERON:0011776 commissural nucleus of spinal cord uberon FMA FMA:73900 commissural nucleus of spinal cord nucleus of spinal cord FMA:77011 Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the spinal cord. Example: dorsal nucleus of Clarke, Intermediolateral nucleus. UBERON:0011777 spinal cord nucleus uberon FMA:77011 spinal cord nucleus FMA:77011 Nucleus of neuraxis which is located within the spinal cord. Example: dorsal nucleus of Clarke, Intermediolateral nucleus. motor nucleus of vagal nerve UBERON:0011778 Usage notes: in ZFA this is the superclass of dorsolateral and medial (which have not been generalized above ZFA). In this ontology it is a broad grouping class covering these zebrafish structures as well as the generalized dorsal motor nucleus ZFA:0000387 motor nucleus X nX nucleus motorius of nervi vagi uberon vagal lobe ZFA:0000387 nX ZFA:0000387 nucleus motorius of nervi vagi ZFA:0000387 motor nucleus X ZFA:0000387 vagal lobe nerve of head region A nerve that is part of a head. UBERON:0011779 cephalic nerve head nerve uberon A nerve that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic feather follicle SCTID:68922000 The follicle consists of a series of tissue layers (from peripheral to central), including the dermis of the follicle, the epidermis of the follicle (outer epidermal layer), the follicle cavity or lumen (the space between epidermal layers), the follicle (epidermal) collar (or inner epidermal layer), and the dermal pulp (tissue at the center of the follicle). The proliferation of feather keratinocytes and most of the growth of the feather occurs in the follicle, or epidermal, collar (From: Prum 1999). UBERON:0011782 a small tubular invagination of the skin with a fleshy dermal papilla at the bottom from which the feather grows. The papilla is inserted in the opening at the end of the quill[TMD]. Forms by invagination of cylinder of epidermal tissue at base of feather bud. uberon a small tubular invagination of the skin with a fleshy dermal papilla at the bottom from which the feather grows. The papilla is inserted in the opening at the end of the quill[TMD]. Forms by invagination of cylinder of epidermal tissue at base of feather bud. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/feather+follicle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm feather follicle placode UBERON:0011783 an epidermal thickening above a condensation of dermal cells that will give rise to a feather follicle feather bud primordium feather placode feather primordium http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/554images/Feather_follicle_development)v3.jpg uberon an epidermal thickening above a condensation of dermal cells that will give rise to a feather follicle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm PMID:16172986 feather bud primordium feather shaft SCTID:66810005 UBERON:0011784 feather shaft shaft of feather stem of feather uberon ramus of feather barb UBERON:0011785 barb ramus main shaft of feather barb uberon ramus of feather barbule UBERON:0011786 barb ramus main shaft of feather barbule uberon barb ramus http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm feather muscle Similar to erector pili muscles of mammals; attached to the sides of the follicle; capable of elevating or lowering entire groups of feathers. UBERON:0011792 uberon Similar to erector pili muscles of mammals; attached to the sides of the follicle; capable of elevating or lowering entire groups of feathers. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/feather+follicle flight feather . UBERON:0011793 contour feather uberon . Wikipedia:Flight_feather contour feather http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm rectrix feather A flight feather that lies along a single horizontal row on the rear margin of the anatomical tail. Only the central pair are attached (via ligaments) to the tail bones; the remaining rectrices are embedded into the rectricial bulbs, complex structures of fat and muscle that surround those bones. Rectrices are always paired, with a vast majority of species having six pairs. They are absent in grebes and some ratites, and greatly reduced in size in penguins UBERON:0011794 rectrices rectrix retrices retrix retrix feather uberon A flight feather that lies along a single horizontal row on the rear margin of the anatomical tail. Only the central pair are attached (via ligaments) to the tail bones; the remaining rectrices are embedded into the rectricial bulbs, complex structures of fat and muscle that surround those bones. Rectrices are always paired, with a vast majority of species having six pairs. They are absent in grebes and some ratites, and greatly reduced in size in penguins Wikipedia:Flight_feather#Rectrices retrices rectrices remex feather A flight feather located on the posterior side of the wing UBERON:0011795 remex remiges uberon A flight feather located on the posterior side of the wing Wikipedia:Flight_feather#Remiges remiges primary remex feather A remex feather that is connected to the manus UBERON:0011796 primary flight feather primary remex primary remiges these are the longest and narrowest of the remiges (particularly those attached to the phalanges), and they can be individually rotated. These feathers are especially important for flapping flight, as they are the principal source of thrust, moving the bird forward through the air. Most thrust is generated on the downstroke of flapping flight. However, on the upstroke (when the bird often draws its wing in close to its body), the primaries are separated and rotated, reducing air resistance while still helping to provide some thrust uberon primary remiges A remex feather that is connected to the manus Wikipedia:Flight_feather#Primaries secondary remex feather A remex feather that is connected to the ulna In some species, the ligaments that bind these remiges to the bone connect to small, rounded projections, known as quill knobs, on the ulna; in other species, no such knobs exist. Secondary feathers remain close together in flight (they cannot be individually separated like the primaries can) and help to provide lift by creating the airfoil shape of the bird's wing. Secondaries tend to be shorter and broader than primaries, with blunter ends UBERON:0011797 secondary flight feather secondary remex secondary remiges uberon secondary remiges A remex feather that is connected to the ulna Wikipedia:Flight_feather#Secondaries tertial remex feather A remex feather that is connected to the humerus. UBERON:0011798 ertials are connected to the humerus in some species. These elongated "true" tertials act as a protective cover for all or part of the folded primaries and secondaries, and do not qualify as flight feathers as such.[11] However, many authorities use the term tertials to refer to the shorter, more symmetrical innermost secondaries of passerines (which perform the same function as true tertials) in an effort to distinguish them from the other secondaries. tertial flight feather tertial remex tertial remiges tertiary flight feather tertiary remex tertiary remiges uberon tertial remiges tertiary remiges A remex feather that is connected to the humerus. Wikipedia:Flight_feather#Tertials cavity of feather shaft An anatomical cavity that is part of a feather shaft. UBERON:0011799 uberon An anatomical cavity that is part of a feather shaft. OBOL:automatic dermal pulp of feather shaft A tissue that is part of a cavity of feather shaft. UBERON:0011800 uberon A tissue that is part of a cavity of feather shaft. OBOL:automatic dermal condensation of feather follicle A suprabasal cell population which together with the feather follicle placode develops into the feather follicle. Taxon notes: The development of placodes where dermal condensations occur, an evolutionary novelty, required changes in gene expression and timing. However, such changes are known to be an important mechanism in the origin of morphological innovations in many other organisms (True and Carroll 2002, Prum 2005) UBERON:0011801 uberon A suprabasal cell population which together with the feather follicle placode develops into the feather follicle. http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm feather bud . UBERON:0011802 elongate feather bud feather papilla uberon feather papilla http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm . http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm elongate feather bud http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm feather bud, dermal component The part of the feather bud formed by a proliferation of dermal cells UBERON:0011803 dermal core of feather papilla dermal papilla dermal papilla of feather bud dermal papilla of feather papilla uberon dermal papilla http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm The part of the feather bud formed by a proliferation of dermal cells http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm feather bud, epidermal component An epithelial bud that is part of a feather bud. UBERON:0011804 feather bud epithelium feather germ uberon An epithelial bud that is part of a feather bud. OBOL:automatic feather germ http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm cavity of feather follicle . UBERON:0011805 uberon . http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm dermis of feather follicle A tissue that is part of a dermis and is part of a feather follicle. UBERON:0011806 uberon A tissue that is part of a dermis and is part of a feather follicle. OBOL:automatic epidermis of feather follicle A tissue that is part of a epidermis and is part of a feather follicle. UBERON:0011807 uberon A tissue that is part of a epidermis and is part of a feather follicle. OBOL:automatic outer epidermal layer of feather follicle UBERON:0011808 uberon inner epidermal layer of feather follicle The proliferation of feather keratinocytes and most of the growth of the feather occurs here UBERON:0011809 epidermal collar epidermal collar of feather follicle follicle collar follicle collar of feather follicle uberon follicle collar of feather follicle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm epidermal collar http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm follicle collar http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm epidermal collar of feather follicle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/feather_evolution.htm collection of feathers An anatomical cluster that composed_primarily_of a feather. UBERON:0011810 feather coat plumage uberon An anatomical cluster that composed_primarily_of a feather. OBOL:automatic non-neurogenic ectodermal placode UBERON:0011814 uberon cjm follicle placode Includes hair and feather follicles UBERON:0011817 uberon NBK53175 superficial fascia BTO:0004525 FMA:9630 GAID:929 MESH:A10.165.887 SCTID:361713003 Superficial fascia is found in the subcutis in most regions of the body, blending with the reticular layer of the dermis. It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the sternum. It is comprised mainly of loose areolar connective tissue and adipose and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body. In addition to its subcutaneous presence, this type of fascia surrounds organs and glands, neurovascular bundles, and is found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. It serves as a storage medium of fat and water; as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate. Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelids, ear, scrotum, penis and clitoris. UBERON:0011818 We follow FMA, BTO, NCIT and WP in making this a distinct class from hypodermis. ncithesaurus:Superficial_Fascia subcutaneous tissue tela subcutanea uberon Superficial fascia is found in the subcutis in most regions of the body, blending with the reticular layer of the dermis. It is present on the face, over the upper portion of the sternocleidomastoid, at the nape of the neck, and overlying the sternum. It is comprised mainly of loose areolar connective tissue and adipose and is the layer that primarily determines the shape of a body. In addition to its subcutaneous presence, this type of fascia surrounds organs and glands, neurovascular bundles, and is found at many other locations where it fills otherwise unoccupied space. It serves as a storage medium of fat and water; as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels; and as a protective padding to cushion and insulate. Superficial fascia is present, but does not contain fat, in the eyelids, ear, scrotum, penis and clitoris. Wikipedia:Superficial_fascia FMA:TA tela subcutanea FMA:9630 subcutaneous tissue FMA lumen of atrioventricular canal A tube lumen that is part of a atrioventricular canal. AVC lumen EHDAA2:0000152 UBERON:0011819 cavity of atrioventricular canal lumen of AVC uberon A tube lumen that is part of a atrioventricular canal. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2 atrioventricular region EHDAA2:0004149 UBERON:0011820 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 irregular connective tissue Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20107 UBERON:0011821 uberon FMA Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20107 dense irregular connective tissue FMA:20109 Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. Tissue characterized by a thick, random arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers with very few cells. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts, but mast cells and macrophages may also be seen. It is found in the dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, capsules of organs and sheaths of nerves and muscles[NCIT] UBERON:0011822 UMLS:C0738366 irregular dense connective tissue ncithesaurus:Irregular_Dense_Connective_Tissue typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) uberon FMA FMA:20109 Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. Wikipedia:Dense_irregular_connective_tissue FMA:20109 typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) 2012-08-29 NCIT Tissue characterized by a thick, random arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers with very few cells. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts, but mast cells and macrophages may also be seen. It is found in the dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, capsules of organs and sheaths of nerves and muscles[NCIT] ncithesaurus:Irregular_Dense_Connective_Tissue dense connective tissue AAO:0000121 Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT] Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets UBERON:0011823 UMLS:C1511770 ncithesaurus:Dense_Connective_Tissue uberon 2012-08-29 Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT] NCIT ncithesaurus:Dense_Connective_Tissue Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets Wikipedia:Dense_connective_tissue fibrous connective tissue FMA:75634 SCTID:363130003 UBERON:0011824 uberon FMA loose connective tissue FMA:19783 Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. UBERON:0011825 UMLS:C1253917 ncithesaurus:Loose_Connective_Tissue uberon FMA:19783 Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. Wikipedia:Loose_connective_tissue FMA vestibular gland FMA:20020 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate with the vestibule of vagina. Examples: right vestibular gland, lesser vestibular gland. UBERON:0011826 uberon FMA:20020 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of glandular acini which communicate with the vestibule of vagina. Examples: right vestibular gland, lesser vestibular gland. Wikipedia:Vestibular_glands areolar gland FMA:58090 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of acini connected to the surface of the areola or to a lactiferous duct by the duct of areolar gland. Examples: There are variable numbers of areolar glands. Montgomery's gland SCTID:279034002 UBERON:0011827 UMLS:C0929386 accessory gland of Montgomery accessory gland of breast gland of Montgomery ncithesaurus:Montgomery_s_Tubercle uberon FMA:58090 accessory gland of Montgomery FMA:58090 Lobular organ the parenchyma of which consists of acini connected to the surface of the areola or to a lactiferous duct by the duct of areolar gland. Examples: There are variable numbers of areolar glands. Wikipedia:Areolar_glands FMA:58090 accessory gland of breast areolar tubercle FMA:58091 Montgomery tubercle Montgomery's tubercle UBERON:0011828 tubercle of Montgomery uberon FMA duct of lesser vestibular gland A duct that is part of a minor vestibular gland. FMA:20094 UBERON:0011830 lesser vestibular gland duct uberon A duct that is part of a minor vestibular gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:20094 lesser vestibular gland duct duct of vestibular gland A duct that is part of a vestibular gland. FMA:20097 UBERON:0011831 uberon vestibular gland duct A duct that is part of a vestibular gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:20097 vestibular gland duct duct of areolar gland FMA:67744 UBERON:0011844 areolar gland duct uberon FMA:67744 areolar gland duct duct of sebaceous gland A duct that is part of a sebaceous gland. FMA:70947 UBERON:0011845 sebaceous gland duct uberon FMA:70947 sebaceous gland duct A duct that is part of a sebaceous gland. OBOL:automatic acinus of sebaceous gland An acinus that is part of a sebaceous gland. FMA:59657 UBERON:0011846 sebaceous gland acinus uberon An acinus that is part of a sebaceous gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:59657 sebaceous gland acinus acinus of parotid gland An acinus that is part of a parotid gland. FMA:59863 SCTID:46926004 UBERON:0011847 parotid gland acinus uberon An acinus that is part of a parotid gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:59863 parotid gland acinus acinus of salivary gland An acinus that is part of a salivary gland. FMA:59870 UBERON:0011850 salivary gland acinus uberon FMA:59870 salivary gland acinus An acinus that is part of a salivary gland. OBOL:automatic acinus of areolar gland An acinus that is part of a areolar gland. FMA:62081 UBERON:0011854 areolar gland acinus uberon FMA:62081 areolar gland acinus An acinus that is part of a areolar gland. OBOL:automatic acinus of lactiferous gland An acinus that is part of a mammary gland. FMA:74438 UBERON:0011856 lactiferous gland acinus uberon An acinus that is part of a mammary gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:74438 lactiferous gland acinus acinus of lacrimal gland An acinus that is part of a lacrimal gland. FMA:85250 UBERON:0011857 lacrimal gland acinus uberon FMA:85250 lacrimal gland acinus An acinus that is part of a lacrimal gland. OBOL:automatic acinus of exocrine gland An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. UBERON:0011858 exocrine gland acinus uberon An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. OBOL:automatic internal acoustic meatus Alternate def: The internal acoustic meatus (or internal auditory meatus ) is an opening on the medial surface of the petrous temporal bone. It is through this passageway that the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) pass to reach their sites of innervation. The vestibulocochlear nerve divides at the internal acoustic meatus to continue as separate vestibular and cochlear components. [MURDOCH:908] FMA:53163 SCTID:264484004 The internal auditory meatus (also internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, and internal acoustic canal) is a canal in the petrous bone of the temporal bone of the skull that carries nerves from inside the cranium towards the middle and inner ear compartments namely cranial nerve VII and cranial nerve VIII. UBERON:0011859 UMLS:C0149591 Wikipedia:Internal_auditory_meatus internal acoustic canal internal acoustic meatus internal auditory canal internal auditory meatus ncithesaurus:Internal_Auditory_Canal_of_Ear porus acusticus internus uberon The internal auditory meatus (also internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, and internal acoustic canal) is a canal in the petrous bone of the temporal bone of the skull that carries nerves from inside the cranium towards the middle and inner ear compartments namely cranial nerve VII and cranial nerve VIII. Wikipedia:Internal_auditory_meatus MP Wikipedia:Internal_auditory_meatus internal acoustic canal Wikipedia:Internal_auditory_meatus internal auditory meatus Wikipedia:Internal_auditory_meatus internal acoustic meatus Wikipedia:Internal_auditory_meatus porus acusticus internus Wikipedia:Internal_auditory_meatus internal auditory canal collagen fibril FMA:63212 MESH:D12.776.860.300.250.300 NIF_Subcellular:sao7547390221 Note the FMA class specifically refers to ureter // see also: UBERON:0007377 UBERON:0011860 uberon ZFA aorta collagen fibril UBERON:0011861 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity uberon MP:0011640 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity pulmonary collagen fibril UBERON:0011862 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity uberon MP:0011641 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity bone collagen fibril UBERON:0011863 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity uberon MP:0011642 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity tendon collagen fibril UBERON:0011864 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity uberon MP:0011643 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity corneal stroma collagen fibril UBERON:0011865 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity uberon MP:0011650 the connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity condylar joint FMA:75300 In a condyloid joint (condyloid articulation, ellipsoidal joint) an ovoid articular surface, or condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. SCTID:335493003 UBERON:0011866 articulatio ellipsoidea condylar joint condyloid condyloid articulation condyloid joints ellipsoidal joint uberon Wikipedia:Condyloid_joint condyloid joints Wikipedia:Condyloid_joint articulatio ellipsoidea Wikipedia:Condyloid_joint condyloid articulation Wikipedia:Condyloid_joint ellipsoidal joint In a condyloid joint (condyloid articulation, ellipsoidal joint) an ovoid articular surface, or condyle, is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. Wikipedia:Condyloid_joint Wikipedia:Condyloid_joint condyloid Wikipedia:Condyloid_joint condylar joint extensor carpi radialis muscle SCTID:276166006 UBERON:0011867 extensor carpi radialis uberon midcarpal joint . FMA:35293 SCTID:361841009 UBERON:0011868 articulatio mediocarpalis transverse carpal joint uberon Wikipedia:Midcarpal_joint articulatio mediocarpalis . Wikipedia:Midcarpal_joint FMA:35293 transverse carpal joint pisiform joint . FMA:73126 UBERON:0011869 Wikipedia says pisiform and triquetral- todo check pisotriquetral articulatio ossis pisiformis uberon . Wikipedia:Pisiform_joint Wikipedia:Pisiform_joint articulatio ossis pisiformis pisotriquetral joint FMA:42318 See notes for pisiform UBERON:0011870 uberon FMA nasomaxillary suture A cranial suture that connects a nasal bone and connects a maxilla. FMA:52960 UBERON:0011871 articulation of the nasal bone with maxilla nasomaxillary suture of skull uberon A cranial suture that connects a nasal bone and connects a maxilla. OBOL:automatic FMA:52960 nasomaxillary suture of skull synarthrosis A synarthrosis is a type of joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous. Suture joints and synchondroses are synarthroses. UBERON:0011873 UMLS:C0699803 ncithesaurus:Synarthrosis synarthrodial synarthrodial joint synarthroses uberon Wikipedia:Synarthrosis synarthroses Wikipedia:Synarthrosis synarthrodial A synarthrosis is a type of joint which permits very little or no movement under normal conditions. Most synarthrosis joints are fibrous. Suture joints and synchondroses are synarthroses. Wikipedia:Synarthrosis Wikipedia:Synarthrosis synarthrodial joint amphiarthrosis Amphiarthrosis is a type of continuous, slightly movable joint. FMA:76693 UBERON:0011874 UMLS:C0224520 amphiarthrodial amphiarthroses ncithesaurus:Amphiarthrosis uberon Wikipedia:Amphiarthrosis amphiarthroses Amphiarthrosis is a type of continuous, slightly movable joint. Wikipedia:Amphiarthrosis Wikipedia:Amphiarthrosis amphiarthrodial ligament of sternoclavicular joint A skeletal ligament that is part of a sternoclavicular joint. FMA:63980 SCTID:182386007 UBERON:0011875 ligamentum sternoclavicularis sternoclavicular joint ligament uberon FMA:63980 sternoclavicular joint ligament A skeletal ligament that is part of a sternoclavicular joint. OBOL:automatic ligamentum sternoclavicularis body of tongue FMA:54641 SCTID:362090005 UBERON:0011876 corpus linguae the oral part of the tongue anterior to the terminal sulcus. tongue body uberon http://www.drugs.com/dict/body-of-tongue.html the oral part of the tongue anterior to the terminal sulcus. FMA:54641 tongue body corpus linguae http://www.drugs.com/dict/body-of-tongue.html FMA margin of tongue FMA:54650 SCTID:368572007 SCTID:368594004 UBERON:0011877 margo linguae the lateral border that separates the dorsum from the inferior surface of the tongue on each side, the two borders meeting anteriorly at the apex.. tongue margin uberon FMA:54650 tongue margin http://www.drugs.com/dict/margin-of-tongue.html the lateral border that separates the dorsum from the inferior surface of the tongue on each side, the two borders meeting anteriorly at the apex.. http://www.drugs.com/dict/margin-of-tongue.html margo linguae FMA muscle layer of esophagus A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. FMA:62998 UBERON:0011878 muscle coat of esophagus muscular coat of oesophagus muscular layer of oesophagus tunica muscularis esophagi tunica muscularis oesophageae uberon FMA:62998 muscular coat of oesophagus tunica muscularis esophagi FMA:TA tunica muscularis oesophageae A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Muscular_layer upper part FMA:62998 muscle coat of esophagus FMA:62998 muscular layer of oesophagus mesorchium AAO:0010530 EMAPA:17971 The testes, at an early period of fetal life, are placed at the back part of the abdominal cavity, behind the peritoneum, and each is attached by a peritoneal fold, the mesorchium, to the mesonephros. UBERON:0011879 uberon The testes, at an early period of fetal life, are placed at the back part of the abdominal cavity, behind the peritoneum, and each is attached by a peritoneal fold, the mesorchium, to the mesonephros. Wikipedia:Mesorchium EMAPA AAO anterior uvea Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. Haller tunica vascula SCTID:280656002 UBERON:0011892 anterior part of uveal tract anterior uveal tract anterior vascular layer of the eyeball anterior vascular tunic of the eye ciliary body and iris tunica vasculosa bulbosa uberon vasculosa oculi ventral uveal tract MP MP:0005194 tunica vasculosa bulbosa MP:0005194 vasculosa oculi Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. MP:0005194 Haller tunica vascula MP:0005194 ZFA endoneurial fluid Fluid of the ganglia and peripheral nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord UBERON:0011893 uberon FMA Fluid of the ganglia and peripheral nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord MGI:llw2 MP:0003633 lumen of vagina FMA:19982 UBERON:0011894 uberon vaginal lumen FMA:19982 vaginal lumen endomysium A layer of connective tissue that ensheaths a muscle fiber and is composed mostly from reticular fibers. It also contains capillaries, nerves and lymphatics. The term cardiac skeleton is sometimes considered synonymous with endomysium, but sometimes it refers to the combination of the endomysium and perimysium. FMA:9729 SCTID:91739007 UBERON:0011895 UMLS:C0504097 fascia of muscle fiber ncithesaurus:Endomysium uberon A layer of connective tissue that ensheaths a muscle fiber and is composed mostly from reticular fibers. It also contains capillaries, nerves and lymphatics. The term cardiac skeleton is sometimes considered synonymous with endomysium, but sometimes it refers to the combination of the endomysium and perimysium. Wikipedia:Endomysium FMA:9729 fascia of muscle fiber smooth muscle endomysium FMA:260651 Reticular tissue which surrounds a smooth muscle cell. UBERON:0011896 uberon Reticular tissue which surrounds a smooth muscle cell. UBERON:cjm cardiac endomysium Endomysium of cardiac muscle cell FMA:83112 Fibrocollagenous sheath of cardiac muscle cell Reticular tissue which surrounds a cardiac myocyte. UBERON:0011897 uberon Endomysium of cardiac muscle cell FMA:83112 FMA:83112 Fibrocollagenous sheath of cardiac muscle cell FMA:83112 Reticular tissue which surrounds a cardiac myocyte. skeletal muscle endomysium FMA:86022 Reticular tissue which surrounds a skeletal muscle cell. UBERON:0011898 uberon FMA:86022 Reticular tissue which surrounds a skeletal muscle cell. epimysium Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. The Epimysium also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones. FMA:9726 UBERON:0011899 UMLS:C0504096 epimysia fascia of muscle organ ncithesaurus:Epimysium uberon Wikipedia:Epimysium epimysia FMA FMA:9726 fascia of muscle organ FMA Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. The Epimysium also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones. Wikipedia:Epimysium perimysium FMA:9728 SCTID:63406008 The fibrous sheath enveloping each of the primary bundles of skeletal muscle fibers. UBERON:0011900 UMLS:C0224087 fascia of muscle fasciculus ncithesaurus:Perimysium uberon FMA:9728 fascia of muscle fasciculus The fibrous sheath enveloping each of the primary bundles of skeletal muscle fibers. Wikipedia:Perimysium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/perimysium FMA FMA hair matrix FMA:70945 The hair matrix surrounds the top and sides of the dermal papilla. The hair matrix cells give rise to 6 different types of cells that make up the different layers of the hair shaft and the inner root sheath. UBERON:0011901 uberon FMA gizzard smooth muscle A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gizzard. BTO:0000521 UBERON:0011903 uberon A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gizzard. OBOL:automatic gastrolith UBERON:0011904 a rock held inside a gastrointestinal tract. gizzard stone stomach stone uberon Wikipedia:Gastrolith gizzard stone Wikipedia:Gastrolith a rock held inside a gastrointestinal tract. Wikipedia:Gastrolith stomach stone plantaris EFO:0001979 Editor notes: todo - coordinate with phenoscape-ext on representation of amphibian plantaris longus and profundus FMA:22543 Plantaris is a vestigial structure and one of the superficial muscles of the posterior crural compartment of the leg. It is innervated by the tibial nerve (S1, S2) . It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. It is approximately 2-4 inches long, and is absent in 7 - 10% of the human population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the superior compartment of the leg along with the gastrocnemius, and soleus. The plantaris is considered an unimportant muscle, it mainly acts with gastrocnemius[WP]. UBERON:0011905 musculus plantaris plantaris uberon ISBN10:0073040584 FMA:22543 plantaris Lateral supracondylar ridge of femur above lateral head of gastrocnemius musculus plantaris Plantaris is a vestigial structure and one of the superficial muscles of the posterior crural compartment of the leg. It is innervated by the tibial nerve (S1, S2) . It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. It is approximately 2-4 inches long, and is absent in 7 - 10% of the human population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the superior compartment of the leg along with the gastrocnemius, and soleus. The plantaris is considered an unimportant muscle, it mainly acts with gastrocnemius[WP]. Wikipedia:Plantaris_muscle muscle head FMA:85453 UBERON:0011906 caput (musculus) caput musculi head of muscle organ muscular organ head uberon FMA:85453 muscular organ head FMA:85453 head of muscle organ FMA:85453 caput musculi FMA:85453 caput (musculus) gastrocnemius medialis . FMA:45956 Mammalian gastrocnemius medialis and flexor hallucis longus arise from reptilian gastrocnemius internus[Kardong] SCTID:213689008 UBERON:0011907 caput mediale (musculus gastrocnemius) medial head of gastrocnemius medial head of gastrocnemius muscle uberon ISBN10:0073040584 FMA:45956 medial head of gastrocnemius FMA FMA:45956 caput mediale (musculus gastrocnemius) . ISBN10:0073040584 gastrocnemius lateralis . FMA:45959 Mammalian gastrocnemius lateralis, soleus and plantaris arise from reptilian gastrocnemius externus[Kardong] SCTID:213588009 UBERON:0011908 caput laterale (musculus gastrocnemius) lateral head of gastrocnemius lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle uberon ISBN10:0073040584 . ISBN10:0073040584 FMA:45959 lateral head of gastrocnemius FMA FMA:45959 caput laterale (musculus gastrocnemius) gastrocnemius internus . M. gastrocnemius internus UBERON:0011909 musculus gastrocnemius internus uberon . ISBN10:0073040584 gastrocnemius externus . M. gastrocnemius externus UBERON:0011910 musculus gastrocnemius externus uberon . ISBN10:0073040584 pubioischiotibialis muscle A muscle of lower tetrapods that covers musch of the lower thing and retracts it. Homologous to mammalian gracilis M. pubioischiotibialis UBERON:0011914 pubioischiotibialis uberon A muscle of lower tetrapods that covers musch of the lower thing and retracts it. Homologous to mammalian gracilis ISBN10:0073040584 Kardong cerebellar glomerulus An intertwined cluster of nerve fibers surrounded by glia where mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090502 UBERON:0011915 cerebellar glomeruli uberon An intertwined cluster of nerve fibers surrounded by glia where mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons ISBN:0838580343 MP:0004099 cerebellar glomeruli thalamic glomerulus NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090504 Synaptic structure found in thalamic relay nuclei consising of a complex of afferent terminals, relay cell dendrites, interneuron dendrites and other processes. These complexes are surrounded by astrocytic processes. UBERON:0011917 thalamic glomeruli uberon NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090504 Synaptic structure found in thalamic relay nuclei consising of a complex of afferent terminals, relay cell dendrites, interneuron dendrites and other processes. These complexes are surrounded by astrocytic processes. thalamic glomeruli line of Schwalbe AO notes: A line in FMA, a structure in MP FMA:58422 Schwalbe line Schwalbe's line Schwalbe's ring The thickened peripheral margin of the vitreous membrane of the cornea. UBERON:0011918 uberon FMA:58422 Schwalbe's line MP:0006250 The thickened peripheral margin of the vitreous membrane of the cornea. MP:0006250 Schwalbe's ring MP FMA FMA:58422 Schwalbe line yolk sac blood island EHDAA2:0000177 EMAPA:16115 EMAPA:16268 UBERON:0011919 masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac uberon visceral yolk sac blood island yolk sac blood islands EHDAA2 MP:0011204 visceral yolk sac blood island MP:0011204 masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac EHDAA2:0000177 yolk sac blood islands connecting stalk blood islands AO notes: in EHDAA2 gives rise to connecting stalk blood vessels and extraembryonic umbilical vessels EHDAA2:0003242 UBERON:0011921 blood island of umbilical vesicle insula sanguinea vesiculae umbilicalis uberon Wikipedia:Blood_island insula sanguinea vesiculae umbilicalis Wikipedia:Blood_island blood island of umbilical vesicle EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cochlear basement membrane The the continuous basement membrane found within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea, known to extend from the limbus, down to the inner sulcus, across the basilar membrane, up to the external sulcus to the spiral prominence and radiating into the spiral ligament ensheathing the root cell processes UBERON:0011922 uberon MP:0004598 The the continuous basement membrane found within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea, known to extend from the limbus, down to the inner sulcus, across the basilar membrane, up to the external sulcus to the spiral prominence and radiating into the spiral ligament ensheathing the root cell processes postganglionic autonomic fiber FMA:5924 MESH:A08.663.542.100 Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of autonomic ganglia to synapses on target organs. UBERON:0011924 UMLS:C0004384 ncithesaurus:Postganglionic_Autonomic_Fiber postganglionic autonomic fibre postganglionic nerve fiber uberon FMA:5924 postganglionic nerve fiber MESH:A08.663.542.100 Nerve fibers which project from cell bodies of autonomic ganglia to synapses on target organs. Wikipedia:Postganglionic_nerve_fibers preganglionic autonomic fiber FMA:5923 MESH:A08.663.542.122 Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released. UBERON:0011925 preganglionic autonomic fibre preganglionic nerve fiber uberon FMA:5923 preganglionic nerve fiber MESH:A08.663.542.122 Nerve fibers which project from the central nervous system to autonomic ganglia. In the sympathetic division most preganglionic fibers originate with neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, exit via ventral roots from upper thoracic through lower lumbar segments, and project to the paravertebral ganglia; there they either terminate in synapses or continue through the splanchnic nerves to the prevertebral ganglia. In the parasympathetic division the fibers originate in neurons of the brain stem and sacral spinal cord. In both divisions the principal transmitter is acetylcholine but peptide cotransmitters may also be released. Wikipedia:Preganglionic_nerve_fibers postganglionic sympathetic fiber A noradrenergic or adrenergic axonal fiber projecting from a sympathetic ganglion to an effector organ MESH:A08.663.542.075.800 SCTID:323617002 UBERON:0011926 UMLS:C0206254 ncithesaurus:Postganglionic_Sympathetic_Fiber postganglionic sympathetic fiber sympathetic postganglionic fiber uberon MESH:A08.663.542.075.800 postganglionic sympathetic fiber MP:0008312 sympathetic postganglionic fiber A noradrenergic or adrenergic axonal fiber projecting from a sympathetic ganglion to an effector organ MP:0008312 preganglionic sympathetic fiber A cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a sympathetic ganglion SCTID:323517007 UBERON:0011927 sympathetic preganglionic fiber uberon MP:0008310 sympathetic preganglionic fiber A cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a sympathetic ganglion MP:0008310 postganglionic parasympathetic fiber A cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from a parasympathetic ganglion to an effector organ MESH:A08.663.542.100.700 UBERON:0011929 UMLS:C0206252 ncithesaurus:Postganglionic_Parasympathetic_Fiber parasympathetic postganglionic fiber uberon A cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from a parasympathetic ganglion to an effector organ MP:0008313 MP:0008313 parasympathetic postganglionic fiber preganglionic parasympathetic fiber A cholinergic axonal fibers projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion UBERON:0011930 parasympathetic preganglionic fiber uberon MP:0008311 parasympathetic preganglionic fiber A cholinergic axonal fibers projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion MP:0008311 nasal hair FMA:53670 Hair in the nose SCTID:368885003 UBERON:0011931 hair of nose hair of vestibular part of nose nose hair uberon Hair in the nose Wikipedia:Nasal_hair FMA:53670 hair of vestibular part of nose FMA:53670 nose hair FMA:53670 hair of nose pilosebaceous unit An epidermal invagination that has as parts a hair follicle, a sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle FMA:70661 UBERON:0011932 fabrica pilosebacea pilo-sebaceous apparatus pilo-sebaceous unit pilosebaceous apparatus uberon FMA An epidermal invagination that has as parts a hair follicle, a sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle PMC:PMC3130146 Wikipedia:Pilosebaceous_unit FMA:70661 pilo-sebaceous apparatus Wikipedia:Pilosebaceous_unit fabrica pilosebacea vibrissa unit MA has distinct classes for vibrissa and vibrissa hair - the former includes the follicle and is thus not the hair proper. We model this as the 'vibrissa unit' MA:0000163 UBERON:0011933 uberon vibrissa FMA MA MA:0000163 vibrissa vibrissa hair bulb A bulb of hair follicle that is part of a vibrissa unit. EMAPA:26716 EMAPA:26753 MA:0000783 UBERON:0011936 bulb of sinus hair bulb of vibrissa follicle see https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3213510&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 uberon vibrissa bulb EMAPA:26753 bulb of sinus hair EMAPA:26716 vibrissa bulb A bulb of hair follicle that is part of a vibrissa unit. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true vibrissa root sheath A hair root sheath that is part of a vibrissa unit. EMAPA:26724 EMAPA:26765 MA:0000784 UBERON:0011937 root sheath of sinus hair root sheath of vibrissa root sheath of vibrissa hair uberon EMAPA:26765 root sheath of sinus hair reference_0000032 true A hair root sheath that is part of a vibrissa unit. OBOL:automatic vibrissa inner root sheath A hair inner root sheath that is part of a vibrissa unit. MA:0000785 UBERON:0011938 uberon A hair inner root sheath that is part of a vibrissa unit. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 vibrissa outer root sheath A hair outer root sheath that is part of a vibrissa unit. MA:0000786 UBERON:0011939 uberon reference_0000032 A hair outer root sheath that is part of a vibrissa unit. OBOL:automatic arrector pili muscle of vibrissa An arrector muscle of hair that is part of a vibrissa hair. EMAPA:26771 EMAPA:26779 UBERON:0011940 uberon An arrector muscle of hair that is part of a vibrissa hair. OBOL:automatic lateral angle of scapula An angle of the scapula that is broad and bears the glenoid cavity or fossa[WP,unvetted]. FMA:23249 UBERON:0011941 angulus lateralis (scapula) angulus lateralis scapulae glenoid angle of scapula head of scapula uberon Wikipedia:Lateral_angle_of_scapula head of scapula EMAPA-modified An angle of the scapula that is broad and bears the glenoid cavity or fossa[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Lateral_angle_of_scapula FMA:23249 angulus lateralis (scapula) Wikipedia:Lateral_angle_of_scapula angulus lateralis scapulae Wikipedia:Lateral_angle_of_scapula glenoid angle of scapula obsolete adult human UBERON:0011942 true uberon subintestinal vein SIV TAO:0005035 UBERON:0011944 XAO:0004172 ZFA:0005035 uberon vitelline vein SIV ZFA:0005035 ZFA:0005035 vitelline vein XAO luminal layer of epithelium UBERON:0011945 uberon subluminal layer of epithelium UBERON:0011946 uberon ureter luminal urothelium A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a ureter. MA:0002656 UBERON:0011947 uberon A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a ureter. OBOL:automatic ureter subluminal urothelium MA:0002657 UBERON:0011948 uberon endometrium luminal epithelium A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a endometrium epithelium. MA:0002733 UBERON:0011949 uberon A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a endometrium epithelium. OBOL:automatic mammary gland luminal epithelium A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a mammary gland. FMA:74458 UBERON:0011950 lumina layer of epithelium of lactiferous gland uberon A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a mammary gland. OBOL:automatic FMA:74458 lumina layer of epithelium of lactiferous gland reference_0000032 true prostate luminal epithelium A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a prostate gland. FMA:74262 UBERON:0011951 subdivision of luminal layer of epithelium of prostatic gland uberon A luminal layer of epithelium that is part of a prostate gland. OBOL:automatic reference_0000032 true FMA:74262 subdivision of luminal layer of epithelium of prostatic gland non-glandular epithelium UBERON:0011952 uberon stomach glandular region A stomach region that has_part a stomach glandular epithelium. MA:0001613 SCTID:27633001 UBERON:0011953 UMLS:C0227197 glandular stomach ncithesaurus:Glandular_Stomach uberon A stomach region that has_part a stomach glandular epithelium. OBOL:automatic stomach non-glandular region A stomach region that has_part a stomach non-glandular epithelium. UBERON:0011954 uberon A stomach region that has_part a stomach non-glandular epithelium. OBOL:automatic left hepatic vein A hepatic vein that is part of a left lobe of liver. FMA:14339 SCTID:55188000 UBERON:0011955 uberon A hepatic vein that is part of a left lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic right hepatic vein A hepatic vein that is part of a right lobe of liver. FMA:14338 SCTID:18135006 UBERON:0011956 uberon A hepatic vein that is part of a right lobe of liver. OBOL:automatic middle hepatic vein FMA:14340 SCTID:54895000 UBERON:0011957 uberon acetabular labrum A ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum[WP,unvetted]. AAO:0000864 Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin[AAO:0000864]. FMA:43521 Function notes: Its function is to deepen the acetabulum, making it more difficult for the head of the femur to slip out of place (sublux). Structure notes: some sources treat this as fibrocartilage SCTID:182439007 SCTID:263366005 UBERON:0011958 acetabular lip acetabular rim cotyloid ligament glenoidal labrum of hip joint labrum acetabuli labrum of acetabulum uberon A ring of cartilage that surrounds the acetabulum[WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Acetabular_labrum FMA:43521 labrum of acetabulum AAO:0000864 acetabular rim Wikipedia:Acetabular_labrum glenoidal labrum of hip joint FMA Wikipedia:Acetabular_labrum cotyloid ligament AAO class treated as equivalent to labrum based on this definition AAO:0000864 Cartilaginous ring that forms the entire acetabular margin[AAO:0000864]. FMA Wikipedia:Acetabular_labrum labrum acetabuli glenoid labrum of scapula Consider classifying as 'annulus fibrosus' FMA:23290 SCTID:182391008 UBERON:0011959 a ring of fibrocartilage attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula. glenoid labrum glenoidal labrum glenoidal labrum of glenohumeral joint glenoidal labrum of scapula labrum glenoidale labrum glenoidale scapulae uberon http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=47475 labrum glenoidale scapulae labrum glenoidale FMA FMA a ring of fibrocartilage attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity of the scapula. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenoid_labrum http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=47475 articular capsule of glenohumeral joint FMA:34944 SCTID:361836001 The articular capsule of the humerus is the articular capsule of the shoulder joint. It completely encircles the joint, being attached, above, to the circumference of the glenoid cavity beyond the glenoidal labrum; below, to the anatomical neck of the humerus, approaching nearer to the articular cartilage above than in the rest of its extent. It is thicker above and below than elsewhere, and is so remarkably loose and lax, that it has no action in keeping the bones in contact, but allows them to be separated from each other more than 2.5 cm. , an evident provision for that extreme freedom of movement which is peculiar to this articulation. It is strengthened, above, by the Supraspinatus; below, by the long head of the Triceps brachii; behind, by the tendons of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor; and in front, by the tendon of the Subscapularis.[WP,unvetted] UBERON:0011960 articular capsule of humerus articular capsule of shoulder joint capsule of shoulder joint fibrous capsule of glenohumeral joint uberon Wikipedia:Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus articular capsule of humerus The articular capsule of the humerus is the articular capsule of the shoulder joint. It completely encircles the joint, being attached, above, to the circumference of the glenoid cavity beyond the glenoidal labrum; below, to the anatomical neck of the humerus, approaching nearer to the articular cartilage above than in the rest of its extent. It is thicker above and below than elsewhere, and is so remarkably loose and lax, that it has no action in keeping the bones in contact, but allows them to be separated from each other more than 2.5 cm. , an evident provision for that extreme freedom of movement which is peculiar to this articulation. It is strengthened, above, by the Supraspinatus; below, by the long head of the Triceps brachii; behind, by the tendons of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor; and in front, by the tendon of the Subscapularis.[WP,unvetted] Wikipedia:Articular_capsule_of_the_humerus FMA:34944 fibrous capsule of glenohumeral joint FMA:34944 capsule of shoulder joint articular capsule of hip joint FMA:42821 SCTID:263382006 The articular capsule (capsular ligament) is strong and dense. Above, it is attached to the margin of the acetabulum 5 to 6 mm. beyond the glenoidal labrum behind; but in front, it is attached to the outer margin of the labrum, and, opposite to the notch where the margin of the cavity is deficient, it is connected to the transverse ligament, and by a few fibers to the edge of the obturator foramen. It surrounds the neck of the femur, and is attached, in front, to the intertrochanteric line; above, to the base of the neck; behind, to the neck, about 1.25 cm. above the intertrochanteric crest; below, to the lower part of the neck, close to the lesser trochanter. From its femoral attachment some of the fibers are reflected upward along the neck as longitudinal bands, termed retinacula. The capsule is much thicker at the upper and forepart of the joint, where the greatest amount of resistance is required; behind and below, it is thin and loose. It consists of two sets of fibers, circular and longitudinal. The circular fibers, zona orbicularis, are most abundant at the lower and back part of the capsule, and form a sling or collar around the neck of the femur. Anteriorly they blend with the deep surface of the iliofemoral ligament, and gain an attachment to the anterior inferior iliac spine. The longitudinal fibers are greatest in amount at the upper and front part of the capsule, where they are reinforced by distinct bands, or accessory ligaments, of which the most important is the iliofemoral ligament. The other accessory bands are known as the pubocapsular and the ischiocapsular ligaments. The external surface of the capsule is rough, covered by numerous muscles, and separated in front from the Psoas major and Iliacus by a bursa, which not infrequently communicates by a circular aperture with the cavity of the joint. UBERON:0011961 articular capsule capsula articularis coxae capsular ligament capsule of hip joint fibrous capsule of hip joint uberon Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint capsule of hip joint Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint capsular ligament Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint capsula articularis coxae Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint articular capsule FMA:42821 fibrous capsule of hip joint The articular capsule (capsular ligament) is strong and dense. Above, it is attached to the margin of the acetabulum 5 to 6 mm. beyond the glenoidal labrum behind; but in front, it is attached to the outer margin of the labrum, and, opposite to the notch where the margin of the cavity is deficient, it is connected to the transverse ligament, and by a few fibers to the edge of the obturator foramen. It surrounds the neck of the femur, and is attached, in front, to the intertrochanteric line; above, to the base of the neck; behind, to the neck, about 1.25 cm. above the intertrochanteric crest; below, to the lower part of the neck, close to the lesser trochanter. From its femoral attachment some of the fibers are reflected upward along the neck as longitudinal bands, termed retinacula. The capsule is much thicker at the upper and forepart of the joint, where the greatest amount of resistance is required; behind and below, it is thin and loose. It consists of two sets of fibers, circular and longitudinal. The circular fibers, zona orbicularis, are most abundant at the lower and back part of the capsule, and form a sling or collar around the neck of the femur. Anteriorly they blend with the deep surface of the iliofemoral ligament, and gain an attachment to the anterior inferior iliac spine. The longitudinal fibers are greatest in amount at the upper and front part of the capsule, where they are reinforced by distinct bands, or accessory ligaments, of which the most important is the iliofemoral ligament. The other accessory bands are known as the pubocapsular and the ischiocapsular ligaments. The external surface of the capsule is rough, covered by numerous muscles, and separated in front from the Psoas major and Iliacus by a bursa, which not infrequently communicates by a circular aperture with the cavity of the joint. Wikipedia:Capsule_of_hip_joint transverse tarsal joint FMA:35201 SCTID:182220000 The transverse tarsal joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid, and the articulation of the talus with the navicular. The movement which takes place in this joint is more extensive than that in the other tarsal joints, and consists of a sort of rotation by means of which the foot may be slightly flexed or extended, the sole being at the same time carried medially (inverted) or laterally. UBERON:0011962 articulatio tarsi transversa chopart's joint midtarsal joint uberon The transverse tarsal joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid, and the articulation of the talus with the navicular. The movement which takes place in this joint is more extensive than that in the other tarsal joints, and consists of a sort of rotation by means of which the foot may be slightly flexed or extended, the sole being at the same time carried medially (inverted) or laterally. Wikipedia:Transverse_tarsal_joint FMA:35201 chopart's joint Wikipedia:Transverse_tarsal_joint midtarsal joint Wikipedia:Transverse_tarsal_joint articulatio tarsi transversa talocalcaneonavicular joint FMA:35204 SCTID:182211009 The talocalcaneonavicular articulation is an arthrodial joint: the rounded head of the talus being received into the concavity formed by the posterior surface of the navicular, the anterior articular surface of the calcaneus, and the upper surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament. There are two ligaments in this joint: the articular capsule and the dorsal talonavicular. UBERON:0011963 articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis talocalcaneonavicular articulation uberon FMA-modified Wikipedia:Talocalcaneonavicular_articulation talocalcaneonavicular articulation The talocalcaneonavicular articulation is an arthrodial joint: the rounded head of the talus being received into the concavity formed by the posterior surface of the navicular, the anterior articular surface of the calcaneus, and the upper surface of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament. There are two ligaments in this joint: the articular capsule and the dorsal talonavicular. Wikipedia:Talocalcaneonavicular_articulation Wikipedia:Talocalcaneonavicular_articulation articulatio talocalcaneonavicularis calcaneocuboid joint Calcaneocuboid Articulation (articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid). The ligaments connecting the calcaneus with the cuboid are five in number, viz. , the articular capsule, the dorsal calcaneocuboid, part of the bifurcated, the long plantar, and the plantar calcaneocuboid. FMA:35207 SCTID:361866008 UBERON:0011964 articulatio calcaneocubiodea calcaneocuboid articulation calcaneocuboidal joint uberon Wikipedia:Calcaneocuboid_articulation calcaneocuboid articulation FMA:35207 articulatio calcaneocubiodea Calcaneocuboid Articulation (articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid). The ligaments connecting the calcaneus with the cuboid are five in number, viz. , the articular capsule, the dorsal calcaneocuboid, part of the bifurcated, the long plantar, and the plantar calcaneocuboid. Wikipedia:Calcaneocuboid_articulation FMA-modified saddle joint FMA:75298 In a saddle joint (sellar joint, articulation by reciprocal reception) the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex. SCTID:23059003 UBERON:0011965 articulation by reciprocal reception sellar joint uberon Wikipedia:Saddle_joint sellar joint In a saddle joint (sellar joint, articulation by reciprocal reception) the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex. Wikipedia:Saddle_joint Wikipedia:Saddle_joint articulation by reciprocal reception manubriosternal joint FMA:7502 SCTID:263312002 UBERON:0011966 angle of louis angulus ludovici angulus sternalis angulus sterni manubriosternal joint manubriosternal junction manubriosternal symphysis manubro-sterno junction the early union, by hyaline cartilage, of the manubrium and the body of the sternum, which later becomes a symphysial type of joint. uberon FMA:7502 manubriosternal symphysis FMA Wikipedia:Sternal_angle http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=46395 the early union, by hyaline cartilage, of the manubrium and the body of the sternum, which later becomes a symphysial type of joint. Wikipedia:Sternal_angle manubriosternal joint Wikipedia:Sternal_angle manubro-sterno junction Wikipedia:Sternal_angle angle of louis Wikipedia:Sternal_angle angulus sterni Wikipedia:Sternal_angle angulus ludovici Wikipedia:Sternal_angle angulus sternalis Wikipedia:Sternal_angle manubriosternal junction costotransverse joint FMA:7952 SCTID:263328007 The facet of the tubercle of the rib forms an articulation with the adjacent transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. This is a plane type synovial joint called the costotransverse joint. This articulation is present in all but the eleventh and twelfth ribs. Ribs 1 to 10 have two joints in close proximity posteriorly; the costovertebral joints and the costotranseverse joints. This arrangement restrains the motion of the ribs allowing them to work in a parallel fashion during breathing. If a typical rib had only one joint posteriorly the resultant swivel action would allow a rib to be non-parallel with respect to the neighboring ribs making for a very inefficient respiratory mechanism. The ventral rami innervate the costotransverse joints. Therefore, therapeutic medial branch blocks are ineffectual. The ligaments of the joint are: Articular capsule Posterior costotransverse Anterior costotransverse Ligament of the neck of the rib Ligament of the tubercle of the rib UBERON:0011967 costotransverse articulation uberon Wikipedia:Costotransverse_joint costotransverse articulation The facet of the tubercle of the rib forms an articulation with the adjacent transverse process of a thoracic vertebra. This is a plane type synovial joint called the costotransverse joint. This articulation is present in all but the eleventh and twelfth ribs. Ribs 1 to 10 have two joints in close proximity posteriorly; the costovertebral joints and the costotranseverse joints. This arrangement restrains the motion of the ribs allowing them to work in a parallel fashion during breathing. If a typical rib had only one joint posteriorly the resultant swivel action would allow a rib to be non-parallel with respect to the neighboring ribs making for a very inefficient respiratory mechanism. The ventral rami innervate the costotransverse joints. Therefore, therapeutic medial branch blocks are ineffectual. The ligaments of the joint are: Articular capsule Posterior costotransverse Anterior costotransverse Ligament of the neck of the rib Ligament of the tubercle of the rib Wikipedia:Costotransverse_joint FMA FMA radio-carpal joint A skeletal joint that connects a radius bone and connects a carpal skeleton. FMA:35291 MA:0000461 SCTID:361839008 UBERON:0011968 articulatio radiocarpea radiocarpal articulation radiocarpal joint uberon wrist joint Wikipedia:Wrist articulatio radiocarpea Wikipedia:Wrist radiocarpal articulation FMA:35291 wrist joint MA A skeletal joint that connects a radius bone and connects a carpal skeleton. OBOL:automatic mesotarsal joint An ankle joint that passes between the proximal and distal tarsals. Calcaneus and astragalus are interlocked, line of flexion is distal to them[Kardong] UBERON:0011969 uberon An ankle joint that passes between the proximal and distal tarsals. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryM.html talofibular ligament A skeletal ligament that connects a fibula and connects a talus. FMA:44080 SCTID:244649001 UBERON:0011970 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/500px-Ankle_en.svg.png ligamentum talofibulare talo-fibular ligament uberon A skeletal ligament that connects a fibula and connects a talus. OBOL:automatic calcaneofibular ligament A skeletal ligament that connects a fibula and connects a calcaneus. FMA:44089 SCTID:244650001 UBERON:0011971 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ankle_en.svg/500px-Ankle_en.svg.png uberon A skeletal ligament that connects a fibula and connects a calcaneus. OBOL:automatic medial ligament of ankle joint A skeletal ligament that connects a tibia and connects a tarsal skeleton. FMA:44055 SCTID:41159004 UBERON:0011972 deltoid collateral ligament of ankle joint deltoid ligament of ankle joint ligamentum collaterale mediale (articulatio talocruralis) ligamentum deltoideum ligamentum deltoideum (articulatio talocruralis) medial collateral ligament of ankle joint uberon A skeletal ligament that connects a tibia and connects a tarsal skeleton. OBOL:automatic FMA:44055 ligamentum deltoideum (articulatio talocruralis) FMA:44055 deltoid ligament of ankle joint FMA:44055 deltoid collateral ligament of ankle joint FMA:TA ligamentum deltoideum FMA:44055 ligamentum collaterale mediale (articulatio talocruralis) FMA:44055 medial collateral ligament of ankle joint epiphysis of phalanx of pes An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. SCTID:314621001 UBERON:0011973 epiphysis of phalanx of toe uberon An epiphysis that is part of a phalanx of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of proximal phalanx of pes An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of pes. SCTID:280047006 UBERON:0011974 epiphysis of proximal phalanx of toe uberon An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of pes. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of middle phalanx of pes An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of pes. SCTID:280048001 UBERON:0011975 epiphysis of middle phalanx of toe uberon An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of pes. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of distal phalanx of pes An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pes. SCTID:280049009 UBERON:0011976 epiphysis of distal phalanx of toe uberon An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of pes. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of proximal phalanx of manus An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manus. SCTID:280044004 UBERON:0011977 epiphysis of proximal phalanx of finger uberon An epiphysis that is part of a proximal phalanx of manus. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of middle phalanx of manus An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manus. SCTID:280045003 UBERON:0011978 epiphysis of middle phalanx of finger uberon An epiphysis that is part of a middle phalanx of manus. OBOL:automatic epiphysis of distal phalanx of manus An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manus. SCTID:280046002 UBERON:0011979 epiphysis of distal phalanx of finger uberon An epiphysis that is part of a distal phalanx of manus. OBOL:automatic intratarsal joint UBERON:0011980 an ankle joint that passes between the astragalus and calcaneum. crurotarsal joint line of flexion between calcaneus and astragalus uberon an ankle joint that passes between the astragalus and calcaneum. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryCr.html#Crurotarsal%20joint ISBN10:0073040584 crurotarsal joint manual digit 6 6 6th finger Found in Acanthostega UBERON:0011981 fore digit VI fore limb digit 6 hand digit 6 sixth finger uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 6 OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 6 manual digit 7 7 Found in Acanthostega UBERON:0011982 fore digit VII fore limb digit 7 hand digit 7 seventh finger uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 7 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 7 manual digit 8 8 Found in Acanthostega UBERON:0011983 eighth finger fore digit VIII fore limb digit 8 hand digit 8 uberon OBOL:accepted fore limb digit 8 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted hand digit 8 pedal digit 6 6 UBERON:0011984 foot digit 6 hind digit 6 hind digit VI hind limb digit 6 pes digit VI sixth toe toe 6 uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 6 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 6 infraorbital sinus UBERON:0011985 an air-filled recess in the head of birds which lies lateral to the nasal cavity into which it opens sinus infraorbitalis uberon an air-filled recess in the head of birds which lies lateral to the nasal cavity into which it opens http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/infraorbital+sinus sinus infraorbitalis mucosa of infraorbital sinus A mucosa that adjacent_to a infraorbital sinus. UBERON:0011986 infraorbital sinus mucosa uberon A mucosa that adjacent_to a infraorbital sinus. OBOL:automatic OBOL:automatic infraorbital sinus mucosa pharyngeal adductor TAO:0000463 UBERON:0011996 ZFA:0000463 uberon ZFA coelom EHDAA2:0004731 Editor notes: EHDAA2 distingsuishes between the lumen, the lining, and the 'coelomic cavity', which despire it's name, is not a space - it is the aggregate of space plus lining. The structure that contains the coelemic cavity. UBERON:0011997 coelem coelomic coelomic cavity uberon The structure that contains the coelemic cavity. Wikipedia:Body_cavity Wikipedia:Coelom EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha EHDAA2:0004731 coelomic cavity EHDAA2 myocoele EMAPA:16415 EMAPA:16418 EMAPA:16421 EMAPA:16424 EMAPA:16427 EMAPA:16430 EMAPA:16433 EMAPA:16436 EMAPA:16439 EMAPA:16443 EMAPA:16447 EMAPA:16451 EMAPA:16455 EMAPA:16459 EMAPA:16463 EMAPA:16467 EMAPA:16602 EMAPA:16606 EMAPA:16610 EMAPA:16614 EMAPA:16618 EMAPA:16622 EMAPA:16626 EMAPA:16630 EMAPA:16634 EMAPA:16638 EMAPA:16863 EMAPA:16867 EMAPA:16871 EMAPA:16875 EMAPA:16879 EMAPA:17051 EMAPA:17055 EMAPA:17059 EMAPA:17063 EMAPA:17219 EMAPA:17223 EMAPA:17227 EMAPA:17231 EMAPA:17235 EMAPA:17239 EMAPA:17401 EMAPA:17405 EMAPA:17409 EMAPA:17686 EMAPA:17690 EMAPA:17694 EMAPA:17698 EMAPA:18032 EMAPA:18036 EMAPA:18040 EMAPA:18352 EMAPA:18356 EMAPA:18360 EMAPA:18364 EMAPA:18368 The cavity within a myotome The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0012054 VHOG:0001283 uberon VHOG 2012-09-17 ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6 The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] VHOG VHOG:0001283 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The cavity within a myotome http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myocoele left lung lower lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a lower lobe of left lung. EHDAA2:0000947 Mouse has single left lobe SCTID:80548008 UBERON:0012055 bronchiole of left lower lobe bronchiole of left lower lobe of lung left lung caudal lobe bronchiole uberon A bronchiole that is part of a lower lobe of left lung. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000947 left lung caudal lobe bronchiole left lung upper lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a upper lobe of left lung. EHDAA2:0000955 Mouse has single left lobe SCTID:72426004 UBERON:0012056 bronchiole of left cranial lobe bronchiole of left upper lobe bronchiole of left upper lobe of lung left lung cranial lobe bronchiole uberon EHDAA2:0000955 left lung cranial lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a upper lobe of left lung. OBOL:automatic right lung lower lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. EHDAA2:0004094 EMAPA:19004 SCTID:15215000 UBERON:0012059 bronchiole of right cranial lobe bronchiole of right lower lobe bronchiole of right lower lobe of lung right lung caudal lobe bronchiole uberon A bronchiole that is part of a lower lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004094 right lung caudal lobe bronchiole EHDAA2 lobar bronchus of right lung middle lobe A lobar bronchus that is part of a middle lobe of right lung. FMA:7401 UBERON:0012063 bronchus of right middle lobe middle lobar bronchus middle lobe bronchus uberon FMA:7401 middle lobar bronchus FMA:7401 bronchus of right middle lobe A lobar bronchus that is part of a middle lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic FMA:7401 middle lobe bronchus lobar bronchus of left lung upper lobe A lobar bronchus that is part of a upper lobe of left lung. FMA:7423 UBERON:0012065 bronchus of left upper lobe left superior lobar bronchus left upper lobar bronchus left upper lobe bronchus uberon FMA:7423 bronchus of left upper lobe FMA:7423 left upper lobar bronchus FMA:7423 left upper lobe bronchus A lobar bronchus that is part of a upper lobe of left lung. OBOL:automatic FMA:7423 left superior lobar bronchus lobar bronchus of left lung lower lobe A lobar bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of left lung. FMA:7432 SCTID:361961004 UBERON:0012066 bronchus of left lower lobe left inferior lobar bronchus left lower lobar bronchus left lower lobe bronchus uberon FMA:7432 left lower lobe bronchus A lobar bronchus that is part of a lower lobe of left lung. OBOL:automatic FMA:7432 bronchus of left lower lobe FMA:7432 left lower lobar bronchus FMA:7432 left inferior lobar bronchus primary bronchiole A bronchiole that arises from a segmental bronchus and does not contain cartilage. FMA:62510 UBERON:0012067 proximal bronchiole uberon FMA A bronchiole that arises from a segmental bronchus and does not contain cartilage. ISBN10:0123813611 Wikipedia:Bronchiole#Primary_bronchioles FMA:62510 proximal bronchiole right lung middle lobe bronchiole A bronchiole that is part of a middle lobe of right lung. EMAPA:19008 SCTID:69714005 UBERON:0012068 bronchiole of middle right lobe bronchiole of right middle lobe bronchiole of right middle lobe of lung uberon A bronchiole that is part of a middle lobe of right lung. OBOL:automatic epithelium-associated lymphoid tissue FMA:62811 UBERON:0012069 uberon FMA palatal tooth A tooth that is on the roof of the mouth. UBERON:0012070 palatal teeth uberon palatal teeth A tooth that is on the roof of the mouth. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/therapsida/anteosauria.html palate bone Any bone that is part of a palate. Note this is distinct (but not disjoint) from palatine bone UBERON:0012071 UMLS:C1518857 ncithesaurus:Palate_Bone palatal bone uberon Any bone that is part of a palate. UBERON:cjm palatal part of dermatocranium UBERON:0012072 dermatocranium, palatal series palatal series uberon ISBN10:0073040584 palatal series ISBN10:0073040584 dermatocranium, palatal series tooth of palatine bone A tooth that is attached to a palatine bone. Teeth present in some fishes on the palatine bones, bones that lie inside the upper jaw bones (sometimes maxillaries, sometimes premaxillaries) usually behind the vomerine tooth patch. UBERON:0012073 palatine teeth palatine tooth uberon palatine teeth A tooth that is attached to a palatine bone. UBERON:cjm Teeth present in some fishes on the palatine bones, bones that lie inside the upper jaw bones (sometimes maxillaries, sometimes premaxillaries) usually behind the vomerine tooth patch. http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=palatine+teeth bony part of hard palate A subdivision of skeletal system that subdivision_of a hard palate. FMA:59857 UBERON:0012074 bony palate palatum osseum uberon A subdivision of skeletal system that subdivision_of a hard palate. OBOL:automatic FMA:59857 bony palate FMA FMA:TA palatum osseum replacement bone AAO:0010768 Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue. Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue.[TAO] TAO:0001637 This class was introduced to be consistent with the ZFA hierarchy. The corresponding TAO term was obsoleted, and never introduced into VSAO. Note that VSAO does have replacement element. UBERON:0012075 ZFA:0001628 replacement bones uberon 2012-08-14 Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue.[TAO] TAO TAO:0001637 TAO:wd ZFA ZFA Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue. ZFA:0001628 ZFA:0001628 replacement bones tibiotalar joint A skeletal joint that connects a tibia and connects a talus. AO notes - see also FMA:44063 SCTID:361864006 UBERON:0012076 ankle joint talotibial joint tibioastragalar joint uberon Wikipedia:Ankle talotibial joint Wikipedia:Ankle tibioastragalar joint A skeletal joint that connects a tibia and connects a talus. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Ankle ankle joint fovea capitis of femur Absent in pinnipeds FMA:43700 The surface of the head of the femur is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea of head of femur, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligamentum teres. UBERON:0012078 fovea capitis fovea capitis femoris fovea capitis femoris (caput femoris) fovea capitis of femoral head fovea for ligament of head of femur fovea of head of femur uberon FMA:43700 fovea capitis femoris (caput femoris) FMA:43700 fovea for ligament of head of femur Wikipedia:Fovea_of_head_of_femur fovea of head of femur The surface of the head of the femur is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea of head of femur, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligamentum teres. Wikipedia:Fovea_of_head_of_femur Wikipedia:Fovea_of_head_of_femur fovea capitis Wikipedia:Fovea_of_head_of_femur fovea capitis femoris metapterygial axis UBERON:0012079 persisted in sacropterygians, precursor to limb axis proximodistal trajectory through a metapterygium[Wagner] uberon patella cartilaginous condensation A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a patella. EMAPA:19140 Note some sources have this as intramembranous UBERON:0012080 uberon A cartilaginous condensation that develops_into a patella. OBOL:automatic patella pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a patella. EMAPA:18510 UBERON:0012081 uberon A pre-cartilage condensation that develops_into a patella. OBOL:automatic EMAPA bronchial lumen An anatomical cavity that is part of a bronchus. FMA:62646 SCTID:199401001 UBERON:0012082 bronchial lumen lumen of bronchus uberon An anatomical cavity that is part of a bronchus. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:62646 lumen of bronchus FMA:62646 bronchial lumen FMA lumen of primary bronchus An anatomical cavity that is part of a main bronchus. FMA:13116 UBERON:0012083 lumen of main bronchus main bronchial lumen principal bronchial lumen uberon FMA:13116 lumen of main bronchus FMA:13116 main bronchial lumen An anatomical cavity that is part of a main bronchus. OBOL:automatic lumen of secondary bronchus An anatomical cavity that is part of a lobar bronchus. FMA:62520 UBERON:0012084 lobar bronchial lumen lumen of lobar bronchus secondary bronchial lumen uberon FMA:62520 lobar bronchial lumen FMA:62520 lumen of lobar bronchus An anatomical cavity that is part of a lobar bronchus. OBOL:automatic lumen of tertiary bronchus An anatomical cavity that is part of a segmental bronchus. FMA:62593 UBERON:0012085 lumen of segmental bronchus segmental bronchial lumen uberon FMA:62593 segmental bronchial lumen FMA:62593 lumen of segmental bronchus An anatomical cavity that is part of a segmental bronchus. OBOL:automatic lumen of parabronchus An anatomical cavity that is part of a parabronchus. UBERON:0012086 uberon An anatomical cavity that is part of a parabronchus. OBOL:automatic air capilary An extension of the parabronchus, the walls of which are the site of gas exchange UBERON:0012087 air vesicle uberon An extension of the parabronchus, the walls of which are the site of gas exchange ISBN10:0073040584 http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab26/Examples/exairves.htm lateroobronchus UBERON:0012088 uberon appendicocostalis muscle . UBERON:0012100 appendicocostalis uberon PMID:15755883 appendicocostalis . PMID:15755883 perinatal stage In birds, the paranatal stage starts when the beak penetrates into the air pocket (air cell) between the inner and outer shell membranes UBERON:0012101 paranatal stage the period spanning the range immediately before and after birth uberon buccal salivary gland FMA:59793 UBERON:0012102 uberon FMA FMA suspensory ligament of breast Connects skin of mammary gland with deep fascia Cooper's ligament Cooper's ligaments (also known as the suspensory ligaments of Cooper and the fibrocollagenous septa) are connective tissue in the breast that helps maintain structural integrity. Transmission diffraction tomography can reveal the anatomy. Cooper's Suspensory Ligament should not be confused with the pectineal ligament (sometimes called the inguinal ligament of Cooper) which shares the same eponym. FMA:58040 SCTID:279011006 UBERON:0012103 ligament of Cooper retinaculum cutis mammae suspensory ligament of cooper suspensory ligament of the breast suspensory ligaments of breast suspensory ligaments of the breast suspensory retinaculum of breast uberon Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments suspensory ligament of the breast Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments suspensory ligaments of the breast FMA:TA retinaculum cutis mammae Cooper's ligament Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments FMA FMA:58040 suspensory retinaculum of breast Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments suspensory ligaments of breast Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments ligament of Cooper Cooper's ligaments (also known as the suspensory ligaments of Cooper and the fibrocollagenous septa) are connective tissue in the breast that helps maintain structural integrity. Transmission diffraction tomography can reveal the anatomy. Cooper's Suspensory Ligament should not be confused with the pectineal ligament (sometimes called the inguinal ligament of Cooper) which shares the same eponym. Wikipedia:Cooper%27s_ligaments FMA:58040 suspensory ligament of cooper sesamoid bone of the peroneus longus muscle UBERON:0012104 a coffee bean-shaped constant, large and regular bone. The lateral surface of the bone is convex in all directions and non-articular. The medial surface is covered with hyaline cartilage and articulates by means of a synovial joint with the corresponding facet of the cuboid bone. The histological structure and the mode of ossification of the os peroneum are identical to that of other short bones of the skeleton. os peroneum uberon http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1261702/ os peroneum baleen plate UBERON:0012105 a keratinous sieve composed of bristles that enables filter feeding in the mouth of mysticete whales. uberon Wikipedia:baleen a keratinous sieve composed of bristles that enables filter feeding in the mouth of mysticete whales. baleen plate bristle A keratinous bristle that enables filter feeding in the mouth of mysticete whales. UBERON:0012106 baleen plate fringe fringe of baleen plate uberon A keratinous bristle that enables filter feeding in the mouth of mysticete whales. Wikipedia:baleen postorbital bar A strut formed from the union of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone. UBERON:0012108 post-orbital bar uberon orbital series A strut formed from the union of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone. MURDOCH:1580 Wikipedia:Postorbital_Bar zygomatic process of frontal bone FMA:54389 SCTID:427577001 The part of the zygomatic process consisting of the frontal bone[WP] UBERON:0012109 frontal bone - zygomatic process processus zygomaticus (os frontale) processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis uberon The part of the zygomatic process consisting of the frontal bone[WP] Wikipedia:Zygomatic_process_of_frontal_bone Wikipedia:Zygomatic_process_of_frontal_bone processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis FMA:54389 processus zygomaticus (os frontale) frontal process of zygomatic bone FMA:52907 SCTID:116353002 UBERON:0012110 processus frontalis (os zygomaticum) uberon zygomatic bone - frontal process FMA:52907 processus frontalis (os zygomaticum) diastema 2 A space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. FMA:77271 SCTID:410003009 UBERON:0012111 UBERON:0013134 diastemata interdental space uberon diastemata A space or gap between two teeth. Many species of mammals have diastemata as a normal feature, most commonly between the incisors and molars. Wikipedia:Diastema_(dentistry) ingested food AO notes: FMA def restricts this to 'oral cavity, pharynx or esophagus', but child terms includes chyme - which is in the stomach Body substance, which consists of food admixed with saliva contained in the oral cavity, pharynx or esophagus[FMA]. FMA:62964 UBERON:0012112 uberon FMA Body substance, which consists of food admixed with saliva contained in the oral cavity, pharynx or esophagus[FMA]. FMA FMA:62964 bolus of food FMA:78441 Ingested food contained in the esophagus. UBERON:0012113 bolus bolus of ingested food food bolus uberon FMA:78441 food bolus FMA FMA:78441 bolus of ingested food FMA:78441 Ingested food contained in the esophagus. Wikipedia:Bolus_(digestion) cud SCTID:110606000 UBERON:0012114 a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant, produced during the physical digestive process of rumination bolus of cud uberon Wikipedia:Cud a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant, produced during the physical digestive process of rumination dental comb Taxon notes: The toothcomb occurs in lemuriform primates (which includes lemurs and lorisoids), treeshrews, colugos, hyraxes, and some African antelopes. The structures evolved independently in different types of mammals through convergent evolution and vary both in dental composition and structure. In most mammals the comb is formed by a group of teeth with fine spaces between them. The toothcombs in most mammals include incisors only, while in lemuriform primates they include incisors and canine teeth that tilt forward at the front of the lower jaw, followed by a canine-shaped first premolar. The toothcombs of colugos and hyraxes take a different form with the individual incisors being serrated, providing multiple tines per tooth UBERON:0012115 a dental structure found in some mammals, comprising a group of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming. tooth comb toothcomb uberon Wikipedia:Toothcomb tooth comb Wikipedia:Toothcomb a dental structure found in some mammals, comprising a group of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming. Wikipedia:Toothcomb toothcomb nutrient foramen conduit UBERON:0012116 any of the passages admitting nutrient vessels to the medullary cavity of bone uberon any of the passages admitting nutrient vessels to the medullary cavity of bone http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nutrient+foramen lumen of nutrient foramen An anatomical space that is part of a nutrient foramen conduit, leading to the medullary cavity of the bone. FMA:75304 SCTID:29288001 UBERON:0012117 nutrient foramen nutrient foramina uberon FMA:75304 nutrient foramen nutrient foramina An anatomical space that is part of a nutrient foramen conduit, leading to the medullary cavity of the bone. UBERON:cjm infraspinatus tendon FMA:37076 The infraspinatus muscle inserts at this tendon to the distal greater tubercle of the humerus . This tendon stretches across the shoulder joint to attach to the humerus and in doing so acts as a very strong ligament to hold the joint surface in apposition. This structure restricts the movement of the shoulder joint to flexion and extension (together with the suscapularis tendon and the supraspinatus tendon). A bursa lies under this tendon at the greater tubercle of the humerus. The bursa is lined by a synovial membrance and filled with synovial fluid and protects the infraspinatus tendon and the shoulder joint by allowing the transmissions of tension and sheer forces around an angle. UBERON:0012118 tendon of infraspinatus muscle uberon MURDOCH:963 The infraspinatus muscle inserts at this tendon to the distal greater tubercle of the humerus . This tendon stretches across the shoulder joint to attach to the humerus and in doing so acts as a very strong ligament to hold the joint surface in apposition. This structure restricts the movement of the shoulder joint to flexion and extension (together with the suscapularis tendon and the supraspinatus tendon). A bursa lies under this tendon at the greater tubercle of the humerus. The bursa is lined by a synovial membrance and filled with synovial fluid and protects the infraspinatus tendon and the shoulder joint by allowing the transmissions of tension and sheer forces around an angle. FMA:37076 tendon of infraspinatus muscle vinculum tendon of wing UBERON:0012119 a tendon which emerges from the distal end of the humerus and follows the posterior margin of the wing, attaching at the distal end of digit 2. The raches of the remiges (i.e., the stems of the flight feathers) are stabilized by passing through the vinculum. uberon a tendon which emerges from the distal end of the humerus and follows the posterior margin of the wing, attaching at the distal end of digit 2. The raches of the remiges (i.e., the stems of the flight feathers) are stabilized by passing through the vinculum. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryUV.html vinculum of tendon FMA:42604 Organ component cluster which consists of a tendinous vinculum surrounded by synovial membrane of the synovial tendon sheath. Examples: short vinculum of tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis, long vinculum of tendon of flexor digitorum profundus. SCTID:360764006 This is not classified as a tendon in FMA UBERON:0012120 tendon vinculum uberon FMA:42604 Organ component cluster which consists of a tendinous vinculum surrounded by synovial membrane of the synovial tendon sheath. Examples: short vinculum of tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis, long vinculum of tendon of flexor digitorum profundus. Wikipedia:Vincula_tendina FMA:42604 tendon vinculum respiratory velum Muscular scroll-like flap that moves water through median nostril and over gills UBERON:0012121 a respiratory pump found in basal craniates uberon velum Wikipedia:http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryUV.html a respiratory pump found in basal craniates avian scapholunar bone May correspond to radiale[Origin and evolution of birds, Feduccia] UBERON:0012124 radiale scapholunar uberon dermatological-muscosal system Anatomical system that consists of the integumental system plus all mucosae and submucosae. UBERON:0012125 dermatological system uberon Anatomical system that consists of the integumental system plus all mucosae and submucosae. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/53 OBI:MC dermatological system fibulare AAO:0000913 In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale[AAO] One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale.[AAO] One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element[AAO]. UBERON:0012126 astragalus uberon cjm AAO:0000913 One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element[AAO]. AAO:0000913 astragalus 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0000913 AAO:LAP One of two element that constitute the basal row of tarsals. The fibulare constitutes the preaxial element. In salamanders this element is aproximatelly rounded, whereas in anurans it is an elongate, cylindrical bone with the proximal and distal heads fused to the heads of the tibiale.[AAO] AAO feather barbicel A minute hook that projects off of a feather barbule, holding barbules together UBERON:0012127 barbicel feather hooklet hooklet uberon barbicel hooklet nose tip FMA:59518 SCTID:361926005 UBERON:0012128 apex nasi apex of nose nasal tip snout tip tip of nose tip of snout uberon FMA FMA:TA apex nasi FMA:59518 tip of nose FMA:59518 nasal tip FMA:59518 apex of nose radial head of humerus AAO:0000838 Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process[AAO]. UBERON:0012129 capitellum capitellum of humerus eminentia capitata radial condyle radial condyle of humerus uberon AAO:0000838 radial condyle AAO:0000838 eminentia capitata AAO:LAP Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb PHENOSCAPE:curators AAO AAO:0000838 AAO:LAP Hemispherical ball located at the lower end of the humerus that stands out prominently from the surrounding structures toward the flexor surface of the forelimb and fits into the socket joint of the olecranon process[AAO]. olecranon fossa Above the back part of the trochlea of the humerus is a deep triangular depression, the olecranon fossa, in which the summit of the olecranon is received in extension of the forearm. FMA:23450 UBERON:0012130 a deep evacuation in the bone, into which the anconeal process of the ulna passes when the elbow joint is extended fossa olecrani uberon Wikipedia:Olecranon_fossa fossa olecrani Above the back part of the trochlea of the humerus is a deep triangular depression, the olecranon fossa, in which the summit of the olecranon is received in extension of the forearm. Wikipedia:Olecranon_fossa centrale Endochondral bone located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals or tarsals and thus representing the central carpals or tarsals[PHENOSCAPE]. FMA:77232 UBERON:0012131 Usage notes: This term corresponds both to the navicular bone in the pes and the similar central carpals in the manus. AO notes: the FMA term is under 'general anatomical term'. central mesopodium bone os centrale uberon FMA:77232 os centrale Endochondral bone located between the proximal and distal rows of carpals or tarsals and thus representing the central carpals or tarsals[PHENOSCAPE]. PHENOSCAPE:AMAO intercuneiform joint 2 FMA:35213 Terminology notes: The term "cuneocuboid articulation" is sometimes used to describe the joint between the cuboid and lateral cuneiform, but this term isn't recognized by Terminologia Anatomica[WP] The intercuneiform articulations are articulations among the cuneiform bones[WP,unverified]. UBERON:0012132 cuneocuboid cuneocuboid articulation intercuneiform intercuneiform and cuneocuboid articulations intercuneiform articulation intercuneiform joints uberon Wikipedia:Intercuneiform_articulations intercuneiform and cuneocuboid articulations Wikipedia:Intercuneiform_articulations intercuneiform joints Wikipedia:Intercuneiform_articulations intercuneiform Wikipedia:Intercuneiform_articulations intercuneiform articulation The intercuneiform articulations are articulations among the cuneiform bones[WP,unverified]. Wikipedia:Intercuneiform_articulations Wikipedia:Intercuneiform_articulations cuneocuboid articulation Wikipedia:Intercuneiform_articulations cuneocuboid lateral-intermediate intercuneiform joint FMA:73223 UBERON:0012133 todo - add connections uberon medial-intermediate intercuneiform joint FMA:73222 UBERON:0012134 todo - add connections uberon prepollex skeleton A prepollex does not contain phalanges nor does it articulate with a metacarpal. It articulates with elements of the carpal (wrist) skeleton[AAO:DB]. TODO: add articulation relations AAO:0000852 UBERON:0012135 cartilago pre-pollicis prepollex uberon AAO AAO:0000852 prepollex AAO:0000852 cartilago pre-pollicis prehallux UBERON:0012136 prehallical uberon pedal digit 7 7 UBERON:0012137 foot digit 7 hind digit 7 hind digit VII hind limb digit 7 pes digit VII seventh toe toe 7 uberon OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 7 NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 7 pedal digit 8 8 UBERON:0012138 eigth toe foot digit 8 hind digit 8 hind digit VIII hind limb digit 8 pes digit VIII toe 8 uberon NCBITaxon:9606 OBOL:accepted foot digit 8 OBOL:accepted hind limb digit 8 segment of autopod UBERON:0012139 uberon may be revised digitopodium region A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region. Terminology notes: some sources call this the acropodium. see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 UBERON:0012140 acropodium (Wagner) autopod proper http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 uberon A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region. PHENOSCAPE:ni manual digitopodium region A digitopodium region that is part of a manus[Obol]. This includes the fingers and metacarpal region, but excludes the carpal region. FMA:61067 Terminology notes: some sources call this the acropodium. see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 UBERON:0012141 hand proper http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 uberon FMA:61067 hand proper pedal digitopodium region A digitopodium region that is part of a pes[Obol]. This includes the toes and metatarsal region, but excludes the tarsals region. FMA:73084 Terminology notes: some sources call this the acropodium. see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 UBERON:0012142 foot proper http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 uberon FMA:73084 foot proper skeleton of digitopodium A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton. Terminology notes: some sources call this the acropodium. see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 UBERON:0012150 autopod proper skeleton digitopodium http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 uberon A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton. PHENOSCAPE:ni PHENOSCAPE:ni digitopodium skeleton of manual digitopodium A subdivision of the manus skeleton consisting of both manual acropodial skeleton and metacarpal skeleton, but excluding the carpal skeleton. FMA:79180 Terminology notes: some sources call this the acropodium. see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 UBERON:0012151 hand proper skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 manual digitopodium skeleton of hand proper uberon FMA FMA:79180 skeleton of hand proper A subdivision of the manus skeleton consisting of both manual acropodial skeleton and metacarpal skeleton, but excluding the carpal skeleton. PHENOSCAPE:ni UBERON:cjm FMA:79180 hand proper skeleton skeleton of pedal digitopodium A subdivision of the pes skeleton consisting of both pedal acropodial skeleton and metatarsal skeleton, but excluding the tarsal skeleton. Terminology notes: some sources call this the acropodium. see http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 UBERON:0012152 foot proper skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/references/reference_0000019 pedal digitopodium skeleton of foot proper uberon A subdivision of the pes skeleton consisting of both pedal acropodial skeleton and metatarsal skeleton, but excluding the tarsal skeleton. PHENOSCAPE:ni UBERON:cjm buccal fat pad Bichat's fat pad FMA:59799 SCTID:25930004 The Buccal fat pad is one of several encapsulated fat masses in the cheek. It is a deep fat pad located on either side of the face between the buccinator muscle and several more superficial muscles. It should not be confused with the malar fat pad, which is directly below the skin of the cheek. It should also not be confused with jowl fat pads. It is implicated in the formation of hollow cheeks and the nasolabial fold, but not in the formation of jowls. UBERON:0012167 uberon The Buccal fat pad is one of several encapsulated fat masses in the cheek. It is a deep fat pad located on either side of the face between the buccinator muscle and several more superficial muscles. It should not be confused with the malar fat pad, which is directly below the skin of the cheek. It should also not be confused with jowl fat pads. It is implicated in the formation of hollow cheeks and the nasolabial fold, but not in the formation of jowls. Wikipedia:Buccal_fat_pad Bichat's fat pad FMA:59799 umbilical cord blood BTO:0004053 CALOHA:TS-1079 Cord blood is collected because it contains stem cells, which can be used to treat hematopoietic and genetic disorders.[WP] EFO:0001942 MESH:A12.207.152.200 UBERON:0012168 blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth[WP]. cord blood fetal blood uberon umbilical cord blood MESH:A12.207.152.200 umbilical cord blood Wikipedia:Cord_blood blood that remains in the placenta and in the attached umbilical cord after childbirth[WP]. MESH:A12.207.152.200 fetal blood BTO:0004053 cord blood core of nucleus accumbens EFO:0002458 FMA:77383 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090306 UBERON:0012170 core of nucleus accumbens core region of nucleus accumbens nucleus accumbens core uberon FMA:77383 core region of nucleus accumbens NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090306 core of nucleus accumbens NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090306 nucleus accumbens core shell of nucleus accumbens Crescent shaped outer zone of the nucleus accumbens, defined by a combination of chemoarchitecture and afferent and efferent connections. The shell is distinguished from the more centrally located core through the notable reduction in staining for the calcium-binding protein calbindin D28K, which is dense in the core and virtually absent in the shell. EFO:0002459 FMA:77387 NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090307 UBERON:0012171 nucleus accumbens shell shell of nucleus accumbens shell region of nucleus accumbens uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090307 shell of nucleus accumbens Crescent shaped outer zone of the nucleus accumbens, defined by a combination of chemoarchitecture and afferent and efferent connections. The shell is distinguished from the more centrally located core through the notable reduction in staining for the calcium-binding protein calbindin D28K, which is dense in the core and virtually absent in the shell. NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090307 NIF_GrossAnatomy FMA:77387 shell region of nucleus accumbens NIF_GrossAnatomy:nlx_anat_20090307 nucleus accumbens shell stomach primordium EFO:0002580 UBERON:0012172 UMLS:C1514976 ncithesaurus:Stomach_Primordium stomach endoderm uberon EFO:0002580 stomach endoderm Obol middle suprarenal artery FMA:14754 SCTID:303425000 The middle suprarenal arteries (middle capsular arteries; suprarenal arteries) are two small vessels which arise, one from either side of the abdominal aorta, opposite the superior mesenteric artery. They pass laterally and slightly upward, over the crura of the diaphragm, to the suprarenal glands, where they anastomose with suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic and renal arteries. In the fetus these arteries are of large size. UBERON:0012173 arteria suprarenalis media middle capsular artery middle suprarenal middle suprarenal arterial tree middle suprarenal artery uberon Wikipedia:Middle_suprarenal_arteries middle suprarenal artery Wikipedia:Middle_suprarenal_arteries middle suprarenal The middle suprarenal arteries (middle capsular arteries; suprarenal arteries) are two small vessels which arise, one from either side of the abdominal aorta, opposite the superior mesenteric artery. They pass laterally and slightly upward, over the crura of the diaphragm, to the suprarenal glands, where they anastomose with suprarenal branches of the inferior phrenic and renal arteries. In the fetus these arteries are of large size. Wikipedia:Middle_suprarenal_arteries Wikipedia:Middle_suprarenal_arteries middle capsular artery Wikipedia:Middle_suprarenal_arteries arteria suprarenalis media Wikipedia FMA:14754 middle suprarenal arterial tree obsolete geniculate nucleus EFO:0002463 SCTID:362376002 UBERON:0001926 UBERON:0001927 UBERON:0012174 geniculate body inappropriate grouping true uberon acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex EHDAA2:0000494 EMAPA:16794 UBERON:0012175 VHOG:0000715 facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII uberon cjm EHDAA2 cjm VHOG:0000715 facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex EMAPA:16794 facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII comb SCTID:3643003 UBERON:0012176 a vascular, red cutaneous structure attached in a sagittal plane to the dorsum of the skull of domestic fowl. It consists of a base attached to the skull, a central mass called the body, a backward projecting blade and upward projecting points uberon a vascular, red cutaneous structure attached in a sagittal plane to the dorsum of the skull of domestic fowl. It consists of a base attached to the skull, a central mass called the body, a backward projecting blade and upward projecting points http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pea+comb skin apocrine gland An apocrine gland that is part of a skin of body. MA:0000147 UBERON:0012177 uberon An apocrine gland that is part of a skin of body. OBOL:automatic MA bone of pelvis In MA, this is the superclass of the 3 innominate elements (pelvic girdle bones) and caudal and sacral vertebrae. This class is included to ensure consistency across anatomical ontologies MA:0000532 UBERON:0012179 uberon MA MA head or neck skin A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. MA:0000574 UBERON:0012180 UMLS:C1522650 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Scalp_and_Neck uberon A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic tonsil crypt FMA:55044 MA:0000777 SCTID:143723007 Tonsils consist of an extensive system of crypts, which result in a large internal surface. The tonsils contain four lymphoid compartments that influence immune functions, namely the reticular crypt epithelium, the extrafollicular area, the mantle zones of lymphoid follicles, and the follicular germinal centers. In human palatine tonsils, the very first part exposed to the outside environment is tonsillar epithelium. UBERON:0012181 UMLS:C0229876 cryptae tonsillares ncithesaurus:Tonsillar_Crypt tonsillar crypt uberon Tonsils consist of an extensive system of crypts, which result in a large internal surface. The tonsils contain four lymphoid compartments that influence immune functions, namely the reticular crypt epithelium, the extrafollicular area, the mantle zones of lymphoid follicles, and the follicular germinal centers. In human palatine tonsils, the very first part exposed to the outside environment is tonsillar epithelium. Wikipedia:Tonsillar_crypts Wikipedia:Tonsillar_crypts cryptae tonsillares MA FMA:55044 tonsillar crypt obsolete tunica vasculosa plexus . UBERON:0012184 obsolete term deriving from MA to NCITA mappings. true uberon . https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3580301&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 ovary growing follicle MA:0001708 UBERON:0012186 UMLS:C1512279 ncithesaurus:Growing_Follicle uberon MA frontal artery FMA:50025 MA:0001960 SCTID:369332005 The supratrochlear artery (or frontal artery), one of the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, branches off where the ophthalmic travels posterior to the trochlea. UBERON:0012187 UMLS:C1708100 a supratrochlearis frontal arteries frontal artery ncithesaurus:Frontal_Artery supratrochlear artery uberon FMA:50025 supratrochlear artery The supratrochlear artery (or frontal artery), one of the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, branches off where the ophthalmic travels posterior to the trochlea. Wikipedia:Supratrochlear_artery Wikipedia:Supratrochlear_artery a supratrochlearis Wikipedia:Supratrochlear_artery frontal artery FMA Wikipedia:Supratrochlear_artery frontal arteries phrenic vein MA:0002194 UBERON:0012193 UMLS:C1709532 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Vein uberon MA superior intercostal vein MA:0002226 The superior intercostal veins are two veins that drain the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th intercostal spaces, one vein for each side of the body. UBERON:0012194 UMLS:C1515066 ncithesaurus:Superior_Intercostal_Vein uberon The superior intercostal veins are two veins that drain the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th intercostal spaces, one vein for each side of the body. Wikipedia:Superior_intercostal_vein left superior intercostal vein FMA:4797 SCTID:27297006 UBERON:0012195 uberon right superior intercostal vein FMA:4877 SCTID:80721005 UBERON:0012196 uberon intercostal vein EMAPA:18762 SCTID:281057004 The intercostal veins are a group of veins which drain the area between the ribs. UBERON:0012197 uberon The intercostal veins are a group of veins which drain the area between the ribs. Wikipedia:Intercostal_veins intercostal space FMA:12243 SCTID:243937005 Space of compartment of trunk bounded by the upper and lower surfaces of two consecutive ribs. UBERON:0012198 uberon FMA:12243 Space of compartment of trunk bounded by the upper and lower surfaces of two consecutive ribs. Wikipedia:Intercostal_space posterior intercostal vein FMA:4858 SCTID:89209000 The posterior intercostal veins are veins that drain the intercostal spaces posteriorly. They run with their corresponding posterior intercostal artery on the underside of the rib, the vein superior to the artery. Each vein also gives off a dorsal branch that drains blood from the muscles of the back. There are eleven posterior intercostal veins on each side. Their patterns are variable, but they are commonly arranged as: The 1st posterior intercostal vein, supreme intercostal vein, drains into the brachiocephalic vein or the vertebral vein. The 2nd and 3rd (and often 4th) posterior intercostal veins drain into the superior intercostal vein. The remaining posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos vein on the right, or the hemiazygos vein on the left. UBERON:0012199 uberon venae intercostalis posterior The posterior intercostal veins are veins that drain the intercostal spaces posteriorly. They run with their corresponding posterior intercostal artery on the underside of the rib, the vein superior to the artery. Each vein also gives off a dorsal branch that drains blood from the muscles of the back. There are eleven posterior intercostal veins on each side. Their patterns are variable, but they are commonly arranged as: The 1st posterior intercostal vein, supreme intercostal vein, drains into the brachiocephalic vein or the vertebral vein. The 2nd and 3rd (and often 4th) posterior intercostal veins drain into the superior intercostal vein. The remaining posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos vein on the right, or the hemiazygos vein on the left. Wikipedia:Posterior_intercostal_veins FMA:4858 venae intercostalis posterior anterior intercostal vein FMA:12831 SCTID:15546000 The anterior intercostal veins are the veins which drain the anterior intercostal space. UBERON:0012200 uberon The anterior intercostal veins are the veins which drain the anterior intercostal space. Wikipedia:Anterior_intercostal_veins intercostal lymph node FMA:5932 SCTID:204088001 The intercostal lymph nodes (intercostal glands ) occupy the posterior parts of the intercostal spaces, in relation to the intercostal vessels. They receive the deep lymphatics from the postero-lateral aspect of the chest; some of these vessels are interrupted by small lateral intercostal glands. UBERON:0012236 UMLS:C0229761 intercostal node ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Lymph_Node nodi lymphoidei intercostales nodus intercostale uberon FMA Wikipedia:Intercostal_lymph_nodes nodi lymphoidei intercostales The intercostal lymph nodes (intercostal glands ) occupy the posterior parts of the intercostal spaces, in relation to the intercostal vessels. They receive the deep lymphatics from the postero-lateral aspect of the chest; some of these vessels are interrupted by small lateral intercostal glands. Wikipedia:Intercostal_lymph_nodes FMA:5932 nodus intercostale FMA:5932 intercostal node superior phrenic vein FMA:78121 SCTID:198356008 The superior phrenic vein, i.e. , the vein accompanying the pericardiacophrenic artery, usually opens into the internal mammary vein. UBERON:0012237 uberon The superior phrenic vein, i.e. , the vein accompanying the pericardiacophrenic artery, usually opens into the internal mammary vein. Wikipedia:Superior_phrenic_vein cjm ureteric bud trunk EMAPA:27608 EMAPA:27627 EMAPA:27697 EMAPA:28405 EMAPA:28494 UBERON:0012238 uberon ureteric bud cells that elongate to form a rigid structure (stalk) consisting of polarized epithelial cells without branching; the stalks differentiate into the collecting system of the mature kidney, while the tip cells interact with the adjacent cells of the metanephric mesenchyme, inducing their conversion into nephrons. ureteric bud stalk ureteric stalk ureteric trunk MP:0011761 ureteric bud stalk EMAPA:27608 ureteric trunk EMAPA:27608 ureteric stalk MP:0011761 ureteric bud cells that elongate to form a rigid structure (stalk) consisting of polarized epithelial cells without branching; the stalks differentiate into the collecting system of the mature kidney, while the tip cells interact with the adjacent cells of the metanephric mesenchyme, inducing their conversion into nephrons. urinary bladder vasculature EMAPA:28679 UBERON:0012239 bladder vasculature blood vessels of bladder network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP] set of urinary bladder blood vessels uberon MP:MP network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP] EMAPA EMAPA:28679 blood vessels of bladder urethral meatus FMA:19650 SCTID:181424008 UBERON:0012240 external meatus of urethra external opening or orifice of the urethra through which urine and seminal fluid (in males only) leave the body; in males the meatus presents as a vertical slit normally positioned at the tip of glans penis; in females the meatus is located between the clitoris and the vagina in the vulvular vestibule of the female genitalia[MP]. external urethral orifice external urethral ostium external urinary meatus meatus urinarius orificium urethrae externum orificium urethræ externum uberon urethral meatus FMA:19650 external urethral orifice FMA:19650 external urinary meatus FMA:19650 external urethral ostium orificium urethræ externum orificium urethrae externum MP:MP Wikipedia:Urinary_meatus external opening or orifice of the urethra through which urine and seminal fluid (in males only) leave the body; in males the meatus presents as a vertical slit normally positioned at the tip of glans penis; in females the meatus is located between the clitoris and the vagina in the vulvular vestibule of the female genitalia[MP]. FMA:19650 urethral meatus FMA:19650 external meatus of urethra meatus urinarius male urethral meatus A urethral meatus that is part of a male urethra[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:85265 SCTID:279478000 The external urethral orifice is the external opening or meatus of the urethra, normally placed at the tip of glans penis; it presents as a vertical slit, possibly bounded on either side by two small labia-like projections, In some cases the slit may be more rounded. This occurs naturally in some males and may also be a side effect of excess skin removal during circumcision. Congenital misplacement of the urethral orifice is called hypospadias when it is located in the underside (ventral aspect) of the penis, and epispadias when located in the dorsum (upper aspect). Improper shaping of the meatus can result in meatal stenosis. UBERON:0012241 external orifice of male urethra external urethral orifice (male) ostium urethrae externum (urethra masculina) uberon FMA:85265 external orifice of male urethra A urethral meatus that is part of a male urethra[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29 FMA:85265 external urethral orifice (male) FMA:TA ostium urethrae externum (urethra masculina) The external urethral orifice is the external opening or meatus of the urethra, normally placed at the tip of glans penis; it presents as a vertical slit, possibly bounded on either side by two small labia-like projections, In some cases the slit may be more rounded. This occurs naturally in some males and may also be a side effect of excess skin removal during circumcision. Congenital misplacement of the urethral orifice is called hypospadias when it is located in the underside (ventral aspect) of the penis, and epispadias when located in the dorsum (upper aspect). Improper shaping of the meatus can result in meatal stenosis. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_%28male%29 internal urethral orifice FMA:85263 SCTID:362228001 The internal urethral orifice is the opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra. It is placed at the apex of the trigonum vesicae, in the most dependent part of the bladder, and is usually somewhat crescent-shaped; the mucous membrane immediately behind it presents a slight elevation in males, the uvula vesicae, caused by the middle lobe of the prostate. UBERON:0012242 internal meatus of urethra internal urethral orifice of urinary bladder internal urethral ostium internal urethral ostium internal urinary meatus orificium urethrae internum ostium orificium internum ostium urethrae internum uberon vesicourethral orifice ostium orificium internum FMA:85263 internal urethral orifice of urinary bladder MP:0011782 internal urinary meatus MP:0011782 internal urethral ostium FMA:85263 internal urethral ostium MP:0011782 orificium urethrae internum Wikipedia:Internal_urethral_orifice ostium urethrae internum The internal urethral orifice is the opening of the urinary bladder into the urethra. It is placed at the apex of the trigonum vesicae, in the most dependent part of the bladder, and is usually somewhat crescent-shaped; the mucous membrane immediately behind it presents a slight elevation in males, the uvula vesicae, caused by the middle lobe of the prostate. Wikipedia:Internal_urethral_orifice FMA:85263 internal meatus of urethra FMA:85263 vesicourethral orifice nuptial pad Raised calluses of cornified epidermis used by the male to hold the female during mating. UBERON:0012243 uberon ISBN10:0073040584 Raised calluses of cornified epidermis used by the male to hold the female during mating. Kardong stratum intermedium of epidermis A temporary layer between old and new skin that is invalided by white blood cells[Kardong]. UBERON:0012244 uberon A temporary layer between old and new skin that is invalided by white blood cells[Kardong]. ISBN10:0073040584 Kardong silk A protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin and produced by certain arthropods[WP,modified]. SPD:0000318 UBERON:0012245 uberon SPD A protein fiber composed mainly of fibroin and produced by certain arthropods[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Silk thyroid follicular lumen A follicular lumen is the closed cavity within a follicle of the thyroid gland. It is surrounded by follicular cells and filled with colloid, a concentrated solution of thyroglobulin FMA:68829 UBERON:0012246 follicular lumen lumen of thyroid follicle thyroid follicle lumen thyroid follicular space uberon Wikipedia:Follicular_lumen follicular lumen FMA:68829 thyroid follicle lumen FMA:68829 thyroid follicular space A follicular lumen is the closed cavity within a follicle of the thyroid gland. It is surrounded by follicular cells and filled with colloid, a concentrated solution of thyroglobulin Wikipedia:Follicular_lumen FMA:68829 lumen of thyroid follicle cervical gland FMA:71646 SCTID:280836000 UBERON:0012247 UMLS:C2724437 glandulae cervicales mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix ncithesaurus:Cervical_Gland uberon FMA:TA glandulae cervicales http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cervical+glands mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix cervical mucosa BTO:0000411 Lining of the head of the uterus (cervix); contains large branched glands; does not undergo sloughing. UBERON:0012248 uberon BTO:0000411 Lining of the head of the uterus (cervix); contains large branched glands; does not undergo sloughing. ectocervix AO notes: distinction between two FMA classes not clear - we merge them here BTO:0001850 CALOHA:TS-1098 FMA:77056 FMA:86484 SCTID:264459002 The part of the cervix uteri that protrudes into the vagina and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. UBERON:0010182 UBERON:0012249 UMLS:C0227829 ectocervix exocervix ncithesaurus:Ectocervix portio vaginalis portio vaginalis cervicis uberon uterine ectocervix vaginal part of cervix BTO:0001850 exocervix BTO:0001850 The part of the cervix uteri that protrudes into the vagina and is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Wikipedia:Vaginal_portion_of_cervix BTO:0001850 portio vaginalis cervicis BTO FMA:86484 ectocervix CALOHA:TS-1098 uterine ectocervix BTO:0001850 ectocervix FMA:77056 vaginal part of cervix cervix glandular epithelium Histology notes: The “glandular” or columnar epithelium of the cervix is located cephalad to the squamocolumnar junction. It covers a variable amount of the ectocervix and lines the endocervical canal. It is comprised of a single layer of mucin-secreting cells. The epithelium is thrown into longitudinal folds and invaginations that make up the so-called endocervical glands (they are not true glands). These infolding crypts and channels make the cytologic and colposcopic detection of neoplasia less reliable and more problematic. The complex architecture of the endocervical glands gives the columnar epithelium a papillary appearance through the colposcope and a grainy appearance upon gross visual inspection. The single cell layer allows the coloration of the underlying vasculature to be seen more easily. Therefore, the columnar epithelium appears more red in comparison with the more opaque squamous epithelium.[http://www.asccp.org/practicemanagement/cervix/histologyofthenormalcervix/tabid/5842/default.aspx] UBERON:0012250 UMLS:C1707350 cervix columnar epithelium ncithesaurus:Cervix_Columnar_Epithelium uberon ectocervical epithelium SCTID:361376000 UBERON:0012251 exocervical epithelium uberon endocervical epithelium SCTID:362256006 UBERON:0012252 endocervical glandular epithelium ncithesaurus:Endocervical_Glandular_Epithelium uberon cervical squamo-columnar junction Region of cervical epithelium where columnar epithelium of endocervic and the stratified non-keratinising squamous epithelium of the ectocervic meet SCTID:280451001 Site of 90% of lower genital tract neoplasia. This junction is presumed, but not proven, to be the embryologic junction of the Müllerian and urogenital sinus epithelia. UBERON:0012253 ncithesaurus:Squamocolumnar_Junction squamo-columnar junction of uterine cervix squamocolumnar junction squamocolumnar junction of uterine cervix uberon Region of cervical epithelium where columnar epithelium of endocervic and the stratified non-keratinising squamous epithelium of the ectocervic meet http://www.asccp.org/practicemanagement/cervix/histologyofthenormalcervix/tabid/5842/default.aspx abdominal aorta artery An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta SCTID:281470000 UBERON:0012254 abdominal artery artery of abdomen uberon An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta UBERON:cjm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_aorta#Branches inferior phrenic artery FMA:14734 SCTID:244283000 The inferior phrenic arteries are two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm but present much variety in their origin. They may arise separately from the front of the aorta, immediately above the celiac artery, or by a common trunk, which may spring either from the aorta or from the celiac artery. Sometimes one is derived from the aorta, and the other from one of the renal arteries; they rarely arise as separate vessels from the aorta. They diverge from one another across the crura of the diaphragm, and then run obliquely upward and lateralward upon its under surface. The left phrenic passes behind the esophagus, and runs forward on the left side of the esophageal hiatus. The right phrenic passes behind the inferior vena cava, and along the right side of the foramen which transmits that vein. Near the back part of the central tendon each vessel divides into a medial and a lateral branch. The medial branch curves forward, and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. The lateral branch passes toward the side of the thorax, and anastomoses with the lower intercostal arteries, and with the musculophrenic. The lateral branch of the right phrenic gives off a few vessels to the inferior vena cava; and the left one, some branches to the esophagus. Each vessel gives off superior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland of its own side. The spleen and the liver also receive a few twigs from the left and right vessels respectively. UBERON:0012255 arteriae phrenicae inferiores http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gray531.png/200px-Gray531.png inferior phrenic artery uberon The inferior phrenic arteries are two small vessels, which supply the diaphragm but present much variety in their origin. They may arise separately from the front of the aorta, immediately above the celiac artery, or by a common trunk, which may spring either from the aorta or from the celiac artery. Sometimes one is derived from the aorta, and the other from one of the renal arteries; they rarely arise as separate vessels from the aorta. They diverge from one another across the crura of the diaphragm, and then run obliquely upward and lateralward upon its under surface. The left phrenic passes behind the esophagus, and runs forward on the left side of the esophageal hiatus. The right phrenic passes behind the inferior vena cava, and along the right side of the foramen which transmits that vein. Near the back part of the central tendon each vessel divides into a medial and a lateral branch. The medial branch curves forward, and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side, and with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. The lateral branch passes toward the side of the thorax, and anastomoses with the lower intercostal arteries, and with the musculophrenic. The lateral branch of the right phrenic gives off a few vessels to the inferior vena cava; and the left one, some branches to the esophagus. Each vessel gives off superior suprarenal branches to the suprarenal gland of its own side. The spleen and the liver also receive a few twigs from the left and right vessels respectively. Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_arteries Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_arteries inferior phrenic artery Wikipedia Wikipedia:Inferior_phrenic_artery arteriae phrenicae inferiores digestive syncytial vacuole Taxon notes: in Aceola, Digestion is accomplished by means of a syncytium that forms a vacuole around ingested food. There are no epithelial cells lining the digestive vacuole, although there is sometimes a short pharynx leading from the mouth to the vacuole[WP] UBERON:0012256 uberon Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha alula (Aves) A manual digit found in Aves that is the most preaxial position and is morphologically similar to digit 1 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 2, with contributions from embryonic digit 1. Hypothesized to be homologous to manual digit 1 of other tetrapods. Develops from the embryonic digit that is positionally the 2nd, with contributions from the 1st UBERON:0012260 alula digit I of manus digit I(CII) of manus uberon wing digit 1 (adult) wing digit 2 (embryonic) wing digit I A manual digit found in Aves that is the most preaxial position and is morphologically similar to digit 1 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 2, with contributions from embryonic digit 1. PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN:Oct2012 PMID:10220427 PMID:10220427 manual major digit (Aves) A manual digit found in Aves that is morphologically similar to digit 2 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 3. Hypothesized to be homologous to manual digit 2 of other tetrapods UBERON:0012261 digit II of manus digit II(CIII) of manus manual major digit uberon wing digit 2 (adult) wing digit 3 (embryonic) wing digit II PMID:10220427 A manual digit found in Aves that is morphologically similar to digit 2 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 3. PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN:Oct2012 manual minor digit (Aves) A manual digit found in Aves that is morphologically similar to digit 3 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 4. Hypothesized to be homologous to manual digit 3 of other tetrapods UBERON:0012262 digit III of manus digit III(CIV) of manus manual minor digit uberon wing digit 3 (adult) wing digit 4 (embryonic) wing digit III A manual digit found in Aves that is morphologically similar to digit 3 in the standard tetrapod configuration and develops from embryonic digit 4. PMID:10220427 PhenoscapeRCN:Oct2012 PMID:10220427 equine cannon bone The bone in a horse that is the equivalent of the 3rd metacarpal bone in other mammals. UBERON:0012263 uberon The bone in a horse that is the equivalent of the 3rd metacarpal bone in other mammals. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_forelimb_anatomy#Metacarpal_bones equine forelimb cannon bone UBERON:0012264 uberon reference_0000032 equine hindlimb cannon bone UBERON:0012265 uberon reference_0000032 equine splint bone The splint bones sit either side of the cannon bone. Homologous to metapodium bones 2 or 4 UBERON:0012267 uberon equine forelimb splint bone UBERON:0012268 uberon reference_0000032 equine hindlimb splint bone UBERON:0012269 uberon reference_0000032 forestomach-glandular stomach junction SCTID:67204008 UBERON:0012270 forestomach - glandular stomach squamocolumnar junction limiting ridge of stomach margo plicatus squamo-columnar junction between forestomach and glandular stomach squamocolumnar junction with the glandular stomach uberon UBERON:0008827 limiting ridge of stomach UBERON:0008827 margo plicatus major duodenal papilla FMA:15074 SCTID:181272007 The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct together perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum obliquely, some 7 to 10 cm below the pylorus, forming a structure called the major duodenal papilla. The accessory pancreatic duct sometimes pierces it about 2 cm above and slightly in front of these. UBERON:0012271 greater duodenal papilla major papilla papilla duodeni major tubercle of Vater uberon Wikipedia:Major_duodenal_papilla major papilla FMA:15074 greater duodenal papilla The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct together perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum obliquely, some 7 to 10 cm below the pylorus, forming a structure called the major duodenal papilla. The accessory pancreatic duct sometimes pierces it about 2 cm above and slightly in front of these. Wikipedia:Major_duodenal_papilla Wikipedia:Major_duodenal_papilla papilla duodeni major FMA:15074 tubercle of Vater minor duodenal papilla FMA:15075 SCTID:245390003 Santorini's caruncle Santorini's minor caruncle The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum. It is sometimes absent, and often nonfunctional. UBERON:0012272 lesser duodenal papilla minor papilla uberon The minor duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum. It is sometimes absent, and often nonfunctional. Wikipedia:Minor_duodenal_papilla Wikipedia:Minor_duodenal_papilla minor papilla FMA:15075 Santorini's caruncle Santorini's minor caruncle Wikipedia:Minor_duodenal_papilla FMA:15075 lesser duodenal papilla periampullary region of duodenum UBERON:0012273 UMLS:C1882332 ncithesaurus:Periampullary_Region periampullary region uberon columnar epithelium An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified] UBERON:0012274 uberon An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified] Wikipedia:Columnar_epithelium meso-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86452 UBERON:0012275 uberon Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic endometrium glandular epithelium MA:0002732 UBERON:0012276 uberon MA nasal gland SCTID:368881007 The nasal glands are the seromucous glands in the respiratory region of the nasal mucous membrane. The three major types of nasal glands are anterior serous glands, seromucous glands, and Bowman glands. UBERON:0012278 UMLS:C1522269 ncithesaurus:Nose_Nasal_Cavity_Nasal_Gland_MMHCC uberon The nasal glands are the seromucous glands in the respiratory region of the nasal mucous membrane. The three major types of nasal glands are anterior serous glands, seromucous glands, and Bowman glands. Wikipedia:Nasal_glands paraganglion CALOHA:TS-2358 EMAPA:18223 Editors note: unrevised FMA:15648 MESH:A06.224.736 SCTID:329735008 Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. UBERON:0012279 UMLS:C0030419 chromaffin body chromaffin paraganglia chromaffin paraganglion ncithesaurus:Paraganglion uberon MESH:A06.224.736 Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. Wikipedia:Paraganglion MESH:A06.224.736 chromaffin body MESH:A06.224.736 chromaffin paraganglia MESH:A06.224.736 chromaffin paraganglion FMA perianal gland MESH:A13.734 UBERON:0012281 circumanal gland ncithesaurus:Perianal_Gland perianal gland uberon MESH:A13.734 circumanal gland MESH:A13.734 perianal gland mammary fat pad UBERON:0012282 encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the mammary gland uberon MGI:csmith encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the mammary gland abnormal femoral fat pad morphology UBERON:0012283 encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the femur femoral fat depot uberon MP:0008905 encapsulated adipose tissue associated with the femur MP:0008905 femoral fat depot animal hemisphere AAO:0010325 The animal pole consists of small cells that divide rapidly, in contrast with the vegetal pole below it.[WP] Note the XAO class is specific to the zygote. UBERON:0012284 XAO:0000202 animal pole animal pole of blastomere animal pole of zygote uberon vegetal hemisphere AAO:0010331 The vegetal pole contains large yolky cells that divide very slowly, in contrast with the animal pole above it.[WP] UBERON:0012285 XAO:0000280 uberon vegetal pole vegetal pole of blastomere vegetal pole of zygote hemisphere of embryo One of two hemispheres of the embryo at the zygote or blastula stage[WP,modified] UBERON:0012286 Usage notes: Like many of the early_development classes in this ontology, this class requires review for its applicability across vertebrates. See the tracker item for further discussion. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oocyte_Poles.jpg/180px-Oocyte_Poles.jpg pole of embryo uberon XAO One of two hemispheres of the embryo at the zygote or blastula stage[WP,modified] Wikipedia:Polarity_in_embryogenesis http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/tracker/153 Rathkes pouch epithelium EHDAA2:0001473 EMAPA:25036 UBERON:0012287 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 centroquartal bone A tarsal bone that is formed from the fusion of the central and 4th tarsal bones. UBERON:0012288 uberon A tarsal bone that is formed from the fusion of the central and 4th tarsal bones. UBERON:skansa fused tarsals 2 and 3 A tarsal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones. UBERON:0012289 fused tarsal bones 2 and 3 tarsals 2+3 uberon A tarsal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 2nd and 3rd tarsal bones. UBERON:skansa fused carpals 2 and 3 A carpal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 2nd and 3rd carpal bones. UBERON:0012290 uberon A carpal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 2nd and 3rd carpal bones. UBERON:skansa lateral malleolus of fibula FMA:35502 In bovids, the distal end of the fibula is present only as the lateral malleolus, a separate bone that articulates with the lateral side of the distal tibia. SCTID:361795009 UBERON:0012291 distal extremity of fibula external malleolus of fibula fibular malleolus lateral malleolus malleolar bone malleolar bone of ankle uberon Wikipedia:Malleolus#Lateral_malleolus distal extremity of fibula malleolar bone of ankle malleolar bone In bovids, the distal end of the fibula is present only as the lateral malleolus, a separate bone that articulates with the lateral side of the distal tibia. NCBITaxon:9895 UBERON:0004410 UBERON:skansa FMA:35502 lateral malleolus Wikipedia:Malleolus#Lateral_malleolus external malleolus of fibula embryonic cloacal fold EHDAA2:0004009 One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly UBERON:0012292 We presume this is distinct from AAO:0001003, an external integumentary structure - check with amphibian anatomy ontology developers. AO notes: the text def states mesenchymal swelling, EHDAA2 splits into mesenchymal and epithelial parts cloacal fold uberon EHDAA2 MP:0011836 MP:anna One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly EHDAA2:0004009 cloacal fold anal fold EHDAA2:0004012 UBERON:0012293 a slight elevation flanking the cloacal membrane and derived from a cloacal fold; anal folds form the border of the anus. uberon EHDAA2 a slight elevation flanking the cloacal membrane and derived from a cloacal fold; anal folds form the border of the anus. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anal+fold EHDAA2 navicular fossa of spongiose part of urethra FMA:19722 SCTID:362233002 The dilated terminal portion of the male spongy urethra located in the glans penis right before the external urethral orifice, also referred to as the most distal pendulous urethra; it is lined by stratified squamous, non-keratinizing epithelium; during development, the glans of the penis is initially solid but cannulates to give rise to the navicular fossa. UBERON:0012294 fossa navicularis of urethra fossa navicularis urethrae fossa navicularis urethrae fossa navicularis urethrae (pars spongiosa, urethra masculina) navicular fossa navicular fossa of urethra uberon FMA:19722 navicular fossa FMA:TA fossa navicularis urethrae Wikipedia:Navicular_fossa_of_male_urethra fossa navicularis urethrae FMA:19722 fossa navicularis urethrae (pars spongiosa, urethra masculina) MP:0011838 MP:anna The dilated terminal portion of the male spongy urethra located in the glans penis right before the external urethral orifice, also referred to as the most distal pendulous urethra; it is lined by stratified squamous, non-keratinizing epithelium; during development, the glans of the penis is initially solid but cannulates to give rise to the navicular fossa. Wikipedia:Navicular_fossa_of_male_urethra Guérin's valve Guerin's valve Guérin's fold Guérin's valvule SCTID:367737008 UBERON:0012295 an inconstant fold or valve of mucous membrane sometimes found in the root or upper wall of the navicular fossa of the urethra uberon urethral valve of Guérin valve of fossa navicularis of urethra valvula fossae navicularis MP:anna valvula fossae navicularis Guérin's fold http://www.drugs.com/dict/valve-of-navicular-fossa.html MP:0011839 MP:anna an inconstant fold or valve of mucous membrane sometimes found in the root or upper wall of the navicular fossa of the urethra http://www.drugs.com/dict/valve-of-navicular-fossa.html Guérin's valvule MP:anna MP:anna urethral valve of Guérin urethral crest A longitudinal mucosal fold in the dorsal wall of the urethra[MP] AO notes: in the FMA this is part of the prostatic urethra - but this leads to inconsistencies as 'urethral crest' in sex-neutral, with male and female subtypes FMA:19718 SCTID:362231000 UBERON:0012296 crista of urethra crista urethralis uberon urethral crista A longitudinal mucosal fold in the dorsal wall of the urethra[MP] MP:0011840 MP:anna Wikipedia:Urethral_crest MP:anna crista urethralis male urethral crest FMA:85270 SCTID:279470007 UBERON:0012297 crista phallica crista urethralis masculinae narrow longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the male urethra, extending from the uvula of the bladder through the prostatic urethra; when distended, it may serve to prevent the passage of the semen backward into the bladder; on either side of the male urethral crest is a slightly depressed fossa, the prostatic sinus, the floor of which is perforated by the orifices of the prostatic ducts from the lateral lobes of the prostate; the ducts of the middle lobe open behind the crest; at the forepart of the crest, below its summit, is a median elevation, the colliculus seminalis, upon or within the margins of which are the orifices of the prostatic utricle and the slit-like openings of the ejaculatory ducts[MP] uberon urethral crest (male) urethral crest of male FMA:85270 urethral crest (male) MP:0011841 MP:anna narrow longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the male urethra, extending from the uvula of the bladder through the prostatic urethra; when distended, it may serve to prevent the passage of the semen backward into the bladder; on either side of the male urethral crest is a slightly depressed fossa, the prostatic sinus, the floor of which is perforated by the orifices of the prostatic ducts from the lateral lobes of the prostate; the ducts of the middle lobe open behind the crest; at the forepart of the crest, below its summit, is a median elevation, the colliculus seminalis, upon or within the margins of which are the orifices of the prostatic utricle and the slit-like openings of the ejaculatory ducts[MP] MP:anna crista phallica FMA-modified cjm MP:anna crista urethralis masculinae MP:anna urethral crest of male female urethral crest FMA:85271 SCTID:279471006 The conspicuous longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the female urethra[MP] UBERON:0012298 crista urethralis femininae uberon urethral crest (female) urethral crest of female MP:anna urethral crest of female cjm MP:0011842 MP:anna The conspicuous longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the female urethra[MP] FMA:85271 urethral crest (female) MP:anna crista urethralis femininae mucosa of urethra FMA:76904 SCTID:362229009 UBERON:0012299 mucous membrane of urethra tunica mucosa urethrae uberon urethral mucosa FMA:76904 urethral mucosa FMA:TA tunica mucosa urethrae FMA:76904 mucous membrane of urethra limb paddle A transient developing limb structure that develops from the limb bud; it is a dorsoventral flattening of the limb bud structure and develops into the foot plate UBERON:0012300 uberon A transient developing limb structure that develops from the limb bud; it is a dorsoventral flattening of the limb bud structure and develops into the foot plate MP:0011685 female membranous urethra MA:0002638 UBERON:0012301 uberon male membranous urethra FMA:19674 MA:0002641 SCTID:263343009 The intermediate part of male urethra (membranous portion) is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the external orifice, the narrowest part of the canal. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm. below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm. in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm. long. The membranous portion of the urethra is completely surrounded by the fibers of the Sphincter urethrae membranaceae. In front of it the deep dorsal vein of the penis enters the pelvis between the transverse ligament of the pelvis and the arcuate pubic ligament; on either side near its termination are the bulbourethral glands. [WP,unvetted]. UBERON:0012302 UMLS:C0458453 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gray1142.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gray1142.png/200px-Gray1142.png membranous urethra ncithesaurus:Membranous_Urethra pars intermedia urethrae masculinae pars membranacea urethrae masculinae uberon Wikipedia:Membranous_urethra pars membranacea urethrae masculinae Wikipedia:Membranous_urethra pars intermedia urethrae masculinae FMA:19674 membranous urethra The intermediate part of male urethra (membranous portion) is the shortest, least dilatable, and, with the exception of the external orifice, the narrowest part of the canal. It extends downward and forward, with a slight anterior concavity, between the apex of the prostate and the bulb of the urethra, perforating the urogenital diaphragm about 2.5 cm. below and behind the pubic symphysis. The hinder part of the urethral bulb lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, but its upper portion diverges somewhat from this fascia: the anterior wall of the membranous urethra is thus prolonged for a short distance in front of the urogenital diaphragm; it measures about 2 cm. in length, while the posterior wall which is between the two fasciæ of the diaphragm is only 1.25 cm. long. The membranous portion of the urethra is completely surrounded by the fibers of the Sphincter urethrae membranaceae. In front of it the deep dorsal vein of the penis enters the pelvis between the transverse ligament of the pelvis and the arcuate pubic ligament; on either side near its termination are the bulbourethral glands. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Membranous_urethra ureteral orifice FMA:77047 Mercier's bar SCTID:181415004 TODO - add relationship to junction UBERON:0012303 orifice of ureter orificium ureteris ostium ureteris the slit-like opening of either ureter into the bladder; normally, the two ureteral orifices are placed at the posterolateral angles of the urinary bladder trigone while the internal urethral orifice is placed at its anteroinferior angle (apex); wide gaping usually indicates vesicoureteral reflux uberon ureteral meatus ureteral opening ureteric orifice ureteric ostium ureterovesical orifice FMA:77047 ureterovesical orifice MP:0011783 orificium ureteris MP:0011783 ostium ureteris FMA:77047 orifice of ureter MP:0011783 Wikipedia:Orifice_of_ureter the slit-like opening of either ureter into the bladder; normally, the two ureteral orifices are placed at the posterolateral angles of the urinary bladder trigone while the internal urethral orifice is placed at its anteroinferior angle (apex); wide gaping usually indicates vesicoureteral reflux FMA:77047 ureteric ostium MP:0011783 ureteral meatus FMA:77047 ureteric orifice MP:0011783 ureterovesical orifice MP:0011783 ureteral opening FMA:TA ostium ureteris MP:0011783 ureteric orifice FMA:77047 Mercier's bar nasal diverticulum Caudally blind-ending cutaneous pouch lined with skin that occupies the nasoincisive notch. It's ventral and medial walls is formed by the alar fold. It's lateral wall is formed by the external nares and it's dorsal wall is formed by the straight fold. Lined by pigmented predominantly hairless skin. It has an external opening located on the dorsolateral aspect of the &quot;true nostril&quot;. When the horse is exercising, obliteration of the nasal diverticulum greatly widens the nostrils increasing air intake[MURDOCH]. UBERON:0012304 false nostril nasal trumpet soft nose uberon Caudally blind-ending cutaneous pouch lined with skin that occupies the nasoincisive notch. It's ventral and medial walls is formed by the alar fold. It's lateral wall is formed by the external nares and it's dorsal wall is formed by the straight fold. Lined by pigmented predominantly hairless skin. It has an external opening located on the dorsolateral aspect of the &quot;true nostril&quot;. When the horse is exercising, obliteration of the nasal diverticulum greatly widens the nostrils increasing air intake[MURDOCH]. ISBN:3899930983 MURDOCH:1367 ISBN:3899930983 nasal trumpet ISBN:3899930983 soft nose marginal cutaneous pouch of ear A fold of skin at the caudal border of the auricle. UBERON:0012305 cutaneous marginal pouch marginal cutaneous pouch uberon A fold of skin at the caudal border of the auricle. ISBN:9783899930993 lateral cervical lymph node FMA:61232 SCTID:167763000 UBERON:0012306 lateral cervical node uberon FMA FMA:61232 lateral cervical node anterior cervical lymph node FMA:61230 SCTID:168259009 UBERON:0012307 anterior cervical node uberon FMA superficial lateral cervical lymph node FMA:12769 SCTID:50679006 The superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes are found in proximity to the external jugular vein. UBERON:0012308 superficial lateral cervical node uberon The superficial lateral cervical lymph nodes are found in proximity to the external jugular vein. Wikipedia:Superficial_lateral_cervical_lymph_nodes FMA:12769 superficial lateral cervical node FMA superficial anterior cervical lymph node FMA:12776 SCTID:22993006 The superficial anterior cervical lymph nodes are found in proximity to the anterior jugular vein. UBERON:0012309 anterior jugular lymph node uberon The superficial anterior cervical lymph nodes are found in proximity to the anterior jugular vein. Wikipedia:Superficial_anterior_cervical_lymph_nodes FMA FMA:12776 anterior jugular lymph node deep lateral cervical lymph node FMA:12770 SCTID:61755005 The deep lateral cervical lymph nodes are found near the upper part of the internal jugular vein in the neck, lateral or posterior to the carotid sheath. UBERON:0012310 deep lateral cervical node uberon The deep lateral cervical lymph nodes are found near the upper part of the internal jugular vein in the neck, lateral or posterior to the carotid sheath. Wikipedia:Deep_lateral_cervical_lymph_nodes FMA:12770 deep lateral cervical node FMA deep anterior cervical lymph node FMA:12779 SCTID:52363008 The deep anterior cervical lymph nodes are found near the middle cricothyroid ligament and the trachea. UBERON:0012311 uberon FMA The deep anterior cervical lymph nodes are found near the middle cricothyroid ligament and the trachea. Wikipedia:Deep_anterior_cervical_lymph_nodes maxillary process ectoderm EHDAA2:0004599 EMAPA:17637 UBERON:0012312 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 1st arch maxillary ectoderm EHDAA2:0000039 EMAPA:16389 UBERON:0012313 ectoderm of maxillary component uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EMAPA:16389 ectoderm of maxillary component EHDAA2 EHDAA2 embryonic facial prominence One of five swellings formed during the development of the face SCTID:89066004 UBERON:0012314 uberon One of five swellings formed during the development of the face http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html incisive foramen FMA:75305 Stenson's foramen UBERON:0012315 foramina incisiva incisive foramina incisive fossa the point where the primary palate and both palatine shelves fuse. uberon Wikipedia:Incisive_foramen incisive fossa Wikipedia:Incisive_foramen incisive foramina FMA:75305 Stenson's foramen Wikipedia:Incisive_foramen foramina incisiva Wikipedia:Incisive_foramen https://missinglink.ucsf.edu/restricted/lm/CongenitalAnomalies/CleftLipPalate.html the point where the primary palate and both palatine shelves fuse. primitive palate AAO:0010535 Anatomical cluster that is the upper roof of the mouth that is underlain by bones such as the parasphenoid, vomer, metapterygoid, orbitosphenoid.[TAO] Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone[VHOG] Roof of the buccal cavity, formed from the fusion of vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine, ectopterygoid. Roof of the mouth lined with ciliated epithelium.[AAO] TAO:0002093 UBERON:0012316 ZFA:0005509 palate uberon 2012-06-20 AAO AAO:0010535 AAO:BJB Roof of the mouth lined with ciliated epithelium.[AAO] ZFA:0005509 palate 2012-11-28 Early tetrapod possessed a primary palate that included the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones. Therapsid evolved a partial secondary palate formed by the medial extension of the premaxilla and maxilla. Mammals have a secondary palate that, in addition to extensions of the premaxilla and maxilla, includes part of the palatine bone[VHOG] ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong VHOG VHOG:0000362 http://bgee.unil.ch/ 2012-08-14 Anatomical cluster that is the upper roof of the mouth that is underlain by bones such as the parasphenoid, vomer, metapterygoid, orbitosphenoid.[TAO] TAO TAO:0002093 TAO:wd ISBN10:0073040584 Roof of the buccal cavity, formed from the fusion of vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine, ectopterygoid. Kardong palatal series vagina orifice FMA:19984 The vaginal orifice is a median slit below and behind the opening of the urethra; its size varies inversely with that of the hymen. UBERON:0012317 introitus introitus of vagina orifice of vagina ostium vaginae uberon vaginal introitus vaginal opening vaginal orifice FMA:19984 orifice of vagina The vaginal orifice is a median slit below and behind the opening of the urethra; its size varies inversely with that of the hymen. Wikipedia:Vaginal_orifice FMA:19984 introitus FMA:19984 vaginal orifice FMA:TA ostium vaginae introitus of vagina anterior ethmoidal artery FMA:49986 SCTID:312160004 The anterior ethmoidal artery, also anterior ethmoid artery is an artery of the head. Once branching from the ophthalmic artery, it accompanies the nasociliary nerve through the anterior ethmoidal canal to supply the anterior and middle ethmoidal cells, frontal sinus, and anterosuperior aspect of the lateral nasal wall[WP] UBERON:0012318 a. ethmoidalis anterior anterior ethmoid artery anterior meningeal arteries anterior meningeal artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior uberon Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery arteria ethmoidalis anterior Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery a. ethmoidalis anterior The anterior ethmoidal artery, also anterior ethmoid artery is an artery of the head. Once branching from the ophthalmic artery, it accompanies the nasociliary nerve through the anterior ethmoidal canal to supply the anterior and middle ethmoidal cells, frontal sinus, and anterosuperior aspect of the lateral nasal wall[WP] Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery anterior ethmoid artery Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery anterior meningeal artery Wikipedia:Anterior_ethmoidal_artery anterior meningeal arteries posterior ethmoidal artery FMA:49989 SCTID:312161000 The posterior ethmoidal artery is an artery of the head. It is smaller than the anterior ethmoidal artery, branches off from the ophthalmic artery when it reaches the medial wall of the orbit. UBERON:0012319 a. ethmoidalis posterior arteria ethmoidalis posterior posterior ethmoidal vessel uberon Wikipedia:Posterior_ethmoidal_artery posterior ethmoidal vessel Wikipedia:Posterior_ethmoidal_artery arteria ethmoidalis posterior The posterior ethmoidal artery is an artery of the head. It is smaller than the anterior ethmoidal artery, branches off from the ophthalmic artery when it reaches the medial wall of the orbit. Wikipedia:Posterior_ethmoidal_artery Wikipedia:Posterior_ethmoidal_artery a. ethmoidalis posterior cervical artery An artery of the neck UBERON:0012320 UMLS:C1707349 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Artery uberon An artery of the neck UBERON:cjm deep cervical artery FMA:10659 SCTID:244223002 The deep cervical artery (Profunda cervicalis) is an artery of the neck. UBERON:0012321 profunda cervicalis uberon The deep cervical artery (Profunda cervicalis) is an artery of the neck. Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery FMA Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery profunda cervicalis ascending cervical artery FMA:52489 SCTID:161846001 The ascending cervical artery is a small branch which arises from the inferior thyroid artery as that vessel is passing behind the carotid sheath; it runs up on the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrC& in the interval between the Scalenus anterior and Longus capitis. To the muscles of the neck it gives twigs which anastomose with branches of the vertebral, and it sends one or two spinal branches into the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina to be distributed to the medulla spinalis and its membranes, and to the bodies of the vertebrC&, in the same manner as the spinal branches from the vertebral. It anastomoses with the ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries. UBERON:0012322 ascending cervical uberon The ascending cervical artery is a small branch which arises from the inferior thyroid artery as that vessel is passing behind the carotid sheath; it runs up on the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrC& in the interval between the Scalenus anterior and Longus capitis. To the muscles of the neck it gives twigs which anastomose with branches of the vertebral, and it sends one or two spinal branches into the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina to be distributed to the medulla spinalis and its membranes, and to the bodies of the vertebrC&, in the same manner as the spinal branches from the vertebral. It anastomoses with the ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries. Wikipedia:Ascending_cervical_artery Wikipedia:Ascending_cervical_artery ascending cervical FMA FMA transverse cervical artery AO notes: Unclear if MA class belongs here or in parent FMA:10664 MA:0001936 SCTID:244224008 The transverse cervical artery (transverse artery of neck, transversa colli artery) is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, running at a higher level than the suprascapular artery. UBERON:0012324 cervical artery cervical transverse artery descending branch of the transverse cervical transversalis artery colli transversalis colli artery transverse cervical transverse cervical vessels uberon Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery cervical artery The transverse cervical artery (transverse artery of neck, transversa colli artery) is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, running at a higher level than the suprascapular artery. Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery descending branch of the transverse cervical Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery cervical transverse artery Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transverse cervical Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transverse cervical vessels Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transversalis colli artery Wikipedia:Transverse_cervical_artery transversalis artery colli MA:0001936 cervical artery retrocerebral complex BTO:0001803 Corpora allata with Corpora cardiaca form the retrocerebral complex, a neurosecretory organ. FBbt:00001718 UBERON:0012325 uberon BTO:0001803 Corpora allata with Corpora cardiaca form the retrocerebral complex, a neurosecretory organ. BTO gubernacular bulb Hrabovszky et al propose the bulb is the growing end of the elongating gubernaculum, analogous to the growth of a limb bud[PMID:11997885] UBERON:0012326 pars infravaginalis gubernaculi uberon PMID:11997885 pars infravaginalis gubernaculi pearly penile papule FMA:19653 UBERON:0012327 hirsuties coronae glandis hirsutoid papilloma preputial gland of penis small saliences on the ridge of the glans of the male genital organs. uberon FMA:19653 preputial gland of penis Wikipedia:Hirsuties_coronae_glandis small saliences on the ridge of the glans of the male genital organs. Wikipedia:Hirsuties_coronae_glandis hirsutoid papilloma FMA Wikipedia:Hirsuties_coronae_glandis hirsuties coronae glandis Wikipedia:Preputial_gland penile spine Keratinized structures along the glans and/or shaft of their penis that may be involved in sexual selection. UBERON:0012328 uberon Keratinized structures along the glans and/or shaft of their penis that may be involved in sexual selection. Wikipedia:Penile_spines keratinized stratified squamous epithelium FMA:45568 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesize and accumulate keratin. UBERON:0012329 epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum uberon FMA:45568 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesize and accumulate keratin. Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium#Keratinized FMA:45568 epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum nasal-associated lymphoid tissue FMA:79771 NALT UBERON:0012330 UMLS:C2698431 naso-pharyngeal lymphoid tissue ncithesaurus:Nasal-Associated_Lymphoid_Tissue uberon NALT Wikipedia:Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue#Categorisation FMA:79771 naso-pharyngeal lymphoid tissue mesosalpinx FMA:19808 SCTID:279900000 The mesosalpinx is part of the lining of the abdominal cavity in higher vertebrates, specifically the portion of the broad ligament that stretches from the uterine tube to the level of the ovary. UBERON:0012331 uberon The mesosalpinx is part of the lining of the abdominal cavity in higher vertebrates, specifically the portion of the broad ligament that stretches from the uterine tube to the level of the ovary. Wikipedia:Mesosalpinx broad ligament of uterus A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis[MESH]. FMA:16516 MESH:A02.513.170 SCTID:362723009 UBERON:0012332 UMLS:C0006205 broad ligament broad uterine ligament ncithesaurus:Broad_Ligament uberon FMA:16516 broad uterine ligament MESH:A02.513.170 broad ligament MESH A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis[MESH]. MESH:A02.513.170 Wikipedia:Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus ovarian bursa Ovaries of some animals are surrounded by a thin membranous sac, the bursa, and are isolated from the peritoneal cavity. The bursa is continuous with the orifice of the oviduct. The bursa is not continuous in other mammals (eg., farm animals and human beings); ovaries of these species can be exposed within the abdomen, and thus ectopic pregnancy is possible[http://www.uwyo.edu/wjm/repro/femanat.htm] SCTID:250080006 UBERON:0012333 a pouch formed by the mesosalpinx and the mesovarium that encloses the infundibulum of the uterine tube and the ovary uberon a pouch formed by the mesosalpinx and the mesovarium that encloses the infundibulum of the uterine tube and the ovary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ovarian navicular bursa A fluid-filled sac that lies between the navicular bone and the deep digital flexor muscle SCTID:370660009 UBERON:0012334 bursa podotrochlearis uberon A fluid-filled sac that lies between the navicular bone and the deep digital flexor muscle http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/navicular+bursa navicular bursa of manus SCTID:370736002 UBERON:0012335 bursa podotrochlearis manus navicular bursa of forelimb uberon bursa podotrochlearis manus http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bursa+podotrochlearis+manus perianal skin FMA:29350 SCTID:181522009 UBERON:0012336 skin of perianal area uberon cauda equina FMA:52590 MESH:A08.800.800.720.725.150 SCTID:263377004 The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above. The space in which the cerebrospinal fluid is present is actually an extension of the subarachnoid space. In humans, because the spinal cord stops growing in infancy while the bones of the spine continue growing, the spinal cord in adults ends at about the level of the vertebra L1/L2, and at birth at L3. However there is some variation in adults and the cord may end anywhere between vertebrae T12 to L3. Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the spinal cord as they do closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord and the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level, this results in a "bundle"-like structure of nerve fibres that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column. At the base of the Cauda Equina, there are approximately 10 fiber pairs, 3-5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and the single coccygeal nerve. UBERON:0012337 UMLS:C0007458 filum terminale ncithesaurus:Cauda_Equina uberon MESH The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above. The space in which the cerebrospinal fluid is present is actually an extension of the subarachnoid space. In humans, because the spinal cord stops growing in infancy while the bones of the spine continue growing, the spinal cord in adults ends at about the level of the vertebra L1/L2, and at birth at L3. However there is some variation in adults and the cord may end anywhere between vertebrae T12 to L3. Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the spinal cord as they do closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord and the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level, this results in a "bundle"-like structure of nerve fibres that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column. At the base of the Cauda Equina, there are approximately 10 fiber pairs, 3-5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and the single coccygeal nerve. Wikipedia:Cauda_equina MESH:A08.800.800.720.725.150 filum terminale navicular bursa of pes UBERON:0012343 bursa podotrochlearis pes navicular bursa of hindlimb uberon holocrine gland A gland whose discharged secretion contains entire secreting cells. BTO:0002325 UBERON:0012344 uberon BTO A gland whose discharged secretion contains entire secreting cells. BTO:0002325 Wikipedia:Holocrine Wikipedia:Holocrine_glands autopod pad UBERON:0012348 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Paw_and_pads.jpg/250px-Paw_and_pads.jpg paw pad thin, pigmented, keratinised, hairless epidermis covering subcutaneous, collagenous, and adipose tissue. uberon UBERON:cjm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paw#Common_characteristics thin, pigmented, keratinised, hairless epidermis covering subcutaneous, collagenous, and adipose tissue. digital pad A thick spongy structure at the base of the paw, centred over the flexor surfaces of the distal interphalangeal joints. May be fused UBERON:0012349 acropodial pad acropodium pad digital cushion digital pads interdigital pad uberon A thick spongy structure at the base of the paw, centred over the flexor surfaces of the distal interphalangeal joints. MURDOCH:611 digital pads carpal pad An autopod pad found in the carpal region of a paw. Used for additional traction when stopping or descending a slope in digitigrade species. UBERON:0012350 uberon An autopod pad found in the carpal region of a paw. Used for additional traction when stopping or descending a slope in digitigrade species. UBERON:cjm urachal lumen UBERON:0012351 uberon urachus lumen mesangial matrix Extracellular matrix secreted by intraglomerular mesangial cells UBERON:0012352 extracellular mesangial matrix uberon MP:0011338 extracellular mesangial matrix Extracellular matrix secreted by intraglomerular mesangial cells MP:0011338 fin skeleton Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in a single fin. UBERON:0012353 skeleton of fin uberon Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in a single fin. UBERON:cjm acropodium region Note this class refers to an entire limb segment, not just the bones The segment of the autopod that consists of the digits. UBERON:0012354 acropodial limb segment acropodial region acropodial segment of autopod set of digits uberon The segment of the autopod that consists of the digits. UBERON:cjm manual acropodium region FMA:75592 Note this class refers to an entire limb segment, not just the bones The segment of the manus that consists of the manual digits. UBERON:0012355 acropodial hindlimb segment acropodial region of manus acropodial segment of manus all fingers anterior acropodium anterior acropodium region anterior acropodium segment of limb digiti manus digits of hand fingers including thumb fingers set manual acropodium manual acropodium region manual acropodium segment of limb set of digits of hand set of fingers uberon FMA:TA digiti manus FMA:75592 fingers including thumb The segment of the manus that consists of the manual digits. UBERON:cjm FMA:75592 set of digits of hand FMA:75592 digits of hand FMA:75592 fingers set FMA:75592 set of fingers pedal acropodium region FMA:70664 Note this class refers to an entire limb segment, not just the bones SCTID:362835004 The segment of the pes that consists of the pedal digits. UBERON:0012356 acropodial forelimb segment acropodial region of pes acropodial segment of pes all toes digits of foot pedal acropodium region set of toes toes set uberon The segment of the pes that consists of the pedal digits. UBERON:cjm FMA:70664 digits of foot FMA:70664 set of toes FMA:70664 toes set digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton. UBERON:0012357 uberon A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton. UBERON:cjm manual digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton. SCTID:265809008 UBERON:0012358 bone of forelimb digitopodium bone of hand proper uberon A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton. UBERON:cjm pedal digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton. UBERON:0012359 bone of foot proper bone of hindlimb digitopodium uberon A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton. UBERON:cjm bone of jaw Editor notes: Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified SCTID:369003004 UBERON:0012360 jaw bone uberon internal anal region EHDAA2:0004588 UBERON:0012361 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 thyroid follicle epithelium FMA:68783 UBERON:0012363 epithelium of thyroid follicle thryoid epithelium thyroid follicle epithelium uberon wall of thyroid follicle FMA:68783 thyroid follicle epithelium FMA:68783 epithelium of thyroid follicle FMA As in mammals, the thyroid follicles of the zebrafish are usually round to oval, with low cuboidal epithelium. In contrast to mammals, the follicles are not concentrated together but are diffusely distributed along the ventral aorta. doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 FMA:68783 wall of thyroid follicle colloid of thyroid follicle FMA:68831 UBERON:0012364 portion of substance contained within the thyroid follicle lumen. Contains prohormone thyroglobulin. thyroid colloid thyroid follicle colloid uberon FMA FMA:68831 thyroid colloid UBERON:cjm portion of substance contained within the thyroid follicle lumen. Contains prohormone thyroglobulin. FMA:68831 thyroid follicle colloid muscle layer of intestine A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. FMA:15697 UBERON:0012367 intestinal muscularis propria muscularis externa of intestine smooth muscle of intestine uberon FMA:15697 intestinal muscularis propria A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. OBOL:automatic FMA FMA:15697 muscularis externa of intestine circular muscle layer BTO:0005213 FMA:62899 UBERON:0012368 circular smooth muscle inner muscularis inner muscularis layer uberon FMA:62899 inner muscularis FMA:62899 inner muscularis layer BTO:0005213 circular smooth muscle longitudinal muscle layer BTO:0005214 FMA:62900 UBERON:0012369 longitudinal smooth muscle outer muscularis outer muscularis layer uberon BTO:0005214 longitudinal smooth muscle FMA:62900 outer muscularis layer FMA:62900 outer muscularis sympathetic nerve plexus MA:0001160 UBERON:0012373 uberon subserosal plexus FMA:77598 SCTID:110699000 The subserous part of the enteric plexus of autonomic nerves UBERON:0012374 subserous nerve plexus subserous plexus tela subserosa uberon The subserous part of the enteric plexus of autonomic nerves http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/subserous+plexus FMA:77598 subserous nerve plexus FMA:77598 subserous plexus subserosa FMA:45636 SCTID:2255006 UBERON:0012375 UMLS:C0225334 a layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa. ncithesaurus:Subserosa uberon FMA Wikipedia:Subserosa a layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa. retromolar triangle CALOHA:TS-2353 Editor notes: requires verification FMA:75784 SCTID:245830008 The small area behind the wisdom teeth UBERON:0012376 UMLS:C0226920 ncithesaurus:Retromolar_Trigone retromolar pad retromolar trigone uberon The small area behind the wisdom teeth Wikipedia:Retromolar_space ncithesaurus:Retromolar_Trigone muscle layer of jejunum FMA:14951 UBERON:0012377 muscularis externa of jejunum smooth muscle of jejunum uberon FMA:14951 muscularis externa of jejunum UBERON:cjm smooth muscle of jejunum muscle layer of urinary bladder FMA:15930 UBERON:0012378 UMLS:C1288327 bladder muscular coat muscle layer of urinary bladder muscular coat of bladder muscular coat of urinary bladder muscular layer of bladder muscular layer of urinary bladder ncithesaurus:Bladder_Muscular_Coat tunica musculari vesicae tunica muscularis (vesica urinaria) uberon FMA:15930 muscular layer of urinary bladder FMA:15930 muscular layer of bladder FMA:15930 muscular coat of bladder FMA FMA:15930 muscular coat of urinary bladder FMA:15930 muscle layer of urinary bladder FMA:TA tunica musculari vesicae FMA:TA tunica muscularis (vesica urinaria) large intestine smooth muscle circular layer FMA:81160 MA:0001548 UBERON:0012398 circular muscle layer of segment of large intestine uberon FMA:81160 circular muscle layer of segment of large intestine large intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer FMA:63637 MA:0001549 UBERON:0012399 longitudinal muscle layer of zone of large intestine uberon FMA:63637 longitudinal muscle layer of zone of large intestine small intestine smooth muscle circular layer FMA:14935 MA:0001560 SCTID:54658003 UBERON:0012401 circular layer of small intestine muscularis propria circular muscle coat of small intestine circular muscle layer of small intestine circular muscle of small intestine short pitch helicoidal muscle layer of small intestine stratum circulare (tunica muscularis)(intestinum tenue) stratum helicoidale brevis gradus tunicae muscularis intestini tenuis uberon FMA:TA stratum helicoidale brevis gradus tunicae muscularis intestini tenuis FMA:14935 circular muscle of small intestine FMA:14935 circular muscle coat of small intestine FMA:14935 circular muscle layer of small intestine FMA FMA:14935 circular layer of small intestine muscularis propria FMA:14935 short pitch helicoidal muscle layer of small intestine FMA:14935 stratum circulare (tunica muscularis)(intestinum tenue) small intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer FMA:14936 MA:0001561 SCTID:59150006 UBERON:0012402 long pitch helicoidal muscle layer of small intestine longitudinal layer of small intestine muscularis propria longitudinal muscle coat of small intestine longitudinal muscle layer of small intestine longitudinal muscle of small intestine stratum helicoidale longi gradus tunicae muscularis intestini tenuis stratum longitudinale (tunica muscularis) (intestinum tenue) uberon FMA:14936 longitudinal muscle layer of small intestine FMA:TA stratum helicoidale longi gradus tunicae muscularis intestini tenuis FMA:14936 longitudinal muscle of small intestine FMA:14936 long pitch helicoidal muscle layer of small intestine FMA:14936 stratum longitudinale (tunica muscularis) (intestinum tenue) FMA:14936 longitudinal muscle coat of small intestine FMA FMA:14936 longitudinal layer of small intestine muscularis propria respiratory system arterial smooth muscle MA:0001802 UBERON:0012416 uberon respiratory system venous smooth muscle MA:0001812 UBERON:0012418 uberon taenia coli FMA:15041 SCTID:362160001 The taeniae coli (also teniae coli) are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. They are visible, and can be seen just below the serosa or fibrosa. They are the Mesocolic, Free and Omental Coli. The teniae coli contracts length wise to produce the haustra, the bulges in the colon. The bands converge at the root of the vermiform appendix and the rectum. These bands correspond to the outer layer of the muscularis externa, in other portions of the digestive tract. UBERON:0012419 longitudinal band of large intestine muscularis longitudinal bands taeniae coli tenia coli teniae coli uberon Wikipedia:Taenia_coli taeniae coli Wikipedia:Taenia_coli longitudinal bands Wikipedia:Taenia_coli teniae coli FMA FMA:15041 longitudinal band of large intestine muscularis The taeniae coli (also teniae coli) are three separate longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle on the outside of the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons. They are visible, and can be seen just below the serosa or fibrosa. They are the Mesocolic, Free and Omental Coli. The teniae coli contracts length wise to produce the haustra, the bulges in the colon. The bands converge at the root of the vermiform appendix and the rectum. These bands correspond to the outer layer of the muscularis externa, in other portions of the digestive tract. Wikipedia:Taenia_coli Wikipedia:Taenia_coli tenia coli coprodeum Most proximal cloacal compartment, into which the large intestine empties[Kardong] UBERON:0012420 cloacal coprodeum coprodaeum coprodeal coprodeal portion of cloaca uberon ISBN10:0073040584 Most proximal cloacal compartment, into which the large intestine empties[Kardong] urodeum Cloacal compartment into which the urogenital system empties[Kardong] SCTID:81191004 Taxon notes: This is where the urates collect. In the hen the oviduct opens into this compartment.[http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm] UBERON:0012421 cloacal urodeum uberon urodaeum urodeal urodeal portion of cloaca Cloacal compartment into which the urogenital system empties[Kardong] ISBN10:0073040584 secretion of crop Nutritional fluid secreted by the crop in some species[Kardong] UBERON:0012422 crop milk uberon ISBN10:0073040584 Nutritional fluid secreted by the crop in some species[Kardong] ISBN10:0073040584 crop milk layer of microvilli A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified] AO notes: FMA class represents an individual microvillus. FMA:67296 MESH:A11.284.180.565 UBERON:0012423 UMLS:C0026049 microvilli microvillus ncithesaurus:Microvillus uberon FMA:67296 microvillus MESH:A11.284.180.565 microvilli A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified] GO:0005902 Wikipedia:Microvillus brush border layer AO notes: FMA class represents an individual microvillus FMA:70977 UBERON:0012424 brush border brush border membrane the microvilli-covered surface of simple cuboidal epithelium and simple columnar epithelium cells found in certain locations of the body. Found in small intestine and kidney uberon Wikipedia:Brush_border brush border membrane Wikipedia:Brush_border the microvilli-covered surface of simple cuboidal epithelium and simple columnar epithelium cells found in certain locations of the body. Found in small intestine and kidney FMA:70977 brush border striated border microvillus layer AO notes: FMA class represents an individual microvillus FMA:70978 UBERON:0012425 striated border uberon FMA:70978 striated border short microvillus layer AO notes: FMA class represents an individual microvillus FMA:70979 UBERON:0012426 short microvillus uberon FMA:70979 short microvillus intestinal brush border UBERON:0012427 brush border microvillus later of intestine uberon proximal convoluted tubule brush border UBERON:0012428 uberon hemopoietic tissue Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. Also known as hemopoietic tissue Bone marrow in humans, kidney interstitium in Danio, within a stroma of reticuloendothelial tissue CALOHA:TS-2142 FMA:14073 UBERON:0012429 UMLS:C0229619 haemopoietic tissue hematopoietic tissue ncithesaurus:Hematopoietic_Tissue textus haemopoieticus uberon FMA:14073 hematopoietic tissue Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. Also known as hemopoietic tissue http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/hematopoietic+tissue FMA:14073 textus haemopoieticus FMA:14073 haemopoietic tissue tunica fibrosa of eyeball FMA:58102 UBERON:0012430 fibrous layer of eyeball tunica fibrosa uberon FMA:58102 fibrous layer of eyeball doi:10.1177/0192623311409597 FMA epithelial-mesenchymal boundary UBERON:0012437 uberon blastema of regenerating fin/limb UBERON:0012438 ZFA:0001270 uberon blastema of regenerating digit tip UBERON:0012439 digit blastema uberon endothelium of peritubular capillary UBERON:0012441 peritubular capillary endothelium peritubular endothelium uberon epiploic foramen EHDAA2:0000447 FMA:14711 In human anatomy, the omental foramen, is the passage of communication, or foramen, between the general cavity (of the abdomen), and the omental bursa. SCTID:264473006 UBERON:0012442 aditus to lesser sac bristle in epiploic foramen epiploic foramen epiploic foramen of Winslow foramen epiploicum foramen of Winslow foramen of winslow foramen omentale foramen omentale (epiploicum) omental foramen uberon In human anatomy, the omental foramen, is the passage of communication, or foramen, between the general cavity (of the abdomen), and the omental bursa. Wikipedia:Omental_foramen Wikipedia:Omental_foramen foramen epiploicum FMA:14711 foramen of Winslow FMA:14711 omental foramen Wikipedia:Omental_foramen epiploic foramen of Winslow Wikipedia:Omental_foramen epiploic foramen FMA:14711 foramen omentale (epiploicum) Wikipedia:Omental_foramen bristle in epiploic foramen Wikipedia:Omental_foramen foramen of winslow FMA:14711 aditus to lesser sac FMA:TA foramen omentale row of scales UBERON:0012443 set of scales uberon gastropege UBERON:0012444 a single row of large ventral scales in snakes that aid locomotion. row of ventral scales uberon a single row of large ventral scales in snakes that aid locomotion. http://en.wikivet.net cloacal spur UBERON:0012446 retained pelvic vestiges found in birds. They are generally used in courtship and are more pronounced in males than females. uberon http://en.wikivet.net retained pelvic vestiges found in birds. They are generally used in courtship and are more pronounced in males than females. podotheca A horny sheath covering the lower leg of some birds. UBERON:0012447 uberon corpuscles of herbst The Corpuscles of Herbst or Herbst corpuscles are a nerve-ending similar to the Pacinian corpuscle, in the mucous membrane of the tongue, in pits on the beak and in other parts of the bodies of birds. It differs from the Pacinian corpuscle in being smaller, in its capsules being more closely approximated, and in that the axis-cylinder in the central clear space is coated with a continuous row of nuclei. In many wading birds, a large number of Herbst corpuscles are found embedded in pits on the mandibles that are believed to enable birds to sense prey under wet sand or soil. UBERON:0012448 corpuscles of herbst herbst corpuscle uberon Wikipedia:Corpuscles_of_Herbst herbst corpuscle The Corpuscles of Herbst or Herbst corpuscles are a nerve-ending similar to the Pacinian corpuscle, in the mucous membrane of the tongue, in pits on the beak and in other parts of the bodies of birds. It differs from the Pacinian corpuscle in being smaller, in its capsules being more closely approximated, and in that the axis-cylinder in the central clear space is coated with a continuous row of nuclei. In many wading birds, a large number of Herbst corpuscles are found embedded in pits on the mandibles that are believed to enable birds to sense prey under wet sand or soil. Wikipedia:Corpuscles_of_Herbst Wikipedia Wikipedia:Corpuscles_of_Herbst corpuscles of herbst mechanoreceptor FMA:85595 MESH:A08.800.550.700.500 UBERON:0012449 a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Normally there are four main types in glabrous skin: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and Ruffini endings. There are also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in the cochlea are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors, transducing air pressure waves into nerve signals sent to the brain. In the periodontal ligament, there are some mechanoreceptors, which allow the jaw to relax when biting down on hard objects; the mesencephalic nucleus is responsible for this reflex. contact receptor uberon FMA:85595 contact receptor Wikipedia:Mechanoreceptor a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Normally there are four main types in glabrous skin: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and Ruffini endings. There are also mechanoreceptors in hairy skin, and the hair cells in the cochlea are the most sensitive mechanoreceptors, transducing air pressure waves into nerve signals sent to the brain. In the periodontal ligament, there are some mechanoreceptors, which allow the jaw to relax when biting down on hard objects; the mesencephalic nucleus is responsible for this reflex. MESH Meisner's corpuscle FMA:83605 Meissner's corpuscles (or tactile corpuscles) are a type of mechanoreceptor. They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch. In particular, they have highest sensitivity (lowest threshold) when sensing vibrations lower than 50 Hertz. They are rapidly adaptive receptors. SCTID:41421000 UBERON:0012450 UMLS:C0205831 meisner%27s corpuscle meissner corpuscle meissner corpuscle end-organ meissner%27s corpuscle meissner%27s corpuscles messier corpuscle messner%27s corpuscle ncithesaurus:Meissner_Corpuscle tactile corpuscles of wagner and meissner uberon Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle messner%27s corpuscle Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle meissner%27s corpuscle Meissner's corpuscles (or tactile corpuscles) are a type of mechanoreceptor. They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch. In particular, they have highest sensitivity (lowest threshold) when sensing vibrations lower than 50 Hertz. They are rapidly adaptive receptors. Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle meissner corpuscle end-organ Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle meissner corpuscle Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle tactile corpuscles of wagner and meissner Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle meissner%27s corpuscles Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle meisner%27s corpuscle Wikipedia Wikipedia:Meissner%27s_corpuscle messier corpuscle sensory receptor FMA:84650 MESH:A08.800.550.700 SCTID:70402007 UBERON:0012451 UMLS:C0682664 a sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor initiates sensory transduction by creating graded potentials or action potentials in the same cell or in an adjacent one.. ncithesaurus:Somatosensory_Receptor peripheral ending of sensory neuron sensory nerve ending uberon FMA:84650 peripheral ending of sensory neuron MESH:A08.800.550.700 sensory nerve ending Wikipedia:Sensory_receptor a sensory nerve ending that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor initiates sensory transduction by creating graded potentials or action potentials in the same cell or in an adjacent one.. MESH nerve ending MESH:A08.800.550 Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include NEUROEFFECTOR JUNCTION(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors (see RECEPTORS, SENSORY) which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. This class and subclasses may be ceded to GO UBERON:0012453 nerve ending uberon MESH:A08.800.550 nerve ending MESH:A08.800.550 Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include NEUROEFFECTOR JUNCTION(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors (see RECEPTORS, SENSORY) which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS. Merkel nerve ending FMA:83606 Location: In mammals, Merkel nerve endings have a wide distribution. Merkel nerve endings are found in the basal layer of glabrous and hairy skin, in hair follicles, and in oral and anal mucosa. In humans, Merkel cells (along with Meissner's corpuscles) occur in the superficial skin layers, and are found clustered beneath the ridges of the fingertips that make up fingerprints. In hairy skin, Merkel nerve endings are clustered into specialized epithelial structures called "touch domes" or "hair disks". (Some other types of mechanoreceptors, such as Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings, are found primarily in subcutaneous tissue.) Merkel receptors are also located in the mammary glands. Wherever they are found, the epithelium is arranged to optimize the transfer of pressure to the ending.[WP] Merkel's disc Merkel's disk Merkel's tactile disc NIF_Subcellular:FMA_83606 SCTID:9317004 UBERON:0012456 mechanoreceptors found in the skin and mucosa of vertebrates that provide touch information to the brain. The information they provide are those regarding pressure and texture. Each ending consists of a Merkel cell in close apposition with an enlarged nerve terminal uberon Wikipedia:Merkel_nerve_ending mechanoreceptors found in the skin and mucosa of vertebrates that provide touch information to the brain. The information they provide are those regarding pressure and texture. Each ending consists of a Merkel cell in close apposition with an enlarged nerve terminal FMA:83606 Merkel's disc Ruffini nerve ending AO notes: MP says subcutaneous tissue of digits; NCITA says hypodermis FMA:83602 FMA:84004 Ruffini's corpuscle SCTID:53140000 The Ruffini ending or Ruffini corpuscle is a class of slowly adapting mechanoreceptor which in humans is thought to exist only in the glabrous dermis and subcutaneous tissue[WP]. UBERON:0012457 UMLS:C0035943 bulbous corpuscle corpuscle of ruffini corpusculum sensorium fusiforme ncithesaurus:Ruffinis_Corpuscle ruffini corpuscle ruffini corpuscle end-organ ruffini corpuscles ruffini endings ruffini%27s corpuscles ruffini%27s end organ ruffini%27s ending ruffini%27s organs uberon Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini%27s ending Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini corpuscle Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini corpuscles Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini endings Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending corpusculum sensorium fusiforme Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini%27s end organ MP:0000989 Ruffini's corpuscle Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending corpuscle of ruffini FMA Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini%27s corpuscles Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini corpuscle end-organ The Ruffini ending or Ruffini corpuscle is a class of slowly adapting mechanoreceptor which in humans is thought to exist only in the glabrous dermis and subcutaneous tissue[WP]. Wikipedia:Bulbous_corpuscle Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending bulbous corpuscle Wikipedia:Ruffini_ending ruffini%27s organs antler velvet SCTID:47282002 UBERON:0012458 highly vascular skin called velvet that covers the antler whilst it grows, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone. uberon velvet of antler Wikipedia:Velvet_(antler_covering) highly vascular skin called velvet that covers the antler whilst it grows, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the growing bone. SCTID:47282002 velvet of antler antler pedicle UBERON:0012459 attachment point for antler on skull uberon Wikipedia:Antler#Occurrence_and_function Wikipedia:Pedicle_(cervidae) attachment point for antler on skull proctodeum portion of cloaca Most distal cloacal compartment; function is copulation and in some species develops a penis[Kardong] SCTID:298233001 Taxon notes: For most birds this is where the phallus is located, but male parrots do not have a phallus. The Bursa of Fabricus is located here.[http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm] UBERON:0012462 proctodeal proctodeal wall of cloaca proctodeum uberon proctodeum ISBN10:0073040584 Most distal cloacal compartment; function is copulation and in some species develops a penis[Kardong] cloacal lumen TAO:0000330 UBERON:0012463 ZFA:0000330 cloacal chamber the ZFA class belongs here as it is an anatomical space uberon cjm ZFA:0000330 cloacal chamber cloacal vent UBERON:0012464 cloacal opening cloacal orifice uberon vent lumen of terminal part of digestive tract UBERON:0012465 includes the cloacal lumen, in species where this is present uberon extraembryonic cavities EHDAA2:0000472 EMAPA:16054 UBERON:0012466 VHOG:0000767 uberon EHDAA2-modified enclosed anatomical space AEO:0000222 An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. UBERON:0012467 closed anatomical space uberon AEO:0000222 An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. anal tooth Tooth-like structure that typically forms a ring surrounding the anus of some Holothuriidae UBERON:0012468 anal teeth cloacal tooth perianal tooth uberon Tooth-like structure that typically forms a ring surrounding the anus of some Holothuriidae UBERON:cjm anal teeth external anal region EHDAA2:0004589 UBERON:0012469 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 wheel papilla UBERON:0012470 the terminal papillae superficially resemble the ‘anal teeth’ of non-apodid holothurians. uberon hepatogastric ligament FMA:16520 Ligament extending between the liver and stomach SCTID:260825001 UBERON:0012471 UMLS:C0230232 gastro-hepatic ligament gastrohepatic ligament hepato-gastric ligament ligamentum hepatogastricum ncithesaurus:Hepatogastric_Ligament uberon FMA FMA:16520 gastrohepatic ligament Wikipedia:Hepatogastric_ligament ligamentum hepatogastricum Ligament extending between the liver and stomach Wikipedia:Hepatogastric_ligament hepatoduodenal ligament FMA:16521 SCTID:362706000 The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum. UBERON:0012472 ligamentum hepatoduodenale uberon The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum. Wikipedia:Hepatoduodenal_ligament Wikipedia:Hepatoduodenal_ligament ligamentum hepatoduodenale FMA oral cirrus BTO:0001357 Small tentacle-like structure surrounding the mouth; they act as sensory devices and as a filter for the water passing into the body UBERON:0012473 buccal cilia buccal cillium buccal cirri buccal cirrus buccal tentacle oral cilia oral cillium oral cirri oral tentacle uberon oral cirri buccal cirri Small tentacle-like structure surrounding the mouth; they act as sensory devices and as a filter for the water passing into the body Wikipedia:Lancelet#Physical_features buccal cilia oral cilia hepatic cecum A ventral evagination extending anteriorly in the mid-portion of the intestine in Amphioxi. BTO:0002855 Homology notes: may be analagous to liver, Romer says not homologous UBERON:0012474 hepatic caecum uberon A ventral evagination extending anteriorly in the mid-portion of the intestine in Amphioxi. BTO:0002855 BTO:0002855 hepatic caecum BTO skeleton of pectoral complex FMA:24139 The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle. UBERON:0012475 bones of upper limb ossa membri superioris pectoral complex skeleton set of bones of upper limb skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle uberon upper limb skeleton UBERON:cjm pectoral complex skeleton FMA:24139 set of bones of upper limb The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle. UBERON:cjm FMA:24139 bones of upper limb FMA:24139 upper limb skeleton FMA FMA:TA ossa membri superioris UBERON:cjm skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle skeleton of pelvic complex FMA:24140 The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. UBERON:0012476 bones of lower limb lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris pelvic complex skeleton set of bones of lower limb skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle uberon FMA:24140 lower limb skeleton FMA The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. UBERON:cjm FMA:TA ossa membri inferioris FMA:24140 set of bones of lower limb UBERON:cjm skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle FMA:24140 bones of lower limb UBERON:cjm pelvic complex skeleton dorsal part of neck BTO:0000957 FMA:24189 SCTID:182326009 SCTID:304036007 The back of the neck. UBERON:0012477 back of neck nape nape of neck neck back nucha nuchal nuchal region posterior cervical region posterior neck region posterior part of neck regio cervicalis posterior uberon FMA:24189 back of neck FMA:24189 neck back BTO:0000957 The back of the neck. FMA FMA FMA:24189 posterior neck region FMA:24189 nuchal region BTO:0000957 nape FMA:TA regio cervicalis posterior FMA:24189 nucha FMA FMA:24189 posterior part of neck FMA:24189 posterior cervical region cloacal gland UBERON:0012478 uberon urodeal gland UBERON:0012479 uberon urodaeal gland cloacal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003349 UBERON:0012480 cloaca mucosa cloaca mucosa of organ cloaca mucous membrane cloaca organ mucosa cloacal mucous membrane mucosa of cloaca mucosa of organ of cloaca mucous membrane of cloaca organ mucosa of cloaca uberon A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cloacal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a cloaca. UBERON:0012481 uberon submucosa of cloaca A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0012482 cloaca submucosa cloacal submucosa uberon A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic serosa of cloaca A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0012483 cloaca serosa cloaca serous membrane cloacal serosa serous membrane of cloaca uberon visceral peritoneum of cloaca A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cloacal villus UBERON:0012485 cloacal villi uberon FMA cloacal villi muscle layer of cloaca UBERON:0012486 muscularis externa of cloaca smooth muscle of cloaca uberon vaginal sphincter UBERON:0012487 sphincter of vagina uberon muscle layer of duodenum FMA:14944 SCTID:362147007 UBERON:0012488 duodenal muscularis propria muscularis externa of duodenum uberon FMA:14944 muscularis externa of duodenum FMA:14944 duodenal muscularis propria muscle layer of colon FMA:14986 SCTID:362158003 UBERON:0012489 colonic muscularis propria muscular coat of colon muscular layer of colon muscularis externa of colon tunica muscularis coli uberon FMA:14986 muscular layer of colon FMA:TA tunica muscularis coli FMA:14986 muscular coat of colon FMA:14986 muscularis externa of colon FMA:14986 colonic muscularis propria muscle layer of anal canal FMA:15708 SCTID:362171000 UBERON:0012490 anal canal muscularis propria muscular coat of anal canal muscular layer of anal canal muscularis externa of anal canal uberon muscularis mucosae of duodenum EMAPA:27259 FMA:15059 SCTID:37457002 UBERON:0012494 lamina muscularis of duodenal mucous membrane lamina muscularis of duodenum uberon FMA FMA:15059 lamina muscularis of duodenal mucous membrane muscularis mucosae of rectum EMAPA:27343 FMA:15687 SCTID:53420003 UBERON:0012497 lamina muscularis of rectal mucosa lamina muscularis of rectal mucous membrane uberon FMA:15687 lamina muscularis of rectal mucous membrane FMA FMA:15687 lamina muscularis of rectal mucosa serosa of appendix FMA:14997 SCTID:22488003 UBERON:0012498 appendiceal serosa appendix serosa serosa of vermiform appendix uberon visceral peritoneum of vermiform appendix FMA:14997 visceral peritoneum of vermiform appendix FMA:14997 appendiceal serosa FMA:14997 appendix serosa FMA:14997 serosa of vermiform appendix serosa of uterine tube FMA:18316 SCTID:259593000 UBERON:0012499 serosa of fallopian tube serosa of oviduct serous coat of uterine tube tunica serosa (tuba uterina) tunica serosa tubae uterinae uberon uterine tubal serosa uterine tube serosa FMA:18316 tunica serosa (tuba uterina) FMA:18316 serous coat of uterine tube FMA:18316 uterine tube serosa FMA:TA tunica serosa tubae uterinae FMA:18316 serosa of oviduct FMA:18316 uterine tubal serosa FMA:18316 serosa of fallopian tube serosa of fundus of stomach EMAPA:27157 EMAPA:27415 FMA:17073 UBERON:0012503 uberon visceral peritoneum of fundus of stomach FMA FMA:17073 visceral peritoneum of fundus of stomach adventitia of esophagus FMA:63006 SCTID:85950006 UBERON:0012504 adventitia of oesophagus adventitious layer of esophagus esophageal adventitia esophagus adventitia tunica adventitia (esophagus) tunica adventitia oesophageae uberon FMA:TA tunica adventitia oesophageae FMA:63006 esophagus adventitia FMA:63006 esophageal adventitia FMA:63006 tunica adventitia (esophagus) SCTID:85950006 esophageal adventitia FMA:63006 adventitia of oesophagus FMA:63006 adventitious layer of esophagus forelimb epitrochlearis muscle BTO:0000423 The superficial-most muscle of the anterior surface of the arm is the epitrochlearis. It has no homolog in humans. UBERON:0012520 epitrochlearis uberon wing epitrochlearis muscle BTO NCBITaxon:8782 OBOL:automatic wing epitrochlearis muscle The superficial-most muscle of the anterior surface of the arm is the epitrochlearis. It has no homolog in humans. http://biology.clc.uc.edu BTO:0000423 epitrochlearis umbilical smooth muscle BTO:0001847 UBERON:0012615 uberon muscle of Aristotle's lantern BTO:0001924 UBERON:0012621 lantern muscle uberon BTO:0001924 lantern muscle body of tubeworm UBERON:0012641 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/images/tubeworm.gif to be ceded to polychaete ontology uberon vestimentum muscle BTO:0002492 The vestimentum is a muscle that the tubeworm uses to anchro itself in the tube. Generates new tube material. UBERON:0012642 uberon vestimentum BTO:0002492 The vestimentum is a muscle that the tubeworm uses to anchro itself in the tube. Generates new tube material. UBERON:cjm BTO:0002492 vestimentum plume BTO:0002480 UBERON:0012643 Vascularized tip of their free end of a tubeworm which is an organ for exchanging compounds with the environment. uberon Vascularized tip of their free end of a tubeworm which is an organ for exchanging compounds with the environment. Wikipedia:Giant_tube_worm#Body_structure trophosome An organ of dark green-brown spongy tissue in a tubeworm which is a host to symbiotic microbes UBERON:0012644 uberon opisthosome Organ at the distal end of a tubeworm. Helps anchor the tubeworm UBERON:0012645 uberon tubeworm tube Tube consists of chitin proteoglycan/protein complex UBERON:0012646 uberon ampulla of uterine tube FMA:18305 SCTID:245497001 The ampulla is the second portion of the uterine tube. It is an intermediate dilated portion, which curves over the ovary. It is the most common site of human fertilization. The word ampulla is from the Latin for flask. UBERON:0012648 ampulla of fallopian tube ampulla of fallopian tube ampulla of oviduct ampulla of the fallopian tube ampulla of uterine tube uberon uterine tube ampulla FMA Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_uterine_tube ampulla of fallopian tube The ampulla is the second portion of the uterine tube. It is an intermediate dilated portion, which curves over the ovary. It is the most common site of human fertilization. The word ampulla is from the Latin for flask. Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_uterine_tube FMA:18305 ampulla of fallopian tube Wikipedia:Ampulla_of_uterine_tube ampulla of the fallopian tube FMA:18305 ampulla of oviduct BTO:0004285 ampulla of uterine tube FMA:18305 uterine tube ampulla anococcygeus muscle AcM BTO:0005150 MA:0001533 One of a pair of thin sheets of smooth muscle inserting on the rectum, having a tendinous origin largely on sacral vertebrae. UBERON:0012649 anococcygeus uberon One of a pair of thin sheets of smooth muscle inserting on the rectum, having a tendinous origin largely on sacral vertebrae. PMID:9071980 AcM PMID:9071980 MA MA:0001533 anococcygeus gastroduodenal junction FMA:17046 SCTID:264014000 UBERON:0012650 uberon mucosa of gastroduodenal junction BTO:0005415 UBERON:0012651 gastroduodenal mucosa uberon BTO:0005415 gastroduodenal mucosa colorectum BTO:0001613 CALOHA:TS-1298 The colon and rectum considered as a unit. UBERON:0012652 UMLS:C1711309 colorectal ncithesaurus:Colorectal_Region uberon BTO:0001613 The colon and rectum considered as a unit. cjm non-canonical bronchial bud BTO:0001641 UBERON:0012925 uberon GO:0060441 colorectal mucosa UBERON:0013067 uberon palatine torus A bony protuberance sometimes found on the hard palate at the junction of the intermaxillary suture and the transverse palatine suture. FMA:59201 UBERON:0013068 crista palatina torus palatinus uberon A bony protuberance sometimes found on the hard palate at the junction of the intermaxillary suture and the transverse palatine suture. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryP.html FMA:59201 crista palatina http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryP.html torus palatinus popliteal area FMA:22525 SCTID:362791002 The popliteal fossa is a space or shallow depression located at the back of the knee-joint. The bones of the popliteal fossa are the femur and the tibia. Colloquially, it is referred to as a "knee pit." UBERON:0013069 a depression on the ventral side of the femur, between the condyles, presumably related in some fashion to the popliteal nerve and/or artery.[Palaeos] http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/images/popliteal.gif popliteal fossa popliteal region popliteal space uberon The popliteal fossa is a space or shallow depression located at the back of the knee-joint. The bones of the popliteal fossa are the femur and the tibia. Colloquially, it is referred to as a "knee pit." Wikipedia:Popliteal_fossa FMA:22525 popliteal fossa prepatagium UBERON:0013070 a roughly triangular flap of skin on the wing of a bird or pterosaur which fills the space bounded by the humerus and ulna. uberon UBERON UBERON a roughly triangular flap of skin on the wing of a bird or pterosaur which fills the space bounded by the humerus and ulna. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryPo.html rattle . SCTID:10734004 The rattle is composed of a series of hollow, interlocked segments made of keratin, which are created by modifying the scales that cover the tip of the tail. UBERON:0013073 snake rattle uberon . Wikipedia:Rattlesnake#Rattle cornual sinus SCTID:53994006 UBERON:0013074 uberon venom gland duct SCTID:38124005 UBERON:0013075 duct of venom gland uberon snake venom MESH:D24.185.965.850 Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors. UBERON:0013076 uberon venenosalivary venom MESH:D24.185.965.850 Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors. Wikipedia:Snake_venom venom-injecting tooth A fang that is used to inject venom into prey, through either a tube or a groove UBERON:0013078 fang grooved fang tubular fang tubular tooth uberon A fang that is used to inject venom into prey, through either a tube or a groove UBERON:cjm elapid venom MESH:D24.185.965.850.325 UBERON:0013106 Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized. elapid venom uberon MESH:D24.185.965.850.325 elapid venom MESH MESH:D24.185.965.850.325 Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized. hydrophid venom MESH:D24.185.965.850.480 UBERON:0013110 Venoms of sea snakes, Hydrophiinae, found around Pacific islands. The venoms contain fewer enzymes and more neuro- or myotoxins than land snakes. The neurotoxic proteins are similar to elapid small, short, or type I neurotoxins, some of which have been characterized. hydrophid venom sea snake venom uberon MESH MESH:D24.185.965.850.480 hydrophid venom MESH:D24.185.965.850.480 sea snake venom MESH:D24.185.965.850.480 Venoms of sea snakes, Hydrophiinae, found around Pacific islands. The venoms contain fewer enzymes and more neuro- or myotoxins than land snakes. The neurotoxic proteins are similar to elapid small, short, or type I neurotoxins, some of which have been characterized. viper venom MESH:D24.185.965.850.960 UBERON:0013112 Venoms from snakes of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins. cerastes venom egyptian sand viper venom uberon viper venom viperotoxin MESH:D24.185.965.850.960 egyptian sand viper venom MESH:D24.185.965.850.960 viperotoxin MESH MESH:D24.185.965.850.960 viper venom MESH:D24.185.965.850.960 Venoms from snakes of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins. MESH:D24.185.965.850.960 cerastes venom angular/surangular bone Bone formed from the fusion of angular and surangular bones. Found in snakes UBERON:0013113 uberon Bone formed from the fusion of angular and surangular bones. Found in snakes ISBN10:0073040584 compressor glandulae muscle UBERON:0013114 only found in crotaline snakes, and has a spotty distribution within that group uberon pterygoideus glandulae muscle UBERON:0013115 uberon venom gland musculature UBERON:0013116 uberon sulcus of brain UBERON:0013118 a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. fissure of brain uberon Wikipedia:Sulcus_(neuroanatomy) a depression or fissure in the surface of the brain. It surrounds the gyri, creating the characteristic appearance of the brain in humans and other large mammals. Wikipedia:Sulcus_(neuroanatomy) fissure of brain haemal node A lymphoid organ found in various mammals and some birds. Hemal nodes are characterized by the presence of large numbers of erythrocytes. Lymph nodes (see below) and hemal nodes share some similarities of structure, but really are fundamentally different organs both qualitatively and quantitatively. Both lymph and hemal nodes contain diffuse lymphatic tissue, and in most cases have nodular tissue in the form of germinal centers, as well. Like the lymph node, the hemal node has a cortex and a medulla, and germinal centers are frequently seen. There's a distinct capsule, and hemal nodes are served at the hilus by an afferent arteriole. [http://www.vetmed.vt.edu/education/curriculum/vm8054/labs/lab13/lab13.htm] UBERON:0013119 hemal node uberon A lymphoid organ found in various mammals and some birds. Wikipedia:Haemal_nodes eyelid submuscular connective tissue MA:0001253 UBERON:0013120 uberon MA proximal epiphysis of phalanx of pes FMA:32888 UBERON:0013121 basal epiphysis of phalanx of foot base of phalanx of foot basis phalangis (pedis) basis phalangis pedis proximal epiphysis of phalanx of toe uberon FMA:32888 proximal epiphysis of phalanx of toe FMA:TA basis phalangis pedis FMA:32888 basal epiphysis of phalanx of foot FMA:32888 base of phalanx of foot FMA:32888 basis phalangis (pedis) distal epiphysis of phalanx of pes FMA:32890 SCTID:236801009 UBERON:0013122 caput phalangis (pedis) caput phalangis pedis distal end of phalanx of foot distal epiphysis of phalanx of toe head of phalanx of foot uberon FMA:32890 caput phalangis (pedis) FMA:TA caput phalangis pedis FMA:32890 head of phalanx of foot FMA:32890 distal epiphysis of phalanx of toe FMA:32890 distal end of phalanx of foot left posterior cardinal vein EHDAA2:0001486 FMA:70316 SCTID:361504002 UBERON:0013124 left postcardinal vein posterior cardinal vein left uberon EHDAA2:0001486 posterior cardinal vein left FMA:70316 left postcardinal vein left subcardinal vein EHDAA2:0001932 SCTID:361451002 UBERON:0013125 subcardinal vein left uberon EHDAA2:0001932 subcardinal vein left vein of abdomen SCTID:281473003 This class groups all veins that are in the abdomen. The term 'abdominal vein' may have specific meanings in different contexts. The lateral abdominal veins are present in fishes but usually merged or absent in tetrapods; in amphibians, the L&R abdominal veins merge into the ventral abdominal vein. TODO: mirror representation of abdominal aorta UBERON:0013126 abdominal vein uberon pulmonary venous system Pulmonary circulation is the half portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart. The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. The part of the venous system that drains the lungs[Kardong] UBERON:0013127 pulmonary venous circulatory system uberon ISBN10:0073040584 The part of the venous system that drains the lungs[Kardong] Wikipedia:Pulmonary_venous_system Pulmonary circulation is the half portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart. The term pulmonary circulation is readily paired and contrasted with the systemic circulation. A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_circulation bulb of penis FMA:19614 Just before each crus of the penis meets its fellow it presents a slight enlargement, named by Kobelt the bulb of the corpus spongiosum penis. It is homologous to the vestibular bulbs in females. UBERON:0013128 bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis bulb of the corpus spongiousum penis bulb of the penis bulb of the urethra bulbus penis penile bulb uberon urethral bulb urethral bulb Wikipedia:Bulb_of_penis bulb of the corpus spongiousum penis Wikipedia:Bulb_of_penis bulb of the penis Wikipedia:Bulb_of_penis bulb of the urethra FMA:19614 penile bulb Wikipedia:Bulb_of_penis bulb of the corpus cavernosum penis FMA Wikipedia:Bulb_of_penis bulbus penis Just before each crus of the penis meets its fellow it presents a slight enlargement, named by Kobelt the bulb of the corpus spongiosum penis. It is homologous to the vestibular bulbs in females. Wikipedia:Bulb_of_penis Wikipedia:Bulb_of_penis urethral bulb FMA:19614 urethral bulb bulb of vestibule Cavernous organ, located in labium minus . Examples: There iare only two bulbs of vestibule, the right and the left.[FMA] FMA:20199 UBERON:0013129 aggregations of erectile tissue that are an internal part of the clitoris. They can also be found throughout the vestibule: next to the clitoral body, clitoral crura, urethra, urethral sponge, and vagina. bulbus vestibuli bulbus vestibuli vaginae clitoral bulb uberon vestibular bulb FMA:20199 vestibular bulb Cavernous organ, located in labium minus . Examples: There iare only two bulbs of vestibule, the right and the left.[FMA] FMA FMA:20199 Wikipedia:Vestibular_bulbs bulbus vestibuli vaginae Wikipedia:Vestibular_bulbs bulbus vestibuli Wikipedia:Vestibular_bulbs aggregations of erectile tissue that are an internal part of the clitoris. They can also be found throughout the vestibule: next to the clitoral body, clitoral crura, urethra, urethral sponge, and vagina. Wikipedia:Vestibular_bulbs clitoral bulb FMA lobe of tail UBERON:0013131 fluke tail fluke uberon penicillar arteriole FMA:16038 One of the small straight arteries of the red pulp of the spleen; a branch of the spleen central artery that supplies the red pulp[WP,modified] UBERON:0013132 penicillar artery penicilli penicillus uberon http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/penicilli penicilli FMA One of the small straight arteries of the red pulp of the spleen; a branch of the spleen central artery that supplies the red pulp[WP,modified] UBERON:cjm http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/penicillus Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries FMA:16038 penicillus Wikipedia:Trabecular_arteries superior phrenic artery FMA:4163 SCTID:198521008 The superior phrenic arteries are small and arise from the lower part of the thoracic aorta; they are distributed to the posterior part of the upper surface of the diaphragm, and anastomose with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. UBERON:0013133 arteriae phrenicae superiores superior phrenic branches uberon The superior phrenic arteries are small and arise from the lower part of the thoracic aorta; they are distributed to the posterior part of the upper surface of the diaphragm, and anastomose with the musculophrenic and pericardiacophrenic arteries. Wikipedia:Superior_phrenic_artery Wikipedia:Superior_phrenic_artery superior phrenic branches Wikipedia:Superior_phrenic_artery arteriae phrenicae superiores Wikipedia interdental plate Taxon notes: In paleobiology, the presence or absence of the interdental plate can determine the place of an animal in the evolutionary scale, and paleontologists use the interdental plate when trying to classify a new specimen. Thecodont reptiles and theropod dinosaur fossils have an interdental plate, whereas acrodont reptiles such as Sphenodontia do not.[3] Its presence in Archaeopteryx, an extinct avian, resulted in the proposal of the dinosaur-bird connection[WP] The interdental plate refers to the bone-filled mesial-distal region between the teeth UBERON:0013135 uberon The interdental plate refers to the bone-filled mesial-distal region between the teeth Wikipedia:Interdental_plate vein of lip SCTID:367664002 UBERON:0013136 labial vein labial vein of face lip vein uberon vena labialis FMA OBOL:automatic lip vein vena labialis external pudendal artery SCTID:244308005 UBERON:0013137 uberon coronary ligament of liver FMA:15822 SCTID:279967000 The coronary ligament of the liver refers to parts of the peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm. UBERON:0013138 UMLS:C1261099 coronary ligament ligamentum coronaria ligamentum coronarium ligamentum coronarium hepatis ncithesaurus:Coronary_Ligament uberon Wikipedia:Coronary_ligament ligamentum coronaria FMA:TA ligamentum coronarium hepatis The coronary ligament of the liver refers to parts of the peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm. Wikipedia:Coronary_ligament FMA:15822 ligamentum coronarium FMA:15822 coronary ligament FMA ligament of liver FMA:15820 SCTID:48536008 UBERON:0013139 UMLS:C0230238 hepatic ligament liver ligament ncithesaurus:Liver_Ligament uberon FMA:15820 hepatic ligament systemic vein FMA:66644 SCTID:244389004 UBERON:0013140 UMLS:C0447117 ncithesaurus:Systemic_Vein systemic venous tree organ part uberon FMA:66644 systemic venous tree organ part capillary bed A localized group of blood capillaries. AEO:0001002 FMA:45632 UBERON:0013141 uberon AEO A localized group of blood capillaries. AEO:0001002 FMA soleal vein A vein that drains the soleus SCTID:397427005 UBERON:0013142 soleus vein uberon vein of soleus muscle vena solealis cjm cjm A vein that drains the soleus OBOL:automatic vena solealis gastrocnemius vein A vein that drains the gastrocnemius SCTID:264481007 UBERON:0013143 divided in medial gastrocnemius vein (vena medialis gastrocnemii), lateral gastrocnemius vein (vena lateralis gastrocnemii), and intergemellar vein (Vena intergemellaris), the vein ascending between the two heads of the gastrocnemius[http://www.veinsurg.com/fr/biblio/echodoppler/echodoppler_11.php] uberon vein of gastrocnemius muscle vena gastrocnemii cjm cjm vena gastrocnemii A vein that drains the gastrocnemius OBOL:automatic vein of genicular venous plexus FMA:44559 The term genicular venous plexus (plexus venosus genicularis) should replace the term genicular veins. At the knee, deep veins do not correspond exactly to the branches of the popliteal artery (articular arteries). They are arranged in a complex plexus of interconnecting veins.[http://www.veinsurg.com/fr/biblio/echodoppler/echodoppler_11.php] UBERON:0013144 genicular vein uberon FMA:44559 genicular vein FMA accessory saphenous vein FMA:44320 SCTID:302677006 UBERON:0013145 posteromedial vein of thigh uberon FMA:44320 posteromedial vein of thigh FMA venous system of brain . EHDAA2:0000185 EMAPA:18631 UBERON:0013146 VHOG:0001328 brain venous system cranial venous system uberon . PMID:20557782 PMID:20566102 EHDAA2 VHOG-modified cjm VHOG:0001328 brain venous system early mesencephalic vesicle EHDAA2:0001102 EMAPA:16515 UBERON:0013147 gives rise to midbrain vesicle which gives rise to cerebral aqueduct mesencephalic vesicle uberon EHDAA2:0001102 mesencephalic vesicle EHDAA2 early midbrain vesicle EHDAA2:0001103 EMAPA:16642 SCTID:361481005 UBERON:0013148 develops into cerebral aqueduct midbrain vesicle uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0001103 midbrain vesicle EHDAA2 hindbrain vesicle EHDAA2:0000101 EMAPA:16479 SCTID:361482003 UBERON:0013149 gives rise of 4th ventricle rhombencephalic vesicle uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000101 rhombencephalic vesicle future brain vesicle SCTID:360409004 UBERON:0013150 brain vesicle early brain vesicle primary brain vesicle primitive brain vesicle secondary brain vesicle todo - resolve space vs structure inconsistency; consider adding all secondary vesicles (e.g. diencephalic; my/metencephalic. See http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_4.html). Note that some sources may treat the term vesicle as the progenitor of the whole brain region; for example 'The retina develops directly from the neural tube as an outpouching from the diencephalic vesicle' uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 choroidal artery SCTID:244210009 UBERON:0013151 UMLS:C0226164 artery of choroid plexus choroid artery ncithesaurus:Choroidal_Artery uberon interventricular foramen of heart EHDAA2:0004064 UBERON:0013152 uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 arachnoid villus Arachnoid granulations (or arachnoid villi) are small protrusions of the arachnoid (the thin second layer covering the brain) through the dura mater (the thick outer layer). They protrude into the venous sinuses of the brain, and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the brain, and enter the blood stream. Largest granulations lie along the superior sagittal sinus, a large venous space running from front to back along the centre of the head (on the inside of the skull). They are, however, present along other dural sinuses as well. Smaller granulations are called villi, large calcified ones are referred to as pacchionian bodies[Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation]. FMA:83980 Small protrusions of the arachnoid mater into vascular sinuses, acting as one-way pressure-sensitive valves. UBERON:0013153 UMLS:C0228130 arachnoid granulations arachnoid villi arachnoid villus arachnoidal granulations glandul%c3%a6 pacchioni glandulae pacchioni granulationes arachnoideales ncithesaurus:Arachnoid_Villus pacchioni%27s granulations pacchionian bodies pacchionian glands paccini%27s granulation uberon Arachnoid granulations (or arachnoid villi) are small protrusions of the arachnoid (the thin second layer covering the brain) through the dura mater (the thick outer layer). They protrude into the venous sinuses of the brain, and allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to exit the brain, and enter the blood stream. Largest granulations lie along the superior sagittal sinus, a large venous space running from front to back along the centre of the head (on the inside of the skull). They are, however, present along other dural sinuses as well. Smaller granulations are called villi, large calcified ones are referred to as pacchionian bodies[Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation]. Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation pacchioni%27s granulations Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation arachnoid villus FMA Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation arachnoidal granulations ISBN10:0471888893 Small protrusions of the arachnoid mater into vascular sinuses, acting as one-way pressure-sensitive valves. Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation arachnoid villi Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation pacchionian bodies Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation arachnoid granulations Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation glandul%c3%a6 pacchioni Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation granulationes arachnoideales Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation paccini%27s granulation Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation pacchionian glands Wikipedia:Arachnoid_granulation glandulae pacchioni 1st arch maxillary endoderm EHDAA2:0000040 EMAPA:16390 UBERON:0013154 endoderm of maxillary component uberon EMAPA:16390 endoderm of maxillary component EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 1st arch mandibular ectoderm EHDAA2:0000032 EMAPA:16383 UBERON:0013155 ectoderm of mandibular component uberon EHDAA2 EMAPA:16383 ectoderm of mandibular component EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 1st arch mandibular endoderm EHDAA2:0000033 EMAPA:16384 UBERON:0013156 endoderm of mandibular component uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EMAPA:16384 endoderm of mandibular component EHDAA2 1st arch maxillary-mandibular cleft 1st arch maxillary-mandibular groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000046 EMAPA:16395 UBERON:0013157 ectoderm of maxillary-mandibular groove uberon 1st arch maxillary-mandibular groove ectoderm EHDAA2:0000046 EMAPA:16395 ectoderm of maxillary-mandibular groove EHDAA2 EHDAA2 foregut-midgut junction gland EHDAA2:0000574 EMAPA:17065 UBERON:0013158 gland of foregut-midgut junction uberon EMAPA:17065 gland of foregut-midgut junction epithalamus mantle layer EHDAA2:0000449 EHDAA:5435 EMAPA:17533 UBERON:0013159 VHOG:0000913 mantle layer epithalamus mantle layer of epithalamus uberon VHOG:0000913 mantle layer epithalamus EHDAA2 epithalamus ventricular layer EHDAA2:0000450 EHDAA:5437 EMAPA:17535 UBERON:0013160 VHOG:0000884 uberon ventricular layer epithalamus ventricular layer of epithalamus VHOG:0000884 ventricular layer epithalamus EHDAA2 left lateral ventricle FMA:78450 SCTID:368593005 UBERON:0013161 left telencephalic ventricle uberon FMA right lateral ventricle FMA:78449 SCTID:368571000 UBERON:0013162 right telencephalic ventricle uberon FMA future cerebellum EHDAA2:0000231 EMAPA:17074 UBERON:0013163 cerebellum primordium uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0000231 cerebellum primordium molariform tooth A molar or premolar UBERON:0013164 cheek tooth molariform postcanine tooth uberon ISBN10:0073040584 cheek tooth ISBN10:0073040584 molariform A molar or premolar ISBN10:0073040584 http://www.termwiki.com/EN:postcanine_teeth postcanine tooth epiglottic vallecula A depression in front of the epiglottis, in which food is temporarily gathered as the animal chews. FMA:55037 Region of surface of viscerocranial mucosa, which is a depression located between the median and lateral glosso-epiglottic folds. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left epiglottic valleculas[FMA:55037]. SCTID:276955003 UBERON:0013165 uberon vallecula vallecula epiglottica vallecula of epiglottis vallecula epiglottica FMA:55037 Region of surface of viscerocranial mucosa, which is a depression located between the median and lateral glosso-epiglottic folds. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left epiglottic valleculas[FMA:55037]. FMA:55037 vallecula of epiglottis A depression in front of the epiglottis, in which food is temporarily gathered as the animal chews. ISBN10:0073040584 Wikipedia:Epiglottic_vallecula vallecula of cerebellum FMA:75267 On the upper surface of the cerebellum the vermis is elevated above the level of the hemispheres, but on the under surface it is sunk almost out of sight in the bottom of a deep depression between them; this depression is called the vallecula of the cerebellum, and lodges the posterior part of the medulla oblongata. UBERON:0013166 ncithesaurus:Vallecula uberon vallecula cerebelli On the upper surface of the cerebellum the vermis is elevated above the level of the hemispheres, but on the under surface it is sunk almost out of sight in the bottom of a deep depression between them; this depression is called the vallecula of the cerebellum, and lodges the posterior part of the medulla oblongata. Wikipedia:Vallecula_of_cerebellum FMA:75267 vallecula cerebelli cricopharyngeal ligament FMA:55260 Laryngeal ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the pharynx[WP,modified] SCTID:172455006 UBERON:0013167 crico-pharyngeal ligament ligamentum cricopharyngeum uberon FMA Laryngeal ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the pharynx[WP,modified] Wikipedia:Cricopharyngeal_ligament Wikipedia:Cricopharyngeal_ligament ligamentum cricopharyngeum thyroepiglottic ligament FMA:55230 Laryngeal ligament that connects the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage[WP,modified] SCTID:279562000 UBERON:0013168 UMLS:C0225514 ligamentum thyroepiglotticum ncithesaurus:Thyroepiglottic_Ligament thyroepiglottic ligament uberon FMA Laryngeal ligament that connects the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage[WP,modified] Wikipedia:Thyroepiglottic_ligament ligamentum thyroepiglotticum FMA:55230 thyroepiglottic ligament vestibular ligament FMA:64147 SCTID:279561007 The vestibular fold is a fibroelastic band which passes from the ventral margin of the cuneiform cartilage to the cranial dorsal surface of the thyroid cartilage. It forms the support for the free edge of the vestibular fold. UBERON:0013169 ligamentum vestibulare uberon ventricular ligament vestibular ligament of larynx Wikipedia:Vestibular_ligament ligamentum vestibulare Wikipedia:Vestibular_ligament ventricular ligament MURDOCH:2193 The vestibular fold is a fibroelastic band which passes from the ventral margin of the cuneiform cartilage to the cranial dorsal surface of the thyroid cartilage. It forms the support for the free edge of the vestibular fold. Wikipedia:Vestibular_ligament FMA cricoarytenoid ligament FMA:55261 Laryngeal ligament that connects the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages[WP,modified] SCTID:172533001 UBERON:0013170 crico-arytenoid ligament ligamentum cricoaryteneoideum uberon Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_ligament ligamentum cricoaryteneoideum FMA:55261 crico-arytenoid ligament Laryngeal ligament that connects the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages[WP,modified] Wikipedia:Cricoarytenoid_ligament FMA cricothyroid ligament FMA:55233 SCTID:279558006 This attaches the caudal border of the thyroid cartilage to the ventral arch of the cricoid cartilage. Its sheetlike ventral portion is sometimes referred to as the cricothyroid membrane. Being elastic, it 'balances' movement at the hinge-like cricothyroid joint and determines the resting position of the larynx when the muscles are relaxed[MURDOCH]. The cricothyroid ligament is the larger part of the laryngeal membrane, continuing inferiorly as a median or anterior part and twin lateral ligaments. The median cricothyroid ligament is a flat band of white tissue joining the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, while the lateral cricothyroid ligament is also known as the cricothyroid membrane (also called conus elasticus). UBERON:0013171 UMLS:C0225542 crico-thyroid ligament ligamentum cricothyreoideum ncithesaurus:Cricothyroid_Ligament uberon Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_ligament ligamentum cricothyreoideum MURDOCH:483 This attaches the caudal border of the thyroid cartilage to the ventral arch of the cricoid cartilage. Its sheetlike ventral portion is sometimes referred to as the cricothyroid membrane. Being elastic, it 'balances' movement at the hinge-like cricothyroid joint and determines the resting position of the larynx when the muscles are relaxed[MURDOCH]. The cricothyroid ligament is the larger part of the laryngeal membrane, continuing inferiorly as a median or anterior part and twin lateral ligaments. The median cricothyroid ligament is a flat band of white tissue joining the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, while the lateral cricothyroid ligament is also known as the cricothyroid membrane (also called conus elasticus). Wikipedia:Cricothyroid_ligament cricotracheal ligament FMA:55259 SCTID:279553002 The cricotracheal ligament connects the cricoid cartilage with the first ring of the trachea[WP]. The caudal border of the cricoid cartilage is joined to the first ring of the trachea by this ligament. It is an extrinsic laryngeal ligament. It resembles the fibrous membrane which connects the cartilaginous rings of the trachea to each other. UBERON:0013172 UMLS:C0225543 ncithesaurus:Cricotracheal_Ligament uberon FMA MURDOCH:486 The cricotracheal ligament connects the cricoid cartilage with the first ring of the trachea[WP]. The caudal border of the cricoid cartilage is joined to the first ring of the trachea by this ligament. It is an extrinsic laryngeal ligament. It resembles the fibrous membrane which connects the cartilaginous rings of the trachea to each other. Wikipedia:Cricotracheal_ligament anterior part of tympanic bone FMA:56478 SCTID:368942006 UBERON:0013173 UMLS:C1510916 anterior surface of tympanic plate anterior wall of tympanic cavity anterior wall of tympanum ncithesaurus:Anterior_Wall_of_the_Tympanum uberon FMA:56478 anterior surface of tympanic plate sigmoid process of tympanic bone UBERON:0013174 a wavy crest externally on the tympanic bone of cetaceans. sigmoid process sigmoid process of auditory bulla uberon a wavy crest externally on the tympanic bone of cetaceans. http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/glossary/glossaryS.html nasal air sac An air sac opening into the passage of the blowhole that is hypothesized to be involved in echolocation May be positioned distally or frontally UBERON:0013175 blowhole air sac uberon An air sac opening into the passage of the blowhole that is hypothesized to be involved in echolocation http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/cetartiodactyla/cetacea.html phonic lip Function notes: When the lips snap together during click production, vibrations in the dorsal bursae are likely produced ISBM10:0120885522. Large and cornified in sperm whales. Editor notes: requires review w.r.t location in physeter vs other odontocetes UBERON:0013176 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Delphinschaedel.svg/500px-Delphinschaedel.svg.png monkey lips museau de singe@fr phonic lips uberon check for sperm whales http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/cetartiodactyla/cetacea.html monkey lips phonic lips dorsal bursa UBERON:0013177 dorsal bursae fatty dorsal bursa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Delphinschaedel.svg/500px-Delphinschaedel.svg.png uberon check for sperm whales dorsal bursae anterior dorsal bursa UBERON:0013178 anterior bursa uberon posterior dorsal bursa UBERON:0013179 posterior bursa right posterior dorsal bursa may be homologous to spermaceti organ uberon bursal cartilage UBERON:0013180 uberon blowhole ligament Likely involved in regulating air movement in perhaps whistle production ISBM10:0120885522 UBERON:0013181 uberon core of melon organ UBERON:0013182 melon core uberon monkey lips dorsal bursa complex A structure consisting of a pair of anterior and posterior dorsal bursae in which a pair of phonic lips are embedded, along with the bursal cartilage and a blowhole ligament MLDB complex Taxon notes: all odontocetes except sperm whales posses two bilaterally placed MLDB complexes, placed just below the floor of the vestibular sac UBERON:0013188 uberon A structure consisting of a pair of anterior and posterior dorsal bursae in which a pair of phonic lips are embedded, along with the bursal cartilage and a blowhole ligament ISBM10:0120885522 junk chamber May be homologous to melon organ UBERON:0013189 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg/1000px-Sperm_whale_head_anatomy.svg.png junk junk bodies junk body junk organ uberon junk bodies entotympanic bone Entotympanics are independent elements present in the auditory bullae of various eutherians UBERON:0013190 endochondral [doi:10.1023/A:1020538313412] entotyympanic uberon Entotympanics are independent elements present in the auditory bullae of various eutherians doi:10.1023/A:1020538313412 cjm ovarian cortex FMA:18613 The outer layer of the ovary, composed of cellular connective tissue which contains the ovarian follicles UBERON:0013191 UMLS:C0227878 cortex of ovary cortex ovarii (zona parenchymatosa) ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Cortex uberon FMA:18613 cortex of ovary The outer layer of the ovary, composed of cellular connective tissue which contains the ovarian follicles ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Cortex FMA:18613 cortex ovarii (zona parenchymatosa) ovarian medulla FMA:18616 The medulla of ovary (or Zona vasculosa of Waldeyer) is a highly vascular stroma in the center of the ovary. It forms from embryonic mesenchyme and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. This stroma forms the tissue of the hilum by which the ovarian ligament is attached, and through which the blood vessels enter: it does not contain any ovarian follicles. UBERON:0013192 UMLS:C0227879 composed of loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves[NCIT] medulla of ovary medulla ovarii (zona vasculosa) ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Medulla uberon zona vasculosa of Waldeyer FMA:18616 medulla of ovary The medulla of ovary (or Zona vasculosa of Waldeyer) is a highly vascular stroma in the center of the ovary. It forms from embryonic mesenchyme and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. This stroma forms the tissue of the hilum by which the ovarian ligament is attached, and through which the blood vessels enter: it does not contain any ovarian follicles. Wikipedia:Medulla_of_ovary FMA:18616 medulla ovarii (zona vasculosa) Wikipedia:Medulla_of_ovary zona vasculosa of Waldeyer parakeratinized epithelium An epithelium that is characterized by incomplete keratinization of the cells in the stratum corneum. The cells are flattened and composed primarily of packed tonofilaments. However, the cells may retain remnants of nuclei and other organelles UBERON:0013193 found in oral epithelium uberon An epithelium that is characterized by incomplete keratinization of the cells in the stratum corneum. The cells are flattened and composed primarily of packed tonofilaments. However, the cells may retain remnants of nuclei and other organelles http://www.dental.pitt.edu/informatics/periohistology/en/glossary.html orthokeratinized epithelium A keratinized epithelium in which the cells of the stratum corneum become very flat, loose their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles and are now composed of densely packed tonofilaments cemented by filaggrin UBERON:0013194 uberon A keratinized epithelium in which the cells of the stratum corneum become very flat, loose their nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles and are now composed of densely packed tonofilaments cemented by filaggrin http://www.dental.pitt.edu/informatics/periohistology/en/glossary.html parakeratinized epithelium of gingiva UBERON:0013195 gingival parakeratinized epithelium uberon strand of wool MESH:A13.970 UBERON:0013196 uberon wool MESH:A13.970 wool cocoon A casing spun of silk by many moth caterpillars, and numerous other holometabolous insect larvae as a protective covering for the pupa[WP]. UBERON:0013198 analagous to a puparium in other insects uberon A casing spun of silk by many moth caterpillars, and numerous other holometabolous insect larvae as a protective covering for the pupa[WP]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa#Cocoon stria of neuraxis FMA:83854 UBERON:0013199 neuraxis stria neuraxis striae stria striae uberon neuraxis striae FMA:83854 neuraxis stria striae olfactory pathway MESH:A08.186.211.577.699 SCTID:281148007 Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the olfactory nerve; olfactory bulb; olfactory tract, olfactory tubercle, anterior perforated substance, and olfactory cortex. The term rhinencephalon is restricted to structures in the CNS receiving fibers from the olfactory bulb. UBERON:0013201 anterior perforated substance rhinencephalon uberon MESH:A08.186.211.577.699 Set of nerve fibers conducting impulses from olfactory receptors to the cerebral cortex. It includes the olfactory nerve; olfactory bulb; olfactory tract, olfactory tubercle, anterior perforated substance, and olfactory cortex. The term rhinencephalon is restricted to structures in the CNS receiving fibers from the olfactory bulb. MESH:A08.186.211.577.699 rhinencephalon MESH:A08.186.211.577.699 anterior perforated substance hypogastrium CALOHA:TS-2346 FMA:14602 SCTID:182348003 The hypogastrium (or hypogastric region, or pubic region) is an area of the human abdomen located below the navel. UBERON:0013203 UMLS:C0230189 hypogastric hypogastric part of abdomen hypogastric region hypogastric region ncithesaurus:Hypogastric_Region pubic part of abdomen pubic region pubic region regio pubica suprapubic region uberon FMA:14602 suprapubic region The hypogastrium (or hypogastric region, or pubic region) is an area of the human abdomen located below the navel. Wikipedia:Hypogastrium FMA:14602 pubic part of abdomen FMA:14602 hypogastric region Wikipedia:Hypogastrium pubic region Wikipedia:Hypogastrium hypogastric region FMA:TA regio pubica FMA:14602 pubic region FMA:14602 hypogastric part of abdomen epipubic bone Epipubic bones are a pair of bones projecting forward from the pelvic bones of modern marsupials and of some fossil mammals: multituberculates, monotremes, and even basal eutherians (the ancestors of placental mammals). In modern marsupials the epipubic bones are often called "marsupial bones" because they support the mother's pouch ("marsupium" is Latin for "pouch"), but their presence on other groups of mammals indicates that this was not their original function, which some researchers think was to assist locomotion by supporting some of the muscles that flex the thigh. The epipubic bones were first described in 1698 but their functions have remained unresolved. It has been suggested that they form part of a kinetic linkage stretching from the femur on one side to the ribs on the opposite side. This linkage is formed by a series of muscles: each epipubic bone is connected to the femur by the pectineus muscle, and to the ribs and vertebrae by the pyramidalis, rectus abdominis, and external and internal obliques. According to this hypothesis, the epipubic bones act as levers to stiffen the trunk during locomotion. UBERON:0013204 epipubic http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Macropus_major_hind_legs.png uberon cjm Epipubic bones are a pair of bones projecting forward from the pelvic bones of modern marsupials and of some fossil mammals: multituberculates, monotremes, and even basal eutherians (the ancestors of placental mammals). In modern marsupials the epipubic bones are often called "marsupial bones" because they support the mother's pouch ("marsupium" is Latin for "pouch"), but their presence on other groups of mammals indicates that this was not their original function, which some researchers think was to assist locomotion by supporting some of the muscles that flex the thigh. The epipubic bones were first described in 1698 but their functions have remained unresolved. It has been suggested that they form part of a kinetic linkage stretching from the femur on one side to the ribs on the opposite side. This linkage is formed by a series of muscles: each epipubic bone is connected to the femur by the pectineus muscle, and to the ribs and vertebrae by the pyramidalis, rectus abdominis, and external and internal obliques. According to this hypothesis, the epipubic bones act as levers to stiffen the trunk during locomotion. Wikipedia:Epipubic_bone nasal tentacle A fleshy appendage ringing the snout of a Star-nosed mole. UBERON:0013206 uberon A fleshy appendage ringing the snout of a Star-nosed mole. Wikipedia:Star-nosed_mole entepicondylar foramen The entepicondylar foramen is an opening in the distal (far) end of the humerus (upper arm bone) present in some mammals. It is often present in primitive placentals, such as the enigmatic Madagascan Plesiorycteropus. In most Neotominae and all Tylomyinae among cricetid rodents, it is located above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, but it is absent in all Sigmodontinae and Arvicolinae and this trait has been suggested as a synapomorphy for the former subfamily. UBERON:0013207 uberon The entepicondylar foramen is an opening in the distal (far) end of the humerus (upper arm bone) present in some mammals. It is often present in primitive placentals, such as the enigmatic Madagascan Plesiorycteropus. In most Neotominae and all Tylomyinae among cricetid rodents, it is located above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, but it is absent in all Sigmodontinae and Arvicolinae and this trait has been suggested as a synapomorphy for the former subfamily. Wikipedia:Entepicondylar_foramen Grueneberg ganglion An olfactory ganglion at the entrance of the nose of mammals that is involved in the detection of alarm pheromones and cold temperatures. The ganglion was first described by Hans GrC<neberg in 1973. Gruneberg ganglion Grüneberg ganglion UBERON:0013208 uberon An olfactory ganglion at the entrance of the nose of mammals that is involved in the detection of alarm pheromones and cold temperatures. The ganglion was first described by Hans GrC<neberg in 1973. Wikipedia:Gr%C3%BCneberg_ganglion cerumen gland A specialized sudoriferous gland (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard hairs that reside in the external auditory canal. Here they produce cerumen, or earwax, by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells. Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, lubricates and cleans the external auditory canal, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles (dust, fungal spores, etc.) by coating the guard hairs of the ear, making them sticky. SCTID:368648008 UBERON:0013211 UMLS:C0229352 cerumen-secreting gland ceruminous gland ncithesaurus:Ceruminous_Gland uberon A specialized sudoriferous gland (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. The glands drain into larger ducts, which then drain into the guard hairs that reside in the external auditory canal. Here they produce cerumen, or earwax, by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells. Cerumen keeps the eardrum pliable, lubricates and cleans the external auditory canal, waterproofs the canal, kills bacteria, and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles (dust, fungal spores, etc.) by coating the guard hairs of the ear, making them sticky. Wikipedia:Ceruminous_glands anal sac gland secretion UBERON:0013212 anal gland secretion hyena butter musk uberon Wikipedia:Hyena_butter hyena butter ossicone Ossicones are horn-like protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras. Only giraffids have true ossicones (as opposed to horns or antlers). The base that a deer's antlers grow from is very similar to ossicones. Ossicones are similar to the horns of antelopes and cattle, save that they are derived from ossified cartilage, and that the ossicones remain covered in skin and fur, rather than horn. Antlers (such as on deer) are derived from bone tissue: when mature, the skin and fur covering of the antlers, termed "velvet," is sloughed and scraped off to expose the bone of the antlers. UBERON:0013213 uberon Ossicones are horn-like protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras. Only giraffids have true ossicones (as opposed to horns or antlers). The base that a deer's antlers grow from is very similar to ossicones. Ossicones are similar to the horns of antelopes and cattle, save that they are derived from ossified cartilage, and that the ossicones remain covered in skin and fur, rather than horn. Antlers (such as on deer) are derived from bone tissue: when mature, the skin and fur covering of the antlers, termed "velvet," is sloughed and scraped off to expose the bone of the antlers. Wikipedia:Ossicone udder A large pendulous organ consisting of two or more mammary glands enclosed in a common envelope and each provided with a single nipple. An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of female quadruped mammals, especially ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and deer. The udder is a single mass hanging beneath the animal, consisting of pairs of mammary glands. In cattle there are normally two pairs, in sheep, goats and deer there is one pair, and in some animals such as pigs there are many pairs. Udder care and hygiene in cows is important in milking, aiding uninterrupted and untainted milk production, and preventing mastitis. Products exist to soothe the chapped skin of the udder. This helps prevent bacterial infection, and reduces irritation during milking by the cups, and so the cow is less likely to kick the cups off[Wikipedia:Udder]. SCTID:27528008 UBERON:0013216 uberon An udder is an organ formed of the mammary glands of female quadruped mammals, especially ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and deer. The udder is a single mass hanging beneath the animal, consisting of pairs of mammary glands. In cattle there are normally two pairs, in sheep, goats and deer there is one pair, and in some animals such as pigs there are many pairs. Udder care and hygiene in cows is important in milking, aiding uninterrupted and untainted milk production, and preventing mastitis. Products exist to soothe the chapped skin of the udder. This helps prevent bacterial infection, and reduces irritation during milking by the cups, and so the cow is less likely to kick the cups off[Wikipedia:Udder]. Wikipedia:Udder A large pendulous organ consisting of two or more mammary glands enclosed in a common envelope and each provided with a single nipple. Wikipedia:Udder zygomatic plate In rodent anatomy, the zygomatic plate is a bony plate derived from the flattened front part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone). At the back, it connects to the front (maxillary) root of the zygomatic arch, and at the top it is connected to the rest of the skull via the antorbital bridge. It is part of the maxillary bone, or upper jaw, which also contains the upper cheekteeth. Primitively, rodents have a nearly horizontal zygomatic plate. In association with specializations in zygomasseteric system, several distinct morphologies have developed across the order. The term is also used for an analogous structure in some South American typotheres, including Pseudotypotherium and Medistylus. UBERON:0013217 uberon In rodent anatomy, the zygomatic plate is a bony plate derived from the flattened front part of the zygomatic arch (cheekbone). At the back, it connects to the front (maxillary) root of the zygomatic arch, and at the top it is connected to the rest of the skull via the antorbital bridge. It is part of the maxillary bone, or upper jaw, which also contains the upper cheekteeth. Primitively, rodents have a nearly horizontal zygomatic plate. In association with specializations in zygomasseteric system, several distinct morphologies have developed across the order. The term is also used for an analogous structure in some South American typotheres, including Pseudotypotherium and Medistylus. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_plate rete mirabile A rete mirabile (Latin for 'wonderful net'; plural retia mirabilia) is a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other, found in some vertebrates. The rete mirabile utilizes countercurrent blood flow within the net (blood flowing in opposite directions. ) It exchanges heat, ions, or gases between vessel walls so that the two bloodstreams within the rete maintain a gradient with respect to temperature, or concentration of gases or solutes. FMA:76728 GAT in FMA UBERON:0013218 red body red gland rete mirabilia rete mirabilis retie mirabilia uberon wonderful net Wikipedia:Rete_mirabile wonderful net Wikipedia:Rete_mirabile rete mirabilia Wikipedia:Rete_mirabile red body A rete mirabile (Latin for 'wonderful net'; plural retia mirabilia) is a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other, found in some vertebrates. The rete mirabile utilizes countercurrent blood flow within the net (blood flowing in opposite directions. ) It exchanges heat, ions, or gases between vessel walls so that the two bloodstreams within the rete maintain a gradient with respect to temperature, or concentration of gases or solutes. Wikipedia:Rete_mirabile Wikipedia:Rete_mirabile rete mirabilis Wikipedia:Rete_mirabile retie mirabilia Wikipedia:Rete_mirabile red gland parotoid gland The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a milky alkaloid substance to deter predators. The substance produced acts as a neurotoxin. Parotoid glands are sometimes said to be wart-like in appearance, though warts are abnormal growths caused by viral infections while parotoid glands are normal, healthy parts of the animals that bear them. The vague similarity in appearance, however, is the reason behind the mistaken belief that touching a toad causes warts. UBERON:0013219 paratoid gland uberon The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a milky alkaloid substance to deter predators. The substance produced acts as a neurotoxin. Parotoid glands are sometimes said to be wart-like in appearance, though warts are abnormal growths caused by viral infections while parotoid glands are normal, healthy parts of the animals that bear them. The vague similarity in appearance, however, is the reason behind the mistaken belief that touching a toad causes warts. Wikipedia:Parotoid_gland foramen of Panizza 2 The Foramen of Panizza is a hole with that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. Crocodilians have a completely separated ventricle with deoxygenated blood from the body, or systemic circulation, in the right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the lungs, or pulmonary circulation, in the left ventricle, as in birds and mammals. Two vessels, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery, exit the right ventricle. Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, as in mammals and birds. However, when a unique active valve leading to the pulmonary artery contracts, pressure in the right ventricle can increase and blood can leave the right ventricle, enter the left aortic arch, and therefore bypass the pulmonary circulation. The foramen of panizza connects the left and right aorta. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, sitting in the left aorta, can flow into the right aorta through the foramen of panizza. When the heart is relaxed, some oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, sitting in the right aorta, can flow into the left aorta across the foramen of panizza. However, some species of Crocodilians have regulatory sphincters that prevent unwanted flow of blood through the foramen of panizza during non-diving. UBERON:0013220 uberon The Foramen of Panizza is a hole with that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. Crocodilians have a completely separated ventricle with deoxygenated blood from the body, or systemic circulation, in the right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the lungs, or pulmonary circulation, in the left ventricle, as in birds and mammals. Two vessels, the left aorta and the pulmonary artery, exit the right ventricle. Blood from the right ventricle goes to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, as in mammals and birds. However, when a unique active valve leading to the pulmonary artery contracts, pressure in the right ventricle can increase and blood can leave the right ventricle, enter the left aortic arch, and therefore bypass the pulmonary circulation. The foramen of panizza connects the left and right aorta. Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, sitting in the left aorta, can flow into the right aorta through the foramen of panizza. When the heart is relaxed, some oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, sitting in the right aorta, can flow into the left aorta across the foramen of panizza. However, some species of Crocodilians have regulatory sphincters that prevent unwanted flow of blood through the foramen of panizza during non-diving. Wikipedia:Foramen_of_Panizza Wikipedia caudofemoralis Action: The Caudofemoralis acts to flex the tail laterally to its respective side when the pelvic limb is bearing weight. When the pelvic limb is lifted off the ground, contraction of the Caudofemoralis causes the limb to abduct and the shank to extend by extending the hip joint (acetabulofemoral or coxofemoral joint) The caudofemoralis (from the latin cauda, tail and femur, thighbone) is a muscle found in the pelvic limb of mostly all animals possessing a tail, since it is a synapomorphy appeared on the Archosauria clade. It is thus found in felids (cats) and Mustela ("Weasels"), but also on crocodiles and birds. UBERON:0013221 caudofemoralis muscle uberon The caudofemoralis (from the latin cauda, tail and femur, thighbone) is a muscle found in the pelvic limb of mostly all animals possessing a tail, since it is a synapomorphy appeared on the Archosauria clade. It is thus found in felids (cats) and Mustela ("Weasels"), but also on crocodiles and birds. Wikipedia:Caudofemoralis otic notch Otic notches are invagination in the posterior margin of the skull roof, one behind each orbit. Such notches are found in labyrinthodonts and some of their immediate ancestors, but not their reptilian descendants. The presence or absence of the otic notches is one of the traits used to separate the amniotes from the amphibian grade tetrapods. The notches have been interpreted as part of an auditory structure, and are often shown holding a tympanum similar to those seen in modern anurans. Analysis of the columella (the stapes in amphibians and reptiles) of labyrinthodonts however indicate it did not function in transmitting low energy vibrations, thus rendering them effectively deaf to airborne sound. The otic notch instead functioned as a spiracle, at least in the early forms. UBERON:0013222 uberon Otic notches are invagination in the posterior margin of the skull roof, one behind each orbit. Such notches are found in labyrinthodonts and some of their immediate ancestors, but not their reptilian descendants. The presence or absence of the otic notches is one of the traits used to separate the amniotes from the amphibian grade tetrapods. The notches have been interpreted as part of an auditory structure, and are often shown holding a tympanum similar to those seen in modern anurans. Analysis of the columella (the stapes in amphibians and reptiles) of labyrinthodonts however indicate it did not function in transmitting low energy vibrations, thus rendering them effectively deaf to airborne sound. The otic notch instead functioned as a spiracle, at least in the early forms. Wikipedia:Otic_notch alveolar gland In contrast to tubular glands, in the second main variety of gland, the secretory portion is enlarged and the lumen variously increased in size. These are termed alveolar glands (or saccular glands, or acinar glands, or acinous glands). Some sources draw a clear distinction between acinar and alveolar glands, based upon the shape of the lumen. A further complication in the case of the alveolar glands may occur in the form of still smaller saccular diverticuli growing out from the main sacculi. These are termed alveoli. The term "tubulo-alveolar" (or "tubulo-acinar", or "compound tubulo-acinar", or "compound tubulo-alveolar") is used to describe glands that start out as branched tubular, and branch further to terminate in alveoli. This type of gland is found in the salivary glands, esophagus, and mammary glands. The term "racemose gland" is used to describe a "compound alveolar gland" or "compound acinar gland". UBERON:0013223 Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland acinar gland alveolar gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png saccular gland uberon Wikipedia In contrast to tubular glands, in the second main variety of gland, the secretory portion is enlarged and the lumen variously increased in size. These are termed alveolar glands (or saccular glands, or acinar glands, or acinous glands). Some sources draw a clear distinction between acinar and alveolar glands, based upon the shape of the lumen. A further complication in the case of the alveolar glands may occur in the form of still smaller saccular diverticuli growing out from the main sacculi. These are termed alveoli. The term "tubulo-alveolar" (or "tubulo-acinar", or "compound tubulo-acinar", or "compound tubulo-alveolar") is used to describe glands that start out as branched tubular, and branch further to terminate in alveoli. This type of gland is found in the salivary glands, esophagus, and mammary glands. The term "racemose gland" is used to describe a "compound alveolar gland" or "compound acinar gland". Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland acinar gland Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland alveolar gland Wikipedia:Alveolar_gland saccular gland Ciaccio's gland Ciaccio's glands are small tubular accessory lacrimal glands (glandulae lacrimales accessoriae) found in the lacrimal caruncle of the eyelid. They are located in the upper border of the tarsus, approximately in the middle between the extremities of the tarsal glands. Sometimes they are situated slightly above the tarsus. There are usually 2 to 5 of these glands in the upper eyelid, and their function is to produce tears which are secreted onto the surface of the conjunctiva. They are named after Italian anatomist Giuseppe Vincenzo Ciaccio (1824b1901), who described these glands in 1874. They are sometimes called Wolfring's glands after Polish ophthalmologist Emilj von Wolfring (1832-1906), who described them during the same time period as did Ciaccio. Another type of accessory lacrimal gland are Krause's glands, which are smaller, more numerous than Ciaccio's glands and are found along the superior and inferior fornices of the conjunctival sac. SCTID:278361003 UBERON:0013224 Wolfring's gland gland of Wolfring gland of Wolfring and Ciacco ncithesaurus:Gland_of_Wolfring uberon ncithesaurus SCTID:278361003 gland of Wolfring and Ciacco Ciaccio's glands are small tubular accessory lacrimal glands (glandulae lacrimales accessoriae) found in the lacrimal caruncle of the eyelid. They are located in the upper border of the tarsus, approximately in the middle between the extremities of the tarsal glands. Sometimes they are situated slightly above the tarsus. There are usually 2 to 5 of these glands in the upper eyelid, and their function is to produce tears which are secreted onto the surface of the conjunctiva. They are named after Italian anatomist Giuseppe Vincenzo Ciaccio (1824b1901), who described these glands in 1874. They are sometimes called Wolfring's glands after Polish ophthalmologist Emilj von Wolfring (1832-1906), who described them during the same time period as did Ciaccio. Another type of accessory lacrimal gland are Krause's glands, which are smaller, more numerous than Ciaccio's glands and are found along the superior and inferior fornices of the conjunctival sac. Wikipedia:Ciaccio's_glands Wikipedia:Ciaccio's_glands gland of Wolfring ncithesaurus:Gland_of_Wolfring Wikipedia:Ciaccio's_glands Wolfring's gland accessory lacrimal gland Editor notes: may be re-classified as a sibling on lacrimal gland SCTID:278360002 Serous gland with distended lumen. It includes the gland of Krause in the lacrimal sac and the gland of Wolfring on the inner surface of the upper eyelid. (NCI) UBERON:0013226 UMLS:C0266586 glandulae lacrimales accessoriae ncithesaurus:Accessory_Lacrimal_Gland uberon glandulae lacrimales accessoriae Serous gland with distended lumen. It includes the gland of Krause in the lacrimal sac and the gland of Wolfring on the inner surface of the upper eyelid. (NCI) ncithesaurus:Accessory_Lacrimal_Gland crypt of Henle Crypts of Henle are microscopic pockets found in scattered sections of the conjunctiva around the eyeball. They are responsible for secreting mucin, a proteinous substance that makes up the inner layer of tears. It coats the cornea to provide a hydrophilic layer that allows for even distribution of the tear film. The layer of mucin allows tears to glide evenly across the eye’s surface[WP]. Henle's gland SCTID:278362005 UBERON:0013227 crypts of Henle gland of Henle uberon Wikipedia:Crypts_of_Henle crypts of Henle Crypts of Henle are microscopic pockets found in scattered sections of the conjunctiva around the eyeball. They are responsible for secreting mucin, a proteinous substance that makes up the inner layer of tears. It coats the cornea to provide a hydrophilic layer that allows for even distribution of the tear film. The layer of mucin allows tears to glide evenly across the eye’s surface[WP]. Wikipedia:Crypts_of_Henle Henle's gland Wikipedia:Crypts_of_Henle sweat gland of eyelid FMA:59159 Glands of Moll, also known as ciliary glands, are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped. The glands of Moll are named after Dutch oculist Jacob Anton Moll (1832–1914). Glands of Moll empty into the adjacent lashes. Glands of Moll and Zeis secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation. The glands of Moll are prone to infection and blockage of its duct with sebum and cell debris. Blockage of the gland's duct causes swelling which can manifest itself as a stye. Moll's gland SCTID:280586002 UBERON:0013228 ciliary gland ciliary gland of moll ciliary sweat gland of eyelid gland of Moll uberon FMA:59159 gland of Moll FMA:59159 ciliary gland FMA:59159 ciliary gland of moll Glands of Moll, also known as ciliary glands, are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped. The glands of Moll are named after Dutch oculist Jacob Anton Moll (1832–1914). Glands of Moll empty into the adjacent lashes. Glands of Moll and Zeis secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation. The glands of Moll are prone to infection and blockage of its duct with sebum and cell debris. Blockage of the gland's duct causes swelling which can manifest itself as a stye. Wikipedia:Gland_of_Moll FMA:59159 ciliary sweat gland of eyelid FMA:59159 Moll's gland eyelid gland SCTID:280574000 UBERON:0013229 gland of eyelid uberon gland of nictitating membrane Consider merging with Harderian UBERON:0013230 gland of the third eyelid ncithesaurus:Gland_of_the_Third_Eyelid nictitans gland uberon gland of the third eyelid ncithesaurus:Gland_of_the_Third_Eyelid sebaceous gland of eyelid FMA:59191 Glands of Zeis are unilobar sebaceous glands located on the margin of the eyelid. The glands of Zeis service the eyelash. These glands produce an oily substance that is issued through the excretory ducts of the sebaceous lobule into the middle portion of the hair follicle. In the same area of the eyelid, near the base of the eyelashes are sweat glands called the "glands of Moll". If eyelashes are not kept clean, conditions such as folliculitis may take place, and if the sebaceous gland becomes infected, it can lead to abscesses and styes. The glands of Zeis are named after German ophthalmologist Eduard Zeis (1807b68). UBERON:0013231 ciliary sebaceous gland of eyelid gland of Zeis gland of Zeiss uberon FMA:59191 gland of Zeiss FMA:59191 ciliary sebaceous gland of eyelid Glands of Zeis are unilobar sebaceous glands located on the margin of the eyelid. The glands of Zeis service the eyelash. These glands produce an oily substance that is issued through the excretory ducts of the sebaceous lobule into the middle portion of the hair follicle. In the same area of the eyelid, near the base of the eyelashes are sweat glands called the "glands of Moll". If eyelashes are not kept clean, conditions such as folliculitis may take place, and if the sebaceous gland becomes infected, it can lead to abscesses and styes. The glands of Zeis are named after German ophthalmologist Eduard Zeis (1807b68). Wikipedia:Gland_of_Zeis serous acinus FMA:86279 UBERON:0013232 uberon supraorbital gland The supraorbital gland is a type of lateral nasal gland found in some species of marine birds, particularly penguins, which removes sodium chloride from the bloodstream. The gland's function is similar to that of the kidneys, though it is much more efficient at removing salt, allowing Penguins to survive without access to fresh water. Contrary to popular belief, the gland does not directly convert saltwater to freshwater. The term supraorbital refers to the area just above the eye socket (which is known as the orbit of the eye. ) Living in saltwater environments would naturally pose a large problem for penguins because the ingestion of saltwater would be detrimental to a penguin's health. Although penguins do not directly drink water, it is taken in when they engulf prey. As a result, saltwater enters their system and must be effectively excreted. The supraorbital gland has thus enabled the penguins' survival in such environments due to its water-filtering capability. The gland is located just above the eyes and surrounds a capillary in the head. This capillary constantly strains out the salt in the saltwater that a penguin takes in. Since the byproduct of the gland has roughly five times as much salt as would normally be found in the animal's fluids, the supraorbital gland is highly efficient. The penguin excretes the salt byproduct as a brine through its bill. Often, the fluid drips out, and this gives the appearance of a runny nose. However, the fluid may also be sneezed out. In the absence of saltwater, caused by captivity, the supraorbital gland will lie dormant as it has no other purpose. Having a dormant supraorbital gland does not negatively affect the health of a penguin. UBERON:0013233 uberon The supraorbital gland is a type of lateral nasal gland found in some species of marine birds, particularly penguins, which removes sodium chloride from the bloodstream. The gland's function is similar to that of the kidneys, though it is much more efficient at removing salt, allowing Penguins to survive without access to fresh water. Contrary to popular belief, the gland does not directly convert saltwater to freshwater. The term supraorbital refers to the area just above the eye socket (which is known as the orbit of the eye. ) Living in saltwater environments would naturally pose a large problem for penguins because the ingestion of saltwater would be detrimental to a penguin's health. Although penguins do not directly drink water, it is taken in when they engulf prey. As a result, saltwater enters their system and must be effectively excreted. The supraorbital gland has thus enabled the penguins' survival in such environments due to its water-filtering capability. The gland is located just above the eyes and surrounds a capillary in the head. This capillary constantly strains out the salt in the saltwater that a penguin takes in. Since the byproduct of the gland has roughly five times as much salt as would normally be found in the animal's fluids, the supraorbital gland is highly efficient. The penguin excretes the salt byproduct as a brine through its bill. Often, the fluid drips out, and this gives the appearance of a runny nose. However, the fluid may also be sneezed out. In the absence of saltwater, caused by captivity, the supraorbital gland will lie dormant as it has no other purpose. Having a dormant supraorbital gland does not negatively affect the health of a penguin. Wikipedia:Supraorbital_gland violet gland The violet gland or supracaudal gland is an important gland located on the upper surface of the tail of certain mammals, including European badgers and canids such as foxes, wolves the domestic dog, as well as the domestic cat. It is used for intra species signalling, scent marking, and contributes to the strong odor of foxes in particular. UBERON:0013234 supracaudal gland uberon The violet gland or supracaudal gland is an important gland located on the upper surface of the tail of certain mammals, including European badgers and canids such as foxes, wolves the domestic dog, as well as the domestic cat. It is used for intra species signalling, scent marking, and contributes to the strong odor of foxes in particular. Wikipedia:Violet_gland ventrum FMA:259204 The ventral part of an animal. [cjm]. UBERON:0013235 front front of body proper uberon ventral part of organism ventral region ventral region of organism The ventral part of an animal. [cjm]. UBERONREF:0000006 FMA:259204 front of body proper ventral trunk FMA:25055 Subdivision of trunk which is demarcated from the back of trunk by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines, the external surface of the posterior abdominal wall and from the limbs by the inguinal folds; together with the back of trunk, it constitutes the trunk. Examples: There is only one trunk proper[FMA:25055]. UBERON:0013236 anterolateral part of trunk front of trunk trunk front trunk proper uberon FMA:25055 anterolateral part of trunk FMA:25055 trunk proper FMA:25055 trunk front FMA:25055 front of trunk FMA:25055 Subdivision of trunk which is demarcated from the back of trunk by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines, the external surface of the posterior abdominal wall and from the limbs by the inguinal folds; together with the back of trunk, it constitutes the trunk. Examples: There is only one trunk proper[FMA:25055]. FMA genital papilla of vulva The genital papilla is a part of female external genitalia not present in humans, which appears as a small, fleshy flab of tissue. The papilla covers the opening of the vagina. UBERON:0013237 genital papillae mammalian genital papilla uberon The genital papilla is a part of female external genitalia not present in humans, which appears as a small, fleshy flab of tissue. The papilla covers the opening of the vagina. Wikipedia:Genital_papilla genital papillae future glans UBERON:0013238 uberon future glans penis EMAPA:29288 UBERON:0013239 glans of male genital tubercle uberon EMAPA future glans clitoris EMAPA:19170 UBERON:0013240 glans of female genital tubercle uberon EMAPA embryonic urethral groove SCTID:361531004 The urethral groove is a temporary linear indentation on the underside (ventral side) of the male penis during embryonic development. In humans, it typically appears around 8 weeks of gestation and becomes closed into a normal male urethra by the 12th week. UBERON:0013241 sulcus urethralis primarius uberon urethral groove urethral sulcus sulcus urethralis primarius Wikipedia The urethral groove is a temporary linear indentation on the underside (ventral side) of the male penis during embryonic development. In humans, it typically appears around 8 weeks of gestation and becomes closed into a normal male urethra by the 12th week. Wikipedia:Urethral_groove vaginal plate The vaginal plate is a precursor to the inferior portion of the vagina. They form from sinovaginal bulbs. UBERON:0013244 UMLS:C1519928 ncithesaurus:Vaginal_Plate uberon The vaginal plate is a precursor to the inferior portion of the vagina. They form from sinovaginal bulbs. Wikipedia:Vaginal_plate sinovaginal bulb UBERON:0013245 UMLS:C1519330 ncithesaurus:Sinovaginal_Bulb solid evaginations of the UG sinus that develops into a vaginal plate that which will will eventually canalize to form the inferior portion of the vagina. uberon UBERON:cjm solid evaginations of the UG sinus that develops into a vaginal plate that which will will eventually canalize to form the inferior portion of the vagina. male paramesonephric duct EHDAA2:0001052 EMAPA:29161 UBERON:0013247 degenerating mesonephric portion of male paramesonephric duct uberon EHDAA2 EMAPA:29161 degenerating mesonephric portion of male paramesonephric duct EHDAA2 paradidymis A small collection of convoluted tubules, situated in front of the lower part of the cord above the head of the epididymis. These tubes are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium, and probably represent the remains of a part of the Wolffian body but are functionless and vestigial. The Wolffian body operates as a kidney (metanephros) in fishes and amphibians, but the corresponding tissue is co-opted to form parts of the male reproductive system in other classes of vertebrate. The paradidymis represents a remnant of an unused, atrophied part of the Wolffian body[WP,modified]. FMA:74055 SCTID:279643005 UBERON:0013248 Waldeyer's organ organ of Giraldes organ of Giraldés uberon FMA:74055 organ of Giraldes Wikipedia FMA:74055 Waldeyer's organ A small collection of convoluted tubules, situated in front of the lower part of the cord above the head of the epididymis. These tubes are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium, and probably represent the remains of a part of the Wolffian body but are functionless and vestigial. The Wolffian body operates as a kidney (metanephros) in fishes and amphibians, but the corresponding tissue is co-opted to form parts of the male reproductive system in other classes of vertebrate. The paradidymis represents a remnant of an unused, atrophied part of the Wolffian body[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Paradidymis paroophoron A collection of a few scattered rudimentary tubules child, situated in the broad ligament between the epoophoron and the uterus. FMA:18692 Kobelt's tubules UBERON:0013249 parooephoron paroöphoron uberon FMA:18692 Kobelt's tubules Wikipedia FMA A collection of a few scattered rudimentary tubules child, situated in the broad ligament between the epoophoron and the uterus. Wikipedia:Paroophoron Wikipedia:Paroophoron parooephoron Wikipedia:Paroophoron paroöphoron vesicular appendage of epoophoron FMA:18696 In connection with the fimbriae of the uterine tube, or with the broad ligament close to them, there are frequently one or more small pedunculated vesicles. These are termed the vesicular appendages of the epoophoron. UBERON:0013250 appendage of epoophoron appendage of epoöphoron appendices vesiculosae appendices vesiculosae epoophori appendix vesiculosus hydatid of Morgagni one of the small pedunculated structures attached to the uterine tubes near their fimbriated end; remnants of the mesonephric ducts[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/]. uberon vesicular appendage of epoophoron vesicular appendage of epoöphoron FMA:18696 vesicular appendage of epoophoron Wikipedia cranial end Wikipedia:Vesicular_appendages_of_epoophoron appendices vesiculosae FMA:18696 hydatid of Morgagni Wikipedia:Hydatid_of_Morgagni hydatid of Morgagni FMA FMA:18696 appendix vesiculosus appendices vesiculosae epoophori http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Hydatid+of+Morgagni one of the small pedunculated structures attached to the uterine tubes near their fimbriated end; remnants of the mesonephric ducts[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/]. In connection with the fimbriae of the uterine tube, or with the broad ligament close to them, there are frequently one or more small pedunculated vesicles. These are termed the vesicular appendages of the epoophoron. Wikipedia:Vesicular_appendages_of_epoophoron remnnant of ductus deferens FMA:76609 UBERON:0013262 ductus deferens vestige ductus deferens vestigialis remnant in a female of the portion of the embryonic mesonephric duct that develops into the ductus deferens in males. uberon vestige of ductus deferens Wikipedia FMA:76609 ductus deferens vestige http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=98549 remnant in a female of the portion of the embryonic mesonephric duct that develops into the ductus deferens in males. FMA:76609 vestige of ductus deferens FMA ductus deferens vestigialis remnant of processus vaginalis FMA:77300 UBERON:0013277 incompletely obliterated remnants of the vaginal process of the peritoneum remaining in the spermatic cord. processus vaginalis vestige uberon vestige of processus vaginalis http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=98550 incompletely obliterated remnants of the vaginal process of the peritoneum remaining in the spermatic cord. FMA:77300 vestige of processus vaginalis FMA:77300 processus vaginalis vestige FMA canal of Nuck A patent pouch of peritoneum extending into the labia majora of women. It is analogous to the processus vaginalis in males. The pouch accompanies the gubernaculum during development of the urinary and reproductive organs, more specifically during the descent of the ovaries, and normally obliterates. UBERON:0013278 canal of nuck nuck%27s canal persistent processus vaginalis processus vaginalis peritonei femininus uberon cjm A patent pouch of peritoneum extending into the labia majora of women. It is analogous to the processus vaginalis in males. The pouch accompanies the gubernaculum during development of the urinary and reproductive organs, more specifically during the descent of the ovaries, and normally obliterates. Wikipedia:Canal_of_Nuck Wikipedia:Canal_of_Nuck nuck%27s canal Wikipedia:Canal_of_Nuck processus vaginalis peritonei femininus Wikipedia:Canal_of_Nuck canal of nuck MP:0009217 persistent processus vaginalis diaphysis of fibula A diaphysis that is part of a fibula[Automatically generated definition]. FMA:33738 SCTID:302528006 The body of fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula]. UBERON:0013279 body of fibula corpus fibulae fibula diaphysis shaft of fibula uberon FMA:TA corpus fibulae FMA:33738 shaft of fibula A diaphysis that is part of a fibula[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula FMA:33738 body of fibula FMA:33738 fibula diaphysis The body of fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral[Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula]. Wikipedia:Body_of_fibula diaphysis of tibia A diaphysis that is part of a tibia. FMA:33125 SCTID:302525009 The body of the tibia has three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia]. UBERON:0013280 body of the tibia body of tibia corpus tibiae shaft of tibia shaft of tibia tibial diaphysis uberon A diaphysis that is part of a tibia. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia FMA:33125 tibial diaphysis Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia shaft of tibia Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia body of the tibia FMA:33125 body of tibia FMA:TA corpus tibiae FMA:33125 shaft of tibia The body of the tibia has three borders and three surfaces[Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia]. Wikipedia:Body_of_tibia stratum argenteum of choroid A silver reflective layer in the outer choroid, adjacent to the sclera, frequently present in fish larvae but not as frequent in adults. In species known to have a stratum argenteum as adults, like the toadfish (Toad- fishes), the tapetum lucidum is absent or vestigial and there is little choroidal melanin. UBERON:0013397 choroid stratum argenteum stratum argenteum uberon PMID:14738502 stratum argenteum A silver reflective layer in the outer choroid, adjacent to the sclera, frequently present in fish larvae but not as frequent in adults. In species known to have a stratum argenteum as adults, like the toadfish (Toad- fishes), the tapetum lucidum is absent or vestigial and there is little choroidal melanin. PMID:14738502 choroidal gland Requires review Teleosts bear a body of capillary adjacent to the optic nerve called the choroidal gland. Though its function is not known, it is believed to be a supplemental oxygen carrier[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid#In_bony_fish]. UBERON:0013398 a gland on the dorsal half of the fish eyeball[http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/2916/choroid]l uberon a gland on the dorsal half of the fish eyeball[http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/2916/choroid]l http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en_ichthyology/2916/choroid Teleosts bear a body of capillary adjacent to the optic nerve called the choroidal gland. Though its function is not known, it is believed to be a supplemental oxygen carrier[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid#In_bony_fish]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid#In_bony_fish blood vessel layer of choroid FMA:58435 Haller's layer Sattler's layer UBERON:0013399 a layer of medium-diameter blood vessels of the choroid, a layer of the eye[Wikipedia:Sattler's_layer]. lamina vasculosa (choroid) lamina vasculosa of choroid outer layer of choroid proper uberon vessel layer of choroid FMA:58435 vessel layer of choroid FMA Wikipedia:Sattler's_layer a layer of medium-diameter blood vessels of the choroid, a layer of the eye[Wikipedia:Sattler's_layer]. FMA:58435 Haller's layer FMA:58435 lamina vasculosa of choroid FMA:58435 Sattler's layer FMA:58435 lamina vasculosa (choroid) FMA:58435 outer layer of choroid proper asterion of skull FMA:76625 The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. UBERON:0013403 asterion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Asterion.PNG uberon Wikipedia The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture. Wikipedia:Asterion_(anatomy) Wikipedia:Asterion_(anatomy) asterion FMA bregma Anatomical cranial point where the coronal and sagittal suture lines intersect[FMA:264776]. FMA:264776 The bregma is the anatomical point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture. UBERON:0013406 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Kort-lang-skalle.gif uberon The bregma is the anatomical point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture. Wikipedia:Bregma Wikipedia FMA Anatomical cranial point where the coronal and sagittal suture lines intersect[FMA:264776]. FMA:264776 cranial cavity FMA:9644 SCTID:264452006 The cranial cavity, or intracranial space, is the space formed inside the skull. The brain occupies the cranial cavity, which is lined by the meninges and which contains cerebrospinal fluid to cushion blows. Eight fused cranial bones together form the cranial cavity: the frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones, and two each of the parietal and temporal bones. The capacity of an adult human cranial cavity is 1,200-1,700 cm. UBERON:0013411 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg intracranial cavity intracranial space ncithesaurus:Cranial_Cavity uberon The cranial cavity, or intracranial space, is the space formed inside the skull. The brain occupies the cranial cavity, which is lined by the meninges and which contains cerebrospinal fluid to cushion blows. Eight fused cranial bones together form the cranial cavity: the frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones, and two each of the parietal and temporal bones. The capacity of an adult human cranial cavity is 1,200-1,700 cm. Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity Wikipedia Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity intracranial space Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity intracranial cavity crotaphion The crotaphion refers to two points on the skull at the tips of the greater wing of sphenoid bone. It is near the pterion. UBERON:0013412 uberon Wikipedia The crotaphion refers to two points on the skull at the tips of the greater wing of sphenoid bone. It is near the pterion. Wikipedia:Crotaphion epicranium SCTID:362625008 The Epicranium is the medical term for the collection of structures covering the cranium. It consists of the muscles, aponeurosis, and skin. UBERON:0013417 todo - add parts uberon The Epicranium is the medical term for the collection of structures covering the cranium. It consists of the muscles, aponeurosis, and skin. Wikipedia:Epicranium Wikipedia groove for sigmoid sinus FMA:57122 Groove for Sigmoid Sinus is a groove in the posterior cranial fossa. UBERON:0013420 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png uberon Groove for Sigmoid Sinus is a groove in the posterior cranial fossa. Wikipedia:Groove_for_sigmoid_sinus infratemporal fossa FMA:75308 SCTID:260616009 The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and medial to the zygomatic arch. Boundaries defined by: anteriorly, by the infratemporal surface of the maxilla and the ridge which descends from its zygomatic process posteriorly, by the articular tubercle of the temporal and the spinal angularis of the sphenoid superiorly, by the greater wing of the sphenoid below the infratemporal crest, and by the under surface of the temporal squama, containing the foramen ovale, which transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, and the foramen spinosum, which transmits the middle meningeal artery inferiorly, by the medial pterygoid muscle attaching to the mandible medially, by the lateral pterygoid plate laterally, by the ramus of mandible, which contains the mandibular foramen, leading to the mandibular canal through which the inferior alveolar nerve passes. This also contains the lingula, a triangular piece of bone that overlies the mandibular foramen antero-medially. Finally, the mylohyoid groove descends obliquely transmitting the mylohyoid nerve the only motor branch of the anterior division of the trigeminal nerve. UBERON:0013422 fossa infratemporalis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png infratemporal pterygomaxillary fossa uberon Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa infratemporal Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa fossa infratemporalis Wikipedia Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa pterygomaxillary fossa The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and medial to the zygomatic arch. Boundaries defined by: anteriorly, by the infratemporal surface of the maxilla and the ridge which descends from its zygomatic process posteriorly, by the articular tubercle of the temporal and the spinal angularis of the sphenoid superiorly, by the greater wing of the sphenoid below the infratemporal crest, and by the under surface of the temporal squama, containing the foramen ovale, which transmits the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, and the foramen spinosum, which transmits the middle meningeal artery inferiorly, by the medial pterygoid muscle attaching to the mandible medially, by the lateral pterygoid plate laterally, by the ramus of mandible, which contains the mandibular foramen, leading to the mandibular canal through which the inferior alveolar nerve passes. This also contains the lingula, a triangular piece of bone that overlies the mandibular foramen antero-medially. Finally, the mylohyoid groove descends obliquely transmitting the mylohyoid nerve the only motor branch of the anterior division of the trigeminal nerve. Wikipedia:Infratemporal_fossa jugal point The jugal point is the point at the anterior end of the upper border of the zygomatic arch where the masseteric and maxillary edges meet at an angle. The "Jugal Point" is the anterior end of upper border of the zygomatic arch where it is mees the process of the zygomatic bone. UBERON:0013423 uberon Wikipedia The jugal point is the point at the anterior end of the upper border of the zygomatic arch where the masseteric and maxillary edges meet at an angle. The "Jugal Point" is the anterior end of upper border of the zygomatic arch where it is mees the process of the zygomatic bone. Wikipedia:Jugal_point lambda FMA:264773 The occipital angle is rounded and corresponds with the point of meeting of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures—a point which is termed the lambda (after the Greek letter of the same name); in the fetus this part of the skull is membranous, and is called the posterior fontanelle. UBERON:0013424 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gray1193.svg lambda uberon The occipital angle is rounded and corresponds with the point of meeting of the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures—a point which is termed the lambda (after the Greek letter of the same name); in the fetus this part of the skull is membranous, and is called the posterior fontanelle. Wikipedia:Lambda_(anatomy) Wikipedia Wikipedia:Lambda_(anatomy) lambda obelion FMA:264774 The term obelion is applied to that point of the sagittal suture which is on a level with the parietal foramina. UBERON:0013426 uberon Wikipedia The term obelion is applied to that point of the sagittal suture which is on a level with the parietal foramina. Wikipedia:Obelion occipital bun Occipital buns are important in scientific descriptions of classic Neanderthal crania. While common among many of mankind's ancestors, primarily robust relatives rather than gracile, the protrusion is relatively rare in modern Homo sapiens.. UBERON:0013427 a prominent bulge, or projection, of the occipital bone at the back of the skull[WP]. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Neanderthal_profile.png uberon Wikipedia:Occipital_bun a prominent bulge, or projection, of the occipital bone at the back of the skull[WP]. NCBITaxon:63221 Occipital buns are important in scientific descriptions of classic Neanderthal crania. While common among many of mankind's ancestors, primarily robust relatives rather than gracile, the protrusion is relatively rare in modern Homo sapiens.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_bun ophryon The ophryon is the point in the forehead just above the optic foramen, or eyesocket, and glabella. UBERON:0013428 uberon Wikipedia The ophryon is the point in the forehead just above the optic foramen, or eyesocket, and glabella. Wikipedia:Ophryon porion FMA:264711 The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It underlies the tragus. The anatomical landmark has significance in biological anthropology and craniometry. UBERON:0013436 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png uberon The porion is the point on the human skull located at the upper margin of each ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus). It underlies the tragus. The anatomical landmark has significance in biological anthropology and craniometry. Wikipedia:Porion Wikipedia postorbital process The Postorbital Process marks the rear, upper edge of the eye socket and is a projection from the frontal bone. UBERON:0013442 uberon The Postorbital Process marks the rear, upper edge of the eye socket and is a projection from the frontal bone. Wikipedia:Postorbital_process pterygomaxillary fissure FMA:76627 The pterygomaxillary fissure is a fissure of the human skull. It is vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure; it is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It connects the infratemporal with the pterygopalatine fossa, and transmits the terminal part of the maxillary artery. Alveolar branches of the maxillary nerve go from the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal region via this fissure. In older texts, the pterygomaxillary fissure is sometimes called the pterygopalatine fissure. UBERON:0013445 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray189.png uberon Wikipedia The pterygomaxillary fissure is a fissure of the human skull. It is vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure; it is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid. It connects the infratemporal with the pterygopalatine fossa, and transmits the terminal part of the maxillary artery. Alveolar branches of the maxillary nerve go from the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal region via this fissure. In older texts, the pterygomaxillary fissure is sometimes called the pterygopalatine fissure. Wikipedia:Pterygomaxillary_fissure FMA sagittal crest A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. The presence of this ridge of bone indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. The sagittal crest serves primarily for attachment of the temporalis muscle, which is one of the main chewing muscles. Development of the sagittal crest is thought to be connected to the development of this muscle. A sagittal crest usually develops during the childhood of an animal in conjunction with the growth of the temporalis muscle, as a result of convergence and gradual heightening of the temporal lines. A sagittal crest tends to be present on the skulls of adult animals that rely on powerful biting and clenching of their teeth, usually as a part of their hunting strategy. Skulls of some dinosaur species, including tyrannosaurs, possessed well developed sagittal crests. Among mammals, dogs, cats, lions, and many other carnivores have sagittal crests, as do some leaf eaters, including tapirs and some apes. Sagittal crests are found in robust great apes, and some early hominins. Prominent sagittal crests are found among male gorillas and orangutans, and do occur but only rarely in male chimpanzees such as Bili Apes. The largest sagittal crest ever discovered in the human lineage belongs to the "Black Skull", Paranthropus aethiopicus field number KNM WT 17000, the earliest known robust hominid ancestor and the oldest robust australopithecine discovered to date. The prominence of the crest appears to have been an adaptation for the aethiopicus's heavy chewing, and the Black Skull's cheek teeth are correspondingly large. Smaller sagittal crests are also present on the skulls of other Paranthropines, including Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus. Compare with: AAO:0000384 parasagital crest (UBERON:0013402) UBERON:0013447 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Paranthropus_aethiopicus.JPG sagittal ridge uberon A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others. The presence of this ridge of bone indicates that there are exceptionally strong jaw muscles. The sagittal crest serves primarily for attachment of the temporalis muscle, which is one of the main chewing muscles. Development of the sagittal crest is thought to be connected to the development of this muscle. A sagittal crest usually develops during the childhood of an animal in conjunction with the growth of the temporalis muscle, as a result of convergence and gradual heightening of the temporal lines. A sagittal crest tends to be present on the skulls of adult animals that rely on powerful biting and clenching of their teeth, usually as a part of their hunting strategy. Skulls of some dinosaur species, including tyrannosaurs, possessed well developed sagittal crests. Among mammals, dogs, cats, lions, and many other carnivores have sagittal crests, as do some leaf eaters, including tapirs and some apes. Sagittal crests are found in robust great apes, and some early hominins. Prominent sagittal crests are found among male gorillas and orangutans, and do occur but only rarely in male chimpanzees such as Bili Apes. The largest sagittal crest ever discovered in the human lineage belongs to the "Black Skull", Paranthropus aethiopicus field number KNM WT 17000, the earliest known robust hominid ancestor and the oldest robust australopithecine discovered to date. The prominence of the crest appears to have been an adaptation for the aethiopicus's heavy chewing, and the Black Skull's cheek teeth are correspondingly large. Smaller sagittal crests are also present on the skulls of other Paranthropines, including Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus. Wikipedia:Sagittal_crest sagittal keel Sagittal keels occur in Homo erectus and occasionally Homo heidelbergensis, where they probably served as an armour against shock to the roof of the skull, and as the attachment point for the temporalis muscles. Most Homo sapiens lost them likely as part of the general trend toward thinning of the cranial bones during the Pleistocene, to make room for larger brains. However there is a very small portion of modern humans who have this, but its function and etiology are unknown. Patrick Stewart of Star Trek and the martial artist Shi Yan Ming present good examples of modern humans with this feature. The Sagittal keel (torus) is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones.. UBERON:0013448 sagittal torus uberon Sagittal keels occur in Homo erectus and occasionally Homo heidelbergensis, where they probably served as an armour against shock to the roof of the skull, and as the attachment point for the temporalis muscles. Most Homo sapiens lost them likely as part of the general trend toward thinning of the cranial bones during the Pleistocene, to make room for larger brains. However there is a very small portion of modern humans who have this, but its function and etiology are unknown. Patrick Stewart of Star Trek and the martial artist Shi Yan Ming present good examples of modern humans with this feature. Homo erectus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_bun The Sagittal keel (torus) is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones.. Wikipedia:Sagittal_keel simian shelf The simian shelf is a bony thickening on the front of the ape mandible. Its function is to reinforce the jaw, though it also has the effect of considerably reducing the movement of the tongue by restricting the area available for muscles. Humans are the only apes to have protruding chins, though some fossils of early humans show evidence of a simian shelf. UBERON:0013450 uberon The simian shelf is a bony thickening on the front of the ape mandible. Its function is to reinforce the jaw, though it also has the effect of considerably reducing the movement of the tongue by restricting the area available for muscles. Humans are the only apes to have protruding chins, though some fossils of early humans show evidence of a simian shelf. Wikipedia:Simian_shelf spheno-maxillary fossa The speno-maxillary fossa is a small triangular space situated at the angle of the junction of the spheno-maxillary and pterygo-maxillary fissures, and placed beneath the apex of the orbit. It is formed above by the under surface of the body of the sphenoid and by the orbital process of the palate bone. UBERON:0013454 ncithesaurus:Sphenomaxillary_Fossa uberon The speno-maxillary fossa is a small triangular space situated at the angle of the junction of the spheno-maxillary and pterygo-maxillary fissures, and placed beneath the apex of the orbit. It is formed above by the under surface of the body of the sphenoid and by the orbital process of the palate bone. Wikipedia:Spheno-maxillary_fossa Wikipedia spheno-petrosal fissure FMA:75038 The sphenopetrosal fissure (or sphenopetrosal suture) is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It is in the middle cranial fossa. UBERON:0013455 fissura sphenopetrosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png sphenopetrosal fissure uberon FMA The sphenopetrosal fissure (or sphenopetrosal suture) is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It is in the middle cranial fossa. Wikipedia:Sphenopetrosal_fissure Wikipedia FMA:75038 sphenopetrosal fissure FMA:TA fissura sphenopetrosa stephanion FMA:264723 The point where the upper temporal line cuts the coronal suture is named the stephanion. UBERON:0013459 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gray188-Coronal_suture.png uberon Wikipedia The point where the upper temporal line cuts the coronal suture is named the stephanion. Wikipedia:Stephanion suprainiac fossa The suprainiac fossa is an elliptic depression on the occiput above the superior nuchal line, or inion. UBERON:0013460 UBERON:0013470 uberon The suprainiac fossa is an elliptic depression on the occiput above the superior nuchal line, or inion. Wikipedia:Suprainiac_fossa Wikipedia:Neanderthal_anatomy Wikipedia sylvian point FMA:49458 The Sylvian point is the point on the human skull nearest the Sylvian fissure and is located about 30 millimeters behind the Zygomatic process of frontal bone. UBERON:0013462 uberon Wikipedia FMA The Sylvian point is the point on the human skull nearest the Sylvian fissure and is located about 30 millimeters behind the Zygomatic process of frontal bone. Wikipedia:Sylvian_point temporal fossa FMA:75307 SCTID:137157009 The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch. UBERON:0013463 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Fossatemporalis.PNG ncithesaurus:Temporal_Fossa uberon Wikipedia The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch. Wikipedia:Temporal_fossa zygomasseteric system The zygomasseteric system (or zygomasseteric structure) in rodents is the anatomical arrangement of the masseter muscle of the jaw and the zygomatic arch of the skull. The anteroposterior or propalinal (front-to-back) motion of the rodent jaw is enabled by an extension of the zygomatic arch and the division of the masseter into three distinct parts. The main types are described as protrogomorphous, sciuromorphous, hystricomorphous, and myomorphous. UBERON:0013466 obsoleted as it did not represent a structure true uberon The zygomasseteric system (or zygomasseteric structure) in rodents is the anatomical arrangement of the masseter muscle of the jaw and the zygomatic arch of the skull. The anteroposterior or propalinal (front-to-back) motion of the rodent jaw is enabled by an extension of the zygomatic arch and the division of the masseter into three distinct parts. The main types are described as protrogomorphous, sciuromorphous, hystricomorphous, and myomorphous. Wikipedia:Zygomasseteric_system zygomatic fossa The Zygomatic Fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and on the inner side of the zygoma; bounded, in front, by the zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone and the ridge which descends from its malar process; behind, by the posterior border of the external pterygoid plate and the eminentia articularis; above, by the pterygoid ridge on the outer surface of the great wing of the sphenoid and the under part of the squamous portion of the temporal; below by the alveolar border of the superior maxilla; internally, by the external pterygoid plate; and externally, by the zygomatic arch ramus of the lower jaw. It contains the lower part of the temporal, the External and Internal pterygoid muscles, the internal maxillary artery and vein, and inferior maxillary nerve and their branches. At its upper and inner part may be observed two fissures, the spheno-maxillary and pterygo-maxillary. UBERON:0013468 uberon The Zygomatic Fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and on the inner side of the zygoma; bounded, in front, by the zygomatic surface of the superior maxillary bone and the ridge which descends from its malar process; behind, by the posterior border of the external pterygoid plate and the eminentia articularis; above, by the pterygoid ridge on the outer surface of the great wing of the sphenoid and the under part of the squamous portion of the temporal; below by the alveolar border of the superior maxilla; internally, by the external pterygoid plate; and externally, by the zygomatic arch ramus of the lower jaw. It contains the lower part of the temporal, the External and Internal pterygoid muscles, the internal maxillary artery and vein, and inferior maxillary nerve and their branches. At its upper and inner part may be observed two fissures, the spheno-maxillary and pterygo-maxillary. Wikipedia:Zygomatic_fossa external occipital protuberance FMA:75752 Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line. It is less pronounced in females. The inion is the highest point of the external occipital protuberance. a projection on the external surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone in the midline SCTID:139582005 The external occipital protuberance is a bony prominence occuring on the large area ventral to the external sagittal crest. It functions as the attachment site for the funicular part of the nuchal ligament[MURDOCH:734]. UBERON:0013469 inion uberon MURDOCH:734 The external occipital protuberance is a bony prominence occuring on the large area ventral to the external sagittal crest. It functions as the attachment site for the funicular part of the nuchal ligament[MURDOCH:734]. FMA Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line. It is less pronounced in females. The inion is the highest point of the external occipital protuberance. a projection on the external surface of the squamous part of the occipital bone in the midline Wikipedia:External_occipital_protuberance Wikipedia:Inion inion retromolar space Retromolar gap is found in some Neandertals because they had midfacial prognathism. This caused the lower toothrow to move forward, which led to the retromolar gap.. The retromolar space or retromolar gap is a space at the rear of a mandible, between the back of the last molar and the anterior edge of the ascending ramus where it crosses the alveolar margin.[WP] UBERON:0013471 retromolar gap uberon NCBITaxon:63221 Retromolar gap is found in some Neandertals because they had midfacial prognathism. This caused the lower toothrow to move forward, which led to the retromolar gap.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_anatomy The retromolar space or retromolar gap is a space at the rear of a mandible, between the back of the last molar and the anterior edge of the ascending ramus where it crosses the alveolar margin.[WP] Wikipedia:Retromolar_space Wikipedia:Retromolar_space retromolar gap upper esophagus SCTID:276801001 UBERON:0013472 ncithesaurus:Upper_Third_of_the_Esophagus uberon upper third of esophagus lower esophagus SCTID:362129001 UBERON:0013473 lower third of esophagus ncithesaurus:Lower_Third_of_the_Esophagus uberon middle part of esophagus SCTID:276802008 UBERON:0013474 middle third of esophagus ncithesaurus:Middle_Third_of_the_Esophagus uberon gustatory gland A serous salivary gland which resides adjacent to the moats surrounding the circumvallate papillae in the posterior one-third of the tongue, anterior to the terminal sulcus. UBERON:0013475 uberon von Ebner gland von Ebner's gland Wikipedia:Von_Ebner's_gland von Ebner's gland A serous salivary gland which resides adjacent to the moats surrounding the circumvallate papillae in the posterior one-third of the tongue, anterior to the terminal sulcus. Wikipedia:Von_Ebner's_gland Wikipedia:Von_Ebner's_gland von Ebner gland dermal layer of tongue . UBERON:0013476 tongue (dermal layer) uberon . PMID:23153189 blowhole A hole at the top of a cetacean's head through which the animal breathes air Taxon notes: Baleen whales have two blowholes positioned in a V-shape while toothed whales have only one blowhole. The blowhole of a sperm whale, a toothed whale, is located left of centre in the frontal area of the snout, and is actually its left nostril, while the right nostril lacks an opening to the surface despite the fact that its nasal passage is otherwise well developed. UBERON:0013477 blowhole slit uberon A hole at the top of a cetacean's head through which the animal breathes air Wikipedia:Blowhole_(anatomy) cecal tonsil A thickened round patch of lymphoid tissue located at the ileocecal junction adjacent to the sacculus rotundus. In avians the polycryptic cecal tissue is similar to the mammalian palatine tonsil SCTID:14239003 UBERON:0013478 caecal tonsil cecal GALT uberon A thickened round patch of lymphoid tissue located at the ileocecal junction adjacent to the sacculus rotundus. ISBN:0824754077 lung endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004128 CALOHA:TS-0573 UBERON:0013479 respiratory endothelium uberon A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic BTO:0004128 respiratory endothelium crypt of Lieberkuhn of ileum FMA:269061 UBERON:0013481 ileal crypt ileal crypt of Lieberkuhn uberon FMA FMA crypt of Lieberkuhn of duodenum FMA:269063 UBERON:0013482 duodenal crypt duodenal crypt of Lieberkuhn uberon FMA FMA crypt of Lieberkuhn of jejunum FMA:269065 UBERON:0013483 jejunal crypt jejunal crypt of Lieberkuhn uberon FMA FMA crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon SCTID:19447003 UBERON:0013485 colonic crypt colonic crypt of lieberkuhn uberon crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix SCTID:21512007 UBERON:0013486 appendiceal crypt appendiceal crypt of lieberkuhn uberon epidermal ridge of digit UBERON:0013487 UMLS:C1516920 epidermal ridge fingerprint friction ridge ncithesaurus:Epidermal_Ridges plantar print uberon MESH:E05.256 plantar print panniculus adiposus It includes structures that are considered fascia by some sources but not by others. The panniculus adiposus is the fatty layer of the subcutaneous tissues, superficial to a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. An example is the Fascia of Camper. Another example is the superficial cervical fascia[WP] UBERON:0013488 panniculus adiposus group uberon by contraction of various parts of the panniculus carnosus, the short-beaked echidna can change shape, the most characteristic shape change being achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened, so protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines The panniculus adiposus is the fatty layer of the subcutaneous tissues, superficial to a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. An example is the Fascia of Camper. Another example is the superficial cervical fascia[WP] Wikipedia:Panniculus_adiposus superficial cervical fascia FMA:57805 It is considered by some to be a part of the Panniculus adiposus, and not true fascia[WP] SCTID:175208005 Superficial cervical fascia is a thin layer of subcutaneous connective tissue that lies between the dermis of the skin and the deep cervical fascia. It contains the platysma, cutaneous nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels. It also contains a varying amount of fat, which is its distinguishing characteristic. UBERON:0013489 superficial cervical fascia superficial layer of cervical fascia superficial layer of deep cervical fascia uberon FMA:57805 superficial cervical fascia Wikipedia contested FMA:57805 superficial layer of deep cervical fascia FMA FMA:57805 superficial layer of cervical fascia Superficial cervical fascia is a thin layer of subcutaneous connective tissue that lies between the dermis of the skin and the deep cervical fascia. It contains the platysma, cutaneous nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels. It also contains a varying amount of fat, which is its distinguishing characteristic. Wikipedia:Superficial_cervical_fascia deep cervical fascia FMA:21791 The deep cervical fascia (or fascia colli in older texts) lies under cover of the Platysma, and invests the neck; it also forms sheaths for the carotid vessels, and for the structures situated in front of the vertebral column. Its attachment to the hyoid bone prevents the formation of a dewlap. The investing portion of the fascia is attached behind to the ligamentum nuchC& and to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. The "alar fascia" is a portion of deep cervical fascia. UBERON:0013490 deep cervical fascia deep fascia of neck fascia coli fascia colli investing cervical fascia investing layer of cervical fascia uberon FMA:21791 deep fascia of neck FMA:21791 deep cervical fascia The deep cervical fascia (or fascia colli in older texts) lies under cover of the Platysma, and invests the neck; it also forms sheaths for the carotid vessels, and for the structures situated in front of the vertebral column. Its attachment to the hyoid bone prevents the formation of a dewlap. The investing portion of the fascia is attached behind to the ligamentum nuchC& and to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra. The "alar fascia" is a portion of deep cervical fascia. Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_fascia Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_fascia fascia coli Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_fascia fascia colli FMA FMA:21791 investing cervical fascia FMA:21791 investing layer of cervical fascia cervical fascia FMA:76866 SCTID:361906006 The cervical fascia is fascia found in the region of the neck. It mainly refers to the deep cervical fascia. However, there are other cervical fascia: superficial cervical fascia prevertebral fascia UBERON:0013491 Wikipedia:Cervical_fascia fascia of neck uberon The cervical fascia is fascia found in the region of the neck. It mainly refers to the deep cervical fascia. However, there are other cervical fascia: superficial cervical fascia prevertebral fascia Wikipedia:Cervical_fascia prevertebral cervical fascia FMA:46560 SCTID:175407002 The prevertebral fascia (or prevertebral layer of cervical fascia) is a fascia in the neck. UBERON:0013492 lamina prevertebralis (fascia cervicalis) prevertebral fascia prevertebral layer prevertebral layer of cervical fascia prevertebral layer of cervical fascia prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia uberon FMA:46560 prevertebral layer of cervical fascia The prevertebral fascia (or prevertebral layer of cervical fascia) is a fascia in the neck. Wikipedia:Prevertebral_fascia FMA:46560 prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia Wikipedia:Prevertebral_fascia prevertebral layer Wikipedia:Prevertebral_fascia prevertebral layer of cervical fascia FMA:46560 prevertebral fascia FMA:46560 lamina prevertebralis (fascia cervicalis) FMA abdominal fascia FMA:19841 SCTID:306708007 UBERON:0013493 endo-abdominopelvic fascia fascia of abdomen uberon FMA:19841 fascia of abdomen FMA:19841 endo-abdominopelvic fascia keratin-coated spine A modified strand of hair covered in a keratin coat, as found in porcupines and hedgehogs. UBERON:0013494 uberon A modified strand of hair covered in a keratin coat, as found in porcupines and hedgehogs. UBERON:cjm barbed keratin-coated spine A keratin-coated spine that is tipped with a barb. Taxon notes: Porcupines' quills, or spines, take on various forms, depending on the species, but all are modified hairs coated with thick plates of keratin, and they are embedded in the skin musculature. Old World porcupines (Hystricidae) have quills embedded in clusters, whereas in New World porcupines (Erethizontidae), single quills are interspersed with bristles, underfur and hair. UBERON:0013495 porcupine quill quill uberon A keratin-coated spine that is tipped with a barb. UBERON:cjm unbarbed keratin-coated spine A keratin-coated spine that is lacks a barbed end. UBERON:0013496 hedgehog spine spine uberon A keratin-coated spine that is lacks a barbed end. UBERON:cjm muscularis orbicularis A fringe of muscle running along the periphery of the panniculus. Function notes: Hedgehogs roll into a ball via contraction of this muscle UBERON:0013497 orbicularis orbicularis muscle uberon A fringe of muscle running along the periphery of the panniculus. UBERON:cjm vestibulo-cochlear VIII ganglion complex EHDAA2:0004313 EMAPA:17570 Editor's note: requires verification UBERON:0013498 uberon vestibular VIII ganglion complex vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion complex vestibulocochlear ganglion complex EHDAA2:0004313 vestibular VIII ganglion complex cjm glossopharyngeal-vagus IX-X preganglion complex EMAPA:16662 UBERON:0013499 uberon cjm glossopharyngeal-vagus IX-X ganglion complex EMAPA:16796 UBERON:0013500 uberon cjm cloacal sphincter UBERON:0013501 UMLS:C1516658 ncithesaurus:Cloacal_Sphincter sphincter cloacae uberon sphincter cloacae 5th arch mesenchyme 5th branchial arch mesenchyme 5th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme UBERON:0013502 pharyngeal arch 5 mesenchyme uberon 5th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001052 caudal vertebra cartilaginous condensation UBERON:0013503 uberon caudal vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013504 uberon cervical vertebra cartilaginous condensation EHDAA2:0000240 UBERON:0013505 cervical vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon EHDAA2:0000240 cervical vertebral cartilage condensation group cervical vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013506 uberon thoracic vertebra cartilaginous condensation EHDAA2:0002014 UBERON:0013507 thoracic vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon EHDAA2:0002014 thoracic vertebral cartilage condensation group thoracic vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013508 uberon lumbar vertebra cartilaginous condensation EHDAA2:0001038 UBERON:0013509 lumbar vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon EHDAA2:0001038 lumbar vertebral cartilage condensation group lumbar vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013510 uberon ambiens muscle The tendon of the ambiens muscle passes obliquely over the knee joint. It assists in the control of the bird’s toes. This muscle is present in some reptiles but not mammals. It is present in caiques and some other South American genera, but missing in most parrot genera. This was first noted by Garrod (1874) who proposed using this and other anatomical differences to classify parrots. For other anatomical differences among parrots see carotid arteries, furcula, and uropygial gland. UBERON:0013511 ambiens uberon The tendon of the ambiens muscle passes obliquely over the knee joint. It assists in the control of the bird’s toes. This muscle is present in some reptiles but not mammals. It is present in caiques and some other South American genera, but missing in most parrot genera. This was first noted by Garrod (1874) who proposed using this and other anatomical differences to classify parrots. For other anatomical differences among parrots see carotid arteries, furcula, and uropygial gland. http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm row of feathers UBERON:0013512 uberon anal pterya UBERON:0013513 cloacal circlet two row of feathers encircling the cloaca uberon http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm two row of feathers encircling the cloaca cloacal circlet http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm space surrounding organism UBERON:0013514 external to organism outside of body the space that surrounds an organism. uberon UBERON:cjm the space that surrounds an organism. subdivision of uterine tube FMA:18302 UBERON:0013515 subdivision of fallopian tube subdivision of oviduct uberon uterine tube zone zone of uterine tube FMA:18302 subdivision of fallopian tube FMA:18302 zone of uterine tube FMA:18302 subdivision of oviduct FMA:18302 uterine tube zone uterine tube magnum The second segment of the oviduct. This is where most of the egg white is added to the egg as it moves down the duct. UBERON:0013516 magnum magnum of oviduct magnum of uterine tube uberon The second segment of the oviduct. This is where most of the egg white is added to the egg as it moves down the duct. http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm cjm coccygeal vertebra cartilaginous condensation EHDAA2:0000260 UBERON:0013517 coccygeal vertebral cartilage condensation group uberon EHDAA2:0000260 coccygeal vertebral cartilage condensation group coccygeal vertebra pre-cartilage condensation UBERON:0013518 uberon uterine tube isthmus The third segment of the oviduct. At this point in the egg’s journey down the oviduct, the membranes form and calcification starts. UBERON:0013519 isthmus of oviduct isthmus of uterine tube uberon The third segment of the oviduct. At this point in the egg’s journey down the oviduct, the membranes form and calcification starts. http://caiquesite.com/glossary.htm cjm subdivision of tube UBERON:0013522 uberon lateral vaginal canal One of two lateral tracts connecting a uterus to a common median tract separated from the median vagina via ureters which prevent their fusion. Found in marsupials UBERON:0013523 lateral vagina lateral vaginae uberon lateral vaginae One of two lateral tracts connecting a uterus to a common median tract separated from the median vagina via ureters which prevent their fusion. Found in marsupials UBERON:cjm the lateral vaginae serve as transport for the sperm median vaginal canal A median canal in the reproductive system of marsupials that connects the uteri to a common tract, joining with the two lateral vaginas. Connects the uterine openings directly with the urogenital sinus UBERON:0013524 central pseudovaginal canal central vagina median pseudovaginal canal median vagina midline birth canal uberon A median canal in the reproductive system of marsupials that connects the uteri to a common tract, joining with the two lateral vaginas. Connects the uterine openings directly with the urogenital sinus UBERON:cjm stomach lumen FMA:14585 UBERON:0013525 cavity of stomach gastric cavity uberon FMA:14585 cavity of stomach FMA:14585 gastric cavity FMA otocyst lumen EHDAA2:0004121 EMAPA:25363 UBERON:0013526 lumen of otocyst uberon EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EMAPA:25363 lumen of otocyst EHDAA2 pectoral flipper tubercle A bump or swelling adorining the head and leading edge of a pectoral flipper, associated with the multiple joints and terminal phalanges as found in the multiple phalanges of the humpback whale In a humpback the number of tubercles ranges from 9 to 11, with the first at the joint between the radius and metacarpal of digit II (with digit I absent) UBERON:0013527 uberon Brodmann (1909) area 11 B09-11 Brodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making. Brodmann area 11, prefrontal FMA:68608 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1742 UBERON:0013528 area 11 of Brodmann-1909 area 11 of brodmann area 11 of brodmann area praefrontalis brodmann (1909) area 11 medial orbital area prefrontal area 11 uberon FMA NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1742 area 11 of Brodmann-1909 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_11 prefrontal area 11 Brodmann area 11, prefrontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1742 Brodmann area 11 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning, reasoning, and decision making. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_11 B09-11 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1742 FMA:68608 area 11 of brodmann Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_11 area 11 of brodmann NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1742 area praefrontalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1742 brodmann (1909) area 11 FMA:68608 medial orbital area Brodmann area A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics, or structure and organization of cells. FMA:68596 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1731 SCTID:384717008 UBERON:0013529 WikipediaCategory:Brodmann_areas uberon FMA Wikipedia A Brodmann area is a region of the cerebral cortex defined based on its cytoarchitectonics, or structure and organization of cells. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area retrosplenial region BTO:0003977 The retrosplenial region is a brain area and part of the cingulate cortex. It is defined by Brodmann area 26, Brodmann area 29 and the Brodmann area 30. The retrosplenial region is a brain area and part of the cingulate cortex. It is defined by Brodmann area 29 and the Brodmann area 26[BTO:0003977]. UBERON:0013531 retrosplenial cortex uberon The retrosplenial region is a brain area and part of the cingulate cortex. It is defined by Brodmann area 26, Brodmann area 29 and the Brodmann area 30. Wikipedia:Retrosplenial_region BTO BTO:0003977 retrosplenial cortex BTO:0003977 The retrosplenial region is a brain area and part of the cingulate cortex. It is defined by Brodmann area 29 and the Brodmann area 26[BTO:0003977]. Wikipedia:Retrosplenial_region retrosplenial cortex Brodmann (1909) area 2 Area 2 of Brodmann Area postcentralis caudalis B09-2 Brodmann area 2 Brodmann area 2, caudal postcentral Brodmann's area 2 Caudal postcentral area FMA:68598 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1733 UBERON:0013533 area 2 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 2 uberon Area postcentralis caudalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1733 Brodmann area 2, caudal postcentral NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1733 Caudal postcentral area FMA:68598 B09-2 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1733 Area 2 of Brodmann FMA:68598 Brodmann area 2 FMA:68598 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1733 brodmann (1909) area 2 Brodmann's area 2 FMA:68598 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1733 area 2 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann (1909) area 4 Area 4 of Brodmann Area gigantopyramidalis B09-4 Brodmann area 4 Brodmann area 4, gigantopyramidal Brodmann's area 4 FMA:68600 Giant pyramidal area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1735 UBERON:0013535 area 4 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 4 uberon Brodmann's area 4 FMA:68600 Area gigantopyramidalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1735 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1735 brodmann (1909) area 4 FMA:68600 Giant pyramidal area Brodmann area 4 FMA:68600 Area 4 of Brodmann FMA:68600 B09-4 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1735 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1735 area 4 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 4, gigantopyramidal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1735 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann (1909) area 7 Area parietalis superior B09-7 Brodmann area 7 Brodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in locating objects in space. It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are in relation to parts of the body. Brodmann area 7, superior parietal FMA:68604 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1738 UBERON:0013538 area 7 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 7 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1738 brodmann (1909) area 7 Brodmann area 7, superior parietal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1738 Area parietalis superior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1738 Area parietalis superior Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_7 Brodmann area 7 FMA:68604 Brodmann area 7 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in locating objects in space. It serves as a point of convergence between vision and proprioception to determine where objects are in relation to parts of the body. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_7 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1738 area 7 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy B09-7 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1738 Brodmann (1909) area 8 Area 8 of Brodmann Area frontalis intermedia B09-8 Brodmann area 8 Brodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements. Brodmann area 8, intermediate frontal FMA:68605 Intermediate frontal area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1739 UBERON:0013539 area 8 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 8 uberon B09-8 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1739 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1739 brodmann (1909) area 8 Area frontalis intermedia NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1739 Area 8 of Brodmann FMA:68605 Brodmann area 8 FMA:68605 Brodmann area 8, intermediate frontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1739 FMA:68605 Intermediate frontal area Brodmann area 8 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in planning complex movements. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_8 Area frontalis intermedia Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_8 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1739 area 8 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann (1909) area 9 Area 9 of Brodmann Area frontalis granularis B09-9 Brodmann area 9 Brodmann area 9, granular frontal FMA:68606 Granular frontal area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1740 UBERON:0013540 area 9 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 9 uberon Area frontalis granularis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_9 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1740 area 9 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1740 brodmann (1909) area 9 Area 9 of Brodmann FMA:68606 Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_9 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann area 9 FMA:68606 Area frontalis granularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1740 B09-9 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1740 FMA:68606 Granular frontal area Brodmann area 9, granular frontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1740 Brodmann (1909) area 10 Area 10 of Brodmann Area frontopolaris B09-10 Brodmann area 10 Brodmann area 10, frontoplar Brodmann.10 FMA:68607 Lateral orbital area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1741 UBERON:0013541 area 10 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 10 uberon Area frontopolaris NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1741 FMA:68607 Lateral orbital area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1741 area 10 of Brodmann-1909 B09-10 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1741 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1741 brodmann (1909) area 10 Brodmann area 10, frontoplar NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1741 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann area 10 FMA:68607 Brodmann.10 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1741 Area 10 of Brodmann FMA:68607 Brodmann (1909) area 12 Area praefrontalis B09-12 Brodmann area 12 Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): a quite distinct internal granular layer (IV) separates slender pyramidal cells of the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is expanded, contains widely dispersed spindle cells and merges gradually with the underlying cortical white matter; all cells, including the pyramidal cells of the external and internal pyramidal layers are inordinately small; the internal pyramidal layer (V) also contains spindle cells in groups of two to five located close to its border with the internal granular layer (IV). Brodmann area 12, prefrontal FMA:68609 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1743 UBERON:0013530 UBERON:0013543 area 12 of Brodmann-1909 area 12 of brodmann area praefrontalis brodmann (1909) area 12 frontopolar area uberon FMA:68609 frontopolar area Brodmann area 12 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It occupies the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann-1909 did not regard it as homologous, either topographically or cytoarchitecturally, to rostral area 12 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): a quite distinct internal granular layer (IV) separates slender pyramidal cells of the external pyramidal layer (III) and the internal pyramidal layer (V); the multiform layer (VI) is expanded, contains widely dispersed spindle cells and merges gradually with the underlying cortical white matter; all cells, including the pyramidal cells of the external and internal pyramidal layers are inordinately small; the internal pyramidal layer (V) also contains spindle cells in groups of two to five located close to its border with the internal granular layer (IV). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_12 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1743 brodmann (1909) area 12 Area praefrontalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1743 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1743 area 12 of Brodmann-1909 B09-12 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1743 FMA:68609 area 12 of brodmann Brodmann area 12 FMA:68609 Brodmann area 12, prefrontal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1743 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1743 area praefrontalis Brodmann (1909) area 13 B09-13 Brodmann area 13 Brodmann area 13 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex as defined on the guenon monkey and on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann area 13 is found in humans, however it seems to act as a bridge between the lateral and medial layers of the brain. Thus it is sometimes misidentified as not being a Brodmann area. FMA:68610 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1744 UBERON:0013544 area 13 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 13 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1744 brodmann (1909) area 13 Brodmann area 13 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex as defined on the guenon monkey and on the basis of cytoarchitecture. Brodmann area 13 is found in humans, however it seems to act as a bridge between the lateral and medial layers of the brain. Thus it is sometimes misidentified as not being a Brodmann area. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_13 Brodmann area 13 FMA:68610 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1744 area 13 of Brodmann-1909 B09-13 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1744 Brodmann (1909) area 14 B09-14 Brodmann area 14 FMA:68611 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1745 UBERON:0013545 area 14 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 14 uberon B09-14 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1745 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann area 14 FMA:68611 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1745 area 14 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1745 brodmann (1909) area 14 Brodmann (1909) area 15 B09-15 Brodmann Area 15 is one of Brodmann's subdivisions of the cerebral cortex in the brain. Area 15 was defined by Brodmann in the guenon monkey, but he found no equivalent structure in humans. However, functional imaging experiments have found structures that may be homologous. Brodmann area 15 FMA:68612 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1746 UBERON:0013546 area 15 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 15 uberon B09-15 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1746 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1746 area 15 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1746 brodmann (1909) area 15 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann area 15 FMA:68612 Brodmann Area 15 is one of Brodmann's subdivisions of the cerebral cortex in the brain. Area 15 was defined by Brodmann in the guenon monkey, but he found no equivalent structure in humans. However, functional imaging experiments have found structures that may be homologous. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_15 Brodmann (1909) area 16 Area 16 of Brodmann B09-16 Brodmann area 16 Brodmann area 16 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is a relatively undifferentiated cortical area that Brodmann regarded as part of the insula because of the relation of its innermost multiform layer (VI) with the claustrum (VICl). The laminar organization of cortex is almost totally lacking. The molecular layer (I) is wide as in area 15 of Brodmann-1905. The space between layer I and layer VI is composed of a mixture of pyramidal cells and spindle cells with no significant number of granule cells. Pyramidal cells clump in the outer part to form glomeruli similar to those seen in some of the primary olfactory areas (Brodmann-1905). This term also refers to an area known as peripaleocortical claustral - a cytoarchitecturally defined (agranular) portion of the insula at its rostral extreme where it approaches most closely the claustrum and the prepyriform area (Stephan-76). FMA:68613 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1747 UBERON:0013547 area 16 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 16 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1747 brodmann (1909) area 16 Brodmann area 16 FMA:68613 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1747 area 16 of Brodmann-1909 Area 16 of Brodmann FMA:68613 B09-16 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1747 Brodmann area 16 is a subdivision of the cerebral cortex of the guenon defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture. It is a relatively undifferentiated cortical area that Brodmann regarded as part of the insula because of the relation of its innermost multiform layer (VI) with the claustrum (VICl). The laminar organization of cortex is almost totally lacking. The molecular layer (I) is wide as in area 15 of Brodmann-1905. The space between layer I and layer VI is composed of a mixture of pyramidal cells and spindle cells with no significant number of granule cells. Pyramidal cells clump in the outer part to form glomeruli similar to those seen in some of the primary olfactory areas (Brodmann-1905). This term also refers to an area known as peripaleocortical claustral - a cytoarchitecturally defined (agranular) portion of the insula at its rostral extreme where it approaches most closely the claustrum and the prepyriform area (Stephan-76). Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_16 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann (1909) area 19 Area 19 of Brodmann Area peristriata B09-19 Brodmann area 19 Brodmann area 19, peristriate Brodmann's area 19 FMA:68616 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1750 Preoccipital area UBERON:0013550 area 19 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 19 uberon Area 19 of Brodmann FMA:68616 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1750 brodmann (1909) area 19 B09-19 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1750 FMA:68616 Preoccipital area Brodmann's area 19 FMA:68616 Brodmann area 19 FMA:68616 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1750 area 19 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 19, peristriate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1750 Area peristriata NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1750 Brodmann (1909) area 20 Area 20 of Brodmann Area temporalis inferior B09-20 Brodmann area 20 Brodmann area 20, inferior temporal FMA:68617 Inferior temporal area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1751 UBERON:0013551 area 20 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 20 uberon B09-20 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1751 FMA:68617 Inferior temporal area Area temporalis inferior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1751 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1751 brodmann (1909) area 20 Area 20 of Brodmann FMA:68617 Brodmann area 20, inferior temporal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1751 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1751 area 20 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 20 FMA:68617 Brodmann (1909) area 21 Area temporalis media B09-21 BA21 Brodmann area 21 Brodmann area 21, middle temporal Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). [WP,unvetted]. FMA:68618 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1752 UBERON:0013552 area 21 of Brodmann area 21 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 21 uberon Brodmann area 21, middle temporal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1752 FMA:68618 area 21 of Brodmann B09-21 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1752 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1752 area 21 of Brodmann-1909 BA21 Brodmann area 21, or BA21, is part of the temporal cortex in the human brain. The region encompasses most of the lateral temporal cortex, a region believed to play a part in auditory processing and language. Language function is left lateralized in most individuals. BA21 is superior to BA20 and inferior to BA40 and BA41. This area is also known as middle temporal area 21. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of cerebral cortex. In the human it corresponds approximately to the middle temporal gyrus. It is bounded rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H), ventrally by the inferior temporal area 20, caudally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H), and dorsally by the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_21 consider merging many sources treat as synonymous NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1752 brodmann (1909) area 21 NIF_GrossAnatomy Area temporalis media NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1752 Brodmann (1909) area 22 Area 22 of Brodmann Area temporalis superior B09-22 Brodmann area 22 Brodmann area 22 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in auditory processing. Brodmann area 22, superior temporal FMA:68619 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1753 Superior temporal area UBERON:0013553 area 22 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 22 uberon Area temporalis superior Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_22 Brodmann area 22 FMA:68619 Brodmann area 22, superior temporal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1753 Brodmann area 22 is one of Brodmann's cytologically defined regions of the brain. It is involved in auditory processing. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_22 Area temporalis superior NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1753 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1753 brodmann (1909) area 22 FMA:68619 Superior temporal area NIF_GrossAnatomy B09-22 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1753 Area 22 of Brodmann FMA:68619 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1753 area 22 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann (1909) area 23 Area 23 of Brodmann Area cingularis posterior ventralis B09-23 Brodmann area 23 Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the brain corresponding to some portion of the posterior cingulate cortex. It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus. Brodmann area 23, ventral posterior cingulate FMA:68620 Granular cingulate area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1754 Posterior cingulate area UBERON:0013554 area 23 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 23 uberon Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the brain corresponding to some portion of the posterior cingulate cortex. It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_23 B09-23 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1754 Area cingularis posterior ventralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1754 Area cingularis posterior ventralis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_23 FMA:68620 Granular cingulate area NIF_GrossAnatomy Area 23 of Brodmann FMA:68620 FMA:68620 Posterior cingulate area Brodmann area 23 FMA:68620 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1754 area 23 of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1754 brodmann (1909) area 23 Brodmann area 23, ventral posterior cingulate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1754 Brodmann (1909) area 25 Area 25 of Brodmann Area subgenualis B09-25 Brodmann area 25 Brodmann area 25, subgenual Brodmann's area 25 FMA:68622 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1756 UBERON:0013556 area 25 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 25 uberon Area 25 of Brodmann FMA:68622 B09-25 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1756 Brodmann area 25 FMA:68622 Brodmann's area 25 FMA:68622 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1756 brodmann (1909) area 25 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann area 25, subgenual NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1756 Area subgenualis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1756 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1756 area 25 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann (1909) area 27 Area 27 Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus of the guenon (Brodmann-1909). It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum (Crosby-62). [WP,unvetted]. Area praesubicularis B09-27 BA27 Brodmann area 26, presubicular Brodmann area 27 FMA:68624 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1758 Presubicular area UBERON:0013558 area 27 of Brodmann area 27 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 27 uberon FMA:68624 Presubicular area NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1758 area 27 of Brodmann-1909 B09-27 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1758 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1758 brodmann (1909) area 27 Area 27 of Brodmann-1909 is a cytoarchitecturally defined cortical area that is a rostral part of the parahippocampal gyrus of the guenon (Brodmann-1909). It is commonly regarded as a synonym of presubiculum (Crosby-62). [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_27 consider merging many sources treat as synonymous Area 27 FMA:68624 Brodmann area 26, presubicular NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1758 BA27 Area praesubicularis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1758 Brodmann area 27 FMA:68624 Brodmann (1909) area 28 . Area entorhinalis Area entorhinalis ventralis B09-28 BA28 Brodmann area 28 Brodmann area 28, entorhinal FMA:68625 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1759 UBERON:0013559 area 28 of Brodmann area 28 of Brodmann (crosby) area 28 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 28 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Brodmann_Cytoarchitectonics_28.png uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1759 brodmann (1909) area 28 . Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_28 BA28 B09-28 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1759 consider merging many sources treat as synonymous Area entorhinalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1759 Brodmann area 28 FMA:68625 NIF_GrossAnatomy Area entorhinalis ventralis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_28 Brodmann area 28, entorhinal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1759 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1759 area 28 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann (1909) area 32 Area 32 of Brodmann Area cingularis anterior dorsalis B09-32 Brodmann area 32 Brodmann area 32, dorsal anterior cingulate FMA:68629 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1760 Prelimbic area The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09). Dorsal region of anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably active during the Stroop task. UBERON:0013560 area 32 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 32 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1760 area 32 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann area 32 FMA:68629 Brodmann area 32, dorsal anterior cingulate NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1760 Area cingularis anterior dorsalis Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_32 Area 32 of Brodmann FMA:68629 Area cingularis anterior dorsalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1760 The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09). Dorsal region of anterior cingulate gyrus is associated with rational thought processes, most notably active during the Stroop task. Wikipedia:Brodmann_area_32 NIF_GrossAnatomy NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1760 brodmann (1909) area 32 B09-32 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1760 FMA:68629 Prelimbic area Brodmann (1909) area 43 Area subcentralis B09-43 Brodmann area 43 Brodmann area 43, subcentral NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1761 UBERON:0013561 area 43 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 43 uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann area 43, subcentral NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1761 B09-43 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1761 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1761 brodmann (1909) area 43 Area subcentralis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1761 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1761 area 43 of Brodmann-1909 Brodmann (1909) area 8a B09-8a Brodmann area 8a NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1762 UBERON:0013562 area 8a of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 8a uberon NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1762 area 8a of Brodmann-1909 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1762 brodmann (1909) area 8a NIF_GrossAnatomy B09-8a NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1762 Brodmann (1909) area 40 Area 40 of Brodmann Area supramarginalis B09-40 Brodmann area 40 Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt. Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation. The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology. [WP,unvetted]. Brodmann area 40, supramarginal FMA:68637 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1773 Supramarginal area 40 UBERON:0013573 area 40 of Brodmann-1909 brodmann (1909) area 40 uberon Brodmann area 40, supramarginal NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1773 FMA:68637 Supramarginal area 40 Area 40 of Brodmann FMA:68637 NIF_GrossAnatomy Brodmann area 40 FMA:68637 B09-40 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1773 consider merging many sources treat as synonymous NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1773 brodmann (1909) area 40 NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1773 area 40 of Brodmann-1909 Area supramarginalis NIF_GrossAnatomy:birnlex_1773 Brodmann area 40, or BA40, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909). Cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of rostral BA40/the supramarginal gyrus are PF, PFcm, PFm, PFop, and PFt. Area PF is the homologue to macaque area PF, part of the mirror neuron system, and active in humans during imitation. The supramarginal gyrus part of Brodmann area 40 is the region in the inferior parietal lobe that is involved in reading both in regards to meaning and phonology. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Supramarginal_gyrus metapodium bone 1 UBERON:0013581 metapodium 1 metapodium I uberon metapodium bone 2 UBERON:0013582 metapodium 2 metapodium II uberon metapodium bone 3 UBERON:0013583 metapodium 3 metapodium III uberon metapodium bone 4 UBERON:0013584 metapodium 4 metapodium IV uberon metapodium bone 5 UBERON:0013585 metapodium 5 metapodium V uberon fused metapodial bones 3 and 4 An element formed from the fusion of metapodium 3 and metapodium 4 (i.e. either metatarsals 3 and 4 or metacarpals 3 and 4). This class can be used in annotation when it is unclear whether the element is a fusion of the metacarpal and metatarsal elements. UBERON:0013586 fused metapodials 3/4 metapodial 3+4 uberon An element formed from the fusion of metapodium 3 and metapodium 4 (i.e. either metatarsals 3 and 4 or metacarpals 3 and 4). http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-5321 fused metacarpal bones 3 and 4 An element formed from the fusion of metacarpal 3 and metacarpal 4. In many artiodactyls, the 3rd & 4th metapodials are fused, creating a main metapodial. UBERON:0013587 fused metacarpal 3/4 metacarpal 3+4 uberon An element formed from the fusion of metacarpal 3 and metacarpal 4. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-5321 fused metatarsal bones 3 and 4 An element formed from the fusion of metatarsal 3 and metatarsal 4. In many artiodactyls, the 3rd & 4th metapodials are fused, creating a main metapodial. UBERON:0013588 fused metatarsal 3/4 metatarsal 3+4 uberon An element formed from the fusion of metatarsal 3 and metatarsal 4. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7920-5321 koniocortex Regions of the cerebal cortex characterized by a particularly well-developed inner granular layer (layer 4); this type of cerebral cortex is represented by the primary sensory Brodmann area 17 of the visual cortex, Brodmann areas 1–3 of the somatic sensory cortex, and Brodmann area 41 of the auditory cortex. UBERON:0013589 uberon Regions of the cerebal cortex characterized by a particularly well-developed inner granular layer (layer 4); this type of cerebral cortex is represented by the primary sensory Brodmann area 17 of the visual cortex, Brodmann areas 1–3 of the somatic sensory cortex, and Brodmann area 41 of the auditory cortex. http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=47303 cruciate sulcus UBERON:0013590 a deep groove which runs transversely across the rostro-dorsal surface of the cerebrum and which is one of the landmarks on the cerebral cortex. cruciate sulci uberon a deep groove which runs transversely across the rostro-dorsal surface of the cerebrum and which is one of the landmarks on the cerebral cortex. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cruciate+sulcus cruciate sulci postsylvian sulcus UBERON:0013591 uberon presylvian sulcus UBERON:0013592 uberon suprasylvian sulcus UBERON:0013593 uberon ectosylvian sulcus UBERON:0013594 uberon postlateral sulcus UBERON:0013595 uberon brain coronal sulcus UBERON:0013596 coronal sulcus coronal sulcus of brain uberon coronal sulcus accessory nucleus of optic tract FMA:256154 One of a set of small groups of neuron cell bodies located along the trajectory of optic fibers in the mesencephalon. These consist of the posterior nucleus [TA] (nucleus posterior [TA]), medial nucleus [TA] (nucleus medialis [TA]), and lateral nucleus [TA] (nucleus lateralis [TA]), which are also called the posterior, medial, and lateral terminal nuclei. The connections of these nuclei, along with the nucleus of the optic tract, make up the accessory optic system that appears to be concerned with retinal slip in specific directions UBERON:0013598 nuclei accessorii tractus optici nucleus of accessory optic system uberon One of a set of small groups of neuron cell bodies located along the trajectory of optic fibers in the mesencephalon. These consist of the posterior nucleus [TA] (nucleus posterior [TA]), medial nucleus [TA] (nucleus medialis [TA]), and lateral nucleus [TA] (nucleus lateralis [TA]), which are also called the posterior, medial, and lateral terminal nuclei. The connections of these nuclei, along with the nucleus of the optic tract, make up the accessory optic system that appears to be concerned with retinal slip in specific directions http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=61308 nuclei accessorii tractus optici dorsal accessory nucleus of optic tract ABA:DT FMA:77651 UBERON:0013599 dorsal terminal nucleus of accessory optic tract dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract posterior accessory nucleus of optic tract posterior terminal nucleus of accessory optic tract uberon ABA:DT dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract FMA:77651 posterior accessory nucleus of optic tract FMA lateral accessory nucleus of optic tract ABA:LT FMA:77652 UBERON:0013600 lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract uberon ABA:LT lateral terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract FMA medial accessory nucleus of optic tract ABA:MT FMA:77653 The medial terminal nucleus is usually very prominent but it is reduced in primates (except, curiously, the tarsier), megachiropterans, Cynocephalus and Bradypus. Metatherians have a large medial terminal nucleus[Pettigrew et al. (1989)] UBERON:0013601 medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract uberon FMA ABA:MT medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract layer of lateral geniculate body FMA:76988 UBERON:0013605 uberon magnocellular layer of dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body FMA:76989 Rods; necessary for the perception of movement, depth, and small differences in brightness[WP] UBERON:0013606 lateral geniculate nucleus magnocellular layer magnocellular layer of lateral geniculate nucleus strata magnocellularia uberon parvocellular layer of dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body Cones; long- and medium-wavelength ("red" and "green" cones); necessary for the perception of color and form (fine details).[WP] FMA:76992 UBERON:0013607 parvocellular layer of lateral geniculate nucleus strata parvocellularia uberon inferior olive dorsal accessory nucleus MA:0001042 UBERON:0013608 dorsal accessory nucleus of inferior olivary complex uberon MA-inferred inferior olive medial accessory nucleus MA:0001044 UBERON:0013609 medial accessory nucleus of inferior olivary complex uberon MA-inferred inferior olive ventral accessory nucleus UBERON:0013610 uberon ventral accessory nucleus of inferior olivary complex cjm tooth cingulid A ridge that girdles the base of a lower molar tooth UBERON:0013612 cingulid cingulid of molar tooth uberon A ridge that girdles the base of a lower molar tooth http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cingulid tooth cingulum A ridge that girdles the base of a upper molar tooth UBERON:0013613 cingulum cingulum of molar tooth uberon A ridge that girdles the base of a upper molar tooth http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cingulum fasciculus aberans The fasciulus aberrans is a distinct bundle of fibers at the dorsal aspect of the anterior commisure. These fibers travel in the internal capsule between the putamen and caudate nuclei, and cross the midline to connect the dorsal neocortex of the two hemispheres. When the fasciculus aberrans is absent, the fibers connecting the neocortex of the two hemispheres takes a diffderent route through the external capsule[Johnson et al., (1982a, 1982b, 1994)] UBERON:0013614 uberon MorphoBank:177 The fasciulus aberrans is a distinct bundle of fibers at the dorsal aspect of the anterior commisure. These fibers travel in the internal capsule between the putamen and caudate nuclei, and cross the midline to connect the dorsal neocortex of the two hemispheres. When the fasciculus aberrans is absent, the fibers connecting the neocortex of the two hemispheres takes a diffderent route through the external capsule[Johnson et al., (1982a, 1982b, 1994)] cjm koniocellular layer of dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body FMA:76988 Short-wavelength "blue" cones.[WP] UBERON:0013615 konioocellular layer of lateral geniculate nucleus uberon primary molar tooth FMA:84206 UBERON:0013616 deciduous molar tooth primary molar tooth temporary molar tooth todo - logical definition uberon FMA:84206 temporary molar tooth FMA:84206 primary molar tooth FMA:84206 deciduous molar tooth upper primary molar tooth FMA:84210 SCTID:422318005 UBERON:0013617 uberon upper deciduous molar tooth upper primary molar tooth FMA:84210 upper primary molar tooth FMA:84210 upper deciduous molar tooth secondary molar tooth FMA:84207 SCTID:421593002 UBERON:0013618 permanent molar tooth secondary molar tooth uberon FMA:84207 secondary molar tooth FMA:84207 permanent molar tooth upper secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 UBERON:0013619 maxillary secondary molar tooth uberon upper permanent molar tooth upper secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 upper permanent molar tooth FMA:55720 maxillary secondary molar tooth FMA:55720 upper secondary molar tooth lower primary molar tooth FMA:84213 SCTID:421482001 UBERON:0013620 lower deciduous molar tooth uberon FMA:84213 lower deciduous molar tooth lower secondary molar tooth FMA:55721 UBERON:0013621 lower permanent molar tooth mandibular secondary molar tooth uberon FMA:55721 lower permanent molar tooth FMA:55721 mandibular secondary molar tooth manual autopod pad UBERON:0013622 foot pad of manus manual foot pad uberon pedal autopod pad UBERON:0013623 foot pad of pes pedal foot pad uberon medial metatarsal pad UBERON:0013626 thenar pad uberon lateral metatarsal pad UBERON:0013627 hypothenar pad uberon pollical pad UBERON:0013628 interdigital pad 1 of manus uberon hallical pad UBERON:0013629 interdigital pad 1 of pes uberon short bone FMA:7475 SCTID:332807009 Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand. UBERON:0013630 todo - make subclass links uberon Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Examples of these bones include the tarsals in the foot and the carpals in the hand. Wikipedia:Short_bone FMA sesamoid element Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. Sesamoids are often endochondral replacement elements and in addition to bone tissue, may also be composed of articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, and calcified cartilage. UBERON:0013631 VSAO:0000137 sesamoid uberon VSAO Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. VSAO:0000137 VSAO:0000137 sesamoid VSAO sesamoid cartilage UBERON:0013632 uberon intertrochanteric crest FMA:75100 The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter. Together with the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side of the head, the crest mark the transition between of the neck of femur into the shaft of femur. An elevation between the middle and proximal third of the crest is known as the quadrate tubercle. The upper half of the crest forms the posterior border of the greater trochanter. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. UBERON:0013633 uberon The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter. Together with the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side of the head, the crest mark the transition between of the neck of femur into the shaft of femur. An elevation between the middle and proximal third of the crest is known as the quadrate tubercle. The upper half of the crest forms the posterior border of the greater trochanter. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. Wikipedia:Intertrochanteric_crest intertrochanteric line FMA:74587 The intertrochanteric line (or spiral line of the femur) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur. The rough, variable ridge stretches between the lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter forming the base of the neck of the femur, roughly following the direction of the shaft of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament &mdash; the largest ligament of the human body &mdash; attaches above the line which also strengthen the capsule of the hip joint. The lower half, less prominent than the upper half, gives origin to the upper part of the Vastus medialis. Just like the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the femural head, the intertrochanteric line mark the transition between the femural neck and shaft. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. The fibers of the ischiocapsular ligament attaches both on the joint capsule and to the intertrochanteric line. UBERON:0013634 uberon The intertrochanteric line (or spiral line of the femur) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur. The rough, variable ridge stretches between the lesser trochanter and the greater trochanter forming the base of the neck of the femur, roughly following the direction of the shaft of the femur. The iliofemoral ligament &mdash; the largest ligament of the human body &mdash; attaches above the line which also strengthen the capsule of the hip joint. The lower half, less prominent than the upper half, gives origin to the upper part of the Vastus medialis. Just like the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the femural head, the intertrochanteric line mark the transition between the femural neck and shaft. The distal capsular attachment on the femur follows the shape of the irregular rim between the head and the neck. As a consequence, the capsule of the hip joint attaches in the region of the intertrochanteric line on the anterior side, but a finger away from the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior side of the head. The fibers of the ischiocapsular ligament attaches both on the joint capsule and to the intertrochanteric line. Wikipedia:Intertrochanteric_line FMA sphincter colli muscle The m. sphincter in the head region can be divided into 2 layers: M. sphincter colli profundus and superficialis; in studied placentals, the deepest layer has circular fibers, while the superficial layer has oblique and longitudinal fibers. In non-mammalian vertebrates (if differenciated) and in monotremes both the superficialis and the profundus layers are circular ("sphincter") muscles (Shumacher, 1956; Saban, 1971). ^n^nM. sphincter colli superficialis is present in Lagomorpha but absent in Rodentia (Meinertz, 1941, 1942; Ryan, 1989; Rinker, 1954). Some errouneous references of this muscle in rodents (e.g., Bezuidenhout and Evans, 2005) are due to decussating fibers of the deep sphincter, which creates a false superficial sphincter (Ryan, 1989).[MorphoBank] UBERON:0013635 sphincter colli uberon epithelium of intestinal villus FMA:63587 UBERON:0013636 intestinal villus epithelium uberon villous epithelium villus epithelium FMA FMA:63587 intestinal villus epithelium prostate gland lateral lobe FMA:19577 UBERON:0013637 lateral lobe of prostate lateral lobe of prostate gland lateral ventral lobe of prostate gland uberon FMA FMA:19577 lateral lobe of prostate gland FMA:19577 lateral lobe of prostate MorphoBank:MorphoBank lateral ventral lobe of prostate gland horny papilla of tongue In carnivores, functions to hold on to meat as it is being cut by the teeth UBERON:0013638 horny papilla horny papillae uberon horny papillae mechanical papilla of tongue UBERON:0013639 mechanical papilla mechanical papillae uberon mechanical papillae internal cheek pouch Lined with oral epithelium UBERON:0013640 internal buccal pouch uberon external cheek pouch UBERON:0013641 external buccal pouch may be lined with fur uberon ring of oral cilia UBERON:0013642 uberon lophophore A ring of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth In the Entoprocta the anus is within the ring of the lophophore UBERON:0013643 uberon A ring of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth Wikipedia:Lophophore duodenal ampulla FMA:14927 SCTID:362149005 UBERON:0013644 ampulla (duodenum) ampulla duodeni ampulla of duodenum bulbus (duodenum) bulbus duodeni duodenal cap duodenal cap viewed radiologically the very first part of the duodenum which is slightly dilated. uberon Wikipedia:Duodenal_cap the very first part of the duodenum which is slightly dilated. FMA:TA bulbus duodeni FMA:14927 bulbus (duodenum) FMA:14927 duodenal cap FMA:14927 ampulla (duodenum) FMA:TA ampulla duodeni FMA:14927 ampulla of duodenum FMA:14927 duodenal cap viewed radiologically gular gland UBERON:0013645 uberon buccal nerve FMA:53066 SCTID:280253000 The buccal nerve (also called the long buccal nerve) is a nerve in the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (which is itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve) and transmits sensory information from skin over the buccal membrane (in general, the cheek) and from the second and third molar teeth. UBERON:0013646 buccinator branch buccinator nerve long buccal nerve long buccal nerve uberon The buccal nerve (also called the long buccal nerve) is a nerve in the face. It is a branch of the mandibular nerve (which is itself a branch of the trigeminal nerve) and transmits sensory information from skin over the buccal membrane (in general, the cheek) and from the second and third molar teeth. Wikipedia:Buccal_nerve FMA:53066 long buccal nerve Wikipedia:Buccal_nerve buccinator branch Wikipedia:Buccal_nerve long buccal nerve FMA:53066 buccinator nerve FMA lateral pterygoid nerve External Pterygoid Nerve (or lateral pterygoid nerve): The nerve to the Pterygoideus externus frequently arises in conjunction with the buccinator nerve, but it may be given off separately from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve. It enters the deep surface of the muscle. FMA:53107 SCTID:48852002 UBERON:0013647 branch of buccal nerve to lateral pterygoid external pterygoid nerve nerve to lateral pterygoid nervus pterygoideus lateralis uberon FMA FMA:53107 nerve to lateral pterygoid FMA:53107 branch of buccal nerve to lateral pterygoid Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_nerve external pterygoid nerve External Pterygoid Nerve (or lateral pterygoid nerve): The nerve to the Pterygoideus externus frequently arises in conjunction with the buccinator nerve, but it may be given off separately from the anterior division of the mandibular nerve. It enters the deep surface of the muscle. Wikipedia:Lateral_pterygoid_nerve FMA:TA nervus pterygoideus lateralis masseteric artery FMA:49739 SCTID:147864007 The masseteric artery is small and passes laterally through the mandibular notch to the deep surface of the masseter muscle, which it supplies. It anastomoses with the masseteric branches of the external maxillary artery and with the transverse facial artery. UBERON:0013648 UMLS:C0226149 arteria masseterica ncithesaurus:Masseteric_Artery uberon FMA Wikipedia:Masseteric_artery arteria masseterica The masseteric artery is small and passes laterally through the mandibular notch to the deep surface of the masseter muscle, which it supplies. It anastomoses with the masseteric branches of the external maxillary artery and with the transverse facial artery. Wikipedia:Masseteric_artery fused tarsals 1 and 2 A tarsal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 1st and 2nd tarsal bones. UBERON:0013649 fused tarsal bones 1 and 2 tarsals 1+2 uberon A tarsal bone that is formed from the fusion of the 1st and 2nd tarsal bones. UBERON:skansa chin ventral margin Subdivision of the head consisting of the area along the lower edge of the chin. UBERON:1000000 uberon Subdivision of the head consisting of the area along the lower edge of the chin. UBERON:EJS collection of hairs on vertex A collection of hairs that grows on the vertex (top of head). UBERON:1000001 collection of hair on cranium cranial hair uberon A collection of hairs that grows on the vertex (top of head). UBERON:EJS cranial midline area The middle part of the head, located approximately equidistant from the left and the right sides of the head. UBERON:1000002 cranial midline uberon The middle part of the head, located approximately equidistant from the left and the right sides of the head. UBERON:EJS dewlap A longitudinal flap of skin that hangs beneath the lower jaw or neck. Compare with: comb and wattle SCTID:13622004 UBERON:1000003 uberon A longitudinal flap of skin that hangs beneath the lower jaw or neck. Wikipedia:Dewlap collection of hair on ear A collection of hairs that grows on the external ear. UBERON:1000004 external ear hair uberon A collection of hairs that grows on the external ear. UBERON:EJS external ear margin Subdivision of the head consisting of the area along the edge of the external ear. UBERON:1000005 uberon Subdivision of the head consisting of the area along the edge of the external ear. UBERON:EJS collection of hair on forehead A collection of hairs that grows on the forehead. UBERON:1000006 uberon A collection of hairs that grows on the forehead. UBERON:EJS forehead protuberance A bulge, knob, or swelling that protrudes from the forehead. UBERON:1000007 uberon A bulge, knob, or swelling that protrudes from the forehead. UBERON:EJS left part of face Subdivision of the head consisting of the left half of the face, vertically divided. UBERON:1000008 uberon Subdivision of the head consisting of the left half of the face, vertically divided. UBERON:EJS midline crest A ridge or peak located along the middle part of the head, located approximately equidistant from the left and the right sides of the head. UBERON:1000009 uberon A ridge or peak located along the middle part of the head, located approximately equidistant from the left and the right sides of the head. UBERON:EJS mole A benign tumor on the skin, usually with darker pigment. An ectopic melanophore accumulation analogous to a nevi (mole) in humans.[TAO] EFO:0000625 TAO:0005043 UBERON:1000010 ZFA:0005043 melanocytic nevus naevus nevus uberon ZFA ZFA:0005043 nevus A benign tumor on the skin, usually with darker pigment. Wikipedia:Melanocytic_nevus 2012-08-14 An ectopic melanophore accumulation analogous to a nevi (mole) in humans.[TAO] TAO TAO:0005043 ZFIN:curator ZFA:0005043 naevus labial commissure Anatomical structure consisting of either corner of the mouth. UBERON:1000011 commissura labiorum oris corner of mouth http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Commissurebeforeandafter.jpg uberon Wikipedia:Labial_commissure_of_mouth commissura labiorum oris Anatomical structure consisting of either corner of the mouth. Wikipedia:Labial_commissure_of_mouth nose anterior margin Subdivision of the head consisting of the area along the front edge of the external nose. UBERON:1000012 uberon Subdivision of the head consisting of the area along the front edge of the external nose. UBERON:EJS nose vertex The extreme point of curvature of the external nose. UBERON:1000013 uberon The extreme point of curvature of the external nose. UBERON:EJS right part of face Subdivision of the head consisting of the right half of the face, vertically divided. UBERON:1000014 uberon Subdivision of the head consisting of the right half of the face, vertically divided. UBERON:EJS skin of snout A zone of skin that is part of the snout. UBERON:1000015 uberon A zone of skin that is part of the snout. UBERON:EJS tip of snout Subdivision of the head consisting of the pointed or rounded end or extremity of the snout. UBERON:1000016 uberon Subdivision of the head consisting of the pointed or rounded end or extremity of the snout. UBERON:EJS tip of external ear Subdivision of the head consisting of the pointed or rounded end or extremity of the external ear. UBERON:1000017 uberon Subdivision of the head consisting of the pointed or rounded end or extremity of the external ear. UBERON:EJS cluster of hairs A small collection or tuft of hairs. UBERON:1000018 tuft of hair uberon A small collection or tuft of hairs. UBERON:EJS top of head FMA:46484 SCTID:362616002 The top of the head. UBERON:1000019 note in the FMA, vertex is a point and not a subdivision uberon vertex vertex of head The top of the head. UBERON:EJS FMA:46484 vertex of head FMA:46484 vertex collection of hair on snout 2012-02-05T05:21:29Z A collection of hairs that grows on the snout. UBERON:1000020 eriks uberon A collection of hairs that grows on the snout. UBERON:EJS skin of face 2012-02-05T05:23:01Z A zone of skin that is part of the face. FMA:24758 SCTID:361703006 UBERON:1000021 UMLS:C0222084 eriks face skin facial skin ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Face uberon FMA:24758 face skin A zone of skin that is part of the face. UBERON:EJS Zymbal's gland A modified sebaceous glands that are located at the base of the external ear and secrete into the auditory canal MA:0002900 SCTID:105587007 Structure notes: Zymbal’s glands are located beneath squamous epithelium at the anterior and posterior aspect of the ear canal, and as a single external gland that is located anterior and ventral to the base of the external ear canal. The bilateral Zymbal’s glands are adjacent to the auditory canal and are made up of several lobules of modified sebaceous glands - http://ratguide.com/health/neoplasia/zymbals_gland_tumor.php. Editor notes: modified sebacious gland or subtype? UBERON:1000022 UMLS:C0687056 Zymbal gland gland of Zymbal ncithesaurus:Zymbal_Gland uberon MA:0002900 Zymbal gland cjm A modified sebaceous glands that are located at the base of the external ear and secrete into the auditory canal http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/Windows/senses/zymbalgland.html MA spleen pulp FMA:15845 MA:0002487 SCTID:13515001 UBERON:1000023 UMLS:C0229691 malpighian corpuscles ncithesaurus:Splenic_Pulp pulp of spleen splenic pulp uberon MA FMA:15845 malpighian corpuscles FMA parenchyma of spleen A parenchyma that is part of a spleen. FMA:16029 UBERON:1000024 splenic parenchyma uberon FMA:16029 splenic parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a spleen. OBOL:automatic regenerating fin/limb EFO:0003657 Fin or limb undergoing the process of regeneration. TAO:0001269 UBERON:2001269 ZFA:0001269 regenerating fins uberon ZFA:0001269 regenerating fins Fin or limb undergoing the process of regeneration. UBERON:cjm epithelial mesenchymal boundary of regenerating fin/limb TAO:0001388 UBERON:2001388 ZFA:0001388 uberon regeneration epithelium of fin/limb EFO:0003682 TAO:0001389 UBERON:2001389 ZFA:0001389 epidermal cap epidermal cap of fin uberon wound epidermis wound epidermis of fin wound epithelium wound epithelium of fin ZFA:0001389 wound epidermis ZFA:0001389 wound epithelium ZFA:0001389 epidermal cap distal epidermal cap of regenerating fin/limb Part of regeneration epithelium at the tip of the fin/limb [ZFA,modified]. TAO:0005149 UBERON:2005149 ZFA:0005149 uberon Part of regeneration epithelium at the tip of the fin/limb [ZFA,modified]. ZFIN:curator basal regeneration epithelium of regenerating fin/limb Layer of the wound epidermis that surrounds the blastema in the fin or limb[ZFA,modified]. TAO:0005150 UBERON:2005150 ZFA:0005150 basal wound epidermis uberon UBERON:2005150 basal wound epidermis Layer of the wound epidermis that surrounds the blastema in the fin or limb[ZFA,modified]. ZFIN:curator continuous capillary Blood vessel endothelium that has tight junctions between the endothelial cells[ZFA]. Capillary that has endothelial cells that provide an uninterrupted lining, and only allow small molecules, like water and ions to diffuse through tight junctions which leave gaps of unjoined membrane which are called intercellular clefts. FMA:63195 TAO:0005259 UBERON:2005259 UMLS:C1179614 ZFA:0005259 continuous blood vessel endothelium continuous blood vessel endothelium continuous capillary vessel continuous endothelium ncithesaurus:Continuous_Capillary uberon ZFA:0005259 continuous blood vessel endothelium FMA Capillary that has endothelial cells that provide an uninterrupted lining, and only allow small molecules, like water and ions to diffuse through tight junctions which leave gaps of unjoined membrane which are called intercellular clefts. Wikipedia:Capillary#Types FMA:63195 continuous capillary vessel ZFA fenestrated capillary Blood vessel endothelium that has pores that allow passage small molecules and proteins[ZFA]. Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse Editor notes: the ZFA class from which this was derived is not explicitly classified as a capillary - need to verify for taxon histology differences FMA:63196 TAO:0005260 UBERON:2005260 UMLS:C1179615 ZFA:0005260 fenestrated blood vessel endothelium ncithesaurus:Fenestrated_Capillary uberon Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse Wikipedia:Capillary#Types Wikipedia:Fenestra_(histology) FMA ZFA ZFA:0005260 fenestrated blood vessel endothelium Kardong ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Urodele shoge-lite ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Snakes FMA FMA Wikipedia ulnar side shoge-lite EHDAA2 ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Mammals shoge-lite UBERONREF:0000002 primitive FMA-implied shoge-lite FMA ISBN10:0123813611 MA shoge-lite FMA PMID:16313389 Wikipedia proximally FMA evaginated Elasmobranchii ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 ISBN:9780878932504 NBK53175 teleost Elasmobranchii ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Urodele FMA ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Turtles Wikipedia distally FMA ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Turtles Wikipedia hamate ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Mammals shoge-lite FMA opposite shoge-lite FMA shoge-lite FMA FMA Wikipedia distally Aves ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Aves ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Wikipedia EHDAA2-modified ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Snakes Aves ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 shoge-lite ZFA FMA shoge-lite dbpedia-modified female Gallus gallus PMID:17051547 vertebrates Wikipedia UBERONREF:0000002 FMA shoge-lite ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Lizard shoge-lite JB FMA shoge-lite Kardong Anurans ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 XAO hagfish have median nostril FMA Wikipedia Aves ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 shoge-lite Wikipedia distally human and mouse shoge-lite Elasmobranchii ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 shoge-lite FMA FMA Wikipedia radially PMID:16417468 Elasmobranchii ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 FMA FMA-abduced-lr FMA AAO Amphibia Wikipedia EHDAA2 ISBN:9780878932504 FMA only in species that have a stomach PMID:16313389 pouches 3 and 4 in chick shoge-lite FMA shoge-lite dbpedia-modified male shoge-lite FMA FMA FMA Lateral margin of coccyx and related border of sacrum dbpedia shoge-lite shoge-lite ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Mammals ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Urodele FMA Anuran ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 FMA FMA FMA may be present in other parts in other species ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Urodele shoge-lite definitional ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Mammals shoge-lite FMA PMID:16417468 MP PMID:11997885 human and mouse shoge-lite UBERON:0011870 or UBERON:0011869 Wikipedia FMA evaginated FMA Kardong shoge-lite FMA FMA FMA FMA Lateral margin of coccyx and related border of sacrum dbpedia PMID:16313389 pouches 3 and 4 in human Anurans ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 shoge-lite Wikipedia proximally ZFS ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Lizard ISBN10:0073040584-table13.1 Urodele EHDAA2